EPA-600/2-76-189
July 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT
A Bibliography with Abstracts
Volume ]D
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 748?P
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-189
July 1976
LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT
A Bibliography with Abstracts
Volume III
by
M. L. Rowe
Linda Merryman
Animal Waste Technical Information Center
School of Environmental Science
East Central Oklahoma State University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Grant No. R801454-03
Project Officer
R. Douglas Kreis
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
ll
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ABSTRACT
Management and research information on animal wastes has expanded rapidly
in recent years. This material has appeared in such diverse sources as
journal articles, conference papers, university publications, government
publications, magazine articles, books or book chapters, and theses. This
bibliography was compiled in order to speed the flow of information on
findings in one segment of the livestock industry to other segments that
could benefit from this technology.
Included in this publication are the following indexes: (1) author,
(2) keyword, (3) animal information categories. These indexes are
followed by a section of abstracts of each reference entry found in the
bibliography. Single copies of most articles can be obtained in hard
copy or microfiche form at cost from the Animal Waste Technical Information
Center, School of Environmental Science, East Central Oklahoma State
University, Ada, Oklahoma 74820.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number R801454 by the
School of Environmental Science, East Central Oklahoma State University,
Ada, Oklahoma under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
The work was completed as of January 31, 1976.
iii
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I Introduction 1
II User's Guide 3
III Author Index 7
IV Keyword Index 16
V Animal Information Category Index 123
VI Abstracts 130
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This bibliography was prepared under the auspices of the School of Environ-
mental Science, East Central Oklahoma State University, under Environmental
Protection Agency Grant Number R801454. M. L. Rowe, the principal
investigator, was assisted by Linda Merryman in the compilation of this
bibliography. Student personnel deserving special mention for their
contribution to this effort are Jackie Kifer and Helen Cameron.
The project staff extends its gratitude to the authors and publishers for
use of their publications in these bibliographic entries. Special thanks
is also extended to EPA Project Officer R. Douglas Kreis for his assistance
in the preparation of this bibliography.
VI
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Evolving regulations and aims pertaining to pollution abatement and control
have necessitated a timely and well-dispersed flow of pertinent information
concerning animal waste management so that capital investments in the animal
production industry can be made on the basis of the most recent research
and operational findings. In many activities, industrial and manufacturing
organizations or associations provide the linkage channels through which
such information may flow. The wide range in operation sizes and makeup,
the geographic distribution of production units, the variations in climatic
and geographic factors, and the dictates of the local or regional markets
make widespread dissemination of animal waste management information difficult
even through the established communication networks such as breed associations,
farm organizations, and the popular agricultural press. Common properties
and characteristics of animal wastes enable technological transfers to
occur in the production operations from one species to another. Publicizing
practices of findings in one segment of the livestock production industry
can spread new ideas and techniques to other segments of the industry.
The objective of this project is to facilitate the dissemination and
technological transfer of information on the management and disposal of
animal wastes throughout the livestock industry. Identification and
location of pertinent information generated in the production operations
of poultry, swine, cattle, fish, and other animals of economic interest
raised in open or confined systems is accomplished through searches of
technical journals; books; theses; reports from private, state and federal
agencies; papers given at meetings of professional societies or symposiums;
and articles appearing in the trade or production-oriented "farm" magazines.
The search topics of specific interest include the physical and chemical
characteristics of animal wastes (manures and manure contaminated materials);
the operational and cost aspects of handling, collection, treatment, storage,
transport, utilization, and disposal of animal manures; and the economic
and legal impact of these wastes on the problems of air, water, and solid
waste pollution. The articles identified in the search are collected
and reviewed to determine if the contents are relevant to the project
objectives. Those articles that are considered to be of value for the
livestock producer or research scientist engaged in animal waste activities
are abstracted and added to the collection.
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An updated bibliography of animal waste management information is prepared
annually. It contains entries and abstracts for all new items maintained
in the collection at the Animal Waste Technical Information Center.
It is anticipated that users of this bibliography will secure pertinent
publications from local libraries or through interlibrary loan. However,
single copies of most publications (those for which copying approval has
been obtained from copyright owners) may also be obtained upon request
in hard copy or microfiche form at a cost-only fee from the following address:
Mrs. Linda Merryman, Project Librarian
Animal Waste Technical Information Center
School of Environmental Science
East Central Oklahoma State University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
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SECTION II
USER'S GUIDE
The entries in this bibliography have been assigned a specific cross
reference code. The code number consists of nine digits (example 200-74-
2458) arranged in the sequences of a three-digit class code, a two-
digit number representing the year of publication or presentation, and a
four-digit accession number identifying each article brought into the
animal waste information collection. The first grouping identifies the
class code of the document according to the following format:
Code Class
100 Technical journal paper
200 Conference proceeding paper
300 University or government publication
400 Magazine article
500 Book or chapter from a book
600 Unpublished paper
700 Thesis
This publication consists of 4 sections: Author Index, Keyword Index,
Animal Information Category Index, and Abstracts. An explanation of each
section follows.
AUTHOR INDEX
This index lists all the authors cited in the bibliography in alphabetical
order. To the right of each author entry is the cross reference code of
the article or articles with which he is identified. An example of the
format is as follows:
ADAMS J L 200 63 2157
300 61 2326
ADAMS R L 300 74 2572
400 71 1899
ADRIANO D C 100 73 2121
100 74 2242
200 74 2144
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KEYWORD INDEX
This index consists of an alphabetical listing of significant words in an
article or in the title of an article. To the right of the keyword are
the first 85 characters contained in the title or the title and a listing
of keywords, if the title is short. To the left of the keyword is the
nine digit cross reference code of the article ascribed to by the keyword.
The cross reference code allows the user to enter the bibliography or look
up the abstract for additional information about the title. An example of
this index format is:
200 75 2753 DESIGN PLANT AND SOIL EFF
200 75 2755 DESIGN ON LAND DISPOSAL 0
200 75 2758 DESIGN AN OVERLAND FLOW
200 71 1925 DESIGN-CRITERIA SOIL CONSERVATION
200 71 1932 DESIGN-CRITERIA SOIL CONSERVATION
200 74 2023 DESIGN-CRITERIA A FUNDAMENTAL APPR
700 73 2212 DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDROLOGY OF ANIMA
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
To provide a quick entry into t;he abstract holdings of the collection, an
animal information code was developed. This code utilized an alphabetical
entry to signify a broad interest area and a numerical digit to designate a
more specific topic under the broad interest area. Each abstract in the
collection was classified according to this code and could be listed under
the five most relevant categories. This provides the user with an easy entry
into the abstract holdings pertaining to his information needs. It is
anticipated that some potential users, after reading some of the abstracts
listed under these categories, may identify some particular keywords of
importance which can be utilized to enter the more comprehensive keyword
index to identify abstracts which may pertain to his more specific information
needs. The code utilized in this index may be seen on the next page.
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CATEGORIES OF ANIMAL INFORMATION
Interest Area
A. Environmental Effects
Management of Animal Production
and Confinement Operations
Characteristics of Animal
Wastes
Topic Area
1. General
2. Surface Runoff from Animal
Production Unit Operation
3. Surface Runoff from
Agricultural Watersheds
4. Groundwater
5. Odor
6. Air
7. Biocides
8. Vectors
9. Health :
10. Aesthetics
1. General
2. Liquid Systems
3. Solid Systems
1. General
2. Physical
3. Chemical
4. Biological
5. Management's Impact On
1. General
2. Physical
3. Chemical
4. Biological
1. General
2. Land
3. Reuse
4. By-Product Recovery
1. Economics
2. Legalities
3. Institutional and Policy Needs
4. Overviews, Trends and Projections
5. Related Agricultural Operations
The entries 'in this index appear by accession number under the code number
as found in the following example:
C 1
1664
1689
1710
D. Treatment Processes
E. Utilization and Disposal
F. General
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ABSTRACTS
This section contains the abstracts of the information entries contained
in the bibliography. Most of these abstracts have been published in
Selected Water Resources Abstracts published by the Water Resources Scientific
Information Center. Each entry, therefore, includes the title of the
informational material, the bibliographic citation, the author or authors,
keyword identifiers and descriptors, and the abstract. The abstracts are
arranged sequentially by an assigned accession number which specifically
identifies the article in the collection. To the right of the accession
number are the animal information category code numbers assigned to the
abstract entry.
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SECTION III
AUTHOR INDEX
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AUTHOR INDEX
AbERCRCPBIE J C
AC»*S J L
AL»»S R L
At«t>S S N
AC1M k E
ACMM * A
AC«im C C
1CRKNC C S
AGEM U
AI-LERS R
AI-C h A
AIKHf, J
• KfRS J B
ALAC«RS«Hr S R
All-lti R C
ALBRIGHT J L
ALCRICP R A
ALCPIO S R
ALE1I A
ALEXANDER E L
ALGU R C
ALLEE G L
ALLEU J B
ALLEN J L
ALLISCk J P
ALLREC E R
ALTIMPI A A
AKCERSCN A fc
ANCERSCN C C
ANCERSCK E C
ANCERSCN F N
ANCERSCN J f
ANDERSON R *
ANCRE C E
AliCRE f C
ANCREk f U
ANDREI. H
ANCREbS J h
ANCREMS L C
ANCM
7CO 71
2CO 64
2CO 63
KC tl
4CC 71
ICC 73
ICC 73
ICC 74
4CC 69
ICC 71
4CC 71
ICC 74
ICC 73
2CC 74
ICC 74
2CC 75
ICC 75
6CC 68
7CC (6
2CC 75
2CO 75
3CC 72
2CC 75
ICC 72
3CO 71
3CC
2CC 7C
3CC 74
2CC 75
2CO 75
2CC 75
2CC 73
2CO 74
2CC 71
2CC 73
3CC
2CC 75
600 74
6CC 74
3CC 73
2CO 72
40C 74
6CC 73
30C 73
2CO 75
7CC 63
3CC 74
2CO 75
2CC 73
4CC 72
4CC 72
ICC 73
2CC 75
2CO 75
ICO 73
4CC 74
6CO 72
600 71
IOC 74
3CC 73
40C 73
4CC 74
40C 73
4CC 73
100 72
4CC 73
4CC 74
4CC 73
4CO 73
4CC 74
4CO 74
4CC 74
4CO 72
4CC 74
4CC 73
4CC 73
4CC 73
4CO 72
4CC 73
4CO 73
4CC 73
4CC 73
3CO 72
4CC 74
40G 71
4CC 74
4CC 74
30C 73
4CO 74
4CO 74
400 73
400 74
400 73
400 71
4CC 71
4CO 72
400 72
4CO 72
4CO 72
4CO 72
278C
17CC
2157
2326
2572
1653
1654
1655
254C
28C7
1855
2C82
2121
2144
2242
2666
2422
1862
231C
273C
2754
1647
2722
255C
1739
1792
18C5
2219
2648
2621
2693
2442
1997
1932
1789
2496
2637
1749
1757
1784
I9ce
2C95
lei:
2384
2732
2553
2248
2689
21C1
2375
2376
18CC
2749
2756
2249
2C65
1886
1729
24C4
162C
1615
163C
1632
1638
1661
1662
1676
1741
1766
177C
1797
1799
18C7
1808
1812
1817
1818
1819
182C
1834
1858
1B59
1878
1885
1898
19C6
19C9
1915
1920
1921
1922
1923
1934
1935
1937
1938
1939
194C
1942
1944
ANCN
4KTHCNISEN A C
AUTHCNY 0 U
ANTMJNY h B
APPELL H R
AREF 0
AREF K
ARKIN G f
ARMSTRONG 0 k
ARNCLO B L
ASHFIEUC G
ASIA RES PTE LTD
ATTCE 0 J
AUS1 A
AVAUT J k JR
AKTELt. R C
AVERS R S
AZEVEOG J
4CO 72 1945
400 73 1946
400 7C 1947
4CC 75 2036
4CO 75 2040
4CO 79 2049
4CO 75 2055
4CO 73 2058
ICO 72 2C59
4CC 75 2071
100 69 2084
400 73 2091
4CO 74 2093
4CO 74 2094
4CO 73 21C3
IOC 73 2111
ICO 72 2112
400 73 2115
4CO 75 212C
4CC 73 2123
4CC 73 2129
4CC 72 2161
4CO 75 2171
4CC 74 2203
4CO 72 2211
400 72 223C
400 72 2239
400 72 224C
3CO 73 2243
4CO 71 2274
4CC 72 2289
4CO 7C 2291
4CO 71 2294
4CC 71 2295
4CC 71 2296
4CO 72 230C
400 72 2301
400 72 2302
400 72 2303
4CO 72 2304
4CO 72 2305
4CO 72 2306
400 75 2322
3CC 74 2323
4CO 75 2324
ICC 72 2326
4CC 75 233C
4CO 75 2341
4CO 75 2343
ICO 73 2348
4CC 75 2350
4CC 73 2364
400 72 2366
400 67 242C
3CO 75 2426
2CO 73 2440
4CO 71 2454
400 75 2499
400 72 2511
4CO 72 2538
400 60 2539
400 73 2552
4CO 75 2575
ICO 72 2759
100 7C 2769
4CO 74 2773
100 68 2788
ICO 72 2799
ICC 72 2801
4CO 7C 2803
100 72 2804
4CO 72 2805
100 71 2806
4CC 71 2810
6CO 74 1686
2CC 74 2016
2CC 74 2026
7CC 65 2128
ICC 74 2223
ICO 61 167C
ICO 62 2535
200 75 2654
ICO 72 2329
300 75 2411
200 74 2034
6CO 72 1875
ICO 72 2811
6CO 74 1757
3CO 73 1784
400 75 2344
4CO 74 2418
SCO 74 2503
100 70 2381
2CO 64 17C4
40C 74 2232
100 7C 1853
2CO 75 2588
2CO 73 1895
100 74 2253
100 75 2272
BAChE C H
BACKER C S
BACKER L F
BACKhURST J R
BACGER C D
BAIER C
EAIER C C
BAINES S
BAKER C E
BAKER C H
BAKER C R
BAKER J H
BAKER f
6AK1R A K
BAKKER-ARKEPA F H
EALCV.IN L B
BALLCLrv S L
CANCEL L S
6ARFIELC B J
BARKER J C
BAKLCU EUR
BARKEBEY C I
BARHETT A P
6ARCUEST G C
BARR G
BARRETT F
BARRINGER R
BARTELS K H
BARTH C L
BARTH C N
6ARTH J
EARTLETT ^ C
EATEPAK T k
BATES C h
EATEV T
BATTELLE t>tt> INST
BAUPAN E R
EAUfANfv E R
BEAR F E
BEASLEV C B
BEATTY J F
BEGIN J J
BELL C
BELL R G
BELt R C
BELYEA C A
BEHHETT G E
6ENTLEY G R
BERG C k
BERCCCLL J F
BERGSRUC F C
BERGSTRCK P C
BERKChlTZ J H
BERCZA P
BERRY J G
BERRY C J
EERRYPAN C
BERVEN B B
BESLEY h E
BETHEA R f.
BE2CICEK C F
6HALERAC B B
BIELEY C G
BIELBY C G S
BIELY J
8IGBEE P C
BIRD K R
BISK]? E j B
2CG 75 2636
700 73 1652
6CC 73 1852
7CC 72 2316
100 74 2775
200 75 2592
300 1767
2CO 74 2C33
SCO 72 2252
2CC 74 2C34
3CO 75 2411
100 73 1905
2CC 75 2742
ICC 75 2265
2CO 73 2278
700 73 2379
300 72 2522
2CO 69 2383
2CO 75 2594
2CO 75 2754
6CO 73 2C52
2CO 75 2737
ICO 75 2427
ICC 75 2536
ICC 69 1734
4CO 72 2415
ICO 73 1639
3CC 74 1782
2CC 75 2633
3CC 74 1959
2CC 64 1694
4CO 69 2!4C
300 74 2118
300 74 1619
IOC 71 2C92
ICC 72 1960
2CC 73 2444
2CO 74 2C23
ICC 74 2C45
ICC 73 2332
6CC 75 2546
2CC 75 2587
2CO 75 2611
200 75 2741
2CC 75 2665
6CO 73 1623
2CC 70 2391
2CO 75 2616
2CO 75 2673
2CC 75 2696
3CO 74 1758
ICO 75 2813
4CO 74 1816
4CO 74 1994
ICO 73 2514
ICC 71 2762
ICO 72 2796
30C 69 2C99
ICC 65 2450
ICO 63 2549
ICC 63 2SB1
300 48 2414
6CC 74 1749
6CO 74 1757
3CC 73 1784
6CO 72 17C9
ICC 73 2134
ICO 73 2163
ICO 72 2186
ICO 69 23BC
2CO 75 268C
ICC 73 2779
ICO 71 2787
100 71 1902
2CO 75 2658
2CC 67 22E1
ICO 72 2789
7CO 72 2568
2CC 74 1871
2CC 75 2695
7CC 67 2228
70C 71 2308
100 74 2327
ICC 7C 1823
2CC 74 2C07
4CC 71 2237
2CC 75 2626
ICO 72 2796
ICC 75 241C
2CO 7C 2399
ICC 72 1621
2CO 75 2674
ICC 72 2550
ICC 73 2812
7CO 70 2455
ICC 72 2509
ICC 73 1660
ICC 48 24CC
100 71 276C
ICC 71 2761
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AUTHOR INDEX
6ISHCP G R
6ISKCP S 6
BLACK R J
BLAIP j F
BLAIR R
BLCCCGCOC C E
BLCCCGCCC T k
BCCK E R
ECCINE A E
BCECICKER J J
BCEHSHA L
BCESCH 8 E
BCH.EY P E
BCLANC H
ECKKE A J
ecNC j
BCNC J H
BCNC T E
BCNCIRANT C I
BCCPAP C V
6CCRAP C V JR
6CS R E
ECSLEY P
6CLLC1N C R
BCLSFIELC S
BCfcEN k I!
BOkLANC J P
EChCiN H C
BOYCE J
ECYC J
BCYC J S
EKANCH J h JR
BRANCENBERG E
BRINGING A E
BRANMGAN P G
BRALN C
ERENCER f
BRESSLER G C
BRETHGLR J R
BREVIK T J
BRCCK h
BRCC1E H L
BRCCEL C C
BRCMENSCHENKEL
BRChN E E
BRCkN J H
BRCkN R 1-
BRCkN h 6
8RLNS E G
BRLSEklTZ G H
BRYANT R
BUBENZER G C
BUCHANAN P L
BUCHANAN S P
BUCKNER C H
BULL L S
BtNCY c s
BUNCER R E
BUNTEN H A
BUPBEE C R
BURNETT G A
BURNS J C
BURR T
BURTCN C H
BUKHBAKER A
BUTCKBAKER A F
BUTLER R H
8UXKN 6 P
BYINGTCN C
BYRKETT C L
CAULL T <
CAIN J H
CALCkELl R L
6CC 73 1615
4CC 71 16SS
4CC 75 2547
2CO 75 2624
2CO 63 2163
2CC 63 2164
400 72 1943
2CC 71 166?
4CC 75 2425
2CO 64 16?2
6CC 67 21?6
2CO 66 1644
300 74 1783
ICO 74 25C2
6CC 73 2557
3CC 74 155?
2CC 75 2631
4CC 75 2814
6CO 73 1682
2CO 74 2137
2CO 75 27C2
2CO 73 2445
2CO 75 2757
4CO 74 2776
2CO 75 2587
2CO 75 27C?
6CC 71 173C
2CO 74 20C5
2CO 74 2C31
2CO 75 2736
700 71 1762
6CC 73 1623
3CC 71 2451
2CC 7« 2CC9
2CO 75 274C
3CO 75 2545
ICO 71 2551
ICC 7C 1823
7CO 70 1779
300 74 2555
300 72 2561
2CC 75 2623
2CC 74 2C1E
2CO 75 2616
ICC 71 22CC
400 72 2C46
2CC 64 17C2
2CO 69 1961
400 72 2C36
ICC 73 2259
200 7C 23?1
100 6C 1677
4CC 73 1634
400 73 174C
2CC 71 1975
3CC 74 2118
4CC 71 1899
3CC 72 21C4
2CC 75 2629
2CO 75 2679
F JR3CC 74 2C44
600 72 1995
300 72 2C63
4CO 73 1633
400 75 2125
4CC 74 2172
400 75 2353
ICC 73 1828
2CC 71 1974
100 74 1951
2CO 74 2464
6CC 74 1712
2CO 74 1777
200 75 2672
6CC 74 1847
6CC 73 1652
2CO 75 2701
200 75 2632
2CO 75 2696
3CO 65 2267
2CC 74 2005
2CC 74 2469
3CC 71 1679
3CO 74 2177
2CO 75 2740
2CO 75 2753
200 74 2456
300 72 2522
2CO 75 271?
ICC 74 1951
600 72 1992
300 2117
6CC 73 1848
2CO 74 2001
ZCO 75 259S
3CC 74 2173
2CO 75 2596
ICO 74 2253
200 71 1967
3CO 71 2C77
CALVERT C C
CARCQN B P
CARLILE B L
CARLISLE G R
CARPOOY R
CARSCN J R
CARTER T A
CASE A A
CASLER G L
CASSELL E A
CAShELL L F
GATE C A
CERRILLC L A
CHALCLPKA G k
CHAMBERS C k
CHANG A C
CHANG C I
CHANG T S
CHAPIN J 0
CHARLCCK A
CHATER V
CHEN S K
CHEN Y R
CH6SNESS J
CH6SMN L
CHIANG H
CHILD R D
CHIl S Y
CHCI S K
CHRISTENSEN L R
CHRISTENSEN P
CHRISTENSEN R L
CHIANG F S
CICRCIA H
CIRAVCLC T G
CLARK C E
CLARK C A
CLARK R K
CLARKE N A
CLAY A P
CLAYBAUGH J k
CLAYTON J T
CLAYTCN Y M
CCFFKAN B
CCLE C A
CCLEKAN E
CCLEFAN E A
CCLLIER A
CCLLIN'G E R JR
CCLLINS E R JR
COLLINS N E
CONNER L J
CCNNOR L
CCNNCR L J
CONVERSE J C
2CC 75
200 72
300
700 72
600 72
400 64
2CC 74
100 73
3CO 64
300 72
200 74
2CC 75
ICO 70
ICC 75
3CO 74
200 75
200 75
300 75
200 69
2CC 64
700 71
200 74
3CO 71
ICO 74
ICC 73
100 74
SCO 75
ICO 75
2CC 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
200 75
200 74
200 75
200 75
2CO 75
300 74
ICO 71
KO 73
200 75
200 75
300 74
600 72
100 74
300 73
6CO 74
300 65
2CC 74
ICC 71
700 69
100 72
700 73
200 73
300 74
200 75
700 71
200 75
300 74
200 75
6CO 64
2CO 75
600 74
2CC 75
2CO 75
200 64
100 73
400 71
6CO 72
200 70
ICO 71
400 74
200 75
300
3CO 71
2CO 71
2CO 72
4CO 73
300 74
2CC 75
200 75
200 74
200 74
300 71
300 73
300 72
200 75
2CO 75
100 73
600 74
7CC 70
6CO 74
2CO 74
2CO 71
3CO 74
300 74
6CO 72
3CO 74
ICO 73
200 73
200 75
2641
2279
20B5
2448
2122
2793
2007
2259
1786
1802
2010
2596
2794
2244
2527
2652
2659
2339
1624
1703
1668
2C34
2062
2062
2121
2242
2411
2422
2623
2624
2686
2656
2004
2605
2646
2651
I860
2241
2521
2656
2736
1782
1995
2515
2355
2356
2558
1997
1936
2C6C
217C
1890
2438
2042
2591
1791
2664
2526
2675
2201
2665
1756
2671
2711
1703
1832
2276
1993
2395
2767
1809
2696
1792
1739
1928
2174
2336
2526
2675
2698
2013
2CCC
2080
2516
2561
2593
2595
1635
1712
1736
1738
1777
1976
21CC
2118
2195
2215
2218
2434
2712
CONVERSE J S
CCCPER E P
CCCPER J E
CORNELL UMV
CORVINC C
CCSTIGANE k 0
COTNCIR L J
COUCH J R
CRAETREE K
CRAGG J
CRAPER C C
CRALER L S
CRAV.FCRC D
CRAkFCRC C H
CREGER C R
CRENTZ h L
CRCCKETT S P
CRCFSEY K C
CROSS G R
CRCSS 0 E
CRCSSHHITE h H
CRCkLEY J k
CULLEY C C JR
CUPPINGS G A
CUNMNGHAP F E
CURTIS J C
CURTIS S E
CABER J k
CALE A C
[ALE R C
CARCEN C H
CAVIES C K
CAVIS C E
CAVIS E G
CAVIS E H
CAVIS G A
CAVIS H R
CAVIS J F
CAVIS K R
CAY C' L
CAZ2C F B
DECKER P
CENCY C Y
CENIT J 0
CENfEAC C F
CENSfORE J
DEMON C A
DESHAZER J A
CIESCH S L
CITTPAN A C
CIXCK J E
oceeiNs c
2CO 75
3CC 74
ICC 75
2CO 74
200 75
300 72
200 69
4CC 72
200 74
200 73
600 69
ICO 71
600 74
4CO 73
2CO 71
300 74
6CO 72
300 74
ICC 73
20C 73
200 75
100 74
2CC 75
300 72
300 72
4CO 75
200 71
6CC 74
300 73
3CC 72
700 71
600 72
300 71
3CC 69
300 74
200 71
4CC 73
200 75
400 75
200 73
200 73
200 75
300 68
6CO 73
600 73
600 74
300 71
600 72
600 67
ICC 74
2CO 75
2CC 75
200 75
2CC 75
200 74
400 74
2CC 75
2CO 69
300 72
30C 71
200 74
2CO 75
2CO 63
100 73
4CC 73
ICO 74
100 73
600 71
600 74
200 74
6CC 66
600 64
2CC 73
400 74
100 73
2CC 73
SCO 71
2CC 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
2CC 75
700 72
200 75
4CC 73
2CO 74
2CC 75
100 72
200 II
2CC 71
100 46
ICO 72
2CC 73
ICO 73
3CC 73
2CO 75
2CO 75
200 74
200 75
2CC 75
2CO 75
2672
2217
2293
1S96
2657
2213
1583
1836
1870
2548
217?
2767
1736
1740
1977
2118
2195
2215
2216
2434
2712
2403
272?
2372
2374
2349
2785
1757
1784
2261
2771
1843
2133
2797
2177
1979
2429
2753
2512
2435
2101
2659
1625
1711
1844
1845
2C62
2074
2196
2541
2621
2627
2636
2731
2C27
IS11
2653
I960
2C63
1675
1999
2597
2159
2277
1957
2256
1635
1717
194?
2C21
21?4
22C4
2278
2336
2342
2437
2524
2640
2644
27C3
2731
231?
2727
1854
1998
2600
2789
1968
1971
2400
1913
2477
1£85
2384
2586
2662
2CC4
2646
2721
2642
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
LCB1E J 6
UCtSCN S H
etc: v a
CCNCERC N C
CCKCVAN T J
LCSS e c
CCLCLAS P P
CCULASS p f
LCkNS b
LCYU R C
CHAKE C L
LKAFEH S R
DPICCERS L 6
ORLCKNC J C
CLFFNER P F
CUK6 H R
CLNt> 8
CYAL R S
EAST6CRN R P
ECCY G H
ECbARCS C H
ECbARCS b H
EFTINK 8
EGG R C
EISEItHAUER C E
EISENPtN T b
EL SERAFY A E F
ELLAP C F
ELLICTT L F
ELLIS B G
ELLIS C
ELLIS J R
ELPLKC C K
ELPLNC F K
ELPLNC S K
ELSC* H A
EPERSCk G
ENFIELC G H
ENGLE e
ENGLER C R
£HC C F
EPA
ERHART A E
ERICKSGN A E
ERICKSCN L E
ERNST J V
ESHELPAN R P
ESPAY I" L
ESSIG H b
EUERLE G C
EUERLE b R E
EVANS J C
EVANS P R
6VERSCLE J k
EblkC S A
FAIRCAMC b
fAIREANK b C
FAITH b I
FAITER J H
FAN L N
FAN I T
FARLIN S C
FEE R J
FEHR ft L
FELC I L
6CC 73
3CO
ICC 72
ICO 71
ICC 74
2CO 74
ICC 74
ICC 75
2CC 75
3CC 71
7CC 71
2CC 74
2CO 75
3CC 68
ICC 71
3CC
2CC 75
2CC 73
7CC 74
2CC 74
2CC 7!
2CO 75
2CO 63
2CC 75
2CC 75
2CC 64
6CO 72
2CO 63
3CC 63
ICC 61
3CC 72
2CO 75
4CC 74
4CO 73
6CC 74
6CC 73
6CC 74
2CC 75
3CC 72
2CC 75
ICC 71
ICC 73
ICC 74
ICC 75
3CC 74
2CO 74
6CC 74
ICC 74
ICO 75
3CC 74
2CO 75
7CC 70
2CC 74
2CO 75
4CO 75
2CO 69
6CO 72
3CC 73
3CC 73
3CC 66
3CC 73
ICO 6!
3CC 74
3CC 73
ICC 71
ICO 72
3CC 72
2CO 75
ICO 75
2CO 74
6CC 73
2CO 75
2CC 75
2CO 75
4CO 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
6CO 73
ICC 73
2CO 75
ICO 65
6CO 67
4CO 71
4CO 74
ICO 74
3CC 72
4CO 75
2CO 75
ICO 64
3CC
3CC 72
3CO 73
ICC 71
ICO 72
SCO 73
3CC 74
400 73
2CO 74
2CO 75
300 72
lecj
2C65
2582
2782
2764
2CC8
2131
2352
2751
2Ct2
1142
1906
2674
1946
24C2
2085
263C
21C1
2774
1987
2711
2S57
2161
2696
2746
1696
1752
2156
2471
1669
2213
27C6
1626
1778
1751
1813
ieee
2635
2371
2742
2424
2447
2451
2543
2368
2C11
1664
1821
226C
2331
2661
24C6
1988
26C7
2116
1982
2489
19C7
2496
1897
1785
2423
2386
19C7
1936
217C
2313
2664
2265
2CC4
2C52
26C5
2646
2721
2345
2622
2622
2557
19C5
2742
175C
1683
1899
1827
2C75
2533
2547
2624
2C79
2CS5
2313
19C7
1936
Z17C
2498
2331
1674
2COS
2713
2C63
FELCPANN H F
FENLCN C
FETTERCLF J
FIELDS k J
FIKSTEIN » S
FISCH8ACH P E
FISCHER J R
FISHER L J
FLAHERTY C C
FLEGAL C J
FLEPING 8
FLINT R C
FLCCCHINI R G
FCNTENCT J P
FCRC J P
FCRREST C
FCRSTER C L
FCkLER J C
FCX J 0
FRAIPCNT C R
FRANK J F
FRAKKL G
FRA2ER I E
FREY L J
FRICK G E
FRINK C R
FRUS J C
FL Y C
FLLHAGE C C
FLLLER b H
GAOOY J L
CALLER b S
GAR FCRSHI R
GARPAN b H
GARNER B
GARNER G
GARNER G B
GARNER b
GARTCN J E
GARTLNG J L
CAST R G
GEHLBACH G C
GELOREICH E 6
GELPAN A L
GENTRY R F
GECRGE J A
GECRGE P R
GECRGE R C
GERGEN 6
GERLCk A
GERR1SH J B
CERSHON S I
GIBLIN P P
GILBERT R
GILBERTSCN C
GIL8ERTSON G
GILL 0
GILLEV J R
GILLIAP J k
CLOCK It 0
GCEPPNER J
GCERING E H
GCETHE R b
GCJPERAC b L
6CO 73
2CC 73
2CO 75
4CO 72
4CC 74
7CO 71
ICO 74
6CO 72
2CO 75
6CO 72
2CO 74
40C 68
200 69
6CO 74
2CO 74
2CC 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
2CC 75
4CC 74
ICC 74
ICO 74
ICC 74
100 75
ICO 75
3CC 74
3CC 74
2CC 75
2CC 75
300 75
2CO 75
400 74
600 72
SCO 72
2CC 73
6CO 74
ICC 73
4CO 61
3CO 74
2CO 70
700 69
600 69
ICC 74
700 73
2CO 75
300 71
ICC 74
3CC 71
3CO 74
200 70
2CC 73
SCO 64
2CC 75
300 73
6CO 72
2CC 75
SCO 73
2CO 73
2CO 75
6CO 72
ICC 71
ICO 73
700 7C
200 75
6CO 73
2CO 73
400 74
300 75
2CO 74
2CO 74
2CO 74
ICO 74
2CO 75
2CC 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
2CC 75
ICC 73
600 74
ICO 74
2CO 71
200 74
3CO 71
6CC 73
2CO 69
300 74
ZCO 75
200 75
300 69
200 73
4CO 72
400 75
ZCO 75
100 75
2CO 75
ICO 74
6CO 74
200 75
400 74
200 71
1746
218C
2743
1941
22C2
1761
2327
1843
2718
1901
2014
1884
1840
1916
2C04
2605
2646
2651
2721
1917
2340
2253
195C
2244
2419
2526
2527
2652
26<4
2284
2595
1861
1709
2213
2433
1748
2354
236C
2042
2393
1650
2216
2047
2532
2718
1882
2263
1865
2177
2506
1648
1786
2739
1622
1992
2709
1787
2443
2626
1753
2402
2259
2229
2632
1892
2483
2102
2284
2CC4
2138
2151
2449
2605
2646
2721
2623
2601
1832
1684
1956
1978
2019
2C76
2124
2221
2331
2709
2711
2797
2475
1804
2346
2758
236!
2684
2207
1888
2611
1810
1973
GCJP6RAC K L
GCLCSTEIN J
GCLL-EKE C G
GCCC C
GCCCRICH P R
GCCCRICH R C
GCCCSHIR G
GCRCCN C H
GR FISH AND FCCC
GRAEBE K
GRACER «
GRAINGER J H
GRANT C «
GRIM F
GRANT F A
GRAVES C
GRAVES R
GRAVES R E
GRAVES b
GREEK K P
GREENKCRN R A
GREIG J
CRIBBLE D J
GRIEL L C JR
GRIFFIN G F
CRC.SS C
CRCtT A R
GROVES k
GRU6 b
GUNTHER R b
GUPTA S P
HAFEZ A A R
HAITI- C A
HALEEISEN J
H-ALBROOK E R
HALCERSCN J L
HALL C
HALL P C
HALUGAH 4 E
HALLOCK C L
HALLCCK K L
HALVCRSCN C
HAPILTIN H E
HAMILTON H E
HAPILTCN P e
HAPPONC k C
HANEKAPP H J
HANES N 8
HANKE H E
HANSEM C K •
HANSEN t L
HANSEN R
HANSEN R H
HANSON L E
4CC 71 2C83
ICO 74 2337
2CC 69 176C
ICC 72 2197
2CC 74 2CCC
3CO 73 2S16
30C 73 1787
6CC 74 1952
3CC 73 2355
6CC Ti 2356
6CC 73 2557
2CC 75 2586
2CC 75 2612
200 75 2619
2CC 75 2622
2CC 75 275t
6CC 73 1616
300 74 2217
300 72 2367
3CC 72 2368
SCO 72 2369
3CO 72 2370
3CC 72 2371
3CC 72 2372
3CC 72 2373
300 72 2374
2CO 75 2(43
ICO 73 1826
ICC 70 1823
300 73 2407
2CC 7! 273C
300 74 1889
ICC 73 2579
2CC 74 1986
ICC 71 2570
2CO 75 2681
3CC 74 2C44
2CC 75 2726
6CO 68 1862
4CC 74 1781
7CC 71 1689
60C 72 1993
3CC 74 21CC
4CC 75 2214
2CC 73 2478
2CO 75 2615
2CO 75 2699
4CC 72 2210
3CC 74 186C
ICC 73 1793
2CC 74 2465
6CC 67 2178
100 69 28C8
2CO 75 2754
4CC 75 21C7
4CC 74 2114
4CC 74 2417
4CC 72 2231
3CO 71 1739
300 1792
2CO 71 1927
300 74 2556
ICO 73 1793
ICC 74 2222
IOC 75 2272
2CC 74 2009
2CC 75 2662
ICC 61 2505
6CO 73 1711
3CC 71 2C62
2CC 75 2617
600 69 2175
3CC 74 19CO
2CO 72 2168
2CO 74 2185
200 79 2675
3CC 74 2526
4CC 74 2C41
2CO 75 2617
600 74 1681
6CC 72 17C9
700 71 1864
6CO 72 2C73
ICC 74 2C97
UC 73 2134
4CC 72 2415
3CC 73 1849
7CO 64 1735
600 66 2194
3CC 73 1733
ICC 72 211C
60C 73 1616
SCO 72 2367
300 74 2388
6CC 66 2194
2CO 74 1990
300 71 2523
2CO 75 2687
300 73 2355
6CO 74 2356
10
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
HARGRCVE T
HARKER J H
HARL N 6
HARKN B G
HARCCN B k
HARPER J P
HAKFER J P
HARPER L
HARRINGTCN R 8
t-ARRIS G C JR
HARRIS R L
HARR1SCN 6 T
HARRV E C
HART S A
HARTER C A
HARTER R C
HARTPAN C
HARVEY C
HARVEY T L
HASHIPCTC A
HASSAN A E
HASSAN H V
HASSELPANN C E
HAISER V L
HAYAKAkA t
HAYS V M
HAZEN K R
T E
HEDGES J C
HEGG R 0
HELUCKSON P A
HENSLER R F
HEPHERD R C
HERPANSON R E
HERNANDEZ J k
HERPICH R L
HERR G H
HERRICK J B
HERRCN G P
HERICG K L
MGGINS A
HILEPAN L H
HUE* E A
Hill 0 T
Hilt T K
HILLS C J
MINES R H
HIMSH N k
HINKSON R S
HIMtlCHS C G
hISSETT R
HCBSCN P N
HCCGETTS B
HCEHKE J A
HCFFPAN 8
HCFFPAN G
4CC 71
ICC T,
6CC 71
ICO 72
2CC 72
2CC 74
2CC 73
ICC 73
2CC 73
2CC 75
2CC 75
ICC 74
ICO 75
2CO 75
2CC 75
2CC 75
UC T,
2CO 6;
tCC 72
ICC 74
3CC 73
ICO 73
2CC 75
KC 73
2CC (2
2CC 64
2CC 75
4CC 74
2CO 7C
4CO 74
2CO 74
ICC 6C
ICC 71
ICC 74
2CO 74
2CO 75
2CC 75
2CO 75
ICC 74
2CO 75
6CC 64
KC 74
4CC 74
2CC 74
6CC 67
6CO 65
2CO 73
ICO 65
ICC 63
ICC 63
2CO 75
SCO 71
2CO 75
2CO 74
2CO 74
3CO 72
3CC 72
2CO 75
2CO 75
ICC 74
ICO 72
7CC 68
100 7C
3CO 75
ICC 71
2CO 75
700 67
2CO 71
3CO 73
2CO 74
600 71
ICO 65
SCO 74
2CO 75
ICC 74
3CO 65
6CC 74
2CO 74
ICC 74
600 75
200 75
6CO 72
ICO 74
100 74
SCO
2CO 75
4CO 74
3CO 72
200 75
ICO 74
700 73
100 73
2CC 75
ICO 73
ICC 74
2CO 75
100 72
6CO 73
KC 74
6CC 66
1641
2775
1728
1675
1755
2C21
2278
2342
2525
264C
2644
195C
2415
2652
255C
2667
2449
2488
2C74
2541
162C
2354
2722
1826
2155
2565
2623
1769
2398
1781
2141
1677
19C4
1912
2CC6
2736
2656
2656
22C7
271C
22C4
2097
1772
2C2C
22C5
2216
2436
245C
2545
2581
2738
1672
2649
2C22
2C24
2368
2373
2643
2732
1894
I960
2317
2381
2507
2241
2639
2363
2453
2C43
246C
1725
2423
19CC
2714
2236
2377
1961
2023
2C45
2546
2741
1995
2288
2C69
2496
2637
1887
2C54
2653
213C
2385
1905
2742
2254
2258
274C
23S9
1892
2403
1662
HCFFPAN P P
HCFFPAN R A
HCGUINC C R
HCLLANC H R
HCLLOkAY J k
HCLPES R
HCLT C L
HCLTPAN J E
HCRNSBY C
HCRSF1ELC B
HCRSFIEIO 8 C
HCRTON P L
HCLKOP R L
1-CkE R ? I
HChES J R
HRUBANT G R
HLCSCN J
HIGH k 1
HLGHES H A
HILL 0 C
HULL J L
HLLTGREN J t
HUPENIK F
HUPEMK F J
HUPPEL J k
HLNG C f
HtNN J B
HUSEP.AN V
HUTON G A JR
ICNANI H A
IFEAOI C
IFEADI C N
IKEDA J
ILLIG E G
ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
INGRAP S H
ICNESCU-SISEST1 VI
ICkA DEPT CF ENV CU.
IOWA ST LNIV
IChA STATE LMV
ISLEIB 0 R
JACKSON L G
JACKSON fc A
JACC6S J J
JACC8S L k
JACCBSCN 1 C
JANZEN J J
J6CELE C G
JEFFAY A f
JEFFREY R F
JENKINS J D
JENKINS k R
JENSEN A H
JENSEN P
JENSCN R
JESCHKE J L
JE7T S C
JIPENEZ A A
JINGA I
JCHANNES R F
JOHANNES R J
JCHANNSEN C J
JGHANSCN K J
JCKNSCN A S
JCHNSCN B
JCHNSCN C A
JCHNSCN 0 E
JCHNSCN H P
JCHNSCN J B
100
700
200
SCO
300
SCO
2CO
2CC
6CO
2CO
2CC
3CO
2CC
3CO
6CO
200
ICO
ICC
2CO
4CO
ICO
4CO
200
2CO
2CO
6CO
7CC
6CO
6CO
6CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
200
2CO
2CO
600
2CO
2CO
2CO
400
2CO
SCO
ICO
700
ICO
2CO
2CO
ICO
100
200
2CO
2CO
>300
2CO
6CO
2CO
400
400
ICO
300
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CC
100
6CO
2CO
200
100
700
ICO
2CC
2CO
2CO
100
600
100
4CC
200
600
200
300
2CO
ICO
2CO
400
400
200
200
100
100
300
2CO
200
300
200
300
SCO
2CO
75 2410
73 2577
74 2COC
71 2C8C
73 2516
72 2561
75 2649
75 2745
74 2050
71 1964
74 2C13
74 1619
75 2723
73 164C
73 1763
75 2662
74 1951
69 2562
69 1984
68 2378
72 1788
75 2056
75 2705
74 2013
73 2481
73 1803
71 1732
74 205C
74 1958
74 2081
75 2586
75 263C
75 2633
75 2745
75 2753
75 2758
72 1953
75 2724
75 2726
75 2656
74 2095
74 2467
72 2533
72 1657
72 2321
72 1913
74 2003
75 269C
67 2264
74 2047
73 2432
73 1789
75 2666
71 1850
73 2472
71 1713
74 2147
73 2519
69 254C
75 2544
72 1658
74 201C
75 2598
74 2145
75 2586
74 2502
72 1886
73 2446
75 2613
60 2518
72 2578
71 191C
64 1705
73 2278
75 2618
72 2193
74 1949
74 2097
74 1955
75 2666
74 1738
71 1977
74 2215
75 2665
74X2525
64 2566
73 1618
74 1883
64 1701
75 2647
65 245C
63 2581
72 1775
74 1999
74 2CCC
71 2080
74 214C
73 2516
72 2561
75 2593
JCNNSCN J 8
JCHNSCN R R
JOHNSTCN G k
JCNES B
JONES B A JR
JCNES e H
JCNES C C
JCNES C C
JCNES J K
JCNES P H
JONES R E
JONES R k
JCNGE8RELR A A
JCC Y C
JORDAN H
JORDAN 1- C
JORCAN K A
JUTILA J H
KAPPPINEN T L
KANG S
KANSAS ST L'NIV
KARLBIAN J F
KEENE C C
KEENEY C R
KELLER fc C
KELLEV C H
KELLCk F B
KELLY P C
KELSON 8 F
KENCALL J C
KENNEDY J T
KERR F
KERRIGAN J E
KESLER R P
KESSELRING C F
KESTNER F P
KIANG K
KIENHGLZ E k
KIP H C
KIPBALL N C
KING A fc P
KINGDCN D A
KINYON J K
KIRSCH E J
KIRSCH.BAUP N E
KISSINGER R JR
KLAUSNER S D
KLING H F
KLCPFEKSTEIN T J
KNA8ACH P L
KNEFP G L
KNEZEK 8 D
KNIGHT J A
KNIGHT R S
KNUCSEN D
KOCH e A
KOCH P
KOCH P k
KCELLIKER J K
KCLEGA J J
KOPMSU G H
KQN1KCFF P
KORNEGAY E T
KOSHI J H
KOSKUBA K
KOLPAl 1 R
KRADEL D C
KRAFT C J
KR1EGER 0 J
KRH G J
KRCEKER E J
2CO 75 2595
2CC 75 2597
ICO 73 1637
2CO 75 2645
SCO 75 2545
ICO 74 1631
4CO 74 2336
600 73 2246
2CO 73 1789
2CO 74 2C27
700 67 2234
200 75 2636
200 75 2731
700 71 2307
100 74 2106
2CC 72 2361
ICO 72 2412
600 73 1844
600 74 1748
2CC 74 2035
300 73 1873
2CC 75 2645
3CO 72 2C54
2CO 74 2462
600 73 1616
6CC 1C 1696
200 74 2142
7CO 69 1656
300 73 1745
3CO 74 2517
2CC 74 2459
2CO 71 1963
6CC 2777
2CC 73 21C1
2CO 74 2146
300 74 2248
2CC 75 2669
6CC 74 1516
400 75 2251
4CC 75 25C1
3CC 72 2104
SCO 74 2257
2CO 71 1967
700 66 17C7
6GO 73 1682
100 74 1956
600 73 2124
600 73 1746
2CO 73 2180
2CC 75 2647
200 75 2703
300 7C 1839
200 75 2607
200 73 2101
100 75 2365
6CC 73 1711
6CC 72 2C74
100 74 2541
200 71 1570
200 74 2466
200 74 2C11
SCO 1774
6CC 74 1664
SCO 74 2331
200 75 2626
600 72 1875
ICO 73 2277
6CC 74 2C72
70C 65 1666
100 73 1755
300 2496
2CO 75 2637
2CO 74 2145
200 74 2137
6CO 74 1671
700 69 1708
6CC 71 1724
200 74 2C31
200 75 2659
2CO 75 2706
70C 68 1837
6CC 66 1862
6CC 72 1893
6CC 74 2265
2CO 70 2392
KC 67 2264
IOC 75 2790
300 71 1672
SCO 74 2528
2CO 75 2645
2CC 75 2675
2CC 75 2705
2CC 75 26C6
7CO 69 1863
100 69 2808
100 74 2327
2CO 75 2587
2CO 72 1880
30C 2C85
2CO 75 2655
11
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
KKCEKER E J
KL-EENA L F
KL.NKLE S ^
LAAG A E
LAAK ft
LACLE E L
LAEKCAL C A
LANCASTER J L JR
LAPP h F
LARSEN H J
LAKSCN R
LARSCN R E
LARSCN R L
LARSCN K E
LALRA R C
LALSER G
LAVEILLE k C
LAVKLLICH L F
LAfc. J P
LAkFER R
LAfchCN H 1
LEBECA 0 L
LEE Y N
LEGNER E f
LENNCN A F
LEHSCHCK L V
LEOR R C
LECNARC R A
LEO 6 F
LfVI 0 R
LEkIS 6 h
LIEVERS K U
IICM R G
LILL1O C A
LILLIE R J
LILLY J I-
LINCEK C R
LINCERFAN C L
L1NCLEY J A
LIUCCR L K
LINCVALL T
LINE C
LIPPER R I
LIPSIEIN B
LITTLEJOhN L
LLCYC J E
LCCHER R
LOCK J T
LCEH R C
LOGAN E F
LOUG F L
LCN6 T A
LCNGt-CUSE A C
2CO 75 2733
ICC 73 2431
SCC 68 222C
2CC 7C 2347
4CC 73 1S57
ICC 74 2256
tCC 74 2265
3CC 72 18C2
ICC tC 2518
3CO 72 1647
2CC 75 2655
tCC 74 1736
SCC 74 2116
2CC 75 2613
2CC 74 2C22
2CC 74 2C24
SCO 73 2355
6CC 74 2356
200 75 2643
SCO 72 2368
SCC 72 2373
4CO 75 2346
ICC 72 1657
ICC 71 26C7
4CC 71 2236
2CO 74 2017
2CO 75 2757
4CC 71 1965
2CO 75 261C
2CO 74 2CC3
7CC 65 2188
SCO 64 22C4
700 71 1665
ICO 75 2454
SCC 75 2545
2CC 73 1769
SCC 7C 1839
2CC 71 22C6
ICO 75 2544
2CC 75 2676
300 69 2078
2CC 66 1C4S
2CO 75 27U
6CC 72 1624
2CO 75 25S1
4CO 75 2512
ICC 46 24CC
ICO 65 175C
4CC 75 2346
ICC 74 1821
6CC 74 1846
ICO 74 1857
2CO 75 26C8
2CO 75 2661
6CC 74 1645
SCO 71 2062
600 73 1616
SCO 72 2367
ICC 74 24SC
ICC 72 2796
600 74 1671
300 73 1759
600 73 1813
ICC 71 1936
300 68 1946
ICO 72 2170
300 71 2367
3CO 75 2494
300 2496
200 75 2637
2CO 75 2659
2CO 75 2663
400 73 2266
300 74 2791.
ICC 7C 252C
200 74 2143
4CC 74 1861
100 72 1681
600 74 1686
300 74 1758
300 68 1776
30C 73 1873
2CC 74 2CC9
200 74 2016
2CC 74 2026
600 72 2106
100 74 21C9
SCO 74 2132
100 72 21SO
100 74 2223
100 72 2357
ICG 74 2525
200 75 2733
200 75 2735
100 70 27(6
100 73 1790
200 75 2751
300 73 1856
2CO 70 2391
200 70 2396
LCCMS e c
LCRIFCR J C
LCLCCN T L
LCHRY F S
LCYNACHAN T E
LLBINLS L
LtCAS C C
LUCI-TERKAUD C K
LCCINGTCN D C
LLEBS R 6
LLNC A F
LLNC I f
LUSZCZ L J
LLThER R F
LLTZ R
LYNN H P
LYONS C F
FACGREGCR J
FACKENZIE A J
FACKENZI6 4 C
FACKIEkICZ A
FACFULAN K A
FACCEX R L
FAOEHELL 0 E
FAHAN R F
FAhLOCH J L
FAHCNEY 6 h A
FAJCRS K R
FANGES H L
FANNEBECK H
FANNERING J V
FANTHEY E
FARINI A C
HARRIOTT L F
FARTENS D C
FARTIN- J 0
FART1N J H
FART1N J H JR
FART1N U f
CASSIE L R
FATHER J P
FATHERS A C
CAT5L>SHIC» J K
CATTHYSSE J G
PATTINGLY G E G
FAUGH T H II
FAY J C
FAYES H F
FAYRQSE V B
FAZIRAK A P
KCCABE T
FCCA1N F
HCCALLA T H
MCCASKEY T A
HCCLEAN G R
HCCLLRE K E
100
7CO
6CO
6CC
100
2CO
200
2CC
600
2CO
ICO
2CO
200
7CO
SCO
SCO
2CO
2CC
100
200
6CO
400
ICC
ICO
200
ICC
2CC
400
700
ICC
3CO
6CO
ICO
2CQ
4CC
ICO
200
6CO
2CC
2CO
700
ICO
6CO
6CO
6CO
6CO
6CO
6CO
300
SCO
2CO
ICO
SCO
2CO
2CO
SCO
6CO
400
4CO
2CC
2CO
200
300
SCO
2CO
7CO
6CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CO
2CC
200
100
200
2CO
300
100
100
100
100
600
200
100
100
200
200
300
600
100
400
600
100
300
400
300
100
2CO
300
100
73 2169
69 1690
73 171C
74 1744
73 2051
73 24B1
75 2676
74 2136
75 2559
75 2614
75 2352
75 2751
74 2031
72 2569
74 2257
74 2526
71 1969
64 1696
71 1904
63 216C
67 2196
73 1957
74 2256
75 2352
75 2751
74 2502
75 2662
72 2573
68 2316
74 2784
73 2355
74 2356
74 2131
75 2657
74 1765
75 2813
74 2149
75 2559
75 2614
75 2683
72 2315
74 2126
67 1683
72 1992
71 1714
74 1671
73 1813
74 1886
73 2043
73 2206
73 24B6
75 2490
75 2494
75 2663
74 2015
73 164C
74 1845
74 1636
74 2046
75 2626
75 2616
75 2673
71 1672
74 2528
75 2675
71 1688
74 1686
74 2026
75 2735
71 1966
71 1972
75 2699
75 2722
74 2064
75 2660
74 1989
74 2173
7C 252C
73 2521
72 2314
73 2431
73 2574
74 2032
74 2130
74 2515
75 2617
75 2640
72 1626
74 1684
74 1956
74 207C
73 2124
75 2250
72 226C
72 2320
74 2331
73 2447
75 2654
72 2213
73 1637
FCCCY E
FCCIRCY J A
FCELRCY A C
FCELROY B
HCEVER L F
FCGt-EE T J
FCGILL I- K
FCGRIFF E C
PCGRIFF E C JR
FCGUIMNESS J L
FCHENRY S
PCKEEN to C
MCKELVIE A C
FCLAREN J B
rcNAee c G
PCKLLTY C E
FCC.LITTY J B
MCRCBER1S F
KChKRTER D 6
FCMhCRTER J C
CEARS C R
FEEK B C
FEENAGHAN G F
FEI-TA B S
FEIERHCFER G S
FEIFAN J R
FEIN^ARCT P
FEISKE J C
KELVIN S U
FENEAR J R
FENSCK R L
FENZIE E L
FERKEL J A
FETLIN S J
FEYER C F
FEYER C J
FEYER J L
FEYER V F,
MO ST UNIV
FICMGAK. STATE UNIV
KICCEN I F
FICCLEBRCCKS J E
FIDhEST PLAK SERV
FIELKE L N
FILLER E F
FILLER C b
FILLER E C
FILLER K P
• FILLER R 1
FILLER R U
FILLER T
FILLER ki C
FILAE C
FILNE C F
FINER J R
600 69 2179
200 75 2693
200 74 1997
400 73 2504
600 74 2081
600 73 1754
2CO 71 1929
200 75 2609
ICO 73 1633
100 74 2126
200 75 2706
ICC 61 2534
300 75 2545
200 75 2667
300 73 2C96
SCO 69 2076
300 74 2576
100 71 22CO
600 69 2175
tCO 75 2492
2CO 75 ^755
200 72 1908
2CC 75 2620
100 74 2131
300 71 1739
200 72 2174
200 75 2747
2CC 75 2615
300 68 2220
400 71 2275
600 73 1616
2CO 74 2C22
300 74 2217
300 72 2367
300 72 2366
300 72 2369
300 72 2370
300 72 2371
SCO 72 2372
300 72 2373
3CC 72 2374
200 75 2643
600 73 171C
6CC 71 1715
6CO 71 1721
600 74 1744
ICC 75 2410
2CO 73 2461
2CC 75 2676
100 73 1773
6CO 71 2776
300 73 1733
700 66 1626
ICC 74 2C47
200 75 2625
200 75 2634
3CO 1767
200 74 2C33
3CC 72 2292
2CO 73 2476
2CC 74 2135
300 71 2421
6CO 72 2C73
ICO 73 2134
700 72 2401
7CO 72 277C
ICO 74 2408
3CO 11 1835
60C 74 16-46
ICC 73 2051
ICC 75 2280
ICO 73 2447
7CC 74 2564
200 75 2608
2CC 75 2661
ICO 73 1747
ICO 73 1801
4CC 69 1924
ICC 74 2189
300 75 2339
2CC 74 2150
600 73 2557
3CC 72 2370
700 74 2405
200 75 2596
ICC 70 1823
ICO 73 2325
200 75 2745
2CC 71 1931
100 71 2413
300 74 2555
600 74 2C66
6CC 70 2530
6CO 71 2531
6CO 71 1716
'CO 71 1720
700 67 1838
300 73 1851
100 74 U55
300 73 1881
12
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
PINER J R 3CC 74
ICC T<
6CO 6?
3CC Ti
3CC 74
tCO 75
2CO 64
2CC 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
2CC 7!
PINSHALL N E 6CO 6S
CIS RIVER TASK GRCLP3CC 71
PITOELL J
PITCFELL k H
PCELLERS K C
PCCCY k E
PCCRE C R
PCCRE III S
PCCRE J A
CCCRE J C
PCRCAK N C
PCRRIS k H P
HCRRISCN S P
PCSIER A R
PCTE C R
PUEHLING A J
PUMPPAC t
Hilt J
PLLKEY I A
PULLINS J A
PUNTER R C
PURPHY L S
2CO 73
2CC 74
3CC 74
2CO 71
SCO 73
2CC 73
tCC 71
2CC Ti
3CC 72
3CC 72
2CO 74
2CC 73
2CO 75
2CC 74
6CC 72
ICC 7C
3CC
2CC 74
2CC 75
ICC 73
2CO 75
2CC 75
600 71
6CC 72
3CC 74
2CC 73
SCO 71
2CC 75
3CC 74
ICC 73
2CC 75
2CC 75
6CC 74
3CC 74
3CC 73
ICC 73
2CC 73
2CC 73
ICC 75
3CC 75
3CO 75
2CO 75
2CO 75
2CC 75
2CO 74
7CC 71
ICC 71
ICC 71
NATL FEEC 1NGREC ASS2CC 74
2CO 75
4CO 72
2CO 75
2CC 63
2CC (4
2CO 75
2CO 74
ICO 71
ICC 71
300
2CO 74
6CO 67
6CC 66
600 66
300 73
100 71
200 75
ICC 7C
ICC 74
4CO 72
ice
6CC 74
ICC 74
2CC 14
6CC 73
300 74
2CO 73
2CO 75
6CO 74
100 72
2CO 66
ICO 62
2CC 75
ICO 74
2CO 74
300 75
PiUTLAK S P
N
NARAYAK R S
NASH V. J
NATkICK H A
NATZ C
NEAR C R
NEE LMV
NEBRASKA LMV
NEGLLESCU C A L
NEILSCN C R
NELL JAG
NELSCN C C
NELSCN C k
NELSO G L
NELSCN G S
NEVIKS P P
NEkPAN G
MEkTCN C F
NGOODY P G
NIELSEN C B
NIELSEN C R
MEMBER J A
NIESkANC S P
NIGHTINGALE H I
NILES C F JR
NIX R
NCHCSTEDT R A
NOREN C
NORS1ADT F A
NOVCSAC A C
NVE J C
3CO 73
6CO 73
1555
22CS
2216
2246
2362
2537
2567
2631
2669
2697
2717
2175
2156
2437
2461
2452
193C
2C35
2439
1722
2C24
2368
2373
247C
2462
2643
2C22
1752
1823
182S
1966
2661
2249
27C7
272C
1737
2122
242S
2474
2524
2626
2C42
1663
2677
267C
2356
1783
2C43
2113
22C8
24(6
245C
2454
2455
2663
2746
2667
2463
23C5
276C
2761
2463
2612
2273
27C2
2153
1691
263E
2C33
2760
2761
2571
2C32
1683
1743
1662
1620
2570
2616
2763
244;
2283
1767
1664
1556
2C19
2124
2331
2475
2705
1686
2167
1642
2535
2737
2430
1967
2284
1640
1844
NYE J C
NYE J T
C CALLAGHAN J R
C«TkAY E I
CCELL 8 L
CCELL R T
CG1LVIE J R
ONCACH C^
CLCFIELC J E
OLIVER J C
CLSEN R J
CLSCN E
CLSCN E A
CLSCN E H
CLSCN P P
CLSCN R A
CLTCN G S
CNEAL P V
CMAM C G
CRPROO 0 J
CRR C E
CS J
CSBCRNE L
CSTERBERG
CSTRANCER
E
C G
C
CSTRANCER C E
CStiALD k J
CVERCASH P
CVERCASH V K
CkENS J D
CkENS T R
CklNGS k J
PAC NRTHkST LAB
PAGE J k
PAINE X C
PAINE P C
PANCIERA R
PARK K L
PARK k E
PARKER G 8
PARKER H k
PARKER J L
PARKER R
PARKER R L
PARKHL.RST C
PARSCNS R A
PATEL H B
PATEL J D
PATKI N K
PAULSEN C J
PEABODY F R
PEARCE G R
PEKN ST LMV
PENNY A
PERELPAN P
PERRY C A
PERRY T k
PETERS A J
PETERSCN G A
PETERSON V
PETERSCN H R
PFANDER k H
PHERSCN C L
PHILLIPS G k
PHILLIPS P A
PHILLIPS R E
PHIKNEY H K
2CO
6CO
2CO
100
200
2CO
2CO
100
200
2CO
ICO
100
200
too
2CO
3CO
2CO
ICO
200
4CO
4CO
600
ICO
3CO
300
3CO
4CO
ICO
100
700
100
ICC
300
ICO
2CO
700
2CO
200
2CO
2CO
4CO
2CO
200
SCO
6CO
6CO
6CO
2CO
2CC
2CO
2CO
200
2CO
100
300
300
300
ICO
6CC
400
3CC
600
2CO
ICC
300
2CO
2CC
3CO
200
4CO
6CO
6CO
300
400
2CO
2CO
ICO
2CO
100
100
3CO
2CO
200
100
100
200
6CO
100
2CC
ICO
200
400
300
200
700
300
2CC
400
300
200
74 2032
72 2074
73 248C
74 2541
75 2603
75 2621
75 2636
73 2582
75 2666
75 2734
71 27B2
74 2784
75 2704
60 2518
75 2602
71 2062
75 2716
72 1667
75 2631
71 1899
75 2547
69 2179
7C 2381
72 2292
74 1678
72 2533
72 22B3
73 1663
75 2456
73 2061
73 2521
73 1790
73 2053
71 1902
75 2639
72 2127
64 1699
71 1646
74 1867
63 2154
2191
75 2604
69 1760
71 1866
74 205C
74 1958
74 2061
75 2588
75 2630
75 2633
75 2745
75 2753
75 2756
73 1905
1792
61 2326
69 2099
74 2404
72 1992
72 1B04
72 2088
74 2119
75 2645
74 2263
74 1891
74 2005
73 2484
74 1900
74 2165
74 2493
74 2050
74 1958
73 1649
72 2297
74 1868
74 1868
74 2108
72 2361
72 2412
67 2192
74 2388
75 2650
74 2457
74 2340
73 2176
64 1695
72 2074
74 2541
75 2618
73 1800
73 2487
74 2066
64 17B6
74 2012
73 2772
73 1733
75 2716
74 2066
74 1955
75 2631
PICKENS L G
PICKET! E E
PINCHN J H
PITTPAN 0 L
PO C
POLKOkSKI
L B
POLLCCK K A
POPERCY B S
POPE k ^
POPEl F
PORGES R
PCS J
PCkELL R
PCkELL R C
POKERS k L
PRAKASAP TBS
PRAKASAP T B X
PRATT G L
PRATT F F
PRATT P R
PRATT T B
PREUTT L R
PRICE F
PRICE F C
PRICCP CH
PRCCTCR C E
PURCY R k
CUAHLES C L
CUISENBERRY J
RACER K TH
RAKES J P
RANCALL G k
RANGASkAPY P
KAPF E C
RASPUSSEN C
RATh P I-
RAY P L
RECCELL C L
REECE F N
REEC C 1-
REECER N
REES 6
REIC J T
REPPELE P G
RHCCES C N
RHODES R A
RIBLE J P
RICHARCSCK G
RICHARCSCN L
RIECK R E
RIEPANN U
RINEI-ART K E
RITTER k F
ROBERTS k J
ROBERTSCN A H
ROBINSCN J B
RCBINSCK K
ROBSCN CPE
ROLL J L
ROPAh GH
RCCNEY k F
100 73
2CC 75
SCO 72
200 71
2CO 75
100 74
ICC 73
2CO 75
ICC 71
ICO 73
3CO 73
ICC 72
ICO 72
200 64
ICC 73
ICO 71
2CO 71
2CC 75
300 74
3CO 73
ICO 73
300 73
2CC 73
ICC 75
3CO 75
30C 75
2CC 75
2CO 75
300 74
2CC 74
600 72
ICO 72
300 73
600 71
6CO 66
600 74
6CO 73
7CO 67
600 72
ICC 71
2CO 75
400 71
2CC 74
100 74
ICO 73
4CO 72
2CO 74
2CO 75
4CO 72
400 74
2CO 75
SCO 74
200 74
3CC
2CO 72
ICC 72
3CO 74
6CC 73
2CO-75
ICO 73
ICO 74
200 75
700 66
300 65
2CO 73
6CC 74
600 74
2CO 74
6CO 73
2CO 75
ICO 73
2CO 75
4CO 71
100 71
3CO 65
ICC 74
700 73
ICC 71
ICO 72
2CO 75
400 72
4CO 72
300 70
200 74
4CC 74
2CO 75
2CO 75
200 75
KO 72
200 75
ICO 72
2CC 72
2CC 74
ICC 71
2CC 75
200 75
7CO 69
4CO 74
2CO 75
3CO 75
2325
2735
2213
1533
2656
2C45
2582
2666
2782
1685
2384
25C9
1667
1693
2775
2787
1966
2659
1783
2C43
2113
2208
2486
2490
2494
2495
2663
2748
1756
2C26
2106
2357
1873
1716
1743
1847
1852
1877
2262
2351
2701
1695
2C34
2C82
2121
2224
2136
2614
2296
1827
2666
1627
2141
1774
1645
2764
1619
2557
2756
2798
2263
27C2
1679
2558
1646
1751
1561
2C25
2245
2691
2431
2715
1916
2358
2267
1B94
2583
2809
1788
2686
1842
2795
1835
2C28
1771
2698
2746
262C
25BO
274C
2186
2783
2C25
2402
2667
2743
2181
2336
2666
2545
13
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
RCSS C S
RCSS I J
RC^ A R
RCTI- L J
RCLSTCN R C
RUteR T A
KLCF C
RUSSELL J
RUIZ C A
SABES 1- S
SA6EV u R
SANCERS R
SAVAGE H P
SAVAGE J E
SAVERY C k
SAVITZ J
SAVCS P C
SAYLCR k k
SCAPCRCUGH J h
SCHAFFER k H
SCHAKE L P
SCHLCTTFELCT C
SCKCUGH C A
SCI-PIC L A
SCHPITT L k
SCt-NEICER A C
SCt-NEICER R
SCI-CLFIELC F B JR
SChCTTPAN R k
SCt-LLTE C C
SCKLTE E E
SCHlPAh G E
SOURTZ K J
SCH-IESOk U F
SCCTT H L
SCCTT T k
SEARLE L
SECKLER [ H
SEIER L
SEIP E C
SELF h L
SEIvN C C
SENN C L
SEkELL J
SEkELL J I
SHACY A P A
ShARFLESS R
SHAk B G
SHAk F R
ShAk P C
SHEFPARC C C
SI-ERPAK P
ShEFRITT G k
SHERBCC L B
SHINCALA A
SHIRLEY R
Shi. C S
SUBERT C H
SHUT J k
SHLTT P
SHLTT P R
SHIYLER L R
St-kUUK L
2CC 75 2653
SCO 74 1687
6CC 72 17C5
6CC 72 2C73
ICC 74 2C97
ICC 73 2134
2CC 7C 2357
4CC 72 2415
ICC 61 1665
6CO 72 1954
ICC 65 1655
2CC 74 1591
ICO 74 2333
4CC 65 2C37
2CO 75 2588
ICC 71 2^51
2CO 74 1951
4CC 73 1822
ICC 72 211C
ICC 6C 2518
ICC 72 28CC
ICC 73 2226
3CC 72 2268
SCO 73 1856
ICC 72 1756
2CC 74 2C1C
2CC 75 2558
2CO 73 1648
2CC Tf 27C5
4CO 73 174C
6CC 72 2155
3CC 74 2215
ICC 73 2218
2CO 75 2712
3CC 73 22C6
SCO 71 2367
3CC 75 2454
2CC 75 2655
2CC 74 2C2C
6CO 74 1756
2CC 73 2441
7CC 65 2225
2CO 75 27C1
2CC 75 27C8
ICO 72 1513
2CC 74 2CC5
2CO 75 2655
2CC 75 27C4
3CC 75 25C7
ICC 73 1755
ICO 75 2250
ICO 75 228C
ICO 71 2424
7CO 74 2765
2CC 75 2684
6CO 72 1953
60C 71 2155
4CO 72 251C
3CC 74 1758
ICC 75 2813
4CO 74 1626
4CC 73 1776
2CC 75 255C
IOC 72 25C5
ICC 73 1663
ICO 75 241C
4CC 75 2547
SCO 73 1764
ICC 73 1639
SCO 73 2C96
2CO 75 267C
7CO 73 2584
ICC 73 2121
ICO 74 2242
ICC 73 2254
ICO 74 2258
ICC 65 175C
2CO 75 2616
2CO 74 2CC4
2CO 75 2605
2CO 75 2651
2CO 75 2721
ICC 67 2264
2CO 75 2693
3CC 74 2219
2CO 75 2648
ICC 72 1798
ICC 73 1833
2CO 75 2719
6CC 74 2285
6CO 75 2559
2CO 75 2614
2CO 75 272C
2CC 74 2149
2CC 74 2139
SCO 72 2085
7CC 65 2227
2CO 75 2645
2CO 75 2685
2CO 75 2704
SIEGEL R S
SIEVERS 0 P
SIPCNS C
SIPS F
SINGH R B
SINGIEY ¥ E
SKAGGS R k
SKARP SVEN-CHC
SKINNER J L
SLME T C
SLCNEKER J H
SPAJSTRLA A G
SPALL H E
SPALIBECK D R
SPART L I
SPART P
SPAtS R J
SPITH C C
SPITH E f
SPITH F F
SPITH G E
SPI1H I C
SKITH J L
SPITH L k
SPITP R E
SPITH R J
SPITH S P
SPITH V L
SPUN k E
ShtEED R E
SNETHEN D 0
SCBEL A T
SCLLENBERGER G
SCCKG R
SCRG T J
SCTIRACCPCCLCS S
SPARLING A B
SPEECE R E
SPENCER k F
SPIILPAN C K
SPURGECN U I
SRINATH E G
SRIMVASAN H R
STAFFCRC D A
STALUNGS J L
STANLEY P A
STANLEY R A
STEM! F K
STEEIE J h
STEENHUS T S
STEPHENS E R
STEPHENSCN 0 A
STEVENSCN J S
STEUART B A
STEVrART B R
STGCDARC G L
STOPBAUGH C P
STONE *
STONE P L
STCNEBERG E G
STOIT P R
STREET 4 C
STRITZKE R 0
STUEDEMANN J A
SUKCVATY J E
SL'KKERFELT R C
ICC
200
2CO
2CC
2CO
ICO
ICO
2CO
2CO
6CO
2CO
200
200
6CO
6CO
6CC
ICO
2CO
3CO
2CO
7CO
2CO
3CO
4CO
3CO
2CC
6CO
3CC
2CO
6CO
2CO
ICC
300
3CO
2CO
6CO
3CO
ICO
3CO
7CO
2CO
6CO
2CO
2CO
2CC
2CO
6CO
3CO
2CO
2CC
7CO
ICO
2CO
ICO
2CO
ICO
4CO
ICO
ICO
2CO
2CO
LCO
ICO
ICO
700
2CC
3CO
2CO
6CO
ICO
ICO
4CO
ICC
2CO
2CO
4CO
200
3CO
2CO
6CO
6CO
ICO
ICO
2CO
300
SCO
100
200
2CO
2CO
6CO
ICO
100
300
6CO
2CC
ICO
TOO
300
300
75
75
75
74
75
73
72
75
75
74
75
71
75
7
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
L'S CEPT CF AGRI
use* scs
iriCRPARK P C
VAIGIvEIR H C
VAN ARSCALL » K
VAN CER LEECEN F
VAN CIJK h
VAU FJASEk h G
VAK FOSSEN L C
VAN CEELEN C
VAN NESS G 6
VAN VCLK V
VANCEPCPULIERE J H
VANCERt-OLP C H
VANCERLCC K J
VARCA G A
VELCSC J K
VERLEV I) E
VET1ER R
VEUER R L
VEZEY S «
VIETS F G
VIE1S F G J*
VI1CSH C L
VIT1ETCE C C
VCSS R C
kALAkiNCER N P
HALCROUP P ti
VtALKER T k
kALLUGFCRC G k
UALSI- L C
kALIER C F
kALTKER E
MALIKER k
UALTCN f
kAHC H H
kAKG J
HARC G f
MARC R C
HARCEN N K
KARREN G
MATSCN H
HAYBRANT R
UEE6 K E JR
ME8BER L R
kEIL C
kELLS C
HELLS D f
HELLS G C
HELSh S K
HEN CHIN YUNG
WEHCEL R k
HENS IKK R B
MES1ING T M
kETHERILL G C
HHEAION H N
NHEATCK R Z
HHIIE R K
NHIUEV 0 A
NICKEBSHAC E M
UlCCCtlSCK F V
klCEKAN W S
hlECIOREK A In
«C 7.1 227C
4CC 71 2271
2CC 71 1925
3CC 74 1«6C
2CO 75 267C
3CC 72 1775
2CC 74 2CC2
3CC 75 2235
2CO 75 2678
2CC 79 2678
tCC 71 1715
6CC 71 1723
2CO 74 2C35
2CO 75 2589
3CC 72 2261
2CO 75 2665
SCO 73 171C
tCC 74 1744
3CC 73 1625
7CO 6! 2312
2CC 75 2669
ICC 75 2365
2CC 75 2653
3CC 73 1849
ICO 74 1855
3CC 74 2282
2CO 75 2717
2CO 74 246C
3CC 74 2452
2CO 75 2«42
ICO 72 2235
ICC 73 2249
3CC 74 2255
ICO 71 2424
ICO 73 2877
2CC 75 2CC9
ItO 73 2485
3CC 73 1SC7
3CC 72 2313
3CC 73 2498
4CC 74 1772
ICC 70 2794
3CC 73 2043
ICC 73 2113
30C 73 22C8
ICO 75 249C
5CC 75 2455
2CO 75 2748
2CC 71 1963
3CC 75 25C7
6CC 74 1712
2CC 74 1777
7CC 74 2362
4CC 73 1811
4CC 73 1811
2CC 75 26C5
2CC 75' 2656
6CO 74 1958
4CC 73 2287
2CO 75 2647
600 75 2492
2CO 75 2755
4CO 73 2C67
400 73 2C98
3CC 72 21C5
2CO 75 2617
200 74 2148
ICC 74 19SC
ICO 75 2244
ICC 75 2419
3CO 74 2526
3CC 74 2527
2CO 75 2652
100 73 2812
2CO 75 2714
SCO 1792
3CC 71 1739
2CC 71 1926
2CO 72 2174
600 73 2C52
600 74 1952
600 73 1746
60C 72 1893
6CO 79 2537
2CO 74 2018
2CO 75 2633
200 75 2665
300 73 164C
6CO 69 1841
2CC 75 2635
2CC 75 269C
200 75 272C
2CO 75 2725
2CC 75 2744
300 73 2043
100 69 2808
ICO 74 234C
2CO 74 2165
700 73 2212
200 75 2701
ItlERSPA J L
ViIETIKG C R
kILCUNG R E
klLEV J S
kILKE P I
ULKtMSCN B
kILKINSCN C
kILKINSCN S
kILL L A
kILLEFS C G
klLLIAPS C J
klLLIS C E
ULLRICH T L
kILLSCN G B
kUPORE R
kRSON L L
felLSCN P \>
kINCELS H F
k INTER A R
kINTER R E
klS UK ECCN
kISE G G III
klTt-EROM J L
hlTCER k B
kITZ R L
klUEl S A
kCLF C C
kCNG CNOMG G
hCNC-CHCNG G
kCCO k k JR
kCCCS J L
kCCCS k 0
kRIGHT C V
k7R POLL CM
kUN2 E C
»AKG P Y
YAVCRSKY P f
YECK R G
YIN S C
VCUNG 1- G
YCL'KS J
YCCKG R A
YCUNG R H F
VCUNG R J
YOUNGER R L
YGLNKIN D E
VUSHCK k1
2IEGLER S J
ZIKCEL H C
ZINCEL J C
ZCCLEK k G
2DERMAN P J
2CC 75 2662
7CO 64 2768
100 69 1659
2CC 63 2165
ICC 71 276C
ICO 71 2761
f 400 75 2560
E 2CO 71 1965
R ICO 75 2544
2CO 75 2664
ICO 73 1665
3CO 70 1814
2CC 75 2664
2CO 75 2591
2CO 63 2162
6CO 72 1953
2CO 75 2724
2CO 75 2726
4CO 72 1731
3CO 73 18S6
2CO 70 2391
2CO 75 270C
300 72 2369
100 61 2505
ICO 74 2057
£ ENV CV2CO 71 1962
70C 72 1706
400 71 1985
100 74 1894
ICO 72 196C
600 74 1847
6CO 73 1852
ICO 71 2351
600 69 2179
ICC 7C 2381
ICC 65 2542
2CO 75 2674
C ICO 74 2223
C 2CO 75 2705
400 75 2547
200 75 2734
100 60 2518
2CO 63 2166
FED "AM CO 71 1796
6CO 73 1623
300 74 1758
600 72 2106
600 73 1746
2CO 73 21BC
200 75 2641
SCO 74 1914
ICO 74 1894
300 72 2087
200 74 2030
ICO 74 2585
200 70 2394
ICO 73 2354
2CC 75 2693
2CO 75 2696
3CO 48 2414
2CO 74 2C01
200 75 2599
2CO 69 184C
2CO 74 2CC4
4CO 72 2299
200 75 2605
2CO 75 2651
2CC 74 2152
6CO 71 1726
2CO 74 2011
-------
SECTION IV
KEYWORD INDEX
16
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 Ti 1921
300 74 191*
100 67 2192
300 Ti 1914
100 69 2806
200 73 2101
200 15 2649
100 72 1657
300 74 1783
700 74 2362
700 74 2405
100 66 2513
100 73 1905
200 71 1979
700 65 1666
600 73 1754
700 73 2061
100 74 2288
700 67 2363
100 69 2562
200 75 2638
600 74 2285
100 73 2332
600 71 1725
200 73 1789
100 70 1823
200 69 1824
200 74 1869
400 73 1922
400 75 2343
100 73 2354
200 75 2682
200 75 2695
100 73 1790
100 66 2513
300 72 1647
100 72 2759
200 75 2633
600 71 1717
200 71 1976
300 71 2062
100 74 2288
100 72 2550
200 74 1867
300 68 1625
100 73 1635
200 66 1644
700 73 1652
100 72 1661
700 65 1666
700 70 1736
600 72 1752
700 68 1837
300 71 1866
300 74 1891
100 74 1912
200 74 2027
100 74 2045
200 74 2150
200 63 2165
100 72 2186
100 74 2189
100 72 2197
600 67 2198
100 74 2223
400 71 2238
200 67 2281
400 72 2290
400 72 2297
700 67 2363
700 73 2379
100 71 2402
400 73 2416
200 73 2437
200 75 2604
200 75 2612
200 75 2700
200 75 2717
200 75 2729
200 75 2744
200 75 2745
700 74 2766
100 71 2787
200 73 2480
300 68 1625
100 72 1667
300 61 2326
100 72 1675
200 64 169S
700 71 1742
200 69 1760
700 71 1762
700 70 1779
200 70 1805
400 73 1820
400 74 1827
300 1829
600 73 1844
100 71 1902
700 69 2181
ABANDCNEO-FEEDLOTS
ABATEMENT
ABATEMENT
A8BATTOIR-WASTES
ABORTION
ABSOLUTE-HUMIDITY
ABSORBED-DRY-MATTE
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
ACIDITY
ACTION-PROGRAMS
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE-T
ADAPTATION
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
ADDITIVES
AOHESIVES
ADSORPTION
ADULTICIDES
ADVANTAGES
AERATED-BASIN
AERATED-LAGOONS
AERATED-LAGOGNS
AERATED-LAGOGNS
AERATED-LAGOONS
AERATED-LAGOONS
AERATED-POND
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATION
AERATORS
AEROBIC-BACTERIA
AEROBIC-BACTERIA
AEROBIC-BACTERIA
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
ABANDONED FEEOLOTS CAN POLLUTE MORE THAN ACTIVE ONES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NITROGEN ABANDO
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULTURE HA
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULTURE WA
ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER CATT
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL OUST ON PIGS KEYWORDS GASES DUST AIR-POLLUTION AMMO
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE FECES FOR SWINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEEDING SWINE ABSORBED-
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEEDLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
THAT ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION 0
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
ACTION PROGRAMS FOR MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY ECONOMICS ACTI
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL WASTES TREATMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTE-TREATME
TWO-STAGE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM INDUSTRIAL HOC BREEDING FARMS KE
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY WAST
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYWORD
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE OOUR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
GARDONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS ADD
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER WITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY WASTES AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING DRIED-P
KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER DROPPINGS KEYWORDS POULTRY ADDITIVES EXCRETA KAOLIN FLY-CONTR
AG ENGINEERS REVIEW NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY NUTRIENTS ADDITIVES
HORN FLIES STABLE FLIES AND HOUSE FLIES-DEVELOPMENT IN FECES OF BOVINES TREATED ORALLY
INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODOR AND LIQUEFY ORGANIC WAST
A FAECES COLLECTOR SUITABLE FOR MALE CALVES KEYWORDS CATTLE FAECES-COLLECTOR MALE-CAL
THAT ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION D
HOUSE FLY CONTROL IN CAGED LAYER HOUSES KEYWORDS LARVAE FLY-CONTROL CAGEO-LAYERS-HOUS
HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS ECONOMICS ODOR t-IGH-RISE-POUTRY-HOUSES NEW-ZEALAND
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE HANDLING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYWORDS WA
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO SOILS
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT DA
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
MINIMUM AERATION FOR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS AERATION ODOR-CONTROL
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES ODORS MANURE HANDLING ANC POLLUTION KFYWOROS WASTE-HANDLIN
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
ANIMAL WASTES AERATION IMPROVES BIOREOUCTION BY FLY LARVAE KEYWORDS AERATION LARVAE F
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-WAS
A WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TRE
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES FOR ODOR AND NITROGEN CONTROL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND FIELD EVALUATION OF THE AEROB-A-JET KEYWORDS ANAL
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY INDEX AND ODOROUS COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY MANURE KEYWOR
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING ODOR COSTS SWINE FLUSHING SLOTTED-FL
UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL AERATION M
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA DOMESTICA KEYWORDS DIGESTION FARM-WASTES POULTRY
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART HI-COMPOSTING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE WITH MINIMUM ODOR KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE POULTRY ODOR OXIDAT
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWORDS DRY1
EVALUATION OF AERATED LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SWINE WASTE STABILIZATION KEYWORDS AEROBI
NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNI
MANURE HOLDING POND ODOR CONTROL KEYWORDS AERATION SIZE MANURE-HOLD ING-PONt) ODOR-CONT
ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A POULTRY WASTE MIXED LIQUOR KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMEN
BIODEGRADATIQN OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYWORDS AERATION FORCED-DRYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
OXYGENATION AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS CF MECHANICAL AERATORS KEYWORDS AERATION OXYGENAT
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A CCLC CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHN1Q
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
LIQUID COMPOSTING APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EQUIPMENT AER
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE AND AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION KEYWORDS
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER FARM-WASTES WASTE-TREATM
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
THERMOPH1LIC BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES KEYWORDS THERMOPHI
INDOOR LAGOON FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-TREAT
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED SWINE EXCREMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE EXCR
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR-CONTROL ANAEROBIC
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DEN1TRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN W
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEOLOTS SOILS CAT
FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL METHOD KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER BROILERS MANURE COMPOSTI
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS DAIR
17
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 2191
400 75 2324
300 73 2407
200 73 2440
200 74 2458
30C 63 2471
30C 2496
200 75 2617
200 75 2725
700 71 1666
400 74 1797
300 74 1891
700 67 2234
400 75 2322
4UO 71 2454
300 74 1794
300 74 2177
200 67 2281
200 74 2005
200 73 2477
400 74 1911
200 64 1693
200 75 2743
300 74 1627
700 67 1651
600 74 1666
700 71 1688
200 64 1693
600 71 1717
200 72 1795
400 72 1842
400 71 1898
100 73 1905
100 71 1910
200 74 2024
200 74 2025
200 74 2028
200 74 2032
300 74 2044
500 74 2132
100 74 2288
300 72 2313
100 72 2359
300 74 2388
200 73 2472
200 73 2480
300 74 2555
100 73 2579
700 73 2584
200 75 2637
200 75 2639
200 75 2643
200 75 2644
200 75 2677
200 75 2731
200 75 2732
200 75 2733
200 75 2734
200 75 2742
100 70 2786
200 75 2637
200 74 2027
200 63 2163
200 69 2383
600 75 2492
100 7L 2570
100 72 2804
100 73 2431
100 74 2252
700 69 2225
200 74 2458
200 73 2482
400 65 2037
300 71 1882
200 71 1968
200 71 1965
100 73 1660
100 73 1663
200 72 1880
300 72 1628
400 73 1634
400 73 1638
300 73 1640
200 73 1648
700 73 1652
TOO 69 1696
300 72 1658
100 73 1664
600 74 16T1
700 69 1690
600 73 1710
600 71 1713
600 71 1715
600 71 1720
600 71 1721
600 71 1726
600 71 1730
300 71 1739
400 73 1741
700 71 1742
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS.
AERCBIC-CCNDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-CONDITIONS
AEROBIC-DIGESTION
AEROBIC-DIGESTION
AEROBIC-DIGESTION
AEROBIC-DIGESTION
AEROBIC-DIGESTION
AEROBIC-DIGESTION
AEROBIC-LAGOONS
AEROBIC-LAGOONS
AEROBIC-LAGOONS
AEROBIC-LAGOON
AEROBIC-PIT
AEROBIC-POND
AEROBIC-STABILI2AT
AERCBIC-STABILIZAT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENf
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROB-A-JETS
AEROB-A-JET
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS
AFLATOXIN
AFTER-BURNER
AGE
AGGREGATION
AGITATION
AGITATION
AGITATION
AGREEMENTS
AGRI CULTURAL-INSTR
AGRICULTURAL-LAND
AGRICULTURAL-POLLU
AGR1CULTURAL-PRACT
AGftlCULTURAL-PRACT
AGRICULTURAL-PRACT
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
HUN EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYHOROS POULTRY ECOLOGY HASTE-STORAGE NAS
HASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
FARM HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWWOS HASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
REVI6H OF LIVESTOCK HASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
THE MECHANICS Of AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGCONS KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL AEROBIC-CONDITIONS ANAER081C-CONDIT10
KSU AEROBIC SHINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
HASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PENS SEPAR
AEROBIC COMPOST ING-NEW BUILT-UP BED TECHNIOUE KEYHOROS AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EQUIPMENT DE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYHOROS NITR
HASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL
A WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SHINE HASTE-TRE
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYHOROS FARM-WASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
NEH MANURE CONVERSION PLANT OPENED KEYHOROS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS AEROBIC-DICES
HHY HASTE ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGCONS ANIMAL-HASTES ECOLI
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOB SHINE OPERATIONS KEYHCROS LIQUID-HASTES MANAGEMENT SHINE
RECYCLING POULTRY HASTE AS FEED HILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
EVALUATION OF AERATED LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SHINE HASTE STABILIZATION KEYHORDS AEROBI
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED WASTEWA
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-P
A CLOSED SYSTEM NEH IDEA IN POULTRY HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING EXCRETA
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL-AEROBIC STABILI
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYHORDS OESIGN-CRITE
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE HASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYHORDS
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-WASTES POULTRY 00
THE AEROBIC OECOMPOSITICN OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREAfME
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY HASTE DISPOSAL-AEROBIC STABILI
AEROBIC HASTE TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SHINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SHINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
HLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-HASTE-TRE
ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL CANADA AEROBIC-TREATMENT
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY HASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SHINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHORDS SALTS RECYC
TREATMENT OF BEEF WASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
HASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYHOROS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
AEROBIC STABILIZATION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SHINE MANURE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREAT
EFFECT OF LIQUID SHINE HASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYHORDS LIQUIO
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE HASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIQ
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATM
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM HASTES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROB1
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYHOROS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHORD
MIOHEST LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
THO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT HSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TR
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIOLOGY AEROBIC-TRE
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYWORDS AEROBIC
KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-SIX YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS A
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SEPARATION BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE D
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYHOROS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM OXIDATION DITCHES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM POULTRY UASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE KEYHOROS POULTR
OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AEROBIC-TREATMENT DESIGN-CR
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN AERATED BEEF SLURRIES KEYHOROS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS SLURRIES
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN OXIDATION DITCH FOR LIVESTOCK HASTE TREATMENT KEYH
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF AEROBIC TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTRY MODE
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYHOROS AERO
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL AN1MA
KSU AEROBIC SHINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-SIX YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYHORDS A
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND FIELD EVALUATION OF THE AEROB-A-JET KEYWORDS ANAL
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLQT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYHOROS WASTE-DISPOS
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYHORDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRYING AFTER-BURNER OOOR-REMOVA
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
FEEDLOT HASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND HATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS EFFE
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYHOROS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-HASTES DES
MANURE OOORS CAN LAND YOU IN COURT KEYHORDS ODOR LEGAL-ASPECTS URBAN-DEVELOPMENT ZONI
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND KEYHOROS PHOSPHORUS
THE ROLE OF THE HISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENT10
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYWORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
NEBRASKA ANIMAL HASTE RESEARCH KEYHORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-ANO-OEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE HANDLING PROBLEM KEYHORDS HASTE-HANDLING DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULT
EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYHORD
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYHOROS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT AGR
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS MATHEMATI
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYHORDS SE01M6NT-C
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SURFACE KEYHORDS IE
MONITORING ON FARM HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-HASTES MANAGEMENT
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHOROS HASTE-MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT-PEN
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MANURE KEYHORDS HATER-POLLUTION FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF N
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEOLOT RUNOFF CONTROL KEYHOROS FEEDLCTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
EFFECT OF HOUSED CONFINEMENT ON ANIMAL PERFORMANCE KEYHOROS CCNFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE P
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRAM IN ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS SOIL-CONSERVATI
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
CHANGES HE Vi MADE IN MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS MANURE-HANDLING COSTS CATTLE OAIRY-IND
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
18
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
60C 73 1754
600 7* 1756
300 73 1759
700 71 1761
400 73 1778
600 67 1780
400 74 1781
100 72 1786
300 1792
300 72 1802
400 74 1B08
*00 73 1811
600 73 1813
10C;74 1821
300 72 1830
100 74 1831
400 73 1834
700 67 1838
600 74 1846
100 74 1857
300 74 I860
300 74 1876,
300 71 1879
300 74 1889
700 73 1890
600 73 1892
400 74 1920
200 71 1928
200 71 1929
200 71 1932
200 71 1933
400 73 1934
400 72 1941
400 72 1943
200 71 1968
200 71 1972
200 71 1974
200 74 1997
200 74 2000
200 74 2002
200 74 2009
200 74 2011
200 74 2030
400 74 2048
100 73 2051
700 69 2060
700 73 2061
400 74 2066
600 74 2068
300 71 2076
300 2085
300 72 2086
300 72 2090
300 69 2099
300 72 2104
400 74 2114
300 2117
400 75 2120
600 73 2124
500 74 2132
200 74 2140
200 74 2149
200 63 2162
600 69 2175
600 69 2179
100 72 2190
300 73 2208
700 73 2212
200 69 2221
700 69 2227
700 67 2228
100 72 2235
300 74 2255
300 72 2260
400 72 2273
400 72 2283
700 71 2307
400 72 2320
300 75 2339
200 70 2347
300 74 2382
200 69 2383
700 73 2385
700 72 2390
200 70 2392
100 74 2408
700 72 2409
300 75 2411
100 71 2413
200 73 2434
200 73 2438
200 73 2442
200 73 2444
200 73 2446
100 73 2447
200 73 2473
200 73 2475
200 73 2486
100 74 2491
300 75 249S
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNCF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNCF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNQF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNUF
AGRICLLTURAl-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNCF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNGF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR1£ULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL -RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNCF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICUL TURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR I CULTUR AL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
ASRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGR ICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF 1
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEOLCTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLQTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
HYOROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOG
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEOLOTS H
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
THEY RE GETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOMIC ASPECTS OF HATER POLLUTICN CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
ENVIRONMENTAL ECGNGMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEOLOTS WASTE-TREA
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
EXPERIENCE HITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS HITH FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYWORDS HCUID-HASTES SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
EPA AND THF LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
YOU HAVE TO THINK MAINTENANCE IN MANAGING FEEOLOT RUNOFF SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AG
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
RISER INTAKE DESIGNS FOR FEEDLOT SOLIDS COLLECTION BASINS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SOLID-WAST
LOH COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS DIS
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPCINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
THE STOCKMANS RCLE IN HATER .POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWCRDS HATER-PCLLUTION-CONTROL LEGAL-A
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
LABCRATORY STUDIES ON FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDL
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE HASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
FARMLAND FARM STRESSES NO RUNOFF LATEST TEST RESULTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LIVE
CROP RESPONSE TO WASTE MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS FEEDLDT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER IN RELATION TO FEEDLCT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICU
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEDLCTS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LIQUID-HASTES AG
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RAINFALL FEEOLOTS GROUNDWATER-POLLUT
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANUR
CLEANEST FEEDLOT IN KANSAS KEYHORDS KANSAS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LAGOONS COSTS
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND KEYHORDS PHOSPHORUS
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF MANURE KEYWORDS PLANNING AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF SURFACE-HATE
A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF A MANURE STACKING FACILITY KEYHORDS DESIGN DAIRY-INDUSTRY AG
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON DAIRY FARMS
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CONTROLLING SURFACE WATER RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN U S HOG PROD
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS FOR DAIRY MANURE KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY NUTRIENTS SEDIMENT-
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE AGRICULT
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT CF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYHOROS TERRACES FEEDLOTS DESIGN MA
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED BED TO A HELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYHOROS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
BEEF FEEDLOTS-A POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTION AIR-PO
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYHORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS HATER-POLLUTI
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK HASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK LAGOONS EROSION A
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS SLURRIES LIOUID-HASTE
FEEOLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYHCRDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF CONTROLS-IS HELP NEEDED KEYWORDS COSTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CON
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYHOROS OESIG
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANO APPROACHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATM
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL WASTE POLLUTION SITUATIONS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULT
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION GROUNDWATER LIVESTOCK POULTRY AGR
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYW
THE EFFECT OF FARM HASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES WATE
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
USE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL HASTE HATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
WASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY C
DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHCRCS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLO
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWCRDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEDLOTS D
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYHO
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHORDS RESEARCH-
PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYHORDS RECYCLING FEED
COSTS OF CONTROLLING FEEDLOT SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF COST
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYHOROS HATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A WASTE KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN FARM SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS WAT
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEOLOT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEOLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO S1LTY CLAY LOAM SOIL DURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION HITH EFF
CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTEHATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL HASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYHOROS FARM-WASTES PHYSI
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY WATER-POLLUTION
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEECLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WASTES SEPARATION-TE
DESIGN ANO CONSTRUCTION OF HOLDING PONDS ANO LAGOONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO THE LAND KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES LI
MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR BEEF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION FEEOLO
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEOLOT KEYWORDS SOIL-WATER NITRATES
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLQTS IN THE CORNBELT KEYHOROS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
OUTDOOR UNPAVED FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE HITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYHORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF AMMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SOIL-DISPOSA
19
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 75 2507
400 75 2508
300 73 2516
300 71 2523
500 71 252*
400 69 2540
300 74 2556
600 75 2559
700 73 2563
200 64 2567
400 75 2575
200 75 2595
200 75 2597
200 75 2609
200 75 2614
200 75 2661
200 75 2663
200 75 2665
200 75 2671
200 75 2672
200 75 2674
200 75 2706
200 75 27CB
200 75 2709
200 75 2710
200 75 2711
200 75 2751
200 75 2753
700 71 2771
700 73 2772
600 71 2778
700 70 2781
100 70 2786
300 69 2797
400 70 2803
100 72 2811
400 74 1630
100 73 1833
300 74 1876
300 73 1907
200 72 1908
200 74 1986
200 74 2017
600 74 2072
100 74 2126
500 74 2132
100 74 2288
300 72 2313
100 72 2328
100 72 2329
400 75 2330
100 72 2357
100 70 2389
400 72 2415
200 71 2453
200 64 2565
100 74 2585
100 70 2769
100 72 2800
100 71 2807
300 72 1658
300 74 1860
300 71 1866
100 71 1872
200 74 1997
300 71 2077
100 73 2176
100 67 2192
200 71 2206
100 71 2358
200 70 2396
200 70 2398
300 70 2497
200 70 2506
300 74 1914
200 73 2485
600 72 2073
700 65 2188
400 75 2038
200 74 2458
300 74 2428
100 72 1621
300 7* 1629
400 71 1641
200 73 1648
400 74 1769
300 73 1785
200 73 1789
400 74 1808
300 70 1814
700 68 1826
300 74 1889
200 74 1987
200 74 2008
300 71 2076
300 71 2077
300 71 2080
300 72 2087
200 73 2101
500 74 2132
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNUP
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICILTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICLLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICtLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICCLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICbLTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-WASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-WASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-WASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURAL-HASTE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE-HASTES
AGRONOMY
AIR
AIR-BCRNE-BACTERIA
AIR-DRYING
AIR-DRYING
AIR-INLETS
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYHOROS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-WASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECY
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LE6AL
FEEDLOT HASTE DISPOSAL AND HATER POLLUTION KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATE
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS KEYHOROS REGULATION ILLINOIS AGRICULTURA
APPLY MORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
HATER QUALITY AND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE HASTE
COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS OESI
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYHOROS HATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEE
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAINAGE FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF LESS
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING EPA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED STATES
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF HATER IN RELATION TO FEEOLOT OPERATIONS KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SHINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-INO
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LAND-DI
DISPOSAL OF 8EEF FEEOLOT HASTES ONTO LAND KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
MANURE FROM CAGED HENS EVALUATED ON FESCUE PASTURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FESCUES CROP-RESPO
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE UNDER SIMULATED HINTER CONDITIONS KEYHOROS HINTER AGRICUL
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE HATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF BARNLOTS KEYHOROS AGRICUL
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES KEYHOROS IR
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYHORDS AGR1C
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM FEEOLCTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS DESIGN A
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF FEEOYARD RUNOFF IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURA
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYHORCS CAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SHINE LAGOON EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS KEYHO
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
A HANDBCOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SHINE FEEDLOT
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTICNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEOLOTS KEYHOR
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF BEEF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
FEEDLOT POLLUTION-A SOLVABLE PROBLEM KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATER-POLLUTION SOU
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES CN FERTILIZER KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
MANURE AS A FUEL KEYHORDS FUELS MANURE WASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL COMPOSTING AGRI
AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-HASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOH TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-II
A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RE
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF HATER POLLUTICN PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AGRICULTURAL H
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL HASTES TO FUELS KEYHORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES HASTE-TREATMENT REFEEOING LANO-DISP
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATM
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
7HE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS-AN ASSESSMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL
CONVERTING ORGANIC HASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTES OIL CELLULOSE CATT
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING WASTE RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND OENITRIFICAT10N IN CONCENTRATED WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIAL
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOLID HASTES AND PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THEIR DISPOSAL KEYHO
CRITICAL HASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES HATER-
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE KEYHORDS DRYING ODOR LAGOONS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND HATERS KEYUORDS HATER-POLLUTIQN-SOURCES NUTRIE
.THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL HASTES-CONCLUSION KEYHORDS AG
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES HYO
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COHDUNG BY ADDING CTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTE MATERIAL
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYHORDS SEDIMENT-C
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID HASTES KEYHORDS SOLID-WAS
AGRICULTURE THE SEEDS OF A PROBLEM KEYHORDS AGRICULTURE FARM-HASTES FORESTRY HASTE-01
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE AIR-POLLUTION ARIZONA POLLUTANTS S
RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL HASTEHATERS KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
INDUSTRIAL HASTE AND AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN KEYHCROS INDUSTRIAL-HASTES AGRICULTURE R
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING HASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN HEST V1R
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE QUALITY OF THE NEH HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYHOROS AGRICULT
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYHOROS AGRICULTURE HATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL WA
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYHOROS AGRICULTURE HATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYHOROS AQUACULTURE WA
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL AGRONOMY CR
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHORCS DRYING POULTRY TEMPERATURE AIR EO
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS KEYHORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
POULTRY WASTE FOR CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE PROTEINS POULTRY-HASTE
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYHOROS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
UNOERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLOOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL OUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
TEST SWINE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYHOROS SWINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING HATER-POLLUTl
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
CONVERTING ANIMAL HASTES TO OIL KEYHORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS WASTE-HATER-TREATMENT HATE
SHINE FECAL DOOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYHORDS SWINE ODOR FEEDS'ADDITIVES SAM
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS HASTE-TREA
FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYHORDS FEEDLCTS AIR-POLLUTICN HATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYHORDS SHINE CONFI
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-IMPACT ON UNDERLYING SOIL KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILES GROUNOWATER FEED
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY
BEEF FEEDLOTS-A POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT HATER-POLLUTION AIR-PO
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE AIR-POLLUTION ARIZONA POLLUTANTS S
A SUMMARY OF STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH CENTR
OUST AND OOOR PROBLEMS OF THE FEEOLOT KEYHORDS ODOR OUST FEEOLOTS AIR-POLLUTION LEGA
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL DUST ON PIGS KEYHOROS GASES OUST AIR-POLLUTION AMMO
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATM
20
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 2139
200 74 2141
200 63 2166
20C 72 2174
700 65 2188
100 67 2192
100 71 2200
600 64 2204
100 74 2256
200 70 2396
300 72 2561
200 75 2586
200 75 2601
200 75 2693
200 75 2713
100 72 2799
300 75 2335
200 75 2713
600 72 1992
200 74 2035
700 71 2780
400 74 2172
200 75 2698
200 75 2698
300 73 2243
400 67 2420
100 72 2800
700 71 1665
200 69 1760
300 71 1866
300 71 1903
400 72 1940
100 72 2112
200 70 2397
200 74 24S9
700 73 2532
200 75 2631
200 75 2683
400 75 2814
100 73 2249
300 73 1856
600 73 1813
100 73 1905
300 73 2043
100 71 1796
100 74 2525
400 73 1957
100 72 2235
700 71 2308
100 71 2424
100 75 2543
400 74 1771
200 74 2021
300 73 2053
600 72 2074
400 72 2305
100 73 2342
100 75 2427
100 73 2431
100 60 2518
200 73 2548
100 69 1659
700 71 1668
700 71 1689
700 70 1736
300 1774
200 74 1777
100 73 1832
300 73 1851
400 73 1854
600 72 1875
300 73 1881
100 71 1904
100 74 1912
600 74 1952
400 73 1957
100 74 2045
400 74 2048
400 74 2065
300 72 2086
200 73 2101
200 74 2138
200 74 2185
700 65 2188
100 71 2200
600 64 2204
100 72 2235
300 74 2248
300 74 2255
100 74 2256
400 71 2269
400 71 2271
100 75 2272
700 71 2307
TOO 72 2315
300 48 2414
100 71 2424
300 74 2428
200 73 2442
200 74 2464
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
A1R-PCLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-POLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTION
AIR-PCLLUTICN
AIR-POLLUTION-CONT
AIR-CUALITV
AIR-TEMPERATURE
AIR-HASHERS
AIR-WASHEK
ALABAMA
ALAMASK-151A
ALAMASK-518
ALBERTA
ALBERTA
ALCOHOLS
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALGAE
ALIPHATIC-AMINES
ALKALIE
ALKALINITY
ALKALINITY
ALKALI
ALTERNATIVES
ALUM
AMINES
AMINES
AMINES
AMINES
AMINES
AMINO-ACIOS
AMINO-ACIDS
AMINO-ACIOS
AMINO-ACIOS
AMINO-ACIDS
AMINO-ACIDS
APING-ACIDS
AMINO-ACIDS
APINO-ACIOS
AMINO-ACIDS
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR MICHIGAN AIR-P
MICHIGAN S ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATION KEYWORDS MICHIGAN WATER-POLL
ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTES POULTRY AIR-POLLUTION ODOR ODOR-CONTROL ODOR-
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS WATER-
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION CN DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN ShINE BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LI
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES FROM DAIRIES
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING WASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN WEST VIR
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS CN MICHIGAN DAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN REGU
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS L
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDERFLCOR LIOUID MANURE PITS KEYWORDS ODOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING GUTTER MANURE REMOVAL SYSTEM TC IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBCN FUELS WATER-POLLUTIO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION OAIR
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING GUTTER MANURE REMOVAL SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEOL
POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
AN INVESTIGATION OF ODOUR CONTROL FOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS ODOR CONFINEMENT-PENS F
RECYCLED kASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE MALODORS KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-TREATME
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE MALCDORS KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-TREATME
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON KEYWORDS FAR
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOL 1C AND LIQUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-WAS
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
WARM WATER STUDY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENERATING-PLANT WARM-WATER
SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE OF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS
OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SWINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L AND EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
CONVERSION OF SWINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYWORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PROTEINS FEEDS SWINE
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEEOYARO KEYWORDS FESOLOT
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILED ANIMAL AND CROP WASTES KEYWORDS RUMINAN
EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY KLNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
AERCBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL CF FEEOLOT LAGCCN WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE CF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION WASTE-WATER-TR
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE DAIRY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA WATER-POL
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEDLOTS D
NITROSATION IN FEEDLOT MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE FEEOLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FRCM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEDL
METHODS FOR MEASURING SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND AMMONIA FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS
DPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRIED-PCULTRY-WASTES REFEE
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMINO ACID PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION DITCH FRCM WASTE KEYWORDS PROT
SWINE WASTE AS NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMING
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE PHOSPHORUS AMIN
RECYCLED SWINE WASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING PROTEINS AMINO-ACIDS HEALTH REFEEDIN
USE OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN DIETS FCR CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE KEYWO
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TC SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE CF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINATION ON L
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANURIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUARIA AMD IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYW
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS OCOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT ODOR-CONT
TWO WAYS TO REDUCE AMMONIA LEVEL IN BROILER HOUSES KEYWORDS AMMONIA LITTER BROILERS V
AMMONIA TCXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FCR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR CASE
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES FOR ODOR AND NITROGEN CONTROL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES KEYWORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-WAST
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE DAIRY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA WATER-POL
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY INDEX AND ODOROUS COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY MANURE KEYWOR
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEOLOTS AGKICULTUR
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL DUST ON PIGS KEYWORDS GASES DUST AIR-POLLUTION AMMO
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTICN LI
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEOLOTS D
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND MEASUR
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES CF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES FROM DAIRIES
MANURE ON MILLET KEYWORDS AMMONIA TOXICITY NITRATES MANURE MILLET APPLICATION-RATES
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS ODOR DUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGR1C
THE STRATIFICATION OF AN ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE LAGOON KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY STKATIF
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEOOORUATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEDL
UNOERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLCOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS MATER-POLLUTION-CO
21
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 73 2477
200 70 2906
100 60 2516
700 73 2532
400 69 2540
200 64 2567
200 75 2633
200 75 2669
200 75 2730
IOC 73 2779
100 75 2790
100 72 2800
700 65 2128
700 63 2233
300 69 2099
300 73 1873
100 75 2813
100 73 1653
100 74 1655
600 73 2245
200 75 2659
300 68 1625
100 72 1768
400 74 1909
300 61 2326
700 67 1651
200 64 1695
700 69 1708
600 72 1709
600 74 1712
600 71 1730
700 70 1736
200 69 1760
700 71 1762
700 70 1779
100 72 1798
200 70 1805
400 73 1B17
600 73 1644
700 71 1864
400*72 1939
300 74 2100
500 74 2132
200 74 2151
600 66 2194
300 72 2313
100 75 2365
300 74 2386
200 73 2440
200 74 2458
300 63 2471
300 74 2528
200 75 2617
200 75 2636
200 75 2675
200 75 2738
200 75 2754
100 70 2786
100 71 2807
100 74 2802
300 74 1627
200 68 1642
200 64 1692
600 73 1711
400 74 1808
300 71 1866
200 74 1867
300 74 1999
100 74 2075
700 65 2128
200 63 2158
100 73 2183
100 74 2184
100 74 2207
300 72 2213
700 63 2233
100 73 2254
100 74 2258
200 68 2282
700 72 2315
400 74 2336
400 61 2360
400 73 2364
100 69 2380
300 71 2387
300 73 2407
100 65 2450
200 73 2472
200 73 2*79
200 73 2481
300 74 2555
100 63 2581
200 75 2631
200 75 2658
200 75 2659
200 75 2703
200 75 2718
200 75 2740
300 74 2791
100 72 2800
AMMONIA
AMMONIA
APHONIA
APMOMA
APMGNIA
AMMONIA
APHOMA
APPCNIA
APHONIA
APMCNIA
APHONIA
APHONIA
AMMCNIA-NITROGEN
APHONIA-NITROGEN
APHONIA-REMOVAL
APHONIA-STRIPPING
APMONIfICATIOM
APHCNIUH
APHONIUH
APMCNIUH
APMONIUM-PHOSPHATE
ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA
ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA
ANAERGBIC-BACTERIA
ANAERCBIC-BACTERIA
ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CQND1T10
ANAERCBIC-CONOITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONOIT10
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIC
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCUIC-CONOITIO
ANAERQB1C-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-COND1TIO
ANAEROBIC-CQNDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDI no
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIC
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIC
ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-CONDITIC
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTER
ANAEROBIC-DIGEST 10
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-CIGEST10
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-CIGESTIO
ANAERcaiC-CIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
AKAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-CIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-CIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-DIGESTIC
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-CIGESTIO
ANAERCBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAER08IC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-DIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
ANAEROBIC-OIGESTIO
EFFECTS OF HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE K6YWO
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
APPLY PORE NOT LESS PCULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEE
TCTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BIULDING AND HEASUR
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FERMENTATION
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
TOXICITY OF NITRITE TO CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES NITRITES AMMONIA TOXICITY
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FCR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYO
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION CF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
AMMONIA REMOVAL FRCM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITROGE
CORN RESPONSE AND SCIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE Of PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
GROUNOhATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO ENHANCE SWINE WASTE DIGESTION KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION MET
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
M1CROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
COOKING WITH COW POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
INDOOR LAGOON FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-TREAT
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR-CONTROL ANAEROBIC
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH RUHEN BACTERIA KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
MOVEMENT OF MANORIAL NITROGEN IN COOL HUMID CLIMATES KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES NITROGEN H
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRAM IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS SOIL-CONSERVATI
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF PCULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTC AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN W
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOTS SOILS CAT
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
FEEOLCT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
WASTE CONVERSION UNIT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONDITI
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYWORDS BACTERIA HYDROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT LIQUID-WAST
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
SURVIVAL CF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS EF
SOIL MODIFICATION FCR DENITRIFICATIOK AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORD
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL AEROBIC-CONDITIONS ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO GROUND WATER FROM SWINE WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLLU
WASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PENS SEPAR
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIOUI
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOWATER QUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEY
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RECYCLING KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBI
POLLUTION ABATEMENT CF POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-MIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL CF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COWDUNG BY ADDING OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL
G08AR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT DF DAIRY MANURE WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DAIR
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREA
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-WAS
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAERC8IC-DIGESTICN POULTRY WASTE-TREATMENT
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY FARM SLURRY KEYWORDS CAIRY-INDUSTRY ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION S
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE WASTE-TR6ATHEN
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS ENERGY ANAEROBIC-DIGE
HETHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANIMAL-
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF WASTE FROM AN INTENSIVE PIG UNIT KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGEST
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY WASTE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGE
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGCCNS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
THE STRATIFICATION OF AN ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE LAGCON KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY STRATIF
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE MANURE HELPS CONTROL COORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ODOR-CON
MANURE SMELL FURNISHES FARMSTEADS POWER NEEDS KEYWORDS GASES FERTILIZERS ANAEROBIC-DIG
BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYWORDS METHANE CCSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT NE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION WASTE-TREATMEN
FARM WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONF1
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVESTOCK WASTES AND THE PROSPECTS FOR METHANE PRODUCTION KEYWO
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE CF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS
CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-
SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO ENHANCE SWINE WASTE DIGESTION KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION MET
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-OI
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY PASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SWINE SCOTLA
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYO
22
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
TOO 63 2311
100 74 2263
700 72 2448
300 64 1631
200 64 1696
300 74 1794
600 73 1892
200 74 2023
200 74 2025
700 72 2127
300 74 2177
700 68 2318
700 72 2569
100 72 2580
200 75 2737
200 75 2739
200 75 2741
600 67 2205
300 75 2494
200 75 2633
200 75 2683
300 74 2791
200 74 2020
200 73 2477
400 74 1911
200 64 2566
200 64 1694
300 74 1889
400 71 1898
200 74 2032
100 74 2288
100 72 2359
200 75 2655
700 69 1656
300 68 1948
700 70 2229
300 72 2371
100 61 2505
300 74 1619
100 72 1621
200 72 1645
700 67 1651
700 73 1652
TOO 69 1708
700 64 1735
700 70 1736
600 74 1756
600 74 1757
100 73 1832
700 67 1838
600 69 1841
400 70 1947
200 74 2007
200 74 2023
200 74 2024
200 74 2027
300 71 2062
600 74 2068
700 72 2127
100 72 2187
700 67 2234
200 75 2642
200 75 2646
'200 75 2676
200 75 2679
' 100 72 1788
700 69 1863
200 74 1997
600 72 2106
100 74 2404
100 71 2551
200 74 2460
200 75 2646
400 74 2095
300 74 1900
700 67 1651
700 71 1732
600 74 1684
300 71 1903
600 71 2531
100 74 2404
200 73 2529
300 72 1628
300 73 1640
200 66 1644
600 71 1729
300 64 1786
600 73 1803
600 74 1845
400 73 1858
400 73 1859
300 71 1865
300 73 1873
300 73 1874
200 72 1880
400 74 1887
700 73 1890
400 71 1898
300 74 1959
200 71 1964
ANAERCBIC-CIGESTON
AKAERCBIC-FERMENTA
ANAEROBIC-FILTERS
ANAERCBIC-LAGOONS
ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
ANAERCBIC-LAGOONS
ANAERCBIC-LAGOONS
ANAERCBIC-LAGOONS
ANAERCB IC-LAGOONS
ANAERCBIC-LAGOONS
ANAERCelC-LAGOO&-t
ANAERCBIC-LAGOON1
ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
ANAER08 IC-LAGOONS
ANAERCB IC-LAGOONS
ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
AMAERCBIC-LAGOON
ANAERCBIC-LAGOON
ANAERCB IC-LAGOON
ANAEROBIC-LAGOON
ANAEROBIC-LAGOON
ANAERCBIC-LAGOON-E
ANAERCBIC-PIT
ANAERCBIC-PONO
ANAEROBIC-STABILIZ
ANAERCB IC-TREATMEN
ANAERCBIC-TREATMEN
ANAERCBIC-TREATMEN
ANAERCB IC-TREATMEN
ANAEROBIC-TREATMEN
ANAEROBIC-TREATMEN
ANAEROBIC-TREATMEN
ANALOG-COMPUTER
ANALYSES
ANALYSES
ANALYSES
ANALYSES
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
ANALYTICAL-TECHNIO
ANALYTICAL-TECHNIQ
ANALYTICAL-TECHNIC
ANALYTICAL-TECHNIO
ANALYTICAL-TECHNIQ
ANALYTICAL-TECHNIO
ANAPHAGE
ANAPHAGE
ANESTHETIC
ANHYDROUS-AMMONIA
ANIMAL-BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL-BEHAVIOR
ANIMAL-DENSITY
ANIMAL-DISEASES
ANIMAL-HEALTH
ANIMAL-METABOLISM
ANIMAL-PARASITES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-MASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF HASTES FROM A CONFINEMENT HOG PRODUCTION UNIT KEYHOR
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS KINETICS ECONO
TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN FROM ANIMAL MANURE BASTES APPLIED TO S
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS THEORY AND PRACTICE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS DESIGN HASTE-TREATMEN
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES MANAGEMENT SWINE
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE HASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO ANAEROBIC LAGOON ANALYSIS KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ANAL
WASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES ON THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS KE
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
A LAGOON GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO TREAT SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC-
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGCON KINETICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN,TOGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION REDUCTIO
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HASTE-TREAT
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SHINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L AND EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SWINE SCOTLA
INFLUENCE OF INGESTICN CF ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT ON GROWING SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLI
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CM THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
A CLOSED SYSTEM NEW IDEA IN POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING EXCRETA
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEECLOT WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT POULTRY EXCRETA FEATHERS ANAE
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS ANIKAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL CANADA AEROBIC-TREATMENT
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
START UP OF PILOT SCALE SWINE MANURE DIGESTERS FOR METHANE KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-DEVE
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS MATHEMATI
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CCNTAIMNG 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SCIL PROFILE'WITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LCT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS ODOR-
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEAKS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYWORDS ODOR SWINE CONFINEMENT-HOUSING
DOOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEOLCTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN CAIRY KEYWORDS WATER
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYH
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
A PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY MALCOORS FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS DOOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY S
LITTLE POLLUTICN FROM THIS FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM GROWING TURKEYS KEYWORDS NUTRIENT
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO ANAEROBIC LAGOON ANALYSIS KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ANAL
TREATMENT OF BEEF WASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND FIELD EVALUATION OF THE AEROB-A-JET KEYWORDS ANAL
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO SOILS
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOt
NITRATES IN SOIL AMD GROUND WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEM1CA
ENSILING POULTRY FLOOR LITTER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER ANALYSIS W
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND ANAEROBIC LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGO
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LAGOON WATERS KEYWORDS LAGOONS SAC
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLCT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
METHODS FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS FROM WATER KEY
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION CF SOME TECHNIQUES USED IN DETERMINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND ENERGY
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
URINARY EXCRETION OF QUINALDINE BY CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS URINE CHANNEL-CATFISH QUI
CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES TO AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS SWINE CO
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-PRDPERTIES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEOL
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE REFEEDING OXIDATION
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYHCRDS ANIMAL-HASTES RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL HASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL WASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYWORDS FARMS COSTS FGOERAL-G
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PRCBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
FEEDLOT ANIMAL WASTE COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES GROUNOWATER-POLL
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYWORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING WASTE-TREAT
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES OIL F6EOLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
ANIMAL WASTE COMPOSTING WITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS POULTRY NITROGEN CARBCN A
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEVHORDS NITROGE
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTES AS PROTEIN SOURCES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES PROTEINS R
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYWORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE OOESNT SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES FERTILIZERS
LABORATORY STUDIES ON FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDL
ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL CANADA AEROBIC-TREATMENT
ANIMAL HASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER KEYWORDS GROUNDHATER-PCLLUTION MOVEMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
23
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 71 L965
200 71 19(6
200 71 1968
ZOO 71 1970
20C 7<| 1989
JOO 73 2039
400 74 2070
400 75 2071
600 72 2074
300 71 2060
0 73 2098
400 75 2125
500 74 2132
200 74 2135
200 74 2145
200 74 2146
200 74 2148
700 73 2212
300 72 2213
300 74 2219
700 70 2229
400 68 2247
30C 74 2255
100 74 2263
200 70 2347
100 72 2359
300 72 2366
200 70 2398
400 71 2454
200 74 2459
200 73 2482
300 72 2522
400 72 2554
300 74 2555
100 69 2562
200 75 2569
200 75 2641
200 75 2715
200 75 2747
200 75 2748
100 70 2766
100 72 2800
100 72 2811
100 71 2767
300 74 2382
300 73 1873
700 67 2228
400 72 2554
700 71 1665
400 75 2071
300 72 2372
700 70 2406
200 75 2682
600 71 1724
100 74 1956
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
100 74 1655
300 71 1672
JOO 71 1739
300 74 1758
300 74 1794
600 74 1845
400 74 1887
600 74 1888
600 72 1893
400 71 1899
600 74 1958
200 69 1983
200 74 1991
200 74 2029
200 74 2030
200 74 2031
200 74 2032
300 73 2043
100 74 2064
300 2085
400 74 2093
400 74 2102
100 73 2113
100 73 2121
100 74 2131
200 74 2145
400 75 2251
100 74 2252
400 71 2269
100 73 2277
700 69 2312
700 68 2317
400 75 2334
100 75 2352
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
300 65 2377
300 74 2382
300 72 2386
200 73 2*32
200 73 2442
200 73 2443
200 74 2461
AMPAL-WASTES
ANIMAL-WASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
AMPAL-HASTES
ANIML-WASTES
AMM AL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
AMM4L-HASTES
AMNAL-tlASTES
AMMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-WASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
AMMAL-HASFES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-WASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-HASTES
ANIMAL-WASTES-HILD
ANIMAL-HASTE-MANAG
ANIMAL-HASTE-TREAI
ANNUAL-TOTALS
ANTHRAX
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTICS
ANTIBIOTICS
APPLI CAT ION-ME THOC
APPLICATION-METHOD
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-KATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
THE ROLE OF THE NISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENTIO
SOIL PCLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN MATER KEYHORDS POLLUTANTS MATER-POLLUTION
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND KEYHOROS PHOSPHORUS
FARM ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-HHAT OUR MILK MARKET REQUIRES KEYHOROS MILK ANIMAL-WASTE
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYHORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
DEMONSTRATION OF HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHOROS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-HASTES SHEEP CHEMI
USE OF ANIMAL WASTES AS A SOIL AMENDMENT KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES FERTILIZERS CATTLE NU
CUNG HO-FDA SETS REGS OK RECYCLED FEED KEYHOROS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES FE
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL HASTE KEYHORCS PROTEINS ANIMAL-HASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
A SUMMARY OF STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH CENTR
TREAT YOUR HASTE RIGHT KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
CATTLE POULTRY PRODUCERS PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES KEYWORDS CATTLE POULTRY ANIMAL-HAST
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATM
AGRICULTURAL HASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES SOILS CHEHICAL-PROPER
LICENSING CONCERNS FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES TRA
ANIMAL HASTE IMPACT ON RECREATION HATERS KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES WATER-POLLUTION RECRE
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL HASTE HATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONOS HYDROLOGY
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANIMAL-
01GESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES CATTLE FEEOLOTS RATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL PROFILE HITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL METHODS-PRESENT AND FUTURE KEYHOROS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSA
ANIMAL HASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES CF NITRATE POLLUTION OF HATER KEYHO
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS CF ANAERCBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYHORDS KINETICS ECONO
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN FARM SURFACE RUNCFF KEYWORDS HAT
ANIMAL HASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROB1C-TREATMENT POULTR
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE flUALITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS AGRICULT
HHY HASTE ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGCONS ANIMAL-WASTES ECOLI
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES DES
THE USE AND VALUE CF ANIMAL WASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ANIMAL-W
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES Z
THO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TR
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL HASTES TREATMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES HASTE-TREATME
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA ANIMAL-HASTE
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL HASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING ANIMAL MANURES ANO SEHAGE SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL KEYWORDS
TERTIARY TREATMENT CF ANIMAL HASTEHATERS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES KEYHOROS TERTIA
PRESENT KNOULEOGE ON THE EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-
TREATMENT ANO DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEVHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES-WILDL
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT HITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
DEVELOPMENT ANO DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITROGE
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ANO ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES Z
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM HASTE LAGOON KEYWORDS FAR
DUNG HO-FCA SETS REGS CN RECYCLED FEED KEYWORDS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES FE
INFLUENCE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC ON THE PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYHOROS AN
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS A
INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS ANO GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
HASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
THE RESPONSE CF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P ANO K FERTILIZERS ANO TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P ANO K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
EFFECT OF APPLYING SWINE FECES ON SOIL ANO PLANT MINERAL LEVELS KEYWORDS SHINE FECES
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEOLOT
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYHOROS LIQUID-AERATION-SYSTEMS
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE OPERATIONS KEYWCROS LIQUID-WASTES MANAGEMENT SWINE
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES GROUNOWATER-POLL
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE DOESNT SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES FERTILIZERS
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE ANO SOIL HATER MOVEMENT KEYHORDS EQUATIONS MANURE WATER-INTAKE-RA
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL HATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
NITROGEN LOAD Of SOIL IN GROUND HATER FROM DAIRY MANURE KEYHOROS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS DA
LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOROS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILIZ
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE ON CORN PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
FORAGE ANO GRAIN PRODUCTION FROM LANC USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PRODUCT
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYHORDS CROP-RESPONSE AGRICULT
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN ANO GRAIN SORGHUM KEYHORDS
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE HASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGCONS KANSAS
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KE
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT CAMAGED LAND KEYHORDS SALTS RECLAMATIO
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MORE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOME SELECTE
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN IRRI
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES SOILS CHEMICAL-PROPER
FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SHINE WASTES DETAILED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
FEEOLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS EFFE
MANURE ON MILLET KEYWORDS AMMONIA TOXLCITY NITRATES MANURE MILLET APPLICATION-RATES
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
ORGANIC WASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOW RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE ANO MILLET FCRAGE YIELD ANO QUALITY KEYWORDS DA
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRCP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-HASTES PESTICIO
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-HASTES PESTICIO
BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LAND-DIS
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
OUR WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR HOGS KEYWORDS LAGCONS SWINE LAND-APPLICATION SLOTTEO-FL
BRIDLED LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
24
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
LUG 74 2491
300 75 2455
40G 75 2508
400 69 2540
600 73 2557
700 72 2578
100 73 2582
200 75 2613
20C 75 2660
200 75 2663
200 75 2664
20C 75 2666
200 75 2667
200 75 2669
200 75 2673
ZOO 7-5 2699
200 75 2737
200 75 2749
200 75 2752
200 75 2753
200'75 2755
700 74 2774
IOC 71 2806
100 72 2811
600 72 1843
300 74 1914
100 73 1832
100 73 1660
200 72 1880
200 64 2182
300 74 2576
100 60 2518
200 71 2453
300 73 1733
300 71 2077
400 73 2103
400 72 2239
400 72 2240
100 74 2097
200 75 2646
200 75 2649
700 68 1826
700 68 1826
200 64 2567
200 75 2650
100 72 2811
200 73 2180
200 71 2785
700 73 1652
100 73 1755
400 73 2123
100 73 2259
200 70 2347
100 74 2258
100 73 1639
700 71 1665
600 71 1724
600 72 1753
300 73 1759
100 72 1788
300 1829
700 67 1838
300 73 1849
400 73 1858
200 74 1871
200 72 1880
300 71 1882
200 69 1982
200 74 2028
600 74 2068
400 74 2094
400 75 2107
100 72 2110
100 74 2126
500 74 2132
200 74 2151
700 65 2188
300 68 2220
100 74 2258
100 73 2259
400 71 2294
TOO 72 2319
400 73 2324
100 48 2400
300 48 2414
200 74 2459
100 61 2505
700 63 2553
200 75 2586
200 75 2652
200 75 2676
200 75 2679
100 71 2767
200 72 1908
700 69 2225
100 61 2505
600 73 1803
300 T2 2371
400 74 1816
200 71 1971
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICAT[CM-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATES
APPLICATION-RATE
ACUACL'LTURE
AQUARIA
ACUIFERS
AQUIFERS
ACUIFER
AQUIFER-MANAGEMENT
ARGININE
ARID-LANDS
ARIZONA
ARIZONA
ARIZONA
ARIZONA
ARIZONA
ASH
ASH
ASH
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERIC-COMPOS
ATHOSPHERIC-PRECIP
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIA
AUTOCLAVES
AUTOCLAVES
AUTOMATION
AUTOMATION
BACTERIAL-CONTAMIN
BACTERIAL-CONTAHIN
BACTERIAL-INDICATO
BACTERIAL-POPULATI
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
BACTER10LOGICAL-AN
BAFFLES
BARK
BARLEY
BARLEY
BARNS
BARNYARDS
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS SOIL-DISPOSA
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECY
APPLY MORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TC REDUCE POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SECIMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS ODOR WATER-POLLUTION CRO
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTE FROM A SLOTTED FLOOR DEEP PIT BARN KEYWORDS CONFINEH
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYWORDS FERTILIZE
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEOLOT WASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATICN OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HtALTH AND PERFORMAN
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SLUDGE FROM PIG GROWING COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER KEYWOR
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE HASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM LIVESTOCK HASTE DURING STORAGE TREATMENT AND HANDLING KEYWORDS N
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-IND
LAND APPLICATION OF MANURES-WISCONSINS MANURE MANAGEMENT PLAN KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEME
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY HASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTCN FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE HASTES AND COMM
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOCN EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS KEYWO
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYW
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYWORD
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FOR TODAY KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SAMPLING CHEMICAL-PRCPERTIE
THE USE CF ANIMAL WASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
WATER INTAKE RATES ON A SILT LOAM SOIL WITH VARIOUS MANURE APPLICATIONS KEYWORDS IRR
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULTURE HA
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYH
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYHCRDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND HATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
POLLUTED GROUNOHATER-A REVIEH OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE KEYWORDS GROUNDHATER-POLL
DISTRIBUTION CF THE MAJCR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS [N CHICKEN URINE KEYHO
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZCNES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES WATER-
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE AIR-POLLUTION ARIZONA POLLUTANTS S
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN BEEF HASTE RECLAMATION KEYWORDS ARIZONA CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS
GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE FECES FOR SWINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEEDING SHINE ABSORBED-
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SHINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SHINE CONFI
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SHINE CONFI
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEE
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYWORDS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES CN FERTILIZER KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-WASTES
HYOROGASIFICATION CF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLCT RUNCFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT AGR
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYHORDS SAMPLING SOILS Nl
0PM FOR RUMINANTS GROUS IN ENGLAND KEYHCRDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-MANURE
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS HOUSED
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN FARM SURFACE RUNOFF KEYUORDS WAT
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY WASTE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DICE
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM HASTE LAGOON KEYHORDS FAR
HASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL HATER QUALITY A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF F.EEDLOT HASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
HATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN BUILT UP POULTRY LITTER KE
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYHORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING HASTE-TREAT
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODORS AND DECOMPOSE ORGANIC H
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYHORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT 1MPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL WHEN MANURE IS USED KEYWORDS SOILS BACTERIA CHEMICAL-REACTION
AEROBIC STABILIZATION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SWINE MANURE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREAT
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A HESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYHORDS STREA
NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEDLOTS FARM-H
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
TOXICITV OF SEAUATER TO COLIFORM BACTERIA KEYWORDS TOXICITY SEAHATER COLIFORMS BACTER
AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES WASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LANO-OISP
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATM
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYWORDS BACTERIA HYDROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SHINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY WASTE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DICE
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS HOUSED
FERMENTED POULTRY MANURE RECYCLED KEYHOROS RECYCLING FERMENTATION POULTRY SLURRIES BA
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COW MANURE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HAS
HASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COH MANURE KEYHOROS FARM-HAST
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEOOORIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF HASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND ANAEROBIC LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGO
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LAGOON WATERS KEYHORDS LAGOONS BAC
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-HILOL
A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND CROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
FEEDLOT ANIMAL WASTE COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE WORKED FOR THEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
CONTROLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WISCONSIN FEEDLOTS RUNOFF-CONTROL
25
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
••00 71 1935
300 74 2388
2UO 75 2746
300 1793
200 71 1932
400 74 2114
400 72 2211
4CC 72 2211
400 75 2214
600 72 1875
600 72 2074
300 68 1625
400 75 2056
400 72 2230
400 74 2418
200 75 2627
100 73 1664
300 73 1759
300 74 1914
300 73 2096
600 72 1675
300 73 2096
300 74 2791
300 75 2284
300 74 2576
100 73 1793
600 72 1875
30C 68 1625
600 71 1720
600 74 1749
300 73 1759
300 1767
300 73 1784
600 73 1813
300 73 1881
100 73 1905
100 71 1910
200 74 2033
300 73 2039
600 72 2074
300 72 2105
100 72 2110
200 63 2155
TOO 63 2233
700 67 2234
400 72 2290
300 72 2292
700 71 2307
700 68 2318
700 67 2363
100 74 2404
100 72 2412
300 71 2451
100 74 2502
200 75 2720
700 64 2768
600 72 2106
100 71 2570
200 74 1868
100 72 2314
100 73 1801
600 73 1815
100 71 1910
100 74 1912
700 68 2318
100 73 2325
300 74 2388
100 71 2402
200 75 2682
200 74 1868
200 74 1868
300 74 2323
300 68 2220
100 74 2585
400 69 1924
300 74 1782
300 74 2044
500 74 2132
200 74 2019
200 63 2156
700 72 2316
200 7* 2470
200 75 2675
700 64 2768
600 72 1752
600 73 1T54
700 73 2061
100 69 2380
100 74 2403
700 74 2405
600 75 2546
200 75 2696
200 75 2717
200 75 2735
600 71 1716
100 71 2570
300 74 2100
400 74 2493
400 73 2364
100 72 2500
BARN-hASTES BARN HASTES FOR FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS BARN-WASTES REFEEDING DIGESTIBILITY CHE
BArtKIEREO-LANOSCAP SOIL MODIFICATION FOR OENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION ^"EDLOT WASTE KEYWORD
BARRIEKEO-LANOSCAP TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK hASTES 8Y BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYSTEM KEYWORDS
BASINS SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOPIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
BASINS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
BASINS CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
BASINS TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
BASINS TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
BASINS LOW COST MANURE BASINS WORK IN WISCONSIN KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WISCONSIN BASINS COSTS
BASS AKMONIA TCXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FCR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
BATCH-CULTURE RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
B.TCH-TYPE-OXIOATI TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
8ECCING
BECCING
BECCING
BECDIKG
BEO-LCAC
BEEF-ANIMALS
BEEF-CATTLE
BEEF-PRODUCTION
BEI-AVIOR
BEHAVIOR
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS MANURE TILTH CROP
CH1NO VALLEY SHAKER KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFCRNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEOLOAOS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AOUACULTURE WA
SLATTEO-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
AMMONIA TCXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FCR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
SLATTEO-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
BELCW-HOUSE-OXIOAT THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY PASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SWINE SCOTLA
BERMUDAGRASS PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LI8UID-WA
BIBLIOGRAPHIES POLLUTED GROUNOWATER-A REVIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-PCLL
BILINEAR-ABSORPTIO DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA WITH BILINEAR ABSORPTION KEYWORDS DISPERSION F
BIOASSAY AMMONIA TCXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT FRCH COMMERCIAL CATFISH PONDS KEYWORDS EFFLUENT F
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUT1CN-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN MANURE WASTE PCNOING STUDY KEYWORDS GRDUNOWATER-POLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYDROLO
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
BIOCHEMICAL-CXYGEN A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
BIOCKEMICAL-OXYGEN SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS SALTS RECYC
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-OISSOLVEO-SOLIDS CO
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-HASTES SHEEP CHEMI
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN LAGCONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN TOX1CITY OF SEAWATER TO COLIFORH BACTERIA KEYWORDS TOXIC1TY SEAWATER COLIFORMS BACTER
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN FOWL FECAL FACTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNI
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN MANURE HOLDING PONDS FDUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES ON THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS KE
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEMIC
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA BI
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
BIOCHEMICAL-OXYGEN EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARATION DEVICES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SCREENS SETTLIN
B10CI-EHICAL-OXYGEN CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES AND DISPOSAL 8Y LAGOON1NG KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPER!
BIOCHEMICAL-PROPER EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
BIOCONCENTRATION .BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOTRANSFER OF AFLATOX1N KEYWORDS MICROORGANISMS TOX1CITY FEEDLOT
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BIOELECTRICITY KEYWORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYOROGENA
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HCUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE FROM CAGED LAYERS KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS SALTS RECYC
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES FOR ODOR AUD NITROGEN COMTKCL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES CN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS KE
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS RONNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
SOIL MODIFICATION FDR OENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORD
BIOOEGRAOATION OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BIOELECTRICITY KEYWORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BIOELECTRICITY KEYWORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR MIDWEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
BIOLOGICAL-CONTAM1 POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
BIOLOGICAL-DIGESTI BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION OF MANURE BY DIPTERA KEYWORDS MANURE DIPTERA BIOLOGICAL-OIGESTIO
BIOLOGICAL-ORGANIC POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW ANO PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
BIOLOGICAL-OXYGEN- LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE WASTES ANO EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIQ
BIOLOGICAL-PROCESS AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
BIOLOGICAL-PROPERT THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING ANO PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
BIOLOGICAL-PROPERT MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGOONS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CHEMICAL-PRO
BIOLOGICAL-PROPERT LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM FILTRATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TEC
BIOLOGICAL-PROPERT WASTE HANDLING ANO LAGOON MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS FEEOLOTS DESIGN CHEMICAL-PROPER
BIOLOGICAL-PROPERT EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOWATER QUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS/ KEY
BIOLOGICAL-PROPERT CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
BIOLOGICAL-REDUCTI ANIMAL WASTES AERATION IMPROVES BIOREDUCTION BY FLY LARVAE KEYWORDS AERATION LARVAE F
8IOLOGICAL-TREATME BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LIQUID COMPOSTING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR BIOLOGICAL-TREATM
BIOLOG1CAL-TREATNE SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEEOLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS TECHNOLOGY NUTRIENTS NITROG
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME ODOR CONTROL OF LIQUID DAIRY ANO SWINE MANURE USING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
BIOLOGICAL-TREATME AN EVALUATION OF AERATION SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS KEYWC
BIOLOGY BIOLOGY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS BIOLOGY WASTE-MANAGEMENT MICROORGANISMS METABOLI
BIOTRANSFER BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYWORDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
BIO-GAS FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
BIO-GAS-DIGESTER FUEL FOR THOUGHT-IS STOCKPILED ENERGY GOING TO WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE FERTILIZERS FEED
B10-GAS-PLANTGLOCK BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYWORDS METHANE COSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT Ng
BIO-GAS-PLANT THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
BIOCONVERS10N
BIOCONVERSION
BIOOEGRAOATION
BIODEGRADATION
BIODEGRADATION
81COEGRADATION
BIODEGRAOATION
BIODEGRADATION
BIOCEGRAOATION
BIOCEGRAOATION
8IOOEGRADATION
BIOELECTRICITY
BIOFERTILIZER
BIOGASIFICATION
BIOINOICATORS
26
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
700 71 1766
200 7* 1989
300 74 2173
400 75 2499
100 73 2226
400 73 1946
400 74 2203
'400 74 1816
400 71 2083
600 72 2122
100 72 2359
100 73 2051
400 72 2320
100 73 2447
300 73 1620
400 74 1771
200 69 1824
400 73 1854
100 71 1902
400 73 2266
400 67 2420
100 75 2427
100 73 2431
300 74 2527
100 71 2787
400 72 2036
100 74 1950
100 75 2244
400 75 2349
300 65 2377
200 70 2397
200 74 2461
100 75 2544
300 74 2177
300 74 1783
400 72 2554
600 74 1757
600 72 1753
100 69 1659
300 73 1617
200 72 2279
300 72 2386
400 71 2454
200 75 2657
400 72 2805
200 69 1980
200 75 2727
100 74 1951
100 74 2252
300 72 2063
300 74 2044
400 75 2501
600 74 1847
300 72 1647
200 74 2004
100 69 2380
100 70 1853
200 75 2641
400 68 2378
700 65 1666
100 74 2223
300 73 1620
300 72 2268
300 72 1628
400 72 2211
400 74 1771
300 74 2217
100 74 2236
100 73 2277
300 72 2371
100 75 2544
200 73 2548
200 75 2646
100 72 2764
200 73 1648
400 74 1827
200 73 1895
400 73 1957
100 72 2187
300 71 2286
300 72 2292
400 75 2345
300 75 2411
400 7'. 2418
100 75 2422
200 74 2460
300 75 2545
400 75 2547
200 75 2623
200 75 2728
400 74 1885
100 74 2775
700 73 2583
400 Tl 1898
100 72 2186
300 73 2243
400 72 2376
400 67 2420
200 75 2655
200 75 2716
BLACK-GLOBE
BLCOOMEAL
BLCODMEAL
BLOOD
81UEGILL-SUNFISH
BOARD
BCWER-VS-HOG-BUILO
BREEDING
BREEDING
BREEDING
BRESSLER-SYSTEM
BRQAD-6ASIN-TERRAC
BROAD-BASIM-TERRAC
BROAD-BASIN-TERRAC
BROILERS
BROILERS
BRCILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILERS
BROILER-BREEDERS
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-LITTER
BROILER-HASTE
BROMEGRASS
BRUCELLOSIS
BUDGETING
BUFFALO-LAKE
BUFFERS
BUFFER-ZONE
BUILDING-MATERIALS
BUILDING-MATERIALS
BUILDING-MATERIALS
BUILDING-MATERIALS
BUILDING-MATERIALS
BUILT-UP-LITTER
BULKING-MATERIAL
BULK-DENSITY
BULK-DENSITY
BURNING
BY-PRODUCTS
BY-PRODUCTS
CABLE-DRIVEN- SCRAP
CAGED-LAYERS-HOUSE
CAGED-LAYER-PROOUC
CAGED-LAYING-HENS
CAGED- POULTRY-HOUS
CAGE-LAYER-MANURE •
CAGE-MANURE
CAGE-ROTOR
CAGE-ROTOR-SYSTEM
CAGE-SYSTEM
CAGE-SYSTEM
CAISSONS
CAISSCNS
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM
CALCIUM-BENTONITE
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
CAL 1 FORN IA-DEP ARTM
CALORIFIC-VALUE
CALORIMETRY
CANADA
CANADA
CANADA
CANADA
CANADA
CANADA
CANADA
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYHOROS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
PAUNCH CONTENT BLOOOMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEOLOT RATIONS KEYHORDS FE
PAUNCH FEEDING NOH PROFITABLE KEYHOROS ECONOMICS CATTLE REFEEOING PAUNCH-MANURE BLOOD
INFLUENCE OF LOW LEVEL HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH LEPOMI
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYHGRDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEDLOTS CELLULOSE
NUISANCE LAHSUITS-NEIGHBOR VS NEIGHBOR KEYHOROS LEGAL-ASPECTS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-D
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE HORKEC FOR THEM KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
00 MANURE STACKS ADD TO FLY CONTROL PROBLEMS KEYHORDS BREEDING DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONT
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR SOHS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS BREEDING HASTE-OISPOSA
ANIMAL HASTE IN THE USA KEYHOROS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEDLOTS DESIGN HA
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A HASTE KEYHORDS HATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEOLOT KEYHOROS SOIL-HATER NITRATES
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER CAGE SYSTEM KEYWORDS BROILERS PERFORMANCE CAGE-SYSTEM CROSS-AU
DPU S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS ORIED-POULTRY-WASTES. REFEE
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER HITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
TWO HAYS TO REDUCE AMMONIA LEVEL IN BROILER HOUSES KEYHORDS AMMONIA LITTER BROILERS V
HINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER BROILERS MANURE COMPOSTI
VALUE OF DRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY KEYHORDS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
USE OF DRIED POULTRY HASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYHORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS HINTER FARM-WASTES WASTE-TREATM
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS WASTE-T
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD ON PASTURIZATION AND NITROGEN COMPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER AS SILAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING SILAGE CATTLE HEIGHT TASTE POUL
BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYHOROS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LAND-DIS
A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
BRIOLER LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYHORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
LAND DISPOSAL OF BRCILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYHOR
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES I
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS WATER
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL WATER OUALITY A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF HASTES TO SOIL KEYHORDS HASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING HASTE
PREVAILING HINDS IN FEEDLOT SITE SELECTION KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS SITE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
WHY WASTE ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGOONS ANIMAL-HASTES ECOLI
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEDLOTS C
FEEDLOT WASTE USABLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PERFORMANCE FRACTIONATION BUIL
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER POULTRY REUSE BUILT-UP-LITTER MAREKS-DISEASE
COMPOSTING SWINE WASTE KEYHORDS YIELDS COMPOSTING SWINE WINDROW-TECHNIQUE BULKING-MAT
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BEEF MANURE KEYWORDS MOISTURE-CO
FEEOLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOU. CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS EFFE
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL OF MANURE WASTES AND UTILIZATION OF THE RESIDUE KEYWORDS BURNING
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE WASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYHORDS LIQ
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYHORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEVHORDS LIQU
HOUSE FLY CONTROL IN CAGED LAYER HOUSES KEYHOROS LARVAE FLY-CONTROL CAGED-LAYERS-HOUS
A COMPLETE SYSTEM FCR COLLECTING HANDLING AIR DRYING AND MACHINE DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYHOROS HAST
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CAGED POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS FLY-CONTROL CAGED-POU
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL UASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS LITTER HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DIS
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE RCTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER CAGE SYSTEM KEYWORDS BROILERS PERFORMANCE CAGE-SYSTEM CROSS-AU
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS KEYWORDS INSECTICIDES FLY-CONTROL SANITATION OPEN-FLOOR-
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
OPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYHOROS POULTRY FEEDS ORIEO-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYHOROS RECLAMATION POUL
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYHOR
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY HASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYHOROS POUT
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STOCK FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY PROBLEM KEYW
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND GROUND HATER QUALITY KEYHORDS HATER-PCLLUTION-SOURCES FARM-WAS
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE DAIRY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA WATER-POL
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYHOROS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEOLOTS CATTLE
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
RECYCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEVHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY WATER-POLLUTION
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED HASTES IN UNROOFED AND UNPAVED CONFINED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY RANCHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
ON THE HORNS OF THE DAIRY HASTE DILEMMA KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA REGULATION
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY WASTES MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA HATER-P
LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA E
CALIFORNIA ISSUES DPH REGULATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION ORIED-ANIMAL-WASTES LICENSE PRO
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYHORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL CANADA AEROBIC-TREATMENT
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR HASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
HON TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYHORDS FEEDS POULTR
START UP OF PILOT SCALE SHINE MANURE DIGESTERS FOR METHANE KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-OEVE
SHORTEST PATH NETWORK ANALYSIS OF MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST COST DAIRY
27
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2757
400 73 1778
JOO 68 1826
100 73 1806
300 71 1665
100 71 1902
100 74 2131
JOO 72 2448
100 73 2521
700 73 2532
100 71 2787
100 72 2799
200 75 2657
300 71 1882
100 71 1904
2UO 73 2180
700 65 2188
100 71 2200
600 64 2204
100 74 2263
300 74 2428
700 72 2569
100 63 2581
100 72 2800
100 74 2802
400 74 1769
400 73 1859
100 72 2329
100 72 2197
400 13 2416
300 72 2368
300 72 2369
300 72 2374
400 73 1822
100 73 1747
100 74 2047
100 74 2047
200 75 2671
600 74 1756
JOO 74 1782
400 74 1861
400 75 2038
400 75 2350
400 74 2773
100 75 2790
300 71 1903
400 74 2095
100 74 2491
400 73 1615
600 73 1616
300 73 1617
400 73 1618
300 73 1622
600 73 1623
300 74 1629
400 73 1632
400 73 1633
400 74 1636
400 73 1638
200 72 1645
200 73 1648
700 69 1696
700 71 1668
100 61 1669
100 61 1670
400 74 1676
100 60 1677
600 67 1683
600 74 1684
100 73 1685
700 71 1688
700 71 1689
700 69 1690
200 64 1695
700 72 1706
600 73 1711
600 71 1722
600 71 1725
600 71 1726
600 71 1727
300 73 1733
600 74 1738
300 71 1739
400 73 1740
400 73 1741
600 66 1743
600 74 1744
300 73 1745
600 73 1746
600 74 1748
600 74 1751
600 74 1756
700 71 1761
300 73 1764
400 74 1765
100 73 1773
300 68 1776
400 73 1778
700 70 1779
100 72 1788
CANADA
CAPACITY
CARBONATES
CARBCN
CARBON
CARBCIv
CAKBOK
CAK60N
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON-CONTENT
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CARBCN-CIOXIDE
CARBON-CICXICE
CARBON-DIOXICE
CARBCN-DIOXICE
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CARBCN-DIGXICE
CARBON-DIOXIDE
CARBON-DIOXICE
CARBON-MONOXIDE
CARBON-MONOXIDE
CARBON-MONCXIDE
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MANURE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTI
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SHINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
FEEDLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE HASTE-TREATMEN
ANIMAL HASTE COMPOSTING HITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS POULTRY NITROGEN CARBON A
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS HINTER BROILERS MANURE COMPOSTI
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN IRRI
TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN FROM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES APPLIED TO S
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER FARM-WASTES WASTE-TREATM
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-POLLUTIO
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK HASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEDLOTS C
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR CASE
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
ThE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS WITH FLUID HASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LI
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS CF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYHOROS KINETICS ECONO
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLCOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES HYD
G08AR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-HAST
CONVERTING ANIMAL V.ASTES TO OIL KEYHCROS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
PROCESS CCNVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES OIL FEEOLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTES OIL CELLULOSE CATT
CARBON-NITROGEN-RA CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART 111-COMPOST ING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
CARBON-NITROGEN-RA POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYWORDS AERATION FCRCEC-CRYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
CARCASS-CHARACTERI FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH HASTE DISPOSA
CARCASS-CHARACTERI COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
CARCASS-CHARACTERI INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
CARCASS-IMPROVEMEN KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS WASTE-
CATABCLIZEO-MANURE FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR STARTING CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PROTEINS
CATALYSTS CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYCROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
CATALYTIC-HYDROTRE CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYCROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
CATCHMENTS SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
CATCHMENT-BASINS ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
POLLUTION ASPECTS CF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW AND PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
INCLUSION OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT IN CATFISH RATIONS KEYWORDS CAT
POULTRY WASTE FOR CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE PROTEINS POULTRY-HASTE
CATFISH ON OPW KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE TASTE COSTS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTE
THE EDITORS NOTEBOCK-ABCUT DISCHARGE REGULATIONS KEYHOROS CATFISHES RUNOFF PERMITS EN
TOXICITY OF NITRITE TO CHANNEL CATFISH KEYHORDS CATFISHES NITRITES AMMONIA TOXICITY
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
URINARY EXCRETION OF QUINALDIME BY CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS URINE CHANNEL-CATFISH QUI
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TC FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
WILL A CONFINEMENT BARN PAY KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS ECONOMICS CATTLE COSTS OPEN-LOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE BEEF HOUSING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS' CATTLE CCNFINEMENT-PENS PERFORM
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLOT SITE SELECTION KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION HIND ODOR
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN HITH PLS KEYWORDS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYHOROS RECYCLING SUALITATIVE-ORG
OEWATERING BOVINE ANIMAL MANURE KEYWORDS DEHATER1NG CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES IRRIGATION
CONTROL OF OUST FROM CATTLE FEECLOTS KEYHOROS CONTROL DUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
FEEDING STEERS DPM KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS PERFORMANCE DEHYDRATED-POUL
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL FE
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NUTRIENTS FERMENTATION THE
EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORD
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYHORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS MATHEMATI
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYHOROS NITR
TOXICITY TO FLY LARVAE OF THE FECES OF INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYHORDS TOXICITY CATTL
TOXICITY TO FACE FLY AND HOUSE FLY LARVAE OF FECES FROM INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYWORD
ORGANIC FERTILIZER CFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FREE FEEOLOT KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN LIVESTOCK FECES KEYWORDS FEED-ADOIT
PERFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL CLOSE-CONFINEMENT CAGED CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-PROPERTIES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYHORDS CATTLE FEEDL
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEECLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
ZETA POTENTIAL OF CCLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A 8EEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SURFACE KEYHOROS ZE
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR-CONTROL ANAEROBIC
HATER DUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEEDLOT KEYWORDS WATER-QUALITY STORM-R
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE HITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYHOROS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DAIR
HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR ROOFED BE6F CONFINEMENT FACILITIES KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGE
ANIMAL HASTE REUSE KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
EFFECT OF HOUSED CONFINEMENT ON ANIMAL PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE P
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES OF CONFINEMENT AND WASTE DISPOSAL S
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNDERFLCOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE DAIRY CATTLE YARDS KEYWORDS CATTLE DAIRY-INDUSTRY
CHANGES 'HE V6 MADE IN MANURE HANDLING KEYHORDS MANURE-HANDLING COSTS CATTL6 DAIRY-INO
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FOR CONFINMENET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS CO
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BEEF FEEOLOT HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE WAS
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE TO FIELDS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE CATTLE
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS P1PEL
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SOLIDS KEYHOROS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEOLCTS KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
HYOROLOGIC AND HATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS HYDROLOG
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE WATER-POLLUTIO
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYHOROS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION HITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS OAIRY-INOUSTR
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL HASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYHORDS CATTLE HO
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEOLOTS SOILS CAT
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT HASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE A
CATFISHES
CATFISHES
CATFISHES
CATFISHES
CATFISHES
CATFISHES
CATFISH
CATHETERIZATION
CATIONS
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
28
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 73
300
400 74
300 72
600 73
400 72
400 74
400 73
600 73
400 74
400 73
400 73
100 74
400 73
100 70
300 73
700 67
400 74
600 72
100 74
300 74
300 71
400 74
400 74
400 74
200 71
200 71
200 71
400 72
400 72
400 72
600 T4
400 74
100 74
100 72
200 74
200 74
200 74
200 74
600 72
200 74
200 74
200 74
200 74
20C 74
300 73
400 75
300 74
400 72
100 73
TOO 73
100 74
400 74
600 72
300 73
400 73
600 73
400 75
100 74
200 74
200 74
200 72
100 72
400 74
300 74
200 72
600 69
200 73
100 72
100 72
400 74
300 73
700 73
3CO 74
300 74
300 74
300 68
100 74
700 69
700 67
700 70
700 67
400 72
400 72
100 73
100 74
300 72
300 72
100 75
300 65
400 71
100 75
300 71
400 73
700 71
700 72
700 68
300 74
400 75
100 72
1790
1792
1797
1802
1803
1804
1808
1812
1813
1616
1817
1818
1821
1822
1823
1825
1838
1883
1886
1894
1900
1903
1906
1909
1923
1927
1928
1931
1938
1941
1944
1949
1955
1956
1960
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1999
2018
2019
2022
2024
2039
2040
2044
2046
2051
2061
2064
2070
2074
2096
2103
2124
2125
2130
2139
2144
2168
2170
2172
2173
2174
2175
2180
2186
2187
2202
2208
2212
2215
2217
2219
2220
2222
2225
2228
2229
2234
2239
2240
2249
2253
2260
2261
2265
2267
2275
2280
2286
2287
2309
2316
2317
2323
2324
2329
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
CATTLE
A FAECES COLLECTOR SUITABLE FOR MALE CALVES KEYWORDS CATTLE FAECES-COLLECTOR HALE-CAL
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOCIC ASPECTS OF HATER POLLUTICN CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF
HASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
FEEOLQT ANIMAL HASTE COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTICN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT HITH MANURE KEYHORDS FUELS METHANE FEEOLOTS HASTE-TREA
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT'WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
EXPERIENCE HITH A SPRAY RUNCFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT HOH SLATTED FLOORS HAVE HORKEE FOR THEM KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE HASTE-MANA
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS HITH FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS HASTE-
GARDONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS ADD
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SHINE HASTES KEYHORDS CATTLE SHINE HASTE-DIS
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES TO THE SOUTHEAST KEYWORDS CATTLE SOUTHEAST-U-S WASTE-OISPO
SLOTTED FLOOR COLD CONFINEMENT BEEF CATTLE HOUSING KEYWORDS CATTLE DESIGN PERFORMANCE
HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYWORDS DES
CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTES TO AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS KEYHOROS CATTLE FEEDLOTS
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHCRDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEH ALGA
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN AS PROTEIN OF FUTURE KEYHCRDS CATTLE REFEEOING EXCRETA PROTEINS
COOKING HITH COH POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT EASY OR PRACTICAL KEYHORDS METHANE MANURE CATTLE RECYCLING CRO
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
CROP RESPONSE TO HASTE MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS FEEOLCT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTES UPON GROUND HATER-A COMMENTARY KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS GROU
SAGEBRUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL-IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE KEYHOROS SAGEBRUSH FEEDS PERFORMA
TOTAL HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHCRDS FEEOLCTS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANUR
THE DOOR IS STILL OPEN TO REFEEDING CATTLE HASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE REGULATION PROTEINS
EROCIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYHOROS CATTLE FEfDLOTS SOLID-HASTES HASTE
FEEDING PELLETED DRIED POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS PERFORMANCE CA
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYHORDS
COMPARISON OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN POLE TYP
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATT
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYHORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS HA
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF 8EEF CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE ON CORN PRODUCTION KEYHOROS
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEOL
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT GUIDELINES ON THE U S FED BEEF INDUSTRY
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE IN RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE KEYUCRDS CATTLE DIETS PERFORMANCE REFEED
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING AND PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED SOLIDS FED TO STEERS KEYHORDS FEECS CATTLE SOLID-HASTES P
TREATMENT OF SEEF HASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
DEMONSTRATION. OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
PROCESSED EXCRETA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYHORDS CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS RECYCLING PE
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE HASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIO
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION KEYWORDS THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA HASTE-TREAT
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYHORDS TERRACES FEEOLOTS DESIGN WA
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLCT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEOLQT MANURE KE
USE OF ANIMAL HASTES AS A SOIL AMENDMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES FERTILIZERS CATTLE NU
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL HASTE KEYHORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-HASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
SLATTEO-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS HASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYHQRDS DESIG
CATTLE POULTRY PRODUCERS PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES KEYWORDS CATTLE POULTRY ANIMAL-HAST
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF FEEDLCTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED HITH AGRICULTURAL HASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR MICHIGAN AIR-P
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYHORDS RECYCLING GAS
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM HITH REACTION KEYWORD
RECYCLED WASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
PAUNCH CONTENT BLOODMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEOLOT RATIONS KEYHORDS FE
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYHOROS CATTLE FEEDLOTS WATER-
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYH
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYHOROS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR HASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-HASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATM
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND HATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYHORDS NIT
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
USE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE HATER PONDS KEYHORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
A COMPARISON OF SOLID AND LIQUID MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE SOLID-W
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDLOTS RATIONS
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SCIL PROFILE HITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN BEEF HASTE RECLAMATION KEYWORDS ARIZONA CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS
GENERAL ELECTRIC TC RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEEOYARO KEYWORDS FEEOLCT
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATES NEAR A BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT KEYHORDS OUSTS FEEOL
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
DISPOSAL OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES THROUGH THE SOIL KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE DAIRY-I
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOR
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYHORDS FEEDS NUTRI
CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE FOR AN ECOLOGICAL LCCP KEYHORDS CATTLE ECONOMICS F660LOTS
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYHORDS FEEDLOT
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEOLOTS CATTLi
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEOLOT MANURE KEYHCRDS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT ODORS KEYHOROS ODOR FEEOLOTS CATTLE CASE
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM FILTRATION KEYHORDS SEPARATION-TEC
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR MIDWEST METHANE KEYHOROS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
HASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYHOROS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTES OIL CELLULOSE CATT
29
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KEYWORD INDEX
JOC 74 2331 CATTLE NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTE FRACTIONS KEYWORDS NUTRI
400 75 2344 C4TTLE SEPARATING SOLID HASTE FROM LIOUIO KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-HASTES CATTLE RECYCL
IOC 73 2348 CATTLE ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
400 75 2349 CATTLE RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER AS SILAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING SILAGE CATTLE WEIGHT TASTE POUL
100 71 2351 CATTLE EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEHEN
100 73 2354 CATTLE HORN FLIES STABLE FLIES AND HOUSE FLIES-OEVELOPMENT IN FECES OF BOVINES TREATED ORALLY
300 72 2367 CATTLE A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
300 72 2374 CATTLE INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS HITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
400 72 2376 CATTLE HO* TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
300 73 2384 CATTLE SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA WASTE-DIS
700 73 2385 CATTLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION HITH EFF
300 72 2386 CATTLE ANIHAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
700 72 2390 CATTLE CATTLE FEEDLDT HASTEHATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
200 70 2398 CATTLE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CUALITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS AGRICULT
100 48 2400 CATTLE RELATION OF VITAMIN 612 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-WAST
700 70 2406 CATTLE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS A
100 75 2410 CATTLE SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE HASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS
100 75 2422 CATTLE WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED WASTES IN UNROOFED AND UNPAVED CONFINED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
100 71 2424 CATTLE VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FRCP BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEOL
100 74 2430 CATTLE ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
200 73 2440 CATTLE REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
300 74 2452 CATTLE RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES KEYWCRCS RECYCLING FARM-HASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
200 71 2453 CATTLE AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES WATER-
200 74 2463 CATTLE BEEF IN CONFINEMENT HORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 74 2464 CATTLE OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS HATER-POLLUTION-CO
200 74 2466 CATTLE HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
IOC 75 2490 CATTLE EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
400 75 2499 CATTLE PAUNCH FEEDING NOW PROFITABLE KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE REFEECING PAUNCH-MANURE BLOOD
400 75 2501 CATTLE MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
500 74 2503 CATTLE THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
400 73 2504 CATTLE STRIP MINE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEEDLOTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO WAS
100 74 2515 CATTLE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED HITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
100 70 2520 CATTLE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY LARVAE IN MANU
300 72 2522 CATTLE THE USE AND VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ANIMAL-W
300 74 2526 CATTLE COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTI
600 70 2530 CATTLE REVIEH OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES FOR
100 62 2535 CATTLE FEEDING POTENTIAL OF RECLAIMED FECAL RESIDUE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE PERFORMANCE REFEED
100 75 2544 CATTLE LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYWOR
300 65 2558 CATTLE CHICKEN LITTER AS A SUPPLEMENT IN WINTERING BEEF COWS AND CALVES ON PASTURE KEYWORDS
600 75 2559 CATTLE COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESI
700 74 2564 CATTLE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF,THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
700 72 2568 CATTLE THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE KE
100 71 2570 CATTLE BIOCONCENTRATION AND BICTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYWORDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
700 73 2583 CATTLE CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
200 75 2592 CATTLE ECONOMICS OF SUBSTITUTION AND THE DEMAND FOR BEEF FEEDLDT HASTES-ONE ALTERNATIVE FOR SO
200 75 2594 CATTLE ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE FEEOL
200 75 2595 CATTLE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF LESS
200 75 2606 CATTLE DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000 LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYWORDS DE
200 75 2643 CATTLE RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATEC BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
200 75 2645 CATTLE NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING FEEDLOT WASTE TO BEEF C
200 75 264T CATTLE NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
200 75 2648 CATTLE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE FOR GROWING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYWORDS
200 75 2650 CATTLE THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYWORDS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
200 19 2653 CATTLE CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFCRM PROCESS KEYWORDS 0
200 75 2657 CATTLE PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK HASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEOLOTS C
200 75 2662 CATTLE LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES-CLIMATE RATES SALINITY AND SOIL KEYWORDS CATTLE CROP-RESP
200 75 2663 CATTLE DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEOLOT WASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
200 75 2664 CATTLE 'LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
200 75 2678 CATTLE OXIDATION NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF MANURE KEYWORDS FERMENTATION
200 75 2685 CATTLE EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEEOLOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TC VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
200 75 2687 CATTLE DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
200 75 2688 CATTLE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURES AS INFLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE KEYWORD
200 75 2691 CATTLE EVALUATION OF ODOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYWORDS FEED
200 75 2694 CATTLE MALOOOR REDUCTION IN BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ODOR-CONTROL CHEMIC
200 75 2706 CATTLE ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF BARNLOTS KEYWORDS AGR1CUL
200 75 2709 CATTLE RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS AGRIC
200 75 2711 CATTLE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF FEEDYARD RUNOFF IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURA
200 75 2719 CATTLE A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF BEEF HASTE KEYHORDS
200 75 2732 CATTLE NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN AERATED BEEF SLURRIES KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS SLURRIES
200 75 2749 CATTLE COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COMH
200 75 2751 CATTLE DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
700 71 2771 CATTLE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
700 73 2772 CATTLE ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTRCL-REGU
400 74 2776 CATTLE ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
600 71 2778 CATTLE A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY. SHEEP AND SWINE FEEOLOT
100 71 2782 CATTLE LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS* COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
400 64 2793 CATTLE CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
400 72 2795 CATTLE FINALLY A CREATIVE PROFITABLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS CATTLE MUNIC
300 69 2797 CATTLE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
100 72 2801 CATTLE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-ANO-DEVELOPNENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
100 69 2808 CATTLE ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED HITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER CATT
100 71 2809 CATTLE FLAVOUR OF BEEF FED ON CRIED POULTRY HASTE KEYHOROS CATTLE FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-HASTE
200 75 2596 CATTLE-FEEDING EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEEOLOT LOCATION KEYWORDS M006L-STUDIE
200 75 2654 CATTLE-MANURE HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
100 11 2789 CATTLE-MANURE EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK KEYWORDS HEALTH DISEASES SALMONELLA SPRAY-IRRIGATION CATT
700 67 1651 CELLULOSE MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AER08ICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
400 73 1768 CELLULOSE IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
400 74 1769 CELLULOSE CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
400 73 1859 CELLULOSE PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL HASTES TO OIL KEYHORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEULOTS ENERGY WASTE-
400 73 19*6 CELLULOSE RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY F6EDLOTS CELLULOSE
200 74 1988 CELLULOSE MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS CATT
100 72 2329 CELLULOSE CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TO OIL KEYHORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTES OIL CELLULOSE CATT
400 75 2*25 CELLULOSE UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMAL FEEOS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTE
200 74 2459 CELLULOSE FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYHORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
200 7i 2785 CELLULOSE AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORD? RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
100 73 1773 CELL-WALLS DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTR
400 73 1674 CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS NOW NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR HASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEWAG
200 68 1642 CENTRIFUGATION EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
600 71 1718 CENTRIFUGATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
200 69 1760 CENTRIFUGATION HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTC AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
30
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 72 2262
200 73 2478
400 72 1842
200 75 2647
400 73 2287
600 72 1875
400 74 2095
100 74 2404
300 74 1914
200 13 2484
600 74 2072
200 74 2185
100 72 2314
100 72 2799
100 73 2348
700 72 2409
100 74 2585
700 72 2390
100 73 1664
200 72 1908
100 72 2186
700 65 2188
100 73 2218
700 73 2532
600 73 2557
300 74 1629
200 75 2739
700 71 1688
700 72 1706
600 73 1711
600 71 1721
600 74 1738
400 73 1740
600 74 1751
700 71 1791
100 72 2190
100 64 2079
200 73 2439
700 68 2318
400 72 1943
700 72 2321
100 71 2782
600 74 2119
700 69 1650
700 73 1652
600 71 1720
700 70 1736
600 73 1754
300 73 1759
300 73 1881
100 71 1936
600 74 1952
300 73 2039
300 74 2044
700 69 2060
600 72 2074
600 74 2081
100 72 2170
100 72 2166
600 69 2216
700 63 2233
700 67 2234
600 73 2245
400 74 2336
100 71 2402
700 74 2405
100 72 2412
100 74 2502
700 73 2532
200 75 2720
200 75 2734
700 64 2768
300 73 1873
300 74 1619
700 70 1680
600 74 1684
200 64 1692
100 73 1773
300 1792
600 73 1815
100 73 1833
700 67 1838
300 74 1860
300 66 1897
600 74 1952
200 74 2019
100 74 2064
600 74 2068
300 71 2076
300 2085
600 72 2106
100 73 2113
700 65 2128
100 T4 2130
200 74 2135
200 74 2138
200 74 2144
200 74 2145
200 63 2155
200 63 2156
CENTRIFUGATION
CENTRIFUGATION
CENTRIRATOR
CERECC-PROTEIN-PRO
CERCLA
CHANNEL-CATFISH
CHANNEL-CATFISH
CHANNEL-CATFISH
CHANNEL-CATFISH-FA
CHANNEL-DESIGN
CHAR
CHAR
CHAR
CHAR
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSES
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL-APPLICATI
CHEMICAL-BUILO-UP
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CHARACTER
CHEMICAL-CONTROL
CHEMICAL-CONTROL
CHEMICAL-DEGRAOATI
CHEMICAL-FLY-CONTR
CHEMICAL-IONIZATIO
CHEMICAL-LOADING
CHEMICAL-OOOR-CONT
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAI-CXYGEN-DE
CHEM1CAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEM1CAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
ChEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-BE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DE
CHEMICAL-PRECIPITA
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEHICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLINS-BASIN
HLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-WASTE-TRE
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEDLCT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEDLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
URINARY EXCRETION OF OUINALDINE BY CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS URINE CHANNEL-CATFISH QUI
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULTURE WA
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
PYROLYTIC CONVERSICN OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
RETORTING FEEOLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-POLLUTIO
ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEDLCT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
POLLUTION EFFECTS CN SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS WATER-POILUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTEWATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOAOS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-PCLUUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SHINE WASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
CONTROL OF OUST FROM CATTLE FEEDLDTS KEYWORDS CCNTROL OUSTS CATTLE FEEOLOTS SPRINKLIN
A LAGCON GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO TREAT SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC-
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID 8EEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATHE
WATER QUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEEDLOT KEYWORDS WATER-QUALITY STORM-R
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION OAIR
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEDLOT RUNCFF CONTROL KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNDERFLDOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE DAIRY CATTLE YARDS KEYWORDS CATTLE DAIRY-INDUSTRY
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE CISPCSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS ODOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
MOSQUITC CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK WASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS 1972 KEYWORDS LAGOONS MOSQUIT
THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES ON THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS KE
CLEANEST FEEOLOT IN KANSAS KEYWORDS KANSAS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LAGOONS COSTS
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY WASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-OOOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
TRANSPORT RATE OF COD THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES KEYWORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-WAST
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE WASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIQ
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED BED TO A WELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE WASTEWATER IN LABORATORY SCIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
•DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODCR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
GROUNOWATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ODOR-CON
BIOOEGRADATION OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEEDLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEHIC
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARATION DEVICES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SCREENS SETTLIN
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF AEROBIC TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTRY MODE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITROGE
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
EFFECT Of FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS-PROPERTIES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDL
HASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INOUSTR
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTICN CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE FROM CAGED LAYERS KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
MATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPCIM SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES KEYWORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-WAST
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING AND PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KE
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
BEEF FEEOLOTS-A POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTION AIR-PO
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL GF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF FEEOLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
COMPOSITION OF HASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES SOILS CHEMICAL-PROPER
FOWL FECAL FACTS KEYHOROS PDULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYHORDS LAGOONS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL CHEMICAL-PRO
31
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 72 217*
600 72 2195
100 75 2250
300 72 2261
IDC 73 2277
60C 7
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 73 2441
200 75 2621
200 74 2469
400 75 2107
400 74 1911
600 67 1683
700 73 1890
700 72 2409
100 69 2562
200 75 2753
200 75 2675
100 74 2047
600 73 1616
600 72 1686
300 72 2369
600 72 1753
100 72 1788
100 72 2110
300 68 2220
700 71 2307
200 70 2347
100 75 2419
300 71 2451
100 74 2502
300 74 2528
200 75 2652
200 75 2654
200 75 2670
200 75 2674
200 75 2675
200 75 2676
200 75 2679
600 71 1719
200 73 2482
100 74 2784
600 74 1846
100 73 2431
100 73 2113
700 69 1690
400 72 1942
200 74 1986
300 75 2339
100 73 2348
400 75 2560
200 75 2755
700 74 2405
700 72 2409
700 73 2385
300 72 2063
100 66 2513
600 72 2489
100 67 2192
600 74 1749
600 72 1875
300 2571
300 72 2088
100 74 2222
200 73 2441
300 74 2118
.600 74 1916
200 74 2007
100 74 2253
300 74 2452
ZOO 75 2667
400 74 1626
400 74 1630
200 74 1649
100 72 1657
700 71 1688
300 73 1764
200 70 1805
100 73 1806
400 74 1827
300 71 1865
300 72 1878
300 66 1897
100 71 1902
200 71 1927
200 69 1980
300 74 2044
300 2085
400 75 2107
400 74 2114
500 74 2132
200 63 2165
300 74 2177
100 72 2197
300 74 2219
400 71 2237
300 72 2313
100 72 2359
100 69 2380
300 74 2382
100 74 2403
400 73 2416
300 75 2426
400 71 2454
200 74 2469
400 60 2539
200 64 2565
CLOGGING
CLOGGING
CLOSEC-ECOLOGICAL-
CLOSEC-SYSTEMS
CLCSEC-SYSTEM
CLOSE-CONFINEMENT-
COAGULATION
COAGULATION
COAGULATION
CCASTAL-BERMUDAGRA
COASTAL-PLAINS
COBALT-MALYBOATE
COLD-BARNS
COLO-CONFINEMENT
COLC-CONFINEMENT-B
CCLIFORMS
CCLIFGRMS
COL1FCRMS
COL I FORMS
COLIFORMS
CCLIFORMS
COL 1 FORMS
CCLIFORMS
CCLIFCRMS
CCLIFORMS
CCLIFCRMS
COL 1 FORMS
COL I FORMS
COLIFGRMS
OOLIFCRMS
CCLIFORMS
COL I FORMS
COLLECTION
COLLECTION
COLLECTION
COLLECTION-BASINS
COLLECTION-INTERVA
CCLLOICAL-DISPERSI
CCLLOIOAL-SUSPENSI
COLORADO
COLORADO
COLORADO
COLORADO
COLORADO
COLORADO
CCLOR
COLOR-REDUCTION
,COLO-SILTY-CLAY-LO
COMBUSTION
COMBUSTION
COMFORT-ZONE
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL-CATFISH
COMMERCIAL-FISH
COMMON-LAW
COMMUNICATIONS
CCMPACTIBILITY
COMPACTION
COMPARATIVE-BENEFI
COMPOSITIONAL-CHAN
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND HASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 150-COW DAIRY-A 10,YEAR CASE STUDY KEYWORDS DAIRY-IND
ANIMAL WASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL WAG THE COG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZER
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVER ING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
A CLOSED SYSTEM NEW IDEA IN POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING EXCRETA
PERFORMANCE CF EXPERIMENTAL CLOSE-CONFINEMENT CAGED CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS
LABORATORY STUDIES ON FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDL
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL WASTES TREATMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTE-TREATME
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOCN EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS KEYWO
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOWATER GUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEY
CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYOROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE BEEF HOUSING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE CONFINEMENT-PENS PERFORM
SLOTTED FLOOR COLD CONFINEMENT BEEF CATTLE HOUSING KEYWORDS CATTLE DESIGN PERFORMANCE
COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEECLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL WATER DUALITY A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE A
TOXICITY OF SEAWATER TO COLIFQRM BACTERIA KEYWCRCS TOXICITY SEAWATER COLIFORHS SACTER
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN FARM SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS WAT
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA BI
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO GROUND WATER FROM SWINE WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLLU
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNDWATER GUALITY KEYWORDS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
EFFECTIVENESS OF FCREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEY
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND ANAEROBIC LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGO
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LAGOON WATERS KEYWORDS LAGOONS BAC
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE COLLECTION REMOVAL CONFINEM
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES OES
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES-A MODEL FOR COLLECTION STORAGE LOCATION AND DISTR
RISER INTAKE DESIGNS FOR FEEOLOT SOLIDS COLLECTION BASINS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SOLID-WAST
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL CF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
ZETA POTENTIAL OF CCLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SURFACE KEYWORDS ZE
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT KEYWORDS DESIGN FEEOLOTS COLORADO RUNOFF-CONTROL LANC-DISP
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING CF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RE
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNOWAT
ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
COLORADO OPW PROCESSING FIRM FINDS READY MARKET AS BOTH FEED FERTILIZER KEYWORDS COLO
CN LAND DISPOSAL OF LIOUIO ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYW
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWCROS CCLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOU CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL OF MANURE WASTES ANO UTILIZATION OF THE RESIDUE* KEYWORDS BURNING
THAT OOOR KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION D
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONFINEMENT SWINE FACILITIES KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS PL
COMMERCIAL FEEOLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL CATFISH PONDS KEYWORDS EFFLUENT F
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS ANO NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS NE
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WAST
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING ANO WASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REFEEDING
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM GROWING TURKEYS KEYWORDS NUTRIENT
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATES NEAR A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS DUSTS FEEDL
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE WASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAG00
MANURE AS A FUEL KEYWORDS FUELS MANURE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL COMPOSTING AGRI
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEDLCT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEOLOTS FARM-W
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
THE AEROBIC OECOMPOSITICN OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE WATER-PCLLUT10
FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
FEEOLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
ANIMAL HASTE COMPOSTING WITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS POULTRY NITROGEN CARBON A
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER BROILERS MANURE COMPOSTI
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER POULTRY REUSE BUILT-UP-LITTER MAREKS-DISEASE
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE WASTES ANO EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIQ
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVER ING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
UTILIZATION ANO DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL AERATION M
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART HI-COMPOSTING ANO MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDLOTS RATIONS
COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE IN DEEP PITS KEYWORDS CCMPOSTING POULTRY WASTE-STORAGE ODOR
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL ANO ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LIQUID COMPOSTING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR BIOLOGICAL-TREATM
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYHORDS AERATION FORCED-DRYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
WHY HASTE ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS WASTE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGOONS ANIMAL-HASTES ECOLI
ANIMAL HASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL WAG THE DOG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZER
MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS CRYING ODOR LAGCGNS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES
33
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
^00 64 2566
200 75 2648
20C 75 27C5
200 75 2723
20C 75 272«
200 75 2725
20C 75 2726
20C 75 2727
20C 75 27i8
200 75 2729
IOC 73 2779
100 70 2786
IOC 71 2787
100 68 2786
40C 71 2B10
400 74 2093
100 74 2236
200 75 2623
600 73 1763
700 67 2228
600 73 1848
200 74 2009
70C 74 2362
100 71 2782
200 75 2707
600 73 1763
600 64 22C4
100 73 1660
70C 64 1735
300 68 1948
100 74 2064
IOC 74 2236
100 74 1894
100 74 2069
200 75 2692
300 71 1850
400 74 2202
700 64 1735
300 72 2260
400 75 2344
400 73 1615
600 73 1616
300 74 1619
700 69 1650
100 72 1681
600 67 1683
70C 66 1707
600 71 1713
600 71
600 71
600 71
600 71
600 71
600 71
600 71 1726
600 71 1727
700 71 1732
700 TO 1736
600 74 1738
600 66 1743
600 73 1763
TOO 71 1T66
600 6T 1780
400 T4 1781
100 72 1788
200 72 1795
400 72 1807
400 73 1812
400 73 1817
400 73 1818
400 73 1822
700 68 1826
300 72 1830
600 73 1892
100 72 1913
400 74 1917
200 71 1932
400 74 2048
400 74 2065
IOC 74 2082
300 73 2096
400 73 2103
400 75 2107
600 72 2122
200 74 2135
200 74 2136
200 74 2137
200 74 2138
200 74 2142
600 69 2175
700 65 2188
600 64 2201
400 74 2202
700 73 2212
700 63 2233
300 73 2243
700 63 2311
100 71 2351
300 72 2367
300 72 2369
1714
1715
1719
1720
1722
1723
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COPOSTING
CCMPOSTING
CCMPCSTINC
CCMPCSTING
CCMPCSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
COMPOST IMG
CCMPCSTING
COMPOST
COMPOST
COMPOST
COMPUTATION
COMPUTERS
CCMPUTER-MODELS
COMPUTER-MODELS
COMPUTER-MODELS
COMPUTER-MODELS
COMPUTER-STUD*
CONCENTRATIONS
CONCENTRATION
CONCRETE-FLOOR
CONCRETE-SURFACE
CONDUCTANCE
CONDUCTIVITY
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEECLOT WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE FEEULOT WASTE FOR GROWING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYWORDS
LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE Of HAWAII A REGIONAL APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGEMENT K
CRYING DAIRY WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY KEYWORDS DRYING COSTS COMPOSTING RECYCLING DAIR
HIGH RATE MECHANIZED COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DESIGN MODEL-STUDIES COMPOST!
AEROBIC COMPOSTING-NEW BUILT-UP BED TECHNIQUE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EQUIPMENT DE
CONSERVATION OF NITROGEN IN DAIRY MANURE DURING COMPOSTING KEYWORDS NITROGEN OAIRY-IN
COMPOSTING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS YIELDS COMPOSTING SWINE WINDROW-TECHNIQUE BULKING-MAT
LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA E
LIQUID COMPOSTING APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIQUIIJ-WASTES EQUIPMENT »ER
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL CF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER FARM-WASTES WASTE-TREATM
THE FLOW OF SOLID WASTES IN PIPELINES KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES HYGRAUL1C-TRANSPORTATION P
LIVESTCCK WASTE-WHY WASTE IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS LAGOONS DEHY
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT CAMAGEO LAND KEYWORDS SALTS RECLAMATIO
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY WASTES MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA WATER-P
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEOLCT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE CISPCSAL PLOTS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-M
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
COMPUTER-SIMULATIO A COMPLTER SIMULATION OF STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-STOR
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LI
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYWORDS ODOR SWINE CCNFINEMENT-HCUSING
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PEK CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KE
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
CONFINEMENT-8UILCI HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYWORDS OES
CONFINEMENT-BUILD! WINTER OPERATION OF A MODIFIED CPEN FRONT FINISHING HOUSE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS WINTER D
CCNFINEMENT-BUILDI MANURE GASES AND AIR CURRENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK VENTILATION HYDR
CONFINEMENT-FEEDIN RULES AND REGULATIONS-CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION IOWA WASTE-WATE
CONFINEMENT-FEEOIN NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
CCNFINEPENT-HOUSIN ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYWCRDS ODOR SwlNE CONFINEMENT-HOUSING
CONFINEMENT-HOUSIN BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
CCNFINEMENT-HOUSIN SEPARATING SOLID WASTE FRCM LIQUID KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CATTLE RECYCL
CONFINEMENT-PENS WILL A CONFINEMENT BARN PAY KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS ECONOMICS CATTLE COSTS OPEN-LOT
CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE BEEF HOUSING SYSTEMS KEYWCRDS CATTLE CONFINEMENT-PENS PERFORM
CONFINEMENT-PENS FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF CDCR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES FOR SOLUTIONS KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEME
PERFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL CLOSE-CONFINEMENT CAGED CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION CF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FRCM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYWO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT-PEN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-COMMENTS CN THE NATIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE COLLECTION REMOVAL CONFINEM
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR RCCFED BEEF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGE
SWINE SYSTEMS FOR IOWA AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT IOWA E
EFFECT OF HOUSED CONFINEMENT CN ANIMAL PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE P
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES OF CONFINEMENT AND WASTE DISPOSAL S
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS SWINE CO
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNDERFLCOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FOR CONFIKMENET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CO
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SWINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
THEY RE GETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATEC SITES KEYWCRDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEDL
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE WASTE-MANA
KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS WASTE-
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON AIR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT BUILD
00 FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYWORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
WASTE ACCUMULATION ON A SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND SALT OF
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FCR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR SOWS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS BREEDING WASTE-OISPOSA
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
PLANNING AND DESIGNING WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWCRDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE CONFINEMENT
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
NPOES PERMIT SYSTEM AND GUIDELINES FCR MICHIGAN PRESENTED AT THE AGRICULTURAL WASTE CON
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING K6YW
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
HOW ARE LAGOCNS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE WATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM A CONFINEMENT HOG PRODUCTION UNIT KEYWOR
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES CN BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-
COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-P'ENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
34
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 74 2408
ICiC 75 2410
100 75 2422
200 73 2436
200 73 2446
200 74 2463
200 74 2464
200 74 2465
20C 74 2466
230 74 2468
200 73 2472
20C 73 2474
200 73 2476
200 73 2477
200 73 2481
600 72 2489
100 73 2514
600 71 2531
IOC 72 2980
700 73 2583
200 75 2594
200 75 2612
20C 75 2613
200 75 2614
200 75 2617
200 75 2629
200 75 2689
700 71 2771
700 . 2780
60C 74 2068
200 70 2392
200 70 2393
100 72 2329
200 73 2487
200 75 2641
600 72 1624
300 68 1625
600 74 1686
600 71 1737
700 71 1742
400 72 1804
300 73 1835
200 74 2033
400 75 2107
200 74 2152
400 72 2210
200 74 2466
200 75 2652
200 75 2656
200 71 1964
400 72 2273
200 75 2641
300 74 1629
600 74 1671
200 64 1694
600 71 1721
700 70 1736
400 74 1781
300 1792
300 74 I860
200 74 2026
100 64 2079
400 74 2094
IOC 72 2190
200 71 2206
100 66 2513
400 75 2120
700 71 1864
100 72 2328
200 74 2457
200 74 2459
200 74 2025
300 72 2371
100 71 2402
100 75 2490
100 72 2796
200 75 2650
200 74 2138
400 74 1771
100 73 1800
200 74 2031
100 75 2265
100 73 2277
700 68 2317
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
300 72 2371
300 72 2373
700 70 2455
700 74 2774
100 75 2813
600 73 1710
600 71 1715
600 74 1744
200 73 2473
100 61 2505
100 75 2419
200 74 1991
300 72 2370
400 75 2499
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CCNFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-PENS
CONFINEMENT-WINTER
CONNECTICUT
CCNNECTICUT
CONSERVATION
CONSISTENCY
CONSTRAINTS
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CCNSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CCNSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION-MATER
CONSTRUCTION-MATER
CONTAMINATION
CONTINUOUS-FEEDING
CONTROILED-STORAGE
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CCNTRCL
CONTROL
CCNTRCL
CONTROL
CCNTRCL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL
CONTROL-SYSTEMS
CONVERSION
CONVERSION
CONVERSION
CONVERSION
COPPER
CCPPER
CCPPER
COPPER
CCPPER
COPPER-BALANCE
COPROPHAGE
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN
CORN-BELT
CORN-BELT
CORN-BELT
CORN-BELT
CORN-COBS
CORN-FORAGE
CORN- PRODUCT ION
CORN-SILAGE
CORRAL-INOUSTRIES
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL HASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES PHYSI
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS
WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED HASTES IN UNROOFED AND UNPAVEO CONFINED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYWORDS DESIGN LIQUID-WASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A CUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEECLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE-LEGAL-ASPECTS
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLLUTION-CO
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGCON KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-?
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE'SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMFNT-PENS
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONFINEMENT SHINE FACILITIES KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS PL
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEDLCT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEECLCTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE FEEDL
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTE FROM A SLOTTED FLCCR DEEP PIT BARN KEYWORDS CCNFINEM
EVALLATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SHINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-IND
WASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PENS SEPAR
EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CONFI
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BIULDING AND MEASUR
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
AN INVESTIGATION OF CDOUR CONTROL FOR SHINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS ODOR CONFINEMENT-PENS F
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS AND HASTE DISPOSAL KEYUCRDS NUTRIENTS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN
CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TO CIL KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTES OIL CELLULOSE CAT!
RETURNING ANIMAL WASTES TC THE LAND-ECUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL HASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING CENTERS KEYWORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN S
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CCNSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-HASTES POULTRY OD
SLOTTED FLOORS FOR HOGS-PROGRESS AND TRENDS KEYWORDS SWINE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION SLOTTE
A COMPARISON'OF AN AERATED LAGCCN AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-DISSOLVED-SOLIDS CO
FEEDLCT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVER ING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY HASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
STEP BY STEP PLAN FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK IOWA FEEDLOTS REGULAT
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR FOR WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING DESIGN SWINE TA1
MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLLUTION MOVEMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPT.IONS AND POTENTIALS
CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE FEECLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL DUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT POULTRY EXCRETA FEATHERS ANAE
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEDLOT RUNCFF CONTROL KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION CF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
THEY TE GETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL OF NITROGEN WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS NITROGEN CONT
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS ODCR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE KEYHCRDS CCOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEDLOTS FARM-U
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTRUL E
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
THAT ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION D
THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF CONTROLS-IS HELP.NEEDED KEYWORDS COSTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF CON
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS-AN ASSESSMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY HASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYHORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
HASTE TREATMENT HITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYHORDS AERCBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
BIODEGRAOATION OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE AND LAGOON HATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER ENRICHED PIG MANURE SLURRY ON GRASSLAND KEYWORDS COPPER SLURRI
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYHORDS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROP6RT1E
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
OPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRIEO-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYWORDS
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOR
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRCP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING WAT
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIMETERS TREATED HITH MANURE KEYHOR
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SHINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYHORD
CORN RESPONSE AND SCIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
MONITORING ON FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-HASTES LIVES
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BEEF FEEOLOT WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS K6YHOROS CATTLE HAS
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEOLOTS IN THE CORNBELT KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEOLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
THE MICROFLOKA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF 8EEF CATTLE FEECLOT MANURE ON CORN PRODUCTION KEYHORDS
COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN STEERS
PAUNCH FEEDING NOW PROFITABLE KEYHORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE REFEECING PAUNCH-MANURE BLOOD
35
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KEYWORD INDEX
40C T3 1615
400 73 1618
100 72 1621
400 74 1626
300 72 1626
300 7« \t2t
30C 73 1640
^UC 74 1649
roo 73 1652
300 72 1658
100 72 U61
40C 73 1674
600 73 1682
600 74 1666
700 66 17C7
600 J3 1710
600 71 1717
600 71 1725
600 71 1726
600 71 1727
600 71 1726
600 71 1729
400 72 1731
600 74 1738
400 73 1741
700 71 1742
600 73 1746
600 73 1754
600 73 1163
300 73 1764
400 74 1770
300 68 1776
400 73 1778
600 67 1780
300 1792
300 72 1802
400 72 1804
100 73 1606
400 72 1807
4CO 74 1808
400 73 1817
400 73 1616
400 73 1822
20C 69 1824
300 1829
100 74 1831
400 73 1834
300 70 1839
100 74 1857
300 71 1866
400 74 1883
400 68 1884
300 74 1889
400 74 1906
400 74 1917
400 71 1918
400 74 1919
400 72 1943
400 73 1946
300 68 1948
600 72 1954
400 74 1955
300 74 1959
ZOO 69 1983
600 72 1992
200 74 2001
200 74 2012
200 74 2013
200 74 2024
300 74 2042
400 72 2046
400 74 2048
400 73 2058
400 74 2065
400 74 2066
600 74 2072
600 72 2074
100 74 2075
300 2095
400 73 2091
300 73 2096
400 73 21D3
400 75 2116
300 2117
300 74 2118
400 75 2120
400 73 2123
400 73 2129
200 74 2140
200 74 2143
200 74 2149
200 74 2150
200 63 2153
200 63 2158
200 63 2160
200 63 2161
200 63 2163
200 63 2164
400 72 21(7
300 74 21T3
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
ccsrs
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CDSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
CCSTS
CCSTS
COSTS
COSTS
HILL A CONFINEMENT BARN PAY KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS ECONOMICS CATTLE COSTS OPEN-LOT
THEY BEST THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN NITH PLS KEYWORDS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS OOOR-
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE WASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAGOO
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-ANO-OEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
CONTROL OF OUST FRCM CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL OUSTS CATTLE FE6DLOTS SPRINKLIN
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATICN OF ANtMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEDLCT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEDLOTS FARH-W
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLOT RUNCFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYWORDS SEDIMENT-C
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES ODCRS MANURE HANDLING AND POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLIN
NOW NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR WASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEWAG
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-WASTES POULTRY 00
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIOUIO MANURE DISPOSAL FRDM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS. KEYWO
MONITORING ON FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGCONS
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
EFFECT OF HOUSED CONFINEMENT CN ANIMAL PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE P
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES OF CONFINEMENT AND WASTE DISPOSAL S
LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS LIV
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL WASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYWORDS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
MANURE OEOOORANTS-HOW WELL 00 THEY WORK KEYWORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNOERFLOOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-50TRAGE
CHANGES WE VE MADE IN MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS MANURE-HANDLING COSTS CATTLE OAIRY-IND
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOCN AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLCT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE WATER-PCLLUTIO
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIOUIO WASTE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
THF PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
FEEDLCf DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
FEEDLCT MANURE A PCTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEDL
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREA
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE WASTE-MANA
KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS WASTE-
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER WITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
YOU HAVE TO THINK MAINTENANCE IN MANAGING FEEOLCT RUNOFF SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AG
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS LIOUI
LOW COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS OIS
PHOTCSVNTHET1C RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-WAS
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES TC THE SOUTHEAST KEYWORDS CATTLE SOUfHEAST-U-S WASTE-OISPO
THE COWS VS THE SUBURBS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT WATER-
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN,AS PROTEIN OF FUTURE KEYWORDS CATTLE REFEEDING EXCRETA PROTEINS
00 FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYWORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
NEW PUMP NEW SYSTEM FOR LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS LKUID-NASTES COSTS DESIGN WASTE-STORA
LAGOON SYSTEM CHEAPER FOR SMALL DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS COSTS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
CLEANEST FEEOLOT IN KANSAS KEYWORDS KANSAS FEEOLCTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LAGOONS COSTS
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEOLOTS CELLULOSE
THE EFFECTS Of FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
EXPERIENCES WITH OXIDATION DITCHES IN A PULLET GROWING HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DESIGN C
FEEDING PELLETED DRIED POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS PERFORMANCE CA
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILIZ
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEDL
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE WATER POLLUTION FROM U S CAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS COSTS WATER-P
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA FARMER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ENERGY
TREATMENT OF BEET WASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION KEYWORDS THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA WASTE-TREAT .
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
jPOULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK,FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYWORDS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS 0
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE NOT FOR SMALL OPERATOR KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS COSTS POUL
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR DRYING EQUIPMENT DPW KEYWORDS E
FEEOLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF CONTROLS-IS HELP NEEDED KEYWORDS COSTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CON
0PM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS IN ENGLAND KEYWORDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS DRIEO-POULTRY-MANUKE
DPW SAVES 26 If PER TON OF LAYER FEED KEYWORDS COSTS ECONOMICS FEEDS POULTRY DRIEO-PO
ECONOMIC IMPACT DF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON FARMSTEADS KEYWORDS POLLUTION-ABATEMENT COSTS FARMS GOVERNMENT
ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL WASTE POLLUTION SITUATIONS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULT
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING CDOR COSTS SWINE FLUSHING SLOTTEO-FL
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATME
DIGESTION OF FARH POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY WASTE-TREATMENT
DEHYDRATION AND INqiNERATION OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION INCINERATION POULT
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
SANITARY LANDFILLING OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY SOLID-WASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
PLANNING FEEOLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEOLOTS HASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
PAUNCH CONTENT BLDODMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEDLOT RATIONS KEYWORDS FE
36
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KEYWORD INDEX
600 69 2175 COSTS THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEVW
600 67 2178 COSTS MANURE SLURRY STORAGE PROCESSING AND PUMPING KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE PUMPING SLURRIES
100 73 2183 COSTS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY FARM SLURRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION S
200 7* 2185 CCSTS PRELIMINARY FLCW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
600 72 2195 CCSTS ROOFED VS UNROOFED SCUD MANURE STORAGES FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE OAIRY-
100 7* 2207 CCSTS DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS ENERGY ANAEROBIC-DIGE
300 72 2213 COSTS METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANIMAL-
400 75 2214 CCSTS LOW COST MANURE BASINS WORK IN WISCONSIN KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WISCONSIN BASINS COSTS
300 74 2215 COSTS A COMPARISON CF SOLID AND LIQUID MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-W
100 73 2218 COSTS DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
100 74 2223 COSTS COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
700 69 2227 CCSTS DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLO
400 72 2231 COSTS MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
400 71 2237 CCSTS COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE IN DEEP PITS KEYWORDS COMPOSTING POULTRY WASTE-STORAGE ODOR
600 73 2246 CCSTS IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEED
300 72 2260 CCSTS BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
400 72 2273 COSTS PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
400 71 2276 COSTS THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS FOR POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORCS DESIGN VENTILATION NUTRIENTS COST
400 72 2283 COSTS COSTS OF CONTROLLING FEEDLOT SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORCS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF COST
300 75 2284 COSTS PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIQUID-WA
400 71 2295 CCSTS POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS f
400 72 2298 COSTS DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS DRIED-POUL
400 72 2299 COSTS DPW RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS PERFORMANCES LAYER-HENS OEHYORAT
700 63 2311 COSTS CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM A CONFINEMENT HOG PRODUCTION UNIT KEYWOR
100 72 2314 CCSTS FUEL FROM WASTES-A UNOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
400 75 2334 CCSTS ORGANIC WASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOW RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
100 74 2337 COSTS MANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
400 73 2338 COSTS FOR THE SAKE OF YOUR NEIGHBOURS SLURRY INJECTION KEYWORDS SLURRIES EQUIPMENT COSTS LA
400 75 2350 COSTS CATFISH ON DPW KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE TASTE COSTS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTE
400 73 2364 CCSTS BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYWCRDS METHANE CCSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT NE
300 72 2367 CCSTS A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLCT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
400 72 2375 CCSTS MANAGING ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN SPRINKLER-IRRIGATION C
400 72 2376 CCSTS HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
700 72 2409 CCSTS CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
300 48 2414 CCSTS POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEODCRIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
400 67 2420 CCSTS CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING PCULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
200 73 2444 COSTS MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR* BEEF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLO
200 73 2445 COSTS MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LIQUID-WASTE
100 74 2449 CCSTS ENHANCED TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER I SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION-ESTIMATION DF VIBR
100 65 2450 COSTS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
200 74 2458 COSTS THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWCRDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
200 74 2460 CCSTS MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
200 74 2461 COSTS BRIOLER LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
200 74 2463 COSTS BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 74 2464 COSTS OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLLUTION-CO
200 74 2465 COSTS NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGCON KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
200 74 2466 CCSTS HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
200 74 2469 COSTS ANIMAL WASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL WAG THE DOG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZER
200 73 2472 COSTS MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
200 73 2474 COSTS CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
200 73 2479 COSTS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVESTOCK WASTES AND THE PROSPECTS FOR METHANE PRODUCTION KEYWO
600 75 2492 COSTS ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOS
300 2496 CCSTS KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS CF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
300 73 2498 COSTS SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEDLOT MANURE-A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY KEYWORDS DESIGN EQUIPMENT
500 74 2503 CCSTS THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYWCRDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
300 73 2516 COSTS I'MPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
100 74 2525 COSTS PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION WASTE-WATER-TR
400 60 2539 CCSTS MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
400 75 2547 COSTS ON THE HORNS OF THE DAIRY WASTE DILEMMA KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA REGULATION
100 63 2549 CCSTS SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DIGESTION ECONOMICS FEASIBILIT
100 72 2550 COSTS TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT DA
300 72 2561 COSTS WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS ON MICHIGAN DAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN REGU
400 75 2575 COSTS HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF DRAINAGE FEEOLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
200 75 2591 COSTS AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHANE GENERATION FEASIBILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG FARMS KEYWORD
200 75 2596 COSTS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEEOLOT LOCATION KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIE
200 75 2599 COSTS IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION REGULATIONS FOR US DAIRY FARMS KEY
200 75 2600 COSTS FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LEGISLATION FEED
200 75 2615 COSTS LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS OAIRY-
200 75 2622 COSTS SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-D
200 75 2626 CCSTS MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING POLLUTION KEYWORDS WISCONSIN DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS DESIGN
200 75 2633 COSTS TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
200 75 2634 COSTS SIMPLIFYING MANURE HANDLING IN A SOLID FLCOR SWINE HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN CO
200 75 2635 COSTS DOUBLE E FARMS-SWINE INSTALLATION KEYWORDS DESIGN LAGOONS COSTS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
200 75 2636 CCSTS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIQUI
200 75 2641 COSTS RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
200 75 2700 COSTS IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
200 75 2702 COSTS AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUMING AND LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS K
200 75 2703 CCSTS ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
200 75 2716 COSTS SHORTEST PATH NETWORK ANALYSIS OF MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST COST DAIRY
200 75 2723 COSTS DRYING DAIRY WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY KEYWORDS DRYING COSTS COMPOSTING RECYCLING DAIR
200 75 2728 COSTS LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA E
200 75 2736 COSTS TURBINE AIR AERATION SYSTEM FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS TURBINE-AIR-AERA
20C 75 2745 COSTS SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
200 75 2754 COSTS POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-MIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
200 75 2755 COSTS ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYM
200 75 2758 COSTS AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS P
100 71 2762 COSTS MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING KEYWORDS
700 71 2771 COSTS ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
700 73 2772 COSTS ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
100 74 2775 COSTS EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
400 74 2776 COSTS ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
100 73 2779 COSTS HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
200 71 27S5 COSTS AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE CF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
Jon 64 2793 COSTS CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
300 73 1733 COST-ANALYSIS THE ECONOMICS Of THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
200 75 2606 COST-ANALYSIS DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000 LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYWORDS DE
400 74 1T99 CCST-SHARING FARM POLLUTION-HOW REGULATIONS AFFECT YTJU KEYWORDS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-W
400 75 2120 COST-SHARING THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF CONTROLS-IS HELP NEECEC KEYWORDS COSTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CON
200 74 2143 COST-SHARING POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON FARMSTEADS KEYWORDS POLLUTION-ABATEMENT COSTS FARMS GOVERNMENT
200 73 2444 COST-SHARING MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR BEEF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLO
37
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LIQUID-WASTE
FEEDLCT ANIMAL WASTE COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
PAUNCH CONTENT BLOOOMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEOLOT RATIONS KEYWORDS FE
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATT
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COMH
PYRCLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS ROKNEL AND RADON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIOAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-OOOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
THAT OOOR KEYWORDS ODOR CONTRCL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION D
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE KEYWO
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS MANURE TILTH CROP
CROPLAMO-TILE-DRAI CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
CROPPINC-SYSTEMS A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL CF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-STOR
IRRIGATION FCR LAND APPLICATION OF AMMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES IRRIGATION LAND
MOVEMENT CF MANORIAL NITROGEN IN COCl HUMID CLIMATES KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES NITROGEN M
CATTLE FEEOLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
USE OF ANIMAL WASTES AS A SOIL AMENDMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES FERTILIZERS CATTLE NU
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS CF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN IRRI
FEEDLCT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILIZ
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLCT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS DESIG
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
BRIOLER LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT EASY OR PRACTICAL KEYWORDS METHANE MANURE CATTLE RECYCLING CRO
CROP RESPONSE TO WASTE MATERIALS FRCM VARIOUS FEECLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE AGRICULT
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOME SELECTE
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
USE OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEYWOR
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FCR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
CONSEQUENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT CN RYE AND MILLET FCRAGE YIELD ANC QUALITY KEYWORDS DA
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS CF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL AGRONOMY CR
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYWORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
THE USE AND VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ANIMAL-W
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS CF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CDOR WATER-POLLUTION CRO
SUCCESSFUL MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FCR A LARGE COMMERCIAL HOG OPERATION KEYWORDS HA
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYWORDS FERTILIZE
LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES-CLIMATE RATES SALINITY ANC SOIL KEYWORDS CATTLE CROP-RESP
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
MANURE FROM CAGED HENS EVALUATED ON FESCUE PASTURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FESCUES CROP-RESPO
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SLUDGE FROM PIG GROWING COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER KEYWOR
THE YIELD RESPONSE CF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-IND
INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYWORDS CAIRY-INOUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOCN EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS KEYHO
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MANURE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTI
ANIMAL HASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REEO CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYWORD
FINALLY A CREATIVE PROFITABLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS CATTLE MUNIC
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM YARD MANURE ON FINGER MILLET ELEUSINE CORACANA L GAERTN KE
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA FARMER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE CISPCSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER CAGE SYSTEM KEYWORDS BROILERS PERFORMANCE CAGE-SYSTEM CROSS-AU
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE FECES FOR SWINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEEDING SWINE ABSORBED-
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE FECES FOR SHINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEEOING SWINE ABSORBED-
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS DRYING POULTRY TEMPERATURE AIR EO
200 73 2445 CCSI-Sh»RING
600 73 1(03 CCTtCNSEEC-KEAL
JOC 74 2173 CCTTCKSEEO-MEAL
200 J4 1988 CCTTCN
200 75 2749 CCTTON
600 7* 2072 CCTTOK-C1N-WASTES
100 7J 2325 COUKAPMOS
600 74 2119 CCUNTERACTANT
100 66 2513 COUNTERACTION
100 60 2518 CREATININE
400 72 2230 CROPLANDS
100 74 2109
200 75 2707
300 73 1640 CROPS
600 74 1712 CRCPS
300 71 1739 CROPS
200 71 1963 CRUPS
40C 74 2070 CROPS
IOC 74 2131 CROP-GROWTH
100 73 1806 CROP-PRODUCTION
200 69 1983 CROP-PRODUCTION
600 73 2124 CRCP-PRODUCTION
100 74 2340 CROP-PRODUCTION
200 74 2461 CRCP-PROOUCTION
400 74 1923 CROP-RESIDUES
200 71 1928 CROP-RESPONSE
200 74 2030 CROP-RESPONSE
100 73 2121 CROP-RESPONSE
300 71 2133 CROP-RESPONSE
300 73 2208 CROP-RESPONSE
100 75 2265 CROP-RESPONSE
100 75 2272 CROP-RESPONSE
400 75 2346 CROP-RESPONSE
100 75 2352 CROP-RESPONSE
300 73 2355 CRCP-RESPONSE
600 74 2356 CROP-RESPONSE
200 73 2485 CROP-RESPONSE
200 73 2486 CROP-RESPONSE
100 75 2490 CROP-RESPONSE
100 74 2491 CROP-RESPONSE
300 75 2507 CROP-RESPONSE
300 72 2522 CROP-RESPONSE
600 73 2557 CROP-RESPONSE
700 73 2563 CROP-RESPONSE
700 72 2569 CROP-RESPONSE
100 73 2562 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2628 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2660 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2662 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2663 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2664 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2665 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2666 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2667 CROP-RESPCNSE
200 75 2673 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2682 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2750 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2751 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2753 CROP-RESPONSE
200 75 2757 CROP-RESPONSE
TOO 74 2765 CROP-RESPONSE
TOO 74 27T4 CROP-RESPCNSE
400 72 2795 CROP-RESPONSE
100 73 2T98 CROP-RESPONSE
100 75 2113 CROP-RESPONSE
200 74 2012 CROP-SELECTION
600 74 1751 CROP-YIELDS
700 68 2317 CROP-YIELDS
300 73 1620 CROSS-AUGER
200 TS 2649 CRUDE-FIBER
100 T4 209T CRUDE-PROTEIN
200 75 2649 CRUDE-PROTEIN
600 72 20T3 CRUSTING
TOO T2 2TTO CRUSTING-CHARACTER DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYIN
100 73 2134 CRUST
200 75 2741 CUMPUTER-MODELS
200 64 21B2 CYANOSIS
600 72 2073 CYLINDERS
100 T3 2134 CYLINDERS
200 T5 2606 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
200 71 1927 C-N-HATIO
200 T5 2681 C-UTILIS
300 T4 1619 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 T2 1624 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
300 74 162T DAIRY-INDUSTRY
400 73 1634 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
100 T3 1639 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
TOO Tl 1668 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 74 168T DAIRY-INDUSTRY
TOO Tl 1689 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 73 1711 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 T* 1T12 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 T4 1738 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
400 T3 1740 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
400 T3 1T41 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
TOO Tl 1T42 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 T4 1757 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
300 T3 1T64 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
400 T4 1T65 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
100 T3 1773 DAIRY-INDUSTRY
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING PHYSICAL-PRO
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINETICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS DRYING POULTRY TEMPERATURE AIR EQ
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING PHYSICAL-PRO
DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000 LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYWORDS DE
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE HASTE-MANAGEMENT
MODIFICATION-AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORDS HYDROLYSIS FEEDLCTS NU
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LCT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING CENTERS KEYWORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN S
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE HANDLING PROBLEM KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLING DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULT
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-MANURE DESIGN DAI
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION OAIR
MOVEMENT OF MANURIAL NITROGEN IN COOL HUMID CLIMATES KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES NITROGEN M
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNOERFLCOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE DAIRY CATTLE YARDS KEYWORDS CATTLE DAIRY-INDUSTRY
CHANGES WE VE MADE IN MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS MANURE-HANDLING COSTS CATTLE DAIRY-IND
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BUDGET AND HASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS WATER
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS MASTE-MANAGEMENT CAIRV-INDUSTRY CATTLE WATER-POLLUTIO
MANURE GASES KILL 29 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS OAIRY-INDUSTR
38
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 1777
400 7* 1781
300 73 178
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2696 DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR CONTROL OF LIQUID DAIRY AND SWINE MANURE USING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
200 75 2698 C»IRY-INDUSTRY CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE MALODORS KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-TREATME
200 75 2716 DAIRY-INDUSTRY SHORTEST PATH NETWORK ANALYSIS OF MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST COST DAIRY
200 75 2717 C«IRY-INDUSTRY APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
20C 75 2726 DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONSERVATION OF NITROGEN IN DAIRY MANURE DURING COMPOSTING KEYWORDS NITROGEN DAIRY-IN
200 75 2728 CAIRY-INDUSTRY LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS L1QUIO-WASTES DA IRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA E
200 75 2730 01IRY-INDUSTRY INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FERMENTATION
200 75 2737 [A IRY-INDUSTRY SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
200 15 2746 CMRV-INDUSTRY TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES BY BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYSTEM KEYWORDS
200 75 2750 DAIRY-INDUSTRY ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
20C 75 2751 DAIRY-INDUSTRY DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
200 75 2755 DAIRY-INDUSTRY CN LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYW
200 75 2756 CAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL PROPERTIES AND FUTURE CROP PRODUCTION AS AFFECTED BY MAXIMUM RATES OF DAIRY MANURE
100 71 2762 DAIRY-INDUSTRY MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING KEYWORDS
100 70 2763 DAIRY-INDUSTRY ROLE OF THE DAIRY AND FEED INDUSTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS DAIRY
700 7- 2771 DAIHY-INDtSTRY ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
600 71 2778 CAIRY-INDUSTRY A HANOBCOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SWINE FEEDLOT
600 72 1953 CAIRY-KANURE A MECHANIZED CCMPOST CHANNEL FOR ANIMAL WASTE KEYWCROS DESIGN-DATA MECHANIZED-COMPOST-
20C 75 2674 DAIRY-MANURE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
200 75 2724 DAIRY-MANURE HIGH RATE MECHANIZED COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DESIGN MODEL-STUDIES COMPOSTI
700 72 2321 DAIRY-WASTES QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY WASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
200 75 2690 DAIRY-WASTES QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY WASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR MEA
20C 75 2723 DMRY-WASTES DRYING DAIRY WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY KEYWORDS DRYING COSTS COMPOSTING RECYCLING DAIR
200 75 2624 CAIRY-WASTE-FIBER DAIRY WASTE FIBER-A BYPRODUCT WITH A FUTURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATION-TECHNI0
200 75 2625 DAKOTA-SYSTEM THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING AND HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS D
400 73 1811 DAMS AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
200 71 1930 DARCY SEEPAGE LOSS FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS SEEPAGE-CONTROL PERMEABILITY HOLDING-PONDS
100 73 1673 DATA-COLLECTIONS TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
200 73 2446 DEAO-ANIMAL-DISPOS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
400 73 1834 DEBRIS-BASIN YOU HAVE TO THINK MAINTENANCE IN MANAGING FEEDLCT RUNOFF SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AG
200 73 2475 DEBRIS-BASIN OUTCCOR UNPAVED FEEOLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
400 74 1810 DECAYING NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTRCL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
700 71 1688 DECCMPOSING-ORGANI THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
700 66 1826 DECCMPOSING-ORGAN 1 ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
200 75 2680 DECOMPOSING-ORGANI A MYCCLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE IN A SEMIARID TEMPERATE CLIMATE KEY
200 69 1982 DECOMPOSITION WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL WHEN MANURE IS USED KEYWORDS SOILS BACTERIA CHEMICAL-REACTION
200 63 2165 DECOMPOSITION UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL AERATION M
700 72 2569 DECOMPOSITION RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
200 75 2687 DECCMPOSITION-RATE DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
600 73 1815 DEEP-PITS ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE FROM CAGED LAYERS KEYWCRDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
400 71 223T DEEP-PITS COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE IN DEEP PITS KEYWORDS COMPOSTING POULTRY WASTE-STORAGE ODOR
400 71 2276 DEEP-PITS THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS FOR POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS DESIGN VENTILATION NUTRIENTS COST
400 71 2572 DEEP-PITS THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ODOR WATER-POLLUTION VENTILATION DEEP-PITS F
200 74 1867 OEEP-PIT-HCUSE SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
400 72 2306 DEEP-PIT-HOUSE HOW NUTTING PRE-DRIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MOISTURE-CONTEN
400 Tl 2238 OEEP-P1T-STORAGE TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWORDS DRY!
200 74 2463 DEEP-PIT-SYSTEM BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 74 2464 DEEP-PIT-SVSTEM OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLLUTION-CO
200 74 2029 DEEP-PLOWING FORAGE AND GRAIN PRODUCTION FROM LAND USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PRODUCT
100 73 1905 DEGRADATION AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
400 74 2336 DEGRADATION MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ODOR-CON
100 72 2359 DEGRADATION ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
TOO TO 2406 DEGRADATION EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS A
700 70 1736 OEGRACATION-OECOMP ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION CF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONJ
400 72 1842 OEGRADATION-CECOMP WLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-WASTE-TRE
200 T5 2646 OEHYORATED-CAGE-LA MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
400 73 1632 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY FEEDING STEERS 0PM KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS PERFORMANCE DEHYORATED-POUL
400 72 1836 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY FEEDING POULTRY MANURE TO ANIMALS KEYWORDS FEEDS EXCRETA DEHYCRATED-POULTRY-WASTE SHE
400 73 2058 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
400 71 2274 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY FEEDING WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANCE DRIED-SWINE-FECES OEHYDRATED-POUL
400 75 2343 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY AG ENGINEERS REVIEW NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY NUTRIENTS ADDITIVES
100 72 2359 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
100 72 2509 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE HEALTH ECONOMICS ODOR
200 73 2548 DEHYDRATED-POULTRY EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
200 72 1645 DEHYDRATION ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
200 72 1645 DEHYDRATION ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
200 71 1646 DEHYDRATION SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING PCULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
100 72 1657 DEHYDRATION MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
200 70 1805 DEHYDRATION FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
200 74 1867 DEHYDRATION SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
300 66 1897 DEHYDRATION CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
300 71 1903 DEHYDRATION FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
200 69 19B1 DEHYDRATION DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO POULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION EC
100 74 2057 DEHYDRATION ANTIPOLLUTION LAWS FORCE LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWORDS
200 74 2152 DEHYDRATION HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY HASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
200 63 2160 DEHYDRATION DEHYDRATION AND INCINERATION OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION INCINERATION POULT
400 2191 DEHYDRATION HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY HASTE-STORAGE WAS
400 72 2299 DEHYDRATION DPM RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS PERFORMANCES LAYER-HENS OEHYORAT
300 72 2386 DEHYDRATION ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
200 70 2394 DEHYDRATION ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
200 74 2458 DEHYDRATION THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
400 60 2539 DEHYDRATION MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
400 75 2560 DEHYDRATION COLORADO DPW PROCESSING FIRM FINOS READY MARKET AS BOTH FEED FERTILIZER KEYWORDS COLO
700 72 2568 DEHYDRATION THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE KE
200 75 2604 DEHYDRATION TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-
200 75 2605 DEHYDRATION MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE PCULTRY IN-HCUSE DRYING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN MI
200 75 2641 DEHYDRATION RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
200 75 2651 DEHYDRATION A SUMMARY OF REFEEDING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
200 75 2721 DEHYDRATION IN-HOUSE HANDLING AND DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY MANURE FROM A CAGED LAYER OPERATION A PRO
400 71 2810 DEHYDRATION LIVESTOCK WASTE-WHY WASTE IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS LAGOONS DEHY
400 72 1842 DELAVAL-SEPARATOR- WLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-WASTE-TRE
300 75 2426 DELAWARE USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUOG
200 74 2461 DELAWARE BRIOLER LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
200 74 2152 DEMONSTRATION-PROJ HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
700 71 1668 OENITRIFICAT10N NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
600 71 1724 DENITRIFICATION WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
700 71 1762 OENITRIFICATION INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN W
300 1767 DENITRIFICATION MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
600 73 l«*4 DENITRIFICATION FORMS OF NITROGEN IK ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
600 74 1845 DENITRIFICATION ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES GROUNDWATER-POLL
40
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 73 1848 CEN1TRIFICATION MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE DISPOSAL PLOTS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-H
300 73 1873 DENITRIFICATION DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS NITROGE
200 74 2025 OENITRIFICATION HASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
600 69 2179 DENITRIFICATION THE EFFECT OF FARM HASTES ON TH6 POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATE
700 70 2229 DENITRIFICATION DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL PROFILE WITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
IOC 72 2235 DENITRIFICATIDN FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEOLOTS D
100 72 2357 DENITRIFICATION MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN CONCENTRATED WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIAL
200 72 2361 DENITRIFICATION THE FATE OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN AN OXIDATION DITCH TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWOR
300 74 2388 CENITKIFICATION SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORD
200 73 2442 DENITRIFICATION DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK HASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES LI
100 73 2447 DENITRIFICATION SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEOLOT KEYWORDS SOIL-WATER NITRATES
700 72 2448 DENITRIFICATION TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT AND-DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN FROM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES APPLIED TO S
200 75 2750 OENITRIFICATION ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
200 75 2758 DENITRIFICATION AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS P
300 72 2367 DENSITY A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-
100 74 2775 DENSITY EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
300 1829 DENTRIFICATION THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
400 72 1731 DEODORANTS MANURE DEODORANTS-HOW WELL DO THEY WORK KEYWORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
200 74 2035 DEODORANTS POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
100 73 2169 DEODORANTS AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND DUSTS KEYW
600 74 2119 DEODORANT CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-ODOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
100 74 2403 OEOCORIZATION TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LIOUID COMPOSTING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR BIOLOG1CAL-TREATM
300 48 2414 DEODORUATION POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEOOORIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARB-
400 75 2055 DEODORIZER THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIOUID MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
100 74 2131 DESERT-SOIL THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN IRRI
600 72 1624 DESIGN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING CENTERS KEYWORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN S
300 68 1625 DESIGN TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXIO
300 64 1631 DESIGN THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC
400 73 1634 DESIGN HE SOLVED HIS MANURE HANDLING PROBLEM KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLING DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULT
700 73 1652 DESIGN DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLCT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYHORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
600 74 1671 DESIGN PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
100 73 1673 DESIGN TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
600 73 1682 DESIGN POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYHORDS FAR
600 74 1687 DESIGN ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF LIOUID MANURE KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-MANURE DESIGN DAI
ZOO 64 1692 DESIGN HSSTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
200 64 1693 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY HA.STE DISPOSAL-AEROBIC STABILI
200 64 1696 DESIGN ANAEROBIC LAGOONS THEORY AND PRACTICE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-TREATMEN
200 64 1698 DESIGN HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS POULTRY HYDRAULIC-COLLECTION ODOR OESI
200 64 1700 DESIGN HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HYDRAULICS WASTE-HANDLING ODOR DESIGN CLEANING LIQU
600 73 1711 DESIGN ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION OAIR
600 71 1717 DESIGN AEROBIC HASTE TREATMENT KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
600 71 1721 DESIGN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
700 71 1732 DESIGN PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS SHINE CO
600 71 1737 DESIGN SLOTTED FLOORS FOR HOGS-PROGRESS AND TRENDS KEYWORDS SWINE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION SLOTTE
600 66 1743 DESIGN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FOR CONFINMENET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CO
600 73 1754 DESIGN BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
300 74 1758 DESIGN DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIQUID-AERATION-SYSTEMS
300 74 1794 DESIGN LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE OPERATIONS KEYHORDS LIQUID-WASTES MANAGEMENT SWINE
400 72 1804 DESIGN FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
300 1829 DESIGN THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
300 73 1835 DESIGN STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
600 74 1847 DESIGN CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIOUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYWORDS LIOU
100 74 1855 DESIGN A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS FROM WATER KEYWORDS SOLID-HAST
600 72 1886 DESIGN SLOTTED FLOOR COLD CONFINEMENT BEEF CATTLE HOUSING KEYWORDS CATTLE DESIGN PERFORMANCE
600 73 1892 DESIGN IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE HASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
100 74 1894 DESIGN HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYHORDS DES
300 73 1907 DESIGN FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-!I
100 72 1913 DESIGN EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON AIR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT BUILD
400 74 1917 DESIGN DO FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYHORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
400 71 1918 DESIGN NEW PUMP NEW SYSTEM FOR LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES COSTS DESIGN HASTE-STORA
400 72 1942 DESIGN THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT KEYWORDS DESIGN FEEDLCTS COLORADO RUNOFF-CONTROL LAND-DISP
100 74 1951 DESIGN EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BEEF MANURE KEYWORDS MOISTURE-CO
600 72 1954 DESIGN EXPERIENCES WITH OXIDATION DITCHES IN A PULLET GROWING HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DESIGN C
200 71 1974 DESIGN A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF A MANURE STACKING FACILITY KEYWORDS DESIGN DAIRY-INDUSTRY AG
200 71 1977 DESIGN UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RESEARCH ON MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WISCONSIN RESEARCH-AND-D
200 71 1978 DESIGN LARGE COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED IN THE WEST KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NEBRASK
400 74 1994 DESIGN THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
200 74 2004 DESIGN A COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING HANDLING AIR DRYING AND MACHINE DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
200 74 2016 DESIGN THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF MINK WASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYWORDS MINK DESIGN ECO
200 74 2019 DESIGN THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING AND PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
200 74 2027 DESIGN OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND FIELD EVALUATION OF THE AEROB-A-JET KEYWORDS ANAL
100 73 2051 DESIGN BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYHORDS TERRACES FEEDLOTS DESIGN HA
300 71 2062 DESIGN MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE HASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO SOILS
100 74 2069 DESIGN WINTER OPERATION OF A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT FINISHING HOUSE FOR SHINE KEYWORDS WINTER D
600 74 2072 DESIGN PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL HASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
600 72 2074 DESIGN RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
400 73 2103 DESIGN SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS HASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
300 72 2105 DESIGN LAGCONS FOR ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-CISPOSAL LAGCONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
400 75 2107 DESIGN FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CCNSTRUC
100 74 2108 DESIGN NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN A SWINE WASTE OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT PHO
600 73 2124 DESIGN DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS DESIG
200 74 2135 DESIGN AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
200 74 2137 DESIGN PLANNING AND DESIGNING WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYHORDS DESIGN HASTE-STORAGE CONFINEMENT
200 63 2153 DESIGN NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATME
200 63 2157 DESIGN INDOOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS LAGOONS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL 00
200 63 2158 DESIGN DIGESTION OF FARM POU1TRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY HASTE-TREATMENT
200 63 2160 DESIGN DEHYDRATION AND INCINERATION OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION INCINERATION POULT
400 72 2167 DESIGN PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
600 69 2175 DESIGN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYW
300 71 2196 DESIGN FEEOLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
600 64 2201 DESIGN HOH ARE LAGOONS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
300 72 2213 DESIGN METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANlMAL-
100 73 2218 DESIGN DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-HAS
200 69 2221 DESIGN HASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY C
700 69 2227 DESIGN DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLO
100 71 2241 DESIGN THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TOWER WHEN TREATING
300 73 2243 DESIGN CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES HASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYHORDS CANADA AL
300 72 2260 DESIGN BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHOROS RESEARCH-
600 72 2262 DESIGN PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYHORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
400 71 2276 DESIGN THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS FOR POULTRY HOUSES KEYHORDS DESIGN VENTILATION NUTRIENTS COST
41
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 67 2281
200 t3 2282
TOO 69 2310
100 71 2351
4JO 72 2375
300 74 2428
200 73 2432
200 73 2433
200 73 2435
200 73 2436
200 73 2445
100 65 2450
200 74 2463
200 74 2466
200 74 2470
200 73 2472
200 73 2475
200 73 2476
200 73 24SO
200 73 2482
200 73 2484
600 72 2489
300 73 2498
100 72 2500
400 73 2519
300 72 2533
600 75 2537
100 65 2542
100 72 2550
400 73 2552
700 63 2553
600 73 2574
100 73 2579
200 75 2605
200 75 2606
200 75 2607
200 75 2608
200 75 2610
200 75 2611
200 75 2612
200 75 2614
200 75 2615
200 75 2618
200 75 2619
200 75 2625
200 75 2626
200 75 2629
200 75 2631
200 75 2634
200 75 2635
200 75 2636
200 75 2652
200 75 2656
200 75 2661
200 75 2693
200 75 2697
200 75 2702
200 75 2708
200 75 2709
200 75 2710
200 75 2718
200 75 2719
200 75 2724
200 75 2725
200 75 2733
200 75 2740
200 75 2744
200 75 2745
200 75 2753
200 75 2755
200 75 2758
200 71 1925
200 71 1932
200 74 2023
700 73 2212
700 74 2405
200 73 2434
200 73 2438
300 63 2471
200 73 2483
200 73 2487
600 Tl 2S31
600 75 2559
100 63 25S1
200 75 2655
200 75 2731
200 75 2735
200 75 2736
200 75 2743
200 75 2746
600 72 1953
200 74 2152
300 74 2428
700 67 1877
300 73 1851
400 75 2071
100 66 2513
100 63 2581
300 71 2523
300 69 2797
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-CRITERIA
DESIGN-DATA
DESIGN-DAT*
DESIGN-FORMULA
DESIGN-PROCEDURES
DESORPTION
OES
DETECTION
DETENTION-PERIOD
DETENTION-PONDS
DETENTION-PONDS
EVALUATION OF AERATED LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SWINE WASTE STABILIZATION KEYWORDS AEROBI
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGOCNS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
A MODEL STUDY OF FLOW VELOCITIES IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES DESIGN 0
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EOUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
MANAGING ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN SPRINKLER-IRRIGATION C
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLCOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
MANURE STORAGE TANKS FOR LIQUIDS KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-WASTES DESIGN MANURE-S
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYWORDS DESIGN LIQUID-WASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LIQUID-WASTE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
BEEF IN CCNFINEHENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
WASTE HANDLING AND LAGOCN MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS FEEOLOTS DESIGN CHEMICAL-PROPER
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CCNFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
OUTDOOR CNPAVEO FEEOLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN OKG
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWCRDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES DES
RECIRCULATION EOUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONFINEMENT SWINE FACILITIES KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS PL
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEOLOT MANURE-A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY KEYWORDS DESIGN EQUIPMENT
THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSINESS KEYWCRDS NEBRASKA FEEDLOTS REGULATION WATER-POLLUTION
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONDS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STOR
MODEL TO PBEDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT CONTROL FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCAT
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS CLEANING DESIGN S
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT DA
MOST PIG WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SATISFACTORY KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN HASTE-DISPOSAL PU
THE USE OF INDCOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
METHODS AND PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM LIVESTOCK MARKETS KEYWORDS W
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIOLOGY AEROB1C-TRE
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN MI
DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000 LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYWORDS DE
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
CONTROL COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS REGULATION ENGINEERING OES
AN ILLINOIS FEEOLOT RUNGFF CONTROL PROJECT KEYWORDS ILLINOIS FEEOLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
FEEDLOT WASTE RECYCLING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-IND
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS DAIRY-
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE US ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-
A LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A TIE STALL DAIRY BARN KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DA
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING AND HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS D
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING POLLUTION KEYWORDS WISCONSIN DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS DESIGN
EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CONFI
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE OF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS
SIMPLIFYING MANURE HANDLING IN A SOL IC FLOOR SWINE HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN CO
DOUBLE t FARMS-SWINE INSTALLATION KEYWORDS DESIGN LAGOONS COSTS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE OPERATIQN-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIQUI
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR FOR WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING DESIGN SWINE TAI
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LAND-DI
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDERFLCOR LIQUID MANURE PITS KEYWORDS ODOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
MANAGEMENT OF ODORS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULTRY EC
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUMING AND LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS K
MANAGEMENT Of IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN COLO CLIMATES KEYWORDS 1R
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLCTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS AGRIC
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FRCM FEEOLCTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS DESIGN A
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF BEEF WASTE KEYWORDS
HIGH RATE MECHANIZED COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DESIGN MODEL-STUDIES COMPOSTI
AEROBIC COMPOSTING-NEW BUILT-UP BED TECHNIQUE KEYWCRDS AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EQUIPMENT DE
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN OXIDATION OITCH FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT KEYW
8IOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-OI
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUOAGRASS KEYWO
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYW
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS P
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON FEEOLOT WASTE KE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO ANAEROBIC LAGOON ANALYSIS KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ANAL
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE WATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWCRDS COLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WASTES SEPARATION-T6
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOLDING PONDS AND LAGOONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGCONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL AEROBIC-CONDITIONS ANAEROBIC-CONOITIO
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
RETURNING ANIMAL WASTES TO THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESI
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
START UP OF PILOT SCALE SWINE MANURE DIGESTERS FOR ("ETHANE KEYWORDS RESEARCH-ANO-OEVE
OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AEROBIC-TREATMENT OESIGN-CR
AN EVALUATION OF AERATION SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS KEYWO
TURBINE AIR AERATION SYSTEM FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS TURB1NE-AIR-AERA
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITE
TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES BY BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYSTEM KEYWORDS
A MECHANIZED COMPOST CHANNEL FOR ANIMAL WASTE KEYWCRDS OESIGN-DATA MECHANIZED-COMPOST-
HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
UNOERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLCOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN GRIOWORK PANELS FOR FLOOR SYSTEMS
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT OOOR-CONT
DUNG HO-FOA SETS REGS ON RECYCLED FEED KEYWORDS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES FE
THAT ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION 0
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF MATE
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
42
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 69 2221
200 75 2708
700 65 2128
700 73 2563
100 73 1801
3QC 72 2260
600 73 1623
400 74 2114
100 71 2241
700 72 2316
200 75 2639
700 72 2401
100 69 2808
700 72 2321
200 75 2690
100 73 1747
400 74 1772
400 74 1861
300 73 1874
200 74 2016
200 74 2019
400 75 2038
700 67 2234
400 75 2350
300 72 2370
100 75 2427
100 73 2431
100 75 2536
400 72 2538
200 75 2650
200 75 2685
200 73 1789
100 74 2209
100 72 2170
700 72 2321
100 71 1936
400 74 1676
200 74 1868
200 74 2462
100 73 1637
700 69 1734
300 73 1856
400 71 1935
100 74 1950
200 74 2014
400 73 2115
300 74 2219
400 73 2287
300 74 2526
200 75 2648
200 75 2650
300 68 1625
100 73 1755
400 73 1768
300 73 2053
100 74 2189
700 67 2234
200 69 1760
600 74 2119
100 73 2249
100 69 1659
700 70 1680
700 71 1689
100 71 1904
600 72 2262
100 73 2332
200 75 2680
700 69 1656
600 64 2204
100 74 2449
700 72 2321
200 75 2690
400 69 1924
100 72 2759
200 74 2142
400 74 2773
300 72 2089
300 72 2090
200 64 1703
200 69 1824
300 72 2260
200 75 2651
200 75 2684
100 72 2789
600 71 1725
200 75 2651
400 74 1676
400 74 2041
100 64 2079
100 73 1828
300 66 1897
400 74 2041
300 48 2414
100 69 1659
100 73 1793
700 74 2362
600 74 1671
100 74 1857
100 64 2079
200 74 2147
DETENTION-POND
DETENTION-POND
DETENTION-TIME
DETRIMENTAL-EFFECT
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELCPMENT
DEHATERING
DEWATERING
DEHATERING
OEHAIERING
DEHATERING
DIAMETER
DIENESTROL-TREATEC
OIETHYL-SULFIDE
DIETHYL-SULFIOE
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIETS
DIET
DIFFUSE-SOURCES
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSIVITY
DIGESTER
DIGESTER
DIGESTER
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTIBILITY
DIGESTION
DIGESTION
DIGESTION
DIGESTION
DIGESTION
DIGESTION
DIGESTION-TANK
OIGESTIVE-DEOOORAN
DILUTE-ACID-TRAPS
DILUTION
DILUTION
DILUTION
DILUTION
DILUTION
DILUTION
DILUTION-PLATE-TEC
DIMENSIONAL-ANALYS
DIHENSIONAL-ANALYS
DIMENSIONAL-ANALYS
DIMETHYL-SULFIDE
DIMETHYL-SULFIDE
DIPTERA
DISAOVANTAGESBISHO
DISCHARGES
DISCHARGES
DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE-HATER
DISEASES
DISEASES
DISEASES
DISEASES
DISEASES
DISEASES
DISEASE
DISEASE
DISEASE-CONTROL
DISEASE-PREVENTION
DISINFECTANTS
DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION
DISPERSION
DISPERSION
DISPERSION
DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL
*ASTE CONT(«OL ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLQTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY c
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN COLO CLIMATES KEYHOROS IR
ANAER08IC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMAT1C
SOHE 6FFE"S OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
BEEF CATTLE «EDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHOROS RESEARCH-
DEHATERING BOVINE ANIMAL MANURE KEYHOROS OEHATERIKG CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES IRRIGATION
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIOUID-HASTE
THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TOHER HHEN TREATING
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM FILTRATION KEYHORDS SEPARATION-TEC
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SEPARATION BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE D
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORKED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHOROS POULTRY EQUAT
ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED HITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY LITTER KEYHORDS LITTER CATT
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF EAIRY HASTE ODOR KEYHORDS ODOR VOL
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY HASTE ODOR KEYHORDS OOOR MEA
FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR STARTING CHICKS KEYHOROS DIETS POULTRY PROTEINS
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYHOROS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
INCLUSION OF DRIED POULTRY HASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT IN CATFISH RATIONS KEYHORDS CAT
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTES AS PROTEIN SOURCES KEYHOROS RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES PROTEINS R
BEEF FEEDLOT HASTE IN RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE KEYHCRDS CATTLE DIETS PERFORMANCE REFEED
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING AND PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
POULTRY HASTE FOR CATFISH KEYHORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE PROTEINS POULTRY-HASTE
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
CATFISH ON DPH KEYHORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE TASTE COSTS DRIEO-POULTRY-HASTE
COMPARISON OF RATIONS HITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN STEERS
USE OF DRIED POULTRY HASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYHORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTE ON YOUNG CHCKS KEYHOROS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
FRESH HASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYHORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYHCROS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PRDPERTIE
EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEEOLOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
SHINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYHORCS SHINE OOOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION HATE
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A HET POROUS STRATUM HITH REACTION KEYHORO
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAIRY HASTE ODOR KEYHORDS ODOR VOL
TRANSPORT RATE OF COO THROUGH A HET POROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FREE FEEDLCT KEYHOROS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BIOELECTRICITY KEYHORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYHCROS METHANE RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT C
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUCINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF HASTELAGE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING HASTELAGE DIGEST
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILED ANIMAL AND CROP HASTES KEYWORDS RUMINAN
BARN HASTES FOR FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS BARN-HASTES REFEEOING DIGESTIBILITY CHE
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYHORD
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE CONSU
ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN RECYCLED MANURE KEYHORDS RECYCLING POULTRY ENZYMES HEAT REFEE
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTE KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES CATTLE FEEOLOTS RATIONS
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEDLOT MANURE KEYHOROS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL HASTE KEYHORDS CATTLE CHEHICAL-PROPERTI
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTE FOR GROHIfiG- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYHORDS
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYHCRDS DIETS CATTLE CHENICAL-PROPERTIE
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER 0X10
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYWORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYHOROS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
SHINE HASTE AS NUTRIENT SCU.RCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANC
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA DOMESTICA KEYHCROS DIGESTION FARM-HASTES POULTRY
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYHORDS
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-ODOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEEDYARD KEYHORDS FEEDLOT
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF HASTES TO SOIL KEYHORDS HASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING HASTE
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON MATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF HATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYHORDS OOOR GASE
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYHORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES HASTE-STORAGE TR
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYHORD
A MYCCLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE IN A SEMIARIO TEMPERATE CLIMATE KEY
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEC ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS MATHEMATI
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS HITH FLUID HASTE HANDLING KEYHOROS AIR-POLLUTION LI
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK HASTEHATER I SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION-ESTIMATION OF VIBR
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAIRY HASTE ODOR KEYHORDS ODOR VOL
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAIRY HASTE OOUR KEYHORDS ODOR MEA
BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION OF MANURE BY OIPTERA KEYHORDS MANURE OIPTERA BIQLOGICAL-OIGESTIO
HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES KEYHORDS ECONOMICS ODOR HIGH-RISE-POUTRY-HOUSES NEH-ZEALAND
NPOES PERMIT SYSTEM AND GUIDELINES FCR MICHIGAN PRESENTED AT THE AGRICULTURAL HASTE CON
THE EDITORS NOTEBOOK-ABOUT DISCHARGE REGULATIONS KEYHORDS CATFISHES RUNOFF PERMITS EN
ANIMAL HASTE-REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS KEYHORDS HATER-POLLUTION REGULATION FEEDLOTS P
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHOROS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS HATER-POLLUTI
HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHOROS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL PUBLIC-HEALTH
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER HITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYHOROS POULT
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHOROS RESEARCH-
A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
SHINE HASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYHOROS LAGOONS DISEASES PATHOGE
EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK KEYHOROS HEALTH DISEASES SALMONELLA SPRAY-IRRIGATION CATT
ANIMAL HASTE REUSE KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FR€E FEEDLOT KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
THE MANY ASPECTS OF SANITATION IN POULTRY DISEASE CONTROL KEYHORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-SANIT
OOOR CCNTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYHOROS ODOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROMID
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYHORDS POULTRY CHE
THE MANY ASPECTS OF SANITATION IN POULTRY DISEASE CONTROL KEYHOROS ENVIRONMENTAL-SANIT
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEODORIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYHOROS POULTRY FARM-
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF HASTES TO SOIL KEYHOROS HASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING HASTE
OI-SPERSION DURING FLOH IN POROUS MEDIA HITH BILINEAR ABSORPTION KEYHOROS DISPERSION F
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES HATER-POLL
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
LOH COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLCT RUNOFF KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS D1S
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYHORDS OOOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
PENDING LEGISLATION RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL HASTE KEYHORDS MICHIGAN LEGISLATION HASTE-H
43
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
20i. 75 2750
100 71 2200
IOC 72 2412
JOO 73 1881
100 74 2256
400 74 1781
IOC 72 1788
200 71 2453
200 73 2436
100 75 2352
400 75 2425
100 75 2427
400 73 1811
300 74 1860
200 73 2475
400 75 2575
600 72 1624
20C 71 2453
300 73 1881
400 74 1885
200 75 2695
200 75 2645
400 73 2266
300 74 2177
200 75 2650
200 74 1869
400 74 1955
400 73 2067
40C 73 2115
400 73 2123
300 65 2267
200 75 2722
400 74 1771
400 74 1772
20C 69 1840
400 74 1861
200 74 1869
200 74 1870
400 73 2091
400 75 2116
400 73 2129
300 74 2217
400 72 2273
400 72 2298
400 72 2299
400 72 2300
400 72 2301
400 75 2345
400 75 2350
200 70 2391
200 74 2460
400 75 2512
100 75 2536
400 72 2538
400 75 2560
100 71 2809
300 74 2526
300 73 2053
400 71 2274
200 72 1645
300 73 1620
400 73 1858
300 74 2527
700 71 1665
200 68 1642
200 72 1645
200 72 1645
600 73 1763
400 74 1827
600 74 1847
100 74 1951
200 74 2004
400 72 2036
600 73 2052
600 72 2073
300 2085
300 72 2090
400 75 2116
500 74 2132
100 73 2134
200 63 2155
300 74 2173
300 74 2177
400 2191
400 71 2238
400 71 2295
400 72 2298
400 72 2306
300 72 2313
300 48 2414
400 72 2511
300 74 2527
200 64 2565
200 75 2606
200 75 2607
200 75 2723
700 72 2770
100 7* 2775
100 70 2786
100 72 2801
DISPOSAL-RATES
C1STKIBUT ION-PA TIE
DITCH-MIX6D-LIOUOR
C1TCH-PUMP
IMURNAL-FLUCTUATIO
DIVERSION
DCWESTIC-ANIBALS
CCnESTIC-HASTES
CCSING-SYPHON
UOTHAN-LOAMY-SAND
DPh
CJPM
DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE
CRAINAGE
DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS
DRAINAGE-HATER
DRAIN-TILES
ORIEC-ANIMAL-HASTE
CRIED-BACTERIA-CUL
DRIED-fiEEF-FEEDLOT
CRIEO-CATTLE-MANUR
ORIEC-LAYER-hASTE
DRIED-PIG-PANURE
ORIEO-POULTRY-LITT
DRIED-POUL TRY-LITT
CR 1 EO-POULTRY-MANU
CRIEO-POULTRY-MANU
CRIEO-PCULTRY-MANU
OR I ED-POUL TRY-MANU
DR1EC-POULTRY-MANU
ORIED-POULTRY-HAST
DR1EO-PDUL TRY-HAST
DRIED-POULTRY-HAST
CR 1 ED-POUL TRY-HAST
DRIED-POULTRY-HAST
ORIED-POULTRY-HAST
CRIED-POULTRY-HAST
DRIED-POULTRY-HAST
CRIED-PCULTRY-HAST
CRIED-POULTRY-WAST
ORIED-POULTRY-WAST
DRIED-POULTRY-HAST
ORIED-POULTRY-HAST
CRIEO-POULTRY-WAST
ORIED-POULTRY-HAST
DRIED-POULTRY-WAST
ORIED-POULTRY-HAST
DRIEO-POULTRY-HAST
ORIED-POULTRY-HAST
DRIED-POULTRY-HAST
CRIEO-POULTRY-HAST
CRIED-POULTRY-HAST
DRIED-POULTRY-HAST
OR IED-POUL TRY-WAST
DRIED-STEER-FECES
DRIED-SWINE-FECES
DRIED-SWINE-FECES
DROPPINGS
OROPPING-80AROS
DRUGS
DRUGS
DRUG-RESISTANCE
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
DRYING
CN-THE-FARM DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYHORDS
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SHINE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEMIC
A RECIRCULATING HASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UMTS KEYHOROS SHINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES .FROM DAIRIES
THEY RE GETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYHOROS HAIER-PCLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
PlCROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT HASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE A
AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES HATER-
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYHORDS DESIGN LIQUID-WASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY KEYWORDS DA
UTILIZING HASTES IN ANIMAL FEEDS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYHORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTE
USE OF DRIED POULTRY HASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYUOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
OUTCCCR UNPAVED F6EDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYHOROS FEECLCTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYWOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAINAGE FEEOLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING CENTERS KEYHORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN S
AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZCNES KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES HATER-
A RECIRCULATING HASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UMTS KEYHCRDS SHINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
CALIFORNIA ISSUES OPH REGULATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION ORIED-ANIMAL-HASTES LICENSE PRO
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODOR AND LIQUEFY ORGANIC HAST
NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITCLOGICAL EFFECTS OF. FEEDING FEEDLOT HASTE TO BEEF C
VALUE CF DRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR PCULTRY KEYHOROS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
RECYCLING PCULTRY HASTE AS FEED HILL IT PAY KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYHCRDS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTES AS A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYHORDS RECYCLING DR1EO-P
FEEDING PELLETED DRIED POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS PERFORMANCE CA
DRIED PCULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYHOROS RECYCLIkG POULTRY MANAGEMENT HATER-PCLLUTIO
ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN RECYCLED MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY ENZYMES HEAT REFEE
CPM FOR RUMINANTS GROHS IN ENGLAND KEYHORDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS ORIED-POULTRY-MANURE
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYHORDS FEEDS NUTRI
CRYING OF POULTRY MANURE AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY KEYHORDS ECCNOMI
OPH S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYHOROS POULTRY FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-HASTES REFEE
CRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYHORDS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
PROCESSED POULTRY EXCRETA RECYCLED AS A FEED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS DRIED-POULTRY-HASTE R
INCLUSION OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT IN CATFISH RATIONS KEYWORDS CAT
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTES AS A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING DRIEO-P .
EVALUATION OF POULTRY MANURE AS A FEED INGREDIENT KEYHORDS POULTRY EXCRETA DRIED-POULT
RECYCLING POULTRY HASTE NCT FOR SMALL OPERATOR KEYHORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS COSTS POUL
FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOCK FCR CRYING EQUIPMENT OPW KEYHOROS E
CPH SAVES 26 75 PER TON OF LAYER FEED KEYHOROS COSTS ECONOMICS FEEDS POULTRY DRIED-PO
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND CRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROHING
PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL HASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
CRIED POULTRY HASTE AS FEED KEYHCRDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS DRIED-POUL
DPH RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED KEYHORDS RECYCLING COSTS PERFORMANCES LAYER-HENS DEHYDRAT
MANURE STORAGE TIME AFFECIS VALUE CF DPH KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE PROTEINS DRIED-POULTRY
OTHER FERTILIZER USES FOR DRIED MANURE KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS RECLAMATION OKI ED-POULTRY
RECYCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA Mi
CATFISH ON OPH KEYHORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE TASTE COSTS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTE
REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYHORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOHA
INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DEHYDRATED POULTRY HASTE ON BROILER GROHTH AND MEAT FLAVOR AND COM
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY WASTE ON YOUNG CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
FRESH HASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
COLORADO OPH PROCESSING FIRM FINDS READY MARKET AS BOTH FEED FERTILIZER KEYWORDS COLO
FLAVOUR OF BEEF FED ON DRIED POULTRY WASTE KEYWOROS CATTLE FEEDS ORIEO-POULTRY-HASTE
COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE KEYHORDS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTI
SHINE HASTE AS NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYHOROS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANC
FEEDING HASTES KEYHCRDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANCE ORIED-SUINE-FECES OEHYDRATED-POUL
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER CAGE SYSTEM KEYHORDS BROILERS PERFORMANCE CAGE-SYSTEM CROSS-AU
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYHOROS FERMENTATION RECYCLING HASTE-TREAT
FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYHORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM HASTE LAGOON KEYHORDS FAR
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYHORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYHORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYHORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC,
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYHCRDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYWORDS LIOU
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BEEF MANURE KEYHOROS MOISTURE-CO
A COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING HANCLING AIR DRYING AND MACHINE DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS HASTE-T
CONSTANT RATE DRYING OF CHICKEN EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING EXCRETA DRYING-RATES
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS DRYING POULTRY TEMPERATURE AIR EQ
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWOROS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS HATER-POLLUTI
FEEO PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAHS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR DRYING EQUIPMENT DPH KEYHORDS E
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYHORDS WASTE-TREATM
CRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHOROS POULTRY DRYING PHYSICAL-PRO
FOWL F6CAL FACTS KEYHORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
PAUNCH CONTENT BLOOOMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEDLOT RATIONS KEYHORDS FE
RECYCLING POULTRY HASTE AS FEEO HILL IT PAY KEYHORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
HOH EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECCLOGY PROBLEM KEYHOROS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWOROS DRYI
POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS F
DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED KEYHDRDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS ORIED-POUL
HOH NUTTING PRE-DRIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYHOROS POULTRY DRYING MOISTURE-CONTEN
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-1N
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION OEODORIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYHOROS POULTRY FARM-
SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE USED OK MANURE KEYHORDS POULTRY DRYING FERTILIZERS ECONOMIC
FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE KEYHORDS DRYING ODOR LAGOONS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES
DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000 LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYWOROS DE
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
DRYING DAIRY WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY KEYHORDS DRYING COSTS COMPOSTING RECYCLING OAIR
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHORDS POULTRY DRYIN
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Of PIG MANURE KEYWOROS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYHOROS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS MSTHA
44
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 72 2804 DRYING REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRYING AFTER-BURNER OOOR-REMOVA
700 72 2*01 ORYISG-CHARACTERIS .CRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY EQUAT
600 73 2052 DRYING-RATES CONSTANT RATE DRYING CF CHICKEN EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING EXCRETA DRYING-RATES
100 73 2134 DRYING-TECHNIQUES CRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING PHYSICAL-PRO
700 71 1766 ORY-BCLB WINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SWINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
700 73 2583 DRY-8ULB-T6MPERATU CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
100 74 1950 CRY-HEAT-TREATMENT EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
100 73 1773 DRY-MJITER DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INOUSTR
700 63 2553 DRY-MATTER THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
100 75 2490 OTPA EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
100 74 2525 DUCKS-DOMESTIC PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION WASTE-WATER-TR
100 72 2359 DUCK-I.ASTES ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
300 74 1629 OUSTS CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL DUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
500 74 2132 DUSTS AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
200 63 2163 OUSTS PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
100 73 2169 OUSTS AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND DUSTS KEYW
100 74 2253 OUSTS ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF PAKTICULATES NEAR A BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT KEYWORDS DUSTS FEEDL
400 71 2271 DUSTS POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS COOR DUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
200 73 2440 DUSTS REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
300 2496 DUSTS KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
700 71 2780 OUSTS AN INVESTIGATION OF ODOUR CONTROL FOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS ODOR CONFINEMENT-PENS F
30.0 72 2087 DUST DUST AND COOR PROBLEMS CF THE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS ODCR DUST FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTICN LEGA
300 72 2088 OUST ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIOUID-WAST
200 73 2101 DUST EFFECTS CF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL DUST ON PIGS KEYWORDS GASES DUST AIR-POLLUTION AMMO
300 2571 DUST LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS NE
100 75 2365 DYSENTERY SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS EF
200 75 26B4 DYSENTERY SWINE WASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYWORDS LAGOCNS DISEASES PATHOGE
400 75 2547 EARTH-CORRALS ON THE HORNS OF THE DAIRY WASTE DILEMMA KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA REGULATION
400 71 2454 ECCLITE WHY WASTE ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGOONS ANIMAL-WASTES ECOLI
700 71 1665 ECOLOGY MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON KEYWORDS FAR
300 73 1785 ECOLOGY NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
100 74 2109 ECOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
400 2191 ECOLOGY HOW ECGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
400 73 1615 ECONOMICS WILL A CONFINEMENT BARN PAY KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS ECONOMICS CATTLE COSTS OPEN-LOT
400 74 1626 ECONOMICS MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE WASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAGOO
200 64 1704 ECONOMICS SOCIAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED AREAS KEYWO
700 66 1707 ECONOMICS AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYWO
600 71 1713 ECONOMICS ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT-PEN
600 71 1714 ECONOMICS ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-COMMENTS ON THE NATIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT
600 71 1724 ECONOMICS WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
600 71 1727 ECONOMICS ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES OF CONFINEMENT AND WASTE DISPOSAL S
600 71 1728 ECONOMICS LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS LIV
700 71 1732 ECONOMICS PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS SWINE CO
300 73 1733 ECONOMICS THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
400 74 1769 ECONOMICS CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
300 72 1775 ECONOMICS ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
300 1792 ECONOMICS SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
300 72 1B02 ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
400 73 1818 ECONOMICS BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE WASTE-MANA
200 69 1824 ECONOMICS THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER.WITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
300 70 1839 ECONOMICS ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIOUIO MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR. DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS LIOUI
200 74 1869 ECONOMICS RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY WASTES AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING DRIED-P
300 74 1891 ECONOMICS A WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TRE
30C 66 1897 ECONOMICS CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
200 71 1979 ECONOMICS ACTION PROGRAMS FOR MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY ECONOMICS ACT I'
200 69 1981 ECONOMICS DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO POULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION EC
200 69 1984 ECONOMICS A REVIEW OF AVAILABLE LITTER MATERIALS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES KEYWORDS
200 74 1989 ECONOMICS RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
200 74 1998 ECONOMICS EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
200 74 1999 ECONOMICS THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT GUIDELINES ON THE U S FED BEEF INDUSTRY
200 74 2000 ECONOMICS IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON DAIRY FARMS
200 74 2002 ECONOMICS ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CONTROLLING SURFACE WATER RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN U S HOG PROD
200 74 2004 ECONOMICS A COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING HANDLING AIR DRYING AND MACHINE DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
200 74 2010 ECONOMICS AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
200 74 2012 ECONOMICS BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA FARMER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
200 74 2016 ECONOMICS THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF MINK WASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYWORDS MINK DESIGN ECO
200 74 2035 ECONOMICS POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
400 72 2036 ECONOMICS PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS WASTE-T
300 74 2044 ECONOMICS LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE WASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIQ
600 74 2072 ECONOMICS PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
100 74 2075 ECONOMICS FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
300 71 2080 ECONOMICS A SUMMARY OF STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH CENTR
300 2085 ECONOMICS DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LICUIO-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
300 72 2087 ECONOMICS DUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS OF THE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS ODOR DUST FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTION LEGA
400 73 2091 ECONOMICS RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE NOT FOR SMALL OPERATOR KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS COSTS POUL
400 74 2102 ECONOMICS FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MORE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
100 73 2111 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
100 72 2112 ECONOMICS SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
400 73 2129 ECONOMICS DPW SAVES 26 75 PER TON OF LAYER FEED KEYWORDS COSTS ECONOMICS FEEDS POULTRY DRIED-PO
500 74 2132 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
200 74 2135 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEM1C
200 72 2168 ECONOMICS THiRMOCHiMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYWORDS RECYCLING GAS
100 73 2169 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND DUSTS KEYW
100 73 2176 ECONOMICS RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
300 74 2177 ECONOMICS RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
200 74 2185 ECONOMICS PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
100 72 2197 ECONOMICS CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART 111-COMPOSTING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
400 74 2202 ECONOMICS NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
400 71 2238 ECONOMICS TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWORDS ORYI
100 74 2263 ECONOMICS KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS KINETICS ECONO
400 ?1 2275 ECONOMICS CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE FOR AN ECOLOGICAL LOOP KEYWORDS CATTLE ECONOMICS FEEOLOTS
200 72 2279 ECONOMICS NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
400 72 2298 ECONOMICS DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS DRIED-POUL
400 75 2322 ECONOMICS NEW MANURE CONVERSION PLANT OPENED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS AEROBIC-DIGES
100 73 2348 ECONOMICS ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
300 74 2382 ECONOMICS ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
200 69 2383 ECONOMICS ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEOLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
200 71 2453 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
200 74 2462 ECONOMICS PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPMENT C
300 70 2497 ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL WA
45
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 75 2499 ECONOMICS PJUNCH FEEDING NOW PROFITABLE KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE REFEEOING PAUNCH-MANURE BLOOD
400 75 2501 ECONOMICS MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
100 72 2509 ECONOMICS DEHYDRATED POULTRY KASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE HEALTH ECONOMICS ODOR
400 72 2510 ECONOMICS SECOND THOUGHTS ABOUT RECYCLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY PHOSPHORUS E
400 72 2511 ECONOMICS SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE USED ON MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING FERTILIZERS ECONOMIC
400 60 2539 ECONOMICS MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
100 63 2549 ECONOMICS SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DIGESTION ECONOMICS FEASIBILIT
200 75 2590 ECONOMICS ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
20C 75 2591 ECONOMICS AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHANE GENERATION FEASIBILITY ON COMMERCIAL 6GG FARMS KEYWORD
200 75 2592 ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF SUBSTITUTION AND THE DEMAND FOR BEEF FEEDLOT WASTES-ONE ALTERNATIVE FOR SO
200 75 2594 ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE FEEDL
200 75 2596 ECONOMICS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON CATTLE F6ECLOT LOCATION KEYWORDS MODEL-STUOIE
200 75 2598 ECCNCMICS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
200 75 2604 ECONOMICS TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-
200 75 2609 ECONOMICS MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER IN RELATICN TO FEEDLOT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
200 75 2629 ECONOMICS EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CONFI
200 75 2630 ECONOMICS SWINE PRODUCTION AND HASTE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS SWINE ECONOMICS STATE-
200 75 2641 ECONOMICS RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
200 75 2655 ECONOMICS START UP OF PILOT SCALE SWINE MANURE DIGESTERS FOR METHANE KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-DEVE
200 75 2678 ECONOMICS OXIDATION NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF MANURE KEYWORDS FERMENTATION
200 75 2697 ECONOMICS MANAGEMENT OF ODORS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULTRY EC
200 75 2705 ECONOMICS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE OF HAWAII A REGIONAL APPROACH TO HASTE MANAGEMENT K
200 75 2710 ECONOMICS DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM FEEDLOTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS DESIGN A
200 75 2714 ECONOMICS PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CONVEYORS FOR UNLOADING SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANSPORTS KEYWORDS E
20C 75 2722 ECONOMICS DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY KEYWORDS ECONOMI
200 75 2731 ECONOMICS OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AEROBIC-TREATMENT OESIGN-CR
200 75 2737 ECONOMICS SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
100 72 2759 ECONOMICS HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS ECONOMICS OBOR HIGH-RISE-POUTRY-HOUSES NEW-ZEALAND
700 73 2772 ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
100 73 2779 ECONOMICS UGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
100 74 2764 ECONOMICS REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES-A MODEL FOR COLLECTION STORAGE LOCATION AND DISTR
400 64 2793 ECONOMICS CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
100 74 2802 ECONOMICS GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
400 71 2810 ECONOMICS LIVESTOCK WASTE-WHY WASTE IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS LAGOONS DEHY
400 75 2814 ECONOMICS CONVERSION OF SWINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYWORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PROTEINS FEEDS SWINE
300 73 1622 ECONOMIC-ANALYSIS THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYWORDS RECYCLING QUALITATIVE-ORG
200 75 2595 ECONOMIC-IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF LESS
200 75 2597 ECONOMIC-IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING EPA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED STATES
700 71 2771 ECONOMIC-IMPACT ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION, CN CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
200 75 2593 ECONOMIC-RESEARCH ECONOMIC RESEARCH PERTAINING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CO
200 71 1963 ECOSYSTEMS SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECCSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
200 71 1968 ECOSYSTEMS PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS
200 72 1880 EFFECTS EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYWORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
100 74 1950 EFFECTS EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
100 74 1951 EFFECTS EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BEEF MANURE KEYWORDS MOISTURE-CO
200 74 2031 EFFECTS EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYWORDS
100 73 2113 EFFECTS EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
100 74 2252 EFFECTS FEEDLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS EFFE
300 72 2367 EFFICIENCY A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
400 73 1674 EFFLUENTS NOW NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR WASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEHAG
300 73 1881 EFFLUENTS A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
100 73 1905 EFFLUENTS AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SHINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
600 74 1958 EFFLUENTS LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
100 71 2092 EFFLUENTS FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYWORDS EFFLUENTS FARM-WASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
300 69 2099 EFFLUENTS AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
200 75 2677 EFFLUENTS NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM POULTRY HASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE KEYWORDS POULTR
300 72 1628 EFFLUENT NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPHENT NEBRAS
400 73 1638 EFFLUENT EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLQTS KEYWORD
400 71 1641 EFFLUENT TEST SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SHINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING HATER-PCLLUTI
200 66 1644 EFFLUENT TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
700 67 J651 EFFLUENT MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALi-Y STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
700 73 1652 EFFLUENT DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLCT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT AGR
700 66 1679 EFFLUENT TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL Of LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYHORDS WAST
100 73 1685 EFFLUENT SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
700 69 1708 EFFLUENT SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
400 73 1740 EFFLUENT RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE DAIRY CATTLE YARDS KEYWORDS CATTLE DAIRY-INDUSTRY
600 74 1749 EFFLUENT A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL CATFISH PONDS KEYWORDS EFFLUENT f
600 73 1754 EFFLUENT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
200 69 1760 EFFLUENT HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYHORDS
300 74 1782 EFFLUENT POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW AND PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
700 71 1791 EFFLUENT PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
300 71 1866 EFFLUENT PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-WAS
400 71 1898 EFFLUENT ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL CANADA AEROBIC-TREATMENT
200 72 1908 EFFLUENT A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
100 71 1910 EFFLUENT SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS SALTS RECYC
200 74 1996 EFFLUENT PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
200 74 1998 EFFLUENT EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
200 74 2000 EFFLUENT IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON DAIRY FARMS
200 74 2024 EFFLUENT TREATMENT OF BEEF WASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
200 74 2031 EFFLUENT EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYHORDS
100 73 2051 EFFLUENT BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEF.DLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEOLOTS DESIGN WA
300 72 2090 EFFLUENT EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTRCPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
300 74 2100 EFFLUENT FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
100 73 2111 EFFLUENT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
100 72 2112 EFFLUENT SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO WEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOILUSK
100 74 2130 EFFLUENT EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF FEEDLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
400 74 2232 EFFLUENT EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDED-S
700 63 2233 EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
100 75 2265 EFFLUENT SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEYWCR
600 74 2285 EFFLUENT POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY WAST
700 69 2312 EFFLUENT FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS
400 73 2364 EFFLUENT BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYWORDS METHANE COSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT NE
100 75 2365 EFFLUENT SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYHORDS LAGOONS EF
700 73 2385 EFFLUENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION HITH EFF
300 73 2407 EFFLUENT FARM WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
100 74 2491 EFFLUENT SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
700 73 2563 EFFLUENT SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
700 73 2584 EFFLUENT MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYHORDS AEROBIC
200 75 2597 EFFLUENT ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING EPA HATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED STATES
200 75 2600 EFFLUENT FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LEGISLATION FEED
46
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2603
200 75 2616
200 75 2700
200 75 2739
200 79 2111
200 75 27*5
700 7* 277*
100 74 1956
200 74 1999
200 74 2140
200 74 2010
400 2191
200 68 1642
600 74 1916
200 74 2006
100 75 2427
200 75 2651
400 74 1771
300 73 2043
300 71 2133
100 74 2515
100 71 2092
400 74 1809
600 73 1815
300 74 1959
100 73 1832
100 71 2092
200 66 1644
700 68 1826
100 73 1637
400 74 1769
400 74 1771
400 74 1772
490 73 1859
300 73 1907
400 71 1937
200 74 2013
600 74 2050
600 74 2072
300 74 2100
100 73 2176
100 74 2207
400 73 2266
200 72 2279
300 72 2313
100 72 2314
400 75 2330
300 74 2331
100 74 233T
100 75 2410
300 75 2426
200 74 2457
100 65 2542
100 71 2551
200 75 2590
200 75 2591
200 75 2643
200 75 2652
200 75 2656
200 75 2658
200 75 2740
400 74 2776
200 71 2785
100 72 2800
400 75 2814
400 72 1836
200 73 2548
200 75 2703
200 74 2004
400 73 2067
400 72 2211
400 72 2211
600 71 2531
200 75 2608
400 73 2123
200 75 2639
300 73 1856
100 75 2*19
300 74 2527
600 75 2546
200 75 2641
200 75 2652
200 75 2654
200 64 1697
600 71 1723
100 72 I960
200 74 2141
200 70 2399
100 71 2762
300 73 1733
200 74 2003
200 71 2453
600 75 2492
100 73 2521
400 72 2554
200 75 2655
400 73 1638
600 71 1729
400 74 1781
100 74 1831
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT
EFFLUENT-DISPOSAL
EFFLUENT-GUIDELINE
EFFLUENT-GUIDELINE
EFFLUENT-TAXES
EfiGMEN
EGG-LArlNG-HCUSE
EGG- PRODUCTION
EGG- PRODUCTION
EGG- PRODUCT ION
EGG-PRODUCTION
EGG-HEIGHT
ELECTRICAL-CONDUCT
ELECTRICAL-CONDUCT
ELECTRICAL -CONDUCT
ELECTRICAL-OISPOSA
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC-HEAT
ELECTRIC-POMER-IND
ELECTRODES
ELECTROLYTIC-FLOTA
ELI-LILLY-ANO-COMP
ENCLOS60-SWINE-PRU
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY-CONTENT
ENERGY-CONTENT
ENERGY-EXPENSE-EVA
ENERGY-REQUIREMENT
ENERGY-VALUE
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
ENGLAND
ENGLAND
ENSIL60-ANIMAL-AND
ENSILEO-BROILER-LI
ENSILING
ENSILING
ENSILING
ENSILING
ENSILING
ENVIRONMENTAI-CONT
ENVIRONMENTAL-CONT
ENVIRONMENTAL -CONT
ENVIRONMENTAL-CONT
ENVIRONMENTAL-CONT
ENVIRONMENTAL-CONT
ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFE
ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFE
ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFE
ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFE
ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFE
ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFE
ENVIRONMENTAL-IMP*
ENVIRONMENTAL-PROT
ENV I RONMENT AL-PROT
ENVIRONMENTAL-PRO!
ENVIRONMENTAL-PRO!
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FCR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNIO
A LAGOON GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO TREAT SWINE HASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC-
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYWORD
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A. BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT GUIDELINES ON THE U S FED BEEF INDUSTRY
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REFEEOING
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT WH
USE OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
A SUMMARY OF REFEEDING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
DPh S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS ORIEO-POULTRY-UASTES REFEE
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYWCRCS EFFLUENTS FARM-WASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE FROM CAGED LAYERS KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYW
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYWORDS EFFLUENTS FARM-WASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLVSIS CELLULOSE ENER
OPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEDLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-ll
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL FOR HEATING KEYWORDS FUELS GASES ENERGY FEEDLOTS PYROLVSIS M
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ENERGY
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM SWINE WASTE WITH SOLAR REACTOR KEYWORDS METHANE FEASIBILITY-S
PVROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PVR
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS ENERGY ANAEROBIC-DICE
VALUE OF DRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
FEEDLQT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HVDROGENA
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING WASTE RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE FEECLOT WASTE FRACTIONS KEYWORDS NUTRI
MANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUOG
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS CLEANING DESIGN S
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME TECHNIQUES USED IN DETERMINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND ENERGY
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHANE GENERATION FEASIBILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG FARMS KEYWORD
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
•ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR FOR WAS'TE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING DESIGN SWINE TAI
CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DI
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
CONVERSION OF SWINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYWORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PROTEINS FEEDS SWINE
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE TO ANIMALS KEYWORDS FEEDS EXCRETA OEHYDRATED-POULTRY-WASTE SHE
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
A COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING HANDLING AIR DRYING AND MACHINE DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTIO
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEOLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
CONTROL COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS REGULATION ENGINEERING DES
0PM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS IN ENGLAND KEYWORDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS ORIED-POULTRY-MANURE
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SEPARATION BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE D
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILED ANIMAL AND CROP WASTES KEYWORDS RUMINAN
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
FERMENTATION Of ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS TECHNOLOGY NUTRIENTS NITROG
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES MANA
SWINE SYSTEMS FOR IOWA AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT IOWA E
COMPARISON OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN POLE TYP
MICHIGAN S ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATION KEYWORDS MICHIGAN WATER-POLL
REPORT FROM NEW JERSEY KEYWORDS NEW-JERSEY ENVIRONMENTAL-CONTROL WASTE-DISPOSAL POLLU
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING KEYWORDS
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FEEOLOT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS ENVIRO
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOS
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES Z
START UP OF PILOT SCALE SWINE MANURE DIGESTERS FOR METHANE KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-DEVE
EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORD
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL WASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYWORDS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
THEY RE GETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
47
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 1998
200 74 1999
400 74 2232
200 73 2*33
200 74 2*67
tOO 75 2595
20C 75 2597
400 74 2773
200 75 2592
700 71 2771
400 7
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 74 I860
600 70 1896
300 72 2090
200 74 2141
300 Ti 2255
200 70 2393
200 70 2506
700 66 17C7
600 73 1892
200 75 2623
100 7* 2775
200 74 1777
300 1792
400 73 1811
600 72 1992
700 73 2212
100 74 2252
200 73 2473
ZOO 75 2701
200 75 2640
400 74 2114
100 70 2381
100 72 1675
200 68 1642
200 68 1643
300 72 1647
200 64 1691
200 64 1692
200 64 1693
200 64 1694
600 72 1709
100 65 1750
200 69 1760
400 72 1836
700 71 1864
200 74 1867
200 74 1870
400 74 1906
100 71 1910
400 74 1911
400 73 1922
200 69 1983
200 74 2004
200 74 2005
200 74 2014
400 75 2040
600 73 2052
600 72 2073
100 73 2134
200 74 2152
200 63 2155
100 74 2236
100 75 2272
700 72 2401
100 73 2431
700 72 2770
400 74 2095
100 73 2226
200 75 2693
400 74 1920
400 75 2055
200 73 2101
100 69 2380
400 73 1854
700 67 1651
400 72 2554
100 71 2767
300 72 1628
100 73 1673
400 72 1804
300 70 1839
300 73 2096
300 68 1625
100 74 2258
100 73 1790
300 74 I860
300 72 1775
300 74 2428
600 71 1729
200 74 2143
300 73 1915
600 72 2122
300 73 2243
200 73 2477
200 75 2705
400 74 1799
100 73 1637
200 74 1649
100 73 1664
700 71 1665
600 73 1682
600 74 1686
200 64 1696
600 73 1710
600 71 1715
600 71 1717
600 71 1724
300 71 1739
100 73 1755
700 71 1762
EUTROPHICATION
EUTROPHICATICN
EUFROPKICATION
EUTROPHICATION
EUTRCPHICATION
EUTROPhlCATICN
EUTROPHICATION
EVALUATION
EVALUATION
EVALUATION
EVALUATION
EVAPORATIGN
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION-PONDS
EVAPORATION-POND
EXCHAMGEABLE-AMMON
EXCREMENT
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETA
EXCRETION
EXCRETION
EXHAUST-SYSTEMS
EXPERIMENTAL-FARMS
EXPORT
EXPOSURE-CHAMBERS
EXTENDED-AERATION
EYE-IRRITATION
E-COL1
E-COLI
E-COLI
FACILITIES
FACILITIES
FACILITIES
FACILITIES
FACILITY-DESIGN
FACULTATIVE-BACTER
F4CULTATIVE-BACTER
FAECES-COLLECTOR
FALLOUT
FAMILY-OPERATED-FA
FANS
FARMS
FARMS
FARM-MANAGEMENT
FARM-KANAGEMENT
FARM-MANAGEMENT
FARM-PANAGEMENT
FARM-MANAGEMENT
FARM-POLLUTION
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARH-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-HASTES
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
HATER QUALITY AND HASTE DISPOSAL IN MONTANA KEYHCRDS HATER-QUALITY HASTE-DISPOSAL MONT
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS HATER-POLLUTI
MICHIGAN S ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATION KEYHOROS MICHIGAN MATER-POLL
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF HATER KiYHO
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS AND HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS HASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYHOROS AGRICULTURE HATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION CF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYHO
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY HASTES MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA HATER-P
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYHORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANORIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOH TEMPERATURES KEY
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOMIC ASPECTS OF HATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEOL
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL HASTE HATER PCNDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
FEEOLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS EFFE
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLOTS IN THE CORNBELT KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
EVAPORATION OF HATER FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS EVAPORATION PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEM
OXIDATION DITCH HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE CONFINEMENT SHINE FARM KEYHOROS 0
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-HASTE
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND BARNYARD SOIL P
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED SHINE EXCREMENT KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS SHINE EXCR
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYHORDS EXCRETA HASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTRIE
HOUSE FLY CONTROL IN CAGED LAYER HOUSES KEYHORDS LARVAE FLY-CONTROL CAGED-LAYERS-HOUS
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRE
HASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY WASTE CISPOSAL-AEROBIC STA6ILI
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT POULTRY EXCRETA FEATHERS ANAE
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH RUMEN BACTERIA KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY DROPPINGS
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE TO ANIMALS KEYWORDS FEEDS EXCRETA OEHYDRATED-POULTRY-WASTE SHE
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
EVALUATION CF POULTRY MANURE AS A FEED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA ORIED-POULT
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN AS PROTEIN OF FUTURE KEYWORDS CATTLE REFEEOING EXCRETA PROTEINS
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN « RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS SALTS RECYC
A CLOSED SYSTEM NEW IDEA IN POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING EXCRETA
KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER DROPPINGS KEYWORDS POULTRY ADDITIVES EXCRETA KAOLIN FLY-CONTR
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOROS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILI2
A COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING HANDLING AIR DRYING AND MACHINE DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED HASTEHA
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE CONSU
PROCESSED EXCRETA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYHCRDS CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS RECYCLING PE
CONSTANT RATE DRYING OF CHICKEN EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING EXCRETA DRYING-RATES
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS DRYING POULTRY TEMPERATURE AIR EQ
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING PHYSICAL-PRO
HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY HASTE KEYHQRDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
FOUL FECAL FACTS KEYHORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYHORDS RECLAMATION POUL
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION HITH POULTRY MANURE KEYHORDS POULTR
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHORDS POULTRY EQUAT
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHOROS POULTRY DRVIN
URINARY EXCRETION OF QUINALDINE BY CHANNEL CATFISH KEYHORDS URINE CHANNEL-CATFISH OUI
INFLUENCE OF LOH LEVEL HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH LEPOMI
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDERFLOOR LIQUID MANURE PITS KEYUORDS ODOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
FARMLAND FARM STRESSES NO RUNOFF LATEST TEST RESULTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LIVE
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIQUID MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL DUST ON PIGS KEYHOROS GASES OUST AIR-POLLUTION AMMO
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS HAST
THO HAYS TO REDUCE AMMONIA LEVEL IN BROILER HOUSES KEYUORDS AMMONIA LITTER BROILERS V
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYHORDS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL HASTES KEYUOROS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES Z
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYUOROS ANIHAL-WASTES-HILDL
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYUOROS LIQUI
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY WASTE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS KEYHORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGE
A FAECES COLLECTOR SUITABLE FOR MALE CALVES KEYHOROS CATTLE FAECES-COLLECTOR MALE-CAL
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLOOR SHINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL HASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYWORDS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON FARMSTEADS KEYWORDS POLLUTION-ABATEMENT COSTS FARMS GOVERNMENT
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING HATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR SOWS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS BREEDING WASTE-DISPOSA
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
EFFECTS OF HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-P
LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE OF HAHAII A REGIONAL APPROACH TO HASTE MANAGEMENT K
FARM POLLUTION-HOH REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYWORDS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-H
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEOLOT HASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEDLOTS FARM-H
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOAOS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
NICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM HASTE LAGOON KEYHORDS FAR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHOROS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-HASTES POULTRY 00
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS THEORY AND PRACTICE KEYHORDS ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-TREATMEN
MONITORING ON FARM HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORCS MONITORING FARM-HASTES MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARH-HASTES LIVES
AEROBIC HASTE TREATMENT KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGDONS
HASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYHORDS SAMPLING SOILS Nl
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DEVITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN W
49
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 73 1763
300 72 1775
400 7* 1797
40C 74 1749
400 73 1858
400 73 1859
100 71 1872
300 71 1882
200 73 1897
300 73 1915
200 71 1925
200 71 1962
20C £9 1981
400 71 1985
400 72 2036
100 71 2092
400 74 2094
400 75 2107
100 73 2111
300 71 2133
400 74 2172
600 69 2179
100 74 2164
200 74 2185
100 72 2186
100 72 2187
700 65 2188
100 74 2189
100 72 2190
700 63 2233
700 47 2234
700 72 2319
400 75 2330
700 74 2362
200 69 2383
300 74 2388
100 48 2400
700 74 2405
300 73 2407
100 74 2408
300 48 2414
100 75 2422
400 75 2425
200 73 2442
300 74 2452
200 64 2966
200 75 2644
200 75 2681
600 2777
100 73 2779
100 71 2787
100 73 2798
400 73 1633
100 73 2332
100 73 1637
300 68 1948
100 75 2543
300 71 1903
100 63 2549
600 74 2050
400 73 2103
200 72 2168
200 75 2591
200 75 2722
200 75 2744
200 64 1694
200 74 2005
300 T3 1620
400 74 2232
200 75 2586
200 75 2587
700 72 2319
100 73 2325
200 75 2586
100 61 1669
100 61 1670
300 71 1672
100 60 1677
200 74 2021
400 75 2251
400 72 2305
200 70 2347
100 71 2551
600 71 1729
600 71 1729
200 75 2596
200 75 2597
200 75 2600
200 75 2603
400 74 1883
600 72 2122
300 72 2367
400 75 2344
200 74 2014
600 69 2175
300 71 1903
300 73 1617
100 72 1621
300 72 1628
300 74 1629
FARM-kASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-kASTES
FAKM-kASTES
FAKM-kASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FAKP-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARP-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARP-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARP-kASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARP-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-HASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-kASTES
FARM-WASTES
FARM-WASTES
FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM
FATIGUE
FATS
FAITEMNG-HEIFERS
FATTY-ACIDS
FEASIBILITY
FEASIBILITY
FEASIBILITY-STUDIE
FEASIBILITY-STU01E
FEASIBILITY-STUDIE
FEASIBILITY-STUDIE
FEASIBILITY-STUDIE
FEASIBILITY-STUDIE
FEATHERS
FEATHERS
FEATHER-FOLLICLES
FECAL-COL I FORMS
FECAL-COLIFORMS
FECAL-CCL1FORMS
FECAL-COLIFORM
FECAL-PATS
FECAL-STREPTOCOCCI
FECES
FECES
FECES
FECES
FECES
FECES
FECES
FECES
FECES
FEDERAL-GOVERNMENT
FEDERAL-PROGRAMS
FEOERAL-HATER-POLL
FEDERAL-HATER-POLL
FEDERAL-HATER-POLL
FEDERAL-HATER-POLL
FEEDING
FEEDING
FEEDING
FEED INC-RATES
FEEDING-SYSTEMS
FEEDING-SYSTEMS
FEEDING-VALUE
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL
FARM PCLLUTION-HOH REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYHOROS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARN-H
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYHORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING HASTE-TREAT
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL HASTES TO OIL KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES OIL FEEDLOTS ENERGY HASTE-
AGRICULTURE THE SEEDS OF A PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE FARM-HASTES FORESTRY HASTE-DI
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
AGRICULTURAL HASTES AND GROUND WATER QUALITY KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES FARM-HAS
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING HATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON FEEOLOT HASTE KE
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES IN RURAL HISCO
DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO POULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYHOKOS DEHYDRATION EC
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYHOROS IRRIGATIDN-EFFECTS POLLUTANTS WATER-QUALITY-CONTRCL HAST
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS HASTE-T
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYHCRDS EFFLUENTS FARM-WASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOH AVAILABLE KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEDLOTS FARM-H
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATED KEYHORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM HASTE KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
ANIMAL HASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTICN ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYH
RECYCLED HASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYHOROS RECYCLING FARM-HASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
THE EFFECT OF FARM HASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES HATE
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEHAGE HASTE-TREATMEN
PRELIMINARY FLCW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-HASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATM
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND HATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEVHORDS NIT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYHOROS AIR-POLLUTION SHINE CONFINiMENT-PENS FARM
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA DOMESTICA KEYHORDS DIGESTION FARM-HASTES POULTRY
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAERCB1C DIGESTION OF SHINE HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYHORDS FARM-WASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
THE MICKOfllAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COH MANURE WASTE KEYHORDS FARM-HAS
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING HASTE RECYCLING KEYHOROS RECYCLING FARM-HASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYHOROS FAHM-UASTES WATER-POLL
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT HASTE POLLUTION KEYHOROS ECONOMICS FEEOLOTS FARM-HASTES ST
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHORD
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-WAST
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYHCROS COLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
FARM WASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL WASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYHORDS FARM-WASTES PHYSI
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEOOCRIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
HEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED WASTES IN UNROOFED AND UNPAVED CONFINED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
UTILIZING HASTFS IN ANIMAL FEEOS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYHORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTE
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK HASTES TO THE LAND KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES LI
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS RECYCLING FARM-HASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
NEHER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEECLOT HASTES KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATME
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROP OXIDATION DITCHES KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHORDS HYDROLYSIS FEEDLOTS NU
GROUND HATER CONTAMINATION BY DISSOLVED NITRATE KEYWORDS NITRATES FERTILIZERS GECCHEMI
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYHORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BRCILER MANURE KEYWORDS HINTER FARM-HASTES HASTE-TREATM
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM YARD MANURE ON FINGER MILLET ELEUSINE CORACANA L GAERTN KE
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYHCROS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL FE
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYHORD
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CCRN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
METHODS FOR MEASURING SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND APMON1A FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS SLUDGE-DIGESTION ECONOMICS FEASIBILIT
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM SWINE HASTE HITH SOLAR REACTOR KEYHOROS METHANE FEASIBILITY'S
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS HASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL HASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYUORDS RECYCLING GAS
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHANE GENERATION FEASIBILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG FARMS KEYWORD
DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY KEYHORDS ECONOMI
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYHORDS WASTE-TREATME
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT POULTRY EXCRETA FEATHERS ANAE
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED WASTEWA
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER CAGE SYSTEM KEYHOROS BROILERS PERFORMANCE CAGE-SYSTEM CROSS-AU
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYHCROS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENOED-S
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING HASTE KEYHORDS BA
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLAE TOTAL COLIFORMS AND FECAL COL1FORMS IN SHINE HASTE LAGOON EFFLU
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COH MANURE WASTE KEYHORDS FARM-HAS
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS RONNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED HHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING HASTE KEYHORDS BA
TOXICITY TO FLY LARVAE OF THE FECES OF INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYHOROS TOXICITY CATTL
TOXICITY TO FACE FLY AND HOUSE FLY LARVAE OF FECES FROM INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYHORD
EFFECT OF APPLYING SHINE FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT MINERAL LEVELS KEYHORDS SWINE FECES
FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN LIVESTOCK FECES KEYWORDS FEEO-ADOIT
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMINC ACID PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION DITCH FROM HASTE KEYHOROS PROT
FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SWINE HASTES DETAILED KEYHORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF KEYHOROS POULTRY PERFORMANCE PHOSPHORUS AMIN
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN FARM SURFACE RUNOFF KEYHORDS HAT
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME TECHN1BUES USED IN DETERMINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND ENERGY
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL HASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYHOROS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL HASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYHOROS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEEOLOT LOCATION KEYHOROS MODEL-STUDIE
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING ERA HATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED STATES
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYHOROS LEGISLATION FEED
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYHORDS REGULATION
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES TO THE SOUTHEAST KEYHOROS CATTLE SOUTHEAST-U-S HASTE-OISPO
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR SONS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS BREEDING HASTE-OISPOSA
A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
SEPARATING SOLID HASTE FROM LIQUID KEYHORDS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HASTES CATTLE RECYCL
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE CONSU
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYH
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
PREVAILING HINDS IN FEEOLOT SITE SELECTION KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION HIND ODOR
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEH KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
NEBRASKA ANIMAL HASTE RESEARCH KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS CCNTROL DUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
50
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 73 1633
400 73 1634
400 73 1638
200 73 1648
200 74 1649
?00 73 1652
700 69 1656
400 73 1662
IOC 73 1664
600 74 1671
400 74 1676
300 74 1678
700 70 1680
600 73 1682
600 74 1684
700 71 1688
700 69 1690
200 64 1695
700 72 1706
600 73 1710
600 71 1713
600 71 1714
600 71 1715
600 71 1718
600 71 1720
600 71 1721
300 73 1733
700 69 1734
300 71 1739
600 74 1744
300 73 1745
60C 72 1753
600 73 1754
600 74 1756
300 73 1759
700 71 1761
400 73 1778
700 70 1779
300 74 1783
300 73 1785
100 72 1788
300 1792
400 74 1797
600 73 1803
400 72 1804
200 70 1805
100 73 1806
400 72 1807
400 74 1808
400 73 1811
300 70 1814
400 73 1818
400 72 1819
400 73 1820
100 74 1821
100 74 1831
400 73 1834
700 67 1838
400 72 1842
600 74 1846
100 74 1857
400 73 1859
300 74 1876
300 71 1879
400 74 1883
600 74 1888
300 74 1889
300 74 1900
300 73 1907
400 74 1921
200 71 1925
200 71 1926
200 71 1927
200 71 1928
200 71 1929
200 71 1931
200 71 1933
400 73 1934
400 71 1937
400 72 1938
400 72 1940
400 72 1941
400 72 1942
400 72 1943
400 73 1946
400 70 1947
300 68 1948
600 74 1949
100 74 1956
200 71 1971
200 71 1978
200 74 1986
200 74 1987
200 74 1988
200 74 1990
200 74 1991
600 72 1992
200 74 1996
200 74 1998
200 74 1999
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLC7S
FEEDLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEOLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEOLCTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLCTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEECLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLQTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SVSTEH CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL FE
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE HANDLING PROBLEM KEYWORDS HASTE-HANDLING DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULT
EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORD
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS COCR FEEOLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEDLOTS FARM-W
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLCT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS NATHEMATI
THESE STOCKYARDS SOLUTIONS COULD WORK FOR YOU KEYWCRDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT L
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOAOS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
PERFORMANCE OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULT
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FREE FEECLCT KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
LOCATING A NEW FEEOLCT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SITE-SELECTION WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
EFFECT OF FEECLOT LAGOON WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS-PROPERTIES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDL
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEECLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
2ETA POTENTIAL OF CCLCIOAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SURFACE KEYWORDS 2E
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR-CONTROL ANAEROBIC
WATER QUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEEOLOT KEYWORDS MATER-QUALITY STORM-R
MONITORING ON FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWCRCS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT-PEN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-COMMENTS ON THE NATIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SCLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTICN FEECLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEDLOT RUNCFF CONTROL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEOING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF WASTELAGE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING WASTELAGE DIGEST
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
FIELD PERFORMANCE CF SELECTED BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE WAS
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE TO FIELCS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE CATTLE
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLCT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
HYOROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HVDROLOG
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
THE NITROGEN REGIME CF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOTS SOILS CAT
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLCT WASTE AND ASSOCIATEC SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOMIC ASPECTS OF MATER POLLUTION uJNTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL
FEEDLOT ANIMAL HASTE COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
FEEDLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE HASTE-TREATMEN
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEDL
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS HASTE-TREA
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AIR-PCLLUT1CN WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE WASTE-MANA
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYWORDS MANURE FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS WA
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANCTHER NEW RUNCFF CONTROL METHOD KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS WITH FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWCRDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYWORCS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS UATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
YOU HAVE TO THINK MAINTENANCE IN MANAGING FEEDLOT RUNOFF SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AG
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNCFF KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
KLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-HASTE-TRE
RISER INTAKE DESIGNS FOR FEEDLOT SOLIDS COLLECTION BASINS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SOLID-WAST
LOW COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS OIS
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEOLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
THE STOCKMANS ROLE IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL LEGAL-A
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES TO THE SOUTHEAST KEYWORDS CATTLE SCUTHEAST-U-S WASTE-DISPO
BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE AND SOIL WATER MOVEMENT KEYHORDS EQUATIONS MANURE WATER-INTAKE-RA
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION w
CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTES TO AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS KEYHORDS CATTLE FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-II
ABANDONED FEEDLOTS CAN POLLUTE MORE THAN ACTIVE ONES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NITROGEN ABANDO
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON FEEOLOT WASTE KE
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT WASTE COLLECTIONS KEYWORDS LIQUIO-H
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT HASTE 8V STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
CROP RESPONSE TO WASTE MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS FEEOLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER IN RELATION TO FEEOLCT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICU
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEECLOT WASTES UPON GROUND WATER-A COMMENTARY KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS GRQU
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIQUID-WASTES AG
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RAINFALL FEEOLOTS GROUNOWATER-POLLUT
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL FOR HEATING KEYHORDS FUELS GASES ENERGY FEEOLOTS PYROLYSIS M
SAGEBRUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL-IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE KEYHORDS SAGEBRUSH FEEDS PERFORMA
WARM WATER STUDY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENERATING-PLANT WARM-HATER
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANUR
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT KEYWORDS DESIGN FEEOLCTS COLORADO RUNOFF-CONTROL LAND-OISP
CLEANEST FEEDLOT IN KANSAS KEYWORDS KANSAS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LAGOONS COSTS
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEDLOTS CELLULOSE
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEOLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
THE EFFECTS OF FEEOING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
EROOIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYHORDS CATTLE FEECLOTS SOLID-HASTES WASTE
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEECLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
CONTROLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WISCONSIN FEEDLOTS RUNOFF-CONTROL
LARGE COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS HOW HASTES ARE HANDLED IN THE WEST KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NEBRASK
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RE
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-IMPACT ON UNDERLYING SOIL KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILES GROUNDHATER FEED
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEECLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATT
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HA
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE ON CORN PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEOL
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT GUIDELINES ON THE U S FED BEEF INDUSTRY
51
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 2003 FEECLOTS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF FEEOLOT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS ENVIRO
300 73 2039 FEECLOTS DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
300 73 20*3 FEEDLCTS GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
100 73 2051 FEEOLCTS BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEDLOTS DESIGN WA
700 69 2060 FEECLCTS MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED BED TO A WELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
700 73 2061 FEEDLCTS BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
100 74 206* FEECLOTS CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE KE
300 71 2076 FEECLCTS BEEF FEEDLOTS-A POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTION AIR-PO
100 64 2079 FEECLCTS ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS ODOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
300 72 2086 FEECLOTS HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
300 72 2087 FEECLOTS DUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS OF THE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS ODOR DUST FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTION LEGA
300 72 2088 FEECLOTS ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-HAST
300 72 2089 FEECLCTS ANIMAL WASTE-REGULATORY CCNSIOERATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION FEEDLOTS P
300 72 2090 FEEDLCTS EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
400 74 2094 FEECLOTS NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE KEYWORDS. ODOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEOLOTS FARM-W
400 75 2107 FEECLOTS FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATEO KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
100 73 2113 FEEOLOTS EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
400 74 2114 FEEDLOTS CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
300 2117 FEECLOTS FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
400 75 2120 FEECLOTS THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF CONTROLS-IS HELP NEEDED KEYWORDS COSTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CON
100 73 2121 FEEOLCTS EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOME SELECTE
600 73 2124 FEEDLCTS DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS DESIG
100 74 2130 FEECLCTS EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM 8EEF FEEDLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
200 74 2135 FEECLOTS AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
200 74 2136 FEECLOTS ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
200 74 2140 FEEDLCTS ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
200 74 2142 FEEDLOTS NPDES PERMIT SYSTEM AND GUIDELINES FCft MICHIGAN PRESENTED AT THE AGRICULTURAL WASTE CON
200 74 2144 FEEDLOTS EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF 8EEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
400 72 2167 FEEOLOTS PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
100 73 2169 FEECLOTS AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND DUSTS KEYW
300 74 2173 FEECLOTS PAUNCH CONTENT 8LOODMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEDLOT RATIONS KEYWORDS FE
200 72 217* FEEDLOTS A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEOLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS WATER-
600 69 2179 FEECLOTS THE EFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HATE
200 64 2182 FEEDLOTS NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
200 74 2185 FEEOLOTS PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PROCUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
100 72 2190 FEECLOTS AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
100 67 2192 FEEOLCTS COMMERCIAL FEEOLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
300 71 2196 FEEOLCTS FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEECLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
600 71 2199 FEECLOTS STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS REGULATIONS FEEDLOTS LIVE
300 73 2208 FEEDLOTS USE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
400 72 2210 FEECLCTS STEP BY STEP PLAN FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL KEVNCROS LIVESTOCK IOWA FEEOLOTS REGULAT
400 72 2211 FEEDLOTS TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
300 74 2219 FEEDLCTS DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDLOTS RATIONS
200 69 2221 FEEOLOTS WASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY C
700 69 2227 FEEOLOTS DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEVWORCS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLO
700 67 2228 FEEDLCTS ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
700 70 2229 FEEDLOTS DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL PROFILE WITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
100 72 2235 FEEDLCTS FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEOLOTS D
100 74 2242 FEECLOTS NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN
600 73 2246 FEEDLCTS IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEED
100 73 2249 FEEDLOTS IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEEOYARD KEYWORDS FEEDLOT
100 75 2250 FEEDLOTS CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SOIL-PROFILES CH
100 74 2252 FEEOLOTS FEEOLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS EFFE
100 74 2253 FEEDLOTS ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATES NEAR A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS DUSTS FEEDL
300 72 2260 FEEOLOTS BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
100 74 2263 FEEDLOTS KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS KINETICS ECONO
400 71 2270 FEEDLOTS BRAKING FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTION GROU
400 71 2275 FEECLOTS CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE FOR AN ECOLOGICAL LOOP KEYWORDS CATTLE ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS
100 75 2280 FEECLOTS THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEECLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS FEEDLOT
400 72 2283 FEEDLOTS COSTS OF CONTROLLING FEEOLOT SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF COST
300 71 2286 FEEOLOTS IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
700 71 2307 FEEDLOTS FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
700 71 2308 FEECLOTS NITROSATION IN FEEOLOT MANURE KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE FEEOLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
700 71 2309 FEEDLOTS IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT ODORS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE CASE
300 72 2313 FEECLOTS FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
400 72 2320 FEEDLOTS THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A WASTE KEYHCRDS HATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
300 74 2331 FEEDLOTS NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE FRACTIONS KEYWORDS NUTRI
100 74 2337 FEEDLOTS MANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
300 75 2339 FEEDLOTS GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
100 73 2348 FEEDLOTS ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
300 72 2367 FEEDLOTS A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONF1NEMENT-
300 72 2368 FEEDLOTS FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH WASTE DISPOSA
300 72 2374 FEEDLCTS INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
400 72 2376 FEEDLOTS HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 69 2383 FEEOLCTS ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS FARM-HASTES ST
700 73 2385 FEEDLOTS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
300 72 Z386 FEEOLOTS ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
300 74 2388 FEEOLOTS SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYWORD
700 72 2390 FEEDLOTS CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTEWATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
700 74 2405 FEEOLOTS SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEEDLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
700 70 2406 FEEDJ.OTS EFFECT-OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYHOROS A
100 74 2408 FEEOLOTS REVIEH PAPER-ANIMAL HASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYHOROS FARM-WASTES PHYSI
700 72 2409 FEEDLCTS CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
100 71 2413 FEEDLOTS SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
100 71 2424 FEEDLOTS VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEOL
300 75 2426 FEEOLOTS USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
200 73 2432 FEEDLDTS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
200 73 2433 FEEDLOTS STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
200 73 2440 FEEOLOTS REVIEH OF LIVESTOCK HASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
200 73 2444 FEEDLCTS MY HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR BEEF KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATER-POLLUTION FEEOLO
200 73 2446 FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
100 73 2447 FEEDLOTS SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEOLOT KEYWORDS SOIL-HATER NITRATES
300 71 2451 FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS HATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA BI
200 71 2453 FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES HATER-
200 74 2463 FEEDLOTS BEEF IN CONFINEMENT HORKSHOP KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 74 2*65 FEEDLOTS NEH FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM HITH DEEP LAGOON KEYHOROS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
200 74 2467 FEEDLOTS LEGAL ASPECTS OF HASTE POLLUTION LAHS KEYHORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEOLOTS HATER-POLLUTION
200 74 2469 FEEDLOTS ANIMAL HASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL HAG THE DOG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZER
200 74 2470 FEEOLOTS HASTE HANDLING AND LAGOON MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS LAGOONS FEEOLOTS DESIGN CHEMICAL-PROPER
200 73 2472 FEEOLOTS MIDWEST LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWCRDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
52
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 73 2473
200 73 2475
100 79 2490
100 74 2491
400 74 2493
300 75 2494
300 73 2498
400 75 2501
500 74 2503
400 73 2504
200 70 2506
400 75 25CB
100 74 2515
300 74 2517
400 73 2519
300 72 2522
300 71 2523
600 70 2530
600 71 2531
600 75 2537
700 73 2563
200 64 2566
200 64 2567
100 71 2570
300 2571
400 72 2573
400 75 2575
100 72 2560
200 75 2592
200 75 2594
200 75 2595
200 75 2597
200 75 2600
200 75 2601
200 75 2602
200 75 2603
200 75 2608
200 75 2609
200 75 2610
200 75 2611
200 75 2647
200 75 2648
200 75 2657
200 75 2660
200 75 2663
200 75 2671
200 75 2681
200 75 2685
200 75 2687
200 75 2688
200 75 2691
200 75 2694
200 75 2706
200 15 2708
200 75 2709
200 75 2710
700 74 2765
700 73 2772
600 71 2778
700 70 2781
300 69 2797
100 72 2799
400 70 2803
400 72 2805
100 72 2811
300 74 2257
100 73 1664
700 73 1890
700 74 2564
200 71 1926
300 73 1622
700 73 1890
100 68 2788
400 73 1618
100 72 1621
400 73 1632
100 73 1637
200 72 1645
700 71 1665
600 71 1725
700 69 1734
100 73 1747
200 69 1760
700 71 1766
400 74 1771
*00 74 1772
200 73 1789
400 74 1797
600 73 1803
400 73 1812
400 72 1819
100 70 1823
100 73 1833
400 72 1836
300 73 1S56
400 73 1856
300 71 1903
400 69 1924
200 71 1926
400 71 1935
FEECLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLCTS
FEECLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEECLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLCTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLCTS •
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLCTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEOLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOTS
FEEDLOT-EFFLUENT-S
FEEDLOT-RESEARCH
FEEOLOT-RUNOFF
FEEDLOT-SURFACE
FEEDLOT-SURFACING
FEEDLOT-HASTES
FEECLOT-HASTES
FEEOLOT-HASTES
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
FEEDS
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLOTS IN THE CORN8ELT KEYNORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
OUTDOOR UNPAVEO FEEOLOT MANAGEMENT KEYNORDS FEEOLCTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOCN MATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
FUEL FOR THOUGHT-IS STOCKPILED ENERGY GOING TO HASTE KEYNORDS METHANE FERTILIZERS FEED
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT NASTES KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREAT
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEDLOT MANURE-A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY KEYWORDS DESIGN EQUIPMENT
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYNORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC NASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYNORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
STRIP MINE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEEOLOTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO HAS
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYNORDS AGRICULTURE NATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT NASTE MANAGEMENT KEVNOROS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECV
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED NITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
POLLUTED GROUNONATER-ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MANS ACTIVITIES KEYNOROS FEEDLOTS INOU
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSINESS KEYNORDS NEBRASKA FEEDLOTS REGULATION NATER-POLtUTION
THE USE AND VALUE OF ANIMAL NASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYNORDS ANINAL-N
FEECLOT NASTE DISPOSAL AND NATER POLLUTION KEYNOROS F6EDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NATE
REVIEN OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL NASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES FOR
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
MODEL TO PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF FEEOLOT CONTROL FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCAT
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYNORDS AGRICUITUR
NENER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEDLOT HASTES KEYNOROS HASTE-TREATME
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYNOROS NATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEE
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BICTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYNORDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEOLOT
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYNORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEOLOTS NE
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LANS KEYHOROS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS HAT
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF DRAINAGE FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK NASTES KEYHOROS LIVESTOCK NASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
ECONOMICS OF SUBSTITUTION AND THE DEMAND FOR BEEF FEEDLOT HASTES-ONE ALTERNATIVE FOR SO
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF NASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE FEEOL
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE NATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF LESS
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING EPA NATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED STATES
FEEOLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYHOROS LEGISLATION FEED
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYNORDS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS I
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYHORDS HATER-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS ILLINO
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYHORDS REGULATION
CONTROL COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLQT RUNOFF KEYHOROS REGULATION ENGINEERING DES
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF NATER IN RELATION TO FEEOLCT OPERATIONS KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
AN ILLINOIS FEEOLOT RUNOFF CONTROL PROJECT KEYHOROS ILLINOIS FEEDLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
FEEOLOT NASTE RECYCLING HITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS HASTE-STORAGE N
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEOLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYNOROS NUTR
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT NASTE FOR GROHING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEVHORDS
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK HASTE KEYNORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEDLOTS C
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYNOROS FERTILIZE
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT NASTES ONTO LAND KEYNCRDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEOYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYNORDS HYDROLYSIS FEEDLOTS NU
EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEEDLOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE NASTES KEYHCRDS ORGANIC-HASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURES AS INFLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE KEYNORD
EVALUATION OF ODOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYNORDS FEED
MALOOOR REDUCTION IN BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYNCRDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE ODOR-CONTROL CHEMIC
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF BARNLOTS KEYNORDS AGRICUL
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES KEYNORDS IR
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYHOROS AGRIC
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM FEEOLOTS IN THE SOUTHHESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYNOROS DESIGN A
ANIMAL HASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GRONTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING HITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SHINE FEEOLOT
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM THO FEEDLOTS KEYHOR
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF BEEF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYNOROS FEEOLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
RETORTING FEEOLOT NASTES KEYNORDS FEEOLOTS ORGANIC-HASTES CARBON FUELS NATER-POLLUTIO
FEEOLOT POLLUTION-A SOLVABLE PROBLEM KEYNORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATER-POLLUTION SOU
FEEDLOT HASTE USABLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PERFORMANCE FRACTIONATION BUIL
THE USE OF ANIMAL NASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION REGULATIONS KEYHOROS HATER-POLLUTION PERMITS LIVESTOCK PO
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEOLOAOS KEYHCRDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
LABORATORY STUDIES ON FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDL
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT HASTE COLLECTIONS KEYNOROS LIQUID-H
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT NASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYHOROS RECYCLING QUALITATIVE-ORG
LABORATORY STUDIES ON FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDL
THE FLOH OF SOLID HASTES IN PIPELINES KEYNOROS SOLID-HASTES HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION P
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN HITH PLS KEYHOROS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEH KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
FEEDING STEERS 0PM KEYHOROS FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS PERFORMANCE DEHYDRATEO-POUL
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
ANIMAL NASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYHOROS HASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM HASTE LAGOON KEYNOROS FAR
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF HASTELAGE KEYHOROS FEEDS RECYCLING WASTELAGE DIGEST
FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR STARTING CHICKS KEYHOROS DIETS POULTRY PROTEINS
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYHORDS
NINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
DPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYHORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-HASTES REFEE
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYHOROS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
SHINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SHINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
HASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL
FEEDLOT ANIMAL HASTE COMPARED HITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT HASTE KEYHOROS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYHOROS MANURE FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS HA
GAROONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE IN COH MANURE KEYHOROS FEEDS ADO
AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE TO ANIMALS KEYHOROS FEEDS EXCRETA OEHYDRATED-POULTRY-WASTE SHE
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILED ANIMAL AND CROP HASTES KEYNOROS RUMINAN
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYHOROS FERMENTATION RECYCLING HASTE-TREAT
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION OF MANURE BY DIPTERA KEYHOROS MANURE DIPTERA BIOLOGICAL-OIGESTIO
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND 8UANTITY OF FEEDLOT HASTE COLLECTIONS KEYHOROS LIQUID-H
BARN HASTES FOR FEED KEYHOROS FEEOS RUMINANTS BARN-HASTES REFEEDING DIGESTIBILITY CHE
53
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KEYWORD INDEX
400 72 1938 FEEDS SAGEBKUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL-IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE KEYWORDS SAGEBRUSH FEEDS PERFORM
40C 12 1939 FEEDS WASTE CONVERSION UNIT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONOITI
400 72 1940 FEECS WARP HATER STUDY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENERATING-PLANT WARM-MATER
400 72 1945 FEEDS THIS PLANT WILL CONVERT WASTE INTO PROTEIN KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
400 73 1946 FEECS RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEECS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEDLOTS CELLULOSE
300 68 1948 FEEDS THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
100 74 1950 FEEDS EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
400 74 1955 FEEDS FEEDING PELLETED DRIED POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS PERFORMANCE CA
300 74 1959 FEEDS ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
2GC 74 1969 FEEDS RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
200 74 2006 FEECS CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT WH
200 74 2014 FEECS INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY Of RATION AND PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE CONSU
200 74 2021 FEEDS NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMINO ACID PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION DITCH FROM WASTE KEYWORDS PROT
200 74 2022 FEEDS BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED SOLIDS FED TO STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SOLID-WASTES P
400 75 2040 FEEDS PROCESSED EXCRETA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS RECYCLING PE
100 74 2047 FEECS CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
400 75 2049 FEECS MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUPINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
300 73 2053 FEEDS SWINE WASTE AS NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANC
400 75 2056 FEEDS MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
400 73 2058 FEECS POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYWORDS FEECS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
100 72 2059 FEEDS RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES WITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND FLO
400 75 2071 FEEDS DUNG HO-FOA SETS REGS ON RECYCLED FEED KEYWORDS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES FE
600 72 2074 FEEDS RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
100 72 2112 FEEDS SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
400 75 2116 FEEDS FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR DRYING EQUIPMENT DPW KEYWORDS E
400 73 2123 FEEDS DPM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS IN ENGLAND KEYWORDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-MANURE
400 75 2125 FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY PRODUCERS PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES KEYWORDS CATTLE POULTRY ANIMAL-WAST
400 73 2129 FEEDS DPW SAVES 26 75 PER TON OF LAYER FEED KEYWORDS COSTS ECONOMICS FEEDS POULTRY DRIED-PO
400 74 2172 FEECS RECYCLED WASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
300 74 2173 FEEDS PAUNCH CONTENT BLOOOMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEDLOT RATIONS KEYWORDS FE
300 74 2177 FEEDS RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
300 74 2217 FEEDS COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
400 72 2239 FEEDS ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN BEEF WASTE RECLAMATION KEYWORDS ARIZONA CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS
400 72 2240 FEEDS GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PRCTE1H FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
400 75 2251 FEEDS FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SWINE WASTES DETAILED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
100 67 2264 FEEDS LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY TO FLIES OF MANURE FROM CHICKS ADMINISTERED INSECTICIDE TREATED FEE
400 73 2266 FEEDS VALUE OF DRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
3CO 65 2267 FEEDS OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRI
400 72 2273 FEEDS PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
400 71 2274 FEEDS FEEDING WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANCE DRIED-SW1NE-FECES DEHYDRATED-POUL
400 71 2275 FEEDS CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE FOR AN ECCLOG1CAL LOOP KEYWORDS CATTLE ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS
200 73 227B FEEDS CONVERTING SWINE WASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS NUTRI
200 72 2279 FEEDS NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
400 73 2287 FEEDS DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEOLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
400 72 2289 FEEDS MOLASSES FROM MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS SLUDGE PROTEINS MANURE MOLASSES SULPHUR-DItiXIDE
400 70 2291 FEEDS FLY PUPAE HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS FERTILIZERS FLY-PU
400 71 2295 FEEDS POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYWORDS PCULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS F
400 72 2298 FEEDS DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS DRIED-POUL
400 72 2305 FEEDS PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE PHOSPHORUS AMIN
400 75 2322 FEEDS NEW MANURE CONVERSION PLANT OPENED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS AEROBIC-DIGES
100 73 2325 FEEDS FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS RONNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
100 73 2348 FEEDS ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEM1CA
300 72 2371 FEEDS MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
300 72 2374 FEEDS INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
TOO 72 2390 FEEDS CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTEhATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
200 70 2391 FEEDS REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
200 70 2397 FEEDS A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
100 48 2400 FEEDS RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-WAST
100 75 2419 FEEDS ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
400 67 2420 FEECS CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
300 74 2452 FEEDS RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
200 74 2457 FEEDS PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
200 74 2459 FEEDS FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
200 74 2460 FEEDS MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEECS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
400 75 2512 FEEDS INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE ON BROILER GROWTH AND MEAT FLAVOR AND COM
100 62 2535 FEEDS FEEDING POTENTIAL CF RECLAIMED FECAL RESIDUE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE PERFORMANCE REFEEO
100 74 2541 FEEDS RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS PROTEINS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATIO
200 73 2548 FEEDS EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
300 65 2558 FEEDS CHICKEN LITTER AS A SUPPLEMENT IN WINTERING BEEF COWS AND CALVES ON PASTURE KEYWORDS
400 75 2560 FEEDS COLORADO DPW PROCESSING FIRM FINOS READY MARKET AS BOTH FEED FERTILIZER KEYWORDS COLO
200 75 2641 FEEDS RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
200 75 2643 FEEDS RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
200 75 2645 FEECS NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING FEEOLOT WASTE TO BEEF C
200 75 2647 FEEDS NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
200 75 2652 FEEDS ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
200 75 2653 FEEDS CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFORM PROCESS KEYWORDS 0
200 75 2682 FEECS INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
200 75 2686 FEEDS PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES FEEDS VA
400 64 279J FEEDS CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
100 72 2801 FEEDS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS NETHA
100 72 2B04 FEEDS REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRYING AFTER-BURNER ODOR-REHOVA
400 72 2605 FEEDS FEEDLOT WASTE USABLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PERFORMANCE FRACTIONATION BUIL
100 71 2809 FEEDS FLAVOUR OF BEEF FED ON DRIED POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDS DRIEO-POULTRY-WASTE
400 75 2B14 FEEDS CONVERSION OF SWINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYWORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PROTEINS FEEDS SWINE
200 75 265B FEED CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-
100 60 1677 FEED-ADDITIVES FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN LIVESTOCK FECES KEYWORDS FEED-AD01T
300 73 1851 FEED-ADDITIVES ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT ODOR-CONT
100 70 2520 FEED-ADDITIVES POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY LARVAE IN MANU
400 74 1771 FEED-CONVERSIONS DPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS ORIED-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
200 13 2548 FEED-CONVERSION EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
100 75 2427 FEED-CONVERSION-EF USE OF DRIED POULTRY HASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
200 75 2682 FEED-CONVERSION-EF INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
200 74 2459 FEED-INGREDIENTS FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
400 73 1812 FEED-LOTS FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
600 73 1813 FEED-LOTS EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
400 72 2300 FEED-VALUE MANURE STORAGE TIKE AFFECTS VALUE OF OPW KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PROTEINS DRIED-POULTRY
300 72 2373 FEED-VALUE FEEDING VALUE Of CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING WAT
200 74 1988 FENTONS-REAGENT MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEECLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATT
200 75 2681 FENTONS-REAGENT MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS HYDROLYSIS FEEOLOTS NU
54
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KEYWORD INDEX
400 74 1636
600 72 1709
400 73 1768
IOC 73 1806
400 73 1858
70C 71 1864
400 72 1939
400 72 1945
400 75 2049
20C 73 2278
200 68 2282
400 71 2294
200 70 2397
LUG 75 2419
200 74 2459
100 72 2500
500 74 2503
300 74 2527
300 74 2555
200 75 2641
200 75 2652
200 75 2666
200 75 2678
200 75 2730
200 75 2743
100 72 2800
100 74 2802
100 71 2807
100 74 2525
200 74 1988
300 74 1619
200 72 1645
200 71 1646
200 74 1649
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
100 74 1655
100 72 1657
100 73 1663
400 74 1676
700 66 17C7
600 71 1724
100 73 1755
300 73 1785
300 73 1787
100 71 1796
400 74 1797
100 73 1800
100 73 1806
400 74 1808
400 74 1827
200 74 1867
300 71 1879
200 72 1880
300 71 1882
400 74 1887
300 74 1889
200 73 1895
400 74 1909
300 73 1915
200 71 1966
200 71 1967
200 71 1968
200 69 1983
200 74 2017
200 74 2028
300 74 2042
400 74 2048
400 75 2055
400 75 2056
100 74 2057
100 72 2099
300 72 2063
400 74 2065
400 74 2070
300 72 2090
400 74 2102
400 75 2116
500 74 2132
200 63 2158
200 63 2161
200 72 2174
600 69 2175
600 69 2179
200 64 2182
200 74 2185
100 72 2187
100 72 2190
400 72 2230
400 72 2231
400 75 2251
300 74 2255
100 75 2272
100 73 2277
400 70 2291
400 71 2295
400 72 2301
400 72 2302
700 68 2317
400 72 2320
FERMENTATION
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FERMEMATICN
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FERMEMATICN
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FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
FERMENTAMCN
FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
FERMENTATION
FERRIC-CHLORIDE
FERROUS- SULFATE
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
FERTILIZERS
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NUTRIENTS FERMENTATION THE
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH RUMEN BACTERIA KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
FEEDLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYWORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING WASTE-TREAT
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
HASTE CONVERSION UMT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONDITI
THIS PLANT WILL CONVERT WASTE INTO PROTEIN KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
CONVERTING SWINE WASTE INIO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS NUTRI
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGOONS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
FERMENTED POULTRY MANURE RECYCLED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERMENTATION POULTRY SLURRIES BA
A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
THE RECYCLING CF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SLUDGE 'FROM PIG GROWING COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER KEYWOR
OXIDATION NITRIFICATION AND OENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF MANURE KEYWORDS FERMENTATION
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTiR BY HOT FERMENTATION
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYWORDS OESIGN-CRITE
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COWOUNG BY ADDIKG OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION WASTE-WATER-TR
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEECLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATT
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEDLCT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEDLOTS FARM-W
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPEI\T SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FREE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION CF LICUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYWO
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYWORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNDWATER QUALITY KEYWORDS WAT
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA HAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
FEEOLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
MONFORT FUELS FEEOLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHAME FEEOLOTS WASTE-TREA
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
THE STOCKMANS ROLE IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL LEGAL-A
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AOUIFERS KEYWORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE OOESNT SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES FERTILIZERS
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
AGRICULTURAL HASTES AND GROUND WATER QUALITY KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES FARM-WAS
COOKING WITH COW POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
SOIL POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN WATER KEYWORDS POLLUTANTS WATER-POLLUTION
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS SURFACE-WATERS ENVIRONM
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILIZ
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AGRICULTURAL W
AEROBIC STABILIZATION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SWINE MANURE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREAT
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIQUID MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
ANTIPOLLUTION LAWS FORCE LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWORDS
RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES WITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND FLO
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL CF MANURE WASTES AND UTILIZATION CF THE RESIDUE KEYWORDS BURNING
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
USE OF ANIMAL WASTES AS A SOIL AMENDMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES FERTILIZERS CATTLE NU
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MORE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR DRYING EQUIPMENT DPW KEYWORDS 6
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY HASTE-TREATMENT
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS WATER-
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYW
THE AFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATE
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND HATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND HATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS MANURE TILTH CROP
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SHINE WASTES DETAILED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
FLY PUPAE HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS FERTILIZERS FLY-PU
POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS F
OTHER FERTILIZER USES FOR DRIED MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS RECLAMATION DRIED-POULTRY
WHY POULTRY MANURE VARIES AS FERTILIZER KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPH
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
55
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KEYWORD INDEX
400 75 2322 FERTILIZERS NEH MANURE CONVERSION PLANT OPENED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS AEROBIC-DICES
300 74 2323 FERTILIZERS OKLAHOMA HANURE FOR HIGHEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
400 75 2334 FERTILIZERS ORGANIC HASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOH RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
100 74 2337 FERTILIZERS HANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
IOC 74 2340 FERTILIZERS RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
400 75 2353 FERTILIZERS POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
300 73 2355 FERTILIZERS SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
600 74 2356 FERTILIZERS SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRCP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
400 61 2360 FERTILIZERS HANURE SMELL FURNISHES FARMSTEADS POWER NEEDS KEYWORDS GASES FERTILIZERS ANAEROBIC-DIG
700 74 2362 FERTILIZERS NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
300 65 2377 FERTILIZERS BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LANO-DIS
300 72 2386 FERTILIZERS ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
200 70 2391 FERTILIZERS REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
20C 70 2393 FERTILIZERS PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS AND WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS HASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN
200 70 2394 FERTILIZERS ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEHENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
200 70 2397 FERTILIZERS A REVIEW CF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
300 48 2414 FERTILIZERS POULTRY HANURE ITS PRESERVATION OEOOORIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
400 74 2418 FERTILIZERS CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
300 75 2426 FERTILIZERS USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
200 74 2457 FERTILIZERS PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
200 74 2460 FERTILIZERS MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
200 74 2461 FERTILIZERS BRIOLER LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
200 74 2469 FERTILIZERS ANIMAL HASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL WAG THE DOG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZER
200 73 2466 FERTILIZERS SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE HITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYWORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
400 74 2493 FERTILIZERS FUEL FOR THOUGHT-IS STOCKPILED ENERGY GOING TO WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE FERTILIZERS FEED
400 75 2501 FERTILIZERS MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
400 72 2511 FERTILIZERS SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE USED ON MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING FERTILIZERS ECONOMIC
300 74 2517 FERTILIZERS POLLUTED GROUNOWATER-ESTIHATING THE EFFECTS OF MANS ACTIVITIES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS INDU
100 73 2521 FERTILIZERS SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
300 72 2522 FERTILIZERS THE USE AND VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ANIMAL-W
100 61 2534 FERTILIZERS WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS HASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
400 60 2539 FERTILIZERS MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
400 75 2560 FERTILIZERS COLORADO DPH PROCESSING FIRM FINDS READY MARKET AS BOTH FEED FERTILIZER KEYWORDS COLO
400 75 2575 FERTILIZERS HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF DRAINAGE FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
200 75 2592 FERTILIZERS ECONOMICS OF SUBSTITUTION AND THE DEMAND FOR BEEF FEEOLOT HASTES-ONE ALTERNATIVE FOR SO
200 75 2613 FERTILIZERS UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTE FROH A SLOTTED FLCCR DEEP PIT BARN KEYWORDS CONFINEM
200 75 2627 FERTILIZERS A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
200 75 262B FERTILIZERS SUCCESSFUL MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE COMMERCIAL HOG OPERATION KEYWORDS WA
200 75 2652 FERTILIZERS ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
200 75 2653 FERTILIZERS CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFORM PROCESS KEYWORDS 0
200 75 2656 FERTILIZERS SMALL METHANE GENERATOR FOR WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING DESIGN SWINE TA1
200 75 2659 FERTILIZERS SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO ENHANCE SHINE HASTE DIGESTION KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION MET
200 75 2660 FERTILIZERS RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYWORDS FERTILIZE
200 75 2664 FERTILIZERS LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORHAN
200 75 2666 FERTILIZERS THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SLUDGE FROM PIG GROWING COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER KEYWOR
200 75 2703 FERTILIZERS ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
200 75 2722 FERTILIZERS DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY KEYWORDS ECONONI
200 75 2752 FERTILIZERS FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
100 72 2764 FERTILIZERS THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STOCK FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY PROBLEM KEYW
600 2777 FERTILIZERS GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION BY DISSOLVED NITRATE KEYWORDS NITRATES FERTILIZERS GEOCHEMI
100 73 2779 FERTILIZERS HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
100 71 2782 FERTILIZERS LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WAS7E-
100 74 2802 FERTILIZERS GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-HAST
100 72 2811 FERTILIZERS THE USE OF ANIMAL HASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-WASTES
200 75 2590 FERTILIZER ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
200 74 2010 FERTILIZER-TAXES2H AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
100 63 2581 FERTILIZER-VALUE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
400 73 1820 FESCUES GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL METHOD KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-
200 75 2664 FESCUES LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
200 75 2665 FESCUES MANURE FROM CAGED HENS EVALUATED ON FESCUE PASTURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FESCUES CROP-RESPO
700 74 2774 FESCUES EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYWORD
400 73 1946 FIBER RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEDLOTS CELLULOSE
400 74 2172 FIBER RECYCLED HASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
200 75 2646 FIBER MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
600 74 1744 FIELD-PERFORMANCE FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BEEF FEEOLOT HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE WAS
200 75 2661 FIELD-SINK DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LAND-DI
200 63 2159 FIELD-SPREADING PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE HARVESTING KEYWORDS POULTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STORAGE WAS
200 75 2714 FIELD-TRANSPORTS PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CONVEYORS FOR UNLOADING SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANSPORTS KEYWORDS E
200 75 2657 FILLER PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEDLOTS C
700 71 27BO FILTERING AN INVESTIGATION OF OOOUR CONTROL FOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS ODOR CONFINEMENT-PENS F
600 72 1875 FILTERS AMMONIA TOX1CITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
100 69 1659 FILTRATION ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
600 71 1718 FILTRATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
600 72 1875 FILTRATION AMMONIA TOX1CITV LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
100 71 2241 FILTRATION THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TOWER WHEN TREATING
600 72 2262 FILTRATION PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
700 72 2316 FILTRATION LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM FILTRATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TEC
400 73 2429 FILTRATION RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMITS KEYWORDS REGU
100 74 2775 FILTRATION EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
300 71 2196 FINANCIAL-ASSISTAN FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEEGLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
300 69 2078 FINES WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION MISSOURI PER
ZOO 75 2643 FINISHING-RATIONS RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
300 72 2373 FINISHING-STEERS FEEDING VALUE Of CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING HAT
600 71 1715 FISHFILL THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
100 72 2112 FISH SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
200 70 2397 FISH A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
200 73 2440 FISH REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
100 71 2570 FISH BIOCONCENTRATION AND B10TRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYWORDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
700 74 2766 FISH AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE AND AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION KEYWORDS
100 73 2226 FISH-BEHAVIOR INFLUENCE OF LOW LEVEL HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH LEPOMI
200 75 2683 FISH-DIETS OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SWINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L AND EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
400 74 1626 FISH-FARMING MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE WASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAGOO
600 74 1749 FISH-FARMING A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL CATFISH PONDS KEYWORDS EFFLUENT F
300 74 1782 FISH-FARMING POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW AND PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
600 72 1875 FISH-FARMING AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
300 74 1914 FISH-FARMING PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULTURE WA
600 72 1995 FISH-FARMING A TWO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
400 74 2232 FISH-FARMING EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDEO-S
100 74 2404 FISH-FARMING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
400 13 242* FISH-FARMING RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMITS KEYWORDS REGU
56
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KEYWORD INDEX
600 72 1995 FISH-HARVEST A THO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
100 73 1673 FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
100 72 2193 FISH-HATCHERIES TAKING CARE OF HASTES FROM THE TROUT FARM KEYWORDS FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT NATER-POLLUT
300 72 2090 FISH-KILLS EUTRCPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
200 69 2383 FISH-KILLS ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT HASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FE6DLOTS FARM-HASTES ST
600 72 1875 FISH-MANAGEMENT AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
600 72 1995 FISH-MANAGEMENT A THO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYHORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
100 7* 240* FISH-MANAGEMENT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROC HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYHORDS
300 74 1914 FISH-NUTRITION PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYHORDS AQUACULTURE HA
200 75 2683 FISH-PRODUCTION OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SHINE HASTES FOR GROHTH OF L6MNA MINOR L AND EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
600 72 1875 FISH-TOXINS AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
100 72 2193 FISH-WASTES TAKING CARE OF HASTES FROM THE TROUT FARM KEYHORDS FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT HATER-POLLUT
700 67 2234 FIXED-SOLIDS AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
100 75 2543 FLAME-IONIZATION-D METHODS FOR MEASURING SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND APMONIA FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYHORDS
300 71 2286 FLAME-PHOTOMETRY IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
200 75 2721 FLASH-TYPE-DRYER IN-HOUSE HANDLING AND DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY MANURE FROM A CAGED LAYER OPERATION A PRO
200 75 2607 FLAT-DECK-CAGES IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
100 71 2809 FLAVOR FLAVOUR OF BEEF FED ON DRIED POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTE
300 64 1631 FLIES THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC
100 61 1669 FLIES TOXICITY TO FLY LARVAE CF THE FECES OF INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYWORDS TOXICITY CATTL
100 61 1670 FLIES TOXICITY TO FACE FLY AND HOUSE FLY LARVAE OF FECES FROM INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYWORD
100 60 1677 FLIES FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN LIVESTOCK FECES KEYHORDS FEEO-AOOIT
700 71 1688 FLIES THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
600 72 1752 FLIES ANIMAL HASTES AERATION IMPROVES 8IOREDUCT10N BY FLY LARVAE KEYHORDS AERATION LARVAE F
300 73 1764 FLIES DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE HATER-POLLUTIO
100 70 1823 FLIES GARDONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS ADD
200 71 1969 FLIES WHAT OUR MILK MARKETS REOUIRE KEYWORDS MILK HASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY
200 71 1973 FLIES FLIES IN RELATION TO MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLIES MANU
200 63 2154 FLIES WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ON THE FARM KEYWORDS POULTRY SPREADING SPRAYING HYDRAULIC-C
200 63 2157 FLIES INDCOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL 00
200 63 2163 FLIES PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
200 63 2164 FLIES SANITARY LANDFILL ING OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS POULTRY SOLID-HASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
100 73 2169 FLIES AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND OUSTS KEYH
400 71 2237 FLIES COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE IN DEEP PITS KEYWORDS CCMPOSTING POULTRY HASTE-STORAGE ODOR
400 72 2306 FLIES HOH NUTTING PRE-ORIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MOISTURE-CONTEN
300 2496 FLIES KSU AEROBIC SHINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
300 74 2555 FLIES TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
100 71 2570 FLIES 8IOCCNCENTRATION AND BIOTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYWCRDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
400 71 2572 FLIES THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYHORDS POULTRY ODOR WATER-POLLUTION VENTILATION DEEP-PITS F
400 72 2297 FLOATING-AERATORS MANURE HOLDING POND ODOR CONTROL KEYWORDS AERATION SIZE MANURE-HOLDING-POND ODOR-CONT
200 75 2639 FLOCCULANTS A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED CN SEPARATION BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE D
600 74 1748 FLOCCULATIMG-AGENT FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SCLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
700 65 1666 FLOCCULATION PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
600 74 1748 FLOCCULATION FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE HASTE SOLIDS KEYHORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
700 73 2061 FLOCCULATIGN BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
100 69 2380 FLOCCULATICN BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FRCM CAGED LAVING HENS KEYHOROS HAST
400 74 1917 FLOOD-CONTROL DO FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYWORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
300 73 2096 FLOORS SLATTEO-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
300 74 2118 FLCORS FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
300 72 2368 FLCORS FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH WASTE DISPOSA
600 66 1743 FLOOR-GRIDS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FCR CONFINMEKET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CO
300 74 2118 FLOOR-SCRAPER FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
600 Tl 1726 FLOOR-TYPES EFFECT OF HOUSED CONFINEMENT ON ANIMAL PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE P
700 72 2127 FLORIDA SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY HASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH HATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
400 74 2172 FLORICA RECYCLED HASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
200 73 2478 FLOTATION SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWCRDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
400 70 2291 FLOTATION-PROCESS FLY PUPAE HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT KEYHORDS FEEDS PROTEINS FERTILIZERS FLY-PU
100 73 1793 FLOW DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA WITH BILINEAR ABSORPTION KEYWORDS DISPERSION F
200 73 2483 FLOW DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
200 73 2437 FLOW-CHARACTER 1ST I OXYGENATION AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS CF MECHANICAL AERATORS KEYWORDS AERATION OXYGENAT
700 72 2127 FLOW-RATES SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
400 75 2341 FLOW-RATE MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYWORDS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE WASTE-DILUTIO
600 72 1993 FLOW-RATIO STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
200 74 2185 FLOW-SHEET PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
200 71 1964 FLOW-SYSTEM MOVEMENT OF GROUND HATER KEYWORBS GROUNDWATER-POLLUTION MOVEMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
700 68 2310 FLOW-VELOCITIES A MODEL STUDY OF FLOW VELOCITIES IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYHOROS MODEL-STUDIES DESIGN 0
100 73 1660 FLUCTUATIONS FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
300.74 1900 FLUIDIZEO-BED-REAC CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES TC AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS
400 74 1917 FLUMES DO FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYHORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
400 74 2048 FLUMES CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
200 73 24B1 FLUMES FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYHORDS IOHA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
200 75 2702 FLUMES AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE PLUMING AND LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS K
200 74 2466 FLUME HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
400 75 2341 FLUME-FLOORS MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYWORDS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE WASTE-OILUTIO
400 71 1641 FLUSHING TEST SHINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE HASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING HATER-POLLUTI
400 74 1917 FLUSHING DO FLUMES REALLY HORK KEYWORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
400 74 1994 FLUSHING THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
400 74 204B FLUSHING CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
200 74 2150 FLUSHING FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING ODOR COSTS SWINE FLUSHING SLOTTED-FL
400 75 2171 FLUSHING SLICK DISPOSAL SETUP DAIRYMAN DESIGNED IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS WATER DAIRY
600 64 2201 FLUSHING HOW ARE LAGOONS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGCONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
600 67 2205 FLUSHING THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN,TOGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION REDUCTIO
400 72 2290 FLUSHING NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNI
200 73 2432 FLUSHING LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
200 74 2466 FLUSHING HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
200 73 2472 FLUSHING MIDWEST LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
200 73 2474 FLUSHING CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYHORDS
200 73 2482 FLUSHING HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES OES
200 73 2484 FLUSHING RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
200 75 2616 FLUSHING MILKING CENTER HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
300 74 1891 FLUSHING-GUTTER A WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYHORDS SHINE WASTE-TRE
200 75 2»U FLUSHING-GUTTER OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLIMATE KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS
200 TS 2684 FLUSHING-GUTTER-SY SWINE WASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYHOROS LAGOONS DISEASES PATHOGE
200 74 2136 FLUSHING-SYSTEMS ANIMAL HASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WAST6-
200 71 1976 FLUSHING-SYSTEM RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE HANDLING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYWORDS WA
200 74 2463 FLUSW-FLUHE-SVSTEM BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 74 2465 FLUSH-FLUHE-SYSTEM NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGOON KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
200 73 2481 FLUSH-GUTTER-SYSTE FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
400 73 1817 FLUSH-SYSTEM FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
300 73 "ai HUSH-TANKS A REC1RCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
57
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KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2611 FLUSH-.WASTE-HANDLI FEEOLOT WASTE RECYCLING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
100 70 2794 FLY-ASH SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY PORTLAND-CEMENTS FLV-A
100 73 2218 FLY-BREEDING DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
300 72 1647 FLY-CCNTROL HOUSE FLY CONTROL IN CAGED LAYER HOUSES KEYWORDS LARVAE FLY-CONTROL CA6EO-LAYERS-HOUS
200 64 1700 FLY-CCNTROL HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HYDRAULICS WASTE-HANDLING ODOR DESIGN CLEANING LIOU
100 65 1750 FLY-CCNTROL COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY DROPPINGS
400 74 1810 FLY-CCNTROL NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
400 74 1627 FLY-CCNTROL THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
100 70 1853 FLY-CCNTROL INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CAGED POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS FLY-CONTROL CAGEO-POU
400 73 1922 FLY-CCNTROL KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER DROPPINGS KEYWORDS POULTRY ADDITIVES EXCRETA KAOLIN FLY-CONTR
200 69 1981 FLY-CCNTROL DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TC POULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION EC
400 71 2083 FLY-CCNTROL DO MANURE STACKS ADO TO FLY CONTROL PROBLEMS KEYWORDS BREEDING DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONT
300 72 2268 FLY-CCNTROL FLY CONTRCL ON POULTRY FARMS KEYWORDS INSECTICIDES FLY-CONTROL SANITATION OPEN-FLOOR-
400 72 2303 FLY-CCNTROL CHICKENS CONTROL FLIES FROM MANURE STACK KEYWORDS POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
100 70 2520 FLY-CONTROL POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY LARVAE IN MANU
300 75 2545 FLY-CCNTROL INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY RANCHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
200 75 2695 FLY-CCNTROL THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODOR AND LIOUEFY ORGANIC WAST
400 74 2094 FLY-LARVAE NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEDLOTS FARM-W
100 73 2325 FLY-LARVAE FEEDING OF COUMAPHCS RONNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
100 72 2359 FLY-LARVAE ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AER081C-TREATMENT POULTR
200 70 2397 FLY-LARVAE A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
100 73 1747 FLY-PUPAE FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR STARTING CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PROTEINS
400 70 2291 FLY-PUPAE FLY PUPAE HIGH DUALITY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS FERTILIZERS FLY-PU
700 67 1651 FOAMING MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
700 70 1736 FOAMING ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
200 75 2637 FOAMING KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-SIX YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS A
300 2*96 FOAM-CONTRCL KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
300 74 1627 FOAM-SEPARATION ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE HASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
400 72 1842 FOAM-SEPARATION WLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-WASTE-TRE
400 73 1632 FOOC-ANC-DRUG-ADMI FEEDING STEERS OPN KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS PERFORMANCE DEHYDRATED-POUL
400 75 2116 FCOD-AND-DRUG-ADMI FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR DRYING EQUIPMENT DPW KEYWORDS E
400 72 2273 FCOD-ANO-DRUG-ADMI PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
400 72 2304 FCOC-ANO-DRUG-AOMI DATA NEEDED ON SAFETY OF RECYCLING WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA SAFET
400 75 2345 FCOO-ANO-DRUG-ADMI RECYCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
100 75 2419 FOOD-AND-DRUG-ADMI ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
200 74 2460 FCOO-ANO-ORUG-AOMI MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
200 74 2468 FOOC-AND-DRUG-AOMI RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
100 70 2763 FOOD-INDUSTRY ROLE OF THE DAIRY AND FEED INDUSTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS DAIRY
300 74 1914 FCOC-PROCESSING-WA PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULtURE WA
500 74 2132 FCOO-PROCESSING-WA AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATM
300 73 1785 FOOD-SUPPLY NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
300 64 1786 FORAGES NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PROBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
200 75 2751 FORAGES DISPOSAL CF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
700 74 2774 FCRAGES EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYWORD
300 74 1619 FORAGE-GRASSES FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONF1NEMENT-
100 74 1821 FORAGE-GRASSES IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS WITH FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
300 65 2377 FORAGE-RESPONSE BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LANO-OIS
100 74 2491 FORAGE-SORGHUM SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
400 73 1633 FORAGE-YIELDS FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL FE
400 73 2416 FORCED-CRYING POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYWORDS AERATION FORCED-DRYING THERMOPHILIC-8ACTERIA MOIST
100 71 1872 FORESTRY AGRICULTURE THE SEEDS OF A PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE FARM-WASTES FORESTRY WASTE-DI
300 74 1860 FORESTS ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
200 75 2674 FOREST-BUFFER-ZONE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
200 74 2017 FOREST-MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AGRICULTURAL W
400 71 2296 FOREST-MANAGEMENT FOREST LAND FOR MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL FOREST-MANAGEMENT NITROGEN LI
300 73 1849 FORMALDEHYDE-FLAKE THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN BUILT UP POULTRY LITTER KE
300 73 1825 FORMULATION AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL CF BEEF AND SHINE WASTES KEYWORDS CATTLE SWINE WASTE-DIS
200 75 2647 FRACTIONATED-MANUR. NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
400 72 2805 FRACTIONATION FEEDLOT WASTE USABLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PERFORMANCE FRACTIONATION BUIL
200 73 2476 FREE-STALL CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
400 74 2417 FREE-STALL-BARNS SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STORAGE STOR
100 73 2514 FREE-STALL-BARNS DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
300 74 2118 FREE-STALL-HOUSING FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERO-SYSTEMS APPRO
700 74 2362 FROZEN-SOILS NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
300 73 1835 FRUIT-AND-VEGETABL STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
300 73 1622 FUELS THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYWORDS RECYCLING QUALITATIVE-ORG
400 74 1630 FUELS MANURE AS A FUEL KEYWORDS FUELS MANURE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL COMPOSTING AGRI
600 73 1746 FUELS CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
400 74 1769 FUELS CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
400 74 1808 FUELS MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS HASTE-TREA
100 73 1833 FUELS AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-HASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
400 73 1859 FUELS PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEOLOTS ENERGY HASTE-
*00 71 1937 FUELS WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL FOR HEATING KEYWORDS FUELS GASES ENERGY FEEDLOTS PYROLYSIS M
600 74 2072 FUELS PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL HASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
100 7* 2075 FUELS FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK HASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
100 74 2184 FUELS METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE WASTE-TREATMEN
300 72 2213 FUELS METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANIMAL-
300 72 2313 FUELS FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
100 72 2314 FUELS FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
300 74 2323 FUELS OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR MIDWEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
400 74 2776 FUELS ENERGY.CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
200 71 2785 FUELS AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
100 72 2799 FUELS RETORTING FEEDLOT HASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ORGANIC-HASTES CARBON FUELS HATER-POLLUTIO
100 72 2801 FUELS RESEARCH AND TECHNCLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
100 74 2802 FUELS GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
200 75 2607 FULLY-STEPPED-CAGE IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYHOROS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
400 7+ 20*1 FUMIGATION THE MANY ASPECTS OF SANITATION IN POULTRY DISEASE CONTROL KEYHOROS ENVIRONMENTAL-SANIT
300 6* 1786 FUMING-SILOS NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PROBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
100 72 1788 FUNGI MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT HASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE A
200 75 2680 FUNGI A MYCOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE IN A SEMIARIO TEMPERATE CLIMATE KEY
100 71 2767 FUNGI BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-WILDL
300 72 2367 GAINS A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
300 72 237* GAINS INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
200 70 2391 GARBAGE REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
100 70 1823 GARDONA GAROONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS ADD
700 69 1650 GASES CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYHORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
600 71 1720 GASES NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MANURE KEYHORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
700 6* 1735 GASES ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYWORDS ODOR SWINE CONFINEMENT-HOUSING
700 70 1736 GASES ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SHINE MANURE HITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS 000ft CONT
600 73 17*6 GASES CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYHORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
58
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 74 1765
TOO 68 1826
200 74 1868
300 74 1900
100 71 1904
300 73 1907
100 72 1913
200 71 1926
400 71 1937
400 70 1947
600 74 2072
100 74 2075
200 73 2101
700 65 2126
500 74 2132
200 63 2156
200 72 2168
200 73 2180
100 74 2184
700 65 2188
100 71 2200
600 69 2216
700 63 2233
400 68 2247
100 74 2256
400 71 2271
200 68 2282
700 71 2309
700 72 2315
400 61 2360
200 73 2440
400 75 2501
400 74 2776
200 71 2785
100 71 2807
300 73 1907
300 72 2313
100 65 2450
400 74 2776
600 69 1841
700 72 2321
100 75 2543
300 73 1622
100 73 2332
700 63 2311
300 74 2555
100 74 2802
100 72 1621
100 63 2581
200 73 2441
700 72 2321
400 74 1636
400 72 1819
400 73 1858
400 72 1945
400 72 2240
100 72 2801
400 72 1940
600 2777
200 75 2600
200 71 1931
600 74 2072
400 75 2353
400 69 2540
100 73 2121
700 74 2765
300 74 2555
100 71 2358
100 74 2802
400 72 2283
200 74 2143
200 74 2031
100 65 2423
200 75 2660
400 68 1884
300 68 2220
400 74 2093
100 74 2236
200 75 2667
400 73 1620
100 75 2544
200 75 2664
100 70 2769
100 74 1857
100 73 2111
100 72 2112
400 71 2295
400 75 2330
100 74 2340
200 75 2668
100 72 2804
600 74 1756
600 72 1992
300 72 2090
300 72 2260
300 75 2494
200 75 2711
200 66 1644
400 72 1940
700 67 1*77
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASES
GASIFICATION
GASIFICATION
GASIFICATION
GASIFICATION
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY
GAS-CONDENSATION
GAS-LIOUIO-CHROMAT
GAS-PRODUCTION
GAS-PRODUCTION
GAS-PRODUCTION
GAS-HASHING-AND-SC
GAS-YIELD
GATEO-PIPE
GO-CALIBRATION
GENERAL-ELECTRIC
GENERAL-ELECTRIC
GENERAL-ELECTRIC
GENERAL-ELECTRIC
GENERAL-ELECTRIC
GENERAL-ELECTRIC
GENERATING-PLANT
GEOCHEMISTRY
GEOGRAPHY
GEOLOGY
GEORGIA
GEORGIA
GEORGIA
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
GERMINATION-CUPS
GLAMORGAN
GOBAR-GAS-PLANT
GOVERdMENT-ASSISTA
GOVERNMENT-FINANCE
GRAIN-SORGHUM
GRAIN-SORGHUM
GRAIN-SORGHUM
GRANTS
GRAPHICAL-PLOTS
GRASSES
GRASSES
GRASSES
GRASS-FILTER-SYSTE
GRASS-TETANY
GRASS-TETANY
GRAVEL-PITS
GRAVITY-FLOW
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-BRITAIN
GREAT-PLAINS
GREAT-PLAINS
GREAT-PLAINS
GREAT-PLAINS
GREAT-PLAINS
GREAT-PLAINS
GREENFIELO-LABORAT
GREENHOUSES
GRIDWORK-SYSTEM
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SHINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BIOELECTRICITY KEYWORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES TO AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNOILUTEC CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR GASE
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-!!
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON AIR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT BUILD
FACTORS AFFECTING OUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT WASTE COLLECTIONS KEYWORDS LIOUID-W
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL FOR HEATING KEYWORDS FUELS GASES ENERGY FEEOLOTS PYROLYSIS H
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEDLOT KEYHORDS FEEOLCTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL OUST ON PIGS KEYWORDS GASES DUST AIR-POLLUTION AMMO
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY KMHEHATIC
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY WASTE-TREATMENT
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYHORDS RECYCLING GAS
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE HASTE-TREATMEN
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SHINE HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS-PRESENT AND FUTURE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSA
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMCNIA AND RELATED GASES FROM DAIRIES
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS CDOR OUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGOONS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTRCL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT ODORS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE GASE
THE STRATIFICATION OF AN ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE LAGOON KEYWORDS DAIRYMNDUSTRY STRATIF
MANURE SMELL FURNISHES FARMSTEADS POWER MEEDS KEYWCRDS GASES FERTILIZERS ANAEROBIC-DIG
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USEC IN PLASTICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COWDUNG BY ADDING OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AMD ENERGY RESOURCES-II
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
A PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY MALODORS FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS ODOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY S
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAIRY WASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
METHODS FOR MEASURING SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND AMMONIA FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYWORDS RECYCLING OUALITATIVE-ORG
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYWORD
CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM A CONFINEMENT HOG PRODUCTION UNIT KEYWOR
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYHORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEOLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND HASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAIRY HASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NUTRIENTS FERMENTATION THE
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYWORDS MANURE FEEOLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS HA
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYHORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING WASTE-TREAT
THIS PLANT HILL CONVERT HASTE INTO PROTEIN KEYHORDS FEEDS PROTEINS THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN FEED AT NEH ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
WARM WATER STUDY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENERATING-PLANT WARM-WATER
GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION BY DISSOLVED NITRATE KEYWORDS NITRATES FERTILIZERS GEOCHEMI
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LEGISLATION FEED
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES UPON GROUND HATER-A COMMENTARY KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS GROU
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL HASTES TO FUELS KEYHOROS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
APPLY MORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOME SELECTS
ANIMAL WASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TR
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN KEYWORDS INDUSTRIAL-WASTES AGRICULTURE R
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYHOROS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
COSTS OF CONTROLLING FEEDLOT SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF COST
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON FARMSTEADS KEYWORDS POLLUTION-ABATEMENT COSTS FARMS GOVERNMENT
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYWORDS
VALUE OF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYHORDS FERTILIZE
THE COWS VS THE SUBURBS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT WATER-
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT DAMAGED LAND KEYWORDS SALTS RECLAMATIO
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE HASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL METHOD KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYWOR
LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES-CONCLUSION KEYWORDS AG
LOW COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS D1S
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS F
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING WASTE RECYCLING KEYHORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
A PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION-FREE LAND SPREADING OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWO
REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MANURE KEYHOROS POULTRY FEEDS DRYING AFTER-BURNER ODOR-REMOVA
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEDL
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICAT10N GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHOROS RESEARCH-
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREAT
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF FEEOYARD RUNOFF IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURA
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL HASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
WARM WATER STUDY KEYHOROS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEOLOTS GENERATING-PLANT WARM-WATER
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN GRIDWORK PANELS FOR FLOOR SYSTEMS
59
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 J2 1628
300 74 1763
3CO 73 1785
300 73 1787
300 Ti 1860
200 73 1895
100 71 1936
200 74 1966
200 74 1987
300 73 2039
700 72 2127
200 63 2162
300 72 2260
400 71 2270
300 75 2339
200 71 1930
600 2777
600 71 1724
300 1767
300 73 1787
100 73 1793
600 74 1845
200 72 1880
300 74 1889
400 71 1899
200 71 1931
400 73 1934'
400 70 1947
600 74 1958
200 71 1963
200 71 1964
100 74 2082
600 69 2179
200 64 2182
100 72 2187
100 75 2280
400 71 2296
100 71 2413
200 73 2442
700 70 2455
200 73 2473
300 75 2495
300 74 2517
300 74 2528
700 74 2564
300 74 2576
700 73 2584
100 74 2585
200 75 2623
200 75 2671
200 75 2673
TOO 74 2765
100 72 2811
600 73 2245
300 74 2382
200 75 2616
200 75 2670
200 75 2675
200 75 2648
100 73 1639
700 71 1864
100 48 2400
700 73 2532
100 72 1681
300 73 1745
300 72 1878
200 74 1998
200 74 2000
300 73 2043
200 73 2486
500 71 2524
600 70 2530
200 75 2668
100 71 2767
400 71 1641
400 75 2341
600 72 2262
200 73 2446
200 73 2483
200 75 2718
100 72 2801
300 73 1835
300 72 2088
400 73 1778
200 74 1190
300 74 1627
200 75 2618
100 73 2259
200 73 2446
200 73 2*74
200 63 2164
200 75 270$
300 72 23TO
100 73 1660
100 73 2342
400 75 2343
400 73 2345
200 TO 2396
200 74 2461
100 72 2S09
GROUNCHATER
GROUNCHATER
GROUNDUATER
GROUNCHATEK
GRGUNCUATER
GROUNCHATER
GROUNCUATER
GROUNCHATER
GROUNCHATER
GROUNCUATER
GRCUNCUATER
GRCUNCHATER
GKOUNCHATER
GUCUNOHATER
GRCUNCUATER
GROUNCHATER-CONOIT
GROUNOWATER-CONTAM
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GRCUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GRCUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNOHATER-POLLUT
GROUHCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNOUATER-POLLUT
GROUNDHATER-POLLUT
GROUNDHATER-POLLUT
GrtOUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCUATER-POLLUT
GROUNDHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCUATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLL'T
GROUNOHATER-POLLUT
GROUNOUATER-POLLUT
GROUNOHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCUATER-POLLUT
GROUNCWATER-POLLUT
GROUNDHATER-POLLUT
GROUNDWATER-POLLUT
GROUNDHATER-POLLUT
GROUNOWATER-POLLUT
GROUNCUATER-POLLUT
GROUNOWATER-POLLUT
GROUNDUATER-PQLLUT
GROUNCWATER-POLLUT
GROUNCWATER-POLLUT
GROUNDUATER-POLLUT
GROUNOUATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNCHATER-POLLUT
GROUNOUATER-POLLUT
GROUNDUATER-QUALIT
GROUNDUATER-OUALIT
GROUNDUATER-OUALIT
GROUNCHATER-QUALIT
GROUNCUA TER-OUALit
GROUNC-BEEF-FEEOLO
GROUNO-UATER
GROWTH
GROWTH-RATES
GROUTH-RATES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES
GULLS
GUTTERS
GUTTER-DESIGN-GUID
GUTTER-FLUSHING
GUTTER-FLUSHING
GUTTER-FLUSHING
GUTTiR-FLUSH-SYSTE
HAMILTON-STANDARD
HANDBOOKS
HANDBOOKS
HANDLING
HARVESTING
HARVESTING-OF-ALGA
HARVESTORE
HATCHING-EGGS
HAULING
HAULING
HAUL ING-DISTANCES
HAMA 11
HAY
HEALTH
HEALTH
HEALTH
HEALTH
HEALTH
HEALTH
HEALTH
NEBRASKA ANIMAL UASTE RESEARCH KEVUCROS ANIHAL-UASTES RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT NE8RAS
DUALITY IMPROVEMENT CF FEEDLOT LAGOON UATER 8Y PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS UASTE-UATER-TREATMENT UATE
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNOUATER QUALITY KEYWORDS WAT
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPCINT SOURCES KEYUOROS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND GROUND WATER QUALITY KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES FARM-WAS
TRANSPORT RATE OF COD THROUGH A WET PCROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING CF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL R6
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS-IMPACT ON UNDERLYING SOIL KEYUORDS SOIL-PROFILES GROUNDWATER FEED
DEMONSTRATION OF UASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEHI
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION GROUNDWATER LIVESTOCK POULTRY AGR
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT UASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYUOROS RESEARCH-
BRAKING FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTION GROU
GROUND UATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYUORDS GROUNDUAT
SEEPAGE LOSS FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYUCRDS SEEPAGE-CONTROL PERMEABILITY HOLDING-PONDS
GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION BY DISSOLVED NITRATE KEYUORDS NITRATES FERTILIZERS GEOCHEMI
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEVUORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
MANURE UASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNDUATER-POLLUTION NITRATES HOLOING-PONDS MANU
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNOWATER QUALITY KEYUORDS WAT
DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA UITH BILINEAR ABSORPTION KEYHORDS DISPERSION F
ANIMAL UASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES GROUNOMATER-POLL
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYWORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN GROUND WATER FROM DAIRY MANURE KEYUOROS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS DA
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTES UPON GROUND UATER-A COMMENTARY KEYUORDS FEEOLOTS GROU
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE KEYUCROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RAINFALL FEEDLOTS GROUNOUATER-POLLUT
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEOLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
LVSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
MOVEMENT OF GROUND UATER KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLLUTION MOVEMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
UASTE ACCUMULATION ON A SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND SALT OF
THE EFFECT OF FARM UASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL UATER KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HATE
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND UATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYUOROS FEEDLOT
FOREST LAND FOR MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL FOREST-MANAGEMENT NITROGEN LI
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK UASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES LI
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIMETERS TREATED WITH MANURE KEYHOR
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLCTS IN THE CORNBELT KEVUORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL UASTES KEYWORDS SOIL-DISPOSA
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER-ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MANS ACTIVITIES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS INDU
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO GROUND UATER FROM SHINE UASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLLU
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
POLLUTED GROUNOWATER-A REVIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLL
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYWORDS AEROBIC
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS UATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY WASTES MANAGEMENT KEYUORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA WATER-P
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDVARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-IND
ANIMAL WASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROUTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES CN FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-UASTES
GROUNOUATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYHORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
MILKING CENTER HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNDHATER QUALITY KEYWORDS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SHINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOHATER QUALITY IN HIGH UATER TABLE SOILS KEY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE FOR GROUING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYHORDS
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION HITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNOHATER
KINETICS OF GROUTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROUTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COH MANURE KEYHORDS FARM-HAST
ALGAL GROUTH POTENTIAL OF SHINE HASTE KEYHORDS ALGAE GROHTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
ANIMAL UASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES FOR SOLUTIONS KEVUORDS WASTE-MANAGEME
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE TO FIELDS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE CATTLE
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYHORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON DAIRY FARMS
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYHORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS KEYHORDS REGULATION ILLINOIS AGRICULTURA
REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES FOR
A PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION-FREE LAND SPREADING OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWO
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES-HILDL
TEST SWINE UASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYHORDS SHINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING HATER-POLLUTI
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYWORDS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE WASTE-DILUTIO
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYHORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES HASTE-STORAGE TR
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN*A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYUOROS SEPA
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-ANO-OEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WAST
MODELS FDR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HA
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE US ENVIRONMENT HEYHOROS HASTE-
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS HOUSED
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYHORDS
SANITARY LANOFILLING OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY SOLID-HASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE OF HAHAII A REGIONAL APPROACH TO HASTE MANAGEMENT K
COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN STEERS
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
RECYCLED SHINE HASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING PROTEINS AMINO-ACIOS HEALTH REFEEDIN
AG ENGINEERS REVIEW NEH HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY NUTRIENTS ADDITIVES
RECVCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING HASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN HEST VIR
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
DEHYDRATED POULTRY HASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE HEALTH ECONOMICS ODOR
60
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
IUO 71 2570 HEALTH BIGCONCENTRATICN AND BIQTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYWCRDS H1CROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
200 75 2586 HEALTH AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING ANC LAND DISPOSING HASTE KEYWORDS BA
200 75 2589 HEALTH PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA ANIMAL-WASTE
200 75 2651 HEALTH A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
200 75 2654 HEALTH HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
200 75 266* HEALTH LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
100 72 2789 HEALTH EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK KEYWORDS HEALTH DISEASES SALMONELLA SPRAY-IRRIGATION CATT
100 74 1894 HEAT HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYWORDS OES
400 75 2107 HEAT FEEOLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATEO KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
400 73 2115 HEAT ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN RECYCLED MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY ENZYMES HEAT REFEE
400 74 1816 HEAT-CETECTION THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE WORKED FOR THEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
700 73 2583 HEAT-PRCDUCTION CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
400 71 2294 HEAT-TREATPENT FERMENTED POULTRY MANURE RECYCLED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERMENTATION POULTRY SLURRIES BA
100 74 2585 HEAVY-METALS POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
400 73 1768 HEMICELLULOSE IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
400 74 1771 HENS OPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
100 71 2760 HEN-LAYING-MANURE POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART 1 KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING HEN-LAY
100 72 2796 HERBAGE THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER ENRICHED PIG MANURE SLURRY ON GRASSLAND KEYWORDS COPPER SLURRI
400 74 2776 HIGH-POWER-FUEL-CE ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
100 71 2241 HIGH-RATE-BIOLOGIC THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TOWER WHEN TREATING
200 74 1867 HIGH-RISE-HOUSE SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
100 72 2759 HIGH-R1SE-POUTRY-H HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS ECONOMICS ODOR HIGH-RISE-POUTRY-HOUSES NEW-ZEALAND
200 75 2675 HIGH^WATER-TABLE-S EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOWATER 8UAL1TY IN HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEY
600 71 1720 HCGS NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
300 68 1776 HOGS POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
400 73 1778 HOGS MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
200 72 1795 HCGS HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
100 72 1798 HOGS EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
400 74 1809 HOGS MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
300 71 1903 HOGS FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
300 73 2039 HCGS DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
700 63 2233 HOGS CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
300 74 2388 HOGS SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORD
100 65 2450 HOGS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
200 74 2002 HOG-PRODUCTION ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CONTROLLING SURFACE WATER RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN U S HOG PROD
400 74 1994 HOLDING-PEN THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
400 75 2171 HOLDING-PIT SLICK DISPOSAL SETUP DAIRYMAN DESIGNED IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS WATER DAIRY
300 1767 HOLDING-PONDS MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNOWATER-PCLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
200 71 1929 HOLDING-PONDS MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER IN RELATION TO FEEOLOT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICU
200 71 1930 HOLDING-PONDS SEEPAGE LOSS FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS SEEPAGE-CONTROL PERMEABILITY HOLDING-PONDS
200 71 1932 HOLDING-PONDS SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
200 71 1933 HOLCING-PONDS GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIOUID-WASTES AG
200 74 2033 HOLCING-PONDS MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-OISSOLVED-SOLIDS CO
300 71 2196 HOLDING-PONDS FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEECLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
200 73 2432 HOLDING-PONDS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
200 73 2438 HOLDING-PONDS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOLDING PONDS AND LAGOONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
200 79 2701 HOLDING-PONDS EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS EVAPORATION PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEM
400 73 1834 HOLCING-POND YOU HAVE TO THINK MAINTENANCE IN MANAGING FEEDLOT RUNOFF SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AG
100 74 1956 HOLD ING-POND DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
200 73 2444 HOLDING-POND MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR BEEF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLO
200 73 2475 HOLDING-POND OUTDOOR UNPAVED FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
200 71 1975 HOLDING-TANKS LIQUID MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STORAGE LAGOONS WASTE-HANDLING HO
200 75 2637 HOLDING-TANKS KSU AEROBIC SWINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-SIX YEARS CF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS A
700 69 2225 HOLDING-TANK AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
100 70 2786 HOLDING-TANK TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
200 75 2615 HOLLOW-PISTON-PUMP LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS DAIRY-
300 72 2370 HOLSTEIN-STEERS COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN STEERS
300 72 2372 HOLSTEIN-YEARLINGS'INFLUENCE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC ON THE PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS AN
100 69 2808 HORMCNAL-IMBALANCE ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER CATT
100 73 2354 HORN-FLIES HORN FLIES STABLE FLIES AND HOUSE FLIES-DEVELOPMENT IN FECES OF BOVINES TREATED ORALLY
100 74 2222 HORSES COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
200 70 2392 HORSES A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
200 70 2391 HORTICULTURAL-WAST REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
600 71 1726 HOUSEO-CONFINEMENT EFFECT OF HOUSED CONFINEMENT ON ANIMAL PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE P
100 75 2*56 HOUSEFLIES WINTER INOCULATIVE RELEASES OF PARASITOIDS TO REDUCE HOUSE FLIES IN POULTRY MANURE KEY
100 67 2264 HOUSE-FLIES LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY TO FLIES OF MANURE FROM CHICKS ADMINISTERED INSECTICIDE TREATED FEE
100 73 2354 HOUSE-FLIES HORN FLIES STABLE FLIES AND HOUSE FLIES-DEVELOPMENT IN FECES OF BOVINES TREATED ORALLY
100 73 1801 HOUSE-FLY-LARVAE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
700 67 1651 HOUSING MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROB1CALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
600 72 1886 HOUSING SLOTTED FLOOR COLO CONFINEMENT BEEF CATTLE HOUSING KEYWORDS CATTLE DESIGN PERFORMANCE
600 72 1992 HOUSING EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEDL
200 74 2135 HOUSING AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
200 74 2144 HOUSING EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
200 69 2221 HOUSING WASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY C
300 72 2368 HOUSING FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH WASTE DISPOSA
300 72 23«9 HOUSING COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
100 73 2514 HOUSING DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
600 73 1616 HOUSING-SYSTEMS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE BEEF HOUSING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE CONFINEMENT-PENS PERFORM
300 72 2367 HOUSING-SYSTEMS A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLOT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
200 75 2688 HOUSING-TYPES CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURES AS INFLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE KEYWORD
700 69 1650 HUMIDITY CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-0
100 72 1960 HUMIDITY COMPARISON OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN POLE TYP
600 69 2216 HUMIDITY CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-
200 74 2466 HUMIDITY HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
200 73 2477 HUMIDITY EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
400 75 232* HUMUS WASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
300 73 2039 HYDRAS I EVE DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
300 *8 2*1* HYDRATEO-LIME POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION OEODOR1ZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
200 64 1700 HYDRAULICS HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HYDRAULICS WASTE-HANDLING ODOR DESIGN CLEANING LIQU
200 69 1760 HYDRAULICS HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
600 73 257* HYDRAULIC-CLEANING METHODS AND PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM LIVESTOCK MARKETS KEYWORDS W
200 64 1698 HYORAULIC-COLLECTI HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS POULTRY HYDRAULIC-COLLECTION ODOR DESI
200 63 215* HYDRAULIC-COLLECTI WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ON THE FARM KEYWORDS POULTRY SPREADING SPRAYING HYORAULIC-C
100 7* 2222 HYDRAULIC-CONDUCT COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
100 7* 2515 HYDRAULIC-CONDUCT I PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
200 71 16*6 HYORAULIC-EQUIPMEN SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
200 73 2*36 HYDRAULIC-FLUSHING MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYWORDS DESIGN LIQUID-WASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
700 72 2127 HYDRAULIC-HMD SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SD1
100 71 2782 HVORAUL1C-IOADIN6 LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
200 6* 1699 HYDRAUL1C-HANURE-H HYDRAULIC MANURE HANDLING IN LAYING HOUSES KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-MANURE-HANDLING POULTRY
61
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2737
200 73 2481
200 73 2482
700 71 1689
60U 71 1719
100 74 1855
200 74 2005
200 73 2483
200 73 2484
100 68 2788
400 75 2425
20C 74 2459
100 72 2800
600 73 1T46
300 73 1907
200 73 2180
300 72 2313
400 73 1859
100 72 2314
100 74 2047
200 73 2180
100 72 2BOO
700 73 1652
100 73 [832
700 71 1864
100 72 2186
700 63 2233
200 74 1988
200 75 2698
700 70 1736
100 71 1904
100 74 2045
20C 73 2101
200 74 2151
700 65 2188
600 67 219B
600 64 2204
300 74 2426
200 73 2477
200 73 2480
200 75 2692
300 68 2220
100 73 1664
300 73 1784
700 71 1761
700 67 2228
300 72 1628
300 73 1759
700 67 1638
300 72 2086
700 73 2212
300 74 2255
300 75 2411
200 73 2472
200 73 2473
100 T4 2075
200 75 2681
200 75 2624
200 68 1642
600 72 1901
600 72 1675
400 74 2065
300 75 2339
300 13 1851
700 69 1863
300 74 2248
100 73 2249
300 71 2286
700 66 1707
400 73 1778
600 64 2201
200 73 2278
200 73 2432
200 73 2433
500 71 2524
200 73 2529
400 72 2573
200 75 2602
200 75 2603
200 75 2610
200 75 2613
200 73 2440
300 72 2089
100 75 2250
200 74 2034
100 72 1621
200 68 1642
400 73 1662
100 71 1T96
200 70 1805
300 72 2090
200 63 2160
300 74 2177
200 72 2279
300 72 2313
200 70 2394
100 74 2775
200 75 2671
700 71 1864
600 74 2119
HYDRAULIC-REMOVAL
HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS
HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS
HYORAULIC-TRANSPOR
HYORAULIC-TRANSPOR
HYORAULIC-TRANSPQR
fYDRACLIC-TRANSPOR
HYORAULIC-TRANSPOR
HYCRAULIC-TRANSPOR
HYORAULIC-TRANSPCR
HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS
HYOROGASIFICATICN
HYORQGAilFICATICN
HVDRCGASIFICATICN
HYOROGASIFICATION
HYCROGENATION
HYOROGENATION
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN
HYOROGEN-ION-CONCE
HYOROGEN-ICN-CONCE
HYOROGEN-ICN-CONCE
HYDROGEN-ION-CONCE
HYDRCGEN-ION-CONCE
HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE
HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYDROGEN-SULF10E
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYOROGEN-SULMDE
HYOROGEN-SULFIOE
HVORQGEN-SULF1DE
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYOROGEN-SULFIOE
HYOROGEN-SULFIDE
HYOROGRAPHS
HYDROGRAPH-ANALYSI
HYDRCLOGIC-BUOGET
HYOROLOGIC-PROPERT
HYORCLOGIC-SOIL-CO
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYORCLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYORCLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLYSIS
HYDROLYSIS
HYDROMULCHING
HYDROPONICS
HYDROPONICS
ICTALURUS-PUCTATUS
IDAHO
IDAHO
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS-UNIVERS1T
IMPACT-STATEMENTS
IMPERMEABLE-LAYER
IMPERVIOUS-MEMBRAN
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCINERATION
INCORPORATED-BENTO
INCUBATION
INDEX-OF-SIMILARIT
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES OES
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYHCRCS SWINE COLLECTION REMOVAL CONFINEM
A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS FROM WATER KEYWORDS SOLID-WAST
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED WASTEWA
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
THE FLOW OF SOLID WASTES IN PIPELINES KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION P
UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMAL FEEDS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTE
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FCR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-II
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
FEEDLCT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEDLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
HYDROGASIFICATION CF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FCR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLCT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYW
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEECLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATT
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE MALODORS KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-TREATME
OOOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR CASE
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY INDEX AND ODOROUS COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY MANURE KEYWOR
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND AERIAL DUST ON PIGS KEYWORDS GASES DUST A1R-POLLUTICN AMMO
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYWORDS BACTERIA HYDROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE WITH MINIMUM CCCR KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE POULTRY ODOR OXIDAT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LI
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLCOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
MANURE GASES AND AIR CURRENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK VENTILATION HYDR
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A FOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYDROLO
HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOG
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL Of CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE WATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY WATER-POLLUTION
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLOTS IN THE CORNBELT KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RA1NF
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS HYDROLYSIS FEEDLOTS NU
DAIRY WASTE FIBER-A BYPRODUCT WITH A FUTURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY StPARAT ION-TECHN10
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT OOOR-CONT
METHODS FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOV1S FROM WATER KEY
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND MEASUR
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEEOYARO KEYWORDS FEEOLOT
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYWO
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
HOW ARE LAGOCNS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
CONVERTING SWINE WASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS NUTRI
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS KEYWORDS REGULATION ILLINOIS AGRICULTURA
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE REFEEOING OXIDATION
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS ILLINO
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FCR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
AN ILLINOIS FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL PROJECT KEYWORDS ILLINOIS FEEDLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTE FROM A SLOTTED FLOOR DEEP PIT BARN KEYWORDS CONFINEM
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
ANIMAL WASTE-REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION FEEOLOTS P
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEEOLOT SOIL PROFILE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SOIL-PROFILES CM
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT OOOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-OI
THESE STOCKYARDS SOLUTIONS COULD WORK FOR YOU KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT L
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
FEEDLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
EUTROPHICAT10N IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
DEHYDRATION AND INCINERATION OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION INCINERATION POULT
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL. RESEARCH
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEOYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-OOOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
62
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KEYWORD INDEX
300 73 1640
TOO Tl 17*2
600 73 1763
600 73 184*
400 72 2366
400 72 2573
200 75 2603
100 72 2550
100 73 2798
100 74 2S02
100 71 28C7
300 68 2220
200 73 1789
700 63 2553
100 73 1663
100 72 1667
300 73 1784
300 73 1785
100 71 2358
100 70 2389
400 75 2425
300 74 2517
100 70 2769
100 72 2799
300 1774
TOO 66 1679
400 73 1934
600 74 1961
300 74 2255
100 71 2413
700 73 2577
700 70 1680
300 72 2C86
300 72 2088
300 71 2266
200 74 2020
100 74 2184
100 48 2400
100 74 2430
300 69 2078
100 67 2192
700 74 2564
600 71 1725
100 65 1750
400 74 18 10
100 70 1853
100 73 2169
100 67 2264
300 72 2268
100 73 2325
200 70 2391
100 70 2520
200 75 2588
100 61 1669
100 61 1670
200 71 1927
600 75 2492
100 73 2325
300 68 2220
200 73 2483
700 71 1766
300 74 2118
300 72 2368
600 72 1995
700 74 2564
100 73 1660
200 75 2605
200 75 2646
100 69 1659
300 69 2099
200 75 2677
600 74 2068
700 69 1650
400 73 1674
700 69 1708
600 73 1710
600 71 1721
600 71 1723
600 71 1729
700 68 1826
100 74 1831
700 68 1837
300 71 1850
400 72 2210
200 74 2460
200 73 2481
400 72 2573
200 75 2702
300 72 2371
100 75 2490
600 73 1623
400 73 1633
100 73 1639
300 73 1640
600 74 1671
700 70 1680
600 73 1682
700 69 1690
300 71 1739
700 71 1742
INC I ANA
1NCIANA
INDIANA
INDIANA
INDIANA
INDIANA
INDIANA
INDIA
INDIA
INDIA
INDIA
INDICATORS
INCOLE
INDOOR-LAGOONS
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-HASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INDUSTRIAL-WASTES
INERT-ASH
INFECTIOUS-BRONCHI
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION-RATES
INFILTRATION-RATES
INFORMATION-SHEETS
INFRARED-SPECTROSC
INGEST ION
INHIBITORS
INJECTION
INJECTION
INJUNCTION
. INJUNCTION
INORGANIC-MATERIAL
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDES
INSECTICIDE-FED-CA
INSECTICIDE-FEO-CA
INSECTS
INSECTS
INSECT-FAUNA
INSOLATION
INSTANT-LAGOON-CON
INSTRUMENTATION
INSULATED-HOUSING
INSULATED-HOUSING
INTAKE-SCREENS
INTERFACE-LAYER
INVESTIGATIONS
IN-HOUSE-DRYING-SY
IN-HOUSE-DRYING-SY
ICN-EXCHANGE
ION-EXCHANGE
ICN-EXCHANGE
ION-SPECIFIC-ELECT
IOHA
IOWA
IONA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA
IRON
IRON
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATICN OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYWORDS DRYING FA
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
SWINE MANURE LAND APPLICATION RATES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN INDIANA WATER-PO
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
THE NPOES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT DA
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM YARD MANURE ON FINGER MILLET ELEUSINE CORACANA L GAERTN KE
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PREMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER DRGANIC-WAST
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COWOUNG BY ADDING OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FDR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
THERHOPHILIC BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES KEYWORDS THERMOPHl
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYDROLO
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN KEYWORDS INDUSTRIAL-WASTES AGRICULTURE R
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTES AND PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THEIR DISPOSAL KEYWO
UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMAL FEEDS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTE
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER-ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MANS ACTIVITIES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS INOU
THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES-CONCLUSION KEYWORDS AG
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-POLLUTIO
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINATION ON L
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RAINFALL FEEDLOTS GROUNDWATER-POLLUT
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS KEYWORDS INFILTRATION MATHEMATICAL-MODELS
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
RATE AND EXTENT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT THROUGH GLACIALLY DEPOSITED SOILS T
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WAST
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
INFLUENCE OF INGEST10N OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT ON GROWING SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLI
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE WASTE-TREATMEN
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-WAST
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION MISSOURI PER
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY DROPPINGS
NO CHANGES IN FLY CCNTRCL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL PRCGRAM FOR CAGED POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS FLY-CONTROL CAGED-POU
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FDR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND DUSTS KEYW
LARVICIOAL ACTIVITY TO FLIES OF MANURE FROM CHICKS ADMINISTERED INSECTICIDE TREATED FEE
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS KEYWORDS INSECTICIDES FLY-CONTROL SANITATION OPEN-FLOOR-
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS RONNEL*AND RABDN TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY LARVAE IN MANU
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CONTROL IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGCONS KEYWORDS MOSQUITOES LAGOONS IN
TOXICITY TO FLY LARVAE OF THE FECES CF INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYWORDS TOXICITY CATTL
TOXICITY TO FACE FLY AND HOUSE F-LY LARVAE OF FECES FROM INSECTICIDE FED CATTLE KEYWORD
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWCRCS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOS
.FEEDING OF COUMAPHGS RONNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SWINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERO-SYSTEMS APPRO
FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH WASTE DISPOSA
A TWO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN MI
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM PCULTRY WASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE KEYWORDS POULTR
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
NOW NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR WASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEWAG
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
MONITORING ON FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
SWINE SYSTEMS FOR IOWA AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT IOWA E
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL WASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYWORDS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
RULES AND REGULATIONS-CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION IOWA WASTE-WATE
STEP BY STEP PLAN FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK IOWA FEEOLOTS REGULAT
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUMING AND LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS K
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLDT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
DEWATERING BOVINE ANIMAL MANURE KEYWORDS OEWATERING CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES IRRIGATION
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL FE
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
PERFORMANCE OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULT
EFFECT OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SURFACE KEYWORDS ZE
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
63
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 74 1756
600 74 1757
400 74 1770
400 73 1778
700 71 1791
300 1792
300 74 1794
100 71 1796
400 73 1811
100 74 1821
300 73 1629
300 72 1830
700 67 1838
600 72 1843
100 74 1857
300 72 1878
200 71 1929
400 72 1940
400 74 2048
300 71 2062
400 74 2066
300 2085
300 72 2090
300 2117
100 74 2131
200 72 2174
600 69 2179
100 72 2186
100 72 2187
400 72 2224
700 69 2227
400 72 2231
300 72 2261
400 72 2376
700 73 2385
300 71 2387
300 73 2407
200 73 2441
200 74 2465
200 74 2469
200 73 2475
200 73 2487
300 72 2533
700 73 2584
200 75 2609
200 75 2616
200 75 2617
200 75 2621
200 75 2629
200 75 2636
200 75 2661
200 75 2708
200 75 2753
100 72 2811
300 73 1881
400 71 1985
200 71 2453
100 74 2109
300 71 2133
200 71 2453
100 72 1788
400 2191
300 73 2243
300 74 2255
100 74 2223
100 71 2767
200 74 2016
100 73 2354
600 74 1671
700 70 1680
700 71 1762
700 71 1766
400 73 1820
700 67 1838
400 72 1941
400 72 1943
300 73 2043
400 74 2202
300 73 2208
700 67 2228
200 73 2486
300 2496
200 64 2567
400 72 2573
200 75 2640
200 75 2663
400 7} 1922
600 74 I68T
TOO 71 1864
100 74 2263
700 69 2181
600 74 2081
100 Tl 2767
TOO Tl 1742
300 TO 1839
400 T4 2066
300 T3 2096
300 2117
200 75 2614
200 T5 2622
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION-OISPOSA
IRRIGATION-EFFECTS
IRRIGATION-PRACTIC
IRRIGATION-RETURN-
1RRIGATION-HATER
IRRIGATION-HATER
ISOLATION
ISOLATION
ISOLATION-DISTANCE
ISOTOPIC-NITROGEN
JAM-SYSTEM
JERSEY
JET-AERO-MIX-SYSTE
JUVENILE-HODMONE-A
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KANSAS
KAOLIN
KENTUCKY
KINETICS
KINETICS
KJELOAHL-N1TROGEN
LABORATORY-TESTS
LABORATORY-TESTS
LABOR
LABOR
LABOR
LABOR
LABOR
LABOR
LABOR
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEDLCTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HATER BUDGET AND HASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYHOROS HATER
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID HASTE SYSTEM KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE HASTE-DISPOSAL LI
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEOLOTS H
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES MANAGEMENT SWINE
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYHORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS UITH FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SHINE HASTES KEYWORDS CATTLE SHINE HASTE-DIS
L10UID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE KEYHOROS LIQUID-HASTES SHINE HASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
HATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
HATER INTAKE RATES ON A SILT LOAM SOIL H1T.H VARIOUS MANURE APPLICATIONS KEYHORDS IRR
LOVi COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYHORCS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS DIS
MAINE GUIDELINES FCR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF HATER IN RELATICN TO FEEDLCT CPERATIONS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICU
WARM HATER STUDY KEYHOROS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENERATING-PLANT WARM-HATER
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE HASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO SOILS
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO (HANDLE MANURE KEYWORDS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS HATER-POLLUTI
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN 1RRI
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEOLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYHORDS CATTLE FEEOLOTS HATER-
THE EFFECT OF FARM HASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES WATE
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR HASTE KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-HASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
DAIRY HASTE GOES FULL CYCLE IN RESEARCH KEYHOROS [4IRY-INDUSTRY LAND-DISPOSAL LIQUID-
DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLO
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
DISPOSAL OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES THROUGH THE SOIL KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE CAIRY-I
HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS MASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL DURING THO YEARS IRRIGATION HITH EFF
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION UASTE-TREATMEN
FARM HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND HASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGOON KEYHOROS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
ANIMAL WASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL HAG THE DOG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZER
OUTDOOR UNPAVED FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
RETURNING ANIMAL HASTES TO THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYHOROS EQUIPMENT DESIG
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONDS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STOR
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SHINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYWORDS AEROBIC
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER IN RELATION TO FEEDLOT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
HASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PENS SEPAR
A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 150-COH OAIRY-A 10 YEAR CASE STUDY KEVHORDS DAIRY-IND
EXPERIENCE HITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SHINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS CONFI
A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2SOO-HEAD SHINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIQUI
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLCT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LAND-DI
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN COLC CLIMATES KEYWORDS 1R
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOCN EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS KEYUO
THE USE OF ANIMAL HASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-WASTES
A RECIRCULATING HASTE SYSTEM FCR SWINE UNITS KEYHOROS SHINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYWORDS IRRIGATION-EFFECTS POLLUTANTS HATER-QUALITY-CONTROL WAST
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES WATER-
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPCINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
ANIMAL HASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES HATER-
MICR08IAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT HASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
HOH EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES CF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES-WILDL
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF MINK HASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYHORDS MINK DESIGN ECO
HORN FLIES STABLE FLIES AND HOUSE FLIES-DEVELOPMENT IN FECES OF BOVINES TREATED ORALLY
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON HATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING OENITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN H
H1NTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEH RUNCFF CONTROL METHOD KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEVWCRDS FEEDLCTS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANUR
CLEANEST FEEDLOT IN KANSAS KEYWORDS KANSAS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LAGOONS COSTS
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS HASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
USE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOROS FEECLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYHORDS A
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYHORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYHORDS KAN
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS HATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEE
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAHS KEYHOROS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS MAT
OXIDATION DITCH HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE CONFINEMENT SWINE FARM KEYHOROS 0
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT HASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER DROPPINGS KEYHORDS POULTRY ADDITIVES EXCRETA KAOLIN FLY-CONTR
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-MANURE DESIGN DAI
KINETICS OF GROWTH'AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS KINETICS ECONO
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS OAIR
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SHINE MASTEWATER IN LABORATORY SCIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLCRA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANINAL-WASTES-WILDL
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS LIQUI
HOH IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYWORDS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
SLATTEO-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SHINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-IND
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-0
64
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
20C 75 2634
200 75 2755
200 74 2014
200 73 1789
200 75 2641
400 74 1626
300 74 1627
400 71 1641
200 68 1642
200 66 1644
200 71 1646
700 67 1651
400 73 1662
700 71 1665
700 66 1679
700 70 1680
600 73 1682
200 64 1691
200 64 1692
200 64 1702
700 66 17C7
700 69 1708
600 71 1713
600 71 1719
600 71 1730
400 72 1731
600 74 1736
700 71 1742
600 74 1757
700 71 1761
400 74 1770
400 73 1778
600 67 1780
300 73 1764
100 71 1796
100 72 1798
200 70 1805
400 73 1811
400 73 1817
400 73 1818
400 73 1820
400 73 1822
300 72 1830
100 73 1833
400 72 1842
600 73 1844
300 74 1876
300 72 1878
300 71 1879
300 73 1881
400 68 1884
300 74 1889
400 71 1898
200 72 1908
400 74 1919
200 71 1932
400 72 1943
600 74 1958
200 71 1975
200 74 1986
200 74 2005
200 74 2031
300 73 2043
400 75 2056
400 74 2066
300 2085
400 73 2098
300 72 2104
300 72 2105
400 74 2114
300 74 2118
500 74 2132
200 63 2156
200 63 2157
400 75 2171
100 72 2186
400 2191
300 71 2196
600 64 2201
400 74 2202
200 69 2221
400 72 2231
300 74 2248
200 68 2282
100 74 2288
700 69 2312
700 72 2315
300 61 2326
100 71 2351
100 72 2359
100 75 2365
400 72 2375
300 74 2382
200 70 2398
100 74 2408
400 72 2415
400 73 2429
200 73 2432
200 73 2431
200 73 2439
LABOR
LA8CR
LACTATING-COWS
LACT08ACILLUS-ACIO
LACTCBACILLUS-ACID
LAGOONS
LAGCONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCCXS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCOKS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAEOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
SIMPLIFYING MANURE HANDLING IN A SOLID FLOOR SWINE HOUSING SYSTEM KEYHORDS DESIGN CO
ON LAND OISI>os»l- OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYW
'N^(JENCE °N FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND PROPORTION Of CONCENTRATE CONSU
oc E"L °D°R *S AFF6CTEO BY "ED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FRCM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE HASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAGOO
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
IEST SV"NE "*SIE DISPOSA<- SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SHINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING WATER-POLLUTI
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS , EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING PCULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-HANDLING R6
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
THESE STOCKYARDS SOLUTIONS COULD WORK FOR YOU KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT L
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON KEYWORDS FAR
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
EFFECT OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER ON SOM6 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEKS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRE
WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
LAGOONS-SINK OR SWIM KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY ODOR
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYHO
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT-PEN
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SHINE COLLECTION REMOVAL CONFINEM
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRAM IN ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS SOIL-CONSERVATI
MANURE DECDORANTS-HOW HELL 00 THEY HORK KEYWORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNDERFLOOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOCN AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM HITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HATER BUDGET AND HASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS WATER
HYDROLOGIC AND HATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEOLOT RUNOFF "KEYWORDS HYOROLOG
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AlsO LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM KEYHCRDS HASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANICAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
THE HATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYDROLO
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATING SHINE HASTES KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
FEEDLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHOROS FEECLOTS HASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYHCRDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE HASTE-MANA
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNCFF CONTROL METHOD KEYHORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-
KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS WASTE-
LIOUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYHORDS LIQUIC-HASTES SHINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
HLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-HASTE-TRE
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYHORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
THE STOCKMANS ROLE IN HATER POLLUTION CONTROL KEYHORDS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL LEGAL-A
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
THE COWS VS THE SUBURBS KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CCSTS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT UATER-
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION H
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL CANADA AEROBIC-TREATMENT
A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
LAGOON SYSTEM CHEAPER FOR SMALL DAIRY HERDS KEYHOROS COSTS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
CLEANEST FEEDLOT IN KANSAS KEYHORDS KANSAS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LAGOONS COSTS
LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
LIQUID MANURE HANDLING KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES HASTE-STORAGE LAGOONS HASTE-HANDLING HO
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RE
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED WASTEUA
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYHORDS
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYHCRDS IRRIGATION HASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLIO-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL SEHAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK HASTE KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTION LIVESTOCK LAGOONS EROSION A
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS HASTE-CISPOSAL LAGCONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
CONTROLLING MANURE-RUNOFF KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-HASTE
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERO-SYSTEMS APPRO
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYHOROS WASTE-TR6ATM
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYHORDS LAGOONS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CHEMICAL-PRO
INDOOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS LAGOONS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL OD
SLICK DISPOSAL SETUP DAIRYMAN DESIGNED IT KEYHOROS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS WATER DAIRY
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-HASTES CATTLE HAST6-TREATM
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-HHY AND HOW KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
HOW ARE LAGOONS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS HASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
WASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY C
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER SILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS HITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND MEASUR
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGCCNS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYHORDS
THE STRATIFICATION OF AN ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE LAGOON KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY STRATIF
INDOOR LAGOON FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREAT
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
ANIMAL HASTE IN THE USA KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
SURVIVAL Of CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYHORDS LAGOONS EF
MANAGING ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN SPRINKLER-IRRIGATION C
»NI"AL WASTE MANAGEMENT HITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS OOOR OHIO SO
*OLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE QUALITY OF TH6 NEH HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS AGRICULT
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL WASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES PHYSI
CRITICAL HASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMITS KEYHOROS REGU
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOLDING PONDS AND LAGOONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
MOSQUITO CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK WASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS 1972 KEYHOROS LAGOONS MOSQUIT
65
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 73 2443
200 73 2446
400 71 2494
200 74 2464
200 74 2465
200 74 2468
200 74 2470
200 73 2474
200 73 2481
200 73 2484
200 73 2486
200 73 2467
200 69 2468
300 75 2507
300 71 2523
100 74 2525
300 74 2528
100 65 2542
400 73 2552
TOO 63 2553
100 69 2562
200 64 2565
200 64 2S66
200 75 2587
200 75 2588
200 75 2609
200 75 2611
200 75 2612
200 75 261!
200 75 2617
200 75 2621
200 75 2622
200 75 2628
200 75 2629
200 75 2632
200 75 2635
200 75 2636
200 75 2670
200 75 2675
200 75 2676
200 75 2679
200 75 2664
200 75 2695
200 75 2702
200 75 2713
200 75 2738
200 75 2745
200 75 2758
700 74 2766
700 64 2768
700 71 2771
400 71 2810
200 74 2151
200 75 2753
200 75 2739
300 63 2471
300 72 2105
400 75 2341
200 75 2758
100 75 2490
300 74 1860
300 73 1785
300 72 1878
400 74 2093
300 73 1640
300 73 1745
600 67 1760
600 73 1848
300 73 2243
100 75 2352
100 65 2423
200 73 2443
700 72 2448
200 75 2666
200 75 2699
200 75 2712
200 75 2749
200 75 2753
100 75 2813
200 68 1642
200 74 1649
700 71 1668
700 66 1679
100 72 1681
700 66 1707
400 72 1731
600 66 1743
600 7* 1751
300 74 1758
400 74 1770
300 1792
300 74 1794
100 71 17*6
400 72 1804
400 73 1(11
300 TO 1(14
400 73 HIT
400 T3 111*
300 T3 1(25
400 T4 HIT
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGGONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGCGNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGQCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGGONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOCNS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGOONS
LAGCONS
LAGCONS
LAGOON
LAGOON-EFFLUENT-DI
LAGOON-GRASS-TERRA
LAGOON-MANAGEMENT
LAGOON-OVERFLOW
LAGOON-PUMPING
LAGOOH-RECVCLE-SYS
LAGOON-HATER
LAKE-MANAGEMENT
LANDFILLS
LANDFILLS
LAND
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LAND-APPLICATION
LANO-DIPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL
OUR HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR HOGS KEYWORDS LAGCONS SWINE LAND-APPLICATION SLOTTED-FL
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
WHY HASTE ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS NASTE-OISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGOONS ANIMAL-WASTES ECOLI
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLLUTION-CO
NEH FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGOON KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
WASTE HANDLING AND LAGOON MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS FEEOLOTS DESIGN CHEMICAL-PROPER
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYWORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
RETURNING ANIMAL HASTES TO THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
PERSONAL SIDELIGHTS AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE HBI TRIAL KEYWORDS ODOR LAGOONS ZONING LAW
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HASTES CROP-RESPONSE DOOR
FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL AND HATER POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATE
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM HASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-WATER-POLLUTION HASTE-HATER-TR
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO GROUND HATER FROM SHINE HASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS GROUNOHATER-POLLU
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHOROS HASTE-OISPOSAL LAGOONS CLEANING DESIGN S
MOST PIG WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SATISFACTORY KEYHORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL PU
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL WASTES TREATMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES HASTE-TREATME
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE KEYHORDS DRYING ODOR LAGOONS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES
NEHER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEDLOT WASTES K6YHORDS HASTE-TREATME
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLAE TOTAL COLIFORHS AND FECAL COLIFORMS IN SHINE HASTE LAGOON EFFLU
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CONTROL IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS MOSQUITOES LAGOONS IN
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF HATER IN RELATION TO FEEOLCT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
FEEOLOT HASTE RECYCLING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
LARGF PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYHORDS DAIRY-
HASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PENS SEPAR
A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 150-COH DAIRY-A 10 YEAR CASE STUDY KEYHORDS DAIRY-IND
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE WASTE-D
SUCCESSFUL MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE COMMERCIAL HOG OPERATION KEYWORDS WA
EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CONFI
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIQUID SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES HA
DOUBLE E FARMS-SWINE INSTALLATION KEYHORDS DESIGN LAGOONS COSTS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SHINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIOUI
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNDHATER QUALITY KEYHOROS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SHINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOWATER QUALITY IN HIGH HATER TABLE SOILS KEY
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND ANAEROBIC LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGO
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LAGOON WATERS KEYWORDS LAGOONS BAC
SHINE HASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYHORDS LAGOONS DISEASES PATHOGE
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODOR AND LIQUEFY ORGANIC WAST
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUMING AND LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS X
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING GUTTER MANURE REMOVAL SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RECYCLING KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBI
SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
AN OVERLAND FLOH-LAGGON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYHORDS P
AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE AND AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION KEYHORDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN HASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING KEYHOROS PHVSICAL-PROPERT
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
LIVESTOCK HASTE-HHY HASTE IT KEYHORDS HASTE-OISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS LAGOONS DEHY
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYHOROS BACTERIA HYOROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOCN EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUOAGRASS KEYHO
A LAGOON GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TC TREAT SHINE HASTE KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC-
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYHOROS HASTE-DISPOSAL AEROBIC-CONDITIONS ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYWORDS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE WASTE-DILUTIO
•AN OVERLAND FLOH-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS P
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER OK IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT DAMAGED LAND KEYHOROS SALTS RECLAMATIO
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES IRRIGATION LAND
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE TO FIELDS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE CATTLE
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHOROS HASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE DISPOSAL PLOTS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-M
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CCDE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY KEYWORDS OA
VALUE OF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
OUR HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR HOGS KEYHORDS LAGOONS SHINE LAND-APPLICATION SLOTTED-FL
TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN FROM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES APPLIED TO S
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SLUDGE FROM PIG GROWING COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER KEYHOR
LAND APPLICATION OF MANURES-WISCONSINS MANURE MANAGEMENT PLAN KEYHOROS HASTE-MANAGEME
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS FROM STACKED MANURE KEYHOROS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-HAST
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON FIELDS FOLLOHING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COMM
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SHINE LAGOON EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS KEYHO
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FDLLOHING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
EGG LAYING HOUSE HASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA HASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-OI
COMBINING MUNICIPAL HASTE HITH FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-HASTES FEEOLOTS FARM-H
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYHORDS HAST
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES FOR SOLUTIONS KEYHORDS WASTE-MANAGEME
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION Of LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYWO
MANURE DEODORANTS-HOW HELL DO THEY WORK KEYHORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FOR CONFINMENET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS CO
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIQUIO-AERATION-SYSTEMS
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID HASTE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE HASTE-OISPOSAL LI
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE OPERATIONS KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES MANAGEMENT SHINE
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYHORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
FEEOLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AIR-POLLUTION WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE WASTE-MANA
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS CATTLE SWINE HASTE-DIS
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
66
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 72 1830
100 73 1633
600 74 1845
100 71 1872
300 71 1882
400 74 1863
400 74 1867
600 72 1893
400 71 1699
60C 72 1901
200 71 1932
400 72 1942
200 71 1972
200 69 1982
200 74 1996
200 74 2001
200 74 2005
200 74 2028
200 74 2029
200 74 2030
200 74 2031
300 74 2042
300 73 2043
100 74 2064
300 72 2090
400 74 21C2
300 72 2104
100 74 2108
100 73 2113
300 2117
100 73 2121
100 74 2126
100 74 2131
500 74 2132
200 74 2135
200 74 2136
200 74 2140
200 74 2145
200 74 2147
200 72 2174
300 74 2177
100 72 2190
100 72 2197
200 71 2206
100 74 2209
200 69 2221
400 72 2224
100 72 2235
400 71 2238
600 73 2245
100 74 2252
300 72 2260
300 72 2261
100 75 2272
200 72 2279
300 75 2284
100 75 2293
TOO 69 2312
400 72 2320
100 74 2337
400 73 2338
100 T4 2340
400 75 2346
100 Tl 2351
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
400 72 2366
400 72 2375
400 72 2376
300 65 2377
300 74 2382
300 72 2386
300 71 2387
200 70 2393
200 70 2394
300 73 2407
100 74 2408
400 72 2415
400 73 2416
400 74 241T
400 74 2418
300 71 2421
300 75 2426
200 73 2432
200 T3 2436
200 73 2442
200 74 2464
200 74 2469
200 73 2465
200 73 2486
200 73 2487
100 75 2490
300 75 2494
300 IS 2507
100 73 2514
100 74 2515
300 73 2516
300 71 2523
300 72 2533
100 61 2534
LANC-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAl
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPQSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
U E M»N*G6MENT FOR SHINE KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SHINE HASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
. WASTES CHORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-HASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
ANIMAL HASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES GROUNOHATER-POLL
AGRICULTURE THE SEEDS OF A PROBLEM KEYHORDS AGRICULTURE FARM-HASTES FORESTRY HASTE-OI
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE Of LAND AND SOIL
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES TO THE SOUTHEAST KEYHOROS CATTLE SOUTHEAST-U-S HASTE-DISPO
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE OOESNT SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES FERTILIZERS
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL HATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN GROUND HATER FROM DAIRY MANURE KEYHOROS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS OA
FACTORS HHICH INFLUENCE THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT KEYHORDS DESIGN FEEDLOTS COLORADO RUNOFF-CONTROL LAND-OISP
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF MANURE KEYHORDS PLANNING AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF SURFACE-HATE
HHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL HHEN MANURE IS USED KEYHORDS SOILS BACTERIA CHEMICAL-REACTION
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL HASTE KEYHORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS HAST
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE HATER POLLUTION FROM U S CAIRY FARMS KEYHOROS COSTS HATER-P
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED HASTEHA
AEROBIC STABILIZATION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF LIOUIO SHINE MANURE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREAT
FORAGE AND GRAIN PRODUCTION FROM LAND USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS PRODUCT
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYHORDS CROP-RESPONSE AGRICULT
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYHORDS
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT LAGOON HATER KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KE
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS HATER-POLLUT1
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S HORTH MORE KEYHOROS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK LAGOONS EROSION A
NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN A SHINE HASTE OXIDATION DITCH KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT PHO
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYUOROS EFFECTS
FEEOLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRR1G
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOME SELECTE
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES HASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LAND-DISP
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS CF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN IRRI
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATM
AGRICULTURAL HASTE CONFERENCE KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE HASTE-
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES SOILS CHEMICAL-PROPER
PENDING LEGISLATION RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL HASTE KEYHORDS MICHIGAN LEGISLATION HASTE-H
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYHOROS CATTLE FEEDLOTS HATER-
RECYCLING POULTRY HASTE AS FEED HILL IT PAY KEYHORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART HI-COMPOSTING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYUORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION HATE
HASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLCTS LAGOONS TOPOGRAPHY C
DAIRY HASTE GOES FULL CYCLE IN RESEARCH KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LAND-DISPOSAL LIOUID-
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEDLOTS D
TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYHORDS DRYI
GROUNDHATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
FEEDLOT HASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND HATER EVAPORATION KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS EFFE
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYHORDS RESEARCH-
DISPOSAL OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES THROUGH THE SOIL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE DAIRY-I
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYHOROS POULTR
NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYHORCS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIQUID-HA
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS INCUBATED HITH PIG SLURRY KEYHOROS NITRIFICATION SOILS SLURRIE
FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYHORDS
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
MANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
FOR THE SAKE OF YOUR NEIGHBOURS SLURRY INJECTION KEYHORDS SLURRIES EQUIPMENT COSTS LA
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
CONSE8UENCES OF HASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONF1NEMEN
SHINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SHINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SWINE MANURE LAND APPLICATION RATES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN INDIANA HATER-PO
MANAGING ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYHOROS LAGOONS DESIGN SPRINKLER-IRRIGATION C
HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LAND-OIS
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT HITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORCS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION WASTE-TREATMEN
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS AND WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
FARM HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
REVIEH PAPER-ANIMAL HASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES PHYSI
CRITICAL HASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYHORDS AERATION FORCED-DRYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
SOLID HASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STORAGE STOR
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY-CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUOG
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHOROS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYHOROS DESIGN LIQUID-HASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK HASTES TO THE LAND KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES LI
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS HATER-POLLUTION-CO
ANIMAL HASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL HAG THE DOG KEYHORDS COSTS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZER
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL AGRONOMY CR
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE HITH LIQUID HASTE SPREADING KEYHORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
RETURNING ANIMAL HASTES TO THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON HATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTES KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS HASTE-TREAT
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED HITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYHORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
FEEDLOT HASTE DISPOSAL AND HATER POLLUTION KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATE
DAIRY HASTE STORAGE PONDS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STOR
HHAT IS POULTRY MANURE HORTH KEYHORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS HASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
67
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 69 2540
100 65 2542
100 75 2544
300 74 2556
600 >3 2557
600 75 2559
700 73 2563
200 64 2565
700 72 2569
400 75 2575
700 73 2577
700 72 2578
100 72 2580
100 73 2582
200 75 2586
200 75 2599
200 75 2609
200 75 2611
200 75 2613
200 75 2616
200 75 2619
200 75 2620
200 75 2622
200 75 2623
200 75 2625
200 75 2626
200 75 2632
200 75 2633
200 75 2636
200 75 2637
200 75 2639
200 75 2660
200 75 2661
200 75 2662
200 75 2663
200 75 2664
200 75 2665
200 75 2667
200 75 2669
200 75 2676
200 75 2679
200 75 2685
200 75 2702
200 75 2704
200 75 2707
200 75 2714
200 75 2715
200 75 2737
200 75 2738
200 75 2742
200 75 2745
200 75 2748
200 75 2751
200 75 2755
200 75 2757
100 72 2764
700 74 2765
100 70 2769
700 73 2772
700 70 2781
100 71 2782
700 73 2792
400 72 2795
100 73 2798
100 71 2806
400 71 2810
100 72 2811
600 75 2546
400 70 2803
200 71 1646
100 73 1653
300 71 1672
600 71 1724
300 72 1B02
200 70 1805
100 73 1806
400 72 1807
400 74 1810
600 74 1847
300 72 1878
300 71 1879
400 68 1884
200 74 2000
200 74 2009
200 74 2011
400 71 2083
300 2085
200 63 2161
700 69 2181
400 72 2231
100 72 2359
100 74 2430
200 73 2472
200 75 2590
200 75 2598
200 75 2610
200 75 2668
200 75 2672
200 75 2674
200 75 2700
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LANC-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LANO-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAl
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-CISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LAND-DISPOSAL
LANO-OISPOSAL-TECH
LAND-MANAGEMENT
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING '
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
APPLY PORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS CLEANING DESIGN S
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYHOR
HATER QUALITY AND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE WASTE
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESI
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS DRYING ODOR LAGCONS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAINAGE FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
RATE AND EXTENT Of NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT THROUGH GLACIALLY DEPOSITED SOILS T
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SEDIMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CDOR WATER-POLLUTION CRO
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION REGULATIONS FOR US DAIRY FARMS KEY
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER IN RELATION TO FEEOLOT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
FEEDLOT WASTE RECYCLING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTE FROM A SLOTTED FLOOR DEEP PIT BARN KEYWORDS CONFINEM
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
A LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A TIE STALL DAIRY BARN KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DA
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STO
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-D
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY WASTES MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA WATER-P
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING AND HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS D
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING POLLUTION KEYWORDS ' WISCONSIN DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS DESIGN
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIOUID SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WA
TOTAL HASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SHINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIQUI
KSU AEROBIC SHINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-SIX YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS A
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SEPARATION BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE D
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYWORDS FERTILIZE
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LAND-DI
LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES-CLIMATE RATES SALINITY AND SOIL KEYWORDS CATTLE CROP-RESP
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT HASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
MANURE FROM CAGED HENS EVALUATED ON FESCUE PASTURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FESCUES CRQP-RESPO
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM LIVESTOCK WASTE DURING STORAGE TREATMENT AND HANDLING KEYWORDS N
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND ANAEROBIC LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGO
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LAGOON WATERS KEYWORDS LAGOONS BAG
EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEEDLOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUMING AND LAND APPLICATION SYSTEMS K
FIELD EVALUATION OF A SETTLING CHAMBER FOR SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES
A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL OF SHINE HASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-STOR
PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CONVEYORS FOR UNLOADING SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANSPORTS KEYWORDS E
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING ANIMAL MANURES AND SEWAGE SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL KEYWORDS
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY HASTE LAGOONS KEYHORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON HITH RECYCLING KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBI
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LANC TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS AERO
SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGCONS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYU
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MANURE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTI
THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STOCK FARMS AS A HATER ECONOMY PROBLEM KEYW
ANIMAL WASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEOLOT SOIL PROFILE
THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES-CONCLUSION KEYWORDS AG
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS KEYWOR
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS HASTE-
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
FINALLY A CREATIVE PROFITABLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS CATTLE MUNIC
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM YARD MANURE ON FINGER MILLET ELEUSINE CORACANA L GAERTN KE
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FOR TODAY KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SAMPLING CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
LIVESTOCK WASTE-WHY HASTE IT KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS LAGOONS DEHY
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-WASTES
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS TECHNOLOGY NUTRIENTS NITROG
FEEOLOT POLLUT10N-A SOLVABLE PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION SOU
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS•FOR HANDLING POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
EFFECT OF APPLYING SWINE FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT MINERAL LEVELS KEYHORDS SWINE FECES
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM"-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
FEEDLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
FEEDLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEOL
NO-CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYHORDS LIQU
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYHORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
THE STOCKMANS ROLE IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL LEGAL-A
TME COWS VS THE SUBURBS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT WATER-
IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON DAIRY FARMS
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS FOR DAIRY MANURE KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY NUTRIENTS SEDIMENT-
DO MANURE STACKS ADO TO FLY CONTROL PROBLEMS KEYWORDS BREEDING DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONT
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS DAIR
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYHORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
MIDHEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN COMF1
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
AN ILLINOIS FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL PROJECT KEYWORDS ILLINOIS FEEDLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
A PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION-FREE LAND SPREADING OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWO
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE UNDER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS KEYWORDS WINTER AGRICUL
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE HATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT -SEPARATION-TECHN10
68
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
700 71 2771
100 74 2784
300 68 2220
300 72 1647
100 61 1670
100 65 1750
600 72 17S2
100 73 1801
100 70 1823
400 74 1827
100 67 2264
100 60 1677
IOC 74 2189
100 70 2520
100 70 1823
100 73 2325
200 73 2439
100 74 1894
700 73 2583
200 69 2488
400 74 1799
400 72 1836
400 67 2420
400 72 2299
400 74 1772
400 73 2266
100 75 2427
200 74 2152
600 72 1875
700 72 2578
700 73 2584
700 71 1762
600 74 1845
200 73 1895
300 66 1897
200 74 2009
100 74 2082
100 74 2131
200 64 2182
700 74 2362
300 75 2507
200 75 2750
100 70 2794
300 1767
100 72 1681
200 64 1691
200 64 1697
200 64 1704
600 71 1713
600 71 1714
600 71 1728
300 73 1733
400 74 1770
300 72 1775
300 68 1776
300 70 1814
300 72 1830
100 73 1833
300 73 1851
200 74 1869
300 71 1879
200 74 1996
200 74 1998
200 74 1999
200 74 2000
400 65 2037
100 74 2057
100 64 2079
100 69 2084
300 72 2087
500 74 2132
200 74 213S
100 67 2192
300 71 2196
400 74 2203
300 75 2335
400 72 2376
300 73 2407
300 71 2421
200 73 2432
200 73 2433
200 74 2460
200 74 2463
200 74 2467
300 73 2516
300 2571
400 72 2573
200 75 2599
2OO 75 2668
TOO 71 2771
700 73 2772
400 64 2793
300 1774
400 75 2116
200 74 2147
100 74 2288
400 75 2429
700 73 2563
200 75 2595
200 75 2600
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-SPREADING
LAND-USE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAE
LARVAL-CONTROL
LARVAL-GROWTH-STAG
LARVAL-HORTALITV
LARVICIOES
LARVICIOES
LARVICIDES
LATENT-HEAT
LATENT-HEAT
LAWSUITS
LAMS
LAYERS
LAYERS
LAYER-HENS
LAYING-HENS
LAYING-HENS
LAYINO-HENS
LAYING-HOUSE
LC50
LEACHATES
LEACHATE-ANALYSIS
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEACHING
LEAKAGE
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL- ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGAL-ASPECTS
LEGHORN-MALES
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
iJ«JrLfrENVI"°NNENT*L aUALITV LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
?*Si5EI
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2601
ZOO 75 2602
700 71 2771
300 73 2384
400 72 2554
600 72 1875
400 74 1885
400 65 2037
200 74 2146
400 72 1842
100 73 1637
300 69 2099
600 66 2194
100 61 2505
100 74 252S
100 61 2534
700 73 2792
300 74 2042
300 72 2371
300 73 1907
300 72 2313
100 65 2450
100 74 2075
100 72 2580
100 73 1773
200 74 2016
300 74 1758
600 68 1862
200 75 2720
200 75 2691
600 74 1667
100 74 2333
100 73 2812
100 73 1773
600 73 1852
700 72 2316
200 75 2719
700 66 1679
100 72 1681
200 64 1700
200 64 1701
700 66 1707
600 71 1718
600 71 1722
600 74 1738
400 74 1770
200 74 1777
300 74 1794
300 72 1802
300 72 1830
300 70 1839
600 74 1847
600 68 1862
300 71 1866
400 71 1918
200 71 1926
200 71 1933
600 74 1952
200 71 1975
200 74 2013
200 74 2024
200 74 2032
200 74 2034
300 74 2044
400 75 2055
400 75 2056
400 74 2065
400 74 2066
600 74 2081
300 2085
300 72 2088
100 73 2113
400 74 2114
300 74 2118
200 63 2159
600 66 2194
100 71 2200
600 64 2204
700 73 2212
300 74 2215
100 74 2223
400 72 2224
700 69 2225
300 75 2284
400 72 2290
400 71 2296
700 68 2317
400 75 2344
100 71 2351
300 73 2355
600 74 23S6
100 74 2403
100 7* 2430
200 73 2432
200 73 2434
200 73 2435
200 73 2436
200 73 2441
200 73 2445
200 73 2446
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
LEPTOSPIRA-POMONA
LEPTOSP1ROSIS
LETHAL-LIMIT
LICENSE
LICENSING
LICENSING
LICON-WASTE-TREATM
LIMESTONE
LIME
LIME
LIME
LIME
LIME
LIME
LINEAR-MODELS
LINSEED-MEAL
LIQUEFACTION
LIQUEFACTION
LIQUEFACTION
LIQUEFICATION
LIQUIDS-SQLIOS-SEP
LIQUID
LIQUID-AERATION
LIQUIC-AERATION-SY
LIQUID-CIRCULATION
LIQUID-CYCLONE
LIQUID-DILUTION
LIQUID-MANURE
LIQUID-MANURE
LIQUID-POULTRY-MAN
LIQUID-SOL ID-SEPAR
LIGUIC-SOLID-SEPAR
LIQUIO-SOLIO-SEPAR
LIQUIO-SOLID-SEPAR
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUIC-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS L
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS ILLINO
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA HASTE-DIS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES Z
AMMONIA TOXICITV LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
CALIFORNIA ISSUES DPW REGULATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION DRIEO-ANIMAL-WASTES LICENSE PRO
MANURE ODORS CAN LAND YOU IN COURT KEYWORDS ODOR LEGAL-ASPECTS URBAN-DEVELOPMENT 20NI
LICENSING CONCERNS FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYUORDS ANIMAL-HASTES TRA
HLJ PREVIEHS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-HASTE-TRE
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS KEYHOROS HASTE-TREATMENT LIQUID-HAST
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYHORDS WASTE-HATER-POLLUTION HASTE-HATER-TR
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYHORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS HASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
THE EFFECT OF INCORPDRATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYHORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-II
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYHOROS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-HASTES ECONOMIC
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK HASTE-TREATMENT FEEOLOTS CONFINE
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION HITH A SCREW PRESS KEYHORDS OAIRV-INDUSTR
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF MINK HASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYHORDS MINK DESIGN KO
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIQUID-AERATION-SYSTEMS
BASIC PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR OXYGENATION AND LIQUID CIRCULATION IN ROTOR AERATED LI
EVALUATION OF SCLIDS SEPARATION DEVICES KEYUORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SCREENS SETTLIN
EVALUATION OF ODOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYWORDS FEED
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF LIQUID MANURE KEYHORDS WASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-MANURE DESIGN DAI
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION HITH LIQUID MANURE-A METHOD FOR THEIR OETECTI
PHOSPHORUS IN PERCOLATES FROM MANURED LYSIMETERS KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS PERCOLATION LYS1
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYHOROS DAIRY-INOUSTR
VACUUM FILTRATION OF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS VACUUM-FILTRATION SLURRIES SLUDGE MOISTUR
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM FILTRATION KEYHORDS SEPARATION-TEC
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF BEEF HASTE KEYWORDS
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS HAST
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES FOR SOLUTIONS KEYWORDS HASTE-MANAGEME
HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HYDRAULICS WASTE-HANDLING ODOR DESIGN CLEANING LIQU
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES WASTE-
AM ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYHO
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SCLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYHORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-HASTES
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR ROOFED BEEF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES KEYHORDS HASTE-MANAGE
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNOERFLOOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYHORDS HASTE-SOTRAGE
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID HASTE SYSTEM KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANURIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE OPERATIONS KEYHCRDS LIQUID-HASTES MANAGEMENT SHINE
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYUORDS LIQUID-HASTES SHINE HASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYHORDS LIQUI
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYHOROS LIQU
BASIC PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR OXYGENATION ANO LIQUID CIRCULATION IN ROTOR AERATED LI
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID HASTES KEYHORDS SOLID-HAS
NEW PUMP NEH SYSTEM FOR LIQUID MANURE KEYHOROS LIQUID-HASTES COSTS DESIGN HASTE-STORA
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT HASTE COLLECTIONS KEYHOROS LIQUID-H
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LIQUID HASTE FROM FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LIQUID-WASTES AG
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL HASTE PROPERTIES KEYHORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-HAST
LIQUID MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES HASTE-STORAGE LAGOONS HASTE-HANDLING HO
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYHOROS ENERGY
TREATMENT OF BEEF WASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE HASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE HASTES KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE HASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYHORDS L1Q
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIQUID MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYHORDS tIQUID-HASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYHOROS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYUORDS IRRIGATION HASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE HASTEHATER IN LABORATORY SOIL PROFILES KEYHOROS SOIL-PROFILE
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYHORDS LIQUIO-HAST
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS EFFECTS
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYUORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-HASTE
FREE STALL HOUSING ANO LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERO-SYSTEMS APPRO
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE HARVESTING KEYHORDS POULTRY LIQUID-HASTES HASTE-STORAGE HAS
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT LIQUID-WAST
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS UITH FLUID HASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LI
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL HASTE HATER PONDS KEYHORDS UASTE-UATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
A COMPARISON OF SOLID AND LIQUID MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE SOLIO-U
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
DAIRY HASTE GOES FULL CYCLE IN RESEARCH KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LAND-DISPOSAL L1QUID-
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIQUID-HA
NEH HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNI
FOREST LAND FOR MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL FOREST-MANAGEMENT NITROGEN LI
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT ANO METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
SEPARATING SOLID HASTE FROM LIQUID KEYHOROS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HASTES CATTLE RECYCL
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON'BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYHORDS CONFINEMEN
SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-HASTES PESTICID
SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYUORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-HASTES PESTICID
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LIQUID COMPOSTING KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR BIOLOGICAL-TREATM
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYUORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-HASTES INJE
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYNORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYHOROS HASTE-STORAGE SOLID-HASTES SEPARAT10N-TE
MANURE STORAGE TANKS FOR LIQUIDS KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-HASTES DESIGN MANURE'S
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYHOROS DESIGN LIQUID-HASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND HASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
MY HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE HASTE-DISPOSAL LIQUID-HASTE
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
70
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 2469
300 75 2507
300 72 2533
300 74 2556
200 75 2619
200 75 2620
200 75 2625
200 75 2632
200 75 2636
200 75 2673
200 75 2684
200 75 2696
200 75 2698
200 75 2703
200 75 2704
200 75 2712
200 75 2728
200 75 2729
200 75 2730
200 75 2749
200 75 2755
300 71 2387
200 75 2695
300 71 1903
100 74 2126
200 75 2593
200 75 2669
200 75 2748
200 75 2601
100 61 2534
400 69 2540
300 65 2558
200 75 2652
200 75 2664
400 64 2793
400 73 1618
200 68 1643
200 72 1645
200 72 1645
200 69 1824
100 73 1828
300 73 1B49
400 73 1854
200 69 1980
200 69 1983
200 69 1984
300 72 2054
400 75 2353
400 68 2378
100 75 2419
400 67 2420
100 61 2505
300 74 2527
200 75 2624
200 75 2642
100 69 2808
200 69 1824
100 73 2259
300 72 2372
100 72 1621
400 73 1638
300 73 1640
200 66 1644
300 72 1658
400 73 1662
100 60 1677
300 74 1678
700 66 1679
100 72 1681
600 73 1682
100 73 1685
200 64 1696
700 69 1708
600 73 1710
600 71 1713
600 71 1714
600 71 1715
600 71 1717
600 71 1718
600 71 1728
400 72 1731
700 69 1734
600 66 1743
300 72 177$
200 74 1777
600 67 1780
400 74 1711
400 74 1799
100 74 1831
100 73 1833
300 73 1835
300 73 1851
700 67 1877
400 74 1920
200 Tl 1932
400 73 1946
600 74 19S2
200 Tl 197*
200 74 1998
200 T4 2035
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUIC-WASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUIC-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUID-HASTES
LIQUIC-HASTES
LIQUIC-WASTES
LIQUID-WASTES
LIQUIFICATION
LICUIFICATION
LITERATURE-REVIEH
LITERATURE-REVIEH
LITERATURE-REVIEH
LITERATURE-REVIEH
LITERATURE-REVIEH
LITIGATION
LITTERS
LITTERS
LITTERS
LITTERS
LITTERS
LITTERS
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER-LIFE
LITTER-SLAT-SYSTEM
LIVER-ABSCESSES
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
LIVESTOCK
*NIM«L WASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL MAG THE DOG KEYWORDS COSTS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZER
*ANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEY«°RDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONDS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STOR
?ATE£ ?UAL1TY AND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SHINE WASTE
A LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A TIE STALL DAIRY BARN KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES DA
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STO
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING AND HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS 0
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIQUID SHINE MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES HA
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIOUI
ANIMAL HASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES OAIRY-IND
SWINE WASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DISEASES PATHOGE
ODOR CONTROL OF LICUID DAIRY AND SWINE MANURE USING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE MALOOORS KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-TREATME
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
FIELD EVALUATION OF A SETTLING CHAMBER FOR SHINE HASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS FROM STACKED MANURE KEYHORDS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HAST
LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYHORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA E
LIQUID COMPOSTING APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EQUIPMENT AER
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FERMENTATION
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COMM
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC HASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYH
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION HASTE-TREATMEN
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CCNTROL ODOR AND LIQUEFY ORGANIC HAST
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYHORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES HASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LANO-OISP
ECONOMIC RESEARCH PERTAINING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CO
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM LIVESTOCK HASTE DURING STORAGE TREATMENT AND HANDLING KEYHORDS N
PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYHORDS ANIMAL-
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS L
HHAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS HASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
APPLY MORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
CHICKEN LITTER AS A SUPPLEMENT IN WINTERING BEEF COHS ANO'CALVES ON PASTURE KEYHORDS
ENSILING BROILER LITTER HITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND HATER KEYHOROS POULTRY LITTER
LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYHOROS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN HITH PLS KEYHOROS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHOROS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTRIE
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYHORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYHORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER WITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROMID
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN BUILT UP POULTRY LITTER KE
TWO HAYS TO REDUCE AMMONIA LEVEL IN BROILER HOUSES KEVHORDS AMMONIA LITTER BROILERS V
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER KEYHORDS LITTER POULTRY REUSE BUILT-UP-LITTER MAREKS-DISEASE
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOROS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILIZ
A REVIEH OF AVAILABLE LITTER MATERIALS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES KEYHORDS
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS LITTER HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-OIS
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYHORDS FEEDS
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYHORDS FEEDS POULTR
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
DAIRY WASTE FIBER-* BYPRODUCT HITH A FUTURE KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
ENSILING POULTRY FLOOR LITTER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER ANALYSIS W
ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER CATT
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER HITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS HOUSED
INFLUENCE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC ON THE PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYHORDS AN
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORD
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYHORDS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYWORDS SEDIMENT-C
THESE STOCKYARDS SOLUTIONS COULD WORK FOR YOU KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEOLOTS MANAGEMENT L
FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN LIVESTOCK FECES KEYWORDS FEEO-ADDIT
LOCATING A NEW FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION HATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES FOR SOLUTIONS KEYHORDS WASTE-MANAGEME
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEVHORDS FAR
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUH IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS THEORY AND PRACTICE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS DESIGN HASTE-TREATMEN
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
MONITORING ON FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-HASTES MANAGEMENT
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHOROS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT-PEN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-COMMENTS ON THE NATIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
AEROBIC HASTE TREATMENT KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYHOROS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HASTES
LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS LIV
HANURE DEODORANTS-HOW .HELL 00 THEY WORK KEYHOROS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF HASTELAGE KEYHOROS FEEDS RECYCLING WASTELAGE DIGEST
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FOR CONFINMENET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS CO
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF HATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANURIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY c
THEY RE SETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KSYHOROS HATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
FARM POLLUTION-HOH REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYWORDS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-H
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-HASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYHORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL D6SI
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYHORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT OOOR-CONT
*N EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN GRIDHORK PANELS FOR FLOOR SYSTEMS
FARMLAND FARM STRESSES NO RUNOFF LATEST TEST RESULTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LIVE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYHORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEOLOTS CELLULOSE
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES KEYHOROS SPRINKLING LIQUID-WAST
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE HANDLING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHOROS WA
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEDLOTS KEYHOROS ECONOMICS LEGAl-ASPEC
POSSIBLE MYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
71
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KEYWORD INDEX
400 73 2058 LIVESTOCK POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
600 74 2068 LIVESTOCK EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
100 74 2075 LIVESTOCK FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK HASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
300 72 2104 LIVESTOCK LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTION LIVESTOCK LAGOONS EROSION A
300 72 2105 LIVESTOCK LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
400 75 2120 LIVESTOCK THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF CONTROLS-IS HELP NEEDED KEYWORDS COSTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CON
100 74 2126 LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES WASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LANO-OISP
500 74 2132 LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANO APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
200 74 2142 LIVESTOCK NPOES PERMIT SYSTEM AND GUIDELINES FCR MICHIGAN PRESENTED AT THE AGRICULTURAL WASTE CON
200 74 2149 LIVESTOCK ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL WASTE POLLUTION SITUATIONS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULT
200 63 2162 LIVESTOCK WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION GROUNOWATER LIVESTOCK POULTRY AGR
100 73 2169 LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND OUSTS KEYW
100 72 2190 LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
IOC 67 2192 LIVESTOCK COMMERCIAL FEEOLOTS-NU1SANCE ZONING ANO REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
600 71 2199 LIVESTOCK STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS REGULATIONS FEEDLOTS LIVE
400 72 2210 LIVESTOCK STEP BY STEP PLAN FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK IOWA FEEDLOTS REGULAT
300 73 2243 LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
600 73 2246 LIVESTOCK IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY KEYWORDS REGULATION FEED
300 74 2257 LIVESTOCK CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION PERMITS LIVESTOCK PO
100 74 2288 LIVESTOCK AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
700 71 2307 LIVESTOCK FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
100 72 2328 LIVESTOCK THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS-AN ASSESSMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL
100 74 2337 LIVESTOCK MANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
200 70 2391 LIVESTOCK REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
300 73 2407 LIVESTOCK FARM WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
300 71 2421 LIVESTOCK WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY-CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL
200 73 2432 LIVESTOCK LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
200 73 2440 LIVESTOCK REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
200 73 2442 LIVESTOCK DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
200 73 2446 LIVESTOCK LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
100 74 2449 LIVESTOCK ENHANCED TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER I SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION-ESTIMATION OF V1BR
200 73 2472 LIVESTOCK MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
200 73 2474 LIVESTOCK CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT ANO HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
200 73 2476 LIVESTOCK CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
200 73 2479 LIVESTOCK ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVESTOCK WASTES ANO THE PROSPECTS FOR METHANE PRODUCTION KEYWO
200 73 2480 LIVESTOCK AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
600 73 2574 LIVESTOCK METHODS ANO PROBLEMS RELATING TO DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM LIVESTOCK MARKETS KEYWORDS W
100 72 2580 LIVESTOCK THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEOLOTS CONFINE
200 75 2589 LIVESTOCK PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA ANIMAL-WASTE
200 79 2593 LIVESTOCK ECONOMIC RESEARCH PERTAINING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CO
200 75 2601 LIVESTOCK LEGAL ASPECTS OF'ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS L
200 75 2614 LIVESTOCK EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF ANO SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-IND
200 75 2692 LIVESTOCK MANURE GASES AND AIR CURRENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK VENTILATION HYDR
200 75 2697 LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT OF ODORS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULTRY EC
200 75 2717 LIVESTOCK APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
200 75 2731 LIVESTOCK OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AEROBIC-TREATMENT DESIGN-CR
200 75 2733 LIVESTOCK A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN OXIDATION DITCH FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT KEYW
200 75 2752 LIVESTOCK FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
100 71 2760 LIVESTOCK POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART 1 KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING HEN-LAY
100 71 2761 LIVESTOCK POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART 2 KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING SOUTH-
600 71 2778 LIVESTOCK A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SWINE FEEDLOT
400 71 2810 LIVESTOCK LIVESTOCK WASTE-WHY WASTE IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECONOMICS LAGOONS OEHY
400 65 2037 LIVESTOCK-OPERATIC MANURE DOORS CAN LAND YOU IN COURT KEYWORDS ODOR LEGAL-ASPECTS URBAN-DEVELOPMENT ZONI
400 72 2167 LIVESTOCK-OPERATIC PLANNING FEEOLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
400 75 2330 LIVESTOCK-WASTES BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING WASTE RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
400 72 2415 LIVESTOCK-WASTES CRITICAL WASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
300 72 2105 LOADING LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
600 72 2262 LOADING PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
300 72 1628 LOADING-RATES NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-ANO-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
200 64 1692 LOADING-RATES WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
200 64 1693 LOADING-RATES PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL-AEROBIC STABIL1
600 73 1711 LOADING-RATES ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DAIR
200 69 1760 LOADING-RATES HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
300 74 1876 LOADING-RATES FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
200 74 2011 LOADING-RATES LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS FOR DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY NUTRIENTS SEOINENT-
200 74 2025 LOADING-RATES WASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICAT10
600 74 2081 LOADING-RATES TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE WASTENATER IN LABORATORY SOIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
700 72 2127 LOADING-RATES SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
700 65 2128 LOADING-RATES ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
200 63 2156 LOADING-RATES MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGOONS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CHEMICAL-PRO
200 63 2158 LOADING-RATES DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY WASTE-TREATMENT
700 69 2181 LOADING-RATES AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS DAIR
700 63 2233 LOADING-RATES CHARACTERISTICS ANO ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
700 67 2234 LOADING-RATES AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
100 73.2254 LOADING-RATES THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF WASTE FROM AN INTENSIVE PIG UNIT KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGEST
200 68 22B2 LOADING-RATES THEORY ANO PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGOCNS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
700 63 2311 LOADING-RATES CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM A CONFINEMENT HOG PRODUCTION UNIT KEYWOR
700 68 2318 LOADING-RATES THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES ON THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS KE
400 72 2366 LOADING-RATES SWINE MANURE LAND APPLICATION RATES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN INDIANA WATER-PO
300 71 2387 LOADING-RATES BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION WASTE-TREATMEN
100 72 2580 LOADING-RATES THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEOLOTS CONFINE
200 IS 26B3 LOADING-RATES OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SWINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L AND EU6LENA SP KEYWORDS
200 75 2741 LOADING-RATES SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINETICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
200 75 2743 LOADING-RATES BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYWORDS OESIGN-CRITE
200 75 2748 LOADING-RATES PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-
100 71 2782 LOADING-RATES LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
300 73 1835 LOADS STRUCTURES ANO ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
400 72 2167 LOCATING PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
400 74 2203 LOCATING NUISANCE LAWSUITS-NEIGHBOR VS NEIGHBOR KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-0
100 74 240B LOCATING REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL WASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES PHYSI
200 73 2474 LOCATING CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
600 71 2531 LOCATING GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
200 75 2596 LOCATING EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEEDLOT LOCATION KEYWORDS MODEL-STUOIE
300 71 2196 LOCATION FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
400 73 2091 LOUISIANA TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LA600
300 74 2428 LOUVERS UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLOOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
100 75 2352 LUCEDALE-SANDY-LOA DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD ANO QUALITY KEYWORDS DA
200 T5 2651 LYMPHOIO-LEUKOSIS A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS ANO EGG PRODUCTION
600 72 1693 LYSIMETERS LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL WATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
600 74 1951 LYSIMETERS LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
72
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
700 70 2455
200 75 2673
100 73 2812
100 73 2431
400 72 2303
100 74 2236
100 73 2277
300 72 2371
100 75 2544
300 72 1878
300 75 2426
400 64 2793
200 75 2614
200 75 2637
200 75 2635
100 73 1790
300 72 2087
20C 68 2282
100 72 1621
300 72 1628
200 66 1643
400 73 1662
200 64 1697
200 64 1704
600 73 1710
600 71 1715
300 72 1775
400 73 1778
300 74 1794
300 73 1851
300 74 I860
300 74 1889
200 71 1970
200 71 1977
200 74 1990
400 73 2067
300 71 2076
300 72 2088
300 72 2105
400 72 2211
400 72 2211
700 73 2385
200 75 2662
300 72 2371
100 75 2490
700 73 2792
200 73 2483
100 74 2222
300 74 1619
600 73 1623
400 74 1626
400 74 1630
400 74 1636
100 72 1657
600 74 1684
700 71 1689
600 73 1711
600 71 1720
400 72 1731
700 TO 1736
300 73 1745
600 73 1746
200 69 1760
400 74 1765
300 1767
200 74 1777
300 1792
100 73 1801
100 73 1806
400 72 1807
400 74 1808
400 74 1809
400 74 1810
400 72 1819
100 70 1823
400 74 1827
300 1829
300 72 1830
600 73 18S2
100 70 1853
300 72 1878
300 71 1882
600 74 1888
300 66 1897
600 72 1901
100 71 1902
300 71 1903
100 71 1904
300 73 1907
400 74 1909
400 74 1923
400 69 1924
100 71 1936
400 72 1942
400 72 1944
300 68 1948
200 71 19*3
200 71 1967
200 71 1972
200 74 1988
LYSIMETERS
LYSIPETERS
LYSIMETERS
LYSINE
MAGGOTS
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MAGNESIUM
MAINE
MAINE
MAINE
MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE-COSTS
MALE-CALVES
MALOOCRS
MALOCCRS
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT-GUIOELI
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
MANGANESE
MANNINGS-EQUATION
MANURES
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
«« JC ERISTICS OF SOIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIMETERS TREATED KITH MANURE KEYWOR
E, CONTRIBtJTI°N T0 NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUIO-NASTES DAIRY-INO
ol PERCOI-ATES FR°" CANUREO LYSIMETERS KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS PERCOLATION LYSI
uc , OPERTIES OF BRO»-ER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED 8Y ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
CHICKENS CONTROL FLIES FROM MANURE STACK KEYWORDS POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
LCNG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYHOR
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
EVALUATION OF DAIRY 8EEF AND SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK OA1RY-IND
KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-SIX YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS A
DOUBLE E FARMS-SWINE INSTALLATION KEYWORDS DESIGN LAGOONS COSTS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
A FAECES COLLECTOR SUITABLE FOR MALE CALVES KEYWORDS CATTLE FAECES-COLLECTOR MALE-CAL
OUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS OF THE F6EDLOT KEYWORDS OCCR OUST FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTION LEGA
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGOONS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-ANO-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF' POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTRIE
THESE STOCKYARDS SOLUTIONS COULD WORK FDR YOU KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEOLOTS MANAGEMENT L
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES MANA
SOCIAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED AREAS KEYWO
MONITORING ON FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE OPERATIONS KEYHCRDS LIQUID-WASTES MANAGEMENT SWINE
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT OOOR-CONT
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
FARM ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHAT OUR MILK MARKET REQUIRES KEYWORDS MILK ANIMAL-WASTE
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RESEARCH ON MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WISCONSIN RESEARCH-AND-0
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HA
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTIO
BEEF FEEDLOTS-A POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTION AIR-PO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WAST
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES-CLIMATE RATES SALINITY AND SOIL KEYWORDS CATTLE CROP-RESP
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
DEWATERING BOVINE ANIMAL MANURE KEYWORDS DEWATERING CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES IRRIGATION
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE WASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LACOO
MANURE AS A FUEL KEYWORDS FUELS MANURE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-CISPOSAL COMPOSTING AGRI
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NUTRIENTS FERMENTATION THE
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS-PROPERTIES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDL
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DAIR
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
MANURE DEODORANTS-HOW WELL DO THEY WORK KEYWORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE TO FIELDS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE CATTLE
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNOWATER-POLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANORIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
FEEOLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEDL
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEOLOTS WASTE-TREA
MANURE REFEEOING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYWORDS MANURE FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS HA
GARDONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS ADD
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
VACUUM FILTRATION OF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS VACUUM-FILTRATION SLURRIES SLUDGE MOISTUR
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CAGED POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS FLY-CONTROL CAGED-POU
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND SOIL WATER MOVEMENT KEYWORDS EQUATIONS MANURE WATER-INTAKE-RA
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER BROILERS MANURE CONPOSTI
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR GASE
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-II
COOKING WITH COW POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT EASY OR PRACTICAL KEYWORDS METHANE MANURE CATTLE RECYCLING CRO
BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION OF MANURE BY OIPTERA KEYWORDS MANURE OIPTERA BIOLOGICAL-DIGEST10
TRANSPORT RATE OF COD THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT KEYWORDS DESIGN FEEDLOTS COLORADO RUNOFF-CONTROL LANO-DISP
THE DOOR IS STILL OPEN TO REFEEDING CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE REGULATION PROTEINS
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS SURFACE-WATERS ENVIRONM
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF MANURE KEYWORDS PLANNING AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF SURFACE-WATE
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATT
73
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
tOO 74 1990
200 74 1991
200 74 2006
200 74 2007
200 74 2011
200 74 2018
200 74 2019
200 74 203}
400 75 2049
100 74 2057
300 72 20(3
400 74 2093
300 74 2100
400 74 2102
600 74 2119
700 72 2127
200 74 2144
200 63 21(4
100 72 2170
200 74 2185
100 74 2189
700 69 2225
400 72 2230
100 74 2253
400 71 2269
100 73 2277
300 75 2284
400 72 2289
400 70 2291
400 72 2303
300 72 2313
700 68 2317
400 75 2322
400 75 2324
100 72 2328
100 73 2332
400 75 2334
100 74 2337
100 74 2340
400 75 2346
400 75 2353
400 61 2360
200 70 2397
100 48 2400
700 70 2406
100 65 2423
200 74 2457
200 74 2458
100 75 2490
100 70 2520
100 73 2521
700 72 2568
200 75 2590
200 75 2592
400 74 2776
100 73 2779
100 71 2782
200 72 2783
100 71 2787
700 73 2792
600 72 1843
300 74 2248
200 75 2692
400 73 1741
200 71 1973
300 73 1881
300 75 2545
300 72 2292
400 72 2297
400 72 1941
400 70 1947
200 74 1967
200 75 2694
300 72 2268
400 74 2417
100 74 2097
200 75 2616
300 75 2545
200 71 1974
400 71 2083
200 73 2435
700 67 1651
400 72 2302
400 71 1937
100 73 1800
200 75 2651
200 69 I960
700 72 257S
300 74 1678
300 73 1733
300 72 2054
200 7* 2460
300 74 I860
200 75 2629
100 66 2513
100 64 2079
600 74 2119
100 65 1750
300 71 2266
300 74 2116
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE
MANURE-APPLICATION
MANURE-COVEREO-SUR
MANURE-GASES
MANURE-HANDLING
NANURE-HANOLING
MANURE-HAULING
MANURE-HEIGHT
MANURE-HOLD ING-PON
NANURE-HOLDING-PON
MANURE-PACK
MANURE-PACK
MANURE-PACK
MANURE-PACK
MANURE-PIT-SYSTEM
MANURE-PONDS
MANURE-SEPARATES
MANURE-SEPARATION-
MANURE-STABILITY
MANURE-STACKING
MANURE-STACKS
MANURE-STORAGE-TAN
MANURE-TRANSPORT
MANURE-VARIATION
MANURE-VOLUME-REOU
MANURING
MAREKS
NAREKS-DISEASE
NARINE-SEDIMENT-SO
MARKETING
MARKETING
MARKETING
MARKETING
MARSHES
MARYLAND
MASKING
MASKING-AGENTS
MASK ING-AGENT
MASSACHUSETTS
MASS-SPECTROMETRY
MASTITIS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HA
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE ON CORN PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT HH
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM GROWING TURKEYS KEYWORDS NUTRIENT
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS FOR DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY NUTRIENTS SEDIMENT-
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE IN RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE KEYWORDS CATTLE DIETS PERFORMANCE REFEEO
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING AND PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOT4L-D1SSOLVED-SOLIDS CO
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS N1TROG
ANUPOLLUTION LAWS FORCE LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWORDS
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL OF MANURE WASTES AND UTILIZATION OF THE RESIDUE KEYWORDS BURNING
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT DAMAGED LAND KEYWORDS SALTS RECLAMATIO
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWCRDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MORE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-ODOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
SANITARY LANDFILLING OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY SOLID-WASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA DOHESTICA KEYWORDS DIGESTION FARM-WASTES POULTRY
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS MANURE TILTH CROP
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATES NEAR A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS DUSTS FEEDL
MANURE ON MILLET KEYWORDS AMMONIA TOXICITY NITRATES MANURE MILLET APPLICATION-RATES
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIOUIO-WA
MOLASSES FROM MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS SLUDGE PROTEINS MANURE MOLASSES SULPHUR-DIOXIDE
FLY PUPAE HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS FERTILIZERS FLV-PU
CHICKENS CONTROL FLIES FROM MANURE STACK KEYWORDS POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLV-CCNTROL
FEEDLCT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
FERTILIZING VALUE OF CATTLE MANURE IN RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
NEW MANURE CONVERSION PLANT OPENED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS AEROBIC-DICES
WASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS-AN ASSESSMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYWORD
ORGANIC WASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOW RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
MANURE GETS REDISCOVERED KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS CF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
CONSEOUENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
MANURE SMELL FURNISHES FARMSTEADS POWER NEEDS KEYWORDS GASES FERTILIZERS ANAEROBIC-DIG
A REVIEW CF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COM MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-HAST
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS A
VALUE OF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY LARVAE IN MANU
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE KE
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
ECONOMICS OF SUBSTITUTION AND THE DEMAND FOR BEEF FEEDLOT WASTES-ONE ALTERNATIVE FOR SO
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYWORDS ENERGY FUE
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
MANURE HANDLING CAPACITY OF SOILS FROM A MICROBIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW KEYWORDS SOILS
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER FARM-WASTES HASTE-TREATN
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
WATER INTAKE RATES ON A SILT LOAM SOIL WITH VARIOUS MANURE APPLICATIONS KEYWORDS IRR
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND MEASUR
MANURE GASES AND AIR CURRENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK VENTILATION HYDR
CHANGES WE VE MADE IN MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS MANURE-HANDLING COSTS CATTLE DAIRY-IND
FLIES IN RELATION TO MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLIES MANU
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY RANCHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
MANURE HOLDING POND ODOR CONTROL KEYWORDS AERATION SIZE MANURE-HOLDING-POND OOOR-CONT
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANUR
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-IMPACT ON UNDERLYING SOIL KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILES GROUNDWATER FEED
MALODOR REDUCTION IN BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ODOR-CONTROL CHEM1C
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS KEYWORDS INSECTICIDES FLY-CONTROL SANITATION OPEN-FLOOR-
SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STORAGE STOR
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SHINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY RANCHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF A MANURE STACKING FACILITY KEYWORDS DESIGN DAIRY-INDUSTRY AG
DO MANURE STACKS ADD TO FLY CONTROL PROBLEMS KEYWORDS BREEDING DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONT
MANURE STORAGE TANKS FOR LIQUIDS KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-HASTES DESIGN MANURE-S
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
WHY POULTRY MANURE VARIES AS FERTILIZER KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPH
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL FOR HEATING KEYWORDS FUELS GASES ENERGY FEEOLOTS PYROLYSIS M
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
A SUMMARY OF REFEED1NG OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER POULTRY REUSE BUILT-UP-LITTER MAREKS-DISEASE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SEC1MENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREATMENT HITH
LOCATING A NEW FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION HATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYHORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
EXPERIENCE HITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CONFI
THAT ODOR KEYHORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION D
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS ODOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-ODOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY DROPPINGS
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEOLOTS CATTLE
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
74
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 74 2119
600 71 1737
300 73 1835
200 69 198*
700 69 1656
200 7* 1777
400 73 1858
100 71 1936
600 74 1961
200 74 1997
20C 74 2009
200 74 2013
200 74 2023
700 65 2126
100 72 2170
700 67 2363
200 75 2741
100 74 2784
100 72 1621
300 74 1629
200 73 1648
700 69 1650
100 73 1685
100 73 1793
300 73 1851
100 71 1936
200 74 1997
300 74 2248
300 71 2286
700 72 2321
100 73 2332
100 74 2430
200 75 2605
200 75 2689
200 75 2690
200 73 2480
700 68 1B37
200 73 2432
200 73 2437
100 64 2079
100 72 2550
600 72 1953
TOO 71 2307
200 75 2747
100 72 1667
600 74 2050
100 74 2404
100 73 1673
600 71 1716
100 74 2404
300 72 2086
400 74 1808
100 73 1833
200 74 1867
400 74 1909
400 74 1923
400 72 1939
400 73 1946
300 74 1959
600 74 2050
100 74 2057
100 74 2075
300 74 2100
500 74 2132
200 74 2151
200 72 2168
100 73 2183
100 74 2184
100 74 2207
300 72 2213
100 74 2258
100 74 2263
100 72 2314
300 74 2323
400 73 2364
300 74 2428
100 65 2450
200 74 2462
200 74 2468
200 73 2472
200 73 2479
400 74 2493
100 72 2500
100 63 2549
100 63 2581
200 75 2590
200 75 2591
200 75 2631
200 75 2652
200 75 2655
200 75 2656
200 75 2658
200 75 2659
200 75 2703
200 75 2740
100 72 2800
100 72 2101
100 74 2802
100 71 2807
400 75 2814
MATCH ING-STANDARDS
MATERIALS
MATERIALS
MATERIAL
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEPATICAL-MODEL
MAThEMATICAL-MOOEl
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEMATICAL-MOOEL
MATHEMATICAL-MOOEL
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEMATICAL-MOOEL
MATHEMATICAL-MODEL
MATHEMATICAL-MOOEL
MATHEMATICAL-MOOEL
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
MECHANICALLY-AERAT
MECHANICAL-AERATOR
MECHANICAL-AERATOR
MECHANICAL-AERATOR
MECHANICAL-CONTROL
MECHANISEO-BIOLOGI
MECHANIZEO-COMPOST
MEMBRANE-FILTER
MEM8RANE-SEPARATIO
HESCPHIUC-BACTERI
MESOPHIL1C-SOLAR-R
METABOLIC-HASTE-PR
METABOLISM
METABOLISM
METABOLISM
METEOROLOGY
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
METHANE
MANURE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-ODOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
«"» HOGS-PROGRESS AND TRENDS KEYWORDS SHINE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION SLOTTE
ERN^?LH*ND800K KeyMOR°S PLANNING ENVIRONMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL OESI
UTTER MATERIALS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES KEYWORDS
?S?E«HG *N° SySTEH AN*LYSIS Of "TTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS MATHEMATI
c»uT TRANSFORMATION OF MANORIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYWORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING WASTE-TREAT
TRANSPORT RATE OF COD THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS KEYWORDS INFILTRATION MATHEMATICAL-MODELS
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ENERGY
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO ANAEROBIC LAGOON ANALYSIS KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ANAL
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINETICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES-A MODEL FOR COLLECTION STORAGE LOCATION AND DISTR
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS ODOR-
CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL OUSTS CATTLE FEEOLOTS SPRINKLIN
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEOLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA WITH BILINEAR ABSORPTION KEYWORDS DISPERSION f
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT ODOR-CONT
TRANSPORT RATE OF COO THROUGH A WET PCROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND MEASUR
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF CAIRY WASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYWORD
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN MI
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPCUNOS WITHIN A SWINE BIULDING AND MEASUR
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY WASTE ODOR KEYWORDS ODOR MEA
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
OXVGENATION AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL AERATORS KEYWORDS AERATION OXYGENAT
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS ODOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT DA
A MECHANIZED COMPOST CHANNEL FOR ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS DESIGN-DATA HECHAN1ZED-COMPOST-
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
TERTIARY TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTEWATERS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES KEYWORDS TERT1A
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES KEYWORDS THERMOPHI
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM SWINE WASTE WITH SOLAR REACTOR KEYWORDS METHANE FEASIBUITY-S
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
BIOLOGY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS BIOLOGY WASTE-MANAGEMENT MICROORGANISMS METABOLI
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
MONFORT FUELS FEEOLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEOLOTS WASTE-TREA
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
COOKING WITH COW POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT EASY OR PRACTICAL KEYWORDS METHANE MANURE CATTLE RECYCLING CRO
WASTE CONVERSION UNIT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONDITI
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEEOS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEDLOTS CELLULOSE
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM SWINE WASTE WITH SOLAR REACTOR KEYWORDS METHANE FEASIBILITY'S
ANTIPOLLUTION LAWS FORCE LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWORDS
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-HASTES ECONOMIC
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYWORDS BACTERIA HYDROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYWORDS RECYCLING GAS
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY FARM SLURRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION S
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM HASTE KEYHORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEHAGE HASTE-TREATMEN
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY GIVE ANSHER TO ENERGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS ENERGY ANAEROBIC-OIGE
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANIMAL-
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY HASTE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-OIGE
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS KINETICS ECONO
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
OKLAHOMA MANURE FDR MIOHEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYHORDS METHANE CCSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT NE
UNOERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLOOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG HASTES KEYHORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYHOROS METHANE RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT C
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYHORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CDNFI
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVESTOCK HASTES AND THE PROSPECTS FOR METHANE PRODUCTION KEYHO
FUEL FOR THOUGHT-IS STOCKPILED ENERGY GOING TO WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE FERTILIZERS FEED
THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYHORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS SLUDGE-DIGESTION ECONOMICS FEASIBILIT
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHANE GENERATION FEASIBILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG FARMS KEYWORD
SHINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE OF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYHORDS
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND HATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
START UP OF PILOT SCALE SHINE MANURE DIGESTERS FOR METHANE KEYHORDS RESEARCH-AND-DEVE
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR FOR WASTE DISPOSAL KEYHOROS METHANE RECYCLING DESIGN SWINE TAI
CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-
SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO ENHANCE SWINE HASTE DIGESTION KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION MET
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHOROS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-OI
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYHORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES HYD
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-ANO-OEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
eOBARBAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYHOROS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-HAST
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COWOUNG BY ADDING OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL
0? SHINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYWORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PROTEINS FEEDS SWINE
75
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 74 2184
400 74 2114
600 74 2050
100 73 2431
100 72 1786
600 69 1841
300 74 2517
300 64 1786
100 73 1828
600 73 1682
200 74 2135
200 74 2136
200 74 2139
200 74 2140
200 74 2141
200 74 2147
300 71 2421
300 73 2516
600 75 2559
300 72 2561
400 72 2573
200 75 2603
200 75 2605
200 75 2688
200 70 2397
700 72 2127
500 74 25C3
400 73 1768
100 72 2357
100 75 2410
200 72 2783
700 72 2319
600 72 2074
200 68 1643
700 71 1665
100 74 2184
100 73 2579
200 75 2646
100 61 2505
400 74 2102
600 71 1716
600 71 1720
600 74 1748
100 72 1788
700 71 1864
200 74 2008
200 63 2162
700 70 2406
100 74 2541
100 71 2570
100 73 2579
200 75 2586
600 72 1875
400 71 2295
300 72 2371
600 71 1715
300 74 2323
200 75 2615
200 75 2746
600 72 1624
100 72 2186
400 74 1994
200 71 1969
200 71 1970
200 71 1969
400 71 2269
700 72 2319
100 75 2352
700 73 2792
100 73 2798
100 72 1657
300 72 2371
100 75 2536
300 75 2339
200 74 2016
400 74 1816
200 74 2012
300 72 2369
300 72 2371
300 73 2384
300 71 2451
100 73 2514
600 73 2557
400 72 2573
200 75 2603
200 75 2612
700 73 2772
600 74 1961
600 74 1757
300 73 1784
200 72 1908
400 75 2345
400 74 1770
400 72 1807
600 73 1692
400 74 2066
300 69 2078
200 64 2182
300 75 2426
200 73 2483
METHANE-BACTERIA
METHANE-COSTS
METHANE-DIGESTION
METUCNINE
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
METHOKOGLONEMIA
METHYL-BROMIDE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
MICROBES
MICROBIAL-ACTIVITY
MICROBIAL-CONTAMIN
MICROBIAL-DECOMPOS
MICROBIAL-CEGRADAT
MICROBIAL-CEGRAOAT
MICROBIAL-OEGRAOAT
MICRQBIAL-ECOLOGY
MICROBIAL-FOOD
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROFLORA
MICRONUTRIENTS
MICRCORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICRCORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICRCORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
MICRCPTERUS-SALM01
MICROWAVES
MIDDLINGS
MIDWEST
MIDWEST-UNITEO-STA
MIDWEST-US
MID-ATLANTIC-REG 10
MILKING-CENTERS
MILK ING-PARLOR- WAS
MILKING-PIT
MILK
MILK
MILK-CRDINANCE-ANO
MILLET
MILLET
MILLET
MILLET
MILLET
MINERALIZATION
MINERALS
MINERALS
MINE-WASTES
MINK
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA
MISCIBLE-DISPLACEM
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE HASTE-TREATMEN
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM SHINE WASTE MITH SOLAR REACTOR KEYWORDS METHANE FEASIBILITY-S
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
A PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY MALCOORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY S
POLLUTED GROUNDHATER-ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MANS ACTIVITIES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS INDU
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PROBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROMIO
POLLUTICN ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR MICHIGAN AIR-P
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
MICHIGAN S ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATION KEYWORDS MICHIGAN WATER-POLL
PENDING LEGISLATION RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE KEYWORDS MICHIGAN LEGISLATION WASTE-W
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY-CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESI
HASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS CN MICHIGAN DAIRY .FARMS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN REGU
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
THE NPOES DISCHARGE PERMIT PRCGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN MI
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF.FEEOLOT MANURES AS INFLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE KEYWORD
A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND OENITRIFICATION IN CONCENTRATED WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIAL
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS
MANURE HANDLING CAPACITY OF SOILS FROM A MICROBIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW KEYWORDS SOILS
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SCIL RECEIVING COW MANURE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WAS
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTR1E
MICROBIAL ECCLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON KEYWORDS FAR
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE WASTE-TREATMEN
MICROBICLOGY IN THE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIOLOGY AEROBIC-TRE
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANC CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MCRE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
BIOLOGY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS BIOLOGY WASTE-MANAGEMENT MICROORGANISMS METABOLI
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SOLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYWORDS WATER-PQLLUTICN GROUNDWATER LIVESTOCK POULTRY AGR
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS A
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS PROTEINS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATIO
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOTRANSFER OF AFLATOXIN KEYWORDS MICROORGANISMS TOXICITY FEEDLOT
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIOLOGY AEROBIC-TRE
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING ANC LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS F
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR MIDWEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STCRAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS DAIRY-
TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES BY BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYSTEM KEYWORDS
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING CENTERS KEYWORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN S
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VEM.IL
WHAT OLR MILK MARKETS REQUIRE KEYWORDS MILK WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY
FARM ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHAT OUR MILK MARKET RECUIRES KEYWORDS MILK ANIMAL-WASTE
WHAT OUR MILK MARKETS REOUIRE KEYWORDS MILK WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY
MANURE ON MILLET KEYWORDS AMMONIA TOXICITY NITRATES MANURE MILLET APPLICATION-RATES
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COW MANURE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WAS
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT CN RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY KEYWORDS DA
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM YARD MANURE ON FINGER MILLET ELEUSINE CORACANA L GAERTN KE
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY WASTE ON YOUNG CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
GROUND WATER POLLUTICN PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF MINK WASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYWORDS MINK DESIGN ECO
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT HCW SLATTED FLCORS HAVE WORKED FOR THEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA FARMER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA WASTE-D1S
LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA BI
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TC POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A CCLC CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS KEYWORDS INFILTRATION MATHEMATICAL-MODELS
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS WATER
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYOROLO
A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
RECYCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM KEYWCRDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEDL
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYWORDS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION MISSOURI PER
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUOG
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
76
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 72 2573
600 2777
600 73 1892
600 74 1671
600 75 2537
3CO 72 1658
100 73 1685
600 74 1712
700 70 1779
300 1792
60C 73 1815
700 61 1837
700 67 1838
100 72 1913
200 74 2010
200 74 2012
100 71 2200
700 69 2225
700 68 2310
300 73 2384
200 75 2596
200 75 2598
200 75 2708
200 75 2724
200 75 2733
200 75 2734
200 75 2741
400 73 1822
100 74 2222
100 74 2515
300 74 1629
200 72 1645
200 73 1648
100 74 1894
100 74 2189
700 69 2225
100 74 2242
400 75 2353
700 73 2385
100 73 1801
100 73 1828
600 73 1852
100 74 1951
600 74 1952
200 69 1983
200 74 2006
200 74 2014
400 72 2036
300 72 2054
200 74 2138
200 63 2155
200 63 2165
IOC 72 2197
400 72 2302
400 72 2306
400 73 2416
100 73 2431
200 74 2458
200 73 2478
200 73 2482
300 73 2498
700 72 2568
200 75 2646
700 72 2770
100 74 2775
700 73 2583
600 73 1815
400 72 2289
300 73 1849
100 61 2505
100 72 2112
300 72 2371
600 73 1710
600 74 1744
400 74 2232
200 75 2734
300 70 1814
600 70 1896
400 74 1994
300 75 2339
600 70 2530
600 71 2531
300 74 2555
400 74 1765
400 74 1772
100 70 1823
200 74 2006
200 75 2651
200 73 2439
200 73 2440
200 75 2588
700 74 2766
200 73 2432
200 75 2588
400 72 1941
300 71 2196
400 72 2320
100 71 2424
200 73 2475
600 74 1712
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI-APPROACH
MODELS
MODEL
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MCDEL-STUOIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MCOEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MCDEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MODEL-STUDIES
MCDEL-STUDIES
MOOIFIEO-GUTTER-FL
MOOULLS-OF-RUPTURE
MODULUS-'OF-RUPTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTLRE-CONT6NT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTL-RE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTliRE-CCNTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MOISTURE-CONTENT
MCISTURE-PROOUCT10
MOISTURE-REMOVAL
MOLASSES
MOLDS
MOLDS
MOLLUSKS
MOLYBDENUM
MONITCRING
MONITORING
MONITCRING
HONDO-THEORY
MONTANA
MONTANA
MONTANA
MONTANA
MONTANA
MONTANA
MONTANA
MORTALITY
MORTALITY
MORTALITY
MORTALITY
MORTALITY
MOSQUITOES
MOSQUITOES
MOSCUITOES
MOSQUITOES
MOSBUITO-CONTROL
MOSQUITO-CONTROL
MOUNDING
POUNCING
MOUNDING
HOUNDING
MOUNDING
MOVEMENT
rnNTAi?LI?n.OLLliTION UWS *f™°™* LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEOLOTS HAT
rSr J?«™,J?N.SI DI«OLVEO NITRATE KEYWORDS NITRAIES FERTILIZERS GEOCHEMI
«cn?n? 5Ln«"?4CH T° SHINE WASTE "»N»SEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
TUC Ic " " CONTR01- FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
PERFORMANCE OF FEEOLOT CONTROL FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCAT
?EDIHENT AND NUIR'E« LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYWORDS SEDIMENT-C
re SALMONELU TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION OITCH
ip «nrL «r?i L NmOSEN IN COOL-..HUMID CLIMATES KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES NITROGEN M
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOTS SOILS CAT
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING HASTE FROM CAGED iAYERS K6YHCRDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TC AGRICULTURAL HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON AIR FLOH CHARACTERISTICS IN A MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT BUILD
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOU LOSSES FROM A SMALL HATER
BEEF HASTE MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA FARMER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
A MODEL STUDY OF FLOW VELOCITIES IN AN OX1DATICK DITCH KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES DESIGN 0
SURVIVAL CF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHOROS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA HASTE-DIS
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEEOLOT LOCATION KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIE
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES KEYWORDS IR
HIGH RATE MECHANIZED COMPOSTING OF DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DESIGN MODEL-STUDIES COMPOSTI
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN OXIDATION OITCH FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMFNT KEYW
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF AEROBIC TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTRY MODE
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGCDN KINETICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS HASTE-
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
CONTROL OF OUST FROM CAITLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL DUSTS CATTLE FEECLOTS SPRINKLIN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NLTRIENIS REC
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CDOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYWORDS OES
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MU5CA DOMEST1CA KEYWORDS DIGESTION FARM-WASTES POULTRY
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN
POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF « COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON ICE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROMIO
VACUUM FILTRATION OF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS VACUUM-FILTRATIDN SLURRIES SLUDGE MOISTUR
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BEEF MANURE KEYWORDS MOISTURE-CO
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL HASTE PROPERTIES KEYWORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-HAST
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS CROP-PRODUCTION FERTILIZ
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT WH
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND PROPORTION CF CONCENTRATE CONSU
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FRCM PLASTIC PENS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS WASTE-T
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
COMPOSITION OF HASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
FOWL FECAL FACTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL CF POULTRY MANURE "KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL AFRATION M
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART 11I-COMPOSTING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
HHY POULTRY MANURE VARIES AS FERTILIZER KEYWORCS POULTRY FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPH
HOW NUTTING PRE-ORIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MOISTURE-CONTEN
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYWORDS AERATION FORCED-DRYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWCROS SEPARATICN-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES OES
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEOLOT KANURE-A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY KEYWORDS DESIGN EQUIPMENT
THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE KE
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYIN
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING HASTE FROM CAGED LAYERS KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
MOLASSES FROM MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS SLUDGE PROTEINS MANURE MOLASSES SULPHUR-DIOXIDE
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN BUILT UP POULTRY LITTER KE
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYHOROS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MQLLUSK
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
MONITORING DN FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
FIELD PERFORMANCE CF SELECTED BEEF FEEDLOT HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE WAS
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDED-S
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF AEROBIC TREATMENT KEYHOROS AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTRY MODE
FEEOLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AIR-POLLUTION WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
HATER QUALITY ANO WASTE DISPOSAL IN MONTANA KEYWORDS WATER-QUALITY WASTE-DISPOSAL MONT
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEH IDEAS KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
GROUND HATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHHESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDHAT
REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES FOR
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT DESIGN KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHOROS AEROBIC-TR
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYHOROS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYHOROS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
GARDONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE FOR CONTRCL OF FLY LARVAE IN COH MANURE KEYHORDS FEEDS ADD
CHARACTERIZATION OF HHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT HH
A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HESS ANO EGG PRODUCTION
MOSQUITO CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK HASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS 1972 KEYWORDS LAGOONS MOSOUIT
REVIEH OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF CCOPE
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CONTRCL IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGCONS KEYHOROS MOSQUITOES LAGOONS IN
AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE ANO AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION KEYWORDS
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CONTROL IN ANIMAL HASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS MOSQUITOES LAGOONS IN
TOTAL HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANUR
FFEDLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOH KEYHORDS FEECLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A HASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEOL
OUTDOOR UNPAVEO FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYHOROS FEECLCTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
MOVEMENT OF HANURIAL NITROGEN IN COOL HUMID CLIMATES KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES NITROGEN M
77
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 1777
600 73 1846
200 71 1964
100 74 2131
200 73 2475
200 73 2440
400 74 2336
200 74 1(49
600 71 1717
300 71 1882
200 72 1908
200 74 1986
100 74 2075
100 72 2357
300 75 2426
100 73 2779
100 68 2788
4QO 72 2795
100 74 2288
100 74 2189
100 73 2325
100 71 2767
400 74 1808
400 74 1909
300 72 1628
100 73 1663
100 73 1664
600 74 1684
400 73 1817
100 74 1821
400 70 1947
200 71 1978
700 73 2061
100 74 2130
400 72 2211
400 72 2211
400 71 2270
100 75 2280
300 74 2331
700 73 2385
100 73 2447
400 73 2519
300 2571
400 72 2573
200 75 26C8
200 75 2702
200 75 2709
300 69 2797
300 2571
100 72 2764
200 75 2716
300 72 2087
200 70 2398
200 70 2399
300 48 2414
100 73 1660
200 74 2010
200 75 2598
100 74 2288
400 73 2364
400 73 2552
100 72 2759
100 72 2789
300 68 1625
300 72 1628
100 73 1639
100 73 1660
700 71 1668
700 71 1689
700 71 1762
300 1767
700 70 1779
300 64 1786
300 73 1787
600 74 1845
600 73 1848
600 72 1875
200 72 1880
600 72 1893
600 70 1896
400 70 1947
200 71 1962
200 71 1963
200 74 2032
200 74 2033
200 74 2034
300 73 2039
100 73 2051
700 73 2061
600 74 2081
100 74 2082
100 73 2113
100 74 2131
300 71 2133
200 63 2162
600 69 2179
200 64 2182
100 72 2187
100 75 2250
300 7* 2255
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MUD
MUNICIPAL-DIGESTER
MUNICIPAL-SLUDGE
MUNICIPAL-WASTES
MUNICIPAL-HASTES
MUNICIPAL-HASTES
MUNICIPAL-WASTES
MUNICIPAL-WASTES
MUNICIPAL-HASTES
MUNICIPAL-HASTES
MUNICIPAL-WASTES
MUNICIPAL-HASTES
MUNICIPAL-WASTES
MUNICIPAL-WASTES
MUNICIPAL-WATERS
MUSCA-COMESTICA
MUSCA-DCMESTICA-L
MYCOLOGY
NATURAL-GAS
NATURAL-GAS
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA
NEGLIGENCE
NETHERLANDS
NETWORK-ANALYSIS-T
NEUTRALIZATION
NEK-HAMPSHIRE
NEW-JERSEY
NEW-JERSEY
NEK-MEXICO
NEH-YCRK
NEW-YCRK
NEW-ZEALAND
NEW-ZEALAND
NEW-ZEALAND
NEH-ZEALAND
NEK-ZEALAND
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANORIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
MODEL CF NITRATE PRCDUCTICN AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE CISPOSAL PLOTS KEYWORDS COHPUTER-M
MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER KEYWORDS GROUNOKATER-POLLUTION MOVEMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANI MA
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND CARBON IN AN IRRI
OUTDOOR UNPAVED FEEOLUT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
REVIEK OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ODOR-CON
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE KITH FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEOLOTS FARM-W
AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
A STATLS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RE
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-HASTES ECONOMIC
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN CONCENTRATED WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIAL
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHCRTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANUKE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
THE FLOW OF SOLID WASTES IN PIPELINES KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION P
FINALLY A CREATIVE PRCFITABLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS CATTLE MUNIC
AEKOBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA DOMESTICA KEYWORDS DIGESTION FARM-WASTES POULTRY
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS RCNNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-KILDL
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREA
COOKING WITH CUW PCHER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYHCRDS ANIMAL-HASTES RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CN HATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOAOS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS-PROPERT1ES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDL
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CRCPS WITH FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
LARGE COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED IN THE WEST KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NEBRASK
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF FEEDLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
TEST WAYS TO KEDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
BRAKING FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTION GROU
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS It, EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS FEEDLOT
NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE FRACTIONS KEYWORDS NUTRI
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING THO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEDLOT KEYWORDS SOIL-WATER NITRATES
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSINESS KEYWORDS NEBRASKA FEECLOTS REGULATION WATER-POLLUTION
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEECLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS NE
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TC POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FE6DLOTS WAT
CONTROL COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF FtEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS REGULATION ENGINEERING DES
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUMING AND LANC APPLICATION SYSTEMS K
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLCTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS AGRIC
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL CF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLCT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS NE
THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STUCK FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY PROBLEM KEYH
SHORTEST PATH NETWORK ANALYSIS CF MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST COST DAIRY
OUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS CF THE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS ODOR DUST FEEOLOTS AIR-POLLUTION LEGA
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE OUALITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS AGRICULT
REPORT FROM NEW JERSEY KEYWORDS NEW-JERSEY ENVIRONMENTAL-CONTROL HASTE-DISPOSAL POLLU
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEODCRIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYHOROS POULTRY FARM-
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT UF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AMD SOIL LCSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS CF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM HASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYHCRDS METHANE CCSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT NE
MOST PIG WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SATISFACTORY KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL PU
HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS ECONOMICS OCOR UGH-RISE-POUTRY-HOUSES NEW-ZEALAND
EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK KEYWORDS HEALTH DISEASES SALMONELLA SPRAY-IRRIGATICN CATT
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
NEBRASKA ANIMAL HASTE RESEARCH KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION KITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE OUALITY OF GROUNDKATER
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN H
MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNDHATER-PCLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
THE NITROGEN REGIME CF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOTS SOILS CAT
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PRCBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNDWATER QUALITY KEYWORDS WAT
ANIMAL HASTE AND NITRATE 'MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES GROUNDWATER-POLL
MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE CISPOSAL PLOTS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-M
AMMONIA TCXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FCR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYWORDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL WATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
HATER OUALITY AND HASTE DISPOSAL IN MONTANA KEYHOROS WATER-QUALITY HASTE-DISPOSAL MONT
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEECLCTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATFS GASES
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES IN RURAL UISCO
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-DISSOLVED-SOLIOS CO
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE HASTES KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL
DEMONSTRATION OF HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEDLOTS DESIGN WA
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SHINE HASTEHATER IN LABORATORY SOIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
WASTE ACCUMULATION ON A SELECTED DAIRY CCRRAL ANO IIS EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND SALT OF
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND CISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS EFFECTS
THE EFFECT OF LARGE APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON MOVEMENT OF NITRATE ANO CARBON IN AN IRRI
ANIMAL HASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTICN ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY ANO ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
HATER POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTICN GROUNDHATER LIVESTOCK POULTRY AGR
THE EFFECT OF FARM HASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES WATE
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS ANO HATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
NITRATES IN SOIL ANO GROUND HATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYHORDS NIT
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEEOLOT SOIL PROFILE KEYHOROS FEEOLOTS SOIL-PROFILES CH
ANIMAL HASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF HATER KEYHO
78
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 Tl 2269
700 71 2308
100 7* 2337
100 75 2352
700 74 2362
100 70 2381
100 71 2413
200 73 2442
100 73 2447
300 71 2451
200 73 2529
200 75 2616
200 75 2660
200 75 2670
200 75 2671
200 75 2673
200 75 2678
200 75 2754
600 2777
400 74 1921
200 75 2731
100 73 1673
300 1829
300 73 1673
100 73 1905
400 70 1947
200 74 2025
600 69 2179
100 74 2242
300 74 2255
100 75 2272
100 75 2293
100 72 2357
200 72 2361
700 67 2363
200 75 2678
100 75 2813
100 70 2786
100 75 2293
300 68 1625
700 71 1668
700 70 1779
300 73 1785
300 64 1786
200 64 2182
100 75 2272
700 71 2308
100 70 2381
200 75 2671
200 75 2678
100 75 2790
200 72 1645
200 72 1645
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
100 74 1655
100 72 1657
100 69 1659
700 71 1668
700 70 1660
600 74 1684
600 74 1712
300 73 1745
600 74 1748
100 73 1755
100 73 1773
200 74 1777
700 70 1779
300 74 1783
300 73 1787
100 73 1800
600 73 1813
300 73 1825
300 74 I860
700 71 1864
300 71 1865
300 72 1878
300 71 1882
100 71 1902
100 74 1912
400 74 1921
100 74 19SO
600 74 1958
200 71 1963
200 69 1982
600 72 1993
200 74 2026
400 75 2049
400 75 2055
100 74 2064
600 74 2081
300 69 2099
300 74 2100
400 74 2102
100 74 2108
100 74 2109
500 74 2132
200 74 2137
200 74 2138
200 74 2144
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATES
NITRATE-CONCENTRA1
NITRIENTS
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION-DEN!
NITRIFYING-BACTERI
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITRITES
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
9? HIUET KEYWORDS AMMONIA TOXICITY NITRATES MANURE MILLET APPLICATION-RATES
'" F6EDLOT "ANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE FEEDLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
RED'SCOvERED KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NJTRATE
, M*>«»E-I'S EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY KEYWMfes OA
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
c?.of,= ;SCN OF INORG1NIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND 8ARNYARO SOIL P
^!!»2^ CE DISTRI»UTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEOLOT KEYWORDS SOIL-WATER NITRATES
LIVESTOCK FEEOLOTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA al
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE REFEEDING OXIDATION
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYWORDS FERTILIZE
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNOWATER OUALITY KEYWORDS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LI8UIO-WASTES DAIRY-IND
OXIDATION NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF MANURE KEYWORDS FERMENTATION
POLLUTION ABATEMENT CF POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-MIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION BY DISSOLVED NITRATE KEYWORDS NITRATES FERTILIZERS GEOCHEMI
ABANDONED FEEDLOTS CAN POLLUTE MORE THAN ACTIVE ONES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NITROGEN ABANDO
OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AEROBIC-TREATMENT DESICN-CR
TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITROGE
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM THIS FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA ANALYSIS NITRATES GASES
WASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AERCBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
THE EFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATE
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS INCUBATED WITH PIG SLURRY KEYWORDS NITRIFICATION SOILS SLURRIE
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND .DENITRIFICATION IN CONCENTRATED WASTES KEYWORDS MICKOBIAL
THE FATE OF NITROGEN ANC PHOSPHORUS IN AN OXIDATION DITCH TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWOR
ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
OXIDATION NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF MANURE KEYWORDS FERMENTATION
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF PCULTRY
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
NITRIFr/CATION IN SOILS INCUBATED WITH PIG SLURRY KEYWORDS NITRIFICATION SOILS SLURRIE
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATICN OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER 0X10
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
THE NITROGEN REGIME CF BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOIS SOILS CAT
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS UASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PROBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
NITROSATION IN FEEDLOT MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE FEEDLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND BARNYARD SOIL P
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
OXIDATION NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF MANURE KEYWORDS FERMENTATION
TOXICITY OF NITRITE TO CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES NITRITES AMMONIA TOXICITY
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-PROPERTIES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDL
MOVEMENT OF MANURIAL NITROGEN IN COOL HUMID CLIMATES KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES NITROGEN M
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE TO FIELDS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE CATTLE
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SOLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYWORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTR
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANURIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOTS SOILS CAT
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCCLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNDWATER QUALITY KEYWORDS WAT
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEFOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS CATTLE SWINE WASTE-DIS
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
ANIMAL WASTE COMPOSTING WITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS PCULTRY NITROGEN CARBON A
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
WINTER HIGH RATE CCMPOSTIN6 OF BROILER MANURE KEYWCRDS WINTER BRUILERS MANURE COMPOSTI
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES FOR ODOR AND NITROGEN CONTROL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
ABANDONED FEEDLOTS CAN POLLUTE MORE THAN ACTIVE ONES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NITROGEN ABANDO
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SHINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL WHEN MANURE IS USED KEYWORDS SOILS BACTERIA CHEMICAL-REACTION
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL OF NITROGEN WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS NITROGEN CONT
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIOUIO MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYWCRDS LIQUID-WASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE KE
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE WASTEWATER IN LABORATORY SCIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MORE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN A SWINE WASTE OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT PHO
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
PLANNING AND DESIGNING WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE CONFINEMENT
COMPOSITION OF WASTE *S EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
79
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 69 215?
200 63 2161
200 64 2162
100 72 2186
300 74 2217
100 73 2226
400 7"2 2231
700 63 2233
700 67 2234
IOC 74 2242
600 73 2245
300 74 2246
100 75 2265
400 73 2266
3CC 65 2267
100 75 2272
100 73 2277
100 75 2260
300 72 2292
400 71 2296
400 72 2302
700 71 2307
700 72 2315
100 74 2340
100 75 2352
200 72 2361
700 74 2362
400 72 2366
200 70 2393
300 46 2414
100 65 2423
200 73 2440
700 72 2448
100 65 2450
300 74 2452
700 70 2455
200 73 2480
200 73 2485
100 73 2521
700 73 2532
100 61 2534
600 75 2546
100 71 2551
700 72 2569
700 73 2577
100 63 2561
200 75 2598
200 75 2644
200 75 2663
200 75 2672
200 75 2673
200 75 2677
200 75 2718
200 75 2726
200 75 2730
200 75 2737
200 75 2752
100 72 2764
700 64 2768
700 70 2781
200 72 2763
100 71 2787
100 73 2798
100 74 2802
100 72 2811
700 70 2229
300 73 1759
300 73 1785
700 68 1826
600 73 1844
300 73 1874
400 71 1899
100 72 2235
100 73 2249
100 71 2402
100 74 2404
100 71 2424
100 60 2518
100 75 2543
700 73 2584
.200 .75 _ 2732
300 73 1873
200 74 2009
600 72 2106
300 74 1876
100 73 1800
200 70 2506
100 74 2097
200 75 2649
300 74 1758
700 72 2578
200 70 2506
200 75 2677
700 73 2584
200 75 2650
300 74 1759
700 72 2578
200 75 2732
100 75 2813
100 74 1950
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
.NITROGEN
NITRUGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN.
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN
NITROGEN-BALANCE
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-CCMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN-CONTROL
NITROGEM-CCNTROL
NITROGEN-CONTROL
NITROGEN-CYCLE
NITROGEN-DEPLETION
NITROGEN-FIXATION
NITROGEN-FREE-EXTR
NITROGEN-FREE-EXTR
NITROGEN-LOSSES
NITROGEN-MOVEMENT
NITROGEN-OXIDES
NITROGEN-RECOVERY
NITROGEN-REMOVAL
NITROGEN-RETENTION
NITROGEN-TRANSFORM
NITROGEN-TRANSFORM
NITROGEN-TRANSFORM
NITROGEN-TRANSFORM
NITROGEN-UTILUAT1
INOCOR LAGCONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL 00
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF PCULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
INFLUENCE OF LOW LEVEL HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH LEPOMI
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN
GROLNOhATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND MEASUR
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CAITLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEYHOR
VALUE CF CRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR PCULTRY KEYWORCS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE CF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRI
MAMAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEECLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS FEEDLOT
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE HATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
FOREST LAND FOR MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL FOREST-MANAGEMENT NITROGEN LI
WHY PCULTRY MANURE VARIES AS FERTILIZER KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPH
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
THE STRATIFICATION OF AM ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE LAGOON KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY STRATIF
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY KEYWORDS DA
THE FATE OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN AN OXIDATION DITCH TREATING SWINE HASTES KEYWOR
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
SWINE MANURE LAND APPLICATION RATES KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN INDIANA WATER-PO
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS AND WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS HASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN
PCULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION OEODORIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
VALUE CF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK HASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN FROM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES APPLIED TO S
ANAERCBIC DIGESTION CF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION DESIGN HOGS TEMPERATUR
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF SCIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIMETERS TREATED WITH MANURE KEYHCR
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
AGRCNOM1C CONSIDERATIONS CF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL AGRONOMY CR
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON ME ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SWINE HASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
HFAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYWORCS POULJRY FERTILIZERS WASTE-TRtATMENT RECYCLING L
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS TECHNOLOGY NUTRIENTS NITROG
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME TECHNIQUES USED IN DETERMINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND ENERGY
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
RATE AND EXTENT OF NITRCGEN AND PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT THROUGH GLACIALLY DEPOSITED SOILS T
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG HASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE UNDER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS KEYWORDS WINTER AGRICUL
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE MTROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES DAIRY-INO
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM PCULTRY WASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE KEYWORDS POULTR
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SHINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
CONSERVATION OF NITROGEN IN DAIRY MANURE DURING COMPOSTING KEYWORDS NITROGEN DAIRY-IN
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FERMENTATION
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STOCK FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY PROBLEM KEYW
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTICNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS KEYHOR
MANURE HANDLING CAPACITY OF SOILS FROM A MICROBIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW KEYWORDS SOILS
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWCRDS WINTER FARM-HASTES HASTE-TREATM
EFFECT OF NITROGEN ANU FARM YARD MANURE ON FINGER MILLET ELEUSINE COKACANA L GAERTN KE
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-HAST
THE USE OF ANIMAL HASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
DEVELOPMENT CF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A.LABORATORY SCIL PROFILE WITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FE6DLOTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT HATE
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SHINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYHORDS SWINE CONFI
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTES AS PROTEIN SOURCES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES PROTEINS R
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN GROUND WATER FROM DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS DA
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYHORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FEEDLOTS D
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VCLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEECYARC KEYWORDS FEECLOT
BIOOEGRADATION OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYHORDS FEEDL
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE KEYHO
METHODS FOR MEASURING SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND AMMONIA FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYWORDS AEROBIC
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN AERATED BEEF SLURRIES KEYWORDS NITROGEN-CdMPOUNBS SLURRIES
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION CF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITROGE
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOH TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE HATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SHINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE FECES FOR SWINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEEOING SHINE ABSORBED-
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIQUIO-6ERATION-SYSTEMS
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SEDIMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYWORCS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM POULTRY WASTEHATER 8Y ION EXCHANGE KEYWORDS POULTR
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SHINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYWORDS AEROBIC
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYWORDS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIOUID-AERATION-SVSTEMS
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SEDIMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN AERATED BEEF SLURRIES KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS SLURRIES
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
80
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 15 2244
100 75 2427
?00 71 2308
300 71 2266
200 63 2163
100 67 2192
300 2571
200 74 1997
200 74 1996
100 74 2209
400 73 2429
100 74 2109
200 15 2599
200 74 1869
200 75 2662
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
100 74 1655
300 75 2339
600 71 1723
600 71 2778
300 71 2060
700 73 2212
400 72 2573
200 75 2708
200 73 2441
200 74 2025
30,0 73 1851
100 67 2192
300 2571
400 74 2203
600 74 1961
300 74 1619
600 73 1623
400 74 1636
400 71 1641
200 68 1643
200 72 1645
200 74 1649
IOC 73 1653
100 73 1654
300 72 1658
100 73 1663
300 71 1672
100 72 1675
600 72 1709
600 71 1720
600 71 1724
700 69 1734
300 73 1745
600 74 1749
600 74 1751
200 72 1795
300 72 1802
400 73 1820
100 74 1821
300 72 1830
400 72 1636
200 69 1840
300 73 1856
300 74 I860
700 71 1864
300 71 1882
400 74 1887
300 66 1697
300 73 1915
100 74 1956
300 74 1959
200 71 1966
200 71 1967
200 69 1983
200 74 1996
200 74 2007
200 74 2010
200 74 2011
200 74 2014
20U 74 2017
200 74 2030
300 74 2042
400 75 2049
300 73 2053
300 72 2054
400 75 2056
400 73 2058
300 71 2062
400 74 2070
300 72 2090
100 74 2097
100 72 2110
300 2117
600 73 2124
100 74 2126
700 72 2127
200 74 2135
200 74 2137
200 74 2144
200 14 2145
200 63 2155
200 63 2161
200 63 2165
NITROGEN-UTUUAT1
NITROGEN-UT1LIZATI
NITROSATION
NMR-SPECTROSCOPY
NOISE
NCISE
NCISE
NCNPOI NT-POLLUTION
NONPOINT-SOURCES
NCNPOINT-SOURCES
NCN-NATIVE-FISH
NCN-POINT-SOURCES
NCN-PCINT-SOURCE-P
NCN-RUMINANTS
NORTHERN-&REAT-PLA
NORTHERN-IRELAND
NORTHERN-IRELAND
NCRTHERN-1RELANO-H
NCRTHWESTERN-UNITE.
NORTH-CENTRAL-STAT
NORTH-CENTRAL-US
NORTH-CENTRAL-U-S
NCRTH-OAKOTA
NORTH-DAKOTA
NCRTH-CAKOTA
NOZZLES
NUCLEIC-ACID
NUISANCE
NUISANCE
NUISANCE
NUISANCE-LAWSUITS
NUMERICAL-DISPERS1
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NtlRIfNTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD ON PASTURIZATION AND NITROGEN COHPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
«?T»nLS?n«D,PacLTSY "*STE IN °'ETS FOR CH'C«NS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
?iISS?JT10N IN FEEBLOT H»NURI KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE FEEOLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
IDENTIFICATION OF COORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
rn2h«,-?!ALTH JSPE"S OF POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PU8LIC-HEALTM POULTRY COSTS
COMMERCIAL FE60LOTS-NU1SANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLCT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEOLOTS NE
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF PDL
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION WATE
RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMITS KEYWORDS REGU
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION REGULATIONS FOR US DAIRY FARMS KEY
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY WASTES AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORIEO-P
LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES-CLIMATE RATES SALINITY AND SOIL KEYWORDS CATTLE CROP-RESP
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
GROUND WATER POLLUTICN PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNOWAT
SWIN6 SYSTEMS FOR IOWA AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT IOWA E
A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SWINE FEEDLOT
A SUMMARY OF STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH CENTR
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE WATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTICN PONDS HYDROLOGY
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES KEYWORDS IR
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
WASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BCNUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS OCOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT ODOR-CONT
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLCTS NE
NUISANCE LAWSUITS-NEIGHBOR VS NtlGHBCR KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-0
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS KEYWORDS INFILTRATION MATHEMATICAL-MODELS
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LCT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
DEWATERING BOVINE ANIMAL MANURE KEYWORDS DEWATERING CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES IRRIGATION
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NU1RIENTS FERMENTATION THE
T6ST SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING WATER-POLLUTI
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTRIE
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEOLOTS FARM-W
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P ANO K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT ANO NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYWORDS SEDIHENT-C
INFLUENCE CF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CM WATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
EFFECT OF APPLYING SWINE FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT MINERAL LEVELS KEYWORDS SWINE FECES
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED SWINE EXCREMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE EXCR
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH RUMEN BACTERIA KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
DIGESTIBILITY ANO FEEDING VALUE OF WASTELAGE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING WASTELAGE DIGEST
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE TO FIELDS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE CATTLE
A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL CATFISH PONDS KEYWORDS EFFLUENT F
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC ANO PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNCFF CONTROL METHOD KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENf WASTE-
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FCRAGE CROPS WITH FEEDLCT RUNOFF KEYWORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULIU
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYWORDS LICUID-WASTES SWINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE 10 ANIMALS KEYWORDS F6ECS EXCRETA DEHYCRATED-POULTRY-WASTE SHE
PROCESSED POULTRY EXCRETA RECYCLED AS A FEED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTE R
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILED ANIMAL AND CROP WASTES KEYWORDS RUMINAN
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWOKDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
KINETICS OF GROWTH ANO CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE DOESNT SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES FERTILIZERS
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
METHODS AND PRACTICES FCR CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTICN FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED CN THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
SOIL POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN WATER KEYWORDS POLLUTANTS WATER-POLLUTION
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS SURFACE-WATERS ENVIRONM
USE OF POULTRY MANURE AND LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS CROP-PRODUCTION FERT1LIZ
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
THE PRODUCTION RATE ANO COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM GROWING TURKEYS KEYWORDS NUTRIENT
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS FOR DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY NUTRIENTS SEDIMENT-
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE CONSU
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTICN PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AGRICULTURAL W
CROP ANO HAY LAND DISPOSAL AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE AGRICULT
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
SWINE WASTE AS NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANC
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO SOILS
LSE OF ANIMAL WASTES AS A SOIL AMENDMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES FERTILIZERS CATTLE NU
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTRCPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANO NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
TOXICITY OF SEAWATER TO COLIFORM BACTERIA KEYWORDS TOXICITY SEAWATER COLIFORMS BACTER
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS DESIG
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWOROS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES WASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LAND-DISP
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
PIANNING AND DESIGNING WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE CONFINEMENT
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES SOILS CHEMICAL-PROPER
enilFFrAL FACTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWOROS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWOROS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL AERATION M
81
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 69 2179
101 72 2190
60C 72 2195
200 71 2206
300 73 2208
300 74 2217
100 73 2216
300 74 2219
400 72 2224
400 72 2230
400 72 2231
60C 73 2245
400 71 2274
400 71 2276
100 73 2277
200 73 2278
200 72 2279
300 75 2284
400 72 2299
700 69 2312
300 74 2331
400 75 2334
400 75 2343
400 75 2353
300 65 2377
700 72 2390
200 70 2393
200 70 2394
100 74 2408
400 67 2420
IOC 65 2423
100 73 2431
200 73 2434
700 70 2455
200 74 2460
200 74 2468
200 74 2469
200 73 2485
200 73 2486
100 74 2491
100 74 2502
300 72 2522
300 74 2527
300 74 2528
700 73 2532
100 61 2534
400 72 2538
600 75 2546
300 74 2555
600 73 2557
700 73 2563
100 73 2582
100 74 2585
200 75 2614
200 75 2616
200 75 2641
200 75 2644
200 75 2649
200 75 2661
200 75 2668
200 75 2674
200 75 2675
200 75 2688
200 75 2752
200 75 2756
700 74 2774
200 72 2783
100 74 2802
IOC 72 2811
100 75 2490
300 75 2507
300 73 1873
200 70 2506
300 74 1860
200 75 2669
200 79 2672
100 73 2277
200 75 2631
200 75 2659
300 74 1860
400 73 2067
100 74 2097
300 65 2267
700 72 2568
200 75 2645
200 75 2647
200 75 2648
200 75 2681
400 72 2306
700 72 2319
300 72 2371
300 71 1862
100 71 1796
200 72 1795
300 73 2096
100 74 2288
400 75 2324
300 73 1617
300 68 1625
300 72 1628
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENTS
NUTRIENT-AVAILABIL
NUTRIENT-CONS6RVAT
NUTRIENT-CONTROL
NUTRIENT-CVCIES
NUTRIENT-LCAO
NUTRIENT-LOSSES
NUTRIENT-LOSSES
NUTRIENT-MOVEMENT
NUTRIENT-RECOVERY-
NUTRIENT-SEPARATIO
NUTRIENT-SOURCES
NUTRIENT-VALUE
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
NUTTING
OATS
OATS
OCEANS
OCEAN-DISPOSAL
OOHL
ODORS
DOORS
ODORS
ODOR
ODOR
ODOR
THE EFFECT OF FARM HASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER KEYNORDS FARM-WASTES HATE
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYNOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
ROOFED VS UNROOFED SOLID MANURE STORAGES FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
USE OF CATTLE FEEDLQT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDLO'TS RATIONS
DAIRY HASTE GOES FULL CYCLE IN RESEARCH KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LAND-DISPOSAL LIQUID-
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS MANURE TILTH CROP
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
GROUNOHATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
FEEDING HASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANCE DRIEO-SUINE-FECES OEHYORATED-POUL
THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS FOR POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS DESIGN VENTILATION NUTRIENTS COST
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
CONVERTING SWINE HASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS NUTRI
NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIQUID-HA
OPW RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS PERFORMANCES LAYER-HENS DEHYDRAT
FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS
NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE FEECLOT WASTE FRACTIONS KEYWORDS NUTRI
ORGANIC HASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NCW RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
AG ENGINEERS REVIEW NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY NUTRIENTS ADDITIVES
POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYWCROS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LAND-OIS
CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTEHATER SALINITY KEYHORDS FEEDLCTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS AND HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS HASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL WASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYWCROS FARM-HASTES PHYSI
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
VALUE CF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SCLID MANURE KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE SGLIO-WASTES SEPARATION-TE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF SCIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIMETERS TREATED WITH MANURE KEYHOR
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND CPPQRTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
ANIMAL WASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL W4G THE DOG KEYWORDS CCSTS FEEDLOTS FERTILIZER
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL AGRONOMY CR
SUMMARY OF KANSAS EXPERIENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYWORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
SOHE EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLUT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL HASTES ON STREAM POLLLTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
THE USE AND VALUE CF ANIMAL HASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ANIMAL-W
FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMENTATION LITTER PATHOGENS DRYING
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO GROUND WATER FROM SHINE HASTE LAGOONS KEYHORDS GRCUNDHATER-POLLU
ALGAL GHOUTH POTENTIAL OF SHINE HASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
HHAT IS POULTRY MANURE HORTH KEYHORCS POULTRY FERTILIZERS WASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
FRESH HASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS TECHNOLOGY NUTRIENTS NITROG
THO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AFROBIC-TR
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATICN OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TC A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
THE LCNG TERM MANAGEMENT CF ANIMAL MANURES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS ODOR HATER-POLLUTION CRO
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SHINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK QAIRY-IND
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL HASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SHINE FECES FOR SHINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEED1NG SHINE ABSORBED-
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOf RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LAND-DI
A PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FCR POLLUTION-FREE LAND SPREADING OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWO
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNCHATER QUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEY
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS CF BEEF FEECLOT MANURES AS INFLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE KEYWORD
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
SOIL PROPERTIES AND FUTURE CRCP PRODUCTION AS AFFECTED BY MAXIMUM KATES OF DAIRY MANURE
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINF EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS ANC CORN KEYWORD
MANURE HANDLING CAPACITY CF SOILS FROM A MICROBIOLOGICAL POINT CF VIEW KEYWORDS SOILS
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PROMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYWORDS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-WAST
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES CN FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURE AND LAGOON HATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITRCGE
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS CF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM LIVESTOCK HASTE DURING STORAGE TREATMENT AND HANDLING KEYWORDS N
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE UNDER SIMULATED HINTER CONDITIONS KEYWORDS WINTER AGRICUL
LONG TERM EFFECTS CF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED CN THE USE OF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS
SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO ENHANCE SWINE WASTE DIGESTION KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION MET
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NCNPCINT SOURCES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT HATER-POLLUTIO
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE CF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRI
THE EFFECT OF OEHYDRATICN ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE KE
NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING FEEDLOT WASTE TO BEEF C
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES Of FEEOLCT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
NUTRITIONAL VALUE CF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE FOR GROW ING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYHOROS
MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHORDS HYDROLYSIS FEEDLOTS NU
HOW NUTTING PRE-ORIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING KOISTURE-CONTEN
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COW MANURE HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WAS
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
SLUDGE DISPOSAl-A CASE CF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
WASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLOT SITE SELECTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
NEBRASKA ANIHAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCh-ANO-DEVELOPMENT NEBRAS
82
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 64
200 68
200 68
200 73
200 74
TOO 69
TOO 6T
TOO 13
100 72
400 13
600 67
60C 74
700 71
200 64
200 64
200 64
200 64
200 64
600 73
600 71
600 71
60C 71
600 71
700 64
700 70
700 71
600 72
300 73
600 67
200 73
200 72
100 72
100 73
300 72
400 72
400 74
400 74
400 73
400 74
300
600 69
300 73
200 74
100 71
200 71
400 73
200 69
200 69
400 74
400 72
400 65
100 74
400 72
400 74
100 64
300
300 72
300 72
400 74
400 74
300
600 74
200 74
200 74
200 74
200 74
200 74
200 74
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
100 73
4CO IS
700 69
100 72
400
100 67
600 66
300 71
600 67
600 67
100 73
100 74
400 71
400 71
300 79
400 68
100 74
300 72
400 71
200 67
300 71
400 72
400 72
700 71
400 72
700 72
1631
1642
1643
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1661
1674
1683
1686
1688
1691
1694
1698
17CO
1702
1710
1715
1717
172O
1724
1735
1736
1742
1752
1764
1780
1789
1795
1798
1801
1802
1807
1808
1809
1817
1827
1829
1841
1851
1867
1904
1927
1957
1981
1982
1994
2036
2037
2045
2046
2066
2079
2085
2087
2068
2094
2114
2117
2119
2135
2138
2139
2149
2150
2151
2153
2154
2155
2157
2163
2166
2169
Z171
2181
2186
2191
2192
2194
2196
2198
2205
2218
2223
2237
2238
2243
2247
2256
2260
2271
2281
2286
2290
2306
2309
2320
2321
ODOR
ODOR
OOOR
OCOR
CDCR
ODOR
OCOR
CCCR
OCOR
ODOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
ODOR
ODOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCQR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCOR
ODOR
ODOR
CCOR
OOOR
OCOR
OOOR
ODOR
OOOR
ODOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCCR
OCOR
OOOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCCR
OCOR
ODOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCOR
OCQR
ODOR
OCOR
ODOR
OOOR
ODOR
ODOR
ODOR
OCOR
QCOR
OCOR
OCOR
ODOR
ODOR
OCOR
OOOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCCR
OCOR
OCOR
OOOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCOR
OOOR
ODOR
OOOR
ODOR
ODOR
OOOR
OCOR
ODOR
OOOR
OOOR
OOOR
OCOR
OCOR
ODOR
OOOR
OCOR
OOOR
ODOR
ODOR
ODOR
ODOR
ODOR
ODOR
"^DERATIONS OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC
•on,?SVSE H*SIES KEYWORDS EXCRETA HASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-D1
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTRIE
?S2Sii?JrNS.IJiES *T CATTLE FEEDLOTS "EYWOROS CDCR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE WITH FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEDLOTS FARM-W
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF OOOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEOLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES ODORS MANURE HANDLING AND POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLIN
NOW NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS OOOR WASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEWAG
PERFORMANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL CLOSE-CONFINEMENT CAGED CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-WASTES POULTRY 00
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRE
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT POULTRY EXCRETA FEATHERS ANAE
HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS POULTRY HYCRAULIC-COLLECTION ODOR DESI
HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HYDRAULICS WASTE-HANDLING OOOR DESIGN CLEANING L1QU
LAGOONS-SINK OR SWIM KEYWORDS LAGOCNS POULTRY OOOR
MONITORING ON FAR* WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS MONITORING FARM-WASTES MANAGEMENT
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYWORDS OCOR SWINE CONFINEMENT-HOUSING
OOOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS OOOR CONT
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED LAGOCN AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
.ANIMAL WASTES AERATION IMPROVES BIOREDUCTION BY FLY LARVAE KEYWORDS AERATION LARVAE F
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT CAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE WATER-POLLUTIO
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-OISPCSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
SWINE FECAL OOOR AS AFFECIED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE COOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER ODOR FEEDL
MONFORT FLELS FEEOLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREA
MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT CCSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
THIN BED CRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE CRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AEK
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
A PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY MALOOCRS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY S
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT OCCR-CONT
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR GASE
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE DAIRY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA WATER-POL
DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO POULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION EC
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL WHEN MANURE IS USED KEYWORDS SOILS BACTERIA CHEMICAL-REACTION
THIS PARLCR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS WASTE-T
MANURE ODORS CAN LAND YOU IN COURT KEYWORDS ODOR LEGAL-ASPECTS URBAN-DEVELOPMENT ZONI
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY INDEX AND ODOROUS COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY MANURE KEYWCR
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION KEYWORDS THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA WASTE-TREAT
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYWORDS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS OOCR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
DUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS OF THE FEEDLOT KEYWORDS ODOR DUST FEEOLOTS AIR-POLLUTION LEGA
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIOUID-WAST
NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE KEYWORDS OOOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEOLOTS FARM-W
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANURE OOOR KEYWORDS ODOR ENZYMES CHEMICAL-ODOR-CONTROL MANURE MA
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR MICHIGAN AIR-P
ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL WASTE POLLUTICN SITUATIONS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULT
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING ODOR COSTS SWINE FLUSHING SLOTTED-FL
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYWORDS BACTERIA HYDROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTF-TREATME
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ON THE FARM KEYWORDS POULTRY SPREADING SPRAYING HYDRAULIC-C
FOWL FECAL FACTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
INDOOR- LAGOONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL OD
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTES POULTRY AIR-POLLUTION ODOR ODOR-CONTROL ODOR-
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES OOURS AND OUSTS KEYW
SLICK DISPOSAL SETUP DAIRYMAN DESIGNED IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS WATER DAIRY
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS OAIR
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT LIQUID-WAST
FEEOLCT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE WITH MINIMUM OOOR KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE POULTRY OOOR OXIDAT
THE AMELIORATION OF COCUR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN.TCGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION REDUCTIO
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE IN DEEP PITS KEYWORDS COMPOSTING POULTRY HASTE-STORAGE ODOR
TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWORDS ORYI
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT CODE OF PRACTICE KEYWORDS CANADA AL
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS-PRESENT ANC FUTURE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTE-OISPOSA
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES FROM DAIRIES
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS ODOR DUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
EVALUATION OF AERATED LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SWINE WASTE STABILIZATION KEYWORDS AEROBI
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS OOOR MEASUREMENT FEEOLOTS CATTLE
NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYHORCS WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATICN-TECHNI
HOW NUTTING PRE-DRIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MOISTURE-CONTEN
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT ODORS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE GASE
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A HASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY WASTE DOOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
83
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 73 2332
IOC 69 2380
300 74 2382
200 69 2383
300 72 2386
200 70 2392
200 70 2394
200 70 2398
100 74 2403
400 74 2416
IOC 71 2424
100 74 2430
200 74 2464
200 74 2465
200 74 2466
200 73 2474
200 73 2477
200 69 2488
600 75 2492
30C 2496
300 75 2507
4CO 75 25C8
100 72 2509
100 66 2513
100 73 2514
300 73 2516
500 71 2524
300 72 2533
100 61 2534
100 75 2543
300 74 2555
200 64 2565
3CC 2571
400 71 2572
100 73 2582
200 75 2604
200 75 2607
200 75 2616
200 75 2620
200 75 2687
200 75 2689
200 75 2690
200 75 2693
200 75 2742
100 72 2759
100 71 2762
700 64 2768
100 74 2775
700 71 2780
400 72 2795
100 72 2811
200 75 2601
100 72 1621
100 73 1635
200 64 1695
400 72 1731
300 74 1758
400 72 1842
300 73 1851
200 74 1871
300 74 1891
100 74 1912
400 72 1938
200 71 1976
200 74 2016
20C 74 2C26
200 74 2035
600 72 2106
200 63 2166
600 64 2201
400 72 2297
700 71 2309
400 74 2336
100 72 2412
200 73 2440
200 73 2446
200 75 2694
200 75 2695
200 75 2696
200 75 2697
200 75 2698
200 75 2735
200 75 2736
700 71 2780
100 64 2079
200 63 2166
200 73 1646
100 74 2045
200 75 2691
200 74 2015
600 69 2216
200 75 2691
100 74 2430
100 72 2804
700 68 1826
400 74 1765
300 74 2382
400 73 2504
400 72 2573
200 75 2603
OCOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCOR
ODCR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCCJR
CDCR
CCCR
OCGR
ODOR
GCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
ODOR
OCQR
OCOR
OCCR
ODOR
CCCR
OCCR
OCOR
OCOR
OCOR
COOR
OCCR
OCGR
OCCR
GCOR
OOGR
CCCR
COOK
OCCR
OCCR
ODOR
OCOR
DOOR
OCOR
OCOR
OCCR
ODOR
OOOR
OCCR
OCCR
ODOR
OOOR
ODOR-ABATEMENT
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
CCOR-CONTRCL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
OCOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
OOOR-CGNTRCL
ODOR-CONTROL
OOOR-CONTRCL
OCOR-CONTROl
OCOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
OCCR-CONTRCL
ODOR-CONTROL
OCOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
CCGR-CONTRCL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
CDCR-CONTRCL
ODOR-CONTROL
ODOR-CONTROL
OCOR-CONTROL
CDCR-CONTRCL
ODOR-CONTROL
OEOR-CONTRCL
ODOR-COUNTERACTANT
ODOR-DETECTICN
ODOR-INTENSITY-INO
ODOR-1NTENSITY-IND
CCOR-INTENSITY-STA
ODOR-MEASUREMENT
ODOR-MEASUREMENT
OCGR-MEASUREMENT
DOOR-REDUCTION
ODOR-REMOVAL
ODOR-VOLATILITY
OHIO
OHIO
OHIO
OHIO
OHIO
OCOR SENSATION THEORY AND PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS KEYWORD
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTEU FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH PCLLUTICN CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLCT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEOLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGR1CULTURA
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE QUALITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHRE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS AGRICULT
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LKUIO COMPOSTING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY OOOR BIOLOGICAL-TREATH
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEOL
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS OOOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLLUTION-CO
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGCON KEYWORDS LAGCONS ODOR FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
HCW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CN THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWCROS CONFINEMENT-P
PERSONAL SIDELIGHTS AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE HBI TRIAL KEYWORDS ODOR LAGOONS ZONING LAW
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYWORDS WASTE-OISPOS
KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECV
DEHYDRATED POULTRY fcASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE HEALTH ECONOMICS ODOR
THAT OOOR KEYWCROS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION 0
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED PCLLUTICN CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS KEYWCROS REGULATION ILLINOIS AGRICULTURA
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PCNOS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STOR
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS WASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
METHODS FOR MEASURING SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND APHONIA FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AERCBIC-TR
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGKICULTURE KEYWORDS CRYING ODOR LAGOONS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES
LEGAL IMPLICATICNS OF FEEOLCT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDICTS NE
THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ODOR WATER-POLLUTION VENTILATION DEEP-PITS F
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS ODOR WATER-POLLUTION CRO
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR PCULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING OOOR VFNTILATIO
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWCRCS DAIRY-INCUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS DA IRY-INDUSTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTF.-STO
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-HASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE BIULOING AND MEASUR
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY WASTE ODUR KEYWORDS ODOR MEA
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FDR UNDERFLCOR LICUIC MANURE PITS KEYWORDS UOOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS AERO
HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES KEYWCROS ECONOMICS ODOR UGH-RISE-POUTRY-HOUSES NEW-ZEALAND
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FCR CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING KEYWORDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LAGOCNING KEYWORDS PHVSICA'L-PROPERT
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
AN INVESTIGATION OF ODOUR CONTROL FCR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS OCOR CONFINEMENT-PENS F
FINALLY A CREATIVE PROFITABLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS CATTLE MUNIC
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES CN FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-WASTES
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWCRCS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS L •
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
MINIMUM AERATION FCR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS AERATION ODOR-CONTROL
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR-CONTROL ANAEROBIC
MANURE DEODORANTS-HOW WELL DO THEY WORK KEYWORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIQUID-AERATION-SYSTEMS
WLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWCRCS AER08IC-fREATMfiNT LICOM-WASTE-TRE
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK PRCDUCTICN KEYWORDS ODOR LIVESTOCK AMMONIA MEASUREMENT ODDR-CONT
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES 10 CONTROL ODORS AND DECOMPOSE ORGANIC W
A «ASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TRE
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES FOR ODOR ANO NITROGEN CONTROL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
SAGEBRUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL-IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE KEYWORDS SAGEBRUSH FEEDS PERFORMA
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE HANDLING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOB LIVESTOCK KEYWORDS WA
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF MINK WASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYWORDS MINK DESIGN ECO
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL OF NITROGEN WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS NITROGEN CONT
POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL ANO BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
GOODS ANO AIR POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTES POULTRY AIR-POLLUTION ODOR ODOR-CONTROL ODOR-
HOW ARE LAGCONS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
MANURE HOLDING POND ODOR CONTROL KEYWORDS AERATION SIZE MANURE-HOLD ING-POND OOOR-CONT
IDENTIFICATION ANO CONTROL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT ODORS KEYWORDS ODOR FEEOLOTS CATTLE GASE
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT OOOR-CDN
A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEMIC
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
MALODOR REDUCTION IN BEEF CATTLE FEECLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE ODOR-CONTROL CHEM1C
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TC CCNTROL ODCR ANC LIQUEFY ORGANIC WAST
ODOR CONTROL OF LIQUID DAIRY AND SWINE MANURE USING CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
MANAGEMENT OF ODORS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULTRY EC
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE MALCDURS KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-TREATME
AN EVALUATION OF AERATION SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS KEYWO
TURBINE AIR AERATION SYSTEM FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS TURBINE-4IR-AERA
AN INVESTIGATION OF ODOUR CONTROL FOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS ODOR CONFINEMENT-PENS F
ODOR CCNTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS OOOR MECHANICAL-CCNTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTES POULTRY AIR-POLLUTION CDCR ODOR-CONTROL ODOR-
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS OOOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY INDEX AND ODOROUS COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY MANURE KEYWOR
EVALUATION OF ODOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING CPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYWORDS FEED
A PRACTICAL PORTABLE METHOD OF OOOR MEASUREMENT KEYWORDS ODOR-MEASUREMENT OLFACTOMETER
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF OCOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-
EVALUATION OF OOOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYWORDS FEED
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRYING AFTER-BURNER ODOR-REMOVA
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRCDUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS OOOR OHIO SO
STRIP MINE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEECLOTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO WAS
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION F6SOLCTS WAT
THE NPOES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FCR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
84
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2635
200 75 2706
20G 71 2785
4CO 74 1769
400 73 1859
300 73 1907
100 74 2047
600 74 2072
2UC 72 2168
100 72 2314
100 72 2326
100 72 2329
400 74 2093
1UO 69 2084
300 74 2323
700 71 2771
700 71 2771
200 74 2015
300 71 1850
300 72 2268
20C 75 2629
400 73 1615
200 74 2136
300 72 1802
300 72 2368
300 68 1625
700 73 1652
600 74 1686
600 74 1687
400 73 1834
400 74 1917
20C 67 2281
300 75 2339
600 75 2537
200 73 2480
600 74 1958
100 72 2412
100 74 2515
300 74 2248
400 74 1676
100 69 1659
700 74 2564
600 71 1720
100 73 1773
300 71 1882
600 72 1993
100 74 2064
300 74 2100
200 63 2155
200 63 2161
100 74 2252
100 73 2277
300 74 2388
700 63 2233
100 73 2521
700 66 1679
200 64 1697
300 74 1782
400 74 1810
200 74 1871
100 72 2059
100 74 2075
100 73 2176
100 72 2197
400 71 2275
100 72 2314
100 72 2329
400 75 2334
400 75 2346
100 74 2404
400 75 2425
300 70 2497
100 72 2500
500 74 2503
200 75 2653
200 75 2687
200 75 2695
200 75 2730
100 72 2799
100 74 2802
200 75 2653
100 74 2525
400 71 1918
100 71 2760
300 74 1876
200 75 2758
100 72 1621
100 72 1667
700 71 1766
200 74 2185
100 74 2288
100 69 2562
100 74 2288
400 72 2415
200 75 2731
300 68 1625
700 65 1666
100 73 1685
600 74 1686
200 72 1795
OHIO
OHIO
OILS
OIL
OIL
GIL
OIL
OIL
CIL
OIL
CIL
OIL
OIL-WELLS
OKLAHOMA
OKLAhCMA
OKLAHOMA
OKLAHCMA-FEED-YARO
OLFACTOMETER
QPEN-FEEOLOT
OPEN-FLOOR-SYSTEM
OPEN-GUTTER-FLUSH-
OPCN-LOTS
OPEN-LOTS
OPEN-PITS
OPEN-SHED
CPERAIICNS
OPERATION-AND-MAIN
OPERATION-AND-MAIN
OPERATION-AND-MAIN
OPERAT10N-AND-MAIN
OPEKATION-AND-MAIN
OPERATION-AND-MAIN
OREGON
CREGCN
ORGANIC-ACIDS
ORGANIC-CARBON
ORGANIC-CARBON
ORGANIC-CARBON
ORGAN IC-COMPOUNOS
ORGANIC-FERTILIZER
ORGANIC-MATERIALS
ORGANIC-MATERIALS
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER
ORGANIC-MATTER-DEC
ORGANIC-NITROGEN
ORGANIC-PHOSPHORUS
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-WASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIC-HASTES
ORGANIFORM
ORTHOPHOSPHATE
OUTDOOR-PIT
OVEREATING
OVERLAND-FLOW
OVERLAND-FLOH
OXIDATION
OXIDATION
OXIDATION
OXIDATION
OXIDATION
OXIDATION
OXIDATION-DITCHES
OXIDATION-DITCHES
OXIDATION-DITCHES
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIOATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
cr, FARMS-SHINE INSTALLATION KEYHORDS DESIGN LAGOONS COSTS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
EST MATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF 8ARNLOTS KEYHORDS AGRICUL
AGRICULTURAL WASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
SSnr=! 6 *NIttAL *-*STES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
PROCESS CCNVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES OIL FEEOLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-I!
SSSoF 5ION °F M4NURE T0 OIL 8Y CATALYTIC HYDRQTREATING KEYHORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL HASTES TO FUELS KEYHORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL HASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYWORDS RECYCLING GAS
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-HASTES ENERGY HYOROGENA
THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS-AN ASSESSMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL
CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTES OIL CELLULOSE CATT
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT DAMAGED LAND KEYWORDS SALTS RECLAMATIO
WATER AND WATERCOURSES-HATER POLLUTICN LAHS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT IN OKLAHOMA KEYHOROS
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR MIDWEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
A PRACTICAL PORTABLE METHOD OF ODOR MEASUREMENT KEYHORDS ODOR-MEASUREMENT OLFACTOMETER
RULES AND REGULATIONS-CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION IOWA WASTE-HATE
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS KEYHORCS INSECTICIDES FLY-CONTROL SANITATION OPEN-FLGOR-
EXPERIENCE HITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SHINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS CONFI
HILL A CONFINEMENT BARN PAY KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS ECONOMICS CATTLE COSTS OPEN-LOT
ANIMAL HASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED HITH AN OXIDATION DITCH WASTE OISPOSA
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYHOROS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-HASTES POULTRY OP
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-MANURE DESIGN DAI
YOU HAVE TO THINK MAINTENANCE IN MANAGING FEEDLOT RUNOFF SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS AG
DO FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYWORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
EVALUATION OF AERATED LAGCONS AS A MEANS OF SHINE HASTE STABILIZATION KEYWORDS AERCBI
GROUND WATER POLLUTICN PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNOWAT
MODEL TO PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF FEECLOT CONTROL FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCAT
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
LYSIMETER STUDIES HITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SHINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOON
A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEMIC
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SCIL ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SHINE BUILDING ANO MEASUR
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FREE FEEDLCT KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE ANO INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTR
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TC SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEOLOT MANURE KE
FACTS CN METHANE PRCDUCTICN FROM ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
FOWL FECAL FACTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYHOROS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
FEEDLOT HASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS EFFE
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH CN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DEN ITRIFICATICN ANO PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEOLOT WASTE KEYWORD
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES HOGS ANAE
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL CF LIVESTOCK LAGCCN EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYHORDS HAST
SOCIAL ANO LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS ORGANIC-HASTES MANA
POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PROOUCTION-REVIEH ANO PROJECTIONS KEYHOROS FISH-FARMING
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CCNTROL ODORS ANO DECOMPOSE ORGANIC U
RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES HITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND FLO
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES-AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ECONOMIC
RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TC RECYCLING PART 111-COMPOSTING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE FOR AN ECCLCGICAL LCCP KEYWORDS CATTLE ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS
FUEL FROM HASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
CONVERTING ORGANIC HASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTES OIL CELLULOSE CATT
ORGANIC WASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOW RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
CONSEQUENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
UTILIZING HASTES IN ANIMAL FEEOS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTE
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYHORDS AGRICULTURE HATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL HA
THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYHORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFORM PROCESS KEYHOROS 0
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE HASTES KEYHORDS ORGANIC-HASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODOR AND LIQUEFY ORGANIC HAST
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FERMENTATION
RETORTING FEEDLOT HASTES KEYWORDS FEECLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS HATER-POLLUTIO
GOBAR GAS PLANTS PRCMISES AND PROBLEMS KEYHOROS FUELS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTER ORGANIC-HAST
CONVERSION OF ANIMAL HASTES TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFORM PROCESS KEYWORDS 0
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-HATER-POLLUTION WASTE-WATER-TR
NEH PUMP NEH SYSTEM FOR LIQUID MANURE KEYHORDS LICUID-HASTES COSTS DESIGN HASTE-STORA
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART 1 KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEOING HEN-LAY
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS P
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES KEYHOROS THERMOPHI
H1NTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SWINE IN A MOOIFIEC OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
RESEARCH ANO PRACTICE IN ANIMAL HASTES TREATMENT KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES HASTE-TREATME
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
CRITICAL HASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES HASTE-CISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK AEROBIC-TREATMENT OESIGN-CR
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-HASTES POULTRY OD
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SHINE WASTES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS SHINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
85
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
40G 74 1809
300 1829
700 68 1837
200 74 1867
100 73 1881
400 74 1920
600 72 1954
200 71 1976
200 74 20CB
200 74 2016
200 74 2022
200 74 2025
200 74 2026
200 74 2027
200 74 2032
100 74 2069
100 71 2092
100 74 2108
400 74 2114
300 74 2177
600 67 2205
100 74 2223
400 72 2231
700 68 2310
200 72 2361
300 72 2368
300 72 2373
700 73 2379
300 73 2384
300 71 2387
200 70 2394
100 75 2410
100 72 2412
200 73 2437
200 73 2440
200 73 2446
400 71 2454
200 73 2480
200 73 2529
700 73 2532
100 72 2550
300 74 2555
100 72 2580
200 75 2586
200 75 2604
200 75 2636
200 75 2640
200 75 2643
200 75 2644
200 75 2703
200 75 2719
200 75 2733
200 75 2735
200 75 2744
100 70 2786
300 74 2791
300 73 2053
200 72 1795
200 74 2021
200 73 2278
100 73 2342
400 74 1626
100 73 1635
200 71 1646
700 67 1651
100 72 1675
600 71 1717
600 71 1722
600 74 1744
600 74 1748
300 74 1758
300 72 1802
400 2191
100 74 228B
200 70 2393
300 63 2471
200 73 2480
100 73 1635
600 67 2198
200 73 24BO
300 2496
100 72 1661
200 73 2437
300 68 1625
100 73 1635
200 75 2683
700 70 2781
600 74 1958
600 68 1862
700 73 2379
200 75 2717
100 72 1621
200 74 2035
300 74 1627
200 75 2750
200 64 2566
400 74 1809
600 68 1862
300 68 2220
200 73 2278
OXICATICN-C1TCH
OXICATICN-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXICATICN-CITCH
OXICATICN-CITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-CITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
CXICATICN-DITCH
OXICATICN-DITCH
OXICATION-CITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXICATION-CITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-CITCH
OXICATICN-DITCH
CXICATICN-CITCH
OX1CAT ION-DITCH
OXIOATION-CITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATICN-CITCH
OXICAUON-OITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
CXICATION-DITCH
OXICATION-CITCH
OXIOATION-CITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATICN-CITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-CITCH
OXICAHON-OITCH
OXIDATICN-OITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXICATION-CITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXIDATION-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH
OXICATICN-DITCH
OXICATICN-DITCH
OXICATION-DITCH-LI
OXICATION-DITCH-MI
OXIOATION-CITCH-MI
OXICATICN-DITCH-MI
OXICATION-OITCH-MI
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXICATICN-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXICATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXICATION-LAGOONS
OXICATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-LAGOONS
OXIDATION-PONDS
OXIDATION-POND
OXIDATION-POND
OXIDATION-REDUCTIO
OXIOATION-RECUCTIQ
OXIDATION-REDUCTIO
OXIOATION-UASTE-OI
OXIDATION- HHEEL
OXYGENATION
OXYGEN
OXYGEN
OXYGEN
OXYGEN
OXYGEN-DEMAND
OXYGEN-TRANSFER
OXYGEN-TRANSFER
OXYGEN-TRANSFER
OZONAIION
OZONE
PACIFIC-NORTHWEST
PACIFIC-NORTHHEST-
PACK ING- HOUSE-HAST
PACDLEHHEELS
PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS-MEASURE
PARASITES
MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS H06MAN KEYMORDS ELECTRIC
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY HASTE PROBLEM KEYHORDS POULTRY EXCRETA HASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
A RECIRCULATING HASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UNITS KEYHORDS SHINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
FARMLAND FARM STRESSES NO RUNOFF LATEST TEST RESULTS KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF LIVE
EXPERIENCES HITH OXIDATION DITCHES IN A PULLET GRCHING HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DESIGN C
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE HANDLING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHOROS HA
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORDS POULTRY
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF PINK WASTES BY LIQUID AERATION KEYWORDS MINK DESIGN ECO
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED SOLIDS FED TO STEERS KEYHORDS FEEDS CATTLE SOLID-HASTES P
HASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL OF NITROGEN HITH AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYHORDS NITROGEN CONT
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND FtELO EVALUATION OF THE AEROB-A-JET KEYHORDS ANAL
EFFECT OF LIQUID SHINE WASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL OEHIC4L COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
WINTER OPERATION OF A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT FINISHING HOUSE FOR SHINE KEYUORDS WINTER D
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYHORDS EFFLUENTS FARM-HASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN A SHINE WASTE OXIDATION DITCH KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT PHO
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-HASTE
RECYCLING POULTRY HASTE AS FEED HILL IT PAY KEYHORDS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN,TOGETHER HITH THE POLLUTION REDUCTIO
COMPARISON OF THE CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN OXIDATION DITCH
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
A MODEL STUDY OF FLOW VELOCITIES IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES DESIGN 0
THE FATE OF NITROGEN AND PHCSPHORUS IN AN OXIOATICN DITCH TREATING SHINE HASTES KEYHOR
FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED HITH AN OXIDATION DITCH HASTE DISPOSA
FEEDING VALUE GF CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH ANC THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING WAT
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A POULTRY WASTE MIXED LIQUOR KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMEN
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN AMIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA WASTE-D1S
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION HASTE-TREATMEN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYHORDS
A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SHINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEMIC
OXYGENAT10N AND FLCW CHARACTERISTICS CF MECHANICAL AERATORS KEYWORDS AERATION OXYGENAT
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF CCOPE
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
WHY WASTE ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING LAGOONS ANIMAL-WASTES ECOLI
AEROBIC TREATMENT CF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE WASTE KFYHCRDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE KEFEEDING OXIDATION
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF SV.INE WASTE KEYWORDS ALGAE GROWTH-RATES NUTRIENTS CHEMICAL-
TREATMENT OF DAIRY HASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT DA
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING HASTE KEYWORDS 8A
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR PCULTRYMEN KEYHOROS POULTRY HASTE-
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYHORDS LIOUI
OXIDATION DITCH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE CONFINEMENT SWINE FARM KEYWORDS 0
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORDS RECYCLING COSTS HQLID-HAS
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FCR L1QUID-SCL1C SEPARATION OF BEEF WASTE KEYWORDS
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN CXIDATION DITCH FOR LIVESTOCK HASTE TREATMENT KEYW
AN EVALUATION OF AERATICN SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY HASTES UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS KEYHO
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED HASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SHINE SCOTLA
SWINE HASTE AS NUTRIENT SCURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANC
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SWINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMINC ACID PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION DITCH FROM WASTE KEYWORDS PROT
CONVERTING SHINE WASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FCR SHINE KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEEDS NUTRI
RECYCLED SHINE HASTE AS FEED KEYHORDS RECYCLING PROTEINS AMINO-AC1DS HEALTH REFEEOIN
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR THE FUTURE KEYHCKDS MANURE HASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAGOO
MINIMUM AERATION FOR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SHINE WASTES KEYHOROS AERATION CDOR-COKTROL
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS POULTRY HASTE-HANDLING RE
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYUORDS
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED SHINE EXCREMENT KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS SHINE EXCR
AEROBIC HASTE TREATMENT KEYHCRDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT OXIDATION-LAGOONS AERATED-LAGOONS
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR ROOFED BEEF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGE
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED BEEF FEEOLOT HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS CATTLE HAS
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE HASTE SOLIDS KEYHORDS, FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIQUID-AERATION-SYSTEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
HOU EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE QUALITY OF THE NEH HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYHOROS AGRICULT
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGCONS KEYHORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL AEROBIC-CONDITIONS ANAEROBIC-CONDITIO
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
MINIMUM AERATICN FOR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS AERATION ODOR-CONTROL
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE HITH MINIMUM ODOR KEVHCRDS HASTE-STORAGE POULTRY ODOR CXIDAT
AEROBIC TREATMENT CF LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYHOROS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
KSU AEROBIC SHINE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM-6 YEARS OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS KEYWORDS KAN
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES ODORS MANURE HANDLING AND POLLUTION KEYHOROS WASTE-HANDLIN
QXYGENATION AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL AERATORS KEYWORDS AERATION OXYGENAT
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
MINIMUM AERATION FCR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SWINE HASTES KEYHORDS AERATION ODOR-CONTROL
OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SWINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMKA MINOR L ANC EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM THO FEEDLOTS KEYHOR
LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYHORDS LAGOON
BASIC PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR OXYGENAT10N AND LIQUID CIRCULATION IN ROTOR AERATED LI
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A PCULTRY HASTE MIXED LIQUOR KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMEN
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEH KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE WASTES KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYHORDS
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEOLOT HASTES KEYHORDS WASTE-TREATME
MANURE REFEEOING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGHAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
BASIC PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR OXYGENATION AND LIQUID CIRCULATION IN ROTOR AERATED LI
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS HATER-P
CONVERTING SHINE HASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SHINE KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEEDS NUTRI
86
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 75 2545
200 75 2589
200 75 2645
100 75 2456
200 74 2136
100 74 2515
100 74 2097
100 72 2197
100 74 2251
200 72 1645
100 72 1667
400 72 1642
IOC 71 2424
700 74 2362
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
IOC 74 1655
100 75 2244
200 68 1643
100 73 1665
700 69 1863
200 74 2008
200 63 2162
400 72 23C4
300 73 2384
300 73 2407
IOC 75 2419
400 67 2420
200 75 2589
200 75 2684
200 64 1703
200 74 2020
100 75 2365
300 74 2527
200 75 2666
200 75 2676
200 75 2730
200 72 2763
200 75 2679
200 75 2645
700 74 2362
300 74 2576
20C 74 1989
300 74 2173
300 74 1914
400 75 2499
600 71 2531
400 73 1740
400 75 2056
700 69 2225
400 60 2539
400 74 1769
100 75 2265
300 74 2556
700 66 1679
700 69 1708
300 1767
300 74 1783
100 71 1936
600 74 2084
200 63 2162
700 70 2455
100 73 2812
700 67 1877
400 72 2299
600 73 1616
400 73 1618
300 73 1620
400 73 1632
200 72 1645
700 65 1666
600 74 1671
600 67 1683
600 71 1722
600 71 1726
100 73 1747
700 71 1766
300 1792
600 73 1803
200 69 1824
400 72 1836
20C 69 1640
300 73 1849
400 74 1861
600 68 1862
200 74 1870
600 72 1886
400 74 1906
600 74 1916
400 74 1917
400 72 1938
400 72 1943
300 68 1948
100 74 1950
600 72 1954
400 74 1955
100 72 1960
200 71 1978
200 74 1989
600 7Z 1992
PARASITES
PARASITES
PARASITISM
PARASITOIOS
PARTIALLY-COVERED-
PARTICLE-DENSITV
PARTICLE-SIZE
MARTICLE-SIZE
PARTICIPATES
PASTEURIZATION
PASTEURIZATION
PASTEURIZATION
PASTURES
PASTURE-MANAGEMENT
PASTURE-RESPONSE
PASTURE-RESPONSE
PASTURE-RESPONSE
PASTURIZATION
PATHOGENIC-BACTEKI
PATHOGENIC-BACTERI
PAThOOENIC-BACTERl
PATHOGENIC-BACTERI
PAThOGENIC-BACTERI
PATHOGENIC-BACTER(
PATHDGENIC-BACTERl
PATHOGENIC-8ACTERI
PATHOGENIC-BACTERI
PATHOGENIC-BACTEKI
PAThOGENIC-BACTERI
PATHOGENIC-BACTERI
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGENS
PATHOGEN
PATHOLOGY
PATh-CF-POLLUTANTS
PATH-CF-PCLLUTANTS
PAUNCH-CONTENT
PAUNCH-CONTENT
PAUNCH-MANURE
PAUNCH-MANURE
PAVEO-LCTS
PAVED-YARDS
PEAT
PEAT-MOSS
PELLETING
PENNSYLVANIA
PENNSYLVANIA
PERCOLATING-WATER
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERCOLATION
PERFORATED-FLOORS
PERFORMANCES
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE.
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
»lr0n » CL °N PQULTRY """CHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
I RGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA ANIMAL-HASTE
MnruP"HOLOGI"J- AND PARASITOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING FEEOLOT HASTE TO BEEF C
i?«r c E RELEASES Of MRASITOIOS TO REDUCE HOUSE FLIES IN POULTRY MANURE KEY
? III "STEI
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 2018
200 74 2022
400 75 2038
400 75 2040
400 74 2048
300 73 2053
400 73 2058
400 74 2065
100 74 2069
400 73 2103
300 74 2118
200 63 2157
600 69 2175
400 74 2202
300 74 2217
400 75 2251
400 73 2266
300 65 2267
400 71 2274
400 73 2287
400 72 2305
400 75 2350
300 72 2367
300 72 2368
300 72 2369
300 72 2370
300 72 2372
300 72 2374
100 75 2427
200 74 2464
200 74 2465
400 73 2504
100 72 2509
400 75 2512
200 73 2529
100 62 2535
100 75 2536
600 75 2537
400 72 253B
700 63 2553
300 65 2558
600 75 2559
200 75 2643
200 75 2645
200 75 2647
200 75 2653
200 75 2654
200 75 2664
200 75 2682
200 75 2685
200 75 2707
200 75 2709
200 75 2714
200 75 2725
200 75 2739
200 75 2741
200 75 2744
200 75 2745
200 75 2752
400 64 2793
400 72 2805
700 66 1679
200 71 1930
300 2117
100 71 2413
700 74 2564
400 74 1799
300 70 1814
100 73 1833
300 69 2078
300 72 2089
200 74 2135
200 74 2139
200 74 2140
200 74 2142
300 74 2257
300 75 2335
400 73 2429
200 73 2433
500 71 2524
200 75 2602
200 75 2603
400 74 2773
300 71 2077
400 75 2055
200 72 1880
300 73 1915
200 71 1966
200 74 2017
300 73 235$
600 74 2356
200 71 2453
300 2085
100 67 2192
300 2571
400 74 1810
100 75 2456
100 74 2333
600 70 1896
200 71 1962
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFCRMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFCRMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFCRMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFCRMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFCRMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
PERMEABILITY
PERMEABILITY
PERMEABILITY
PERMEABILITY
PERMEABILITY
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PERMITS
PEROXYACETYL-NITRA
PERSIAN-GULF-COUNT
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
PESTS
PESTS
PESTS
PEST-CONTROL
PEST-CONTROL
PHENULIC-ACIOS
PHOSPHATES
PHOSPHATES
BEEF FEEOLOT WASTE IN RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE KEYWORDS CATTLE DIETS PERFORMANCE REFEED
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED SOLIDS FED TO STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SOLID-WASTES P
POULTRY WASTE FOR CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE PROTEINS POULTRY-WASTE
PROCESSED EXCRETA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS RECYCLING PE
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
SHINE WASTE AS NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANC
POULTRY HASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
WINTER OPERATION Of A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT FINISHING HOUSE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS- WINTER D
SLAB VS SLAT-UN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERO-SYSTEMS APPRO
INDCOR LAGOONS FOR PCULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL OD
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLCOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYW
MO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SWINE WASTES DETAILED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
VALUE OF DRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRI
FEEDING WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRIENTS PERFORMANCE DRIED-SWINE-FECES OEHYORATED-PO'UL
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEDLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE PHOSPHORUS AMIN
CATFISH ON DPW KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE TASTE COSTS ORIEO-POULTRY-WASTE
A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLCT CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-
FINISHING YEARLINGS IN INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH WASTE DISPOSA
COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEOLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN STEERS
INFLUENCE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC CN THE PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS AN
INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
USE OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS HATER-POLLUTION-CO
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGOON KEYWORDS LAGCONS ODOR FEEOLOTS CONFJNEMENT-P
STRIP MINE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEEDLCTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO WAS
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE HEALTH ECONOMICS ODOR
INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE ON BRCILER GROWTH AND MEAT FLAVOR AND COM
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE REFEEDING OXIDATION
FEEDING POTENTIAL OF RECLAIMED FECAL RESIDUE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE PERFORMANCE REFEED
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTE ON YOUNG CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
MODEL TO PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT CONTROL FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCAT
FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
CHICKEN LITTER AS A SUPPLEMENT IN WINTERING BEEF COWS AND CALVES ON PASTURE KEYWORDS
COMPARISON OF DESIGN CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS OESI
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYWORDS AFROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITCLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING FEEDLCT WASTE TD BEEF C
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES TC FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFORM PROCESS KEYWORDS 0
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
LONG TERM BROILER LITTER FERTILIZATICN OF TALL FESCUE PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PERFORMAN
INFLUENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND GROWTH PROMOTING FEED ADDITIVES ON THE MANURING EFFECT OF
EXCRETION OF SALTS 8Y FEEDLCT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL CF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-STOR
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLCTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS AGRIC
PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CONVEYORS FOR UNLOADING SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANSPORTS KEYWORDS E
AEROBIC COMPOSTING-NEW BUILT-UP BED TECHNIQUE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EQUIPMENT OE
A LAGCCN GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO TREAT SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC-
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINEIICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASfE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KF.YWOROS WASTE-TREATME
SURFACE AERATION-DESIGN AN PERFORMANCE FOR LAGCCNS KEYWORDS AERATION DESIGN PERFORMAN
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS PCULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
FEEDLOT WASTE USABLE KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS RECYCLING FEEDS PERFORMANCE FRACTIONATICN BUIL
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
SEEPAGE LOSS FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS SEEPAGE-CONTROL PERMEABILITY HOLDING-PONDS
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROPS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEOLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
FARM POLLUTION-HOW REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYWORDS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-W
FEEOLCT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTICN WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION MISSOURI PER
ANIMAL WASTE-REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION FEEDLOTS P
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR MICHIGAN AIR-P
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
NPOES PERMIT SYSTEM AND GUIDELINES FOR MICHIGAN PRESENTED AT THE AGRICULTURAL HASTE CON
CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION REGULATICNS KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION PERMITS LIVESTOCK PO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION DA1R
RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMIIS KEYWORDS REGU
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS KEYWCROS REGULATION ILLINOIS AGRICULTURA
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS ILLINO
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
THE EDITORS NOTEBOOK-ABOUT DISCHARGE REGULATIONS KEYWORDS CATFISHES RUNOFF PERMITS EN
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE AIR-POLLUTION ARIZONA POLLUTANTS S
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIQUID MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYHCRDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
SOIL POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN WATER KEYWORDS POLLUTANTS WATER-POLLUTION
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AGRICULTURAL W
SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRCP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEOLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS NE
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
HINTER INOCULATIVE RELEASES OF PARASITOIDS TO REDUCE HOUSE FLIES IN POULTRY MANURE KEY
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION WITH LIQUID MANURE-A METHOD FOR THEIR DETECTI
WATER QUALITY AND HASTE DISPOSAL IN MONTANA KEYWORDS WATER-QUALITY WASTE-DISPOSAL MONT
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES IN RURAL WISCO
88
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 T> 2388
100 70 2794
700 71 1689
100 61 253*
300 74 2388
100 74 2525
200 75 2678
200 72 1645
200 72 1645
100 73 1653
10U 73 1654
100 74 1655
300 72 1658
100 69 1659
600 74 1684
300 74 1783
300 73 1825
300 74 1860
300 71 1882
600 74 1958
200 71- 1967
200 71 1968
200 74 2032
400 75 2055
300 72 2063
100 74 2064
300 72 2086
300 74 21CO
400 74 2102
100 74 2108
100 74 2109
100 73 2113
200 74 2144
300 74 2217
400 72 2231
700 67 2234
100 74 2236
100 73 2277
400 72 23C2
400 72 2305
100 74 2340
200 72 2361
300 72 2371
200 70 2393
100 65 2423
200 73 2442
300 74 2452
700 70 2455
200 73 2485
100 74 2491
400 72 2510
700 73 2532
200 73 2548
700 72 2569
700 73 2577
200 75 2598
200 75 2628
200 75 2646
200 75 2718
200 75 2746
200 75 2752
700 70 2781
200 72 2783
100 73 2812
300 73 1873
300 74 1876
200 70 2506
300 71 1866
700 71 1791
700 70 1680
600 74 1684
100 73 1773
100 73 1833
600 74 1952
200 74 2019
600 72 2106
100 74 2130
100 73 2134
200 74 2135
200 74 2138
200 74 2145
200 63 2155
200 63 2156
600 72 2195
100 74 2222
600 72 2262
700 63 2311
700 72 2316
700 73 2385
100 74 2408
100 75 2422
200 74 2462
200 74 2470
100 74 2515
300 74 2526
100 72 2580
200 75 2687
200 75 2701
200 75 2712
200 75 2715
PHOSPHATES
PHOSPHATES
PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHATE
PHOSPHATE-FIXATION
PHOSPHATE-REMOVAL
PHOSPHATE-REMOVAL
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
-PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
.PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
.PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
.•PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
'PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
-.PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
•PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
.PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
-PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
MHOSPHORUS
• PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS-CONTROL
PHOSPHORUS-CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHETIC-REC
PHYSICAL-CHARACTER
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPER!IE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTY
PHYSItAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERT1E
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHY5ICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTY
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PKYSICAL-PROPER TIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
VH ln^?r»iml nr ° OENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORD
THE RFNnuJr!nu «L c "'™ PQI
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2748
TOO 64 2768
100 74 2775
100 71 2806
100 72 2811
200 75 2683
700 74 2765
100 74 1950
600 74 1952
100 74 2236
100 75 2277
600 74 2285
100 75 2293
700 71 2308
700 68 2317
300 73 2384
400 73 2416
200 73 2480
100 74 2491
100 74 2502
100 61 25C5
100 73 2521
700 63 2553
700 72 2578
200 75 2687
200 75 2743
700 73 2792
100 72 2796
100 75 2813
100 74 2288
400 73 2364
700 67 1651
100 71 2200
100 74 2258
200 75 2657
700 73 2061
300 74 2388
100 73 2183
600 73 1746
400 75 2501
100 68 2768
200 73 2441
200 73 2487
200 73 2484
400 71 1918
400 73 1674
200 74 2150
200 73 2476
200 73 2481
300 72 2090
200 73 2474
300 73 1835
200 71 1972
400 72 2167
600 72 2489
100 73 1755
200 64 21B2
100 73 2121
300 74 1758
700 73 2792
200 74 2145
400 75 2501
600 74 1756
400 73 1811
200 75 2671
300 1792
100 73 2277
200 75 2715
100 74 2209
200 75 2603
300 74 2257
200 75 2597
300 70 1814
200 71 2453
200 71 2453
300 1774
300 64 1786
700 71 1791
200 70 1805
200 71 1931
200 71 1966
400 71 1985
200 74 1997
300 71 2077
300 74 2100
100 72 2190
400 74 2232
100 73 1664
100 72 1788
100 74 2333
200 71 1646
400 74 1676
200 64 1697
700 66 1T07
600 71 172B
300 71 1739
600 74 1751
400 73 1811
600 73 1813
300 73 1825
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PRCPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PHYSICAL-PROPERTIE
PhYTCPLANKTON
PHYTOTOXICITY
Ph
Ph
PH
Ph
Ph
PH
Ph
PH
Ph
PH
PH
Ph
PH
Ph
PH
Ph
PH
Ph
PH
PH
Ph
PH
PIGGERIES
PIGGERIES
PIGGERY
PIGGERY
PIGGERY-HASTES
PIGMENTS
PILOT-PLANTS
PILOT-PLANTS
PILOT-SCALE-HNAERO
PIPELINES
PIPELINES
PIPELINES
PIPES
PIPES
PIPING
PISTON-TYPE-PUMP
PITS
PITS
PITS
PITS
PIT-CISPOSAL
PIT-STORAGE
PLANNING
PLANNING
PLANNING
PLANNING
PLANTS
PLANTS
PLANT-GROHTH
PLANT-RESPONSE
PLANT-RESPONSE
PLANT-SOIL-ENVIRON
PLASTICS
PLAYAS
PLAYAS
PLAYAS
PLAYA-LAKE-DISPOSA
PLOH-OEPTH
PLOW-FURROW-COVER
PCINT-SCURCES
POINT-SOURCES
POINT-SOURCE
POINT-SOURCE-DISCH
PC INT-SOURCE-WASTE
POISONS
POLITICAL-ASPECTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANT- IOENTIFI
POLLUTANT- IOENTIFI
POLLUTANT-IDENTIF1
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
PCLLUTICN
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN HASTES AND DISPOSAL BV LAGOONING KEYHGRDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYHOROS.PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FOR TODAY KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SAMPLING CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
THE USE OF ANIMAL HASTES ON FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS IRRIGATION ANIMAL-HASTES
OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SHINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L AND EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
ANIMAL WASTES-PHYTCTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEOLOT SOIL PROFILE
EFFECT CF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES KEYWORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-HAST
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPCST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWdRDS RECLAMATION POUL
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY HAST
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS INCUBATED HITH PIG SLURRY KEYWORDS NITRIFICATION SOILS SLURRIE
NITROSATICN IN FEEOLOT MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE FEEOLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
FERTILIZING VALUE CF,CATTLE MANURE IK RELATION TO TREATMENT AND METHOD OF HANDLING KEY
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA HASTE-DIS
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYHORDS AERATION FORCED-DRYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LIVESTOCK DESIGN ORG
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TC FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL HASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
THE M1CRCFLORA OF PGULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS Of POULTRY MANAGE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SECIMENT SOIL FOLLOHING TREATMENT HITH
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE HASTES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYWORDS OESIGN-CRITE
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER ENRICHED PIG MANURE SLURRY ON GRASSLAND KEYHORDS COPPER SLURRI
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOHING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL ANAEROBI
BIO GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEM NOT ON KEYWORDS METHANE COSTS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION EFFLUENT NE
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION CN DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY WASTE ANAERCBIC DI-GESTERS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGE
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEDLOTS C
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR OENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYWORD
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY FARM SLURRY KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION S
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYHORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYHORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
THE FLCH OF SOLID WASTES IN PIPELINES KEYHOROS SOLID-WASTES HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION P
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION ECUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
RETURNING ANIMAL HASTES TC THE LAND-ECUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
NEU PUMP NEt SYSTEM FOR LIQUID MANURE KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES COSTS DESIGN WASTE-STORA
NOW NO CDCR HASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS OCCR WASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEHAG
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING ODOR COSTS SHINE FLUSHING SLOTTED-FL
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOHA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOHA HVOHAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
EUTROPHICATICN IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATI ON GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF MANURE KEYWORDS PLANNING AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF SURFACE-WATE
PLANNING FEEDLCT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-STORA
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONFINEMENT SHINE FACILITIES KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS PL
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYHORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND HATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOME SELECTE
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORDS LIQUID-AERATION-SYSTEMS
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES SOILS CHEMICAL-PROPER
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEDLCTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF
LONG TERM EFFECTS CF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH CN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING AMMAL MANURES AND SEWAGE SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL KEYWORDS
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION WATE
THE NPOES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FCR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYHOROS REGULATION
CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION REGULATIONS KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION PERMITS LIVESTOCK PQ
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING EPA HATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED STATES
FEEOLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTION WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
AGRICULTURAL HASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINATION ON L
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE NITRATE PROBLEM KEYHORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEFOLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTES UPON GROUND WATER-A COMMENTARY KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS GROU
SOIL POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN WATER KEYWORDS POLLUTANTS WATER-POLLUTION
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYWORDS IRRIGATION-EFFECTS PCLLUTANTS WATER-QUALITY-CONTROL HAST
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE AIR-POLLUTION ARIZONA POLLUTANTS S
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDED-S
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
MICR06IAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION HITH LIQUID MANURE-A METHOD FOR THEIR DETECTI
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT OF POLLUTION FREE FEEOLCT KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS POLLUTION
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES MANA
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FRCM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYHO
LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS LIV
CATTLE FEEOLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SHINE WASTES KEYHOROS CATTLE SWINE WASTE-OIS
90
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
201) 69 1840
100 71 1872
400 74 1921
200 74 1996
200 74 2003
300 72 2054
100 74 2057
100 74 2109
100 73 2113
200 63 2153
IOU 72 2170
400 74 2203
100 72 2235
400 75 2346
100 72 2359
700 70 2406
400 72 2415
300 71 2421
300 70 2497
700 70 2781
600 73 1682
600 71 1729
300 68 1776
600 73 1892
200 71 1925
200 71 193?
300 74 1959
400 71 1985
300 71 2133
200 74 2143
200 74 2149
200 75 2754
600 71 1722
600 74 1744
200 71 1932
200 71 1965
200 74 1997
200 74 2000
400 72 2046
200 74 2146
100 73 2169
100 74 2209
300 74 2382
200 69 2383
200 70 2399
200 73 2440
200 74 2463
200 74 2465
300 73 2516
500 71 2524
600 70 2530
400 75 2547
200 75 2593
200 75 2600
200 75 2602
200 75 2627
100 70 2763
100 74 2333
600 71 2778
600 74 1748
400 73 1768
100 72 2190
300 74 1782
500 74 2132
700 73 2212
400 74 2232
100 71 2413
200 75 2683
300 72 2533
200 71 1927
200 75 2630
100 74 2252
100 73 1793
100 72 2170
700 69 2060
100 70 2794
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
200 72 1645
200 72 1645
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
100 74 1655
300 74 1783
300 73 1825
300 73 2043
400 75 2055
300 72 2063
300 74 2100
400 74 2102
300 71 2133
200 74 2144
400 72 2231
700 67 2234
100 74 2236
100 75 2250
100 73 2277
400 72 2302
100 74 2340
300 72 2371
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
PCLLUTICN
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
POLLUTION
PCLLUTION-ABATEMEN
POLLUTION-ABATEMEN
PCLLUTION-ABATEMEN
PCLLUTION-ABATEMEN
POLLUTION-ABATEMEN
POLLUTION-ABATEMEN
POLLUTICN-ABATEMEN
POLLUTION-ABATEMEN
POLLUTICN-ABATEHEN
PCLLUTION-ABATEMEN
PCLLUTION-ABATEMEN
PCLLUTICN-ABATEMEN
POLLUTION-CONTROL
PCLLUT ION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
PCLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POL Id TI ON-CON TROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLLTION-CONTROL
PCLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-CONTROL
POLLUTION-INCICATO
POLLUTION-POTENT IA
POLYMERS
POLYSACCHARIDES
PONDING
PONCS
PONDS
PONGS
PCNOS
PONDS
PONC-ENRICHMENT
PCNO-MANAGEMENT
POPULATION-DENSITI
PCRK-PROOOCTION
POROSITY
POROUS-MEDIA
'POROUS-MEDIA
POROUS-STRATUM
PORTLAND-CEMENTS
PORT-BYRON-SILT-LO
PERT-BYRON-SILT-LO
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
REI* RECVCLED 4S A F6ED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS DRIEO-POULTRY-WASTE R
°F * PROBI-EM BYWORDS AGRICULTURE FARM-HASTES FORESTRY WASTE-Dl
un rc c SLLUTE "ORe ™AN ACIIVE ONES KE™QRDS FEEOLOTS NITROGEN A8ANDO
A FN»nMMP«?,r*?!Sf!!?! °c •^'CULTURAL HASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
JJnE^IR,ONH6NIAL *N"-YSIS OF FEEDLOT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS ENVIRO
i£?^m?hT,rSE °f POULTRV MAI*URE KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
rHAM?iMl5S?r« !!? ™ LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWORDS
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE Of NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
«ATiny!. °c.l»r.LICAn°N "ATE IN °IBECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATME
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
NUISANCE LAWSUITS-NEIGHBOR VS NEIGHBOR KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS WASTE-TREATMENT WAST6-0
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS FFEOLOTS 0
CONSEQUENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS AMMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS A
CRITICAL WASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY-CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL WA
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS KEYWOR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN KEYWORDS FAR
EPA S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL WASTE PROBLEM-PANEL DISCUSSION KEYWORDS FARMS COSTS FEDERAL-G
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON FEEOLOT WASTE KE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYWORDS IRRIGATION-EFFECTS POLLUTANTS WAlER-QUALITY-CONTROL WAST
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
POLLUTION ABATEMENT CN FARMSTEADS KEYWORDS POLLUTION-ABATEMENT COSTS FARMS GOVERNMENT
ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL WASTE POLLUTION SITUATIONS KEYWORDS L-IVESTOCK POULT
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF POULTRY MANURE 8V MAXI-MIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR ROOFED BEEF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGE
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED CEEF FEEDLOT WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CATTLE WAS
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
THE ROLE OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENTIO
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF POL
IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON DAIRY FARMS
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION KEYWORDS THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA WASTE-TREAT
LICENSING CONCERNS FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES TRA
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES ODORS AND DUSTS KEVW
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION WATE
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
REPORT FROM NEW JERSEY KEYWORDS NEW-JERSEY ENVIRONMENTAL-CONTROL WASTE-DISPOSAL POLLU
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGOON KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-?
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND REQUIREMENTS KEYWORDS REGULATION ILLINOIS AGRICULTURA
REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES FOR
ON THE HORNS OF THE DAIRY WASTE DILEMMA KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA REGULATION
ECONOMIC RESEARCH PERTAINING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CO
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LEGISLATION FEED
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS ILLINO
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
ROLE OF THE DAIRY AND FEED INDUSTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS DAIRY
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION WITH LIOUID MANURE-A METHOD FOR THEIR DETECTI
A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SWINE FEEOLOT
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SOLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CONTROL E
POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW AND PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE WATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDED-S
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEECLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
OPTIMUM DILUTION OF SWINE WASTES FOR GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR L AND EUGLENA SP KEYWORDS
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONCS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STOR
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
SWINE PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS SWINE ECONOMICS STATE-
FEEOLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS EFFE
DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA WITH BILINEAR ADSORPTION KEYWORDS DISPERSION f
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED BED TO A WELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY PORTLAND-CEMENTS FLY-A
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRDP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICIO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
DUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS CATTLE SWINE WASTE-OIS
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF F6EOLCT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIOUID MANURE TO THE ARABS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EXPORT FERTILIZE
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL CF MANURE WASTES AND UTILIZATION OF THE RESIDUE KEYWORDS BURNING
FACTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGANI
FEEDLOT MANURE-SUDDENLY IT S WORTH MORE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS POTA
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR FERTILIZER BILL KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS COSTS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PH
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEEOLOT SOIL PROFILE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SOIL-PROFILES CH
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
WHY POULTRY MANURE VARIES AS FERTILIZER KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPH
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS CF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
91
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 12 2374
300 74 2452
700 70 2455
100 75 2544
700 72 2569
200 75 2718
200 75 2752
700 74 2765
100 64 2079
400 73 1618
IOC 72 1621
300 64 1631
400 73 1632
200 6B 1642
200 66 1643
20C 72 1645
20C 71 1646
100 72 1661
600 74 1686
200 64 1691
200 64 1692
200 64 1693
200 64 1694
200 64 1693
200 64 1699
20C 64 17C1
200 64 17C2
200 64 1703
200 64 1704
200 64 17C5
600 72 1709
60C 71 1725
100 73 1747
100 65 1750
600 72 1752
200 69 1760
300 1767
400 73 1768
400 74 1771
400 74 1772
300 1774
300 68 1776
600 67 1780
100 73 1801
600 73 1815
200 69 1824
400 74 1827
100 73 1828
300 73 1849
700 71 1864
300 71 1865
300 71 1866
200 74 1867
200 74 1868
200 74 1870
600 72 1893
3CC 66 1897
300 71 1903
100 71 1904
100 71 1910
400 74 1911
100 74 1912
600 74 1916
400 73 1922
200 71 1932
400 73 1946
600 72 1954
200 69 1980
200 69 1981
200 69 1984
200 74 1998
200 74 2005
200 74 2008
200 74 2009
200 74 2026
200 74 2035
400 72 2036
400 74 2041
600 73 2052
300 72 2054
400 73 2067
600 72 2073
400 73 2091
300 72 2105
600 72 2106
400 73 2115
400 75 2116
400 75 2125
700 65 2128
400 73 2129
100 73 2134
200 7* 2139
200 74 2149
200 74 2152
200 63 2153
200 63 2154
200 63 2155
200 63 2157
200 63 2158
200 63 2159
PCTASSIUM
PCTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
PCTASSIUM
PCTASSIUM
PCTASSIUM
POTASSIUM
PCTASSIUM
POTASS IUM
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTBY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
INfLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS HUH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-NASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIHETEAS TREATED WITH MANURE KEYMOR
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYUOR
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SHINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
ANIMAL HASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
PERMANGA ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS OCOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN WITH PLS KEVWORCS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEOLOT ODOR CONTRCL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ODOR-
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ANAEROBIC LAGCONS FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC
FEEDING STEERS 0PM KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS PERFORMANCE DEHYDRATEO-POUL
EGG LAVING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA HASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA POULTRY MICROBIOLOGY NUTRIE
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES ODORS MANURE HANDLING ANC POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLIN
AEROBIC TREATMENT CF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM-WASTES POULTRY 00
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRE
WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN PCULTRY HASTE CISPOSAL-AEROBIC STABILI
OOORS AND THEIR CONTROL KEYWORDS ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT POULTRY EXCRETA FEATHERS ANAE
HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF PCULTRY HASTE KEYHORDS POULTRY HYDRAULIC-COLLECTION ODOR DESI
HYDRAULIC MANURE HANDLING IN LAYING HCUSES KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-MANURE-HANDLING POULTRY
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES WASTE-
LAGOONS-SINK OR SHIM KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY ODOR
HEALTH ASPECTS OF PCULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL PUBLIC-HEALTH
SOCIAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CONS ICERAIIONS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED AREAS KEYWO
HHERE DO HO GO FROM HERE KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL WATER-POLLUTION RESEARCH
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH RUMEN BACTERIA KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
ANIMAL HASTE REUSE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FCR STARTING CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PROTEINS
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY DROPPINGS
ANIMAL WASTES AERATION IMPROVES BICREOUCTION BY FLY LARVAE KEYWORDS AERATION LARVAE f
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF PCULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNCWATER-POLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
CPW S PCULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS ORIEO-POULTRY-WASTES KEFEE
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
EFFECT CF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINATION ON L
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS CF ANIMAL WASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEH KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANICAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUS.F FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING HASTE FROM CAGEC LAYERS KEYHCROS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
THE RELSE CF BROILER LITTER WITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYHORDS MANURE.DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROH1D
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN BUILT UP POULTRY LITTER K£
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION CF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
ANIMAL HASTE COMPOSTING WITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS PCULTRY NITROGEN CARBON A
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LISUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-HAS
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BICELECTR1C ITY KEYWORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
EVALUATION OF POULTRY MANURE AS A FEED [NGRECIENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA ORIED-POULT
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL HATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ODOR CASE
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHORDS SALTS RECYC
A CLOSED SYSTEM NEW IDEA IN PCULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING EXCRETA
AERATICN OF POULTRY WASTES FCR CDCR AND NITROGEN CONTROL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE KEYHOROS RECYCLING POULTRY REFEEDING
KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER DROPPINGS KEYHORDS POULTRY ADDITIVES EXCRETA KAOLIN FLY-CONTR
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEECS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEDLOTS CELLULOSE
EXPERIENCES HITH OXIDATION DITCHES IN A PULLET GRCHING HOUSE KEYHORDS POULTRY DESIGN C
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER POULTRY REUSE BUILT-UP-LITTER MAREKS-DISEASE
DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TC POULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION EC
A REVIEH OF AVAILABLE LITTER MATERIALS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES KEYWORDS
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEDLOTS KEYHOROS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED HASTEWA
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL CF NITROGEN HITH AN OXICATION DITCH KEYWORDS NITROGEN CONt
POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FRCM PLASTIC PENS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS HASTE-T
THE MANY ASPECTS OF SANITATION IN PCULTRY DISEASE CONTROL KEYHOROS ENVIRONMENTAL-SANIT
CONSTANT RATE DRYING OF CHICKEN EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING EXCRETA DRYING-RATES
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT WATER-PCLLUTIO
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED PCULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS CRYING POULTRY TEMPERATURE AIR EQ
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE NOT FOR SMALL OPERATOR KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS COSTS POUL
LAGCONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYHCROS WASTE-CISPOSAL LAGCONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN RECYCLED MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY ENZYMES HEAT REFEE
FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR DRYING EQUIPMENT DPH KEYWORDS E
CATTLE POULTRY PRODUCERS PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES KEYWORDS CATTLE POULTRY ANIMAL-WAST
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
DPH SAVES 26 75 PER TON OF LAYER FEED KEYHORDS COSTS ECONOMICS FEEDS POULTRY BRIED-PO
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMED PCULTRY EXCRETA KEYHOROS POULTRY DRYING PHYSICAL-PRO
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED HITH AGRICULTURAL HASTE HANDLING KEYHORDS ODOR MICHIGAN A1R-P
ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL HASTE POLLUTION SITUATIONS KEYHCROS LIVESTOCK POULT
HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION CF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PCULTRY INDUSTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATHE
HASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ON THE FARM KEYHCRDS POULTRY SPREADING SPRAYING HYDRAULIC-C
FOUL FECAL FACTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES BIOCHEMICAL
INDOOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS LAGOONS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL 00
DIGESTION OF FARM PCULTRY WASTES KEYHORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY WASTE-TREATMENT
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE HARVESTING KEYWORDS POULTRY LIQUID-HASTES HASTE-STORAGE HAS
92
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
200 63
400 74
100 72
100 74
400
600 67
100 74
100 74
400 71
400 71
100 73
100 67
400 7J
3CC 65
100 75
200 68
600 74
300 72
400 71
400 71
400 T2
400 72
400 72
400 72
300 61
IOC 74
400 75
400 75
400 75
100 72
100 71
IOC 72
700 73
100 69
300 72
200 70
200 70
100 48
700 72
300 46
100 75
400 67
300 71
100 75
200 73
300 74
100 75
20C 74
200 74
200 74
500 74
400 72
400 72
100 60
300 72
100 61
100 75
400 72
400 60
400 69
300 75
700 63
400 75
400 71
700 73
700 72
200 75
200 75
200 75
20C 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
20C 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
100 71
100 71
700 64
700 72
TOO 71
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2172
2187
2189
2191
2198
2222
2236
2237
2238
2259
2264
2266
2267
2272
2282
2285
2292
2294
2295
2302
2303
2305
2306
2326
232f
2343
2345
2353
2357
2358
2359
2379
2380
2386
2392
2398
2400
2401
2414
2419
2420
2421
2427
2442
2452
2456
2457
2458
2461
2503
2510
2511
2518
2522
2534
2536
2538
2539
2540
2545
2553
2560
2572
2577
2578
2591
2600
2604
2605
2606
2607
2642
2647
2652
2658
2665
2677
2695
2697
2713
2721
2722
2733
2734
2736
2754
2757
2758
2760
2761
2T68
2770
2771
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POLLTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
™u. *ND '""NERATION OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION INCINERATION POULT
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF PCULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY ORGANIC-MATTER COSTS FERTILIZER
POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYNORDS MATER-POLLUTION GROUNDWATER LIVESTOCK POULTR? AGR
ASPECTS OF POULTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
L«NDFILLING OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY SOLID-WASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
nn™ i *N° BISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL AERATION M
ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTES POULTRY AIR-POLLUTION ODOR ODOR-CONTROL ODOR-
RECYCLED WASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
ni!«!!£ S°'L *ND GRCUND H4TER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA OOMESTICA KEYWORDS DIGESTION FARM-WASTES POULTRY
HOW FGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE WITH MINIMUM ODOR KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE POULTRY ODOR OXIDAT
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE IN DEEP PITS KEYWORDS COMPOSTING POULTRY WASTE-STORAGE ODOR
TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWORDS DRY!
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS HOUSED
LARVICICAL ACTIVITY TO FLIES OF MANURE FROM CHICKS ADMINISTERED INSECTICIDE TREATED FEE
VALUE CF DRIED CATTLE MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTRY ENERGY
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYWORDS FEEDS NUTRI
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FCR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS PCULTR
THEORY AND PRACTICE CF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND LAGOCNS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION LA
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY WAST
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
FERMENTED POULTRY MANURE RECYCLED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERMENTATION POULTRY SLURRIES BA
POULTRY MANURE DRIED WITH MICROWAVES KEYnOROS POULTRY DRYING MICROWAVES COSTS FEEDS F
WHY POULTRY MANURE VARIES AS FERTILIZER KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS NITROGEN PHOSPH
CHICKENS CONTROL FLIES FROM MANURE STACK KEYWORDS POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CCNTROL
PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE PHOSPHORUS AMIN
HOW NUTTING PRE-DRIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MOISTURE-CONTEN
INDOOR LAGOON FOR PCULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PCULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-TREAT
PERSISTENCE CF SALMONELLAE IN POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY SALMONELLA WASTE-STCRAG
»G ENGINEERS KEVIEW NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY NUTRIENTS ADDITIVES
RECYCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
POULTRY LITTERS VALUE AS FERTILIZER CITED BY GEORGIAN KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER FERTILIZ
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND DENITFUFICAT1CN IN CONCENTRATED WASTES KEYWORDS MICROBIAL
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN KEYWORDS INCUSTRIAL-WASTES AGRICULTURE R
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A PCULTRY WASTt MIXED LIQUOR KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMEN
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF PCULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FRCM CAGED LAYING HtNS KEYWORDS WAST
ANIMAL kASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMCNY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IM THE CUALITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS AGRICULT
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-WAST
CRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWUROS POULTRY EOUAT
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DECDCRIZATI ON AND CISINFECTICN KtYWGRDS POULTRY FARM-
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PRCBLEMS IN FEEDING PCULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
WHOSF RESPONSIBILITY-CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND PCULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL
USE OF CRIED POULTRY WASTE IN DIETS FCK CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TC THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
WINTER INOCULATIVE RELEASES OF PARASITCICS TC REDUCE HOUSE FLIFS IN POULTRY MANURE KEY
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATIOM AEROB
BRIOLER LITTER FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS COSTS CROP-PRODUCTION
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
SECOND THOUGHTS ABOUT RECYCLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY PHOSPHORUS E
SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE USED ON MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY CRYING FERTILIZERS ECONOMIC
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE KEYWO
THE USE AND VALUE CF ANIMAL WASTE AS FERTILIZER FCR CRCP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS AMMAL-W
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS WASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED POLLTRY WASTE ON YOUNG CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
APPLY MORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY RANCHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
COLORADO DPW PROCESSING FIRM FINDS READY MARKET AS BCTH FEED FERTILIZER KEYWORDS COLO
ThE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS PCULTRY ODOR WATER-POLLUTION VENTILATION DEEP-PITS F
RATE AND EXTENT OF NITRCGEN AND PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT THROUGH GLACIALLY DEPOSITED SOILS T
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SEDIMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Of METHANE GENERATION FEASIBILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG FARMS KEYWORD
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LEGISLATION FEED
TECHNIOUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN MI
DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A !55iCOO LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYWORDS OE
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
ENSILING POULTRY FLOOR LITTER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER ANALYSIS w
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEDLCT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN AND WATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-
MANURE FROM CAGED HENS EVALUATED ON FESCUE PASTURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FESCUES CROP-RESPO
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM POULTRY WASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE KEYWORDS POULTR
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CCNFROL ODOR AND LI9UEFY ORGANIC WAST
MANAGEMENT OF COORS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK POULTRY EC
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING GUTTER MANURE REMOVAL SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN
IN-HOUSE HANDLING AND DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY MANURE FROM A CAGED LAYER OPERATION A PRO
DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY KEYWORDS ECCNOMI
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN CXIDATION DITCH FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT KEYH
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF AEROBIC TREATMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTRY MODE
TURBINE AIR AERATION SYSTEM FOR POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS TURBINE-AIR-AERA
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-MIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MANURE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTI
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS P
pmiLTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART I KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING HEN-LAY
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART 2 KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING SOUTH-
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
n«YING CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYIN
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CUALITY LEGISLATION ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATI
93
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 73 2779
100 Tt 2784
100 71 2787
40C 44 2793
100 70 2794
100 72 2801
100 72 2804
100 75 2813
200 75 2651
200 74 1871
400 71 2271
400 71 2276
400 75 2349
200 74 2462
200 74 1871
200 74 1871
400 68 2378
400 75 2038
200 73 2548
600 72 1953
400 73 1740
700 67 1838
300 75 2411
200 75 2672
300 73 1617
300 74 I860
600 72 1992
100 74 2109
700 73 2212
700 67 2228
400 70 2803
300 75 2545
200 74 2023
200 75 2706
300 73 1873
300 66 1897
300 48 2414
400 15 2056
400 74 1769
100 73 1773
600 72 2074
400 74 1885
100 74 1950
500 74 2132
600 67 2178
400 75 2330
400 60 2539
100 75 2244
600 71 1728
400 74 1772
100 73 2176
200 74 2185
200 74 2462
400 72 2538
100 71 2807
200 74 2007
200 74 2029
300 75 2284
400 75 2346
300 75 2284
600 72 1752
100 74 2126
400 73 1618
400 73 1632
400 74 1636
100 72 1675
600 71 1725
100 73 1747
600 74 1748
100 73 1773
100 73 1800
400 72 1819
400 73 1858
400 74 1861
300 73 1874
400 74 1906
400 72 1944
400 72 1945
400 73 1946
300 74 1959
200 74 2021
200 74 2025
400 75 2038
400 75 2040
400 75 2049
400 73 2058
600 72 2074
400 73 2123
300 74 2173
300 74 2217
300 74 2219
400 72 2239
400 72 2240
400 72 2273
200 73 2278
400 73 2287
400 72 2289
400 70 2291
400 72 2298
400 72 2JCO
POULTRY
POULTRY
POULTRY
PCUL TRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY
POULTRY
PCULTRY
PCULTRY-ANAPHAGE
PCtLTRY-HOUSES
POULTRY-HOUSES
POULTRY-HOUSES
POULTRY-LITTER
POULTRY-MANURE
POULTRY-PROCESSING
PCULTRY-RENDERING-
PCULTRY-WASTES
PCULTRY-WASTE
POUTRY
POWER-REQUIREMENTS
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION-ATMO
PRECIPITATION-ATMO
PRECIPITATION-ATHO
PRECIPITATION-ATMO
PRECIPITATION-ATMO
PRECIPITATION-ATMO
PRECIPITATION-ATHO
PREDATORS
PREDICTION
PRECICTION-EOUATIC
PREOICTIVS-RELATIC
PRESERVATION
PRESERVATION.
PRESERVATIVES
PRESSURE
PRESS-CAKE
PROCEDURES
PROCESSING
PROCESSING
PROCESSING
PROCESSING
PROCESSING
PROCESSING
PROCESSING-METHOD
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION-RATES
PRODUCTION-RATE
PRODUCTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PROFITS
PROFIT
PROPERTIES
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL PANURES-A MODEL FOR COLLECTION STORAGE LOCATION AND OISTR
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING CF BROILER MANURE KEYMCROS WINTER FARM-HASTES HASTE-TREATM
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY PORTLAND-CEMENTS FLY-A
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-ANO-DEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MANURE KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRYING AFTER-BURNER ODOR-REMOVA
CCRN RESPONSE AND SCIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
A SUMMARY OF REFEEDING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HEMS AND EGG PRODUCTION
THE USE OF DRIED 8ACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTROL ODORS ANO DECOMPOSE ORGANIC W
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS ODOR DUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS FOR POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS DESIGN VENTILATION NUTRIENTS COST
RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER AS SILAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING SILAGE CATTLE WEIGHT TASTE POUL
PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROC POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE RESEARCH-ANO-DEVELOPMENT C
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CONTR.OL ODORS ANO DECOMPOSE ORGANIC W
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES ANO ENZYMES TO CCNTROL ODORS ANO DECOMPOSE ORGANIC W
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS LITTER WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DIS
POULTRY WASTE FOR CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE PROTEINS POULTRY-WASTE
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
A MECHANIZED COMPOST CHANNEL FOR ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS DESIGN-DATA MECHANIZFD-COMPOST-
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE DAIRY CATTLE YARDS KEYWORDS CATTLE DAIRY-INDUSTRY
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY WATER-POLLUTION
NUTRIENT LOSSES FRCM MANURE UNDER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS KEYWORDS WINTER AGRICUL
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLCT SITE SELECTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS•EUTROPH
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FCEDL
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPUINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE WATER PONDS KEYWORDS WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CF CATTLE FEEDLCT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
FEEDLOT POLLUTION-A SOLVABLE PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION SOU
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY RANCHES KEYWORDS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO ANAEROBIC LAGCON ANALYSIS KEYWORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ANAL
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF KUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF BARNLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICUL
DEVELOPMENT ANC DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS NITROG6
CHICKEN MANURE ITS PRODUCTION VALUE PRESERVATION ANC DISPOSITION KEYWORDS POULTRY CHE
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATICN DEODORIZATION ANC DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
CONVERTING ANIMAL HASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIOUIO SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTR
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
CALIFORNIA ISSUES DPh REGULATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION ORIEO-AMMAL-WASTES LICENSE PRO
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD OF bROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
MANURE SLURRY STORAGE PROCESSING AND PUMPING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PUMPING SLURRIES
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING WASTE RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL FERTILIZERS COSTS ECONO
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD ON PASTURIZATION ANC NITROGEN COMPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK PRCOUCTION ANC WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS LIV
CRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOC EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYWORDS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS METHANE RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT C
FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF UIOGAS FROM COWOUNG BY ADDING OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM GROWING TURKEYS KEYWORDS NUTRIENT
FORAGE AND GRAIN PRODUCTION FRCM LAND USF.O FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PRODUCT
PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIOU1D-WA
CONSEOLENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
PROFITS FROM DAIRY MANURE APPLICATION KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS PROFITS LIQUID-WA
ANIMAL WASTES AERATION IMPROVES BIOREOUCTION BY FLY LARVAE KEYWORDS AERATION LARVAE F
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES WASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LAND-DISP
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN WITH PLS KEYWORDS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
FEEDING STEERS DPM KEYWORDS FEEDS PCULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS PERFORMANCE DEHYORATEO-POUL
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NUTRIENTS FERMENTATION THE
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED SWINE EXCREMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENIS SWINE EXCR
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS PCULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
FLY PUPAE AS A DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR STARTING CHICKS KEYWORDS DIETS POULTRY PROTEINS
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SOLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
UAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS D4IRY-IKOUSIR
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING ANO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYWORDS MANURE FEEOLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS WA
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYWORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING WASTS-TREAT
INCLUSION OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT IN CATFISH RATIONS KEYWORDS CAT
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES AS PROTEIN SOURCES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES PROTEINS R
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN AS PROTEIN OF FUTURE KEYWORDS CATTLE REFEEDING EXCRETA PROTEINS
THE DOOR IS STILL OPEN TO REFEEDING CATTLE WASTE KEYWORDS CAT1LE REGULATION PRCTtlNS
THIS PLANT HILL CONVERT WASTE INTO PRCfEIN KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK PCULTRY FEEOLOTS CELLULOSE
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS 6ASEC ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMINC ACID PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION DITCH FROM WASTE KEYWORDS PROT
HASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIQ
POULTRY WASTE FOR CATFISH KEYWORDS CATFISHES DIETS PERFORMANCE PROTEINS POULTRY-WASTE
PROCESSED EXCRETA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDS PRUTEINS RECYCLING P6
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
POULTRY HASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
DPM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS IN ENGLANC KEYWORDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS DRIEO-POULTRY-MANURE
PAUNCH CONTENT BLCCOMEAL MIXTURE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FEEOLCT RATIONS KEYWORDS FE
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PRCIEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEOLGT WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDLOTS RATIONS
ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN BEEF WASTE RECLAMATION KEYWORDS ARIZONA CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS
GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
CONVERTING SWINE WASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEFDS NUTR1
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEDLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
MOLASSES FROM MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS SLUDGE PRCTEINS MANURE MOLASSES SULPHUR-DIOXIDE
FLY PUPAE HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS FERTILIZERS FLV-PU
DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS DRIED-PQUL
MANURE STORAGE TIME AFFECTS VALUE OF DPW KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PROTEINS DRIED-POULTRY
94
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 75 2330
IOC 73 2342
300 72 2386
400 67 2420
400 75 2425
100 75 2427
100 73 2431
200 73 2440
200 74 2459
200 74 2468
IOC 75 2536
400 72 2538
100 74 2541
200 73 2548
200 75 2644
200 75 2646
400 75 2814
100 72 2059
100 74 2189
200 74 1989
700 69 2060
700 71 1766
200 64 1697
200 64 1703
200 74 1869
200 63 2163
200 64 2182
200 75 2601
200 74 2035
600 72 1954
200 75 2615
200 75 2625
600 67 2178
600 72 2262
200 73 2432
200 73 2436
200 73 2482
200 75 2621
200 75 2708
200 73 2441
200 73 2484
200 73 2487
400 73 2552
400 73 1811
100 73 1801
400 74 1771
200 74 2151
300 73 1622
400 74 1769
100 73 1833
400 71 1937
100 74 2126
100 72 219T
100 72 2314
300 72 23B6
300 73 2498
20C 75 2590
200 75 2657
200 71 2785
100 72 2799
100 72 2800
600 74 2072
•700 69 1690
300 73 1622
200 71 1926
100 73 1664
200 71 1926
700 69 1656
400 74 2095
100 73 2325
300 74 1762
400 74 2232
100 74 2069
100 74 2585
700 69 1863
200 75 2647
700 69 1656
300 1792
400 73 1934
600 74 1949
700 69 2227
700 73 2385
200 73 2473
300 75 2494
700 70 2781
300 69 2797
600 74 1756
300 73 1759
200 73 2440
100 73 1664
600 74 1751
300 72 1830
700 69 2060
100 73 1637
300 74 2219
300 72 2370
300 72 2373
100 71 2402
100 72 2509
200 74 2019
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
PROTEIN
PROTEIN
PROTEIN-CONTENT
PSEUCC-OIFFUSIVITY
PSVCHROMETER
PUBLIC-HEALTH
PUBLIC-HEALTH
PUBLIC-HEALTH
PUBLIC-HEALTH
MU8L1C-HEALLH
PUBLIC-HEARINGS
PUBLIC-NUISANCE-AC
PULLET-GROHING-HOU
PUMPEC-STORAGE
PUMPEC-STORAGE
PUPPING
PUMPING
PUMPING
PUMPING
PUPPING
PUPPING
PUMPING
PUMPS
PUMPS
PUMPS
PUMPS
PUMP-CUT-SYSTEM
PUPAE
PURINA-RESEARCH-FA
PURPLE-SULFUR-BAC T
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYRCLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYRCLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS
PYROLYSIS-PROCESS
OUACRATIC-EGUATIQN
OUALITATIVE-ORGANI
QUALITY
QUANTITATIVE-ANALY
OUANTITY
QUASILINEARIZATION
CUINALOINE
RADON
RACEWAYS
RACEWAYS
RAOIANT-HEAT
RACIDNUCLIOES
RAFFINOSE
RAINBCH-TROUT
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL
RAINFALL-RUNOFF-RE
RAINFALL-SIMULATOR
RAIN
RAIN-GAUGE
RATES-OF-APPLICATI
RATES-OF-APPLICATI
RATE-OF-TRANSPORT
RATIONS
RATIONS
RATIONS
RATIONS
RATICNS
RATIONS
RATION
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING WASTE RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
RECYCLED SHINE HASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING PROTEINS AMINO-ACIOS HEALTH REFEEDIN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS FEEDS POULTR
UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMAL FEEDS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTE
USE OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN DIETS FOR CHICKENS KEYWORDS DIETS PERFORMANCE AMINO-ACI
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE COLL
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING ORIEB POULTRY WASTE ON YOUNG CHICKS KEYHORDS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS PROTEINS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATIO
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYWORDS POUT
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN HOUSE
CONVERSION OF SHINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYHORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PROTEINS FEEDS SWINE
RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES WITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND FLO
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE BY MUSCA DOMESTICA KEYHORDS DIGESTION FARM-WASTES POULTRY
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
MASS TRANSFER FRCM A PACKED BEC TO A WELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SWINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES MANA
HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL PUBLIC-HEALTH
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTES AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING DR1ED-P
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS PUBLIC-HEALTH POULTRY COSTS
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYHORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS L
POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS K
EXPERIENCES WITH OXIDATION DITCHES IN A PULLET GRCHING HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DESIGN C
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS OAIRY-
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING AND HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS 0
MANURE SLURRY STORAGE PROCESSING AND PUMPING KEYWORDS WASTE-STCRAGE PUMPING SLURRIES
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STURAGE TR
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYWORDS CESIGN LIOUID-WASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYHCROS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES DES
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 150-COH OAIRY-A 10 YEAR CASE STUDY KEYWORDS OAIRY-IND
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEDLCT RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES KEYWORDS IR
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
RETURNING ANIMAL HASTES TC THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
MOST PIG WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SATISFACTORY KEYWORDS LAGOONS CESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL PU
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEOLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY MANURE K
DPW S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYHORDS POULTRY FEEDS ORIEU-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYHORDS BACTERIA HYDROGEN-SULFIDE METHANE
THE DISPOSAL Of CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYWORDS RECYCLING QUALITATIVE-ORG
CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL FOR HEATING KEYWORDS FUELS GASES ENERGY FEEOLOTS PYROLYSIS M
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEFEEOING LANO-OISP
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TC RECYCLING PART 111-COMPOST ING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
FUEL FRCM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYWORDS FUELS ORGANIC-WASTES ENERGY HYDROGENA
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEDLOT MANURE-A CONCEPTUAL CESIGN STUDY KEYWORDS DESIGN EQUIPMENT
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK HASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYHORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FFEOLOTS C
AGRICULTURAL HASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE SEVENTIES KEYHORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-PCLLUT10
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYHORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYO
PYROLYTIC CONVERSICN OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYHORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
2ETA POTENTIAL OF COLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SURFACE KEYHORDS ZE
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES BY PYRCLYSIS KEYHORDS RECYCLING QUALI TAT IVE-ORG
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT WASTE COLLECTIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-W
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND REDLOAOS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT HASTE COLLECTIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-W
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS MATHEMATI
URINARY EXCRETION Of QUINALDINE BY CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS URINE CHANNEL-CATFISH QUI
FEEDING OF CCUMAPHOS RONNEL AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS- LARVIC1DAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HOUSE
POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW AND PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDED-S
WINTER OPERATION OF A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT FINISHING HOUSE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS HINTER D
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND HATERS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
METHODS FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS FROM WATER KEY
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FEEOLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS MATHEMATI
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RAINFALL FEECLOTS GROUNOWATER-POLLUT
ER001BILITY FACTOR OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS CATTLE FEECLOTS SOLID-WASTES HASTE
DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLO
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO S1LTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLCTS IN THE CORNBELT KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEECLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-TREAT
AM INVESTIGATION OF THE PCLLUTICNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEOLOTS KEYWCR
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF BEEF FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HATER-POLLUTIOM-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SWINE HASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED BED TO A WELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
OIGESTielLITY OF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE KEYHORDS ANIMAL-HASTES CATTLE FEEDLOTS RATIONS
COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN STEERS
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING WAT
BIODEGRADATION OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
nFMYDRATED POULTRY WASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE HEALTH ECONOMICS ODOR
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON MATERIAL HANDLING AND PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
95
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
me 74 2331
600 72 2074
200 73 2180
IOC 73 1832
400 73 2429
200 T> 2684
600 72 1995
400 74 2093
100 73 2111
100 72 2112
1JO 74 2236
400 12 2301
400 75 2334
400 75 2346
100 73 2348
100 71 2358
400 75 2107
200 74 2148
400 75 2547
4UO 73 1618
100 72 1621
300 n 1622
400 74 1626
200 72 1645
200 71 1646
100 69 1659
600 71 1725
700 69 1734
600 73 1746
20C 69 1760
300 73 1764
400 73 1768
400 74 1769
200 70 1805
400 72 1819
200 69 1824
100 73 1833
400 72 1842
400 73 1858
200 74 1868
200 74 1869
300 73 1874
600 72 1901
400 74 19C9
100 71 1910
400 74 1911
600 74 1916
400 74 1923
400 72 1939
40C 73 1946
300 74 1959
200 74 1986
200 74 1989
200 74 1990
200 74 1996
200 74 2020
200 74 2024
400 72 2036
400 75 2040
400 72 2046
100 74 2047
100 74 2057
100 72 2059
400 74 2065
400 73 2067
400 75 2071
600 72 2074
400 73 2091
300 74 21CO
400 75 2107
400 73 2115
400 75 2125
200 74 2135
200 74 2150
200 74 2152
20C 72 2168
400 74 2172
100 73 2176
300 74 2177
200 73 2180
200 74 2185
400 2191
100 72 2197
200 71 2206
100 74 2207
400 72 2240
400 75 2251
400 72 2273
200 73 2278
200 72 2279
400 71 2294
400 72 2299
400 72 2304
100 72 2314
400 72 2320
400 75 2322
300 74 2323
400 75 2324
100 72 2328
100 72 2329
RATION-ROUGHAGE
RATS
REACTORS
REAGENTS
RECIOCULATED-HATER
RECIRCULATED-WATER
RECIRCULATION-RACE
RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION
RECLAMHTION
RECLAMATION
XECLAMAT10N
RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION
RECOVERY-PROCESS
RECREATION
RECYCLED-AERATED-M
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
KECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
KECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
NUTRIENT AND ENERGY COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTE FRACTIONS KEYWORDS NUTRI
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIHAL NASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS THE
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
DETERMINATION OF AMMCN1A 1M ACUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYN
RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMITS KEYWORDS REGU
SWINE WASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DISEASES PATHOGE
A TWO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT DAMAGED LAND KEYWORDS SALTS RECLAMATIO
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
SHORT CUTS FROM KUCK TO' MEALS KEYWORDS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
OTHER FERTILIZER USES FOR DRIED MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS RECLAMATION DRIED-POULTRY
ORGANIC WASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOW RESOURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
CONSEQUENCES UF WASIE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-.DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN KEYWORDS INDUSTRIAL-WASTES AGRICULTURE R
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVER ING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
ANIMAL WASTE IMPACT ON RECREATION WATERS KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTtS WATER-POLLUTICN RECRE
ON THE HORNS OF THE DAIRY WASTE DILECMA KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA REGULATION
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST CF PROTEIN WITH PLS KEYWORDS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEOLCT COOK CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS ODOR-
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEOLCT WASTES BY PYROLYSIS KEYWORDS RECYCLING DUAL 1 TATIVE-ORG
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS FCX THE FUTURE KEYWORDS MANURE WASTE-HANDLING RECYCLING LAGOO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-HANDLING RE
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TC SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS POULTRY CATTLE PROTEINS INSECTICIDES COST
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF WASTELAGE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING WASTELAGF. DIGEST
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS-A PROCESS STUDY KEYWORDS MANURE CATTLE GASES FUELS PIPEL
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT CAIRY-INOUSTRY CATTLE WATER-POLLUT10
IS TOTAL RECYCLING CF HEN MANURE POSSIBLE KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING FERMENTATION DIG
CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
FEECLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FE6CLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYWCRDS MANURE FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS WA
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER WITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYWORDS POULT
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWCRDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
WLJ PREVIEWS FIRST COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT LICOM-WASTE-TRF.
FEKMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYWORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING WASTE-TREAT
DIGESTER A SOURCE OF BICELECTRIC1TY KEYWORDS RECYCLING GASES POULTRY DIGESTER BIOCONV
RECYCLING DRItO POULTRY WASTES AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING DKIED-P
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES AS PROTEIN SOURCES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES PROTEINS R
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
COOKING WITH COW POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAERCBIC-BACTEKIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS SALTS KECYC
A CLOSED SYSTEM NEW IDEA IN POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY RECYCLING EXCRETA
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REFEEDING
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT EASY OR PRACTICAL KEYWORDS METHANE MANURE CATTLE RECYCLING CRO
WASTE CONVERSION UNIT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONDITI
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYWCRDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEOLOTS CELLULOSE
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
CISPOSAL AND RECYCLING CF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RE
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE AND BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS HA
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
INFLUENCE OF INGESTICN CF ANAERC8IC LAGCON EFFLUENT CN GROWING SWINE KEYWORDS RFCYCLl
TREATMENT OF HEEF WASTE BY A ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS WASTE-T
PROCESSED EXCRFTA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYWCRCS CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS RECYCLING PE
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION KEYWORDS THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA WASTE-TREAT
CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYOROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
ANTIPOLLUTICN LAWS FORCE LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWCRDS
RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES WITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND FLO
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANUKE WORRY-AOUPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWCRDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT WATER-PCLLUTIO
DUNG HO-FCA SETS REGS CN RECYCLED FEED KEYWORDS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES FE
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE NOT FOR SMALL OPERATOR KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS COSTS POUL
FACTS CN METHANE PRCDUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE RECYCLING ENERGY ORGAN!
FEEOLCT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-WASTE RECOVERING-INSULATED KEYWORDS DESIGN CONSTRUC
ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN RECYCLED MANURE KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY ENZYMES HF.AT REFEE
CATTLE POULTRY PRODUCERS PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES KEYWORDS CATTLE POULTRY ANIMAL-WAST
AGRICULTURAL WASTE CONFERENCE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES DESIGN MICHIGAN RECYCLING CHEMIC
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING COOR COSTS SklNE FLUSHING SLOTIEO-FL
HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION CF POULTRY HASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY DEC
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ANIMAL HASTE CONVERSION PROCESSES KEYWORDS RECYCLING GAS
RECYCLED WASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-HASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS KEYHCRCS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEED WILL IT PAY KEYUORCS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
PYDROGASIFICATICN OF CATTLE MANURE TC PIPELINE GAS KEYWORDS GASES RECYCLING CATTLE AU
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION CF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY HASTE-STORAGE HAS
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TC RECYCLING PART 111-COMPCSTING AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL WASTEHATERS KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS ENERGY ANAEROBIC-DIGE
GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SHINE WASTES DETAILED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING ANIMAL HASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWCROS RECYCLING FEED
CONVERTING SWINE HASTE INTO A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE KEYHOROS RECYCLING FEFDS NUTRI
NUTRIENT RECYCLING-MODERN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS RECYCLING ENERGY INCINE
FEKMENTED POULTRY MANURE RECYCLED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERMENTATION POULTRY SLURRIES BA
DPW RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS PERFORMANCES LAYER-HENS DEHYORAT
DATA NEEDED ON SAFETY OF RECYCLING WASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA SAFET
FUEL FROM WASTES-A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE KEYHOROS FUELS ORGANIC-HASTES ENERGY HVDROGENA
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A WASTE KEYHCRCS HATEK-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
NEH MANURE CONVERSION PLANT OPENED KEYUORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS AEROBIC-DICES
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR MIDHEST METHANE KEYWORDS METHANE FUELS OKLAHOMA RECYCLING CATTLE
WASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS-AN ASSESSMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL
CONVERTING ORGANIC WASTES TC OIL KEYHORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTES OIL CELLULOSE CAIT
96
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 75 2330
100 74 2337
100 73 23*2
4CO 75 2344
400 75 23*5
100 73 2348
400 75 2349
400 61 2360
300 72 2373
300 72 2386
100 70 2389
200 70 2391
200 70 2397
400 72 2415
400 75 2425
3CO 75 2426
200 73 2436
300 74 2452
400 71 2454
200 74 2459
200 74 2463
200 74 2468
200 73 2484
100 72 2500
400 75 2501
500 74 '2503
400 75 2508
400 72 2510
200 73 2529
100 61 2534
300 74 2,555
200 75 2590
200 75 2612
200 75 2616
200 75 2617
200 75 2624
200 75 2627
200 75 2629
200 75 2631
200 75 2641
200 75 2642
200 75 2643
200 75 2647
200 75 2651
200 75 2652
200 75 2656
200 75 2657
200 75 2677
200 75 2687
200 75 2703
200 75 2713
200 75 2723
200 75 2738
200 75 2744
100 73 2779
200 71 2785
100 72 2800
100 72 2801
400 72 2805
400 75 2814
300 74 1914
100 72 1621
400 74 1636
200 72 1645
200 71 1646
400 74 1771
400 74 1772
400 74 1809
200 69 1840
600 74 1847
200 74 1869
200 74 1870
300 73 1874
600 72 1901
400 74 1906
600 74 1916
400 71 1935
400 72 1939
400 72 1944
400 72 1945
400 73 1946
400 74 1955
300 74 1959
200 74 1989
200 74 1996
200 74 2018
200 74 2022
200 74 2025
400 75 2040
400 75 2049
100 74 2057
400 73 2058
400 74 2065
400 73 2067
400 75 2071
300 2085
400 73 2091
400 75 2107
100 72 2112
400 73 2115
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
RECYCLING
REFEECING
REKEECING
REFEECING
REFEEOING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEEOING
REFEECING
REFEED1NG
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEEDING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEEDING
REFEEDING
REFEECING
REFEEDING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEECING
REFEEDING
REFEEOING
Sen?«?pIJSIS 5 RECYCLING KEYWORDS RECYCLING FARM-HASTES GREAT-BRITAIN
l^cER" KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK COSTS ENERGY NITRATE
n , E °' KEV«ORDS RECYCLING PROTEINS AMINO-ACIOS HEALTH REFEEOIN
*,?»!? ¥iS E FR°" UOUI° KEy*aROS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-HASTES CATTLE RECYCL
,2 I?™?™ r°R LWESTOCK KEWROS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
SnufrovS^TTr DS RECyCLING FEEOS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS CHEMICA
>.,» r? L LITTER AS SILAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING SILAGE CATTLE HEIGHT TASTE POUl
MANURE SMELL FURNISHES FARMSTEADS POWER NEEDS KEYWORDS GASES FERTILIZERS ANAEROBIC-DIG
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING WAT
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOLID HASTES AND PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THEIR DISPOSAL KEYHO
REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
A REVIEW CF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
CRITICAL HASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
UTILIZING HASTES IN ANIMAL F6ECS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTE
USE' OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUOG
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYWORDS DESIGN LIQUID-HASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTES KEYHCRDS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES POULTRY CATTLE FEEDS NITROGEN
HHY WASTE ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS WAST-E-DISPDSAL RECYCLING LAGOONS ANIMAL-WASTES ECOLI
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRCOUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONF.INEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND CPPCRTUNITIES KEYWORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
RECIRCLLATION EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIGN HYDRAULIC-TRANS
THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS KEYWORDS RECYCLING BY-PRODUCTS FEED
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC HASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PROCUCTION KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEOLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORCS F6EOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECY
SECOND THOUGHTS'ABOUT RECYCLING POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY PHOSPHORUS C.
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE HASTE KEYHORDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE REFEEDING OXIDATION
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE HORTH KEYHORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS HASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINENENT-PENS
MILKING CENTER HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS OAIRY-INCUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
HASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYHORCS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PFNS SEPAR
DAIRY WASTE FIBER-A BYPRODUCT WITH A FUTURE KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATION-TECHNI0
~*v TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
EXPERIENCE HITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SHINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CCNFI
SWINE HASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE OF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS
RECOVERY Of NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW DF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
ENSILING POULTRY FLCCR LITTER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE KEYHORDS POULTRY LITTER ANALYSIS H
RECYCLING SOLIDS FRCf AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYHORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES CF FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTIONATED BY CERECO PROCESS KEYHORDS NUTR
A SUMMARY OF REFEEDING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
ENSILING BROILER LITTER HITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN ANO HATER KEYHOROS POULTRY LITTER
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR FCR HASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS METHANE RECYCLING DESIGN SWINE TAI
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIVESTOCK HASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PIGMENTS FEEDLOTS C
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM POULTRY WASTEWAT6R BY ION EXCHANGE KEYHORDS POULTR
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES KEYHOROS ORGANIC-HASTES CATTLE RECYCLING CHE
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHOROS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-HAS
MANAGEMENT DF A FLUSHING GUTTER MANURE REMOVAL SYSTEM TD IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN
DRYING DAIRY HASTES HITH SOLAR ENERGY KEYHOROS DRYING COSTS COMPOSTING RECYCLING DAIR
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RECYCLING KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBI
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT ANO RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS HASTF-TREATME
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYHORDS COMPOSTING MUN1C
AGRICULTURAL HASTES-AN ENERGY RESOURCE CF THE SEVENTIES KEYHORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FUEL
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYHCRDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES HYD
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY KEYWORDS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT RECYCLING FEEDS FUELS METHA
FEEDLDT WASTE USABLE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PERFORMANCE FRACTIONATION BUIL
CONVERSION OF SHINE MANURE TO PROTEIN KEYWORDS RECYCLING ALGAE PRUTEINS FEEDS SHINE
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYHOROS AQUACULTURE HA
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEMS A CRITICAL REVIEW KEYHOROS FEEOLOIS ODOR-
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN KEYHORDS MANURE CATTLE PROTEINS NUTRIENTS FERMENTATION THF
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING KEYhORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT NUTRIENTS REC
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR HANDLING POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS POULTRY HASTE-HANDLING RE
DPH S POULTRY FEED VALUE IS LIMITED KEYHORDS POULTRY FEEDS DRIED-POULTRY-WASTES REFEE
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS KEYHORDS POULTRY FEEDS DIET
MANURE REFEEOING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYUORDS ELECTRIC
PROCESSED POULTRY EXCRETA RECYCLED AS » FEED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS CRIED-POULTRY-HASTE R
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYWORDS LIQU
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTES AS A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING DRIEO-P
EVALUATION OF POULTRY MANURE AS A FEED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA DRIED-POULT
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES AS PROTEIN SCURCES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES PROTEINS R
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN AS PROTEIN OF FUTURE KEYHCRDS CATTLE REFEECING EXCRETA PROTEINS
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE KEYHOROS RECYCLING POULTRY REFEEDING
BARN HASTES FOR FE.ED KEYHOROS FEEDS RUMINANTS BARN-HASTES REFEEOING DIGESTIBILITY CHE
WASTE CONVERSION UNIT DEVELOPED KEYHORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONOITI
THE DOOR IS STILL OPEN TO REFEEDING CATTLE HASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE REGULATION PROTEINS
THIS PLANT WILL CONVERT WASTE INTO PROTEIN KEYWORDS FEEDS PROTEINS THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
RECOVER RECYCLE REUSE KEYHORDS FEEDS RECYCLING LIVESTOCK POULTRY FEEOLOTS CELLULOSE
FEEDING PELLETED DRIED POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN STEERS KEYWORDS FEEDS PERFORMANCE CA
ANIMAL HASTE CONVERSION SYSTEMS 6ASEC ON THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYHCRDS RECYCLING ANIMAL-
RECYCLING ANIMAL HASTE ANO BY PRODUCTS KEYHORDS RECYCLING CATTLE FEEDS ECONOMICS PER
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL HASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS HAST
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE IN RATIONS FOR BEEF CATTLE KEYHORDS CATTLE DIETS PERFORMANCE REFEEO
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED SOLIDS FED TO STEERS KEYHORDS FEEDS CATTLE SOLID-WASTES P
WASTE TREATMENT HITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
PROCESSED EXCRETA POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS RECYCLING PE
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
ANTIPOLLUTION LAWS FORCE LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE HAYS TO COLLECT USE MANURE KEYWORDS
POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED KEYHORDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE HORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYHORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT HATER-POLLUTIO
DUNG HO-FOA SETS REGS ON RECYCLED FEED KEYWORDS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES FE
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYHOROS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-
RECYCLING POULTRY HASTE NOT FOR SMALL OPERATOR KEYWORDS RECYCLING ECONOMICS COSTS POUL
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION CLOSED SYSTEM-HASTE RECDVERING-INSULATEO KEYHOROS DESIGN CONSTRUC
SHflRT CUTS FROM MUCK TO MEALS KEYHOROS FEEDS RECLAMATION EFFLUENT FISH ALGAE MOLLUSK
ENZYMES DIGEST FIBER IN RECYCLED MANURE KEYHORCS RECYCLING POULTRY ENZYMES HEAT REFEE
97
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 75 2116 KEFEECING FEED PRICES ENVIRONMENTAL LAHS HELP SALES OUTLOOK 'FCR DRYING EQUIPMENT OPH KEVNCRDS E
400 7J 2123 REFEECING 0PM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS IN ENGLAND KEYWORDS PROTEINS COSTS FEEDS ORIED-POULTRY-MANURE
40C 75 2125 REFEECING CATTLE POULTRY PRODUCERS PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES KEYWORDS CATTLE POULTRY ANIMAL-HAST
IOC 74 2126 REFEECING AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES HASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LAND-DISP
400 73 2129 REFEECING DPW SAVES 26 75 PER TON OF LAYER FEED KEYWORDS COSTS ECONOMICS FEEDS POULTRY DRIED-PO
400 74 2172 REFEECING RECYCLED WASTE IN FEEDS DESCRIBED KEYHOROS RECYCLING FARM-WASTES FEEDS CATTLE POULTRY
30C 74 2177 REFEECING RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS FEEC WILL IT PAY KEYHORCS RECYCLING FEEDS ECONOMICS INCINER
100 72 2197 REFEECING CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO RECYCLING PART 111-COMPOST1NG AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES KEY
300 74 2219 REFEECING DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FEEDLOT HASTE KEYWORDS ANINAL-WASTES CATILE FEEOLOTS RATIONS
400 71 2238 REFEECING TWO STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN STATE POULTRYMAN KEYWORDS DRYI
400 72 2239 REFEECING ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN BEEF HASTE RECLAMATION KEYWORDS ARIZONA CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS
400 72 2240 REFEECING GENERAL ELECTRIC TC RECYCLE BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT KEYWORD
100 75 2244 REFEECING EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD ON PASTURIZATION ANC NITROGEN COMPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
400 75 2251 REFEECING FERTILIZER FEED VALUE OF SHINE HASTES DETAILED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERTILIZERS FEEDS SW
3CC 72 22*0 REFEECING BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
300 65 2267 REFEECING OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE CF CHICKEN MANURE FOR CATTLE KEYHORDS FEEDS NUTRI
400 72 2273 REFEECING PROGRESS REPORTED IN HANDLING AMMAL WASTES RECYCLING IN FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEED
400 71 2275 REFEECING CSTTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE FOR AN ECCLOGICAL LCCP KEYWORDS CATTLE ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS
400 73 2267 REFEECING DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEOLOT MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATILE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
400 72 2298 REFEECING DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS DRYING COSTS PROTEINS ECONOMICS ORIED-POUL
400 72 2299 REFEECING DPW RECYCLING FACTS UPDATED KEYWORDS RECYCLING CCSTS PERFORMANCES LAYER-HENS CEHYDRAT
400 72 23GO REFEECING MANURE STORAGE TIME AFFECTS VALUE OF CPW KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE PROTEINS DRIED-POULTRY
400 72 2304 REFEECING DATA NEEDED ON SAFETY OF RECYCLING HASTE KEYHORCS RECYCLING PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA SAFET
400 72 2305 REFEECING PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE AS A FEEDSTUFF KEYHORCS POULTRY PERFORMANCE PHOSPHORUS AMIN
300 72 2313 KEFEECING FEEDLCT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL HASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
100 73 2342 REFEECING RECYCLED SWINE HASTE AS FEED KEYWORDS RECYCLING PROTEINS AMINC-AC1DS HEALTH REFEEOIN
400 75 2343 REFEECING AC ENGINEERS REVIEW NEU HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYHOROS POULTRY NUTRIENTS ADDITIVES
400 75 2344 REFEECING SEPARATING SOLID WASTE FROM LIQUID KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES LIQUHI-WASTES CATTLE RECYCL
400 75 2345 REFEECING RECYCLING NUTRIENTS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHORDS RECYCLING POULTRY REGULATION CALIFORNIA MI
100 73 2348 REFEECING ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING KEYHORCS RECYCLING FEEDS RECLAMATION ECONOMICS FEEOLOTS CHEMICA
300 72 2386 REFEECING ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
200 70 2391 REFEECING REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE LNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYUORDS RE
200 70 2397 REFEECING A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS RECYCLING FEEDS FERTILIZERS
100 75 2419 REFEECING ENSILED BROILER LITTER ANC CORN FORAGE I FERMENTATICN CHARACTERISTICS KEYWORDS FEEDS
400 67 2420 REFEECING CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY LITTER KEYHORDS FEEDS POULTR
400 75 2425 REFEECING UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMAL FEEOS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYHOROS RECYCLING ORGANIC-HASTE
200 73 2440 REFEECING REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY CF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
200 74 2463 REFEECING BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEECLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
200 74 2468 KEFEECING RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYHCRDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
200 74 2469 REFEECING ANIMAL HASTE HANDLING AND CAN THE TAIL WAG THE DCG KEYWORDS CCSTS FEEOLOTS FERTILIZER
400 75 2499 REFEECING PAUNCH FEEDING NOW PROFITABLE KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE REFEEOING PAUNCH-MANURE BLOOD
500 74 2503 REFEECING THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTE-INTENSIVE CATTLE PRODUCTION KEYHOROS RECYCLING ORGANIC
400 75 2508 REFEECING EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEULOT WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECY
400 72 2510 REFEECING SECCNC THOUGHTS ABOUT RECYCLING POULTRY WASTES KEYHORCS RECYCLING POULTRY PHOSPHORUS E
400 75 2512 REFEECING INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DEHYDRATED POULTRY HASTE ON BROILER GROWTH AND MEAT FLAVOR AND COM
300 74 2526 REFEECING COMPOSITION ANC DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE KEYWORDS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERT1
300 74 2527 REFEECING FERMENTATION OF ENSILED BROILER LITTER KEYWORDS FERMFNTATION LITTER PATHOGENS CRYING
200 73 2529 REFEECING POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE HASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PERFORMANCE REFEEDING OXIDATION
100 62 2535 REFEECING FEEDING POTENTIAL OF RECLAIMED FECAL RESIDUE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE PERFORMANCE REFEED
100 75 2536 REFEECING EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTE ON YOUNG CHICKS KEYHORDS DIETS POULTRY PERFOR
400 72 2538 REFEECING FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
200 73 2548 REFEEDING EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED POULTRY HASTE AS A FEED INGREDIENT FOR POULTRY KEYHOROS POUT
300 74 2555 REFEECING TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER STUDY AT MSU-ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TR
200 75 2590 REFEECING ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
200 75 2604 REFEEDING TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-
200 75 2606 REFEECING DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000 LAYERS EGG FACTORY KEYHOROS DE
200 75 2624 REFEECING DAIRY WASTE F10ER-A BYPRODUCT HITH A FUTURE KEYhCRCS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
200 75 2627 REFEECING A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FCR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYHOROS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
200 75 2641 REFEECING RECOVERY OF NUTRIENIS FROM ANIMAL HASTES-AN OVERVIEH CF EXISTING OPTIONS'AND POTENTIALS,
200 75 2643 REFEECING RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYHORCS AEROB1C-TREATMENT SLURR
200 75 2644 REFEEDING NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM CXICATION CITCHES KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
200 75 2645 REFEECING NUTRITIONAL PATHOLOGICAL AND PARASITCLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING FEEULOT WASTE TO BEEF C
200 75 2647 REFEECING NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES CF FEEDLCT MANURE FRACTICNATEO BY CERECO PROCESS KEYWORDS NUTR
200 75 264B REFEECING NUTRITIONAL VALUE CF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE FOR GROWING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYHORDS
200 75 2649 REFEECING NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE FECES FOR SHINE KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS REFEEDING SWINE ABSORBED-
200 75 2650 REFEECING THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN RUMINANT DIETS KEYWORDS DIETS CATTLE CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
200 75 2651 REFEECING A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
200 75 2652 REFEECING ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH CORN-FORAGE CORN-GRAIN ANC HATER KEYWORDS POULTRY LITTER
200 75 2653 REFEEOING CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES TC FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE ORGANIFORM PROCESS KEYWORDS 0
200 75 2654 REFEECING HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYHORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
200 75 2681 REFEECING MODIFICATION AND ENZYMATIC HYDRCLYSIS OF FEEDLCT HASTE KEYUORCS HYDROLYSIS FEEDLOTS NU
200 75 2686 REFEECING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CF LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES FEEDS VA
200 75 2703 REFEECING ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-HAS
200 75 2719 KEFEECING A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLIC SEPARATION OF BEEF HASTE KEYWORDS
200 75 2722 REFEECING DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE AN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY KEYWORDS ECONOMI
100 71 2760 REFEECING POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART I KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING HEN-LAY
100 71 2761 REFEECING POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART 2 KEYWCRDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING SOUTH-
400 64 2793 REFEECING CHICKEN LITTER COH FEED KEYWCRDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
100 69 2808 REFEEDING ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FEEDING CF PCULTRY LITTER KEYWORDS LITTER CATT
400 71 2810 REFEEOING LIVESTOCK WASTE-WHY WASTE IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK ECCNCMICS LAGOONS DEHY
200 75 2705 REGICNAL-HASTES-MA LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE OF HAWAII A REGICNAL APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGEMENT K
600 71 1728 REGISTRATION LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ANC HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHOROS LEGAL-ASPECTS LIV
300 71 1850 REGISTRATION RULES AND REGULATICNS-CONFINEC FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION IOWA WASTE-HATE
600 71 2199 REGULATIONS STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TC LIVESTOCK FEEDLCTS KEYHOROS REGULATIONS FEEDLOTS LIVE
400 74 2232 REGULATIONS EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENDED-S
200 73 2433 REGULATIONS STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
400 73 1638 REGULATION EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEH POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORD
300 74 1678 REGULATION LOCATING A NEW FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
400 74 1799 REGULATION FARM POLLL'TION-HOH REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYWORDS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-H
300 70 1814 REGULATION FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTION WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
300 72 1830 REGULATION LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SHINE WASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
100 74 1831 REGULATION EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS HATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
100 73 1833 REGULATION AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYHOROS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-WASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
300 71 1850 REGULATION RULES AND REGULATIONS-CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYHOROS REGULATION IOWA WASTE-HATE
400 74 1885 REGULATION CALIFORNIA ISSUES DPW REGULATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION DRIED-ANIMAL-WASTES LICENSE PRO
200 71 1932 REGULATION SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
400 72 1940 REGULATION WARM WATER STUDY KEYHOROS REGULATION FEECS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENER4TING-PLANT HARM-HATER
400 72 1944 REGULATION THE DOOR IS STILL OPEN TO REFEEDING CATTLE HASTE KEYWCRDS CATTLE REGULATION PROTEINS
200 71 1965 REGULATION THE ROLE OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENTIO
200 71 1969 REGULATION HHAT OUR MILK MARKETS REQUIRE KEYHOROS MILK HASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY
98
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 71 1979
200 74 199*
200 74 1998
200 74 1999
200 74 2002
200 74 2012
300 74 2042
400 75 2071
300 69 2078
300 71 2080
300 72 2089
100 73 2111
20C 74 2139
200 74 2140
200 74 2146
100 67 2192
IOC 74 2209
*-10 72 2210
60t 73 2246
300 12 2260
400 75 2322
300 75 2335
400 75 2345
200 70 2J96
400 73 2429
300 70 2497
400 73 2519
500 71 2524
600 70 2530
400 75 2547
300 72 2561
100 69 2562
400 72 2573
600 73 2574
200 75 2603
200 75 2608
200 75 2623
700 73 2772
300 69 2797
600 71 1719
600 74 1958
700 69 2225
400 74 1885
400 74 2773
200 64 1705
100 73 2111
300 72 2260
300 72 1628
400 73 1859
400 68 1884
400 74 1920
200 71 1962
200 71 1976
200 71 1977
600 72 2106
200 70 2392
200 70 2394
200 73 2432
200 73 2440
200 74 2462
300 75 2495
100 69 2562
100 73 2579
200 75 2653
200 75 2655
200 75 2709
200 75 2744
100 72 2801
100 70 1823
400 72 2304
60C 72 1875
200 73 2101
400 73 1854
200 73 2101
600 75 2537
100 74 2408
400 70 2803
400 72 1942
100 72 2799
400 71 1985
200 71 2453
300 73 1681
2UO 69 1980
200 75 2747
700 72 2319
200 75 2715
600 74 1646
400 71 2237
400 71 2276
200 75 2638
100 73 2325
300 72 2063
200 74 2024
200 75 2719
100 74 1855
200 75 2717
600 68 1862
600 68 1862
300 72 2370
400 73 1812
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REGULATION
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
REMOVAL
REQUIREMENTS
RESUIREMENTS
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
RESEARCH-ANO
RESEARCH-AND-OEVEL
RESEARCH-ANO-OEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-ANO-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-OEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-ANB-DEVEL
RESEARCH-ANO-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-ANO-DEVEL
RESEARCH-ANO-DEVEL
RESEARCH-ANO-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-OEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
KESEARCH-ANO-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESEARCH-AND-DEVEL
RESIDUES
RESIDUES
RESISTANCE
RESPIRATION
RESPIRATORY-DISEAS
RESPIRATORY-TRACT
RETENTICN-8ASINSAN
RETENTION-PONDS
RETENTION-PONDS
RETENTION-POND
RETORT-SYSTEM
RETURN-FLO*
RETURN-FLOW
REUSE
REUSE
REVERSE-OSMOSIS
RHIZOSPHERE
R10GE-AND-FURROU
R1SER-INTAKE-DES1G
RODENTS
RODENTS
ROMANIA
RONNEL
RCTARY-KILN
ROTATING-BIOLOGICA
ROTATING-CONICAL-S
RGTATING-FLIGHTED-
ROTATING-FLIGHTED-
ROTDRS
ROTOR-AERATED-TANK
ROUGHAGES
ROUGHAGE
i«? liS »»2»VS«U?E H4NDLING KEYMOROS REGULATION DAIRY-INDUSTRY ECONOMICS ACTI
EFFLUNT RF?nf.?tn« cnST ?F *S*ICI"-TUR*L WASTE KEYWORDS REGULATION LEGAL-ASPECTS WAST
THE ECONn2!? lip!??? n2 tiirl?ISCE *ND POULTRy "EDIOTS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
ECONOMC TipAr? ns pn2TDm,?5JNS,EPA eFFLUeNT GUIDELINES ON THE U S FED BEEF INDUSTRY
BEEF Sl^TP SJ2IrS«S? IrSLhING SURFAC6 W4TER RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN U S HOG PROD
?H! IMP!?? ™ ™Eov N«D£0E0?IC? F°R MINN6SOT» "RHER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
ShSr Hn en. «SJ «r« ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
DUNG HO-FOA SETS REGS ON RECYCLED FEED KEYWORDS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES FE
A SU*MARYLDF^'!,Tf'
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 75 2049
700 71 1864
600 72 1709
IOC 74 1950
100 73 1637
100 72 1768
300 13 1856
200 74 1869
300 71 1903
400 71 1935
400 75 2049
200 75 2737
300 73 1785
200 70 1805
200 71 1963
100 74 2109
400 72 2167
700 74 2405
400 73 2504
100 74 2585
400 74 2773
400 73 1820
400 72 1942
100 74 1956
200 71 1971
20C 71 1978
200 74 2001
200 74 2012
400 74 2114
600 73 2124
200 74 2136
400 72 2210
400 71 2270
400 72 2283
300 75 2335
600 71 2531
200 75 2608
200 75 2610
200 75 2709
200 75 2710
300 74 1758
200 75 2706
200 75 2711
200 75 2706
200 75 2711
200 71 1963
400 75 2120
100 75 2352
700 73 2792
400 73 2058
400 72 2304
200 74 2468
400 75 2341
400 72 1938
200 72 1880
300 74 2576
300 73 1745
600 73 1613
100 73 2113
300 2117
300 75 2339
700 72 2390
700 72 2569
400 71 1985
200 75 2587
100 73 1685
100 73 1828
300 68 1948
100 74 2327
100 75 2365
200 75 2654
200 75 2684
100 71 2767
100 72 2789
200 74 2008
300 73 2384
400 72 2554
600 74 1756
300 1767
100 74 1821
400 71 1899
100 71 1910
200 74 2032
200 74 2033
200 74 2034
100 74 2082
400 74 2093
200 74 2144
400 72 2224
300 72 2292
300 72 2374
200 73 2442
200 73 2485
600 73 2557
200 75 2623
200 75 2660
200 75 2663
200 75 2685
200 75 2688
300 73 2043
ROUGHAGE
RUMEN
RUMEN-BACTERIA
RUMINAL-FLUID
RUMINANTS
RUMINANTS
RUMINANTS
RUMINANTS
RUMINANTS
RUMINANTS
RUMNANTf
RUMINANT-HASTES
RUNCFF
RUNOFF
DUNOFF
RUNOFF
RUNOFF
RUNOFF
RUNOFF
RUNCFF
RUNCFF
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTRCL
RUNCFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNCFF-CONTRCL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNCFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CON'TROL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
RUNOFF-CONTRCL
RUNCFF-CONTRCL
RUNOFF-CONTROL
KUNOFF-LOSSES
RUNCFF-OUALITY
RUNCFF-QUALITY
RUNCFF-QUANTITY
RUNOFF-SUANTITY
RURAL-AREAS
RURAL-ECONOMIC-ASS
RYE
RYE
SAFETY
SAFETY
SAFETY
SAFETY-FACTOR
SAGEBRUSH
SALINE-HASTE-HATER
SALINE-WATER-INTRU
SALINITY
SALINITY
SALINITY
SALINITY
SALINITY
SALINITY
SALINITY
SALINITY-CONTROL
SALMONELLAE
SALMONELLA
SALMONELLA
SALMONELLA
SALMONELLA
SALMONELLA
SALPCNELLA
SALMONELLA
SALMONELLA
SALMONELLA
SALMCHELLA-TYPHIMU
SALMCNELLA-TYPHlMt
SALMONELLOSIS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALTS
SALT
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY EXCRETA FERMENTED KITH RUMEN BACTERIA KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
EFFECT CF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLCT HASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE A
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILEC ANIMAL AND CROP HASTES KEYWORDS RUMINAN
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY HASTES AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORIED-P
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
BARN WASTES FOR FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS BARN-HASTES REFEECING DIGESTIBILITY CHE
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEVHORCS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS N1TRQG
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT HATE
FEEDLCT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEECLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUNIC COLOR KEYWCRDS COLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
STRIP MINE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEEDLOTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO WAS
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
THE EDITORS NCTEBOOK-A8CUT DISCHARGE REGULATIONS KEYWORDS CATFISHES RUNOFF PERMITS EN
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL METHOD KEYWORDS WASTE^TREATMENT WASTE-
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT KEYWORDS DESIGN FEEDLOTS COLORADO RUNOFF-CONTROL LAND-DISP
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
CONTRCLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WISCONSIN FEEDLOTS RUNOFF-CONTROL
LARGE COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED IN THE WEST KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS NEBRASK
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE WATER POLLUTION FROM U S DAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS COSTS HATER-P
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA FARMER FEEDERS KEYWORDS MINNESOTA REGUL
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLCT RUNOFF DISPOSAL SYSTEM-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS DESIG
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
STEP BY STEP PLAN FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL KEYHCRDS LIVESTOCK IOWA FEEOLOTS REGULAT
BRAKING FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEDLOTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTION GROU
COSTS. OF CONTROLLING FEEOLOT SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF COST
ENVIRCKMENTAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES KEYHORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION DAIR
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
CONTROL COLLECIION AND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS REGULATION ENGINEERING DES
AN ILLINOIS FEEDLOT RUNCFF CONTROL PRCJECT KEYWORDS ILLINOIS FEEDLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES FOR BEiF CATTLE FEEOLCTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS AGRIC
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FRCM FEEDLOTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS DESIGN A
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYHORDS LI8UIO-AERATION-SYSTEMS
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF BARNLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICUL
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF FEEDYARC RUNOFF IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURA
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EASTERN BEEF BARNLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICUL
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF FEEDYARD RUNOFF IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURA
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
THE HIGH COST CF RUNOFF CCNTROLS-IS HELP NEEDED KEYHORDS COSTS AMICULTURAL-RUNCFF CON
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FCRAGE YIELD AND QUALITY KEYHORDS DA
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
POULTRY WASTES STUDIED FOR USE IN LIVESTOCK FEEC KEYWCRDS FEEDS LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE
DATA NEEDED ON SAFETY OF RECYCLING HASTE KEYWORDS RECYCLING PATHOGfcNIC-BACTERIA SAFET
RECYCLING ITS PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES KEYHORDS RECYCLING METHANE LAGOONS NUTRIENTS
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYHORDS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE HASTE-DILUTIO
SAGEBRUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL-IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE KEYHORDS SAGEBRUSH FEEDS PERFORMA
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYHCRDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER-A REVIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE KEYWORDS GROUNOWATER-POLL
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF FEEDLOT 'MANURE TU FIELDS KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE CATTLE
EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON GRASS OR CROP'S KEYWCRDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF IRRIG
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDHAT
CATTLE FEEDLOT BASTEWATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION. SAL
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN,SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYWOKOS IRRIGATICN-EFFECTS POLLUTANTS WATER-OUALITY-CONTHOL WAST
SURVIVAL OF SAtMONELLAE TOTAL CCLIFORMS AND FECAL CCLIFORMS IN SWINE HASTE LAGOON EFFLU
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROMIO
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CONCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLAE IN POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY SALMONELLA HASTE-STORAG
SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS JN SHINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS EF
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYHCRDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
SWINE WASTE LAGOONS AS POTENTIAL DISEASE RESERVOIRS KEYHORDS LAGOONS DISEASES PATHOGE
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYHORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-WILUL
EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK KEYWORDS HEALTH DISEASES SALMONELLA SPRAY-IRRIGATION CAT!
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA HASTE-DIS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES Z
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
MANURE HASTE PONDING STUDY KEYWORDS GROUNDHATER-PCLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS WITH FEEDLGT RUNOFF KEYWCRDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN GROUND WATER FRCM DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS DA
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS SALTS RECYC
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
MANURE HOLDING POND .SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-OISSOLVED-SOL1DS CO
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE DISPOSAL CF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL
WASTE ACCUMULATION ON A SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND SALT OF
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER SEEMS TO RECLAIM SALT CAMAGED LAND KEYWORDS SALTS RF.CLAMATIO
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS HOUSING
DAIRY HASTE GOES FULL CYCLE IN RESEARCH KEYHORCS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LAND-DISPOSAL LIQUID-
MANURE HOLDING PONOS FCUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTF.-STORAGE HATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TC THE LAND KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES LI
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL AGRONOMY CR
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY WASTES MANAGEMENT KEYWCRDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA WATER-P
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYWORDS FERTILIZE
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTES ONTO LAND KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEEDLOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEOLOT MANURES AS INFLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE KEYWORD
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT LAGCON WATER KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
100
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 72 2366
100 73 2121
100 74 2236
200 73 2466
300 74 1619
30C 74 1629
200 68 1642
700 69 1650
100 73 1660
100 73 1664
700 71 1665
700 71 1668
700 69 17C8
400 73 1740
600 74 1751
100 73 1755
100 72 1788
200 73 1789
100 73 1832
200 69 1840
600 69 1841
700 71 1864
400 71 1899
100 74 1956
400 73 1957
600 74 2068
700 72 2127
200 64 2182
700 65 2168
300 73 2208
400 72 2211
400 72 2211
100 73 2218
300 68 2220
700 70 2229
400 71 2270
300 71 2286
100 75 2365
700 72 2390
100 71 2424
100 74 2430
100 74 2502
700 63 2553
700 74 2564
100 73 2579
200 75 2586
200 75 2670
200 75 2673
200 75 2675
200 75 2754
100 71 2767
700 64 2768
700 70 2781
100 71 2806
700 72 2127
700 74 24C5
600 74 1845
600 66 2194
300 73 1785
300 73 1785
200 63 2164
200 73 2433
400 74 1810
300 72 2268
300 75 2335
600 73 2574
300 71 1865
200 70 2391
300 75 2545
200 73 1648
200 75 2691
700 68 1837
100 72 2580
200 75 2740
200 75 2742
200 75 2743
300 74 2791
400 64 2793
200 74 2464
700 71 1689
200 73 2478
600 72 1993
100 74 2449
200 75 2720
200 75 2714
100 73 1773
100 71 2767
200 74 2033
700 72 2127
100 71 2767
100 72 2110
100 73 1832
200 68 1642
300 73 1915
200 75 2717
200 75 2718
200 75 2676
200 75 2679
300 72 1658
400 75 2508
SALT-BUILDUP
SALT-INJURY
SALT-POLLUTEC-SOIL
SALT-TCLERANCE
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
SANDS
SANDS
SANDY-LOAM
SAND-BED-FITTER
SANITARY-ENGINEER I
SANITARY-LANOFILL-
SANITARY-LANOFILL-
SANI TARY-WATER-BOA
SANITATION
SANITATION
SANITATION
SANITATION-REQUIRE
SAWDUST
SAWDUST
SCAVENGERS
SCENTOMETER
SCENTOMETER
SCOTLAND
SCOTLAND
SCOTLAND
SCOTLAND
SCOTLAND
SCOTLAND
SCOURS
SCRAPERS
SCREENING
SCREENING
SCREENS
SCREENS
SCREENS
SCREW-CONVEYORS
SCREW-PRESS
SEAGULL
SEALING
SEALING
SEASHORES
SEAWATER
SEA-HATER
SEDIMENTATION
SEDIMENTATION
SEDIMENTATION
SEDIMENTATION
SEDIMENTS
SEDIMENTS
SEDIMENT-CONTROL
SEDIMENT-MANAGEMEN
*2 5™ ° *FI>Lie*IION- «»TES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN INDIANA WATER-PO
oSm ?Si utP LICAIION °f D*IRY "ANURE °N GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SOM6 SELECTE
n* U E CO'">OST T0 "ECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
2 KANSAS EXPERIENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE SPREADING KEYWORDS KANSAS AGRICULTURAL-
nn. ™ °F °AIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL OUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
rSL^JI HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-OI
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF CDCR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF BED
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON KEYWORDS FAR
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS N1TR
SOIL PERCCLATICN AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE DAIRY CATTLE YARDS KEYWORDS CATTLE DAIRY-INDUSTRY
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE CISPCSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN AMALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYWORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
MICRCBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN ACUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYW
PROCESSED POULTRY EXCRETA RECYCLED AS A FEED INGREDIENT KEYWORDS ORIED-POULTRY-WASTE R
A PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY MALODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ODOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY S
KINETICS OF GROWTH AND CONVERSION OF NUTRIENTS BY RUMEN MICROBES IN SOLUTIONS OF POULTR
NITROGEN LOAD OF SCIL IN GROUND HATER FROM DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS DA
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL HOLDING POND KEYWORDS
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE DAIRY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA WATER-POL
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANCY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
USE OF CATtLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN, CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEECLCT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
DESIGN CF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL PROFILE WITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
BRAKING FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEDLCTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTICN- GROU
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT FEEDLOTS CATTLE
SURVIVAL.OF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS LAGOONS EF
CATTLE FEEOLOT WAST6WATER SALINITY KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS CATTLE WASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEDL
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-WASTES INJE
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR MANURF DISPOSAL IN HIGH DENSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGE
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AEROBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYWORDS MIC.ROUIOLOGY AEROBIC-TRE
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING ANC LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNOWATER QUALITY KEYWORDS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-1 NO
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS ON GROUNOWATER QUALITY [N HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEY
POLLUTION ABATEMENT CF POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-MIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-WILOL
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN WASTES ANC DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTICNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS KEYWOR
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FCR TODAY KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SAMPLING CHEMICAL-PROPERTIE
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCCNS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWCRDS COLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPIION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OEM
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SCIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES GROUNDWATER-POLL
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT LIOUID-WAST
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT KATE
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEECLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
SANITARY LANOFILLING OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS PCULTRY SOLID-WASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
NO CHANGES IN FLY CCNTRCL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CCNTROL
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS KEYWORDS INSECTICIDES FLY-CONTROL SANITATION OPEN-FLOOR-
ENVIRUNMENTAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION DAIR
METHODS AND PROBLEMS RELATING TC DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM LIVESTOCK MARKETS KEYWORDS W
ANIMAL WASTE COMPOSTING WITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS POULTRY NITROGEN CARBON A
REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL CN POULTRY RANCHES KEYWCRCS PREDATORS SCAVENGERS POULTRY CALIFO
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS ODOR FEECLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
EVALUATION -OF ODOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYWORDS FEED
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS CF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-OI
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS AERO
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYWORDS OESIGN-CRITE
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SWINE SCOTLA
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED KEYWORDS FEEDS LITTERS POULTRY CATTLE MAINE PERFORMANCE COSTS
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CfcTTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLlliTION-CO
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWCRDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER I SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION-ESTIMATION OF VIBR
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARATION DEVICES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SCREENS SETTLIN
PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CONVEYORS FOR UNLOADING SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANSPORTS KEYWORDS E
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION WITH A SCREW PRESS KEYWORDS OAIRY-INDUSTR
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWCRCS ANIMAL-WASTES-W1LDL
MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-DISSOLVED-SOLIDS CO
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLCRA OF SEAGUL1 DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-WILOL
TOXICITY OF SEAWATER TO COLIFORM BACTERIA KEYWORDS TOXICITY SEAWATER COLIFORMS 8ACIER
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AQUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYW
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES KEYWORDS EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY DRYING ANAEROBIC-DI
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 2011
100 73 1665
700 74 2765
300 74 I860
200 71 1931
20C 74 2033
100 74 2109
TOO 72 2127
600 72 2195
100 73 2218
200 73 2434
200 75 2670
200 75 2671
200 71 1930
200 73 2441
30C 72 2292
100 73 1660
100 75 2410
200 63 2159
300 74 2215
100 74 1894
600 72 1993
400 75 2344
200 75 2641
600 71 1718
600 74 1847
100 74 1855
400 75 2056
400 74 2065
600 72 2074
100 74 2097
600 72 2262
400 72 2290
700 72 2316
200 73 2434
100 74 2449
200 73 2472
200 73 2478
100 74 2541
200 75 2617
200 75 2624
200 75 2639
200 75 2666
200 75 2700
200 75 2701
200 75 2704
200 75 2712
200 75 2717
200 75 2718
200 75 2719
200 75 2720
20C 64 1701
300 74 1860
100 72 2186
100 72 2187
300 75 2339
200 70 2392
200 75 2661
600 72 1993
400 74 2232
100 69 2380
600 71 1718
600 74 1746
600 73 1754
100 69 2380
200 73 2482
200 75 2744
200 73 1648
400 74 1770
100 74 1655
100 72 2193
400 72 2320
200 73 2438
300 71 2523
300 73 2039
200 73 2478
200 75 2610
200 75 2704
300 71 2196
300 71 2523
200 75 2718
300 74 1891
200 73 2478
200 69 1760
600 72 2262
200 75 2720
200 75 2735
100 65 2542
200 66 1644
100 73 1(63
400 73 1674
200 64 1696
300 73 1785
700 71 1791
300 74 1860
400 73 2098
500 74 2132
100 74 2184
100 71 2358
300 71 2451
SEDIMENT-TRANSPORT
SEEDING
SEECLING-OEVELOPME
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE
SEEPAGE-CONTROL
SELECTION-CRITERIA
SELF-SEALING
SEMIARIO-CLIKATES
SEMI-BATCH-PROCESS
SEMI-LICUIC-WASTES
SEMI-SOLIO-WASTES
SENSIBLE-HEAT
SEPARATION
SEPARATION
SEPARATION
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIO
SEPARAT10N-TECHN1C
SEPARATION-TECHNI8
SEPARATIUN-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIO
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIO
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIO
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATICN-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIO
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIO
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATICN-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SEPARATION-TECHNIC
SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
5EPARATICN-TECHNIC
SEPTIC-TANKS
SEPTIC-TANKS
SEPTIC-TANKS
SEPTIC-TANKS
SEPTIC-TANKS
SEPTIC-TANKS
SERPENTINE-WATERWA
SETTLEABLE-SOLIDS
SETTLEABLE-SOLIDS
SETTLED-SOLIDS
SETTLING
SETTLING
SETTLING
SETTLING
SETTLING
SETTLING
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASINS
SETTLING-BASIN
SETTLING-BASIN
SETTLING-BASIN
SETTLING-CHAMBER
SETTLING-CHANNELS
SETTLING-CHANNELS
SETTLING-CHARACTER
SETTLING-POND
SETTLING-POND
SETTLING-TANKS
SETTLING-TANKS
SETTLING-TANKS
SETTLING-TANKS
SETTLING-TANK
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
SEWAGE
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS FDR DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY NUTRIENTS .SEDIMENT-
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIHURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION'DITCH
ANIMAL WASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS CF LAKES FROM NCNP01NT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTES UPON GROUND WATER-A COMMENTARY KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS GROU
MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING STUDY KEYWORDS SEEPAGE NITRATES TOTAL-OISSOLVED-SOLIDS CO
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF NONP01NT SOURCES KEYWORDS PRECIPITATION-
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
ROOFED VS UNROOFED SOLID MANURE STORAGES FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WAS
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WASTES SEPARATION-TE
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY KEYWORCS LAGOONS CAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEOYARD RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
SEEPAGE LOSS FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS SEEPAGE-CONTROL PERMEABILITY HOLDING-PONDS
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
MANURE HOLDING PONOS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE HARVESTING KEYWORDS POULTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STORAGE WAS
A COMPARISCN OF SOLID AND LIQUID MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLIO-W
HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYWORDS OES
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TC SEPARATE SOLIDS FRCM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
SEPARATING SOLID WASTE FROM LIQUID KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CATTLE RECYCL
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM ANIMAL HASTES-AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND POTENTIALS
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYWORDS LIQU
A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS FROM WATER KEYWORDS SOLID-WAST
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FCR HOGS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNI
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACLUM FILTRATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TEC
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WASTES SEPARATION-TE
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER I SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION-ESTIMATION OF VIBR
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWCRCS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
RECOVERING PRUTEIN FROM DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWCRCS PROTEINS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATIO
WASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL BROTHERS DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-PENS SEPAR
DAIRY WASTE F1BER-A BYPRODUCT WITH A FUTURE KEYWCRCS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SEPARATICN BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE 0
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORCS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES FEEDS VA
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS EVAPORATION PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES CHEM
FIELD EVALUATION CF A SETTLING CHAMBER FOR SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS FROM STACKED MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIOUID-WAST
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF'BEEF WASTE KEYWORDS
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARATICN DEVICES KEYWORCS SEPARATION-TECHNICUES SCREENS SETTUN
LIOLID HANDLING PROCESSES FCR POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPCIKT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORCS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF NUTRIENTS LANO-OI
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FRCM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONOS SUSPENUEO-S
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTEC FROM CAGEC LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SCLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE SCLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING SETTLING KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICULTUR
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGEC LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES DES
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CDCR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS FROM WATER KEYWORDS SOLID-WAST
TAKING CARE OF WASTES FROM THE TROUT FARM KEYWORDS FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT WATER-POLLUT
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NOT A WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-KUNOF
-DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOLDING PONDS AND LAGCONS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS
FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATE
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEM1
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
AN ILLINOIS FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL PROJECT KEYWORDS ILLINOIS FEEDLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
FIELD EVALUATION OF A SETTLING CHAMBER FOR SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEFOLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATfc
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS CF SWINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
A WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TRE
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES'SCLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
HYDRAULIC HANDLING CF POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED IMC AN ALGAL RECOVERY SYSTEM KEYWORDS
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARATICN DEVICES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SCREENS SETTLIN
AN EVALUATION OF AERATION SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS KEYWO
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS CLEANING DESIGN S
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
NOW NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS ODOR WASTE-HANDLING SWINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEHAG
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS THEORY AND PRACTICE KEYWORDS ANAtROBIC-LAGCONS DESIGN WASTE-TREATMEN
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM WASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA'SEWAGE WASTE-TREATMEN
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN KEYWORDS INDUSTRIAL-WASTES AGRICULTURE R
LIVESTOCK FE6DLOTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA BI
102
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 72 1753
100 75 2346
100 72 1667
400 75 2346
100 70 2794
100 72 2764
600 74 .2285
400 73 1B12
100 tl 25C5
400 72 1836
100 74 1950
300 73 2039
IOC 75 2244
400 73 2287
200 73 2440
600 71 2778
400 75 2056
300 73 2039
100 71 2767
300 75 2426
200 74 2460
600 64 2201
200 75 2752
400 73 1618
100 73 1637
300 73 1856
20C 74 1991
400 75 2049
100 73 2277
400 75 2349
200 75 2654
600 74 1845
600 72 1843
700 69 1656
200 75 2588
600 74 1961
400 75 2425
200 74 2459
200 75 2631
300 73 1617
300 74 1678
200 71 1932
600 72 1992
200 63 2156
400 72 2297
200 73 1789
300 73 2096
400 73 2103
200 74 2466
200 73 2483
300 72 1802
400 74 1816
400 73 1817
600 74 1847
300 74 2118
400 74 2202
300 72 2369
200 75 2636
200 75 2640
400 73 1818
400 73 1822
300 73 2096
400 74 1765
200 63 2157
200 75 26C7
300 74 1914
600 72 1624
400 73 1633
400 73 1812
200 71 1926
200 71 1928
600 74 1949
100 73 2051
400 12 2211
400 72 2211
200 73 2483
100 73 2259
600 71 1737
300 1792
600 72 1886
600 73 1892
100 72 1913
400 74 2048
200 74 2136
200 74 2150
200 72 2174
700 63 2233
100 71 2351
300 74 2428
200 73 2443
200 73 2474
200 73 2476
200 73 2481
200 75 2693
100 72 1960
400 74 1994
600 69 2175
200 73 2477
200 75 2613
400 73 2103
SEWAGE-EFFLUENTS
SEWAGE-EFFLUENTS
SEWAGE-SLUDGE
SEWAGE-SLUDGE
SEWAGE-SLUDGE
SEWAGE-TREATMENT
SEWAGE-TREATHENT-P
SHADE
SHAVINGS
SHEEP
SHEEP
SHEEP
SHEEP
SHEEP
SHEEP
SHEEP
SHELF-LIFE
SHEYEKNE-RIVER
SHIGELLA
SHRECCING
SHUC
SIEVERS-SYSTEM
SILAGES
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILAGE
SILT-LOAM
SILT-LOAM-SOIL
SIMULATION-ANALVSI
SIMULATION-ANALYSl
SIMULATIQN-MCDEL
SINGLE-CELL-PROTEI
SINGLE-CELL-PROTEI
SINGLE-CELL-PROTEI
SITE-SELECTION
SITE-SELECTION
SITE-SELECTION
SITE-SELECTION
SHE-SELECTION
SIZE
SKATOLE
SLABS
SLAB-FLUME-DESIGN
SLATS
SLATS
SLATTED-FLCORS
SLATTEO-FLOORS
SLATTEC-FLCORS
SLATTEO-FLGORS
SLATTED-FLOORS
SLATTEO-FLOORS
SLATTEO-FLOORS
SLATTEC-FLOORS
SLATTED-FLCORS
SLATTED-FLCOR
SLATTED-FLOOR
SLATTED-FLCOR
SLATTEO-FLCOR-BUIL
SLAT-FLOORS
SLAT-SYSTEM
SLAUGHTERHOUSE-WAS
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPES
SLOPE
SLOPIMG-FLCOR-SYST
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLCORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTEO-FLOORS
SLOTTEO-FLOORS
SLOTTEC-FLOORS
SLQTTED-FLCORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTEO-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTEO-FLCORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTEO-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLOORS
SLOTTED-FLOOR
SLOTTEO-FLOOR
SLOTTEO-FLOOR
SLOTTED-FLOOR
SLOTTED-FICOR-OEEP
SLOTTED-FLOOR-DESI
C'ONSECLIEN?F| nFC£!*«°n*<,,!!AIER QU*LITY » STUDy >N BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
CONSEOUENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
C^TpLn?J"'4TION CF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SUBS^TE™ KEYWORDS THER^PHI
nr cfunr^P°?AL °N LA"D KEYWOROS "STE-OI SPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
SLUDGES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY PORTLAND-CEMENTS FLY-A
rm»y » ^"'c EXCREtlENTS FR°H MASS-STOCK FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY PROBLEM KEYW
PCULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY WAST
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
THE MICRCFLORA OF PCULTRY HOUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE TO ANIMALS KEYWORDS FEEDS EXCRETA DEHYORATED-POULTRY-WASTi SHE
EFFECT CF PROCESSING METHOD OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION BY LAMBS KEYWORD
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD CN PASTURIZATION AND NITROGEN COMPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED FEEDLOf MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS CATTLE SHEEP PROTEINS PERFO
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
A HANDBCOK FOR ESTIMATING THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BEEF DAIRY SHEEP AND SWINE FEEULOT
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLCRA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-WILDL
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
MARKETING CONVERTED MANURE KEYWORDS MARKETING FERTILIZERS FEEDS COSTS CALIFORNIA IOWA
HOW ARE LAGOONS WORKING ON HOG FARMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-DISPOSAL CONFINEME
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF PROTEIN WITH PLS KEYWORDS COSTS PROTEINS FEEDS POULTRY LIT
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR RUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES PREDICTED FOR ENSILED AMMAL AND CROP WASTES KEYWORDS RUMINAN
EFFECT.OF THE APPLICATION OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE ON CORN PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
MANURE ROUGHAGE SILAGE FOR RUMINANTS KEYWORDS SILAGE RUMINANTS NUTRIENTS FEEDS NITROG
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER AS SILAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING SILAGE CATTLE WEIGHT TASTE POUL
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN SILAGE KEYWORDS PERFORMANCE SALMON
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES GROUNDWATER-POLL
WATiR INTAKE RATES ON A SILT LOAM SOIL WITH VARIOUS MANURE APPLICATIONS KEYWORDS IRR
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS MATHEMATI
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CONTROL IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS MOSQUITOES LAGOONS IN
SIMULATION OF MISC1BLE DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS KEYWORDS INFILTRATION MATHEMATICAL-MODELS
UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIPAL FEEOS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WASTE
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED CN THE USE CF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYWORDS
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEOLOT SITE SELECTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SHE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
LOCATING A NEW FEEDLOT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SITE-SELECTION WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD 4NO SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS CLIMATOLOGY FEEDL
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGCCNS KEYWORDS LAGOONS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CHEMICAL-PRO
MANURE HOLDING POND ODOR CONTROL KEYWORDS AERATION SIZE MANURE-HOLDING-POND ODCR-CONT
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYORAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
ENVIRONMENTAL ECCNCMIC AND PHYSICAL CCNSIOERATICNS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
THREE DAIRYMEN REPCRT HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE WORKED FOR THEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYWORDS L10U
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE KANSAS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGCONS
COMPARISON OF HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE IN NORTHERN CLIMATES KEYWORDS PERFOR
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIOUI
OXIDATION DITCH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE CONFINEMENT SWINE FARM KEYWORDS 0
BUDGET PRICED CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PEKS COSTS ECONOMICS CATTLE WASTE-MANA
KISSINGERS CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS WASTE-
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FCR BEEF FINISHING KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
INDOOR LAGCCNS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL 00
IN-HOUSE MANURE ORYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AQUACULTURE WA
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING CENTERS KEYWORDS DRAINAGE-SYSTEMS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN S
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL FE
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT WASTE COLLECTIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-W
CROP RESPONSE TO WASTE MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS FEEDLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
ERODIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SOLID-WASTES WASTE
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEOLOTS DESIGN WA
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLDTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SLOPES MANAGEMENT SAMPLING BA
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS HOUSED
SLOTTED FLOORS FOR HOGS-PROGRESS AND TRENDS KEYWORDS SWINE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION SLOTTE
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FCR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
SLOTTED FLOOR COLO CONFINEMENT BEEF CATTLE HOUSING KEYWORDS CATTLE DESIGN PERFORMANCE
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TC SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON AIR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT BUILD
CONVENTIONAL CONFINEMENT OF FLUME KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS FLUMES COSTS PERFORMANCE
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS AERATION RECYCLING ODOR COSTS SWINE FLUSHING SLOTTEO-FL
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEOLOTS WATER-
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FCR STUDIES CN BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLOOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
OUR WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR HOGS KEYWORDS LAGOONS SWINE LAND-APPLICATION SLOTTED-FL
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYWORDS
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS KEYWORDS IOWA HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANAERO
FXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDERFLOOR LIQUID MANURE PITS KEYWORDS ODOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
rOMPARISON OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN POLE TYP
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYW
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTE FROM A SLOTTED FLCCR DEEP PIT BARN KEYWORDS CONFINEM
SLAB VS SLAT-AN EXPERT S OPINION KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS WASTE-DISPOSAL DESIGN ARIZ
103
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 74 1738
600 71 1719
200 75 2715
700 67 1651
100 73 1685
300 1829
600 73 1852
300 72 1878
100 73 19C5
600 72 1993
200 74 2025
700 65 2128
300 72 2213
100 74 2258
600 74 2285
400 72 2289
300 72 2292
300 73 2384
700 72 2409
200 75 2666
200 75 2700
200 75 2737
200 75 2738
200 75 2740
700 68 2318
200 63 2158
100 63 2549
IOC 63 2581
100 72 2800
100 71 1796
300 75 2426
300 72 2105
600 73 1623
100 73 1639
100 73 1653
100 73 1654
100 74 1655
100 72 1657
100 72 1661
700 71 1689
600 71 1718
400 74 1809
700 68 1837
600 73 185.2
400 74 1909
100 74 1912
200 71 1926
200 74 1986
600 72 1993
100 73 2111
400 74 2114
600 67 2178
100 73 2183
100 71 2241
300 72 2261
100 75 2293
400 71 2294
400 73 2338
300 73 2384
100 71 2402
400 74 2417
700 72 2448
200 73 2478
200 73 2487
100 72 2500
200 75 2618
200 75 2625
200 75 2627
200 75 2639
200 75 2643
200 75 2667
200 75 2668
200 75 2700
200 75 2717
200 75 2718
200 75 2719
200 75 2732
200 75 2742
200 75 2752
100 74 2775
100 72 2796
200 73 2473
200 73 2475
700 70 2781
200 64 1697
200 64 1704
400 68 1884
200 71 2453
600 67 2205
200 74 2032
300 73 2043
300 71 2133
100 74 2236
600 73 2245
100 74 2047
700 65 2126
300 73 1640
100 73 1653
300 71 1672
700 66 1679
SLOTTEO-FLOOR-UNDE
SLOTTEO-PITS
SLUDGES
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUCGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUCGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
SLUOGE-ACCUMULATIO
SLUDGE-DIGESTION
SLUDGE-DIGESTION
SLUDGE-DIGESTION
SLUDGE-DIGESTION
SLUDGE-DISPOSAL
SLUDGE-DISPOSAL
SLUDGE-REMOVAL
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SLURRIES
SNOWMELT
SNOWHELT
SNOWMELT
SOCIAL-ASPECTS
SOCIAL-ASPECTS
SOCIAL-ASPECTS
SOCIAL-ASPECTS
SOCIAL-BEHAVIOR-AN
SODIUM
SODIUM
SODIUM
SODIUM
SODIUM
SODIUM-BICARBONATE
SODIUM-CHLORIDE
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNOERFLOOR TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SNINE COLLECTION REMOVAL CONFINEM
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING ANIMAL MANURES AND SEHAGE SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL KEYNOROS
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYWORDS
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUH IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
VACUUM FILTRATION OF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS VACUUM-FILTRATION SLURRIES SLUDGE MOISTUR
MAINE GUIDELINES FCR MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS MANURE SLUDGE MAINE LAND
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
WASTE TREATMENT WITH A PROTEIN BONUS KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT PROTEINS NITRIFICATIO
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS METHANE ANIMAL-
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF PIGGERY WASTE ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGE
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY WAST
MOLASSES FROM MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS SLUDGE PROTEINS MANURE MOLASSES SULPHUR-DIOXIDE
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA WASTE-DIS
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SLUDGE FROM PIG GROWING COMPLEXES AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER KEYWOR
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS KEYWORDS SLUDGE ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RECYCLING KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBI
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DI
THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES CN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS KE
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY WASTE-TREATMENT
SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DIGESTION ECONOMICS FEASIBILIT
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-WASTES HYD
SLUDGE OISPOSAL-A CASE CF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES FERTILIZER SHORTAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING ENERGY FERTILIZERS SLUDG
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
DEWATERING BOVINE AM HAL MANURE KEYWORDS DEWATERING CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES IRRIGATION
EFFECIS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES ODORS MANURE HANDLING AND POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLIN
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SCLIDS AND LIQUICS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AERATION AS RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM A
VACUUM FILTRATION OF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS VACUUM-FILTRATION SLURRIES SLUDGE MOISTUR
COOKING WITH COW POWER KEYWORDS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES FOR ODOR AND NITROGEN CONTROL KEYWORDS POULTRY AERATION NIT
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEOLOT WASTE COLLECTIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-W
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING CF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RE
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYWORD
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS SLURRIES LIQUID-WASTE
MANURE SLURRY STORAGE PROCESSING AND PUMPING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PUMPING SLURRIES
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION CF DAIRY FARM SLURRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ANAEROBIC-DIGEST ION S
THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH RATE BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TOWER WHEN TREATING
DISPOSAL OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES THROUGH THE SOIL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE DAIRY-I
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS INCUBATED WITH PIG SLURRY KEYWORDS NITRIFICATION SOILS SLURRIE
FERMENTED POULTRY MANURE RECYCLED KEYWORDS RECYCLING FERMENTATION POULTRY SLURRIES BA
FOR THE SAKE OF YOUR NEIGHBOURS SLURRY INJECTION KEYWORDS SLURRIES EQUIPMENT COSTS LA
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA WASTE-DIS
BIOOEGRAOATION OF PIG WASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STORAGE STOR
TRANSFORMATION MOVEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN FRCM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES APPLIED TO S
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
RETURNING ANIMAL WASTES TO THE LAND-EOUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
THE BIO GAS PLANT-GENERATING METHANE FROM ORGANIC WASTES KEYWORDS RECYCLING ORGANIC-WA
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE US ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING AND HANDLING AMMAL WASTE KEYWORDS D
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SEPARATION BEFORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND SLUDGE D
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR FEED KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT SLURR
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
A PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION-FREE LAND SPREADING OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWO
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWINE MANURE AS RELATED TO DIGESTER LOADING KEYWORDS SEPA
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF BEEF WASTE KEYWORDS
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN AERATED BEEF SLURRIES KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS SLURRIES
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS AERO
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIG MANURE KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUAT10
THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER ENRICHED PIG MANURE SLURRY ON GRASSLAND KEYWORDS COPPER SLURRI
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLOTS IN THE CDRNBELT KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
OUTDOOR UNPAVEO FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS KEYWOR
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS ORGANIC-WASTES MANA
SOCIAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED AREAS KEYWO
THE COWS VS THE SUBURBS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CCSTS RESEARCH-AND-OEVELOPMENT WATER-
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN,TOGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION REDUCT10
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEOLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
USING POULTRY MANURE COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT POLLUTED SOILS KEYWORDS RECLAMATION POUL
GROUNDWATER QUALITY BENEATH A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NUTRIENTS N
CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL BY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING KEYWORDS RECYCLING OIL CATALYST
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CHICKEN MANURE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY MATHEMATIC
IRRIGATION FOR LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES IRRIGATION LAND
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN NORTHERN IRELAND TO N P AND K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL SLU
EFFECT OF APPLYING SWINE FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT MINERAL LEVELS KEYWORDS SWINE FECES
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
104
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
TOO 70 1680
700 69 1708
600 71 1724
600 74 1751
100 73 1755
700 71 1762
300 1767
200 74 1777
700 70 1779
TOO 71 1791
100 71 1796
100 73 1800
600 73 1848
200 72 1880
300 71 1882
600 74 1888
600 74 1961
200 71 1963
200 71 1972
200 69 1982
300 73 2043
100 74 2064
100 73 2113
700 72 2127
100 74 2130
300 71 2133
200 74 2145
100 72 2187
10G 74 2222
100 74 2242
100 73 2277
100 75 2293
700 72 2319
100 75 2352
100 70 2381
300 74 2382
700 74 24G5
300 75 2494
100 74 2515
100 73 2521
700 73 2577
200 75 2746
200 75 2748
200 75 2749
200 75 2751
200 72 2783
100 72 2796
100 69 1659
700 74 2405
400 75 2334
200 75 2624
300 71 1865
200 71 1930
600 73 2557
700 73 2792
300 74 1783
200 74 2032
300 75 2494
700 71 1762
700 73 2584
100 70 2794
400 75 2324
200 75 2627
100 72 2799
600 71 1730
300 71 1882
300 73 1915
600 71 1730
200 71 1971
400 73 2098
400 72 2167
400 73 2519
200 75 2710
600 71 1724
300 71 1739
300 71 1882
400 71 1899
200 64 2182
100 72 2187
300 72 2260
100 75 2280
200 70 2396
300 75 2495
100 74 2585
200 75 26B5
200 75 2757
400 71 2270
700 74 2564
200 75 2663
100 72 1788
300 75 2495
200 71 1966
200 71 1968
300 74 2556
100 75 2490
100 65 2423
400 72 1731
300 74 1794
200 74 1867
200 72 2174
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SCILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SCILS
SCILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SCILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SCILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOILS
SOIL
SOIL-ABSORPTION-BE
SOIL-AMENDMENTS
SOIL-AMENDMENTS
SOIL-AMENDMENT
SCIL-ANALYSIS
SOIL-ANALYSIS
SOIL-ANALYSIS
SCIL-CHEMICAL-PROP
SOIL-CHEMICAL-PROP
SOIL-CHEMISTRY
SCIL-COLUMN
SOIL-COLUMN
SeiL-CDNDITIDNERS
SOIL-CONDITIONER
SOIL-CONDITIONER
SOIL-CONDITIONER
SOIL-CONSERVATION
SOIL-CONSERVATION
SCIL-CONSERVATION
SOIL-CONSERVATION-
SCIL-CONSERVATION-
SOIL-CONSERVATION-
SCIL-CONSERVATION-
SCIL-CONSERVATION-
SCIl-CONSERVATION-
SOIL-CDNTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SCIL-CONTAMI NATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SCIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CONTAMINATION
SOIL-CORES
SOIL-CORES
SOIL-CORES
SOIL-OISPOSAL-FIEL
SOIL-OISPOSAL-FIEL
SOIL-EROSION
SOIL-EROSION
SOIL-EROSION
SOIL-EXTRACTS
SOIL-FERTILITY
SOIL-INJECTION
SOIL-INJECTION
SOIL-INJECTION
SOIL-INJECTION
pnrn. !r?nS . WAIE" °N SOHE PMVSI(:A1- *NO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED KAN
!2£?^ ION *S * RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOUS P
ir rl 'ON T° SOKS KEYHOR°S FARM-HASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
CHANGES IN SOILS USEO FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS CATTLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
OTAL NITROCEN ""LYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYWORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
ION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN M
STE PONOING STUD¥ KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-PCLLUTION NITRATES HOLDING-PONDS MANU
= VND IRANSFORMATICN OF MANURIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
ISJL-S OGEM REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEOLOTS SOILS CAT
PROCESSED ANIMAL HASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURUED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE DISPOSAL PLOTS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-M
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYHCRDS AOUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND SOIL HATER MOVEMENT KEYWORDS EQUATIONS MANURE HATER-INTAKE-RA
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS KEYHORDS INFILTRATION MATHEMATICAL-MODELS
SOURCES AND FATE OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN RURAL ECOSYSTEMS KEYWORDS NITROGEN NITRATES
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF MANURE KEYWORDS PLANNING AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF SURFACE-WATE
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL WHEN MANURE IS USED KEYWORDS SOILS BACTERIA CHEMICAL-REACTION
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS LAGOONS KANSAS
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SCIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE KE
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCONS IN SANDY HIGH HATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF FEEDLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES SOILS CHEMICAL-PROPER
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE FERTILIZER AND PLOW DEPTH ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS A
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS INCUBATED WITH PIG SLURRY KEYWORDS NITRIFICATION SOILS SLURRIE
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COW MANURE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WAS
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE-ITS EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET FORAGE YIELD AND DUALITY KEYWORDS DA
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND BARNYARD SOIL P
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH POLLUTION CCNTROL KEYWORDS LAGOONS ECONOMICS ODOR OHIO SO
SCIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEEOLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTES KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREAT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MANURE F
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS KEY
RATE AND EXTENT OF NITROGEN ANC PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT THROUGH GLACIALLY DEPOSITED SOILS T
TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES BY BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYSTEM KEYWORDS
PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYWORDS ANIMAL-
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COMM
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE SOILS CROP-RES
MANURE HANDLING CAPACITY OF SOILS FRCM A MICROBIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW KEYHORDS SOILS
THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER ENRICHED PIG MANURE SLURRY ON GRASSLAND KEYWORDS COPPER SLURRI
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-DEM
ORGANIC WASTES-ONCE NUISANCES-NOH RESCURCES KEYWORDS ORGANIC-HASTES FERTILIZERS SOIL-A
DAIRY HASTE FIBER-A BYPRODUCT WITH A FUTURE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
ANIMAL WASTE COMPOSTING WITH CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL KEYWORDS POULTRY NITROGEN CARBCN A
SEEPAGE LCSS FROM HOLDING PONDS KEYWORDS SEEPAGE-CONTROL PERMEABILITY HOLDING-PONDS
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MINNESOTA LOCATIONS KEYWORDS MINNE
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED ANIMAL MANURE AND PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE KE
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDLCT LAGOON HATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE HASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS HASTE-TREAT
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN U
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SHINE MANURE FOR IRRIGATION EFFECT ON NITROGEN KEYWORDS AEROBIC
SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES WITH PORTLAND CEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY PORTLAND-CEMENTS FLY-A
HASTE CONVERSION CONCEPT DEVELOPED KEYWORDS RECYCLING AEROBIC-CONDITIONS BACTERIA CAT
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
RETORTING FEEDLOT HASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ORGANIC-HASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-POLLUTID
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRAM IN ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS SOIL-CONSERVATI
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING HATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURC
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRAM IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS -SOIL-CONSERVATI
CONTROLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WISCONSIN FEEDLOTS RUNOFF-CONTROL
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEOLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSINESS KEYHORDS NEBRASKA FEEDLOTS REGULATION WATER-POLLUTION
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM FEEOLOTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS DESIGN A
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN GROUND HATER FROM DAIRY MANURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS OA
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND HATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND FERTILIZED CROPS KEYWORDS NIT
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS RESEARCH-
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS FEEOLOT
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING WASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN WEST VIR
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SOIL-OISPOSA
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE ANC GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEEDLOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF SOD
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MANURE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTI
BRAKING FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEOLOTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTION GROU
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FE60LOT WASTES ONTO LAND KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE KANSAS CROP-RESPONS
MICRQBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE A
OMFAHI-H STATUS ON EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHOROS SOIL-DISPOSA
SOIL POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN WATER KEYWORDS POLLUTANTS WATER-POLLUTION
BHnspHnRUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS
EA?!R QWLm IND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE HASTE
F«prrs DF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON HATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONTE
:*TuF OF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYHOROS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
MANURE DEODORANTS-HOW HELL DO THEY HORK KEYWORDS MANURE LIVESTOCK COSTS ODOR-CONTROL
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES MANAGEMENT SHINE
G THE POULTRY WASTE PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRETA WASTE-MANAGEMENT ANAER
ApJ"oAcS TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS WATER-
105
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
400 2191
400 73 233B
^00 75 2604
200 75 2673
IOC 69 1659
200 74 2010
200 75 2598
200 74 2034
600 72 1893
600 74 1845
700 74 2765
700 74 2774
600 73 1892
300 73 1881
700 69 1708
200 74 1777
200 74 1987
600 74 2081
300 72 2086
600 69 2179
100 75 2250
700 74 2362
100 70 2381
700 JO 2455
100 75 2544
700 74 2564
200 75 2660
600 73 1813
200 74 2Q32
100 74 2C82
400 72 2224
700 70 2229
100 75 2280
700 69 2312
300 75 2495
100 73 1755
200 75 2671
300 74 2556
100 74 2491
300 68 1948
100 71 2424
300 74 2388
100 73 2447
200 75 2671
200 75 2673
700 74 2362
300 73 1881
100 74 2252
600 73 1763
200 75 2723
400 74 2776
100 70 2794
700 73 2379
200 73 2482
200 73 2473
600 74 1748
300 73 1881
100 75 2410
100 72 2193
200 75 2720
300 73 2039
200 73 2474
200 73 2476
200 75 2615
100 72 1681
700 71 1688
600 71 1718
300 73 1759
400 74 1770
400 73 1778
600 74 1846
600 74 1847
100 74 1855
300 71 1866
200 71 1926
400 73 1934
600 74 1949
200 74 1986
200 74 2013
200 74 2022
200 74 2034
100 73 2051
400 75 2056
400 74 2065
300 2085
300 72 2088
100 73 2113
200 63 2164
300 74 2215
100 73 2218
700 69 2225
400 72 2290
400 75 2344
100 71 2351
100 70 2389
400 74 2417
200 73 2432
200 73 2434
200 73 2446
200 74 2457
SOIL-INJECTION
SCIL-INJECTION
SCIL-INJECTICN
SCIL-INJECIION
SCIL-INTERCCNVERSI
SOIL-LOSS
SOIL-LOSS
SOIL-MANAGEMENT
SOIL-MICROORGANISM
SOIL-MOISTURE
SOIL-PERMEABILITY
SOIL-PH
SOIL-PLANT-FILTERS
SCIL-PREPARATION
SOIL-PROFILES
SOIL-PROFILES
SCIL-PROFILES
SCIL-PROFILES
SOIL-PROFILES
SOIL-PROFILES
SCIL-PRCFILES
SOIL-PKOFILES
SOIL-PROFILES
SOIL-PROFILES
SCIL-PROFILES
SOIL-PROFILES
SCIL-PROFILES
SOIL-PROFILE
SOIL-PROFILE
SCU-PROFILE
SCIL-PRCFILE
SCIL-PRCFILE
SOIL-PROFILE
SOIL-PRCF1LE
SCIL-PROPERTIES
SOIL-RESEARCH
SCIL-SEALING-TREAT
SCIL-SOLIDS
SCIL-SOLUTICN
SOIL-SURFACE
SCIL-TEMPERATURE
SOIL-TREATMENT
SOIL-WATER
SOIL-WATER
SOIL-WATER
SOIL-HATER-MOVEMEN
SCIL-WATER-PERCOLA
SOIL-HATER-RETENTI
SOLAR-ENERGY
SCLAR-ENERGY
SCLAR-POHER
SOLIDIFICATION
SCLIOSBELL
SOLIDS-CONTENT
SCLIDS-LOSSES
SOLIDS-RECOVERY
SOLIDS-REDUCTION
SCLIDS-REDUCTION
SOLIDS-REMOVAL
SOLIDS-REMOVAL
SCLIOS-SEPARATION
SOLID-FLOORS
SOLID-FLOORS
SOLID-PISTON-PUMP
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SDLIO-HASTES
SCLID-WASTES
SCLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SCLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SCLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
HOH EGGHEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
FOR THE SAKE Of YOUR NEIGHBOURS SLURRY INJECTION KEYWORDS SLURRIES EQUIPMENT COSTS LA
TECHNISUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES DAIRY-IND
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING HASTE
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL HATER
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE HASTES KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL HATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES GROUNDWATER-POLL
ANIMAL HASTES-PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH-INFLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SHINE EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE REED CANARYGRASS AND CORN KEYWORD
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UNITS KEYWORDS SHINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
MOVEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MANORIAL NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT LOW TEMPERATURES KEY
BEEF CATTLE FE6DLOTS-IMPACT ON UNDERLYING SOIL KEYHORDS SOIL-PROFILES GROUNOWATER FEED
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SHINE WASTEWATER IN LABORATORY SOIL PROFILES KEYHORDS SOIL-PROFILE
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
THE EFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL HATER KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES HATE
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS SOIL-PROFILES CH
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES WATER-POLL
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND BARNYARD SOIL P
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL PERCOLATES FROM LYSIMETERS TREATED WITH MANURE KEYWOR
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LITTER-CHANGES IN SOIL POTASSIUM CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM KEYWOR
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE FEE
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EFFECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELDS KEYHORDS FERTILIZE
EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FCR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
EFFECT OF LIQUID SHINE WASTE APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION KEYWORDS LIQUID
WASTE ACCUMULATION ON A SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND SALT OF
DAIRY WASTE GOES FULL CYCLE IN RESEARCH KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LAND-DISPOSAL LIQUID-
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL PROFILE WITH A HEAVY APPLICATION
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS IN EASTERN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS FEEDLOT
FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOCN EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYHORDS
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION OF AMMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SOIL-DISPOSA
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES KEYWORDS SAMPLING SOILS NI
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARO RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
HATER QUALITY AND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE WASTE
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A COLO SILTY C
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH CCNCENTRATE RATION CONTAINING 25 PER CENT GROUND BEEF MAN
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEDL
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYHORD
SOIL hATER NITRATE BENEATH A BROAD BASIN TERRACED FEEOLOT KEYWORDS SOIL-HATER NITRATES
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEOYARC RUNOFF CATCHMENTS KEYHOROS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF GROUN
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES DAIRY-IND
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES WATER-POLL
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UNITS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
FEEDLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER EVAPORATION KEYHORDS FEEDLCTS EFFE
DRYING ANIMAL HASTF.S WITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYHORDS DRYING FA
DRYING DAIRY HASTES WITH SOLAR ENERGY KEYWORDS DRYING COSTS COMPOSTING RECYCLING DAIR
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES KEYHORDS ENERGY FUE
SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES HITH PORTLAND CEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY PORTLAND-CEMENTS FLY-A
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A PCULTRY WASTE MIXED LIQUOR KEYWORDS WASTE-IREATMEN
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-HASTES DES
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEOLOTS IN THE CORNBELT KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS CORN-BELT RAINF
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR RECOVERING CATTLE HASTE SOLIDS KEYWORDS FLOCCULATION CATTLE FL
A RECIRCULATING WASTE SYSTEM FOR SWINE UNITS KEYHORDS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS
TAKING CARE OF WASTES FROM THE TROUT FARM KEYHOROS FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT HATER-POLLUT
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARATION DEVICES KEYHORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SCREENS SETTLIN
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHOROS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYHORDS
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS DAIRY-
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES FCR SOLUTIONS KEYHORDS HASTE-MANAGEME
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITICN OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE FEECLCT WASTE KtYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATME
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS HATER-PCLLUTICN-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEOLOTS H
RISER INTAKE DESIGNS FOR FEEDLOT SOLIDS COLLECTION BASINS KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS SOLID-WAST
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID SOLID SEPARATION KEYHORDS L1QU
A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS FROM WATER KEYWORDS SOLID-WAST
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLIC AND LIQUID WASTES KEYWORDS SOLID-HAS
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF FEEDLQT WASTE COLLECTIONS KEYHORDS LIOUID-H
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RAINFALL FEEDLOTS GROUNDHATER-POLLUT
EROCIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS CATTLE FEECLOTS SOLID-HASTES WASTE
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING CF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RE
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ENERGY
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED SOLIDS FED TO STEERS KEYHORDS FEEDS CATTLE SOLID-WASTES P
SOU MODIFICATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTES KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SOIL
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEDLOTS DESIGN HA
MILK PLUS MANURE-HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES DAIRY-INDUSTRY L
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECYCLIN
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIOUIO-WAST
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS EFFECTS
SANITARY LANDFILLING OF POULTRY HASTES KEYHORDS POULTRY SOLID-WASTES COSTS MANURE SAN
A COMPARISON OF SOLID AND LIQUID MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLIO-W
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS KEYWORDS DESIGN HASTE-STORAGE SOLID-HAS
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
NEW HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT SEPARAT10N-TECHNI
SEPARATING SOLID HASTE FROM LIQUID KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIQUID-WASTES CATTLE RECYCL
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTES AND PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THEIR DISPOSAL KEYWO
SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYHORDS SOLID-HASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STORAGE STOR
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WASTES SEPARATION-TE
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS LIVESTOCK A6RICU
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY WASTE TO ENERGY FEED OR FERTILIZE
106
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 73
300 75
200 75
200 75
20Q 75
200 75
100 68
200 71
300 73
700 68
200 71
200 71
700 72
700 73
300 71
100 69
200 75
400 74
300 72
200 75
200 75
400 61
IOC 71
400 73
100 74
200 75
200 75
400 72
700 70
40C 70
600 72
100 75
300 74
300 72
100 74
100 72
200 74
IOC 64
200 63
200 75
400 71
200 75
100 75
100 72
100 71
600 73
200 63
400 72
200 73
200 75
400 71
700 69
100 74
200 74
200 74
400 74
400 74
600 67
700 69
700 72
400 72
400 74
100 65
700 72
200 75
200 75
200 75
200 75
300 74
600 74
100 73
200 64
100 63
1DO 69
100 71
300 63
100 73
400 74
200 73
300 74
100 73
200 73
200 74
200 69
200 74
200 75
200 75
200 75
700 69
200 72
400 73
100 71
300 74
300 73
600 71
400 73
300 73
600 73
200 71
200 64
2478
2507
2704
2712
2749
2752
2788
1933
1881
1826
1928
1928
2319
2563
2133
2084
2611
1883
2088
2710
2648
2360
2761
1633
2502
2611
2741
2573
2781
2803
2122
2265
2217
2371
1951
1657
2146
2079
2154
2742
2271
2566
2265
2789
28C6
1813
2154
2297
2441
2753
1641
1708
1857
2005
2031
2065
2066
2178
2312
2319
2375
2418
2542
2569
2610
2611
2622
2633
1629
1952
2169
1701
2549
2562
2092
2471
23S4
2417
2434
2042
2514
2476
2136
2383
2008
2593
2630
2644
1690
1908
1859
2424
1629
2096
1719
1662
2039
1892
1929
1698
SCLID-WASTES
SCLID-WASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-HASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SOLID-WASTES
SCLID-WASTES
SCLIC-HASTE-OISPOS
SDLIO-WASTE-MANAGE
SOLUBILITY
SOLUTE-ACCUNULATIO
SOLUTS-CONCENTRATI
SORGHUM
SORGHUM
SOURCES
SCURCES-OF-POLLUTI
SOUTHEAST-US
SOUTHEAST-t-S
SOUTHERN-GREAT-PLA
SOUTHWESTERN-GREAT
SOUTHWEST-US
SOUTH-AFRICA
SOUTH-AFRICA
SOUTH-CAROLINA
SOUTH-CAROLINA
SOUTH-CAROLINA
SOUTH-CAROLINA
SOUTH-DAKOTA
SOUTH-DAKOTA
SCUTH-DAKOTA
SOWS
SOYBEANS
SCYBEAN-MEAL
SOYBEAN-MEAL
SPECIFIC-HEAT
SPENT-SLURRY
SPILLAGE
SPRAYING
SPRAYING
SPRAYING
SPRAY-CHAMBERS
SPRAY-DISPOSAL
SPRAY-IRRIGATION
SPRAY-IRRIGATION
SPRAY-IRRIGATION
SPRAY-RUNOFF-SYSTE
SPREADING
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLERS
SPRINKLER
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLER-IRRIGATI
SPRINKLING
SPRINKLING
SPRINKLING
STABILIZATION
STABILIZATION
STABILIZATION
STABILIZATION-POND
STABILIZATION-POND
STABLE-FLIES
STACKERS
STACKINGCURTIS
STACK ING-SYSTEMS
STALL-BARNS
STALL-BARN
STANCHION-CAIRY-BA
STANDARDS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUR
STATE-OF-THE-ART
STATE-OF-THE-ART
STATE-OF-THE-ART
STATISTICAL-MODELS
STATUS-REPORT
STEAM
STEAM-DISTILLATION
STOCKING
STOCKING-DENSITY
STOCKPILING
STOCKYARDS
STOCKYARDS
STORAGE-BASIN:
STORAGE-CAPACITY
STORAGE-PITS
NAF™ K
MANURE FOR ITS VALUE
SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
KEYWORDS SOLID-HASTES
"
COMPMlnN
FERTI?i!«
THP Pi ™ SP
c O" SI»CKED "»N>«E KEYHOROS SOLID-HASTES LIOUID-HAST
e «T^ELIIS MU(WIH6 AP-PLICATIOHS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COW.
E.cip|S °CK "*STES KEV*IOROS FERTILIZERS LIVESTOCK NUTRIENTS PERFORM
m5JrS " PII>E"-INES KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION P
A »«ATr S«N«iiS^S "ASTE f*°* FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS LIBUID-WASTES AG
ATm«2«i? rESoSifJf °" SH'NE UNITS KEY"OROS SWINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
r»OP «!2™« ?J 5IIJS VN *" ENCLOSED SHINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
rSSo 2p»n»i IS ill6 MTERULS FROM VARIOUS FEEDLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
T*,S JJrfnS??6 T° *ASTE "»TF«'»« FRt»' VARIOUS FEEOLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CRO
!«!c I«2JUL ECOLOGY QF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COW MANURE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WAS
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEOLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE SORGHUM KEYWORDS AGRICULTUR
S?I2i . £S ? UTll-I«TION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
WATER AND WATERCOURSES-WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT IN OKLAHOMA KEYWORDS
J..!£;2 ,"JiT€ RECYC1-ING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES TO THE SOUTHEAST KEYWORDS CATTLE SOUTHEAST-U-S WASTE-OISPO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS LIQUID-WAST
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM FEEDLCTS IN. THE SOUTHWESTERN GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS DESIGN A
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE FEEDLCT WASTE FOR GROWING- FINISHING BEEF CATTLE KEYWORDS
MANURE SMELL FURNISHES FARMSTEADS POWER NEEDS KEYWORDS GASES FERTILIZERS ANAEROBIC-DIE
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVESTOCK FEED PART Z KEYWORDS POULTRY LIVESTOCK REFEEDING SOUTH-
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL FE
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
FEEOLOT WASTE RECYCLING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINETICS KEYWORDS MODEL-STUDIES MATHEMATICA
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEOLOTS WAT
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PCLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEOLOTS KEYWOR
FEEDLOT POLLUTION-A SOLVABLE PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF HATER-POLLUTION SOU
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR SOWS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS BREEDING WASTE-DISPOSA
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEVWOR
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND CRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORDS FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF BEEF MANURE KEYWORDS MOISTURE-CO
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
LICENSING CONCERNS FCR THE TRANSPORTATION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES TRA
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS KEYWORDS ODOR MECHANICAL-CONTROL LEGAL-ASPECTS SPRA
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ON THE FARM KEYWORDS POULTRY SPREADING SPRAYING HYDRAULIC-C
AERpBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS AERO
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS ODOR OUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION KEYWOR
EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK KEYWORDS HEALTH DISEASES SALMONELLA SPRAY-IRRIGATION CATT
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FOR TODAY KEYHORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SAMPLING CHEMICAL-PROPERT1E
EXPERIENCE WITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FCR TREATING. BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ON THE FARC KEYWORDS POULTRY SPREADING SPRAYING HVDRAULIC-C
MANURE HOLDING POND ODOR CONTROL KEYWORDS AERATION SIZE MANURE-HOLD! NG-POND ODOR-CONT
SELECTION OF PUMPS PIPING AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT APPLIED TO COASTAL BERMUOAGRASS KEYWD
TEST SWINE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE HASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING WATER-POLLUTI
SOIL PERCCLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
LCH COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS DIS
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED WASTEWA
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUM KEYWORDS
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE WORRY-ADOPTS TOTAL RECYCLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS IDAHO RECVCLIN
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYWORDS IRRIGATION HASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS D
MANURE SLURRY STORAGE PROCESSING AND PUMPING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PUMPING SLURRIES
FIELD TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING COW MANURE WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WAS
MANAGING ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LAGOONS DESIGN SPRINKLER-IRRIGATION C
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-1RR
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS CLEANING DESIGN S
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSITION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LAGOON EFF
AN ILLINOIS FEEOLOT RUNOFF CONTROL PROJECT KEYWORDS ILLINOIS FEEDLOTS DESIGN SPRINKLE
FEEDLOT WASTE RECYCLING WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-STORAGE W
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE HASTE-0
TOTAL HASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
CONTROL OF DUST FRCM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL DUSTS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SPRINKLIN
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES KEYWORDS SPRINKLING LIQUID-WAST
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES OOORS AND OUSTS KEYW
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-
SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS SLUDGE-DIGESTION ECONOMICS FEASIB1LIT
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL HASTES TREATMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WASTfi-TREATME
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYWORDS EFFLUENTS FARM-HASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYWCROS HASTE-DISPOSAL AEROBIC-CONDITIONS ANAEROBIC-CONDIT10
HORN FLIES STABLE FLIES AND HOUSE FLIES-DEVELOPMENT IN FECES OF BOVINES TREATED OHALLY
SOLID HASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STORAGE STOR
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE SOLID-WASTES SEPARATION-TE
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE CF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
ANIMAL HASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY
iCDNOMIC RESEARCH PERTAINING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CO
SHINE PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS SWINE ECONOMICS STATE-
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS AEROBIC-TREATMENT FARM
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLOIOAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOT SURFACE KEYWORDS ZE
I STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL HASTES TO OIL KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES OIL FEEDLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
»S?ATILIZATION OF N TROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEDL
CONTROL OF OUST FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS CONTROL OUSTS CATTLE FEEOLOTS SPRINKLIN
SLATTED-FIOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYHORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
SHINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYHORDS SWINE COLLECT.ION REMOVAL CONFINEM
THESE STOCKYARDS SOLUTIONS COULD WORK FOR YOU KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT L
DEMONSTRATION OF HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-HASTES SHEEP CHEMI
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI APPROACH TO SWINE HASTE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI KEY
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF HATER IN RELATION TO FEEDLOT OPERATIONS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AGRICU
HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS POULTRY HYDRAULIC-COLLECTION ODOR DESI
107
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 66 1743
300 74 179*
300 72 1830
200 75 2632
200 75 2693
400 74 2416
100 74 2327
400 74 2417
600 71 1730
300 72 1602
IOC 74 1694
400 74 2417
700 73 2583
400 72 2538
700 72 1706
600 74 1756
300 72 2533
700 72 2315
300 68 2220
100 72 2170
600 74 2068
400 73 2098
300 68 2220
200 75 2670
200 75 2674
100 71 2767
700 69 1863
300 1774
100 73 2226
400 73 2504
200 75 2716
400 74 2094
100 72 1667
100 74 2541
100 71 2570
700 71 1791
-MS-7.5-2A16.
100 71 2413
600 75 2492
200 75 2755
200 75 2715
400 75 2071
100 69 1659
400 74 1769
300 71 1882
200 74 2185
700 68 1826
300 71 2077
700 65 2168
600 64 2204
400 72 2289
300 46 2414
400 72 2511
600 73 1803
200 71 1928
300 74 1891
100 72 2580
300 74 2791
400 74 2066
700 71 1762
100 73 1639
600 74 1684
200 71 1967
200 71 1972
200 64 2182
100 73 1663
600 2777
100 73 1665
100 75 2365
300 73 2384
200 75 2587
700 73 1652
100 73 1905
100 71 2092
400 74 2232
100 71 2241
700 67 2363
300 75 2411
700 70 2781
200 75 2692
100 73 1635
400 71 1641
700 69 1650
700 67 1651
100 72 1661
300 71 1672
400 73 1674
100 72 1675
700 66 1707
700 69 1706
600 71 1719
600 71 1723
600 71 1727
TOO 71 1732
700 64 1735
700 70 1736
600 71 1737
700 71 1766
200 73 1789
300 74 1794
STORAGE-PITS
STORAGE-PITS
STORAGE-PITS
STORAGE-PITS
STORAGE-PITS
STORAGE-POND
STORAGE-REQUIREMEN
STORAGE-RECUIREMEN
STORAGE-TANKS
STORAGE-TANKS
STORAGE-TANKS
STORAGE-TANKS
STORAGE-TANK
STORAGE-TIME
STORM-RUNOFF
STORM-RUNOFF
STORM-RUNOFF
STRATIFICATION
STRAT1SCAL-METHOOS
STRATUM
STREAMS
STREAMS
STREPTOCOCCUS
STREPTOCOCCUS
STREPTOCOCCUS
STREPTOCOCCUS
STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVI
STRESS
STRESS
STRIP-MINES
STRUCTURES
SUBDU
SUBSTRATES
SUBSTRATE
SUBSTRATE
SUBSURFACE-OISPOSA
SUB SU_R_F_AC£- 01 SPniA
SUBSUKFACE-DISTRIB
SUBSURFACe-INJECTI
SUeSURFACE-INJECTI
SUB-SOD-INJECTION
SULFA-DRUGS
SULFUR
SULFUR
SULFUR
SULFUR
SULFUR-COMPOUNDS
SULFUR-DIOXIDE
SULFUR-DIOXIDE
SULFUR-DIOXIDE
SULPHUR-DIOXIDE
SUPERPHOSPHATE
SUPERPHOSPHATE
SUPPLEMENT
SURFACES
SURFACE-AERATORS
SURFACE-AERATOR
SURFACE-AERATOR
SURFACE-IRRIGATION
SURFACE-LOADING
SURFACE-RUNOFF
SURFACE-SLOPE
SURFACE-HATERS
SURFACE-WATERS
SURFACE-HATERS
SURVEYS
SURVEYS
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SUSPENDED-SOL IDS
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SUSPENDED-SOLIDS
SWEDEN
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR GRIDS FOR CONFINMENET CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS CO
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE OPERATIONS KEYHOROS LIQUID-WASTES MANAGEMENT SHINE
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES SHINE HASTE-MANAGEMENT MANU
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIQUID SHINE MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYHORDS LIQUID-HASTES HA
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDERFLOOR LIQUID MANURE PITS KEYHORDS ODOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYHOROS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLAE IN POULTRY EXCRETA KEYHORDS POULTRY SALMONELLA WASTE-STORAG
SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STORAGE STOR
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRAM IN ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS SOIL-CONSEKVATI
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONCMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF BUILDING INCLUDING MANURE TANKS KEYWORDS DES
SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STORAGE STOR
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALCRIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
FRESH HASTES HAVE MORE NUTRIENTS KEYWORDS POULTRY PERFORMANCE DIETS PROTEINS NUTRIENT
WATER QUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEEDLOT KEYHORDS WATER-QUALITY STORM-R
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEEDLCTS KEYHOROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AN
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONDS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STOR
THE STRATIFICATION OF AN ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE LAGCON KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY STRATIF
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A HESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYUOKDS STREA
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY KEYHORDS LAGOONS DAIRY-INDUSTRY TENNESSEE
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES-HILDL
METHODS FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS FROM HATER KEY
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINATION ON L
INFLUENCE OF LOH LEVEL HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH LEPOMI
STRIP MINE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEEOLOTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO WAS
SHORTEST PATH NETWORK ANALYSIS OF MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST COST DAIRY
NEW ODOR CONTROL PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE KEYHORDS OCOR CONTROL BACTERIA FEEOLOTS FARM-H
THERMOPCILIC BACTERIAL OXIDATION CF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES KEYWORDS THERMOPHI
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM DAIRY CATTLE HASTES KEYWORDS PROTEINS DAIRY-INDUSTRY SEPARATIO
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOTRANSFER CF AFLATOXIN KEYHCRDS MICROORGANISMS TOXIC1TY FEEDLOT
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
JAPACT.S OF .IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOS
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID ORGANIC HASTES THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION KEVW
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING ANIMAL MANURES AND SEWAGE SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL KEYWORDS
DUNG HO-FOA SETS REGS ON RECYCLED FEED KEYHOROS REGULATION RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES FE
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF HASTES TC SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING HASTE
CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS OIL FUELS RECYCLING PYROLYSIS CELLULOSE ENER
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MANUR
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION BUILDING KEYWORDS SWINE CONFI
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE AIR-POLLUTION ARIZONA POLLUTANTS S
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION SWINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTICN LI
MOLASSES FROM MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS SLUDGE PROTEINS MANURE MOLASSES SULPHUR-DIOXIDE
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION OEODCRIZATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE USED GN MANURE KEYHORCS POULTRY DRYING FERTILIZERS ECONOMIC
FEEDLOT ANIMAL WASTE COMPARED WITH CCTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
CROP RESPCNSE TO WASTE MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS FEEDLCT COLLECTION SYSTEMS KEYHORDS CRO
A WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SWINE HASTE-TRE
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTCCK HASTES KEYHCROS LIVESTOCK WASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SHIN6 SCOTLA
HOH IRRIGATION CAN BE USED TO HANDLE MANURE KEYHORDS IRRIGATION WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS 0
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING OEMTRIF1 CAT ION IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN W
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS-PROPERT[ES OF MANURE ACCUMULATIONS KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDL
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS SURFACE-HATERS ENVIRONM
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF MANURE KEYWORDS PLANNING AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF SURFACE-HATE
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYHOROS NITRATES NITRITES N
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CN HATER QUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION BY 01SSOLVEO'NITRATE KEYWORDS NITRATES FERTILIZERS GEOCHEMI
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION OITCH
SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWURDS LAGOONS EF
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA HASTE-DIS
SURVIVAL CF SALMONELLAE TOTAL COLIFORMS AND FECAL CCLIFORMS IN SWINE WASTE LAGOON EFFLU
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FEEDLOT RUNCFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT AGR
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE KEYWORDS AERCBIC-TREATMENT SWINE EFFLUENTS SUSPEND
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYHORDS EFFLUENTS FARM-HASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER KEVHORDS FISH-FARMING REGULATIONS EFFLUENT PONDS SUSPENOEO-S
THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGH RATE BICLCGICAL FILTRATION TOWER HHEN TREATING
ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SHINE HASTE KEYHCRDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY HATER-POLLUTION
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POLLUTIQNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF FROM THO FEEOLOTS KEYHOR
MANURE GASES AND AIR CURRENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK VENTILATION HYOR
MINIMUM AERATION FOR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SHINE WASTES KEYHORDS AERATION ODOR-CONTROL
TEST SHINE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYHCROS SHINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING HATER-POLLUTI
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYHOROS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-D
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A PIGGERY USING THE AERQBICALLY STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE KEYHORDS
OXIDATION HHEEL ELIMINATES ODORS MANURE HANDLING AND POLLUTION KEYWORDS HASTE-HANDLIN
EFFECT OF APPLYING SHINE FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT MINERAL LEVELS KEYWORDS SHINE FECES
NOH NO ODOR HASTE HANDLING KEYHORDS OOCR HASTE-HANOLING SHINE CENTRIFUGAL-PUMPS SEHAG
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED SHINE EXCREMENT KEYHORDS NUTRIENTS SHINE EXCR
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS KEYHO
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTCCK LAGCON EFFLUENT KEYHORDS SOILS P
SHINE MANURE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS KEYHORDS SWINE COLLECTION REMOVAL CONFINEM
SHINE SYSTEMS FOR IOHA AND NORTH CENTRAL STATES KEYHOROS SHINE HASTE-MANAGEMENT IOWA E
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES OF CONFINEMENT AND HASTE DISPOSAL S
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT KEYHORDS SWINE CO
ODORS PRODUCED BY SHINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYHOROS ODOR SWINE CONFINEMENT-HOUSING
ODOR CONTROL AND DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE WITH MINIMUM AERATION KEYWORDS ODOR CONT
SLOTTED FLOORS FOR HOGS-PROGRESS AND TRENDS KEYWCRCS SHINE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION SLOTTE
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHINE IN A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT HOUSE KEY
SHINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE CDOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SHINE OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LIOUIO-HASTES MANAGEMENT SHINE
108
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 12 1795
300 73 1825
700 68 1826
300 72 1B30
400 72 1B36
300 73 1S81
300 74 1891
600 73 1892
100 73 19C5
100 72 1913
600 74 1958
200 74 2020
200 74 2021
200 74 2023
2UO 74 2025
200 74 2028
2DO 74 2032
200 74 2035
600 74 2050
300 73 2053
100 74 2069
400 74 2070
600 74 2081
100 74 2097
200 73 2101
100 74 2108
600 72 2122
200 74 2139
200 74 2150
200 74 2151
400 74 2172
700 65 2188
600 66 2194
100 71 2200
600 64 2201
600 64 2204
600 67 2205
600 69 2216
700 63 2233
100 71 2241
400 75 2251
100 73 2254
400 72 2273
200 73 2278
200 67 2281
400 72 2290
100 75 2293
700 63 2311
400 74 2336
100 73 2342
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
100 71 2358
200 72 2361
700 67 2363
100 75 2365
400 72 2366
400 7Z 2376
300 74 2382
200 70 2398
100 71 2402
100 72 2412
100 74 2430
20D 73 2440
200 73 2443
100 74 2449
300 74 2452
200 73 2483
600 72 2489
300 2496
300 72 2522
500 71 2524
300 74 2528
200 73 2529
700 73 2532
100 65 2542
100 71 2551
400 73 2552
30O 74 2556
600 75 2559
700 72 2569
100 63 2581
700 73 2584
200 75 2587
200 75 2588
200 75 2629
200 75 2630
200 75 2631
200 75 2632
200 75 2633
200 75 2634
200 75 2636
200 75 2637
200 75 2638
200 75 2639
200 75 2640
200 75 2649
200 75 2650
200 75 2652
200 75 2655
SHINE
SHINE
SUINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
.SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SUINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SUINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SUINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SUINE
SUINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SUINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINf
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
SHINE
A
A HAW
IKPLF»JNTIM
AREA NEEDED F^RLiND n?«n«,"V*ST" KEm""DS NUTRIENTS SHINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIOA
K" AN° SWINE "*STES CHORDS CATTLE SHINE MASTE-OIS
N ENCLOSE° SHINE PRCOUCTION BUILDING KEYHORDS SUINE CONFI
H'NE KEVI*0(
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2656
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 74 2466
200 73 2477
200 73 2479
600 72 2483
100 61 2505
100 63 2549
700 63 2553
700 72 2568
200 75 2672
TOO 72 2770
100 71 2787
700 67 2228
100 74 1831
200 75 2670
200 75 2683
300 1767
100 73 2051
300 72 1628
300 71 2196
200 75 27S8
200 75 2747
400 71 1641
200 rs 2618
200 68 1643
700 72 1706
600 74 1751
600 72 1753
200 73 1789
300 1792
100 73 1806
400 73 1812
400 75 2322
300 75 2335
300 72 2386
100 71 2413
400 75 2501
200 75 2671
200 75 2691
200 75 2710
100 72 2799
700 71 1766
100 74 1951
400 73 1768
100 74 1951
200 75 2631
700 71 1766
700 71 1766
200 72 2168
700 71 1766
700 71 1766
400 74 1636
100 72 1667
400 72 1945
400 72 2046
400 72 2240
400 73 2416
300 74 2044
600 74 2050
-700 72 2770
100 74 2045
200 75 2619
400 72 2230
700 71 1732
200 73 2436
300 74 1678
200 72 1880
300 72 2086
200 69 2221
200 74 2033
300 74 2044
600 74 1749
600 72 1993
200 73 2482
200 75 2720
200 75 2720
200 75 2720
100 61 1669
100 61 1670
100 65 1750
600 72 1875
100 72 2110
100 73 2121
200 64 2182
700 65 2188
400 71 2269
100 75 2272
100 73 2354
.200 73 2479
100 70 2520
100 71 2570
100 75 2790
700 73 2792
100 72 2796
100 73 1806
400 74 1917
100 69 1659
200 74 1777
300 71 1882
300 74 1678
300 72 2088
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPORAL-DISTRIBUT
TENANT-FARMERS
TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE-VAUEV-A
TENSIOMETERS
TERRACES
TERRACING
TERRACING
TERRACING
TiRTIARY-TREATMENT
TESTING
TESTING
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS
TEXAS-TECHNOLOGIC!
THERMAl-CONOUCTIVI
THERMAl-CONDUCTIVI
THERMAL-OECOMPOSIT
THERMAL-DIFFUSIVIT
THERMAL-DISCHARGES
THERMAL-ENVIRONMEN
THERMAL-INSULATION
ThERMOCHEMlCAL-EVA
THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOMETERS
THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
TfERMOPHILIC-BACTE
TH6RMOPHILIC-BACTE
THERNOPHILIC-REACT
THERMOPHILIC-REACT
THIN-LAYER-DRYING-
TWIESHOLD-LEVEL
TI6-STALL-OAIRY-BA
TILTH
TIME-LAPSE-PHOTOGR
TIPPING-BUCKET
TOPOGRAPHY
TCPOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
TOTAL-01SSOLVED-SO
TOTAL-DISSOLVE0-SO
TOTAL-SOLIDS
TOTAL-SOLIDS
TOTAL-SOLIDS
TOTAL-SOLIDS
TOTAL-SUSPENOEO-SO
TOTAL-VOLATILE-SOU
TBXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXICITY
TOXIC-FERMENTATION
TRAFFIC-PATTERNS
TRANSFORMATIONS
TRANSFORMATION
TRANSFORMATION
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
FS!2I«.S*? !E SIMf>l-E *N° EFfECT'« KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
n«ftSS «E,?««™JTEHS °N ™E ANIM'LS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-?
PLANNIG e™??n««l™
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 71 2146
100 73 2176
600 72 2262
300 73 2498
100 72 2800
200 63 2159
600 72 2074
200 75 2729
300 2571
200 64 2566
100 73 1673
100 72 2193
300 73 2039
400 72 2554
700 72 2409
200 75 2736
200 74 2007
300 72 2386
200 75 2730
600 72 1995
100 69 1659
200 74 2008
300 74 2576
300 74 2118
400 74 1797
300 73 2407
100 73 2582
200 75 2607
20C 75 2618
100 72 2359
400 72 2376
600 74 1949
300 74 2556
200 73 2475
200 75 2680
600 71 2531
200 64 1704
300 73 1785
400 65 2037
300 74 1860
100 73 1832
300 74 2217
100 72 1657
100 75 2272
100 60 2518
400 74 2095
100 60 2518
400 72 2283
300 73 1835
400 73 2067
200 73 2482
600 73 1852
700 72 2316
200 73 2478
200 75 2686
200 75 2691
200 75 2743
300 68 2220
200 73 2439
100 75 2456
400 72 2554
200 73 2439
700 65 1666
200 73 2483
700 69 1650
700 64 1735
600 73 1763
400 74 1765
600 73 1815
400 73 1854
100 72 1913
100 72 1960
400 74 1994
300 74 211B
200 63 2157
600 69 2175
700 65 2188
100 71 2200
600 64 2204
600 69 2216
400 71 2271
400 71 2276
100 71 2351
300 74 2428
200 74 2458
200 74 2466
200 73 2477
600 72 2489
100 66 2513
100 73 2514
400 71 2S72
700 73 2583
200 75 2607
200 75 2620
200 75 2692
200 75 2693
100 71 2762
200 72 1880
700 69 222S
700 73 2379
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION-FUE
TRANSPORTING
TREATMENT
TREATMENT-EFFICIEN
TRESPASS
TRICKLING-FILTERS
TROUT
TROUT
TRUCK-HASHRACK
TUBERCULOSIS
TURBIOITr
TUR8INE-AIR-AERATI
TURKEYS
TURKEYS
TURN-CVER
TWO-CROP-FISH-PROD
ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL
UNOERCAGE-DRYING-P
UNDERGROUNC-WASTE-
UNINSULATED-HOUS1N
UNITEO-BEEF-PROOUC
UNITEC-KINGOOM
UNITED-KINGDOM
UNITED-KINGDOM
UNITED-KINGDOM
UNITED-STATES
UNITED-STATES
UNIVERSAL-SOIL-LOS
UMVERSAL-SOIL-LOS
USPAVEC-FEEDLOTS
UNPAVED-FEEDLOTS
UNPflVED-LOTS
URBANIZATION
URBAN-AREAS
URBAN-DEVELOPMENT
URBAN-RUNOFF
UREAS
UREAS
UREA
URIC-ACID
URIC-ACID
URINE
URINE
UTAH
UTILITIES
UTILIZATION
UTILIZATION
VACUUM-FILTRATION
VACUUM-FILTRATION
VACUUM-FILTRATION
VALUE
VAPOR-DILUTION
VARIABILITY
VARIATION-COEFFIC1
VECTORS
VECTORS
VECTORS
VEGETATION-REMOVAL
VELOCITY
VELOCITY
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VIRUSES
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
LICENSING CONCERNS FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES TRA
RECYCLING ENERGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECCNON1CS KEYMORCS RECYCLING ECONOMICS AGRICULTURE E
PROPERTIES RELATED TO MATERIALS HANDLING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEOLOT MANURE-A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY KEYWORDS DESIGN EQUIPMENT
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR TRANSPORTATION KEYWORDS ENERGY RECYCLING ANIMAL-HASTES HYO
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE HARVESTING KEYWORDS POULTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STORAGE HAS
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS PROTEINS ANIMAL-WASTES CATTLE FEEDS TRE
LIQUID COMPOSTING APPLIED TO AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES EQUIPMENT AER
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDLOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS NE
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
TAKING CARE OF WASTES FROM THE TROUT FARM KEYWORDS FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT WATER-POLLUT
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-WASTES SHEEP CHEMI
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES I
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF FE6DLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF CHEMICA
TURBINE AIR AERATION SYSTEM FOR POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS TURBINE-AIR-AERA
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM GROWING TURKEYS KEYWORDS NUTRIENT
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCEDURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FERMENTATION
A THO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TC SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN HIGH DENSITY POULTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS POULTRY
POLLUTED GROUNOUATER-A REVIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE KEYWORDS GROUNDWATER-POLL
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LICUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL
FARM hASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS ODOR WATER-POLLUTION CRO
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE US ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE USA KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES UNITED-STATES AEROBIC-TREATMENT POULTR
HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE AND STAY OUT OF COURT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
ERODIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEDLOTS SOLID-HASTES WASTE
WATER QUALITY AND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE WASTE
OUTDOOR UNPAVED FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLCTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
A MYCOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE IN A SEMIARID TEMPERATE CLIMATE KEY
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
SOCIAL LEGAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED AREAS KEYWO
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT HATE
MANURE ODORS CAN LAND YOU IN COURT KEYWORDS ODOR LEGAL-ASPECTS URBAN-DEVELOPMENT ZONI
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS CF LAKES FROM NQNPOINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN ACUARIA AND IN SEA WATER USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE KEYW
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN MANURES MADE FROM SPENT SLURRY KEYWORDS NITROGEN FERTIL
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION HITH POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS POULTR
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJCR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE KEYWO
URINARY EXCRETION OF QUINALOINE BY CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS URINE CHANNEL-CATFISH OUI
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJCR NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE KEYWO
COSTS OF CONTROLLING FEEOLOT SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLDTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF COST
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYWORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL DESI
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT HATER-POLLUTIO
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES DES
VACUUM FILTRATION OF CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS VACUUM-FILTRATION SLURRIES SLUDGE MOISTUR
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM FILTRATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TEC
SOLIDS SEPARATION KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES SOLID-WASTES SLURRIES SETTLING-BASIN
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES FEEDS VA
EVALUATION OF ODOR INTENSITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING OPERATIONS IN TEXAS KEYWORDS FEED
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZATION PLANTS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITE
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
MOSQUITO CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK WASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS 1972 KEYWORDS LAGOONS MOSQUIT
WINTER INOCULATIVE RELEASES CF PARASITOIDS TO REDUCE HOUSE FLIES IN POULTRY MANURE KEY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-HASTES Z
MOSQUITO CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK HASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS 1972 KEYWORDS LAGOONS MOSQUIT
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN-CRITERIA HYDRAULIC-TRANSPORTATION M
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODCR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-0
ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN CONFINEMENT HOUSING KEYWORDS ODOR SWIME CONFINEMENT-HOUSING
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES HITH SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST VENTILATION AIR KEYHORDS DRYING FA
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE FROM CAGED LAYERS KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT POULTRY VENTIL
TWO WAYS TO REDUCE AMMONIA LEVEL IN BROILER HOUSES KEYWORDS AMMONIA LITTER BROILERS V
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON AIR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A MOCEL SWINE CONFINEMENT BUILO
COMPARISON OF SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN POLE TYP
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LICUID MANURE MANAGEMENT FCR THE ENTIRE DAIRY HERD-SYSTEMS APPRO
INDOOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS LAGOONS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL OD
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN OPEN FRONT SLOTTED FLOOR BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING KEYH
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS KEYHORDS AIR-POLLUTION SHINE CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SHINE BUILDINGS HITH FLUID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS AIR-POLLUTION LI
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR LEVEL KEYWORDS CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS OOOR OUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS FOR POULTRY HOUSES KEYWORDS DESIGN VENTILATION NUTRIENTS COST
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR SLOTTED FLCOR SWINE BUILDINGS KEYWORDS VENTILATION DESIGN C
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
EFFECTS OF HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-P
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONFINEMENT SWINE FACILITIES KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS PL
THAT ODOR KEYHORDS ODOR CONTROL VENTILATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION CHEMICAL-REACTION 0
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS POULTRY OOOR HATER-POLLUTION VENTILATION DEEP-PITS f
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND INFLUENCES OF THE MANURE STORAGE TANK
IN-HOUSE MANURE ORYING-THE SLAT SYSTEM KEYHORDS DESIGN POULTRY DRYING ODOR VENTILATIO
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STO
MANURE GASES AND AIR CURRENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK VENTILATION HYOR
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDERFLOOR LIQUID MANURE PITS KEYWORDS ODOR AIR-POLLUTION DESIGN
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FCR CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING KEYWORDS
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS KEYHCRDS AQUIFERS EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION Of THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL 0
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A POULTRY WASTE MIXED LIQUOR KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMEN
112
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 73 2*82
100 7* 2775
300 74 2217
100 48 2400
100 61 2505
600 74 2285
200 75 2689
200 75 2690
100 74 2045
600 72 1993
300 74 2044
700 69 2181
700 67 2234
100 63 2581
300 68 1625
200 73 1784
700 72 2321
400 73 1957
100 74 2242
100 73-2249
100 712424
300 75 2507
200 75 2633
300 74 2255
400 75 2341
200 73 2487
100 73 1637
600 73 1616
400 72 1940
300 75 2339
300 74 1627
700 69 1734
200 75 2590
100 69 1659
300 73 1785
200 63 2166
300 68 2220
600 72 2106
600 74 2081
200 74 2151
300 72 2386
400 73 1812
100 74 2082
300 73 2096
200 75 2614
400 72 2306
200 74 2006
200 74 1986
400 75 2575
200 71 1933
100 75 2422
600 74 1756
400 75 2341
300 74 1782
300 74 1619
400 74 1630
400 73 1633
400 71 1641
200 66 1644
200 74 1649
700 66 1679
100 73 1685
200 64 1691
200 64 1692
200 64 1693
200 64 1703
200 64 1705
600 71 1727
300 71 1739
700 71 1742
600 74 1751
400 74 1770
300 68 1776
600 67 1780
700 71 1791
300 1792
100 71 1796
400 74 1797
100 72 1798
400 74 1799
300 72 1802
600 73 1803
400 72 1804
200 70 1805
100 73 1806
400 72 1807
400 74 1809
400 74 1810
400 73 1811
300 70 1814
400 73 1817
400 72 1819
400 73 1820
100 74 1821
300 73 1825
400 74 1827
100 73 1833
300 73 1835
400 73 1859
100 71 1872
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
VITAMIN-*
VITAMIN-B12
VITAMIN-B12
VOLATILE-ACIDS
VOLATILE-COMPOUNDS
VOLAT RE-COMPOUNDS
VOLATILE-ORGANIC-A
VOLATILE-SOLIDS
VCLATILE-SOLIDS
VOLATILE-SCLIDS
VQLATILE-SCLIDS
VCLATILE-SCLIDS
VOLATILITY
VOLATILITY
VOLATILITY
VOLATILIZATION
VOLATILIZATION
VOLATILIZATION
VOLATILIZATION
VOLATILIZATION
VOLATILIZATION
VCLITALIZATION
VOLUME
VOLUME
VOLUNTARY-INTAKE
HARM-DARNS
HARM-HATER"
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON-STATED
WASTELAGE
MASTELAGE
HASTES
HASTES
HASTES
WASTES
MASTEWATERS
WASTEHATEK
HASTEhATER
HASTE
HASTE-ACCUMULATION
HASTE-ACCUMULATION
HASTE-ACCUMULATION
HASTE-ACCUMULATION
HASTE-ACCUMULATON
HASTE-CHARACTERIST
HASTE-COLLECTION
HASTE-COLLECTION
HASTE-CONTROL-OROE
HASTE-DECOMPOSITIO
HASTE-DILUTION
HASTE-CILUTION
HASTE-DISCHARGE
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPCSAL
HASTE-CISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
WASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
WASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
WASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTi-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
WASTE-DISPOSAL
WASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
PF
«n2c 4N""L "ASTE KE™OROS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES OES
MPRCPERTIES °F "G MANURE «™OROS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES EVALUATIO
EAL UREA AN° DRIEO CHICKEN "«WM AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR GROWING
° ™E GROMTH FACTO" '*««" IN COW MANURE KEYWORDS FARM-HAST
H°USE L'TTER ANO DROM>INGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
AT CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS KEYWORDS POULTRY WAST
? MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SHINE BIULDING AND MEASUR
n,. « E*SURE"ENT AND SENS°"* EVALUATION OF DAIRY HASTE DOOR KEYHORDS ODOR MEA
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY INDEX ANO ODOROUS COMPONENTS IN STORED DAIRY MANURE KEYHOR
rTSmSN!SIn!i?pJ!Is SCREEN T0 SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES KEYHORD
ii2«l?, ! IC COMPOSTING OF CATTLE HASTES AND EVALUATION OF BY PRODUCTS KEYWORDS LIB
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYHORDS WASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS OAIR
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYHOROS FARM-HASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG HASTES KEYHOROS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION SLUDGE-DIGESTION METHA
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
SHINE FECAL OOOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYHOROS SHINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY HASTE OOOR KEYWORDS ODOR VOL
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE DAIRY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA HATER-POL
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE ANO TEMPERATURE KEYWORDS NITROGEN
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES VOLATILIZED FROM CATTLE FEEDYARD KEYWORDS FEEDLOT
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM BEEF CATTLE AREAS KEYWORDS FEEOL
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS VALUE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES LIOUID-HASTES CROP-RESPONSE ODOR
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SHINE PROOUCTICN FACILITY KEYHORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
ANIMAL HASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES CF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYHO
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYHORDS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE WASTE-DILUTIO
RETURNING ANIMAL HASTES TO THE LANO-EOUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS KEYHORDS EQUIPMENT DESIG
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR KUMINANTS II EFFECTS OF FAT ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL PRIOR T
HASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE 8EEF HOUSING SYSTEMS KEYWCROS CATTLE CONFINEMENT-PENS PERFORM
HARM HATER STUDY KEYHORDS REGULATION FEEDS ALGAE FEEDLOTS GENERAT ING-PLANT WARM-HATER
GROUND HATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHHESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNOHAT
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE HASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF HASTELAGE KEYWORDS FEEDS RECYCLING HASTELAGE DIGEST
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEH OF ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK HASTE UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL CF HASTES TO SOIL KEYHORDS HASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING HASTE
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS HASTE-HATER- TREATMENT HATE
ODORS ANO AIR POLLUTION KEYWORDS WASTES POULTRY AIR-POLLUTION ODOR ODOR-CONTROL ODOR-
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYHOROS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS HATER-P
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL CHEMICAL ANO BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE UASTEUATER IN LABORATORY SOIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY KEYUORDS BACTERIA HYCROGEN-SULF IDE METHANE
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMCNY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID HASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN AFFECT HASTE KEYHOROS FEEDS FEED-LOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS TEXAS C
HASTE ACCUMULATION ON A SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND SALT OF
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR BEEF FINISHING KEYHOROS HASTE-DISPOSAL SLABS COSTS ODORS LA
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SWINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-IND
HOW NUTTING PRE-DRIES MANURE IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE KEYWORDS POULTRY DRYING MOI STURE-CONTEN
CHARACTERIZATION OF HHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT HH
DISPOSAL ANO RECYCLING GF AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTES KEYUORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RE
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF KEYHORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF DRAINAGE FEEDLOTS FERTILIZERS CO
GUIDELINES FCR HANDLING LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LIQUID-WASTES AG
WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED HASTES IN UNROOFED ANO UNPAVED CONFINED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
ANALYSIS CF RUNOFF FROM SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS FEECLCTS KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNCFF AN
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT ON ENGINEERING KEYHOROS SAFETY-FACTOR FLOW-RATE HASTE-DILUTIO
POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH PROOUCTION-REVIEH ANO PROJECTIONS KEVHCRDS FISH-FARMING
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYHORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
MANURE AS A FUEL KEYWORDS FUELS MANURE WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL COMPOSTING AGRI
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL FE
TEST SHINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SHINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING H ATER-POLLUT I
TREATMENT CF ANIMAL HASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABCRATCRIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE HITH F6EDLCT HASTE KEYHORDS MUNICIPAL-HASTES FEEDLOTS FARM-W
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL DF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS HAST
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMUR1UM IN ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL OXIDATION DITCH
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY EXCRE
WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL EXCRETA POULTRY LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-DIG
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY HASTE CISPOSAL-AERDBIC STAB1L1
HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY HASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL PUBLIC-HEALTH
WHERE DO HO GO FROM HERE KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL WATER-POLLUTION RESEARCH
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES OF CONFINEMENT AND HASTE DISPOSAL S
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYHOROS WASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEOLOT
A COMPARISON Of AN AERATED LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM FOR
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOILS USED FOR BEEF MANURE DISPOSAL KEYHOROS CATTLE HASTE-OISPOSAL
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID HASTE SYSTEM KEYHORDS WASTE-STORAGE HASTE-DISPOSAL LI
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYHORDS HASTE-OISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE SYSTEM KE
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECCNOMIC ASPECTS OF HATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE OF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYHOROS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
HASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HASTE-DISPOSAL
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATING SHINE HASTES KEYHORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
FARM POLLUTION-HOW REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYHOROS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-W
ENVIRONMENTAL ECCNOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE .M
FEEDLOT ANIMAL WASTE COMPARED HITH COTTONSEED MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR PREGNANT RANGE C
FEEOLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWCROS FEEOLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
FEEOLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANURE HASTE-TREATMEN
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF HEATHER IS BAD KEYHORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS HEATHER OOOR FEEDL
MANURE WEEDING CUTS OOOR SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR THIS HOGMAN KEYWORDS ELECTRIC
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYWORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CONTROL
AVFRT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
FEEDLOT POLLUTION KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS AIR-POLLUTION HATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYHOROS MANURE FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS WA
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL METHOD KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-
IMIfiiTlON OF PERENNIAL FORAGE CROPS HITH FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS IRRIGATION AGRICULTU
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND SHINE HASTES KEYHOROS CATTLE SWINE WASTE-DIS
THIN BED DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE KEYHOROS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA OOOR AER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-HASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT HANDBOOK KEYHORDS PLANNING ENVIRONMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL OESI
CONVERTS ANIMAL WASTES TO OIL KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEOLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
SEEDS OF A PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE FARM-WASTES FORESTRY WASTE-OI
113
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 71 1882
400 74 1883
600 70 1896
300 66 1897
400 71 1898
200 71 1925
600 74 1949
200 71 1964
200 71 1969
200 71 1970
200 71 1971
200 69 1981
200 74 1986
200 74 2013
200 74 2034
300 74 2042
400 72 2046
100 73 2051
300 72 2054
300 72 2063
400 74 2066
400 73 2067
300 71 2076
300 72 2088
100 71 2092
300 73 2096
400 73 2098
400 73 2103
300 72 2105
100 73 2121
600 72 2122
600 73 2124
100 74 2126
500 74 2132
300 71 2133
20
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2754
700 64 2768
IOC 70 2769
100 73 2779
100 71 2782
100 70 2786
300 74 2791
100 71 2806
400 71 2810
300 70 1839
300 74 2976
100 75 2422
300 75 2339
400 74 2172
400 74 U26
4CO 73 1634
200.71 1646
100 72 1661
400 73 1674
200 64 1700
600 74 1744
400 72 1807
400 74 1808
400 74 1920
200 71 1975
200 71 1977
200 71 1978
200 71 1979
200 74 2004
200 74 2012
200 74 2016
200 74 2019
400 73 2067
200 74 2139
200 74 2149
200 63 2159
600 69 2179
300 73 2243
200 74 2469
500 71 2524
200 75 2614
200 75 2621
200 75 2626
600 75 2559
100 71 2767
600 73 1616
200 68 1642
200 72 1645
100 72 1681
200 64 1691
600 71 1713
600 71 1714
600 71 1716
600 71 1722
600 71 1723
600 71 1726
600 71 1728
600 71 1730
300 73 1764
600 73 1815
400 73 1818
300 72 1830
400 73 1834
200 74 1867
200 74 1869
600 72 1886
600 73 1892
200 71 1927
400 72 1941
600 72 1954
200 71 1962
600 72 1992
200 74 1996
200 74 2008
200 74 2009
400 74 2048
300 71 2062
400 74 2065
300 71 2080
300 2085
500 74 2132
200 74 2135
200 74 2136
200 74 2146
200 63 2154
200 63 2163
100 73 2169
400 74 2172
600 69 2175
200 74 2185
300 71 2196
600 67 2205
100 74 2209
400 72 2210
200 69 2221
400 68 2247
300 72 226O
600 72 2262
400 72 2273
200 72 2279
HASTE-DISPOSAL
WASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-OISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPOSAL
HASTE-DISPCSAL-SYS
HASTE-CISPOSAL-HEL
HASTE-DISTRIBUTION
HASTE-DUMPS
HASTE-FAT
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLIKG
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLIKG
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HASTE-HANDLING
HA5TE-HANOLING-SYS
HASTE-IDENTIFICATI
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
"ANURE BV "»XI-HIXING METHOD KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS WAS
TMF ni«i « ™ MASTES *NO DISPOSAL BY LAGDQNING KEYWORDS PHYSICAL-PROPERT
HirH R!?C Ah.™
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 72 2313
300 75 2335
100 71 2351
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
400 72 2376
200 70 2312
ZOO 70 2344
100 74 240B
400 72 2415
400 74 2417
400 74 2418
300 71 2421
200 73 2432
200 73 2433
200 73 2440
200 73 2446
200 74 2463
200 74 2464
200 74 2470
200 73 2472
200 73 2475
200 73 2476
400 73 25C4
400 75 25GB
600 70 2530
600 71 2531
600 75 2546
300 72 2561
200 64 2565
200 75 2593
200 75 2594
200 75 2602
200 75 2616
200 75 2618
200 75 2629
200 75 2630
200 75 2633
200 75 2634
200 75 2636
200 75 2651
200 75 2699
200 75 2733
200 75 2750
700 73 2772
200 70 1805
200 75 2703
100 74 2327
200 70 2391
400' 74 1994
400 74 1797
400 72 2239
200 71 1973
200 74 2152
200 73 2477
600 74 1738
200 71 1927
200 67 2281
200 75 2735
200 75 2736
100 69 1659
600 74 1687
200 64 1701
400 74 1765
4DO 74 1770
400 73 1778
400 74 1781
300 1792
400 74 1799
300 72 1802
400 72 1804
400 72 1807
400 73 1811
400 74 1816
400 73 1817
400 73 1822
300 70 1839
600 73 1844
400 71 1918
200 71 1973
200 71 1974
200 71 1975
200 71 1977
200 74 2001
100 73 2051
200 74 2136
200 74 2137
200 74 2138
200 63 2153
200 63 2159
400 72 2167
600 67 2178
700 69 2181
100 72 2186
400 2191
600 72 2195
600 67 2198
1DO 71 2200
400 72 2210
400 75 2214
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT.
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
HASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
. WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-MANAGEMENT
WASTE-HANAGEMENT-S
HASTE-MANAGEMENT-S
WASTE-MANGEMENT
HASTE-PAPER
WASTE-PIT
WASTE-PROCESSING
WASTE-RECLAMATION
WASTE-REMOVAL
WASTE-REMOVAL
WASTE-REMOVAL
WASTE-SOTRAGE
WASTE-STABIL1ZATIO
WASTE-STABILIZATIO
WASTE-STABILIZATIO
HASTE-STABILIZATIO
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
FEEOLOT MANURE AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES-IN
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION DAIR
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES GN BEEF HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMEN
SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SHINE HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE CORN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
HOW TO DISPOSE Of MANURE AND STAY CUT OF COURT KEYWORDS HASTE-MANAGEMENT LEGAL-ASPECTS
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL WASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES PHYSI
CRITICAL HASTE PROBLEMS AHEAD KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS REC
SOLID WASTE HANDLING KEYWORDS SOLIC-HASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY WASTE-STORAGE STOR
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA FERTILIZERS ODOR SPRINKLER-IRR
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY-CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVESTCCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS KEYWORDS ILLINOIS LEGAL
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPE
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS LIVESTOCK AGRICU
BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORKSHOP KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LEGAL-ASPECTS
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS WATER-POLLUTION-CO
WASTE HANDLING AND LAGOCN MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS LAGCONS FEEOLOTS DESIGN CHEMICAL-PROPER
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HYDROLOGY DESIGN CONFI
OUTOCCR UNPAVED FEEDLOT MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEOLCTS DESIGN AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DRAIN
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MANURE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
STRIP PINE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS STRIP-MINES FEEDLOTS CATTLE PERFORMANCE RUNOFF OHIO WAS
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF RECY
REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL MEASURES FOR
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT DESIGN KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS DESIGN-CRITERIA MONTANA ENGINE
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS TECHNOLOGY NUTRIENTS NITRDG
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS ON MICHIGAN DAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN REGU
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS DRYING ODOR LAGOONS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES
ECONOMIC RESEARCH PERTAINING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTCCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CO
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS CATTLE FEEDL
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEDLOTS ILLINO
MILKING CENTER WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY RECYCLING IRRIGATION EFFLUENT
'ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE us ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-
EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER FLUSH SYSTEMS. FOR SHINE MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CONFI
SWINE PRODUCTION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT-STATE OF THE ART KEYWORDS SWINE ECONOMICS STATE-
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
SIMPLIFYING MANURE HANDLING IN A SOLID FLOOR SWINE HOUSING SYSTEM KEYWORDS DESIGN CO
A HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A 2500-HEAD SHINE OPERATION-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS LIQUI
A SUMMARY OF REFEEOING OF POULTRY ANAPHAGE MORTALITY RECYCLING HENS AND EGG PRODUCTION
LAND APPLICATION OF MANURES-WISCONSINS MANURE MANAGEMENT PLAN KEYWORDS WASTE-HANAGEME
A.DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE OF AN OXIDATION DITCH FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT KEYH
ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION OF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL-REGU
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEECLCTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS RECYCLING COSTS LIQUID-WAS
PERSISTENCE OF SALMCNELLAE IN POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWORDS POULTRY SALMONELLA HASTE-STORAG
REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION KEYWORDS RE
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF NEW IDEAS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY DESIGN MONTANA ODOR VENTIL
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WASTE-DISPOSAL
ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN BEEF WASTE RECLAMATION KEYWORDS ARIZONA CATTLE FEEDS PROTEINS
FLIES IN RELATION TO MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLIES MANU
HANDLING DEHYDRATION AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTE KEYWORDS DEHYDRATION POULTRY REC
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-P
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS UNDERFLOOK TANK FOR DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-SOTRAGE
REDUCTION OF FEEOLCT WASTE BY STABILIZATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS.CATTLE WASTE-MANAGEMENT
EVALUATION OF AERATED LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SWINE WASTE STABILIZATION KEYWORDS AEROBI
AN EVALUATION OF AERATION SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS KEYWO
TURBINE AIR AERATION SYSTEM FOR POULTRY WASTES, KEYWORDS POULTRY COSTS TURBINE-AIR-AERA
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL KEYWORDS WASTES ULTIMATE-DISPOSAL RECYCLING WASTE
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-MANURE DESIGN DAI
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD IN OHIO KEYWORDS MANURE GASES CATTLE OHIO MORTALITY SLATTED
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LI
MODELS FOR HANDLING SOLID MANURE KEYWORDS SOLID-WASTES MANAGEMENT HANDLING FEEDLOTS H
THEY RE GETTING THE JUMP ON POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CCNFIN
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
FARM POLLUTION-HOW REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU KEYWORDS PERMITS REGULATION LIVESTOCK FARM-W
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE N
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONSTRUCTION DESIGN FACILITIES CATT
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHE'R ODOR FEEDL
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEEDLOTS IRRIGATION EVAPORATION P
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE WORKED FOR THEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT COSTS KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
KISSlNGETW CASE FOR CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE LAGOONS COSTS WASTE-
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS LIQUI
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-S
NEW PUMP NEW SYSTEM FOR LIQUID MANURE KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES COSTS DESIGN HASTE-STORA
FLIES IN RELATION TO MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLIES MANU
A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF A MANURE STACKING FACILITY KEYWORDS DESIGN DAIRY-INDUSTRY AG
LIQUID MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STORAGE LAGOONS WASTE-HANDLING HO
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RESEARCH ON MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WISCONSIN RESEARCH-AND-0
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE WATER POLLUTION FROM U S CAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS COSTS WATER-P
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS TERRACES FEEOLOTS DESIGN WA
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS MICHIGAN WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-
PLANNING AND DESIGNING WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE CONFINEMENT
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS EXCRETED CHANGES DURING STORAGE AND ODOR DEVELOPMENT KEYWORDS
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATME
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE HARVESTING KEYWORDS POULTRY LIQUID-WASTES WASTE-STORAGE WAS
PLANNING FEEOLOT WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS PLANNING FEEDLOTS WASTE-DISPOSAL WASTE-STORA
MANURE SLURRY STORAGE PROCESSING AND PUMPING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PUMPING SLURRIES
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE AEROBIC-CONDITIONS DAIR
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-HASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATM
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE MAS
ROOFED VS UNROOFED SOLID MANURE STORAGES FOR DAIRY CATTLE KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE DAIRY-
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE WITH MINIMUM ODOR KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE POULTRY ODOR OXIDAT
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS CONT
STEP BY STEP PLAN FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK IOWA FEEOLOTS REGULAT
LOW COST MANURE BASINS WORK IN WISCONSIN KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WISCONSIN BASINS COSTS
116
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
300 74 2215
100 73 2218
700 63 2233
400 71 2237
600 72 2262
300 72 2292
400 72 23CO
700 71 2308
100 7* 2327
100 71 2351
100 71 2413
400 74 2417
200 73 2432
200 73 2434
200 73 2435
200 73 2436
200 73 2445
200 73 2477
200 73 2482
100 73 2514
300 73 2516
300 72 2533
600 75 2537
200 75 2599
200 75 2611
200 75 2613
200 75 2614
200 75 261S
200 75 2619
200 75 2620
200 75 2622
200 75 2625
200 75 2626
200 75 2628
200 75 2704
200 75 27C7
200 75 2712
200 75 2757
IOC 74 2784
300 68 1625
300 74 1627
400 74 1630
400 73 1633
100 73 1635
200 66 1644
200 74 1649
700 73 1652
700 65 1666
700 71 1668
700 66 1679
700 69 1690
200 64 1695
200 64 1696
200 64 1701
700 72 17C6
300 71 1739
600 74 1757
300 74 1758
300 73 1784
300 1792
200 72 1795
100 71 1796
100 72 1798
300 72 1802
200 70 1805
100 73 1806
400 74 1808
400 74 1810
600 73 1813
400 73 1817
400 72 1819
400 73 1820
200 69 1824
400 74 1827
100 73 1828
300 1829
100 73 1833
600 73 1844
300 73 1849
400 73 1858
400 73 1859
200 74 1871
300 74 1876
300 73 1881
700 73 1890
300 74 1891
300 71 1903
200 72 1908
400 74 1909
400 72 1939
400 72 1945
200 71 1976
200 69 1981
400 72 2036
300 73 2039
400 72 2046
300 72 2054
100 71 2092
400 73 2098
600 72 2106
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STCRAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
HASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-STORAGE
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
«??M « ?m?n XLSc ! °UI° "*NU*E STOR4(iE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOLIO-H
nU?L|T°R46E F°" MIRY HERCS «r«OROS DESIGN WASTE-STORAGE SOLID-HAS
mi i •,I2H«°?IC DIGESTION Of SW1I«E »*STE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES HOGS ANAE
« iJRV, ™ URE 'N °EEP PIIS KEYWORDS COMPOSTING POULTRY HASTE-STORAGE ODOR
min?«r InSnl «Sf ERULS HANDLING KEYHOROS PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES WASTE-STORAGE TR
<™»Irc J?NSS N° SELFSE»I-'NG KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
SIOR*GE T1ME *FFECTS VALUE OF OPH KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE PROTEINS DRIED-POULTRY
IN FEEOLCT "'""RE KEYHOROS HASTE-STORAGE FEEOLOTS NITRITES AMINES TEMPERA
c °F S*LHDNELL*E IN POULTRY EXCRETA KEYWCRDS POULTRY SALMONELLA WASTE-STORAG
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR STUDIES CM BEEF HOUSING AND EOUIPMENT KEYHOROS CONFINEMEN
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOH COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEECLOTS TEXAS HIGH PLAINS
SOLID HASTE HANDLING KEYHORDS SOLID-HASTES SLURRIES DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STORAGE STOR
LIVESTOCK HASTE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK ILLINOIS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEED
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SCLID MANURE KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE SOLID-HASTES SEPARATION-IE
MANLRE STORAGE TANKS FOR LIOUIDS KEYHORDS HASTE-STORAGE LIQUID-HASTES DESIGN MANURE-S
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYWORDS DESIGN LIOUIO-HAST6S RECYCLING CONFINE
MY HASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR DAIRY KEYWORDS HASTE-STORAGE WASTE-DISPOSAL LIQUID-WASTE
EFFECTS OF HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-P
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-WASTES DES
DAIRY HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY ODOR VENTILATION HOUSING STALL
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN DAIRY-INDUSTRY LEGAL
DAIRY HASTE STORAGE PONDS FOR SOIL PLANT RECYCLING KEYHORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HASTE-STOR
MODEL TO PREDICT THE PERFORMANCE OF FEEOLOT CONTROL FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON LOCAT
IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION REGULATIONS FOR US DAIRY FARMS KEY
FEEDLOT HASTE RECYCLING HITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM KEYUOROS FEEDLOTS HASTE-STORAGE H
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE HASTE FROM A SLOTTED FLCCR DEEP PIT BARN KEYHORDS CONFINEM
EVALUATION OF DAIRY BEEF AND SWINE HASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK DAIRY-INO
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE US ENVIRONMENT KEYHOROS HASTE-
A LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A TIE STALL DAIRY BARN KEYHOROS LIQUID-HASTES DA
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MANURE SYSTEM KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY LIQUID-HASTES HASTE-STO
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYHORDS WASTE-STORAGE WASTE-D
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM-A METHOD OF COLLECTING STORING ANC HANDLING AMMAL WASTE KEYWORDS 0
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING POLLUTION KEYHOROS HISCONSIN DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS DESIGN
SUCCESSFUL MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE COMMERCIAL HOG OPERATION KEYWORDS WA
FIELD EVALUATION OF A SETTLING CHAMBER FDR SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS SEPARATION-TECHNIQUES
A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL CF SWINE HASTE KEYWORDS WASTE-STOR
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS FROM STACKED MANURE KEYHORDS SOLID-HASTES LIQUID-WAST
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MANURE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTI
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT DF ANIMAL MANURES-A MODEL FOR COLLECTION STORAGE LOCATION AND OISTR
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXID
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC LAGOON TREATMENT OF DAIRY MANURE HASTES KEYWORDS AEROBIC-TREATMENT A
MANURE AS A FUEL KEYWORDS FUELS MANURE HASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL COMPOSTING AGRI
FAST FLUSH SYSTEM KEYWORDS FAST-FLUSH-SYSTEM CATTLE HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL FE
MINIMUM AERATION FOR CONTROL OF ODORS FROM SHINE WASTES KEYWORDS AERATION ODOR-CONTROL
TREATMENT CF ANIMAL HASTES AT THE GREENFIELD LABORATORIES OF ELI LILLY AND COMPANY KEY
COMBINING MUNICIPAL HASTE WITH FEEDLCT WASTE KEYWORDS MUNICIPAL-WASTES FEEDLOTS FARM-W
DESIGN ANC OPERATION OF A FEEDLCT RUNOFF TREATMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT AGR
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYHORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AERCBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYHORDS NITR
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLOICAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A REEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SURFACE KEYHOROS ZE
IDENTIFICATION AND CCNTRCL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS ODOR-CONTROL ANAEROBIC
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS THEORY AND PRACTICE KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-LAGOONS DESIGN WASTE-TREATMEN
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES WASTE-
HATER CUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEECLOT KEYWORDS HATER-QUALITY STORM-R
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION STUDY KEYHCRDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE FEEDLOT
AN ANALYSIS OF THE HATER BUDGET AND HASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS HATER
DESIGN PARAMETERS FDR ANIMAL HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS LIOUIO-AERATION-SYSTEMS
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYOROLO
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM SHINE HASTES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS SHINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDA
SLUDGE DISPOSAL-A CASE CF LIMITED ALTERNATIVES KEYHORDS SLUDGE-DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES F
EVALUATION OF ANAERCBIC LAGCON TREATING SHINE WASTES KEYHOROS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY CATTLE M
FEEOLOT HASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KEYWORDS FEECLCTS WASTE-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS POLLUTANT
FEEOLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE HASTE-TREATMEN
MONFORT FUELS FEEOLOT AND PLANT HITH MANURE KEYHCRDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS HASTE-TREA
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL FOR 1974 KEYHORDS PEST-CONTROL DAIRY-INDUSTRY FLY-CCNTROL
EXPERIENCE HITH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR TREATING BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHORDS
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS CONFINEMENT CCSTS KEYHORCS CONFINEMENT-PENS CATTLE COSTS FLUSH-SYST
GE ENTERS MANURE RECYCLING RACE KEYWORDS MANURE FEEDLOTS RECYCLING FEEDS PROTEINS HA
GRASS FILTER SYSTEMS ANOTHER NEH RUNOFF CONTROL METHOD KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER HITH LITTER LIFE-ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE KEYHORDS POULT
THIN BED DRYING CF POULTRY MANURE KEYWORDS MANURE DRYING POULTRY CALIFORNIA ODOR AER
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF METHYL BROMID
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN OXIDATION DITCHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT MANURE OXIDATION
AGRICULTURAL WASTES KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURAL-HASTES CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES PHYSIC
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN ANIMAL WASTE KEYWORDS NITROGEN-COMPOUNDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-S
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN BUILT UP POULTRY LITTER KE
FERMENTATION HEADS FOR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY KEYHORDS FERMENTATION RECYCLING HASTE-TREAT
PROCESS CONVERTS ANIMAL HASTES TO OIL KEYHORDS FARM-WASTES OIL FEEDLOTS ENERGY WASTE-
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CCNTRCL ODORS AND. DECOMPOSE ORGANIC H
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYHDROS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF
A RECIRCULATING HASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UNITS KEYHORDS SHINE HASTE-TREATMENT OXIOATICN
LABORATORY STUDIES ON FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYHOROS ANIMAL-HASTES AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF F6EOL
A HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR CONFINED HOG RAISING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS SHINE HASTE-TRE
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS FEEDS RUMINANTS MANURE LITERATURE-REVIEW ALGA
A STATUS REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL HASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS IN MISSISSIPPI K
CDDKING HITH COW POHER KEYHDROS METHANE ANAEROBIC-BACTERIA CATTLE FERTILIZERS RECYCLI
HASTE CONVERSION UNIT DEVELOPED KEYHORDS FEEDS METHANE FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC-CONOITI
THIS PLANT HILL CONVERT HASTE INTO PROTEIN KEYHORDS FEEDS PROTEINS THERMOPHILIC-BACTE
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE HANDLING AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK KEYHOROS HA
nFHvnKATION AN ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO PCULTRY MANURE PROBLEMS KEYHORDS DEHYDRATION EC
PROFIT TOO IN MANURE FROM PLASTIC PENS KEYHDROS FARM-HASTES POULTRY ECONOMICS HASTE-T
nFMnNSTRATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYHOROS CATTLE HOGS ANIMAL-HASTES SHEEP CHEMI
HRFAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION KEYWORDS THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA WASTE-TREAT
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY MANURE KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-OISPOSAL POULTRY NUTR
FARM EFFLUENT-ELECTRICAL DISPOSAL METHODS KEYHCRDS EFFLUENTS FARM-HASTES SUSPENDED-SOL
TREAT YOUR HASTE RIGHT KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
EVALUATION OF METHODS FCR THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL COMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
117
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
100 Ti 2106
100 73 2111
100 74 2126
700 72 2127
500 74 2132
200 63 2193
200 6} 2156
200 63 215B
100 74 2184
100 72 2166
400 2191
600 66 2194
4CO 74 2203
100 74 2209
700 63 2233
700 67 2234
100 73 2754
100 74 2263
400 72 2290
TOO 63 2311
300 61 2326
400 74 2336
200 72 2361
700 67 2363
400 68 2378
700 73 2379
100 69 2360
300 71 2387
300 74 2388
100 70 2389
200 70 2394
100 71 2402
300 73 2407
100 74 2408
100 75 2410
100 72 2412
300 48 2414
100 74 2430
200 73 2436
200 74 2458
200 73 2474
200 73 2482
300 75 2494
IOC 61 2534
100 72 2550
100 69 2562
200 64 2566
100 73 2579
100 72 2580
200 75 2586
200 75 2604
200 75 2612
200 75 2627
200 75 2632
200 75 2638
200 75 2642
200 75 2700
200 75 2739
200 75 2744
200 75 2746
200 75 2758
100 73 2779
100 70 2786
100 71 2787
300 74 2791
100 75 2813
300 73 1881
200 74 2020
300 69 2099
200 74 2147
300 71 1850
200 71 1933
300 2085
400 71 1985
200 71 2206
700 73 2212
300 72 2292
700 72 2390
100 74 2404
400 73 2429
200 71 2453
100 74 2525
300 72 2261
200 74 2005
200 75 2758
600 67 2205
200 75 2612
200 75 2631
700 65 1666
700 69 1708
300 74 1783
300 73 1784
300 73 1785
700 73 2061
100 72 2357
300 74 2388
700 74 2405
100 74 2449
100 74 2525
200 64 2566
HASTE- TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
MASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
HASTE-TREATMENT
WASTE-HATER
HASTE-HATER
HASTE-WATER
HASTE-HATER
HASTE-HATER-OISPOS
HASTE-WATER-OISPOS
HASTE-HATER-OISPOS
WASTE-HATER-POLLUT
WASTE-HATER-POLLUT
WASTE-WATER-POLLUT
HASTE-HATER-POILUT
HASTE-HATER-POLLUT
WASTE-HATER-POLLUT
HASTE-HATER-POLLUT
HASTE-HATER-POLLUT
WASTE-WATER-POLLUT
WASTE-HATER-fiUALIT
WASTE-HATER-RECYCL
WASTE-WATER-RECYCL
NASTE-HATER-REUSE
HASTE-HATER-REUSE
WASTE-HATER-REUSE
WASTE-WATER-TREATM
HASTE-HATER-TREATN
HASTE-WATER-TREATM
MASTE-HATER-TREATM
HASTE-HATER-TREATM
HASTE-WATER-TREATM
NASTE-HATER-TREATM
HASTE-HATER-TREATN
WASTE-WATER-TREATM
HASTE-MATER-TREATM
WASTE-WATER-TREATM
HASTE-HATER-TREATM
NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN A SHINE WASTE OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS MASTE-TREATMENT PHO
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
AGRICULTURAL HASTES KEYHORDS LIVESTOCK PROPERTIES HASTE-TREATMENT REFEEDING LAND-DISP
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGCONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES AND APPROACHES KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATM
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATME
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGOONS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL CHEMICAL-PRO
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION POULTRY HASTE-TREATMENT
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM HASTE KEYWORDS METHANE METHANE-BACTERIA SEWAGE HASTE-TREATMEN
HANDLING MILKING PARLOR WASTE KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY FARM-WASTES CATTLE HASTE-TREATM
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM KEYHORDS POULTRY ECOLOGY WASTE-STORAGE WAS
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT LIQUID-WAST
NUISANCE LAWSUITS-NEIGHBOR VS NEIGHBOR KEYHORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS WASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-D
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION HATE
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES HOGS ANAE
AERCBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE HASTE KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES CATTLE WASTE-TREATMENT CHEMICA
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HASTE FROM AN INTENSIVE PIG UNIT KEYHORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGEST
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYHORDS KINETICS ECONO
NEH HASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS USED FOR HOGS KEYHORCS HASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNI
CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF HASTES FROM A CONFINEMENT HOG PRODUCTION UNIT KEYHOR
INDOOR LAGOON FOR POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS POULTRY HASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREAT
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SHINE MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT ODOR-CON
THE FATE OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN AN OXIDATION DITCH TREATING SHINE HASTES KEYHOR
ACTIVATED SLUDGE STABILIZATION OF SHINE HASTE KEYHORDS MATHEMATICAL-MODELS ACTIVATED-S
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS LITTER HASTE-TREATMENT HASTE-DIS
OXYGEN TRANSFER RELATIONSHIPS IN A POULTRY HASTE MIXED LIQUOR KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATMEN
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FROM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF ANIMAL HASTES KEYHORDS ANAEROBIC-DIGESTION WA5TE-TREATMEN
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE KEYWORD
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTES AND PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THEIR DISPOSAL KEYWO
ANIMAL HASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS HASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
BIODEGRADATION OF PIG HASTE BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE EFFECT OF C
FARM WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL HASTE-TREATMENT AEROBIC-CONDITIONS EFFLUE
REVIEW PAPER-ANIMAL HASTES MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION KEYHORDS FARM-HASTES PHYSI
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF CATTLE HASTES IN A SEMIBATCH PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH KEYHOROS
A STUDY OF A FULL SCALE SHINE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT BIOCHEMIC
POULTRY MANURE ITS PRESERVATION DEODORI2ATION AND DISINFECTION KEYWORDS POULTRY FARM-
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIOUID MANURE SYSTEMS KEYHORDS ODOR MEASUREMENT LIQUID-HASTES INJE
MANURE HANDLING BY HYDRAULIC FLUSHING KEYHORDS DESIGN LIQUID-WASTES RECYCLING CONFINE
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING KEYWORDS POULTRY MOISTURE-CONTENT COSTS DEHYDRATION AEROB
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LIVESTOCK HASTE TREATMENT AND HANDLING SYSTEM KEYHORDS
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL HASTE KEYHCRDS HYDRAULIC-SYSTEMS ANIMAL-HASTES DES
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLCT HASTES KEYHORCS FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREAT
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE WORTH KEYWORDS POULTRY FERTILIZERS HASTE-TREATMENT RECYCLING L
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL METHODS KEYHCRDS HASTE-TREATMENT DA
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANIMAL WASTES TREATMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-HASTES WASTE-TREATME
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEECLOT HASTES KEYUORDS WASTE-TREATME
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AERCBIC TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES KEYHOROS MICROBIOLOGY AEROBIC-TRE
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK HASTES KEYHOROS LIVESTOCK HASTE-TREATMENT FEEDLOTS CONFINE
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYHOROS BA
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEVHORDS POULTRY HASTE-
OPERATICN OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLIMATE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS RECYCLING DAIRY-INDUS
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIQUID SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KEYWORDS LIQUID-WASTES WA
TWO-STAGE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM INDUSTRIAL HOG BREEDING FARMS KE
ENSILING POULTRY FLCOR LITTER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE KEYWORDS PCULTRV LITTER ANALYSIS H
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT TREAT IT KEYWORDS SLURRIES HASTE-TREATMENT SEPARATION-TECHNIQ
A LAGOCN GRASS TERRACE SYSTEM TO TREAT SHINE WASTE KEYWORDS HASTE-TREATMENT ANAEROBIC-
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMATED WASTE TREATMENT AND RECYCLE SYSTEM KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK WASTES BY BARRIERED LANDSCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYSTEM KEYWORDS
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTES KEYWORDS P
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POULTRY MANURE KEYHORDS COMPOSTING MUNIC
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL HASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL ANIMA
HINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS HINTER FARM-HASTES WASTE-TREATM
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY HASTES KEYHCRDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SHINE SCOTLA
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FCLLOHING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY
A RECIRCULATING HASTE SYSTEM FOR SHINE UNITS KEYHORDS SHINE WASTE-TREATMENT OXIDATION
INFLUENCE OF INGESTION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT ON GROWING SWINE KEYWORDS RECYCL1
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY SELECTED ION EXCHAN
PENDING LEGISLATION RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL HASTE KEYWORDS MICHIGAN LEGISLATION UASTE-W
RULES AND REGULATIONS-CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYHORDS REGULATION IOWA HASTE-MATE
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEOLOTS KEYHORDS FEEDLOTS LIQUID-HASTES AG
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES KEYWORDS LIQUID-HASTES SOLID-WASTES AGRICULTURAL-
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYWORDS IRRIGATION-EFFECTS POLLUTANTS WATER-OUALITV-CONTROL WAST
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL MASTEHATERS KEYMOROS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL HASTE HATER PONDS KEYHOROS WASTE-HATER-POLLUTION PONDS HYDROLOGY
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYHORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
CATTLE FEEOLOT WASTEMATER SALINITY KEYHORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE HASTE-WATER-POLLUTION SAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
RACEWAYS-EXOTIC SPECIES MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED EPA DISCHARGE PERMITS KEYWORDS REGU
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZCNES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-HASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM WASTES KEYWORDS HASTE-WATER-POLLUTION HASTE-HATER-TR
DISPOSAL OF FARM ANIMAL HASTES THROUGH THE SOIL KEYHOROS HASTE-DISPOSAL CATTLE CAIRV-I
INTEGRATED POULTRY MANURE HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED WASTEHA
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RECYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREATMENT OF POULTRY HASTES KEYWORDS P
THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR IN,TOGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION REDUCTIO
OPERATION OF A BEEF MANURE FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A CCLC CLIMATE KEYHOROS CONFINEMENT-PENS
SHINE HASTE NUTRIENT RECOVERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE OF THERMAL DISCHARGES KEYHORDS
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR IN AN OXIDATION DITCH KEYWORDS OXIDATION-DITCH PERFORMANCE
SOIL PERCOLATION AS A RENOVATION MEANS FOR LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT KEYWORDS SOILS P
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYDROLO
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS HASTE-WATER-TREATMENT MATE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN CONCENTRATED MASTES KEYHORDS MICROBIAL
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR OENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE REDUCTION OF FEEOLOT HASTE KEYNORD
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYHORDS COLOR FEECLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OXYGEN-OEM
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK HASTEWATER I SOLID LIQUID SEPARATION-ESTIMATION OF VIBR
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM DUCK FARM HASTES KEYHORDS HASTE-MATER-POLLUTION WASTE-HATER-TR
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEOLOT HASTES KEYHORDS HASTE-TREATME
118
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 75 2677
200 75 2713
200 75 2747
300 72 2086
300 75 2411
200 75 2598
600 11 1671
200 74 2010
700 67 2228
600 74 1757
700 72 2127
400 75 2171
200 64 2182
400 71 2271
300 72 2373
700 73 2385>
200 75 2676
200 75 2679
300 72 1628
100 72 2799
300 73 1784
100 74 2222
400 71 1641
60C 72 1643
600 74 18B8
300 75 2494
300 68 1625
400 73 1634
400 73 163B
400 71 1641
700 69 1656
300 72 1658
100 73 1660
100 73 1663
700 71 1668
300 74 1678
700 66 1679
700 71 1689
700 69 1690
200 64 17C5
700 72 1706
600 71 1715
600 71 1720
600 71 1724
700 71 1732
600 72 1753
300 73 1764
700 70 1779
600 67 1780
400 74 1781
300 74 1782
300 64 1786
300 73 1787
300 1792
100 72 1798
400 74 1808
300 70 1814
700 67 1838
300 71 1850
700 69 1863
300 71 1882
400 68 1884
300 74 1889
600 70 1896
300 74 1914
200 71 1925
200 71 1932
100 71 1936
400 73 1957
200 71 1966
200 71 1967
200 71 1968
200 74 1987
200 74 2001
200 74 2009
300 74 2042
700 69 2060
400 73 2067
600 74 2068
300 71 2076
300 69 2078
300 71 2080
100 69 2084
300 72 2089
300 72 2090
400 73 2098
300 72 2104
100 73 2111
500 74 2132
300 71 2133
200 74 2140
200 74 2141
200 74 2148
200 63 2153
200 63 2162
600 69 2179
200 64 2182
100 67 2192
100 72 2193
600 71 2199
WASTE-HATER-TREATM
WASTE-WATER-TREATM
WASTE-HATER-TREATM
WATERSHEDS
WATERSHEDS
WATERSHEDS
WATERSHED
WATERSHED
WATERSHED-FACTORS
HATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER
WATER-CHEMISTRY
WATER-CLARIFICATIO
WATER-DEMAND
WATER-HOLDING-CAPA
WATER-HYACINTH
HATER-INTAKE-RATES
HATER- INTAKE-RATES
HATER-POLLLTANTS
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUT iflN
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-PCLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
MATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
MATER-POLLUTION
uc=. L AN° RECOVE|>Y F«OM POULTRY WASTEWATER BY ION EXCHANGE KEYWORDS POULTR
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING GUTIER MANURE REMOVAL SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC 8UALITY IN
TERTIARY TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTEWATERS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES KEYWORDS TERTIA
HYDROLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEECLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYDROLOGY FEEDLOTS AGRICULTUR
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY WATER-POLLUTION
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYSTEMS I
PERFORMANCE OF FEEOLOT RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES IN KANSAS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULT
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS KEYWORDS A
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS WATER
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY HIGH WATER TABLE SOILS KEYWORDS SOI
SLICK DISPOSAL SETUP DAIRYMAN DESIGNED IT KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS WATER DAIRY
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS KEYWORDS ODOR DUSTS VENTILATION AMMONIA GASES
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE OF ADDING WAT
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL CURING TWO YEARS IRRIGATION WITH EFF
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES FRCM DEEP PITS AND ANAEROBIC LAGOONS KEYWORDS LAGO
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LAGOON WATERS KEYWORDS LAGOONS BAC
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE RESEARCH KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES RESEARCH-AND-D6VELOPMENT NEBRAS
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-POLLUTIO
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY HYDROLO
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURE FROM V
TEST SWINE HASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING WATER-POLLUTI
WATER INTAKE RATES ON A SILT LOAM SOIL WITH VARIOUS MANURE APPLICATIONS KEYWORDS IRR
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND SOIL WAFER MOVEMENT KEYWORDS EQUATIONS MANURE HATER-INTAKE-RA
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREAT
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER OXIO
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE HANDLING PROBLEM KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLING DAIRY-INOUSTRY AGRICULT
EPA PREPARING TO RAILROAD THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS KEYWORD
TEST SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS KEYWORDS SWINE WASTE-DISPOSAL TESTING WATER-POLLUTI
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS MATHEMATI
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS KEYWORDS SEDIMENT-C
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CONTAM
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON WATER 8UALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS OR
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE MANURE KEYWORDS NITR
LOCATING A NEW FEEOLOT KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS SITE-SELECTION WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL PERCOLATION KEYWORDS WAST
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CATTLE FEEDLCT SURFACE KEYWORDS If
WHERE DO WO GO FROM HERE KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-DISPOSAL WATER-POLLUTION RESEARCH
WATER OUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEECLOT KEYWORDS WATER-QUALITY STORM-R
THE STATE AND REGIONAL SITUATION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-PENS FARM-WASTES LIVES
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR CF MANURE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF M
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES APPLICATION-METHODS SOILS FERTILIZERS
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS IN CONFINEMENT KEYWORDS SWINE CO
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-MANAGEMENT DAIRY-INDUSTRY CATTLE WATER-POLLUTIO
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS KEYWORDS NITROGEN FEEDLOTS SOILS CAT
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LIVESTOCK POULTRY C
THEY RE GETTING THE JUMP CN POLLUTION CONTROLS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION CONTROL CONFIN
POLLUTION ASPECTS CF CATFISH PRODUCTION-REVIEW AND PROJECTIONS KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING
NATURE AND HISTORY CF THE NITRATE PROBLEM KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES POLLUTANTS WATER
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNCWATER QUALITY KEYWORDS WAT
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBIC-CONDI
MONFORT FUELS FEEOLOT AND PLANT WITH MANURE KEYWORDS FUELS METHANE FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREA
FEEOLOT POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS AIR-POLLUTION WATER-POLLUTION MONTANA REGULATION
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF CATTLE FEEOLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUN
RULES AND REGULATIONS-CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS KEYWORDS REGULATION IOWA WASTE-WATE
METHODS FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS FROM WATER KEY
RELATING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT-THE ROLE OF LAND AND SOIL
THE COWS VS THE SUBURBS KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT WATER-
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS MANAGEMENT AIR-POLLUTION W
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE DISPOSAL IN MONTANA KEYWORDS WATER-QUALITY WASTE-DISPOSAL MONT
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFI'SH FARMING KEYWORDS AtlUACULTURE WA
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON FEEDLOT WASTE KE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
TRANSPORT RATE OF COO THROUGH A WET POROUS STRATUM MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES EMANATING FROM A LARGE OAIKY AREA KEYWORDS AMMONIA WATER-POL
SOIL POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CLEAN WATER KEYWORDS POLLUTANTS WATER-POLLUTION
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS SURFACE-WATERS ENVIRONM
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL ECOSYSTEM-RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL LANC KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS
BEEF CATTLE FEEOLOTS-IMPACT ON UNDERLYING SOIL KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILES GROUNDWATER FEED
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE HATER POLLUTION FROM U S DAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS COSTS WATER-P
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY SIMULATIO
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS A METHOD 0
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED BED TO A HELL STIRRED SOLUTION AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
DRIED POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION KEYWORDS RECYCLING POULTRY MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTIO
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK WINTERING OPERATION ON A WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS STREA
BEEF FEEOLOTS-A POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS FEECLOTS MANAGEMENT WATER-POLLUTION AIR-PO
WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION MISSOURI PER
A SUMMARY OF STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH CENTR
WATER AND WATERCOURSES-WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT IN OKLAHOMA KEYWORDS
ANIMAL WASTE-REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION REGULATION FEEOLOTS P
EUTROPHICATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUTI
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL SEWAGE LOUISIANA LAGOO
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTION LIVESTOCK LAGOONS EROSION A
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE KEYWORDS FARM-HASTES EFFLUENT SLURRI
AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-PROBLEMS PROCESSES ANC APPROACHES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATM
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS KEYWORD
MICHIGAN S ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATION KEYWORDS MICHIGAN WATER-POLL
ANIMAL HASTE IMPACT ON RECREATION WATERS KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES WATER-POLLUTION RECRE
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-TREATME
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION GROUNCWATER LIVESTOCK POULTRY AGR
THE EFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL HATER KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATE
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
TAKING CARE OF WASTES FROM THE TROUT FARM KEYWORDS FISH-HATCHERIES TROUT HATER-POLLUT
STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS KEYHOROS REGULATIONS FEEDLOTS LIVE
119
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
200 71 2206
100 74 2209
300 68 2220
300 74 2255
300 74 2257
400 71 2270
300 72 2292
700 71 2307
400 72 2320
100 74 2333
300 75 2339
200 70 2347
400 72 2366
IOC 69 2380
100 70 2381
200 69 2383
300 72 2386
200 70 2392
200 70 2394
200 70 2396
200 70 2398
300 75 2411
200 73 2442
200 73 2444
300 71 2491
200 74 2467
300 75 2494
100 74 2502
200 70 2506
400 73 2519
300 71 2523
400 69 2540
400 72 2554
300 72 2561
200 64 2567
300 2571
400 71 2572
400 72 2573
100 73 2582
200 75 2589
200 75 26CO
200 75 2602
200 75 2604
200 75 2608
200 75 2623
200 75 2626
200 75 2674
200 75 2742
100 70 2769
100 71 2782
300 69 2797
100 72 2799
400 70 2803
300 69 2078
30D 73 1759
300 72 1775
300 73 1785
100 74 1831
300 71 1879
200 73 1895
300 73 1915
200 74 1998
200 74 1999
200 74 2002
200 74 2010
200 74 2017
200 74 2142
200 72 2174
300 71 2196
300 75 2335
200 74 2464
200 74 2467
300 70 2497
200 75 2595
300 73 1785
300 68 2220
300 73 1733
300 73 1759
300 68 1776
300 73 1787
100 72 1788
600 72 1875
200 73 1895
100 72 2170
300 68 2220
700 74 2362
100 74 2404
200 71 2453
300 70 2497
300 74 2576
100 74 2985
600 72 1875
100 73 1639
100 73 1663
700 72 1706
600 T2 1753
700 71 1761
300 73 1787
600 72 1875
600 72 1893
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
HATER-POLLLTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-PCLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION
WATER-POLLUTION-BO
HATER-POLLUT ION-CO
WATER-PCLLUT ION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
WATER-POLLUT ION-CO
WATER-POLLUT ION-CO
WATER-PCLLUT ION-CO
HATER-PCLLUTION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
UATER-POLLUT ION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
WATER-PCLLUT I ON-CO
WATER-POLLUTION-CO
WATER-POLLUTION-CO
WATER-PQLLUT I ON-CO
WATER-POLLUTION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
HATER-POLLUTION-CO
WATER-POLLUTION-CO
WATER-POLLUTION-EF
WATER-PCLLUT ION-IN
WATER-POLLUTION- SO
WATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUT ION- SO
HATER-PCLLUTION-SO
WATER-POLLUTION-SO
WATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-PCLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUT ION- SO
HATER-PCLLUTION-SO
HATER-POLLUTI ON-SO
HATER-POLLUTION-SO
HATER-PURIFICATION
WATER-QUALITY
HATER-QUALITY
HATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY
HATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY
HATER-QUALITY
HATER-QUALITY
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERS KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS CONTRO
AGRICULTURAL HASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATMENT WASTE-DISPOSAL REGULATION WATE
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES CF NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER KEYWO
CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION REGULATICNS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION PERMITS LIVESTOCK PO
BRAKING FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS RUNOFF-CONTROL FEEOLOTS NEBRASKA WATER-POLLUTICN GROU
MANURE HOLDING PONDS FOUND SELFSEALING KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE WATER-POLLUTION POULTRY
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRIC
THINK OF MANURE AS A RESOURCE-NCT A WASTE KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOF
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION WITH LIQUID MANURE-A METHOD FOR THEIR DETECTI
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNOWAT
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN FARM SURFACE RUNOFF KEYWORDS WAT
SWINE MANURE LAND APPLICATION RATES KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL NITROGEN INDIANA WATER-PO
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED FRCM CAGED LAYING HENS KEYWORDS WAST
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND BARNYARD SOIL P
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLCT WASTE POLLUTION KEYWORDS ECONOMICS FEEDLOTS FARM-WASTES ST
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TEXAS TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY COMMITTEE
A PERSPECTIVE FOR CONNECTICUT KEYWORDS CONNECTICUT POULTRY DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULTURA
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL RESEARCH
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING WASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN WEST VIR
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE OUALITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS AGRICULT
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF DAIRY-INDUSTRY WATER-POLLUTION
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TC THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
MY WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM FOR BEEF KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION FEEOLO
LIVESTOCK FEEDLDTS ARE POLLUTION SOURCE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION MINNESOTA BI
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-TREAT
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS KEY
AGRICULTURE AND NATURES NUTRIENT CYCLES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION NITROGEN
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSINESS KEYWORDS NEBRASKA FEEDLOTS REGULATION WATER-POLLUTION
FEEDLQT HASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER POLLUTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATE
APPLY MORE NOT LESS POULTRY LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF AM
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES Z
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS ON MICHIGAN DAIRY FARMS KEYWORDS MICHIGAN REGU
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF FEE
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEECLCT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEFDLOTS NE
THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS POULTRY ODOR WATER-POLLUTION VENTILATION DEEP-PITS F
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TC POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORCS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT CF ANIMAL MANURES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS COOR WATER-POLLUTION CRO
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PATHOGENIC-BACTERIA ANIMAL-WASTE
FEEDLDT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY OPERATIONS KEYWORDS LEGISLATION FEED
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-PCLLUTION LEGISLATION FEEOLOTS ILLINQ
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR POULTRYMEN KEYWORDS POULTRY WASTE-
CONTROL COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS REGULATION ENGINEERING DES
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY WASTES MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CALIFORNIA WATER-P
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING POLLUTION KEYWORDS WISCONSIN DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS DESIGN
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY KEYWORDS AERO
THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES-CONCLUSION KEYWORDS AG
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE FRCM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UNITS KEYWORDS COMPUTER-MODELS WASTE-
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF BEEF FEEDLCT WASTE KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE NEBRASKA REGULAT
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS ORGANIC-WASTES CARBON FUELS WATER-POLLUTIO
FEEDLOT POLLUTION-A SOLVABLE PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-RUNOFF WATER-POLLUTION SOU
HATER POLLUTION LAHS AND REGULATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION MISSOURI PER
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-HATER-TREATMENT HATE
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER KEYWORDS LIVESTOCK FEEOLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL COS
THE STOCKMANS ROLE IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL LEGAL-A
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND GROUND WATER QUALITY KEYWCRDS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES FARM-HAS
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING HATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTORAL~NONPOINT SOURC
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS ECONOMICS LEGAL-ASPEC
THE ECCNOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT GUIDELINES ON THE U S FED BEEF INDUSTRY
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CONTROLLING SURFACE WATER RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN U S HOG PROD
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT MO SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL WATER
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTICN PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AGRICULTURAL H
NPDES PERMIT SYSTEM AND GUIDELINES FOR MICHIGAN PRESENTED AT THE AGRICULTURAL HASTE CON
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL KEYWORDS CATTLE FEEOLOTS HATER-
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHY AND HOW KEYWORDS FEECLOTS LEGAL-ASPECTS TERRACING LAGOON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION DAIR
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS CATTLE LAGOONS HATER-POLLUTION-CO
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE HATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL WA
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF LESS
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT WATE
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS WATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES AGRICULTURAL
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL HASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNOHATER QUALITY KEYWORDS HAT
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEOLOT WASTE ANC ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND GROUND WATER OUALITY KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES FARM-WAS
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE SOLUTION THROUGH A WET PCROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION KEYWORD
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM KEYWORDS SAMPLING BACTERIA INDICATORS WATER-P
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES WATER-POLL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWCRDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-HASTES WATER-
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE WATER-POLLUTION-CONTROL WA
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER-A REVIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE KEYWORDS GROUNOHATER-POLL
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS KEYWORDS HATER-POLLUTION-SOURCES NUTRIE
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION HITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES CN WATER OUALITY IN NEBRASKA A SURVEY OF STREAMS GR
WATER QUALITY OF STORM RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF FEECLOT KEYWORDS HATER-QUALITY STORM-R
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY A STUDY IN BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA INTERPRETATION
HYDROLOGIC AND HATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF FEEDLOT RUNOFF KEYWORDS HYOROLOG
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN GROUNOWATER OUALITY KEYWORDS HAT
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR CHANNEL CATFISH ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL WATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
120
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
600 70 1896
300 74 1914
200 71 1925
700 73 2061
300 75 2339
700 74 2405
200 71 2453
300 74 2556
200 75 2674
200 75 2738
700 74 2766
400 71 1965
100 74 2404
200 74 2465
200 74 2466
600 72 1995
300 75 2339
100 73 1673
700 71 1689
300 74 1783
600 74 1749
300 74 1678
600 74 2081
300 68 1776
300 71 2133
300 72 21C5
300 73 2355
600 74 2356
100 75 2422
400 72 1807
100 71 2787
200 73 1648
200 74 2030
300 72 2374
400 75 2349
100 74 1855
200 64 2132
300 75 2339
400 74 1917
200 70 2396
300 74 I860
100 74 2097
200 74 2006
400 73 2416
200 75 2727
300 73 1617
300 73 1617
200 75 2586
300 73 1915
400 75 2346
200 74 2465
300 73 1617
200 75 2586
300 72 2090
400 72 18C7
100 71 1902
100 74 2069
100 75 2456
200 75 2672
100 71 2787
400 73 1634
200 71 1962
200 71 1965
200 71 1967
200 71 1970
200 71 1971
200 71 1977
400 75 2214
300 74 2215
100 70 2381
200 64 2566
400 72 2573
200 75 2603
200 75 2615
200 75 2626
200 72 2361
600 74 2072
300 75 2339
100 72 1788
200 73 1789
200 74 2459
100 61 2505
100 71 2767
100 73 1806
600 72 1893
100 74 2064
400 74 2070
100 74 2340
300 65 2377
100 65 2423
200 73 2442
200 75 2667
200 75 2727
200 75 2749
300 74 1619
100 73 1800
300 73 2208
300 72 2089
200 74 2467
200 75 2633
WATER-QUAL I TY
WATER-QUAL I TY
WATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUAL ITY
WATER-QUAL ITY
WATER-QUAL ITY
WATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY
WATER-QUALITY-CONT
WATER-OUALITY-CONT
WATER-REQUIREMENT
WATER-REQUIREMENT
WATER-R6SERVIOR
WATER-RESOURCES
WATER-REUSE
WATER-REUSE
WATER-REUSE
WATER-SAMPLING
WATER-SUPPLY
WATER-TABLE
WATER-TREATMENT
WATER-UTILIZATION
WATER-VOLUMES
WAUKEGAN-SILT-LOAM
WAUKEGAN-SILT-LOAM
WEATHERING
WEATHER
WEATHER
WEATHER-DATA
WEED-CONTROL
WEIGHTS
WEIGHT
WEIRS
WELLS
WELLS
WESTERN-CORNBELT
WEST-VIRGINIA
WETLANDS
WET-SCREENING
WHITE-LEGHORNS
WINDROWS
WINDROW-TECHNIQUE
WIND
WIND-DIRECTION
WIND-DIRECTION
WIND-EROSION
WIND-EROSION
WIND-POSITION
WIND-VELOCITY
WIND-VELOCITY
WINTERKILLS
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WINTER
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WISCONSIN
WOOD-SHAVINGS
WOOD-WASTES
WYOMING
YEASTS
YEASTS
YEASTS
YEASTS
YEASTS
YIELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
Y [ELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
YI ELDS
YIELDS
YIELDS
YIELD
YIELD
VIELD
ZERO-DISCHARGE
ZERO-DISCHARGE
ZERO-DISCHARGE
St. ? OUALITy 4ND *«STE DISPOSAL IN MONTANA KEYWORDS WATER-QUALIIY WASTE-DISPOSAL MONT
P'UNCH MANURE AS A FEED.SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL CATFISH FARMING KEYWORDS AOUACULTURE WA
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON FEEOLOT WASTE KE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FEEDLCT RUNOFF KEYWORDS BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT AGRICULTURAL-RUN
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
SOIL ABSORPTION OF HUMIC COLOR KEYWORDS COLOR FEEOLOTS ABSORPTION CHEMICAL-OKYGEN-DEH
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID ZONES KEYWORDS AGRICULTURAL-WASTES DOMESTIC-WASTES WATER-
WATER QUALITY AND SOIL EROSION FROM SURFACE APPLICATION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE WASTE
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUFFER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE WATER QUALITY OF MANURE POLLUTED
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RECYCLING KEYWORDS LAGOONS ANAEROBI
AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE AND AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION KEYWORDS
IRRIGATION RESIDUES KEYWORDS IRRIGATION-EFFECTS POLLUTANTS WATER-QUALITY-CONTROL WAST
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH KEYWORDS
NEW fLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGODN KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS DESIGN
A TWO CROP FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEM KEYWORDS FISH-FARMING FISH-MANAGEMENT FISH-HARVEST
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
TROUT METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FO
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF WATER FOR DILUTION AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF DAIRY CATTLE
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL UNDER NATIVE P
A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL CATFISH PONDS KEYWORDS EFFLUENT F
LOCATING A NEW FEEOLOT KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE WASTEWATER IN LABORATORY SCIL PROFILES KEYWORDS SOIL-PROFILE
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL WASTES-A FORWARD ORIENTED REVIEW KEYWORDS CATTLE HO
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS PHASE I KEYW
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL LAGOONS DESIGN LOADING LAGO
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRCP-RF.SPONSE CCRN FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT KEYWORDS CRCP-RESPONSE CORK FERTILIZERS LIQUID-WASTES PESTICID
WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED WASTES IN UNROOFED AND UNPAVEO CONFINED LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS WEATHER OOOR FEEDL
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWCRDS WINTER FARM-WASTES WASTE-TREATM
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE FEEOLOTS KEYWORDS OOOR FEEDLOTS CATTLE AIR-POLLUTION AGRIC
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES KEYWORDS CROP-RESPONSE AGRICULT
INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL POTASSIUM ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER AS SILAGE KEYWORDS RECYCLING SILAGE CATTLE WEIGHT TASTE POUL
A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS FROM WATER KEYWORDS SOLID-WAST
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSCURI KEYWORDS NITRATES NITRITES N
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWORDS GROUNDWAT
00 FLUMES REALLY WORK KEYWORDS FLUMES PERFORMANCE CONFINEMENT-PENS COSTS FLUSHING WES
AN ASSESSMENT Of THE AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING WASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL IN WEST VIR
ESTIMATING NUTRIENT LOADINGS OF LAKES FROM NONPCINT SOURCES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS EUTROPH
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE MANURE SEPARATES KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS
CHARACTERIZATION DF WHITE LEGHORN MANURE KEYWORDS FEEDS MORTALITY MOISTURE-CONTENT WH
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING KEYWORDS AERATION FCRCEC-ORYING THERMOPHILIC-BACTERIA MOIST
COMPOSTING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS YIELDS COMPOSTING SWINE WINDROW-TECHNIQUE BULKING-MAT
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLOT SITE SELECTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLGT SITE SELECTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
METHODS AND PRACTICES FCR CONTRCLLING WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL NQNPOINT SOURC
CONSEQUENCES OF WASTE DISPOSAL ON LAND KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL ORGANIC-WASTES SEWAGE-
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH DEEP LAGOON KEYWORDS LAGOONS ODOR FEEDLOTS CONFINEMENT-P
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEOLOT SITE SELECTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS SITE-SELECTION WIND ODOR
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS GENERATED WHILE TREATING AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE KEYWORDS BA
EUTROPH1CATION IN THE GREAT PLAINS KEYWORDS EUTROPHICATION GREAT-PLAINS WATER-POLLUT1
CONFINEMENT PAYS IF WEATHER IS BAD KEYWORDS CONFINEMENT-PENS CCSTS WEATHER CDOR FEEOL
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWCRDS WINTER BROILERS MANURE COMPOSTI
WINTER OPERATION OF A MODIFIED OPEN FRONT FINISHING HOUSE FOR SWINE KEYWORDS WINTER D
WINTER INOCULATIVE RELEASES OF PARASITOIDS TO REDUCE HOUSE FLIES IN POULTRY MANURE KEY
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE UNOfcR SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS KEYWORDS WINTER AGRICUL
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF BROILER MANURE KEYWORDS WINTER FARM-WASTES WASTE-TREATM
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE HANDLING PROBLEM KEYWORDS WASTE-HANDLING DAIRY-INDUSTRY AGRICULT
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES IN RURAL WISCO
THE ROLE OF THE WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTURE IN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION PREVENTIO
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT KEYWORDS PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS SURFACE-WATERS ENVIRONM
FARM ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-WHAT OUR MILK MARKET REQUIRES KEYWORDS MILK ANIMAL-WASTE
CONTROLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF KEYWORDS WASTE-DISPOSAL WISCONSIN FEEOLOTS RUNOFF-CONTROL
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RESEARCH ON MANURE HANDLING KEYWORDS WISCONSIN RESEARCH-ANO-D
LOW COST MANURE BASINS WORK IN WISCONSIN KEYWORDS WASTE-STORASE WISCONSIN BASINS COSTS
A COMPARISON DF SOLID AND LIQUID MANURE STORAGE SYSTEMS KEYWORDS WASTE-STORAGE SOL10-W
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC NITROGEN CONTENTS OF UNDISTURBED CULTIVATED AND BARNYARD SOIL P
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT CF PACKING HOUSE AND FEECLOT WASTES KEYWORDS WASTE-TREATME
A LIVESTOCKMANS GUIDE TO POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS REGULATION FEEDLOTS WAT
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAM FCR AGRICULTURAL POINT SOURCES KEYWORDS REGULATION
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES- EARTHEN BASINS KEYWORDS DAIRY-
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING POLLUTION KEYWORDS WISCONSIN DAIRY-INDUSTRY COSTS DESIGN
THE FATE OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN AN OXIDATION DITCH TREATING SWINE WASTES KEYWOR
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS KEYWORDS FUELS ENERGY DESIGN PYR
GROUND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES KEYWCRDS GROUNOWAT
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED SITES KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE A
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED BY FEED ADDITIVES KEYWORDS SWINE ODOR FEEDS ADDITIVES SAM
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRODUCTION METHOD KEYWORDS FERMENTATION FEEDS RECYCLING BACTERI
THE MICROFLORA OF POULTRY HCUSE LITTER AND DROPPINGS KEYWORDS BACTERIA MOLDS YEASTS LI
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JERSEY KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES-WILDL
FEEDLOT MANURE A POTENTIALLY VALUABLE MATERIAL KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS MANURE WASTE-TREATMEN
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL WATER QUALITY AND SILAGE CORN YIELD
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE KE
USE OF ANIMAL WASTES AS A SOU AMENDMENT KEYWORDS ANIMAL-WASTES FERTILIZERS CATTLE NU
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER AND OF FA
BROILER LITTER AS A FERTILIZER KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS NUTRIENTS BROILER-LITTER LAND-DIS
VALUE OF MANURE ON AN IRRIGATED CALCAREOUS SOIL KEYWORDS NUTRIENTS NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS
DETERMINING APPLICATION RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO THE LAND KEYWORDS FARM-WASTES LI
THE YIELD RESPONSE OF GRASS TO AEROBICALLY STABILIZED SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS CROP-RESPO
COMPOSTING SWINE WASTE KEYWORDS YIELDS COMPOSTING SWINE WINDROW-TECHNIQUE BULKING-MAT
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES AND COMM
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY LOT MANURE KEYWORDS FERTILIZERS DAIRY-INDUSTRY CONFINEMENT-
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS ZEA MAYS L MANURING AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD AND PRO
USE OF CATTLE F6EDLOT RUNOFF IN CROP PRODUCTION KEYWORDS FEEDLOTS CATTLE AGRICULTURAL-
ANIMAL WASTE-REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS KEYWORDS WATER-POLLUTION REGULATION FEEDLOTS P
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE POLLUTION LAWS KEYWORDS LEGAL-ASPECTS FEEOLCTS WATER-POLLUTION
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION FACILITY KEYWORDS COSTS SPRINKLER-
121
-------
KEYWORD INDEX
700 69 1690 ZETA-POTENTIAL ZETA POTENTIAL OF CCLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS FROM A BEEF CAT.TIE FEEDLCT SURFACE KEYWORDS If
300 72 2371 ZINC MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS KEYWORD; FEEDS MINNESOTA ANALYSES PHOS
100 75 2490 ZINC EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND LAGOON WATER ON IRON ZINC MANGANESE AND COPPER CONIE
300 74 1678 ZONING LOCATING A NEW FEEDLCT KEYWORDS FEEDkOTS SITE-SELECTION HATER-POLLUTION LIVESTOCK REG
300 73 1733 ZCNING THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS CATTLE ZONIN
400 65 2037 ZCNING MANURE ODORS CAN LAND YCU IN COURT KEYWORDS ODOR LEGAL-ASPECTS URBAN-DEVELOPMENT ZONI
100 67 2192 ZONING COMMERCIAL FEEOLOTS-NUISANCE ZONING AND REGULATION KEYWORDS FEEOLOTS NUISANCE ZONING
200 69 2488 ZCNING PERSONAL SIDELIGHTS AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE HBI TRIAL KEYWORDS ODOR LAGOONS ZONING LAW
400 72 2554 ZCONOSES ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ANIMAL WASTES KEYWORDS ENVIRONMENTAL-EFFECTS ANIMAL-WASTES Z
122
-------
SECTION V
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
CATEGORIES OF ANIMAL INFORMATION
Interest Area
A. Environmental Effects
B. Management of Animal Production
and Confinement Operations
C. Characteristics of Animal
Wastes
D. Treatment Processes
E. Utilization and Disposal
F. General
Topic Area
1. General
2. Surface Runoff from Animal
Production Unit Operation
3. Surface Runoff from
Agricultural Watersheds
4. Groundwater
5. Odor
6. Air
7. Biocides
8. Vectors
9 - Health
10. Aesthetics
1. General
2. Liquid Systems
3. Solid Systems
1. General
2. Physical
3. Chemical
4. Biological
5. Management's Impact On
1. General
2. Physical
3. Chemical
4. Biological
1. General
2. Land
3. Reuse
4. By-Product Recovery
1. Economics
2. Legalities
3. Institutional and Policy Needs
4. Overviews, Trends and Projections
5. Related Agricultural Operations
123
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
M
U23
H2t
1646
1672
uei
nc;
no*
nc5
1112
1113
im
1129
ins
1745
1751
1152
1155
1756
1762
1761
1775
1776
1777
178C
1783
1785
net
1791
1794
1795
1756
1796
1799
1CCC
1602
16C4
leos
ieC6
16C7
lece
i6ic
162C
1621
1623
1625
1625
1632
1633
1635
164C
I85C
1657
1667
1668
1682
1884
1867
leee
1689
1691
1892
1693
1695
1896
1697
1696
1901
15CS
1911
1912
1914
1915
1921
1925
1926
1527
1928
1929
153C
1536
1943
1954
1556
1957
1959
1961
1962
1963
1965
1966
1967
1966
1969
197C
1571
1572
1578
1979
1582
1585
M
1567
1591
1595
1596
1557
1596
2CC1
2CC>
iCK
2C11
2C12
icn
2C14
2C17
2C26
2C2S
2C3C
2C31
2C32
2C33
2C34
2C42
2C43
2C51
2C54
2C57
2C6C
2C62
2C64
2C67
2C68
2C6S
2C76
2C78
2C8C
2C61
2C82
2C64
2C65
2C68
2C85
2C9C
2C93
2C95
2C98
21CC
2IC1
2IC2
21C4
21C5
21C9
JllC
2111
2113
2117
2116
2121
2123
2126
2127
213C
2131
2132
2133
2135
2137
2141
2142
2143
2146
2147
2146
2149
215C
2153
2156
2157
till
2167
2169
2174
2182
2192
2193
2195
2196
2199
22C3
22C6
22C5
221C
2218
222C
2227
2229
2232
2235
2236
2241
2243
225C
2251
2252
2255
2257
225E
226C
2263
2269
2272
2276
2277
2275
2280
2268
2251
2253
23C1
23C2
23C6
2312
2313
2317
2215
2333
2334
2335
224C
2246
2352
2355
2256
2358
2355
2263
2364
2377
2378
2360
2261
2362
2383
2365
2386
2388
2251
2353
2354
2295
2256
24CC
24C4
24C6
24CJ
24C8
241C
2412
2415
2416
2417
2421
2426
2429
2432
2433
244C
2441
2442
2445
2446
2446
245C
2451
2453
2457
246C
2461
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2472
2474
2477
2485
2486
245C
2491
2452
2494
2455
2457
25C4
25C5
25C6
2515
2515
2521
2522
U
2524
253C
2531
2535
254C
2546
2547
2545
255C
2552
2556
2557
2555
2561
2562
2563
2565
2566
2569
2571
2572
2573
2574
2577
2576
2S8C
2582
2583
2565
2552
2593
2594
2595
26CC
26C2
2tC3
26C4
2611
2613
2616
2622
2624
2625
2626
262.7
262E
2629
263C
2632
2622
2634
2638
2639
2647
2653
2655
266C
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2676
2679
2682
2683
2665
2686
2655
27CC
27C1
27C5
27C7
2712
2718
2726
2726
2725
273C
2737
2735
2741
2742
2144
2748
2745
275C
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2755
124
41
2763
2764
2765
2766
2769
2772
2773
2774
2779
2783
2791
2792
2794
2795
2196
2796
2755
26C2
2CC6
26C5
261C
2611
2612
2613
42
1633
1634
1635
1652
1656
1658
1664
1671
1676
169C
1706
me
1715
172C
1721
1724
17 2C
1739
1742
1753
1756
1759
1761
1779
1781
17E8
1792
1793
1611
1613
1E14
1831
1834
1538
166C
1675
152C
1532
1534
1541
1542
1552
1557
1555
2CCC
2CC2
2CC5
2C86
2114
212C
2124
2136
214C
2162
2175
2179
219C
2211
2221
2228
227C
2273
2263
22C7
239C
2392
2398
24C5
24C6
2411
2434
2444
2447
2473
2475
2£C2
25C8
25U
2523
2533
2537
25S4
2567
2575
2597
2606
26C9
261C
27C6
27C8
27C9
271C
2711
2771
2776
2781
2797
26C3
<3
1614
166C
1557
2247
2411
2442
2454
25C2
2SC7
2516
2598
2672
2674
2782
1635
166C
1663
1767
1787
1614
1645
>168C
1655
1931
1534
1547
1558
1564
1566
1967
2CC5
21C6
2162
2175
2179
2187
2211
2245
2255
2280
2252
2296
2335
2366
2395
2413
2434
2442
2447
2455
2473
2517
2523
2528
2542
2564
2576
2584
2623
267C
2671
2673
2675
2769
2777
2162
1617
1621
1626
1631
1635
1(48
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
AS
U5C
1(51
1(61
1674
1(83
Kit
1654
1695
use
17CC
1715
IJU
1721
1125
1736
1742
176C
1785
1796
1EC1
iei5
1617
1826
1641
1651
1E71
1686
ISC'!
1512
1513
IS3E
1576
1554
2C15
2C35
2C3£
2C37
2C45
2C((
2C7C
2C7S
2C54
2C96
21C6
211^
2136
2136
2139
2151
2154
2155
2159
2164
21(6
2175
2181
2194
2198
22C1
.22C4
22C5
2216
2237
2238
2247
2271
2282
2286
2290
2297
2206
22C9
232C
2221
2332
2336
2342
2262
2379
238C
2392
2398
2412
2414
2418
2422
2424
2430
2438
2456
2468
2488
2496
25C7
2508
2509
2513
2514
2516
2533
2542
2542
2555
26C1
26CJ
<(C7
2621
2631
2637
2<6
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
2216
i257
2396
2399
24C2
24C4
2414
2415
2417
2418
2415
2<2C
2421
2422
2432
2423
2434
244C
2*43
244t
2*47
2450
2151
2453
2456
2457
2461
2462
24(3
2464
2465
2466
2467
2466
247C
2472
2473
2475
2476
2477
2476
2485
2469
2497
2502
25C4
25C5
25C6
2506
2511
2514
2516
2517
2519
2S2C
2524
2S3C
2531
2541
2545
2546
2547
2!54
2555
2558
2559
256C
2561
2562
2564
2565
2566
2567
2571
2572
2573
2560
2563
2586
2589
259C
2591
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2596
2599
26CC
2601
2602
tl
26C3
26C4
2SC5
26C6
26C7
26C6
.2614
2616
2611
2623
2624
2626
263C
2636
2639
2642
2643
2648
2655
2(56
2662
2663
2668
2669
2678
2660
2685
2686
2687
2688
2692
2694
2695
2697
26S9
i7CC
27C3
27C4
27C5
27C6
27C7
27C9
2711
2712
2114
2716
2717
2718
2719
272C
2721
2722
2723
2724
2737
274C
2743
2744
2157
2759
2762
2763
2164
2769
277C
2771
2772
2773
2776
2777
2778
278C
2761
2763
2164
2758
279C
2791
2795
2797
2EC3
28C4
261C
2614
E2
1625
1627
1631
1633
1635
164C
1641
U44
1646
1(51
1653
1654
1455
62
1657
166C
1661
1665
1666
1667
1674
1675
1678
1679
166C
168*
1686
1667
1689
1692
1693
1696
1698
16S9
17CC
17C1
1102
17C7
nee
1717
1121
1730
I13E
1742
1756
1757
1756
1765
1166
1747
1117
1161
1764
1791
1792
1194
1195
1796
ieC2
leci
1609
uii
U13
1E17
ieie
1E2C
1821
1822
1829
183C
1E34
1637
1E39
1642
1E43
1644
1E5C
1655
1ES7
1E62
1E66
1E68
U73
1876
1879
1881
1683
1E64
1E66
169C
1891
1898
19C8
15C5
191C
1S11
1912
1517
1918
1926
1929
1992
1936
1952
1956
1958
1571
1975
1976
J978
1979
1981
1994
2CC1
C2
2CC5
2C16
2C2C
2C21
2C24
2C25
2C26
2C27
2C28
2C31
2C32
2C33
2C43
2C55
2C61
2C62
2C66
2C69
2C81
2C92
21C5
21C6
21C6
2114
2117
2118
2127
212f
215C
2156
2157
2159
2165
2171
2175
2176
2183
2186
2168
2194
22C1
22C2
22C4
2205
22C6
2212
2214
222
224
225
221
241
254
261
265
278
281
262
268
292
297
31C
215
317
316
2319
2336
2342
2355
2356
2361
2365
2368
2375
2379
2384
2265
24C3
241C
2412
2428
2429
2435
2436
2437
2438
2441
2444
2445
2449
2469
2471
2481
2482
2*83
2464
2486
2487
2466
2491
82
2492
2496
2523
2525
2528
2529
2532
2533
2537
2542
255C
2552
2553
2575
2587
2586
26C9
261C
2611
2612
2613
2615
2616
2619
262C
2621
2622
2625
2627
2626
2629
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
264C
2644
2661
2670
2671
2673
2675
2676
2677
2679
2683
2684
2693
2696
2696
27C2
27C6
21K
2113
2726
2126
2129
213C
2731
2132
2733
2735
2136
2138
2739
2741
2142
2745
2746
2155
2158
2166
2168
2114
2719
2789
2E06
2612
63
1619
1649
1676
1686
1112
1125
1152
1163
1172
119C
1796
1191
1EC1
HC3
16C6
(3
1628
164C
1646
1646
1649
1659
1661
U65
1E69
1874
1662
1902
1921
1935
1949
1955
1973
1983
2CC4
2C18
2022
2C29
2C59
2C67
2C73
216C
2195
2226
2416
2456
2480
2534
2542
2641
2651
2725
2727
2160
2161
2787
2793
Cl
1664
1689
UK
1113
112C
1122
1749
1755
1761
1762
1176
1762
1766
1789
1791
1613
1E26
1596
2C06
2CC7
2CC8
2C19
2C96
21C6
2126
2132
2135
2193
2157
2158
2160
2179
2189
2216
2233
2234
2242
2266
2307
2363
24C1
2579
258C
2642
2677
2748
2768
2170
2781
C2
1684
11C6
1(23
126
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
If SI
2134
2155
2195
1213
2262
2311
2231
24CE
2431
2551
26SC
2667
21C1
21C4
2712
2713
2121
2175
2E11
Cl
1653
1654
U55
1668
1(75
1684
net
17C9
1711
1721
.1751
1(15
H25
1C33
1938
H«i
1E6C
1951
2C68
2C7C
2C85
2155
2195
2213
2218
2226
2231
2247
2246
2249
225C
2261
2272
23C2
2331
239C
24C8
2431
2518
2522
2534
2536
25S1
2568
26C7
2641
265C
26B2
2686
26(7
2688
2690
2701
27C4
2112
2113
2738
2139
2146
2151
2191
2E11
C4
1643
2327
2365
2652
268C
C5
1625
1631
166S
C5
1668
161*
1692
nci
17C3
17C9
1726
1138
1151
use
1769
1773
1791
1798
18C2
162C
H28
It 49
1656
H64
U73
19C2
19C5
1912
1916
1935
1945
1952
1981
2C21
2C24
2H5
2C26
2C33
2C49
2C67
2C73
2115
2138
2K4
2183
2225
2264
2315
2336
2342
2361
229C
2624
2639
2644
2646
2653
2654
2676
2695
2731
2737
2733
2734
2735
2736
2745
Cl
1623
1626
1632
1642
1645
1646
1668
1681
1682
1683
1689
1694
U95
1697
111C
1713
1119
1121
1723
1125
1126
1141
1144
1146
176C
1163
1164
1765
1166
1169
1113
1785
18CS
Cl
1M3
1617
H18
1E19
1E27
1E3C
1633
1E35
H44
U62
1E64
1E67
1E71
1E12
1E85
1E9C
1E97
19CC
19C7
1916
1917
192C
1923
1925
1937
1945
1946
195C
1955
1959
1962
1976
198E
199C
1996
2CCC
2CC5
2C16
2C19
2C35
2C41
2C51
2C54
2C58
2C71
2C72
2C75
2C8S
2C9C
21C3
21C6
2111
2126
2132
2135
2139
2153
216C
2166
2168
2169
217C
218C
2185
2191
2196
2197
22C6
22C9
2235
2244
226C
2262
2271
2279
23C9
2313
2314
232C
2328
2329
2337
2378
2382
2383
2386
2388
2389
2291
2395
2391
24C8
2425
2426
243C
2432
2438
244C
J45C
Dl
2454
2457
2462
2463
2468
2469
2472
25C1
25CE
2513
2539
2562
2565
2566
2579
259C
2593
26CC
26C4
261C
2617
263C
2641
2647
27C3
2746
2766
277C
2771
2776
278C
2194
2CCC
2EC5
C2
1622
1652
1666
1667
1674
1676
1717
HIS
1E52
1981
1993
2CC4
2C36
2C39
2C56
2C59
2C63
2C65
2C67
2C73
2C74
2C92
2C97
21C7
2112
2115
2116
2134
2152
2155
2172
2177
2193
2212
2223
2225
2238
2291
2294
2295
2298
2299
22C1
2316
2439
2449
2458
246C
2478
2498
2499
2512
2534
2541
256C
2566
26C6
2624
2627
2646
265C
2691
C2
2657
21CC
27C4
2717
2718
2719
272C
2721
2722
2723
2724
2727
2744
2147
2775
2785
2793
2799
28C4
2814
C3
1657
1669
167C
1677
1685
169C
1731
1748
175C
1626
1E37
1E53
1859
1E73
1E9E
1935
2C4C
2C47
2C55
2C79
2C94
2C99
2119
2194
2264
2268
2318
2325
2348
24C3
24C9
2416
2439
2496
2499
252C
2525
2534
2586
2639
2653
2659
2677
2678
2681
2694
2696
2698
2785
2814
C4
1625
1627
163C
1631
1635
1636
1641
1651
1652
1657
1661
1665
1666
1667
1674
1675
1676
1686
1687
1688
1692
1693
1696
C4
1698
1699
17CC
17C1
17C2
17C8
17C9
1711
1717
1722
173C
1736
1743
1752
1154
1757
1758
1776
178C
1794
1795
1797
179E
18C1
1EC2
18C6
HCt
1E2C
1829
1E42
1ES6
1858
1E65
1E66
1866
1E73
1876
1C81
1684
1E91
H98
19C2
19C5
19C6
19C6
19C9
191C
1911
1912
1919
1924
1927
1939
1953
2C2C
2C21
2C22
2C23
2C24
2C2S
2C26
2C27
2C28
2C39
2C«4
2C46
2C49
2C5C
2C57
2C61
2C62
2C65
2C74
21CC
21C7
21C8
2115
2128
2136
215C
2151
2156
2157
2158
2165
2177
21B1
2183
2184
2186
2198
22C1
22C5
2213
2233
2234
2237
2254
127
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
22EE
22(3
;<)£
;;9C
2291
2311
2;ie
2322
2222
222(
2:3(
<242
2251
2357
2259
23(C
tltl
ill*
2379
236C
2364
2261
24C2
24C3
24C5
24C7
241C
2412
202;
2426
£137
2448
2459
2474
2479
248C
2493
2496
25CC
25C3
2523
2527
2532
2541
2546
2545
2553
2555
258C
2561
2584
2591
26C7
2621
2622
2623
2(27
2631
2632
2633
2636
2637
2636
263;
264C
2642
2643
2644
2652
2654
2655
2656
2658
2666
2676
2683
2695
2696
27CC
2702
27C5
2713
2718
2724
2725
2726
2127
21Z8
2724
273C
2731
2732
2733
273*
2135
273(
2138
2739
214C
2741
2)4<
2743
2744
2745
2i!°
2164
2768
2779
2786
2767
27£f
2791
2755
2£C1
2£C2
2£C7
El
1(26
1(42
U4e
1645
1(81
1617
I7C3
me
1713
1723
1727
1749
1764
1773
1776
1785
1798
17?5
ieu
1633
less
1631
H3<;
1E44
1S5C
U66
1898
1533
2C19
2C85
21C5
2114
2126
2132
2135
2139
2147
2153
2156
2169
2191
21S3
2196
22C2
22C6
22C9
2255
226C
227?
2285
2313
223C
2351
2383
2389
2396
23S9
2415
2421
2429
2432
2438
2«4C
24«t
24S1
2457
2463
2472
2JC4
25(2
2572
El
2574
2593
2594
26CC
26C4
2617
2(78
27C1
27C5
211C
2739
27(6
27(9
2771
2773
2791
2E1C
E2
1(23
1626
1633
l(3t
1(39
K4C
U41
1(44
H53
1(54
I(£5
1(57
1(59
166C
1(72
1(76
1(79
uec
1682
1(87
1(89
U9C
1(?9
17C8
1712
1721
1722
1724
1731
1738
1739
174C
1741
1742
1743
1745
1751
1755
1756
1757
1758
1763
1767
me
1775
1777
176C
1783
1787
1791
1792
1794
18CC
1CC2
16C4
KC5
16C6
me
uii
1813
1E14
1817
1818
1C2C
1821
1825
U27
1£3C
1834
1E43
1645
1847
1848
1857
H65
1867
1£(B
1869
U72
1878
E2
1679
1E81
1E62
1E83
1864
1E67
1E88
1E69
1E91
1893
1895
1E97
1E99
19C1
1919
1926
1929
1932
1S36
1942
1949
1956
1956
1961
19(2
1963
196(
1966
1972
1977
1982
1963
1965
1966
1991
2CCC
2CC5
2CC9
2CIC
2C11
2C12
2C13
2C2t
2C29
2C3C
2C31
2C32
2C33
2C42
2C43
2C55
2C56
2C57
2C62
2C64
2C65
2C66
2C7C
2C81
2C83
2C9C
2C92
2C93
2C96
21C2
21C4
21C7
21C8
2113
2117
2121
2124
213C
2131
2133
2136
214C
2145
2159
2161
2162
2164
2171
2174
2175
2177
2178
2161
2186
2187
2197
22C8
2211
2221
2222
2224
2227
2229
223C
2231
E2
2235
2236
2241
2243
2245
2251
2252
2255
22(1
2265
2269
2272
2277
2284
22E8
2293
2296
23C2
2312
2317
2219
232C
2322
2323
2324
2331
2234
2337
2336
234C
2*46
2352
2353
2355
2356
2256
2259
2362
2266
2375
2376
2377
2378
238C
2381
2262
2365
2266
2387
2289
2391
2393
2294
2395
2397
2298
24C7
2415
2416
2417
2418
2423
2426
243C
2436
2441
2442
2443
2<44
2448
2455
2461
2464
2469
2474
2475
2485
2^66
•487
249C
2491
2492
2494
2495
2496
25C7
25C8
2514
2515
2516
2521
2522
2:23
2531
2533
2!34
254C
2542
2544
Hit
12
2547
2552
255t
2557
2559
2563
2565
25(6
2569
2575
2577
2578
2S8C
2584
2586
259C
2592
2(C2
2(C9
261C
2(11
2(13
2616
2619
2621
2623
2625
2(26
2626
2629
263C
2(32
2633
2636
2637
2639
2(6C
2661
2662
2(63
2664
2(65
2666
2667
2668
2669
2(72
2673
2674
2676
2679
2682
2685
2688
2699
27ce
27C2
27C3
27C4
27C7
27C6
2713
2114
2715
2722
2737
2738
2742
2745
2748
2749
275C
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2764
2765
2169
2772
2774
2782
2783
2784
2786
2792
2795
2796
2198
2806
2(11
2E12
2613
128
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
13
uie
iei5
1422
163C
If32
Itlt
1637
1645
1676
1725
1134
1744
1746
1752
lite
1765
1771
1772
1755
1757
16C3
1EC7
nee
1EC5
1619
me
1E4C
1E42
1E47
1E56
1(58
1E55
1E61
1E67
1E68
1E7C
1E74
1E85
15CC
15C1
15C3
15C6
15C7
1505
151C
1911
me
1923
1924
1535
1537
1539
154C
1944
1545
1546
154C
195C
1555
1955
1562
1566
1565
1S9C
2C16
2C2C
2C21
2C22
2C25
2C34
2C36
2C38
2C46
2C47
2C4S
2C5C
2C53
2054
2C56
2C57
2C58
2C59
2C63
2C67
2C71
2C72
2C74
2C75
2C51
2C97
21CO
21C7
2112
2115
2116
2123
2125
2129
215C
216C
E3
2166
2172
2177
ilEC
2IE4
2185
2157
22C7
i213
2217
2219
2235
224C
2244
2251
2263
2266
!267
2273
2274
2275
;27t
22E7
2289
2251
2294
2295
2258
2255
23CC
23C1
23C4
23C5
2314
232C
2322
2323
2326
2325
2342
2343
2344
2345
234E
2345
235C
2355
236C
2364
2373
2376
2386
2391
2397
24CC
2415
2416
2419
242C
2425
2427
2436 .
2445
245C
2452
2454
2455
246C
2461
24£2
2466
2465
2493
245E
2455
25CC
25C1
25C3
25CE
25C5
2S1C
2512
2526
2527
2525
2532
2534
2535
2536
2538
2535
2E41
2542
2546
2547
2^48
2549
2555
2558
256C
E3
2565
2582
259C
2591
26C6
2C12
2616
2622
2627
2625
2631
264C
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2647
2648
2645
265C
2£51
2652
2653
2654
2655
2,6 51
2657
2658
2677
2681
2683
2686
2687
27C3
2719
2744
2758
276C
2761
2776
2175
2785
2786
2785
2793
2754
2755
2ECC
2EC1
2EC2
2EC5
2EC7
2ECE
2EC5
2814
E4
1746
176C
1535
1546
2173
2322
2323
25C1
2624
2657
Fl
1632
1644
1646
1652
1661
1691
17C4
1713
1714
1717
1127
1128
1125
1133
1764
118C
1164
1EC2
1817
icie
1E2C
1E22
1831
1E35
1E57
1E69
1546
1546
f 1
1563
1565
1554
1556
1596
1555
2CC2
2CC4
2C12
2C13
:ci6
-------
SECTION VI
ABSTRACTS
130
-------
1615 - Bl 400
WILL A CONFINEMENT BARN PAY?
Beef. Vol. 9, No. 8, p. 3-5, April, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: "Confinement pens, 'Economics,
•Feedlots, Cattle, Costs, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Open lots.
Much controversy has arisen among beef pro-
ducers over the economics of confinement feed-
ing. Some say that open lots are cheaper and
and Just as good, while others insist that con-
finement is more profitable. The proponents of
the open lot say that open lots are as produc-
tive as confinement if they are designed prop-
erly and not overloaded. In a comparison be-
tween confinement and open lot we see that:
(1) Feeding time is shorter in confinement; (2)
The handling of the cattle is easier inside; (3)
It is a toss up between the manure handling;
(4) The open lot is much cheaper to build; (5)
Surprisingly, it takes less upkeep to keep the
building in good shape than it does the outside;
(6) Insurance is cheaper for the outside arrange-
ment; (7) It takes less labor Inside; (8) Health
is better inside; (9) Marketing programs can
be planned better inside; and (10) Space is bet-
ter conserved with a building than with an open
lot. Both systems have advantages and disad-
vantages, but the success is dependent on indi-
vidual needs and circumstances. (Russell-East
Central).
1616 - Bl 600
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FIVE
BEEF HOUSING SYSTEMS
West Central Experiment Station, University of
Minnesota, Morris. •
L. K. Lindor, K. A. Jordan, R. E. Smith, H. E.
Hanke, et. al.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, Paper No. 73-4543, 12 p.
IS tab.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, 'Cattle, 'Con-
finement pens, 'Performance, Farm wastes,
Waste storage.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Housing sys-
tems. Cold barns. Warm barns.
Production data was gathered In five beef hous-
ing systems. The data concerned animal wastes,
environments, average daily gain, and feed effic-
iency for 680 head of 425 pound Hereford steers
fed over a two-year period. Housing systems
were compared. It was found that there was a
manure build-up on top of the slats in the cold
slat barn during extreme winter weather. The
manure pit froze in the cold barn soon after the
outside temperature dropped below 32 degrees.
Before pumping the pits, it was necessary to agi-
tate 6 to 8 hours to prevent solids from build-
Ing up on the pit floor. It was also found that
an 8 ft, deep pit was adequate for feeding out
425 pound steers to market weight. The sloping
floors in the scrape barn aided movement of
waste into the scrape ally. It was concluded
that the environmental modification provided by
the heavily insulated warm barn might be super-
fluous. (Russell-East Central).
1617 - A5, Bl 300
PREVAILING WINDS IN FEEDLOT
SITE SELECTION
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A
& M University, College Station.
J. M. Sweeten.
Prepared for publication by Regional Extension
Project for Feedlot Waste Management through
the Great Plains Extension Feedlot Committee,
July 9, 1973, 6 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, "Sites, 'Wind, 'Odor,
Precipitation (Atmospheric), Wind velocity, Cat-
Identifiers: 'Site selection. Climatic patterns.
Wind direction. Buffer zone.
Confined feeding of cattle In feedlots inevitably
leads to the production of odor. Consequently,
the most important element of a feedlot odor
abatement consists of judicious site selection,
which involves a study of local climatic factors
to minimize the probability of odor drift into
nearby population centers or closest neighbors
in the direction of least probability of wind oc-
curance, The optimum direction can be deter-
mined from published "wind rose" diagrams
or from tabular wind direction data. An alter-
native objective in feedlot site selection, where
sufficient data is available, is 'to minimize the
probability of both a rainfall event and a speci-
fied wind direction occurring simultaneously.
If feedlot odors are minimized during the most
critical periods of adverse moisture and temper-
ature, the wind speed factor is probably less
important than wind direction considerations.
(Russell-East Central).
1618 - A9, E3 400
THEY BEAT THE HIGH COST OF
PROTEIN WITH PLS
B. Johnson.
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 88, No. 11, p. 44-45,
November, 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Proteins, 'Feeds, "Poul-
try, 'Litter, 'Silage, Cattle, Performance, Re-
cycling, Waste disposal.
Tests are being made by Graham farm in Lex-
ington, on a new kind of feed for dairy cattle
called Poultry Litter Silage (PLS). The Gra-
hams, using broiler Utter given them from their
neighbors, feed heifers and steers proteins that
cost about one-twentieth as much as soybean
meal. Here's how they figure it. Soybean meal
with 38% disegtible protein sells for $300 a ton
or 39 cents per pound (digestible). PLS is 14%
digestible and costs $5 a ton. This is 2 c^nts
per pound of digestible protein. Making this
new feed is an art which must be carefully
tested to assure safety. Cattle fed PLS gained
weight satisfactorily and calved with no ill
effects. Quality and taste of the meat seem
to be good. Since the FDA doesn't sanction the
feeding of poultry manure to other animals, cat-
tle owners are liable if any harmful residues
or contaminants can be traced back to their
feeding operations. With PLS costing only one-
twentieth of soybean meal cost, the Grahams,
and many others believe the present evidence
makes the risk of feeding PLS worth taking.
(Cameron-East Central).
1619 - B3, E3 300
FERTILIZER VALUE OF DAIRY
LOT MANURE
J. M. Rakes, Q. Hornsby, and G. Barr.
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 8,
January-February, 1974. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, "Dairy industry, 'Feed
lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal, Sampling,
Analysis, Chemical properties. Nutrients, Forage
grasses.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Yield.
A study was undertaken at the Maine Experi-
ment Station utilizing dairy lot manure as ferti-
lizer. Two methods of manure handling were
compared: scraping the manure into a pile and
loading with a front-mounted tractor loader, or
loading from a concrete ramp. Fresh dairy lot
manure was applied at two rates of wet mate-
rial—10 tons versus 100 tons per acre—on 1 acre
plots in a field. The material was Incorporated
into the soil, and Boone orchardgrass and Vic-
toria alfalfa were sown in the fall. Three types
of soil were represented in the field. Yields
were recorded and proximate analyses were
made of the forage produced. Yield was con-
sistently higher with the high level of manure
application in all three cuttings. The data from
this study suggest that. If cattle wastes are
available, increased yields can be obtained by
a high rate of application, balanced with limited
commercial fertilizer, (Cartmell-East Central).
1620 - Bl 300
PROTOTYPE OF A BROILER
CAGE SYSTEM
L. D. Andrews, G. S. Nelson, and G. C. Harris,
Jr.
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 9,
January-February, 1973. 3 fig,
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: 'Cage system, 'Broilers, Cross au-
ger, Feather follicles. Dropping boards.
Interest in caged broiler housing has been grow-
ing for several reasons: (1) the broilers may
be removed from cages to a transport truck
with a minimum of manual labor; (2) more broi-
lers can be reared in a given space; (3) no Ut-
ter is required; (4) manure is more easily re-
moved; (5) less clean-up is needed between
growouts; (6) heating costs are lower; (7) de-
beaking may not be necessary; (8) there is less
bruising by catching crews; and (9) feed con-
version and weight gain may be improved. Also,
the growth rate of caged broilers Is comparable
to that of floor-reared birds. Within this four-
tiered cage system is an automated feeding sys-
tem, heating cables, and fans and scrapers
which remove manure from the dropping boards
beneath the cages. The manure is removed
from the building by a cross auger. Among
disadvantages are brittle bones, infected feather
follicles, breast blisters, a high investment cost,
and difficulty in observing birds in the cages.
Finding a way to reduce these defects is the
next step in perfecting caged broiler production.
(Russell-East Central).
1621 - A3, A6, Bl 100
SOLUTIONS FOR FEEDLOT ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEMS—A CRITICAL
REVIEW
Office of Engineering Analysis Control Systems
National Environmental Research Center, Re-
search Triangle Park, North Carolina.
R. M. Bethea.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association,
Vol. 22, No. 10, p. 675-773, October, 1972. 1 tab,
52 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Odor, 'Control, 'Air
pollution, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment. Poul-
try, Hogs, Cattle, Livestock, Management, Costs,
Feeds, Recycling, Oxidation, Analysis Measure-
ment,
Identifiers: Ref ceding, Ozonation Incineration.
Gas washing and scrubbing.
This critical review begins with a description of
the air pollution and odor control problems asso-
ciated with animal feedlots and poultry houses.
A brief description is given for dairy odors,
poultry odors, swine odors, and cattle odors.
Prevention of the release of odoriferous com-
pounds would be the most efficacious long-range
solution to agricultural odor control problems.
The elimination of odors by incorporating humic
add into the feed ration appears to offer a
promising possibility as a control technique for
cattle, swine, and sheep feeding operations.
Other methods of odor control that are discussed
la detail with comparative cost and effective-
ness data are: odor reduction by recycle feed-
ing, odor reduction resulting from improved
waste handling procedures, odor control by
chemical reaction, odor control by ozonoation,
odor control by gas washing and scrubbing, and
odor elimination by thermal and catalytic incin-
eration. Discussion and recommendations for
future research are presented. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1622 - D2, E3 300
THE DISPOSAL OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTES BY PYROLYSIS
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boule-
vard, Kansas City, Missouri.
W. Garner and I. C. Smith.
Environmental Protection Agency Report Num-
ber, EPA-R2-73-096, January, 1973. 99 p. 15 fig,
9 tab.
131
-------
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Qualitattive organic
separation, *Gas condensation, 'Farm wastes,
Cattle, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal. Fuels.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, 'Feedlot waste, 'Eco-
nomic alaysis.
Beef cattle ( steer) manure was obtained from
a source that was free of soil contamination,
and subsequently dried and pulverized. Repli-
cate batch pyrolyses were carried out in stain-
less steel, glass, and iron tubes utilizing axial
flow, at various levels of elevated temperature,
and at atmospheric and lower pressures, Ex-
hausts were carried by inert gas to traps and
condensers. Qualitative separations and extrac-
tions were performed to determine the presence
and quantity of various gases, ash, tar, and
organics. Many constituents were extracted, but
In such small quantities that their value may
not pay for the cost of pyrolyzing. Larger scale
pyrolyzing units should be tested to either con-
firm or disprove. (D. F. Anderson-Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, OR&M).
1623 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2 600
DEWATERING BOVINE ANIMAL
MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Penn-
sylvania State University, University Park.
K. D. Bartlett, R. E. Bos, and E. C. Wunz.
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting of the Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Univer-
sity of Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973,
Paper No. 73-431, 26 p. 5 fig, 11 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, *Dewatering, 'Cat-
tle, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Waste
storage. Slurries, Irrigation, Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Fibers,
Research was conducted to develop methods of
dewatering bovine manure and determine the
properties of the resulting fibrous and liquid
components. Methods investigated were: sta-
tionary screens (hydrosieve), vibro-energy rotary
screen (sweco), pressure filtration (d'Arcy equa-
tion), porous belt with press-rolls, perforated-
shell cone centrifuge, and perforated-shell screw
conveyor. Results of the dewatering methods
are given and the fibrous and liquid components
are analyzed. The liquid contained most of the
nutrient value, with nearly half of the nutrients
in the particle size range smaller than 325 U.S.
Mesh. The chemical oxygen demand was ap-
proximately the same for the fibrous component
and for the filtrate. Dewatering of manure
would allow tbe liquid to be stored in earthern
ponds for later use for crop irrigation. The fib-
rous solid could then be stockpiled without seep-
age, odor, or fly problems. (Frantz-East Cen-
tral).
1624 - Bl 600
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN MILKING
CENTERS
Food and Agricultural Engineering Department,
Massachusetts University, Amherst.
R. G. Light.
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-414,
11 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Drainage systems, 'Dairy indus-
try, 'Design, Farm wastes, Waste treatment,
Slopes, Construction.
Identifiers: 'Milking centers.
The design and construction of milking center
floor drainage systems are often mishandled,
resulting in continuing problems for the opera-
tor such as water ponding on floor surfaces,
continuously wet floors, and excessive time in
clean up after milking. These problems can
be avoided by proper attention to required ele-
vations at tne site in advance of construction
and by considering the following points: instal-
lation of piping of proper material, size and
slope; properly trapped and vented drains; ad-
vance study of external manure and waste treat-
ment requirements before construction; proper
curbs, thresholds or elevation differences at door
openings to control flow of floor wash water;
slope rates of Vi-V4 inch per foot for all floors
subject to washing; and other structural designs
which allow visual check of equipment malfunc-
tion, storage and reuse of milk room wash
water, and lift stations for transferring wastes
to treatment systems (if needed). (Lee-East
Central).
1625 - B2, C5, D4 300
TENTATIVE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OF THE BATCH TYPE PASVEER
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM FOR
THE TREATMENT OF ANIMAL
WASTES
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, Lafayette, Indiana.
A. C. Dale.
Unpublished Paper, February 15, 1968, 20 p. 30
fig, 2 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Construction, 'Operations,
•Oxidation lagoons, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment, Aeration, Digestion, Aerobic bacteria. Ana-
erobic bacteria, Oxygen, Odor, Volatility, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Nitrates, Nitrites, Tem-
perature, Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Batch-type oxidation ditch. Facul-
tative bacteria, Continuous treatment system.
A continuous oxidation ditch was developed by
the Research Institute for Public Health Engi-
neering, TNO, The Netherlands, as a low-cost
method {or purifying sewage emanating from
small communities. The system is a modified
form of activated sludge process and may be
classified in the extended aeration group of odor-
less aerobic treatments. For either batch or
continuous oxidation ditches to work satisfactor-
ily, an aerator is used to "beat" oxygen into
the waste to support the growth of bacteria and
to hold the solids in suspension. Unlike the
continous system, wastes are dumped into the
batch oxidation ditch periodically and the aera-
tor is not run continuously. The batch-type
ditches reduce dry matter by about 40 to 50%
by converting organic matter into carbon diox-
ide and water. The ditch releases some nitro-
gen but converts most of it into nitrites and
nitrates. The pit (ditch) storage time may be
increased by 80 to 90% provided effluent level
can be controlled and oxygen transfer is possi-
ble at the greater suspended solids content. The
oxidation ditch also concentrates the minerals
and salt, by about 70 to 90% in the batch pro-
cess. The design and operation of the oxida-
tion ditch system is discussed in this report,
(Cameron-East Central).
1626 - Bl, Dl, El 400
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS
FOR THE FUTURE
Associate BEEF Editor.
B. Eftinfc and L. Searle.
Successful Farming, Vol. 72, No. 1, p. 26-29,
January, 1974. 11 - fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, 'Recycling, Lagoons, Oxidation
lagoons. Waste storage, Fish farming, Econom-
ics, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Manure, "Future, Composting.
Most research efforts are incorporating the us"
of manure as an asset instead of a liability The
future promises that manure disposal will b°
designed to make it pay for itself and, in some
cases, profitably. There are many methods for
manure disposal, and this issue outlines some
of them. They are: (1) Composting manure and
selling it; (2) Recycling the liquids and treat-
ing manure; (3) Using treatment tanks to de-
compose manure; (4) Using a hog manure sup-
plement; (5) Piping manure underground to a
storage tank; (6) Screening out the solids; (7)
Using an oxidation ditch; (8) Storing manure
above ground; and (9) Growing fish in manure
lagoons. Some of these nine methods of ma-
nure handling are now being used, while others
are futuristic. Some will prove to be useful
and economical, and some will be impractical.
The positive approach of researchers and pri-
vate entrepreneurs to manure disposal is both
enterprising and reassuring. (Russell-East Cen-
tral),
1627 - B2, D4 300
ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC LAGOON
TREATMENT OF DAKY MANURE
WASTES
Environmental Engineering Section, Engineering
Research Division, Washington State University,
Pullman.
D. E. Proctor.
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA 660/2-74-030, May, 1974, 47 p. 10 fig, 7 tab,
6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Anaerobic di-
gestion, 'Farm lagoons, 'Dairy industry, 'Farm
wastes. Foam separation. Harvesting of algae,
Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Dairy manure, Pacific Northwest,
Washington State University, Anaerobic lagoons.
The removal of manure from dairy cattle con-
finement areas by improved hydraulic flushing
techniques was attempted in conjunction with an
attempt to treat the resulting manure slurry in
an anaerobic lagoon and activated sludge pro-
cess. Algae cells were allowed to propagate in
the activated sludge process effluent in an at-
tempt to then harvest the cells and accomplish
nutrient removal as a final polishing step. While
manure could be hydraulically moved by high
velocity flushing jets, it resulted in a slurry
that was too thick to flow by gravity to catch
basins within the cattle confinement areas. The
anaerobic lagoon-activated sludge process se-
quence did accomplish overall pollutional strength
reductions as high as 90%. The activated sludge
process effluent was still too high in organic
strength, color, and nutrients to be discharged
to surface waters, however. Dissolved air flo-
tation of algae cells produced in shallow propa-
gation ponds was ineffective. (Boydston-EPA,
PNERL, NERC, Corvallis, Oregon).
1628 - Al, A5, Bl, E2 300
NEBRASKA ANIMAL WASTE
RESEARCH
United States Department of Agriculture, Agri-
cultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
T. M. McCalla,
Proceedings, Workshop on Livestock Waste Man-
agement, Ft. Collins, Colorado, Great Plains Ag-
ricultural Council Publication 56, p 18-28, 1972
47 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Research and de-
velopment, 'Nebraska, 'Feed lots. Runoff, Crop
production, Costs, Management, Facilities, Odor,
Terracing, Effluents, Water chemistry, Hydrol-
ogy, Nitrates, Caissons, Waste disposal, Ground-
water, Hydrology.
Identifiers: Loading rates.
Several different types of animal waste research
are being studied. A discussion on each of the
following is included in this paper: (1) land load-
ing with manure, (2) costs for livestock waste
management facilities, (3) feedlot runoff control
and application of runoff on crops, (4) feedlot
«!"?* ^°?tr°!, and feedlot waste management,
(5) feedlot soil and water chemistry and ground-
water hydrology, (6) runoff effluent disposal on
cropland, and (7) odors. There is an explan™
tion of each of these different studies" tofether
with plans for continuing the research (Cam
eron-East Central). iwun-
132
-------
1629 - A6, Bl 300
CONTROL OF DUST FROM CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
A&M, College Station,
J. M. Sweeten.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service Report,
Texas A&M University, College Station, April,
1974, 13 p. 2 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Control, 'Dusts, 'Cattle, Teed
lots. Rates of application. Sprinkling, Equipment,
Air pollution, Sampling, Measurement, Stocking,
Moisture, Costs.
Identifiers: Manure, Chemical application.
J. M. Sweeten.
Feedlot dust control methods including water
application rates, equipment, treatment costs,
and alternate strategies are described. The most
important step in effective dust control is to
attack the problem early and maintain steady
control. The best means of feedlot dust control
is water application. Either permanent sprink-
lers or mobile equipment can be designed, man-
aged, and operated to provide effective feedlot
dust control. Conclusions are that the cheapest
and most effective means of dust control is ap-
plication of water to the feedlot surface at a
rate of 1 gallon per square yard per day (0.18
inches per day) initially, followed by daily water
treatments of Vt gallon per square yard per day.
Dust control practices should be initiated when-
ever the moisture content of loose surface ma-
nure falls below 20% (wet basis). (Cartmell-
East Central).
1630 - Bl, D4, E3 400
MANURE AS A FUEL
Calf News, Vol. 12, No. 3, p. 48, 86-87, March,
1974. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "Fuels, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
meat, 'Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Composting, 'Agricultural
wastes.
If all agricultural wastes from plants and ani-
mals were available, they could be converted to
energy equal to one-fifth of the petroleum or
one-fourth of our natural gas requirements. A
low-cost, high volume method of converting ani-
mal and plant wastes into a sulfur-free fuel
through a new rapid composting process has
been proposed as an immediate and practical
way to face the current energy crisis, Feedlot
manures alone would supply energy exceeding
the total propane and other fuels would be freed
to operate tractors and trucks or for other uses
such as heating schools, homes and hospitals.
Scientists have learned that organic wastes when
composted produce a clean, sulfur-free fuel re-
sembling lignite. This compost-fuel can also be
produced at a lower cost than oil, propane, nat-
ural gas, coal, or other such fuels. The fuel is
also stable and safe to handle or store. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1631 - A3, A10, B2, C5, D4 300
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS FOR
POULTRY WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University, Ames.
E. P. Taiganides.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, 12 p. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, "Poultry, "Farm wastes,
"Waste treatment, "Waste disposal, "Anaerobic
conditions, Odor, Design. ' ,
Identifiers: Flies.
Lagoons for the treatment and disposal of farm
animal wastes are not the panacea they are
reputed to be by the farm press. They have not
been found suitable for the treatment of animal
manures because of their high land surface and
water requirements. The design criteria for the
reduction of the solid matter of manure have not
been established. Generally, lagoons will be
judged by the following criteria: stabilization of
the influent, control of odors, control of flies,
and appearance. A properly functioning anaero-
bic lagoon should produce no. vile odors. Th?
main factors in anaerobic digestion are: temper-
ature, loading rate, solids concentration, deten-
tion periods, volatile acid concentration, solid
matter accumulation and scum formation, essen-
tial nutrients concentration, toxic substances,
and pH. Some of the design criteria for ana-
erobic lagoons discussed are: size, water depth,
inlet, outlet, shape, and location. The most ad-
vantageous time to start a lagoon is during the
summer. Seeding procedures are discussed. Mix-
ing aids the manure degradation process. Flies
will not breed in an anaerobic lagoon unless
a scum forms. Good bacteria husbandry dic-
tates the continuous feeding of the lagoon, except
when it is frozen. The value of anaerobic la-
goons will be better defined after the end of
experiments now in progress. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System).
1632 - Dl, E3, Fl 400
FEEDING STEERS DPM
Calf News, Vol. 11, No. 7, p. 26. July, 1973,
1 fig.
Descriptors: "Feeds, 'Poultry, 'Cattle, Proteins,
Performance.
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated poultry manure, Food
and Drug Administration.
The poultry people have a product they are
eager to bring into the cattle feeding market—
dehydrated poultry manure. Properly processed
poultry waste can be produced in large volumes
for a cost to the producer of around $35 to $40
a ton. The holdup, up to now, has been the fact
that the Food and Drug Administration has not
given approval to use this product as a feed
ingredient. On the other hand, there are sev-
eral thousand cattle that are being fed poultry
waste. As the law is now written, as long as
one feeds the dried poultry waste in the State
(other than transporting it across State lines),
the Food and Drug Administration will cause
you no problem. Because dehydrated poultry
manure is inexpensive and has nutritional value,
cattle owners may turn to this product as a
cheaper source of supplement to their cattle ra-
tions, (Cartmell-East Central).
1633 - A2, B2, E2 400
FAST FLUSH SYSTEMS
R. H. Brown.
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 11, p. 10-12,
November, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, 'Cattle, "Waste
treatment, "Waste disposal, "Feed lots, "Irriga-
tion, Slopes, South Carolina.
Identifiers: Forage yields.
A southeastern U.S. Cattle farm uses fast flush-
ing to remove wastes from concrete floors. Wai-
worth Farms, feeding up to 5,000 head of cattle,
flushes the 2%% sloping floor with up to 9,000
gallons of water. Runoff flows into a catch
ditch to an underground pumping station which
further liquifies it and then it flows into port-
able irrigation pipes. The runoff irrigates up
to 1,600 acres of grassland and cropland. The
farm also employs two lagoons to handle excess
water when there are heavy rains. (Franz-East
Central).
1634 - A2, Bl 400
HE SOLVED HIS MANURE
HANDLING PROBLEM '
T. J. Brevik.
Hoard's Dairyman, p. 357, March 10, 1973. l|fig.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Dairy industry,
"Waste treatment, "Waste storage, "Feed lots,
"Runoff, Water pollution, Design, Wisconsin.
A Wisconsin farmer developed a waste handling
system that prevented barnyard runoff from run-
ning down a slope into a nearby stream. The
plan included a 50x50x11 ft. concrete storage pit
and curbs which diverted runoff from its natu-
ral course. A manure thrower was positioned
at the end of the barn to sling wastes into the
pit. A 40x60x7 ft. detention pond was recentiy
added. Costs for the project were shared by
ASCS. (Frantz-East Central).
1635 - A5, B2, D4 100
MINIMUM AERATION FOR CONTROL
OF ODORS FROM SWINE WASTES
J. C. Converse, and D. L. Day.
Illinois Research, Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 12-13, 1972.
1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: "Aeration, "Odor, "Hogs, "Farm
wastes, 'Waste treatment. Oxygen, Oxidation-
reduction potential, Oxidation lagoons.
Identifiers: "Swine,
A study was conducted to determine whether
odors could be kept at an acceptable minimum
if a liquid swine manure system was operated
so that no residual dissolved oxygen was pres-
ent. A second objective was to determine how
much the manure would be degraded under such
conditions. The study was over a 22-week
period. The system consisted of five chambers,
each holding a constant volyiyne of 15 liters.
Contents of the chamber were mixed continu-
ously so a representative portion of the liquor
was removed daily. Chamber 1 was excessively
aerated, but chamber 5 did not receive any air
at all. Air was added continuously to chambers
2, 3, and 4 at rates to maintain the oxidition
reduction potential (ORP) at -200, -300, and -400
millivolts, respectively. Data and figures are
given as to the results from each of the 5 cham-
bers. As a result of this test, it was found the
ORP should be maintained in the range of -300
to -340 and pH in the range of 7.7 to 8.5. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1636 - D4, E3 400
MANURE IS FOOD FOR PROTEIN
E. W. Manthey.
Feedlot Management, Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 18-22,
March, 1974. 5 fig.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Cattle, "Feeds,
•Proteins, 'Recycling, 'Waste treatment. Nutri-
ents, Fermentation, Thermophilic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Manure, "Refceding, "General Elec-
tric.
A breakthrough in development of a process to
convert cattle manure into feed so that it can
be recycled in the feedlot was announced by
General Electric. GE has opened a plant de-
signed to convert cattle manure into a pasteu-
rized protein powder by an aerobic fermentation
process. This process feeds the manure to a
strain of thermophilic bacteria that thrives on it
under conditions set up in the plant. GE tben
harvests and dries the bacteria into a high pro-
tein feed supplement that can be fed to cattle.
All of the manure is consumed in the process
and even the water is used. The end product
is bland, grayish powder that analyzes 55%
protein. The system harvests 1V4 pounds of pro-
tein per one pound of waste fed into the sys-
tem. The product is actually the bacteria them-
selves, and the manure is only a source of
energy. It is hoped that after experimental
feeding proves the process a success, GE will
begin marketing and producing the product on
a large scale. (Russell-East Central).
1637 - E3 100
HIGH FAT RATIONS FOR
RUMINANTS. H. EFFECTS OF FAT
ADDED TO CORN PLANT MATERIAL
PRIOR TO ENSILING ON
DIGESTD3ILITY AND VOLUNTARY
INTAKE OF THE SILAGE
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center, Wooster.
R. R. Johnson, and K. E. McClure.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol, 36, No. 2, p. 397-
406, February, 1973. 8 tab, 20 ref.
133
-------
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Silage, "Ruminants, En-
ergy, Limestone, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Rations, 'Fats, 'Digestibility, Vol-
untary Intake.
Saturated and unsaturated animal and vegeta-
ble fat were included with corn silage at levels
of 4%. 8% and 12%, Beef steers and sheep were
fed the silages on a voluntary consumption ba-
sis. A limestone addition alleviated an intake
depression effect of unsaturated fat for cattle
and sheep. The fat provided a larger contribu-
tion, 33%, of energy requirements, than had
previously been successful. The organic acids
in each of the 12 silages were analyzed. Feces
were analyzed to determine the digestibility of
each silage. The fat content of each silage is
shown. (Frantz-East Central).
1638 - E2, F2 400
EPA PREPARING TO "RAILROAD"
THROUGH NEW POLLUTION RULES
COVERING CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Beef, Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 4-5, August, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots. 'Cattle, 'Farm wastes,
•Effluent, 'Water pollution, 'Regulation, Live-
stock, Runoff.
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency.
The U.s, Environmental Protection Agency, un-
der a court order, is attempting to write regu-
lating guidelines for effluent limitations on all
industries. EPA has contracted Hamilton Stand-
ard to write the report. The proposed regula-
tions do not allow any effluent discharge, re-
gardless of weather conditions. Industry leaders
are puzzled about the regulations and are hop-
ing to have some influence on them when they
go through the Federal Register. The regula-
tions must be put into effect by October 18,
1973—the court-imposed deadline. (Frantz-East
Central).
1639 - A2, A4, E2 100
EFFECTS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION
WITH DAIRY MANURE SLURRIES
ON THE QUALITY OF
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE
RUNOFF
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ten-
nessee University, Knoxville. ,
J. C. Barker and J. SeweU.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 804-
807, July-August, 1973. 1 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation, 'Dairy industry, 'Farm
wastes, 'Slurries, 'Water quality. Ground water.
Surface runoff, Bacteria, Nitrates.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
The major objectives of this study were to deter-
mine the effects of slurry irrigation on surface
runoff and groundwater quality and to develop
techniques for irrigating with dairy manure
slurry, One acre of concrete lot, loafing area,
and building roofs at a dairy with about 125
milking cows was served by a slurry irrigation
system where manure slurry, rainfall runoff, and
wastewater were collected into drains and deliv-
ered by gravity flow into a 75,000-gallon concrete
storage tank. The slurry was delivered through
4-in. portable aluminum irrigation pipeline to the
field sprinkler. Grab samples of surface and
groundwater were collected and analyses were
made for bacteria, biochemical oxygen demand,
dissolved solids content, nitrate nitrogen, ortho-
phosphate, chloride, and residues. All median
surface runoff nitrate nitrogen concentrations
were within the permissable criteria for raw
water for public supplies. All surface runoff
chloride concentrations were well within the per-
missable criteria. The dissolved solids content
of the manure-saturated surface runoff generally
exceeded acceptable standards. The colifonn
bacteria concentrations for the surface runoff
from both the manure-saturated and the conven-
tional pasture exceeded the standard. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1640 - B2, E2 300
IRRIGATION FOR LAND
APPLICATION OF ANIMAL
WASTE
Department! of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University.
B. C. Horsfleld, R. Z. Wheaton, J. C. Nye, and
J. V, Mannering.
Bulletin, Agricultural Engineering Department,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 20
P. 7 fig, 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Irrigation, 'Waste
disposal. Livestock, Crops, Soils, Runoff, Costs,
Equipment, Indiana.
Identifiers: 'Land application, 'Animal wastes.
Irrigation may be the best means of putting
farm wastes back onto the land. Runoff deten-
tion, combination manure-and-runoff, and covered
manure facilities are described. Major soil and
cropping factors affecting irrigation rate are
evaluated. Irrigation equipment and systems'
costs are described. Tips are given on waste
storage management, irrigation equipment use,
soil conditions, and crop utilization practices.
Only with proper management can the farmer
attain the desired results of irrigation. (Frantz-
East Central).
1641 - B2, D4, E2 400
TEST SWINE WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS
Iowa State University.
T. Hargrove.
Wallace's Farmer, Vol. 96, p. 30, July 24, 1971.
3 fig,
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Waste disposal, 'Farm
wastes, 'Testing, Water pollution, Air pollution,
Lagoons, Sprinkler irrigation. Water hyacinth,
Nutrients, Effluent.
Identifiers: 'Swine, Gutters, Flushing.
Iowa State has installed a gutter system in a
hog house with a 100-gallon flush lasting 20 sec-
onds once an hour. The swine cooperate. Flush-
ings may be routed to an anaerobic lagoon, an
oxidation ditch, or the lagoon and ditch in turn.
The excess is spread on corn and/or grassland.
Flushing water is recirculated. Water hyacinths
are being tested for removal of nutrients from
effluents followed by use as cattle roughage.
Iowa winters will keep them from becoming a
nuisance. (Whetsone, Parker, Wells-Texas Tech
University).
1642 - Dl, El 200
EGG LAYING HOUSE WASTES
Vice President, Henry B. Steeg and Associates,
Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana.
C. F. Niles, Jr.
Proceedings, Industrial Waste Conference, 22nd,
Purdue University, May 2-4, 1967, Vol. 52, No. 3,
p, 334-341. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage,
•Waste disposal, 'Poultry, 'Waste treatment,
Drying, Anaerobic digestion. Incineration, Sedi-
mentation, Centrifugation, Hydroponics, Sampling,
Lagoons, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Egg laying house. Land disposal.
Experiments were undertaken to find the best
and most economical method of disposing wastes
from the Berry Best Egg Company of Rockport,
Indiana. The company houses approximately
205,000 laying hens. Manure, dead birds, and
contaminated water were found to be the ma-
jor types of wastes produced. Processes con-
sidered for use at the Berry Best Egg Company
facilities Included drying of the solids, controlled
anaerobic digestion, land disposal, incineration,
aerobic treatment, sedimentation, centrifuging,
and hydroponoc agriculture. Each process was
investigated and experimented with to determine
which would be the best method. During experi-
mentation, wastes were pumped from holding
tanks into two trucks and hauled to farmland
for disposal. After extensive investigation. It
was found that disposal of manure by drying
and the disposal of the hen carcasses by mixing
with manure was a satisfactory method of dis-
posal. The waste water is then eliminated by
irrigation. It is hoped that the material pro-
duced by drying will find a commercial market.
but it is too early to determine whether or not
it will. (Russell-East Central).
1643 - Bl, C4 200
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
POULTRY WASTES
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Texas
A&M University, College Station.
B. H. Lewis.
Proceedings: Second National Poultry Litter and
Waste Management Seminar, College Station,
Texas, Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, 1968, p, 77-81. 2 ref.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes, 'Poultry, 'Microbi-
ology, Nutrients, Odor, Pahtogenic bacteria, Lit-
ter, Management, Texas.
Mlcrobial mechanisms can assist in the efficient
management and utilization of poultry waste.
There Is need for fundamental information on Hie
general nature of the complex microbial species
comprising poultry waste products and the sub-
strate conversions which those bacteria bring
about. The primary population of poultry waste
consists of the fecal flora as it exists in the
animal intestine. Recent studies on the intes-
tinal flora of the domestic fowl reveal that orga-
nisms classified under the lactobacillius, lactic
streptococcus, and bacteroid groups are the pre-
dominate types of organisms in feces. The na-
ture of the secondary population of poultry
waste is poorly understood since research is
lacking. Specific activities upon environmental
substrates which would make the utilization of
poultry waste products feasible are divided into
two categories: (1) those activities which would
serve to synthesize nutrients for animal or plant
use and (2) those activities which would reduce
or eliminate undesirable factors as odors, path-
ogens, residues, etc. Those microbial activities
of intestinal bacteria which contribute to the
welfare of the host potentially could serve in
the utilization of waste products, as evidence
indicates that intestinal bacteria are capable of
synthesizing several vitamins, and those vita-
mins are found in the feces. Further research
into the microbiology of poultry waste must in-
clude techniques for the quantitative and quali-
tative evaluation of complex populations. (Solid
Wastes Information Retrieval System).
1644 - B2, El, Fl 200
TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES
AT THE GREENFIELD
LABORATORIES OF EH LILLY
AND COMPANY
Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana.
T. W. Bloodgood.
21st Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings,
£rUrdue Univeralty. Vol. 50, No. 2. p. 56-61,
March, 1966, 1 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Farm wastes,
Livestock, Waste disposal, Lagoons, Aeration.
Effluent, Sewage.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Greenfield Labor-
atories, 'Eli Lilly and Company.
This paper describes the waste treatment facili-
ties at the Greenfield Laboratories that handle
the wastes generated by the thousands of ani-
mals used in the various production and research
programs. There are five separate waste treat-
ment plants that are located throughout the lab-
oratories to serve the various research areas.
Detailed description of wastes, treatment and
disposal methods, and construction costs are
given for each plant. The five plants are oper-
ated by two men from the Maintenance Depart-
ment assigned to the Waste Treatment Opera-
*££M J0t«iu°PeraH?g costs for M Plants- "»t
including utility costs, are approximately $55000
a year. (Cartmell-East Central). Y W '
134
-------
1645 - Dl, E3 200
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
J. H. Quisenberry.
Latin American Poultry Congress, Mexico City,
Mexico, March, 1972, 1972, 9 p. 7 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Nu-
trients, 'Recycling, Poultry, Cattle, Fertilizers,
Dehydration, Drying, Litter, Nitrogen, Phosp-
hhonras, Potaassium, Moisture, Analysis, Per-
formance, Feeds.
Identifiers: Animal wastes, 'Hefeeding, Drop-
nings, Pasteurization.
Not only was poultry Utter found to be of con-
siderable economic value when recycled, but
the return appears to be more than sufficient
to bear the expense of drying when artificial
drying is necessary. By this process the waste
management problem may be reduced or solved,
and if it is found desirable, the return may be
sufficient to pay for pasteurization treatment
and still leave some margin of net profit. Ani-
mal wastes to be recycled must be free of toxic
or harmful residues. Ruminants were found to
utilize poultry waste better than poultry be-
cause of the high concentration of nitrogenous
compounds in poultry manure. Cattle feeding
trials found that poultry manure contained ade-
quate protein, low fiber content, adtequate cal-
cium and phosphorous, but insufficient vitamin
A and D. (Russell-East Central).
1646 - Al, Dl, El, Fl 200
SYSTEMS AND SITUATIONS FOR
HANDLING POULTRY WASTES
Department of Poultry Science, Cornell Univer-
scity, Ithaca, New York.
C. E. Ostrander.
Presented at the Southeastern Poultry and Egg
Association 1971 Poultry Health Saminar, Oct.
18-19, 1971, 7 p.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
storage, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'He-
cycling, Oxidation lagoons, Lagoons, Dehydration,
Hydraulic equipment, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land spread-
ing, Pollution, Refeeding.
The problems of waste management have be-
come increasingly important to poultry men pri-
marily because of increase in flock size, con-
centration of birds, and the population migration
to the country. Problems of odor, noise, and
proper waste disposal must be faced, and no
one system is the answer. Many different sys-
tems are now being used each with its own
advantages and disadvantages. Some poultrymen
have deep pits to hold the waste until it can be
spread on land. These pits must be kept rea-
sonably dry and must be cleaned at least once
a year. Another system is the hydraulic system
in which the droppings are pushed out by water
pressure into a' storage facility. Waste then
must be placed in an aerobic lagoon to prevent
odors. Some men use oxidation ditches. Some
attempt storage for long'periods of time. As a
general rule, waste must eventually be spread
on land, Recently, dehydration and recycling as
feed has gained attention. Price has been the
discouraging factor in dehydration, and only
about 10% of the waste can be recycled as feed,
leaving the rest to be disposed of by some other
method. Perhaps through more research the
best method will some day be found. (Russell-
East Central).
1647 - A8, Bl 300
HOUSE FLY CONTROL IN CAGED
LAYER HOUSES
J. Aikman, and J. L. Lancaster, Jr.
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, p. 4,
July-August, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Larvae.
Identifiers: 'Fly control, 'Caged layers houses,
'Manure, 'Adulticides.
House fly control tests were conducted in three
environmentally controlled houses for caged lay-
ers. The tests determined the effectiveness of
manure removal coupled with applications of
selective adulticides for house fly control. In
the first house, manure was removed four times
with water added. In the second house, ma-
nure was removed five times. But in the last
house, a regular manure removal schedule was
not maintaned. In each of the three houses bait
was used to control adult flies. House fly counts
were consistently higher in house #3. On the
basis of this test, manure removal should begin
early in the season and continue on a regular
schedule for the entire fly season. This, along
with applications of selective adulticides, will
have good house fly control. (Cameron-East
Central).
1648 - A5, B2 200
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
A&M University, College Station.
J. M. Sweeten, D. L. Reddell, L. M. Schake,
and B. Garner.
Presented at the 1st Annual Symposium on Air
Pollution Control in the Southwest, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas, November
5-7, 1973, 17 p. 3 fig, 7 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, Air pol-
lution, Runoff, Farm wastes, Measurement, Wea-
ther data, Moisture, Settling basins.
Identifiers: 'Scentometer, 'Calcium Bentpnite,
Odor intensity index.
Odor intensities measured at two cattle feedlots
in Texas, ranged from 2 to 170 dilutions to
threshold (DT) which nearly covered the msas-
urement range of the scantometer, The average
odor reading for the surface of a 4000 head feed-
lot, determined by monitoring four randomly se-
lected pens for 7 months, was 30.7 DT. The
runoff settling basin and retention pond aver-
ages 68 and 47 DT, respectively. Half of the
odor intensities were more than 23 DT (which
exceeds the odor standards in several states).
At a 12,000 head feedlot, trials using calcium
bentonite as a ration supplement (at 0.0, 0.8,
and 2.0% levels) showed a reduction in odors
from the 2% bentonite treatment. Bentonite also
improved average daily gain of cattle during the
first 21 days. The scentometer was found to be
a useful, if somewhat imprecise, diagnosis tool
for identifying the primary sources of odors
within a cattle feedlot. (Russell-EastC entral.)
1649 - B3, El 200
COMBINING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WITH FEEDLOT WASTE
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, The Texas
A&M University, College Station.
J. M. Sweeten.
Presented at the Fourth Annual Composting and
Waste Recycling Conference, May 2-3, 1974, El
Paso, Texas, 14 p. 3 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Municipal wastes, 'Feed lots,
•Farm wastes, "Waste treatment, 'Waste dis-
posal. Fertilizers, Odor, Nutrients, Moisture con-
tent. Costs, Economics, Sludge.
Identifiers: 'Sanitaary landfill, 'Land disposal,
'Composting, Manure.
The characteristics and composting of both feed-
lot and mnaicipal wastes are discussed in detail,
Benefits of combining municipal solid wastes
with feedlot waste appear to be on the side of
muncipalities rather than the feedlot operator.
At present day waste management costs, feed-
lot manure at $1.00-3.75 per ton is a bargain to
farmers in terms of price and 'nutrient values
as compared to municipal solid waste, which
costs at least $7.75/ton composted and $2.00-3.80
per ton shredded only. In concentrated cattle
feeding areas, sites suitable for sanitary land-
fills are usually plentiful, and municipalities will
probably find sanitary landfilling a cheaper alter-
native than combining the refuse with animal
waste for application on croplond. Raw or di-
gested sewage is a more logical waste material
to combine with municipal refuse since it is
readily available, has similar properties to feed-
lot waste and presents a disposal problem of its
own in nearly all cities. The concept of com-
bining municipal refuse (composted or uncom-
posted) with feedlot manure doss not appear
feasible at this time, since municipal solid waste
serves to dilute the nutrient value of manure.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1650 - A5, Bl 700
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A
NUMERICAL MEASURE OF
ODOR LEVEL
J. D. Frus.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Iowa State University, 1969, 101 p. 21 fig,
21 tab, 40 ref.
Descriptors: 'Chemical oxygen demand, 'Odor,
'Measurement, 'Farm wastes, Gases, Sampling,
Hogs, Confinement pens. Temperature, Humidi-
ty, Ventilation, Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Swine.
The specific objectives of this project were to
determine if the chemical oxygen demand tech-
nique could be used as a. quantitative measure
of the organic gases present in a confinement
swine building atmosphere and to determine if
the level of organic gases could be correlated
with: observed odor level, period of time animals
are in the building, air temperature, relative
humidity, rate of dilution by ventilation, and
characteristics of the waste. Samples were test-
ed once a week but, in this project, drawing
definite conclusions appeared to be almost im-
possible/ A satisfactory technique was develop-
ed to measure the COD of the atmosphere in a
confinement swine building. Determinations of
what the air COD value included were not con-
clusive, but some suggested trends are: (1) The
air COD values can be correlated with notice-
able differences in odor level as detected by
the human nose; (2) The air COD technique de-
tected more different gases when the pH of the
manure was above 7.0 than when it was below
7.0; (3) The air COD value rises sharply when
the ventilation is turned off and drops sharply
when it is turned on again; (4) The air COD
values are the lowest when the pH of the ma-
nure in the pit is in the range of 6.8 to 7.2.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1651 - A5, B2, D4 700
MANURE TRANSPORT IN A
PIGGERY USING THE AEROBICALLY
STABILIZED DILUTE MANURE
R. J. Smith.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1076,
99 P. 18 fig, 10 tab, 64 def.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Anaerobic
conditions, 'Lagoons, 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, Oxi-
dation lagoons, Biochemical oxygen demand,
Waste treatment, Cellulose, Equipment, Effluent,
Sludge, Odor, Foaming, E. Coli, Analysis, Ani-
mal behavior.
Identifiers: 'Manure transport, 'Piggery, Hous-
ing.
Lack of satisfaction with the quality of effluent
provided by an anaerobic lagoon as the sole bio-
logical treatment process for a confinement
swine finishing house caused an investigation to
be made of a combined anaerobic/aerobic treat-
ment system. The performance of the total
scheme has proven satisfactory. When using the
system, no fresh water is required for manure
transport. Continuous manure removal serves to
keep odors at a low level in the building, and
the systems treat and transport manure auto-
matically. This reduces labor requirements for
management of the operation. The effect of an
anaerobic lagoon has proven to be beneficial in
that its a good means of degrading cellulose.
Also with a lagoon being used to remove a large
fraction of the BOD from the waste before it
enters the oxidation ditch, no serious foaming
problems were encountered. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
135
-------
1652 - A2, D2, D4, Fl 700
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A
FEEDLOT RUNOFF TREATMENT
SYSTEM
D. S. Backer.
MS Thesis, University of Nebraska, Department
of Civil Engineering, 1973. 46 p. 10 fig, 9 tab,
34 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Runoff, 'Feed
lots, 'Design, Operation and maintenance. Equip-
ment, Costs, Automation, Odor, Aeration, Chem-
ical oxygen demand. Suspended solids, Effluent,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Analysis.
This study dealt with the design, start up, and
operation of a pilot plant built to treat feedlot
runoff. The plant's purpose was to provide a
system whicn was substantially automatic and
economical in operation. The plant was evalu-
ated for simplicity of construction, ease of oper-
ation and maintenance, cost of operation, effec-
tiveness of treatment, and comparability to the
laboratory unit. The design of the pilot plant
was based on an aerobic unit that featured an
air lift pump to return solids to the aeration
chamber. Laboratory analyses were run on
pH, chemical oxygen demand, and suspended
solids. COD and suspended solids removals in-
creased with increased detention time. The unit
operated in the pH range 6.5-8.5. The net cost
per animal was approximately $.60 for the expe-
rimental system. The field unit was easy to
construct, required very little maintenance and
was simple to operate. (Cartmell-East Central).
1653 - B2, C3, E2 100
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN
NORTHERN ISLAND TO N, P, AND
K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL
SLURRIES. L EFFECTS ON
DRY-MATTER YIELD
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department,
Queen's University at Belfast, Northern Ireland.
S. N. Adams.
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 81, pt. 3,
p. 411-417, December, 1973. 1 fig, 6 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Slurries, 'Farm
wastes. Potassium, Nitrogen, Ammonium, Phos-
phorous, Nutrients, Soils, Waste disposal, Rates
of application.
Identifiers: "Pasture response, 'Northern Ire-
land, 'Land spreading.
In Northern Ireland, experiments were conducted
from 1969 to 1972 to measure effects on yield
of 0, 180, or 360 kg of nitrogen 0, 30, or 60 kg
of phosphorous; and 0, 150, or 300 kg of potas-
sium/ha/year, both with and without 138,000
liters of slurry/ha. Results indicated that there
was almost always a large increase in pasture
yield when nitrogen was added. There were
slight increases in yield when potassium was
added and almost no effect either positively or
negatively by phosphorous. In tests when slurry
was added, the response of the yield to nitrogen
was reduced and almost eliminated in phos-
phorus and potassium applications. The effect
on yield was an increase because the ammo-
nium-nitrogen In the slurry contributed the nec-
essary nitrogen. Also when slurry was applied
the nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous con-
centrations were high and variable. This forces
the conclusion that slurry application is a very
inaccurate method of fertilizing, In fertilizing,
the deficiencies of the farm as a whole should
be evaluated to determine the proper amount of
nutrients to add to the soil. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
16H.- B2, C3, E2 100
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN
NORTHERN IRELAND TO N, P, AND
FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL
SLURRIES. H. EFFECTS ON
MINERAL COMPOSITION
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department,
Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland.
S. N. Adams. i
journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 81, pt. 3,
p. 419-428, December, 1973. 3 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Slurries, 'Farm
wastes, Potassium, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Nutri-
ents, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Rates of
application.
Identifiers: 'Pasture response, 'Northern Ire-
land, Minerals, Herbage.
In Northern Ireland, pasture samples were taken
and analyzed to determine the percent of nitro-
gen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magne-
sium, and sodium present. These analyses were
conducted to find out the effect of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium fertilizers and slurry
which had been added to the pasture. The data
was then evaluated to see if a fertilizer policy
designed for maximum yield should be modified
after taking mineral content into account. It
appears that the nitrogen amount to be added
should be considered independently and with dis-
regard to mineral content to achieve maximum
yield. The amounts of phosphorus and potassi-
um fertilizers added should be determined to
avoid excess or depletion. Potassium and phos-
phorus fertilizer is much more effective than
slurry amounts. In calculation of the proper
amount of slurry to be added, one should also
calculate the proper amount of potassium and
phosphorous fertilizer which should be added to
the slurry, On first cut, the slurries provided
on an average: 115 kg NH4-N/ha; 114 kg K/ha;
86 kg P/ha. (Russell-East Central).
1655 - B2, C3, E2 100
THE RESPONSE OF PASTURES IN
NORTHERN ISLAND TO N, P AND
K FERTILIZERS AND TO ANIMAL
SLURRIES. HI. EFFECTS IN
EXPERIMENTS CONTINUED FOR
EITHER TWO OR THREE YEARS
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Department,
Queen's University at Belfast, Northern Ireland.
.S. N. Adams.
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 82, pt. 3,
p. 129-137, February, 1974. 3 fig, 4 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Slurries, 'Farm
wastes. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Am-
monium, Rates of application.
Identifiers: *Pasture response, 'Northern Ire-
land, Herbage.
Experiments were conducted in Northern Ireland
on pastures to determine the effect on yield and
mineral content of 0, 180, and 360 kg Nitrogen,
0, 30, or 60 kg phosphorus, and 0, 150, or 300 kg
potassium/ha/year both with and without 138,000
liters slurry/ha. These were conducted in 1970
and 1971 on the same sites and with the same
applications as previous experiments in 1969.
The nitrogen content in the soil in the second
and third seasons was similar to the first sea-
son with good yields and no nitrogen buildup,
Evidence showed that the soil reserves of phos-
phorus were not being depleted, and the slurry
phosphorus seemed to be adequate to maintain
the proper level. The potassium in the soil on
the other hand was getting smaller with accom-
panied reductions in yield. Adding fertilizer
potassium prevented this reduction, but the po-
tassium in the slurries was less effective. This
is probably because the potassium in tha slur-
ries is organically bound, (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1656 - A2, Bl 700
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND
SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
MANURE WASTES
S. Rang.
MS Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Kansas State University, 1869, 150 p. 36 fig,
14 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: 'Mathematical models, 'Systems
analysis, Teed lots, 'Runoff, Cattle, Water pol-
lution. Dimensional analysis, Simulation analysis.
Rainfall.
Identifiers: Analog computer, Qnasilinearization.
The control of water pollution by feedlot runoff
can not be accomplished effectively without an
appropriate understanding of the system. In this
study, the emphasis was on obtaining a mathe-
matical relation which relates the important de-
pendent variables of the system to the impor-
tant independent input variables. A simplified
nonlinear model of the systems is first pro-
posed.. An analog computer is used to solve
the nonlinear equations. Correlation of the sys-
tem parameter to the rainfall intensity is dis-
cussed. Analog computer simulation was found
to be satisfactory in the study of transient be-
havior of the system. Based on the proposed
model, the injection rate of the organic matter
into the runoff solution is found to be very ap-
proximately linear with respect to the rainfall
intensity. This injection rate is somewhat inde-
pendent of the surface condition of the feedlot
system. For a complex physical system, the
response of the system under varied input vari-
ables may be the most informative knowledge
to justify a proposed modeling. It is suggested
that additional hydraulic and concentration data
be taken systematically and in a shorter time
interval. (Cartmell-East Central),
1657 - B2, D3, D4, E2 100
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN
IN MANURES MADE FROM
SPENT-SLURRY
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chem-
istry, I.A.R.I., New Delhi, India.
R. D. Laura, and M. A. Idnani.
Soil Biological Biochemistry, Vol. 4, p. 239-243,
1972. 3 tab, 18 ret.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Fertilizers, 'Slurries,
Urea, Dehydration, Absorption.
Identifiers: 'Mineralization, 'Manure, 'Spent-
slurry, Composting.
The problem of using liquid spent-slurry or
sludge was studied from three aspects: (1) the
dehydration of slurry by absorption in materials
like green leaf powder; (2) the use of slurry
to initiate composting of other waste materials;
and (3) the production of concentrated organo-
mineral fertilizer by adding urea to the dried
slurry. Manure prepared by absorption in green
leaf powder proved to mineralize rapidly, which
would indicate that this is a valuable means of
utilizing slurry. Sun drying reduced mineraliza-
tion considerably more than absorption. Liquid
slurry was also found to be superior to farm
compost. Mineralization was increased with alter-
nate wetting and drying and with 1% sodium
hydroxide added to the dry slurry. The organo-
mineral fertilizer prepared by adding urea yield-
ed over 50% nitrogen which was 30% less than
from urea alone. (Russell-East Central).
1658 - A2, Bl 300
CONTROLLING SEDIMENT AND
NUTRD2NT LOSSES FROM
AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York.
J. J. Jacobs.
Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff, Paper No.
72-20, June, 1972, 16 p. 2 fig, 4 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sediment control, 'Nutrients, *Ag-
riculture, 'Phosphorus, Farm wastes, Livestock,
Water pollution, Runoff, Model studies. Costs.
Sources of potential pollutants from agricultural
production are: sediment from erosion; plant
nutrients; livestock manure; pesticides; waste
from processing plants; air pollution, primarily
odors and dusts. Sediment and phosphorus were
cause of the magnitude of sediment as a pollu-
tant, the increased emphasis on phosphorus as a
likely key nutorient in limiting growth of aquatic
plant life, and the diffuse source of such pollu-
tants from agricultural runoff as compared to
point sources. Surface runoff from agricultural
cropland is the primary transport agent of sedi-
ment entering surface waters. Therefore, plan-
ning for the control of sediment requires knowl-
136
-------
edge of the relations between those {actors that
cause loss of soil and those that help reduce
such losses on croplond. The methods allowed
for controlling sediment and phosphorus losses
are presented. The question of which control
methods and at what level depends on the level
of water quality desired, the unit cost coeffici-
ents of alternative methods, and the technical
coefficients of the alternative methods. A sum-
mary of the cost coefficients are presented. Sed-
iment and phosphorus coefficients were also esti-
mated for each management system listed. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1659 - Bl, E2 100
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES
TO SOIL
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest
Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
H. C. Houston, and H. E. Wildung.
Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Se-
ries, Vol. 65, No. 97, p. 19-35, 1969. 49 ref.
Descriptors: 'Wastes, 'Farm wastes. Ultimate
disposal. Recycling, Waste storage, Dispersion,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Ammonia, Ion ex-
change, Filtration.
Identifiers: Soil, Dilution, Soil interconversions,
Buffers, Organic materials, Transformations.
Soil is a complex medium which is capable of
reacting with a broad spectrum of extraneous
materials. The nature of these reactions is such
that soil may function as a medium for either
waste storage or for ultimate waste disposal.
Soil is composed of inorganic minerals, organic
materials, and a living population of organisms.
A soil system is a highly reactive system which
may bind or alter the composition of waste solu-
tions added to it. Soil properties important to
the efficient use of the soil as a disposal medium
include ion exchange capacities, buffer capacity,
filter characteristics, and microbial transforma-
tions. The ultimate disposal alternatives avail-
able with respect to soil systems are the reuse
and transformation of waste. In the reuse cate-
gory are those solute disposants which are major
essential elements to plants. In the transforma-
tion category are the inorganic or biological
components which can be transformed to be
useful for plant growth. The elements nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur would be most amenable
to biological interconversions. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1660 - A4, B2, E2 100
FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE
CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN
ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
CONTAMINATION TO AN AQUIFER
OF A SEMIARID CLIMACTIC
REGION
Eastern New Mexico University, Portales.
H. G. Taylor, and P. D. Bigbee.
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 8, p. 1155-1161, Au-
gust, 1973. 1 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, "Fluctuations, 'Water pol-
lution, 'Aquifers, Semiarid climates, 'New Mex-
ico, Investigations, Agriculture, Sampling.
Identifiers: Health, Concentration, Agricultural
practices.
This study was conducted to observe fluctua-
tions in nitrate concentrations in an agricultural
area near the eastern border of New Mexico.
Nitrate concentrations have been utilized in this
study to demonstrate their applicability to ex-
amining agriculture practices which contaminate
aquifier water. Areas treated with nitrogenous
fertilizers and subsequently irrigated were found
to contain aquifier fluctuations in nitrate content
directly in proportion to irrigation seasons.
Agricultural industries with high animal densi-
ties per land area, and high water consumption
for maintenance, were found to have high, but
non-fluctuating, nitrate concentrations. Areas
with high animal density per land area with
low water usage for maintenance; areas with
low animal density per land area; and agri-
cultural practices for which little or no nitro-
genous fertilizers were used demonstrated low
aquifier nitrate concentrations regardless of wa-
ter usage. It was concluded that fluctuations
in nitrate concentrations in an aquifier can be
utilized in assessing the contamination result-
ing from agricultural practices in semiarid
climates. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System).
1661 - A5, B2, D4, Fl 100
OXIDATION WHEEL ELIMINATES
ODORS, MANURE HANDLING
AND POLLUTION
Compost Science, Vol. 13, No. 1, p. 28, January-
February, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Oxidation, Farm wastes, 'Odor,
'Hogs, 'Aeration, Poultry, Slurries, Costs, Waste
treatment.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation wheel, 'Manure,
Paul Smart is using an oxidation wheel that is
economically feasible and virtually maintenance
free. The key to Smart's success is his new
wheel design. He is using 26 of the massive
units—which measure 36" wide by 60" in dia-
meter. The big diameter on the new wheel lets
the bearings sit up on the walls of the pit away
from the slurry. The wheels whip oxygen into
the manure slurry as it flows around in a race-
track-shaped pit. The aeration encourages growth
of aerobic bacteria, which break down manure
without forming the usual foul-smelling gases.
University of Kansas tests show the new design
puts 4 Ibs. of oxygen per hour per wheel into
the pit. The result is a thick reddish sludge
that oozes from each house to an evaporation
pond. Costs for operation of the wheels is 89c
per hog marketed. One wheel costs about $37
a month to run. Smart is confident the wheel
will work well for poultry, but admits to reser-
vations for cattle. (Cameron-East Central).
1662 - Bl 400
THESE STOCKYARDS' SOLUTIONS
COULD WORK FOR YOU
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 5, p. 48-52,
May, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, *Farm wastes, 'Feed
lots, 'Management, Waste treatment, Waste dis-
posal, Lagoons, Incineration.
Identifiers: 'Stockyards.
A tour of several markets turned up a number
of methods for successfully handling livestock
wastes. These techniques might be adaptable to
feedlot operations. Features that will make
waste removal faster and more efficient include
a flow-through alley system, new concrete floors
to replace brick floors, and steel pens instead
of the present wooden ones. Most large markets
are successfully meeting the challenge of con-
trolling pollution. Major remodeling programs,
and such new concepts as lagoon systems, dis-
posal districts, and incinerators require large
financial expenditures. (Cartmell-East Central).
1663 - A4, Bl 100
INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES ON WATER QUALITY
IN NEBRASKA: A SURVEY OF
STREAMS, GROUNDWATER, AND
PRECIPITATION
Department of Agronomy, Nebraska University,
Lincoln.
R. A. Olson, E. C. Seim, and J. Muir.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 301-
311, April, 1973, 3 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Nebraska, 'Sur-
veys, 'Water pollution. Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Fertilizers, Farm wastes, Industrial wastes. Sew-
age.
Identifiers: Agricultural practices.
The objective of this investigation was to deter-
mine if agricultural practices in Nebraska are
contributing to pollution of the state's water re-
sources. A water-sampling program was initi-
ated throughout Nebraska in 1970 for the pur-
pose of establishing the sources of nutrients en-
riching Nebraska's waters, Particular empha-
sis was placed on measuring the forms and
amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus—two of the
primary nutrients contained in fertilizers. Signif-
icant quantities of N and P were found in the
precipitation of Nebraska, ranging from 5-7
pounds N/A in the west to 10-14 pounds in the
east and V4-1 pounds P/A in the same directions.
Elevated nutrient levels of Nebraska's streams
were more often than not traceable to indus-
trial, livestock, and sewage waste intrusions.
Phosphorus content has remained essentially
constant, but there is evidence of a small in-
crease in the average NOa-N content, of Nebras-
ka groundwater during the past 10 years, a
period during which fertilizer N use has quad-
rupled. Some individual cases of misuse of fer-
tilizers are recognized, but the weight of evi-
dence from this investigation indicates that fer-
tilizers aren't contributing significantly to the
degradation of surface and groundwater qua-
lity in Nebraska to date. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
1664 - A2, Cl 100
A PROGRAMMED SAMPLER FOR
RUNOFF AND BEDLOADS
Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebras-
ka.
N. P. Swanson.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 790-
792, July-August, 1973. 5 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Runoff, 'Bed load,
'Nebraska, 'Sampling, 'Pollutant identification,
Chemical analysis. Rain gauge, Hydrograph an-
alysis. Farm wastes.
Identifiers: Feedlot research, Quantitative an-
alysis.
A programmed, automatic sampler that collects
a sequence of composite samples of runoff and
accompanying bedloads has been in use on a
feedlot research installation near Lincoln, Ne-
braska, for over four years. The sampler con-
sists of an arm and dipper electrically driven
by a gear reduction motor through sprockets
and a chain, a tipping bucket that collects the
samplings from several rotations of (he dipper
and delivers them as a single sample, a turn-
table holding successive sample containers, a
gear reduction motor moving the turntable by a
friction drive, and a program timer. Compos-
ited samples are collected over five minute sam-
pling periods with volumes of about three liters,
The sampler can be programmed to obtain indi-
vidual samples for any of the 144 five minute
periods during 12 total hours of actual opera-
tion. The runoff need not be continuous. The
time of collection of each sample is recorded
to relate to the runoff hydrograph and record-
ing rain gauge chart. Bedload particles up to
5/8 inch in diameter can enter the rotating
sampler dipper which passes under the dis-
charge. The sampler permits both qualitative
and quantitative analyses of runoff with rela-
tion to time for an event, Maintenance and
field servicing requirements have been minimal
(Merritt-FIRL).
1665 - A9, B2, C5, D4 700
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND
INFECTIOUS DRUG RESISTANCE
IN A FARM WASTE LAGOON
Young Nam Lee.
MS Thesis, Department of Bacteriology, North
Dakota State University, June, 1971, 56 p. 10 fig,
7 tab, 72 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Lagoons, 'Ecol-
ogy, 'Bacteria, 'Microbiology, Feeds, Antibiotics,
Sampling, Biochemical oxygen demand. Hydro-
gen ion concentration, Algae.
Identifiers: 'Drug resistance.
137
-------
Two phases of research constituted this study.
The first phase was to study the monthly phy-
sical, biochemical, and microbiological variation
in a barn waste lagoon located near North Da-
kota State University, Fargo. This lagoon drains
into the Red River and any antibiotic resistant
organism present could come in contact with
sensitive human pathogens in a public water
supply. The second phase concerned assays of
the antibiotic sensitivity spectra of lagoon iso-
lates originating from the intestinal tract of ani-
mals on feed supplemented with antimicrobial
agents. Data indicated that this lagoon may
constitute a potential health hazard due to a
low, but consistent, population of antibiotic-resis-
tant enteric pathogens which may gain access
to public waters. More than three hundred and
fifty gram negative bacteria were isolated and
screened for determination of the resistance to
antimicrobial agents commonly used as growth
promoting feed additives. Conjugation experi-
ments were also conducted to demonstrate the
transferability of R factors carrying multiple
antibiotic resistance. The release of organisms
carrying R factors from farm animals on con-
ventional feeds may play a role in the spread
of multiple drug-resistant strains, (Russell-East
Central).
1666 - B2, D2, D4 700
PERFORMANCE OF A CAGE ROTOR
IN AN OXIDATION DITCH
R. S. Knight.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Iowa State University, 1965, 83 p. 25 fig,
5 tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: 'Oxidation lagoons, 'Performance,
•Farm wastes. Aeration, Equipment, Velocity,
Waste water treatment. Activated sludge, Floc-
culation. Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Cage rotor.
The cage rotor aerator tested in this study is a
very efficient method of mechanical aeration and
should have definite applications in waste water
treatment. The rotor was capable of transfer-
ring up to 5.65 Ibs. of oxygen per foot of rotor
at 12 inches immersion at 100 rpm and should
be capable of greater transfers at higher speeds.
The most efficient immersion depth of the rotor
was 3 inches, and it was capable of efficiencies
of 5.28 to 6.76 pounds of oxygen per kilowatt
hour at this immersion. There also appears to
be a relationship between the velocity of the
water in the ditch and Hie oxygen transferred
at any constant output of the rotor. If the
power output is held constant, the oxygen trans-
ferred tends to increase as the velocity de-
creases. However, all velocities at all rotor
speeds and immersions appear to be sufficient
to keep an activated sludge floe in suspension.
One other finding was that the oxygen transfer
possibilities are effected by the volume or shape
of the aeration tank. In other words, the re-
sults of rotor performance studies in one type
of aeration tank should not be accepted as
accurate transfer values for the same rotor in a
tank of different size and shape, (Russell-East
Central).
1667 - B2, D2, D4 100
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL
OXIDATION OF HIGHLY
CONCENTRATED SUBSTRATES
Stuttgart University, Institute of Siedlungswas-
serbau, 7 Stuttgart 1, Maliwek 9, Federal Re-
public of Germany.
F. Popel and CH. Ohnmacht.
Water Research, Vol. 6, p. 807-815, 1972. 6 fig,
3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Thermophilic bacteria, 'Farm
wastes. Industrial wastes, Oxidation, Aerobic
bacteria.
Identifiers: Mesophilic bacteria. Pasteurization,
Substrates.
Disposal of substrates with high amounts of path-
ogenic bacteria and oxidlzable organic matter
can be accomplished without polluting resources
after proper stabilization, pasteurization, and
deodorizatton. This is accomplished by heating
them long enough to degrade the pathogenic
bacteria and organic matter. The heat is pro-
vided by exothermic reactions In aeration tanks
to which the sludge has been added. The sludge
must be continually reeirculated to aid meso-
philic and/or thermophilic bacteria and to pro-
vide an oxygen balance in the circulating liquid.
Exothermic reactions heat the substrates up to
65-70 degrees centigrade which accelerates the
rate of degradation of the organic matter and
pasteurization of the substrates. Also large quan-
tities of humus compounds are produced during
the oxidation. This process can be used on
highly concentrated substrates with a high
BODs such as sewage sludge, liquid manure
from animals, or industrial waste. (Russell-East
Central).
1668 - Bl, C3, C5, Dl 700
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION
DURING AEROBIC DIGESTION OF
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
A, C. Chang.
PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,
January, 1971, 116 p. 30 fig, 46 tab, 48 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Aerobic digestion, 'Cat-
tle, 'Dairy industry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment, Water pollution, Denitrification, Chemical
oxygen demand. Ammonia, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Sampling.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Land disposal.
Because of the high content of nitrogen in live-
stock waste and because of the possibilities of
pollution by nitrogen, this study was undertaken.
The fate of nitrogen during aerobic digestion of
dairy cattle wastes was investigated. Also, the
study was designed to seek a possible way of
removing nitrogen before final disposal. Results
indicated that dairy cattle wastes can be stab-
ilized by aerobic digestion. Analyses also show-
ed that temperature has a significant effect on
the total nitrogen and stability of the digested
wastes at the 5% level. It was concluded that
nitrogen loss during aerobic digestion was due
to volatilization of ammonia and the nitrifica-
tion-denitrification sequence. After digestion was
complete, the inorganic nitrogen in the heavily
treated cattle waste can be removed by denitri-
fication. However, this denitrification must be
aided by a sufficient supply of organic substrate
and some acclimated sludge. The overall effic-
iency of total nitrogen removal on a daily feed
is 78.8% with the use of glucose as organic
substrate and is 56.22% with the use of a dairy
cattle manure slurry as organic substrate. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1669 - D3 100
TOXICITY TO FLY LARVAE OF THE
FECES OF INSECTICIDE-FED
CATTLE
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Re-
search Service, United States Department of Ag-
riculture, Corvallis, Oregon.
G. W. Eddy and A, R. Roth.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 54, No
3, p. 408-411, June, 1961. 3 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Toxicity, 'Larvae, 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle, 'Insecticide.
Identifiers: 'Flies, 'Feces, 'Insecticide-fed cat-
tle.
Twenty-five insecticides were tested for their
effectiveness against the larvae of feces-breed-
tag flies. The cattle were given a ration of
feed and insecticides for five days. Bayer
22408 and Co-Ral, proving lethal at 1.0 mg. per
kg. of animal weight, were most effective com-
pounds were also added to fresh manure to
determine minimum lethal concentrations Lar-
val toxitity was determined at lethal and sub-
lethal levels of dosage. There was a wide range
of effectiveness for the insecticides tested
(Frantz-East Central). '
1670 - D3 100
TOXICITY TO FACE FLY AND
HOUSE FLY LARVAE OF FECES
FROM INSECTICIDE-FED
CATTLE
Agricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 54, No. 3,
p. 406-408, June, 1961. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Toxicity, 'Larvae, 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle, 'Insecticides.
Identifiers: "Flies, 'Feces, 'Insecticide-fed cat-
tle.
An experiment was conducted to determine lar-
val development of face flies (Museo autoumn-
alis DeGree) and house flies (Musea domes-
lica L.) in the feces of cattle fed a grain and
insecticide ration. Co-Ral and Bayer 22408 were
administered for 5 days at rates of .5 and 1.0
mg per kg. of cattle weight. Ronnel was
administered at rates of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. The
feces was infested with both face fly and house
fly larvae. Both Co-Ral and Bayer 22408 inhib-
ited larval development at both dosage levels.
Ronnel was effective against both species' lar-
vae at the higher level and effective against
face flies at the lower level. (Frantz-East Cen-
tral).
1671 - A2, Bl 600
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES
IN KANSAS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
J. K. Koelliker, H, L. Manges, R. I. Lipper.
Presented at 1974 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4012, 17 p. 2 fig, 3 tab., 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Runoff, 'Control, 'Kan-
sas, 'Models, Performance, Design, Disposal,
Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Watershed.
A continuous watershed model utilizing daily in-
puts has been developed to evaluate expected
performance for feedlot runoff control facilities
for Kansas conditions. In Kansas, runoff control
structures sized to contain the entire volume
of the 10-year and 25-year 24-hour precipitation
from the feedlot and dispose of 10 percent of
the design volume per disposal day would con-
trol from 9.13 to 99.4 and 43.0 to 100.00 per-
cent, respectively, of all runoff from an un-
surfaced feedlot from east to west across the
state. About one-third of the average precipita-
tion in Kansas is expected to run off of an
nnsurfaced feedlot while about forty-four percent
is expected to run off of a surface lot. Based
inxm results of this watershed model, evapora-
tion pond sizes to provide as good or better
control for Kansas than land disposal systems
would be 6 feet deep for a surface area 120
percent of the minimum surface area and 4 feet
deep for a surface area 150 percent of the
minimum surface area. Use of this watershed
model allows prior evaluation of various al-
ternative systems for both the level of pol-
lution control expected as well as management
feasibility. (Cartmell-East Central).
1672 - Al, E2 300
EFFECT OF APPLYING SWINE
FECES ON SOIL AND PLANT
MINERAL LEVELS
Marte'nsHedgeS; E- T- Kornegay, and D. C.
138
-------
Descriptors: Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Soils, 'Copper, Sampling, Rates of ap-
plication. Potassium, Phosphorus, Zinc, Cal-
cium, Hydrogen ion concentration.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Manure, 'Plant mineral
levels. Land spreading.
Manure collected from finishing hogs fed ra-
tions with and without copper was spread on
silt loam soil to determine the effect on the
growth and mineral composition of corn and
on the movement of these minerals in the soil.
Manure was applied at the rate of 6.9 tons
per acre between rows when corn was four
inches tall. The copper content of the control
feces was 88 ppm as compared to 1460 ppm
for the high copper feces. Results from the
high copper feces area indicated that the
copper increased substantially in the soil but
only slightly in the corn ear leaf. During the
one growing season copper did not appear to
move down in the soil. Phosphorus, calcium,
and magnesium content of the soil increased
with no change in the amount of magnesium and
calcium in the plants. There were no changes
hi the levels of potassium, zinc, and iron in
the soil or plants. Phosphorus appeared to move
down while magnesium and calcium remained
in the surface of the soil. (Russell-East Central)
1673 - Bl 100
TROUT METABOLISM
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE
RATIONAL DESIGN OF
NITRIFICATION FACILITIES FOR
WATER REUSE IN HATCHERD3S
Department of Civil Engineering
Texas University
Austin
R. E. Speece
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,
VoL 102, No. 2, p. 323-334, April, 1973. 14 fig.
12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Trout, "Metabolism, 'Data collec-
tions, 'Design, Nitrification, 'Facilities, 'Water
reuse, 'Fish hatcheries, Oxygen requirements,
Ammonia, Suspended solids, Temperature, Feed-
ing rates. Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Nomograph.
This paper is an attempt to bring together
the available information on trout metabolism
and nitrification with the objective of establish-
ing a rational procedure for the design of nitri-
fication facilities for water reuse in trout hatch-
eries. The same rationale as used in this paper
can be used for other types of fish through
the use of the appropriate ammonia production,
oxygen requirement, and water requirement
data. Data have been taken from the literature
on trout culture to mathematically define the
ammonia production, oxygen requirements, BOD
and SS production, water requirements, and
loading rates as a function of trout length and
water temperature. The temperature dependence
of feeding rate and nitrification capacity has
been incorporated into a nomograph which pre-
dicts the nitrification volume requirements for
recycling. Another nomograph was constructed
to predict water flow requirements and pollu-
tion resulting from trout hatchery operation.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1674 - A5, B2, D2, D4 400
NOW, NO ODOR WASTE HANDLING
Swine editor.
R. J. Fee.
Successful Farming, Vol. 71, No. 9, p. K14,
August, 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Odor, *Waste treatment, 'Hogs,
•Farm wastes, Centrifugal pumps, Sewage,
Costs, Effluents, Iowa.
Identifiers: Pits.
A new concept in odorless waste handling for
hogs is being used on the Orville Loedtke farm
in Iowa, The basic principal of the Hem-Ox
system is that it uses atmospheric oxygen to
maintain and aerobic condition in the waste for
fast, odor free organic material digestion. All
waste treatment is done within the building,
using centrifugal force, circulating sewage
pumps to agitate and aerate the material in the
pits. Unlike other confinement operations, the
"racetrack design" pits in the Luedtke's sys-
tem can be much more shallow than usual.
The centrifugal force sewage pumps are placed
at strategic locations to propel the effluent in
a circular fashion around the building. Cost
depends on the size and type of structure.
Sizing of pumps and motors is based primar-
ily on the daily animal manure input into the
system. (Cameron-East Central).
1675 - B2, C3, D4 100
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF
AEROBICALLY SUSTAINED
SWINE EXCREMENT
Illinois University
Urbana-Champaign
B. G. Harmon
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 34, No, 3, p.
403-407, 1972. 1 fig, 7 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Swine, 'Farm wastes,
Aerobic conditions. Oxidation lagoons, Proteins.
Identifiers: 'Excrement.
The aim of this study was to measure th?
nutritive value of solid residue collected from
aerobically-maintained swine excrement present
in an oxidation ditch. Four studies w»re con-
ducted with the solid precipitate of aerobicallv
sustained swine waste. Settled solids (ODR)
collected from an oxidation ditch and containing
27.7% protein were substituted for oth?r protein
sources in studies with weanling rats. The pro-
tein of ODR could replace one-third to one-
half of the protein of casein or soybean meal
and support similar weight gains although
gain/feed ratio decreased as ODR was in-
creased in the diet. Feed intake was not re-
duced by the addition of ODR in any of the
studies. The protein and energy digestibility
values for ODR was less than those for tnt
casein containing basal diet. The addition of
lysine or tryptouhan individually to a corn-ODR
diet did not influence gain while the combi-
nation significantly increased gain and gain/feed
suggesting that these amino adds were most
limiting and nearly equally limiting in that
diet. (Cartmell-East Central).
1676 - B3, C5, D2. D4, E2. E3 400
ORGANIC FERTILIZER OFFSHOOT
OF POLLUTION-FREE FEEDLOT
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 13, p. 9-12,
December, 1973, 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Pollution, 'Feed lots,
•Cattle, 'Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Organic fertilizer, 'Digester, Dis-
ease control.
The Ohio Feed Lot Inc. is developing the first
animal waste, large scale sterilized organic
fertilizer. By means of a digester, a machine
capable of circulating air through the accumul-
ated manure, Ohio Feed Lot is speeding up
nature's aerobic process. The digester, housed
in a 700 by 120 ft. pre-coated galvanized steel
building, is fed 400 tons of manure daily. The
manure is collected by front-loading tractors
and dumped into large vats where high-power
fans circulate the air, inducing heat to aid
the digester in speeding up the process by
months. Once sterilized, the manure is packaged
ready for use. With eight steel roofed pen
buildings, the Ohio Feed lot, eliminates one
problem or rural water pollution — runoff caused
by an effluent of cattle feces and urine. The
mixture of feces and urine gives off two
gases, ammonia and carbon dioxide. To con-
trol the ammonia level, the buildings are placed
to give a maximum drying and cooling effect.
Natural air is maintained in the barns. The
use of an enclosed environment has also com-
pletely self-sustaining environment—and a com-
pletely ecology-proof environment. (Cameron-
East Central).
1677 - A8, A9, Bl, D3 100
FEED ADDITIVES FOR CONTROL
OF HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN
LIVESTOCK FECES
Fort Hays Branch
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station
Hays
T. L. Harvey and J. R, Brethour.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 53, No.
5, p. 744-776, October, 1960. 4 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Larvae, 'Farm wastes,
•Livestock, 'Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Feed additives, 'House fly larvae,
'Feces, Musca domestica L.
This investigation was to test Polybor 3 as an
additive to a steer ration for control of house
fly larvae in feces. Control of house fly larvae
was obtained in steer manure treated with
Polybor 3 at one gm/kg but not at half this
rate. Polybor 3 fed at rates up to 100 gm/head
day to a steer weighing about 700 Ibs., resulted
in no significant control of house fly larvae
in manure. Spores mixed directly with steer feces
at a rate of 300 mg/kg prohibited fly develop-
ment (egg to adult) and 100 mg/kg reduced
it significantly. No effect on fly development
was evident in manure treated at SO mg/kg. The
development of house flies was prevented in
feces from a steer fed 20 gm of B. thuringien-
sis spores/day. Feed intake of this steer did not
appear to be affected by including spores at
this rate in the ration. Although the ration in-
cluded 72 mg of aureomycin/day, this did not
nullify the effect of B, thuringiensis on develop-
ment of house flies in feces. Aureomycin did
not decrease the pathogenicity of B. thurin-
giensis for house flies. (Cartmell-East Central).
1678 - A2, B2 300
LOCATING A NEW FEEDLOT
Extension Agricultural Engineer
Nebraska University
Lincoln
E. A. Olson
Cooperative Extension Service Report GPE-
5/01, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 4 p.
5 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Locating, Farm wastes,
Water pollution, Livestock, Regulation, Zoning,
Topography, Water supply, Transportation, Mar-
keting.
The selection of a site for a livestock feedlot
directly affects the success of the feedlot. Fact-
ors to consider in choosing a feedlot location
include: environmental considerations, streams,
topography, water supply, land area, towns and
zoning laws. Other items include a source of
livestock and feed, transportation (roads), and
marketing facilities. Finally the operator must
determine the size to build with provision for
expansion. (Cartmell-East Central).
1679 - B2, E2 700
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT
BY SOIL PERCOLATION
P. H. Rath.
M. S. Thesis, Dept, of Agricultural Engineering,
Iowa State University, 1966, 116 p. 6 fig, 2 tab,
72 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
'Livestock, 'Lagoons, 'Effluent, 'Soils, Percola-
tion, 'Infiltration, Liquid wastes, Organic wastes,
Water pollution, Permeability.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal.
Treatment of liquid livestock wastes by soil
percolation is a possible means of disposing
of huge supplies of wastes. However, to be
effective, soil percolation must deal with factors
such as (1) the rate at which the wastewater
can be applied without significant runoff, (2)
the frequency of application most favorable to
maintenance of the agronomic usefulness of the
139
-------
land, (3) the seasonal variation, (4) the de-
gree of assurance that the quality of the ground
water will be impaired due to excessive seep-
age, and (5) the equipment needed. In view
of the information which has resulted from
this investigation, it is evident that actual field
applications of soil percolation will be necessary
to determine if soil percolation is feasible or
sound to use in the long run. However, this
study gave promising results for soil percola-
tion and no significant drawbacks were en-
countered. (Russell-East Central).
1682 - Bl, Dl, E2 600
POLLUTION ABATEMENT SYSTEMS
FOR FARM ANIMAL WASTES IN
SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN
Area Engineer
Ann Arbor, Michigan
B. E. Boesch and D. F. Kesselring
Presented at the 1973 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky:, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-414, 13 p. 2 ref.
1684 - Bl, C2, C3 600
OUTDOOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS
—PROPERTIES OF MANURE
ACCUMULATIONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ne-
braska University. Lincoln
C. B. Gilbertson, 3. R. Ellis, J. A. Niena-
ber, T. M. McCalla, and T. J. Hopfenstein.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Okla-
homa State University, Stillwater, June 23-26,
1974, 20 p. 5 fig, 5 tab, 11 ref.
1680 - B2, E2 700
EFFECT OF FEEDLOT LAGOON
WATER ON SOME PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
SELECTED KANSAS SOILS
D. O. Travis.
P.H.D. Dissertation, Department of Agronomy,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, 1970, 97 P,
12 fig, 26 tab, 93 ref.
Descriptors: *Feed lots, 'Lagoons, 'Soil chemi-
cal properties, Soil physical properties, Kansas,
•Soil cores. Farm wastes. Waste disposal, Waste
treatment. Irrigation, Infiltration rates, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Lagoon water. Dilution.
Cores from four Kansas soils were treated un-
der unsaturated flow conditions with lagoon
water collected as runoff from a Kansas State
University experimental feedlot. This was done
in order to determine the probable effects of
applying such material to the soil as supple-
mental irrigation water and as a means of
water disposal. Soil cores were collected and
analyzed while in the natural state. Additional
cores were collected and treated with the
lagoon water. Changes in the infiltration rate
while the lagoon water was percolating through
the soil cores were measured and recorded.
The resulting filtrates were analyzed for their
chemical constituents during the duration of the
experiment. An examination of these treated
cores at the end of the experiment indicated
a greatly increased monovalentcation concen-
tration (especially Na) and an increased total
nitrogen concentration within the soil resulting
from the lagoon-water treatments. Dilution is
proposed as a solution for this waste disposal
problem. (Cartmell-East Central).
1681 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 100
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-
PROBLEMS AND GUIDELINES
FOR SOLUTIONS
Department of Agricultural & Civil Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14850
R. C. Loehr
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 1, No.
1, p. 71-78, Jan.-March, 1972. 2 tab, 11 ref,
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Con-
finement pens, Livestock, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Legal aspects. Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes.
Identifiers: Animal wastes, 'Guidelines, Land
disposal.
Increased efficiency of agricultural production
has caused new environmental problems for
agriculture. Confined animal production opera-
tions produce large volumes of animal wastes for
disposal. The most satisfactory solutions for
animal wastes include some type of initial treat-
ment (natural drying systems, aerated liquid
systems, runoff control measures, waste holding
units) followed by land disposal. The long
term approach for animal production must be
based upon both optimal production of the
product and on maintenance of acceptable en-
vironmental quality not only to the animals and
the producers, but to society as a whole. (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Michigan, 'Pollu-
tion abatement, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Waste storage, 'Design, Equipment,
Costs, Livestock, Feed lots. Lagoons, Irrigation,
Construction costs.
Seventy-nine pollution abatement systems for
farm wastes were installed in southeast Michigan
during 1970 to 1972. The systems varied greatly
in size, but they can be categorized into farm
functions: diversion, collection, storage, and dis-
posal. The systems used to perform these func-
tions are discussed. Included in the discussion
are: liquid manure tanks, holding ponds, semi-
liquid manure storage units, solid storage units,
earthen holding pits, conventional manure-hand-
ling equipment, tanker wagons, and spray dis-
tribution systems. Actual design, construction,
costs, and guidelines for these waste manage-
ment systems are given. (Frantz-East Central).
1683 - A5, Bl, Dl 600
PERFORMANCE OF
EXPERIMENTAL CLOSE-
CONFINEMENT (CAGED)
CATTLE FEEDING SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater
G. W. A. Mahoney, G. L. Nelson, and S. A.
Ewing.
Transcript No. 67-405 presented at the 60th An-
nual Meeting, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers meeting jointly with the Canadian So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineering, Sasakatoon,
Saskatchewan, June 27-30, 1967, 20 p. 12 fig, 5
tab.
Descriptors: Performance, 'Feed lots, "Confine-
ment pens, 'Cattle, Farm wastes. Waste stor-
age, Waste disposal, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Closa confinement feeding systems.
The objectives of this test were to determine
the performance of cattle in crowded housing
and to develop design parameters for confined
housing facilities for cattle. Cattle behavior,
activities, and health were studied extensively.
The following results were noted: (1) Cattle
limited to 15 square feet of slatted floor space
required 20 percent more feed per pound of
gain than cattle allowed 25 square feet of slat-
ted floor space, or cattle in dirt lots with 100
square feet of space per animal, Daily rate
of gain was 20 percent and 34 percent less,
respectively. (2) Some sore feet were noted
on animals on concrete slotted floors but this
condition seemed to pass without incident and
no detrimental effects were noted. (3) No pre-
ference was shown by the animals for any par-
ticular grid slat and slot width configuratioq
All four combinations tested performed well,
with the 1 3/4 inch slots performing best in
freezing weather. The wide slat and slot con-
figuration, 5 inch slat with 1 3/4 inch slot, was
the most economical to construct. (4) Animal
waste accumulated at the rate of 0.3034 cubic
feet per head per day. When the liquid portion
was allowed to drain out of the pits, the ac-
cumulation rate was 0.2212 cubic feet per head
per day. However, the latter wastes proved
difficult to pump and this practice, of draining
the pits, would prove costly in both time and
equipment in cleaning. (Wetherill-East Central)
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, Chemi-
cal properties. Physical properties, Nebraska,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: 'Beef, 'Manure, 'Surface slope,
•Animal density, 'Climatic conditions, Volatile
solids.
Outdoor beaf cattle feedlots were constructed
with 3, 6, and 9% slopes at the University of
Nebraska Field Laboratory to study the char-
acteristics of wastes. The results of this four
year research show that the physical and chem-
ical characteristiecs are affected by surface
slope, animal density, and uncontrollable cli-
matic conditions. The slope did not have a
predictable effect on the average moisture
content of material removed. Material was
removed semiannually from the feedlot surface
to the depth of the soil-manure interface. The
total solids removed averaged 25 and 35% vola-
tile for the 200 and 100 sq. ft./head lots, respec-
tively. pH, nitrogen content, and phosporous
content were also measured. Completely remov-
al of material down to the soil-manure inter-
face is not recommended because the large
quantities of soil removed must be replaced.
(Cameron-ECU)
1685 - A9, B2, D3 100
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA
TYPHIMURIUM IN ANIMAL
MANURE DISPOSAL IN A MODEL
OXIDATION DITCH
L. A. Will, S. L. Diesch, arid B. S. Pomeroy,
American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 63, No
4, p. 322-326, April, 1973. 1 fig, 2 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Salmonella, 'Farm wastes, 'Live-
stock, 'Waste disposal, 'Oxidation lagoons, Cat-
tle, Pathogenic bacteria, Model studies. Effluent,
Sludge, Measurement.
Identifiers: 'Survival, Seeding
In order to evaluate the potential health ef-
fects of pathogens in cattle manure, research
was conducted in a laboratory model oxidation
ditch to. measure salmonella survival time, to
develop and improve bacteriologic methods of
measurement of detection and survival of path-
ogens in beef cattle manure, Salmonella typhi-
murium survived for 17 days post seeding in
the model oxidation ditch at summer tempera-
tures. The microorganism survived for 47 days
at winter conditions. The data indicated that sur-
vival is of greatest duration in the sludge por-
tion of the settling chambers. Based upon re-
sults obtained, the three sampling methods,
temporary swab, prolonged swab, and increment
removal, were comparable in isolations made.
The greatest success for measuring survival
thus far has been achieved utilizing BG—Bile
and Selenite-BG-sufadiazine as the enrichment
phase, and SS and Selenite-BG-suIfadiazine the
plating phase for isolation, Perhaps one ap-
proach to controlling the salmonella problem
in animal manures is to chlorinate, or other-
wise treat, the wastee emanating from confine-
mniwt housing units. (Cartmell-East Central).
1686 - A5, B2, L>4 600
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
POULTRY WASTES
J. H. Martin, R. C. Loehr, A. C. Anthonisen, and
S. P. Nieswand.
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cor-
nell University, Ithaca, New York
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineer?, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974
35 p. 10 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref, ' 1S74>
140
-------
Descriptors: 'Aerobic tereatment, "Farm
wastes, "Poultry, Oxidateion lagoons. Odor, Con-
struction, Operation and maintenance .Costs.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch.
The relaetionship between fundamental concepts
and design criteria for the aerobic treatment
of poultry wastes are presented. The results
of an evaluation of a full scale oxidation ditch
system were used to illustrate this relation-
ship and to characterize the potential of ero-
bic treatment for these wastes in terms of con-
struction and operating costs. The full scale
oxidation ditch system that was evaluated is
located on a commercial poultry farm approx-
imately five miles north of Ithaca, New York.
The farm is owned and operated by Mr. Charles
Houghton. The system consists of two inter-
connected ditches that were evaluated as a
total system. A plan-view and cross-section of
the Houghton facility are shown. Throughout
the course of study, the Houghton Farm oxida-
tion ditches have achieved the objective of odor
control. The absence of complete nitrification,
i.e. no residual mixed liquor ammonia, except
for a brief period indicated inadequate oxygen-
ation capacity. It was determined in laboratory
studies that nullifying organisms were present.
A summary of the capital and operating expens-
es associated witeh the Houghteon oxidation
ditches are given. (Cartmell-East Central).
1687 - B2, D4, E2 600
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE OF
LIQUID MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ken-
tucky University, Lexington.
H. E, Hamilton, and I. J. Ross.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Liquid waste,
'Design, Dairy industry, Operation and main-
tenance, Kentucky.
Idenetifiers: Liquid manure, 'Above ground
storage.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklaho-
ma State University, StUlwater, June 23-26,
1974, 12 p. 4 fig.
Two experimental above ground liquid manure
storage systems were installed at the University
of Kentucky dairy research center in order to
determine theoperating characteristics and de-
sign critria for farm applications. The 82,000
gallon tanks were constructed of chromized
steel sheets. The design is basically the same
as that used for high moisture grain storage
Conventional manure pumps were modified and
installed in a collection pit. Valving was arrang-
ed to allow agitation in the collection pit,
pumping into the storage tank, or pumping
to a spreader. All the systems functioned well
except the nozzles inside the tanks. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1688 - B3, D4 100
THE AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION
OF SOLID BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE
Martin. J. D.
M. S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
January, 1971, 30 p. 9 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Solid wastes,
•Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, 'Waste
treatment, Carbon, Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen
demand. Decomposing organic matter. Tempera-
ture, Moisture, Phosphorus, Odor, Digestion.
Identifiers: 'Composting, Flies.
The objective of this study was to determine
the feasibility of waste stabilization by aerobic
decomposition. The feedlots from which beef
cattle waste was recovered were located on the
Texas Tech University agricultural farms in
Lubbock, Texas. Four different lot treatments
were used in the study. Temperature, moisture,
carbon nitrogen ratio, and phosphorous con-
tent affected the rate of digestion. Under
proper, effective management, beef cattle feed-
lot waste can be successfully composted reduc-
ing raw feedlot manure to an innocuous material
of low energy potential. Odors, as well as fly
and maggot infestations, cease shortly after the
process begins. The optimum moisture range
of manure to be composted is from 30 to 50%
The C/N ratio should exceed 30 to obtain opti-
mum composting rates. Aeration rates should
be maintained between 3 and 6 liter/min. per
100 kg. of waste or regulated to yield an 8 to 10
percent oxygen level in the exhaust gases. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1689 - B2, Cl, Dl, E2 700
THE RENOVATION AND REUSE OF
WATER FOR DILUTION AND
HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
R. E. Graves.
PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Am-
herst, June, 1971, 120 p. 31 fig, 18 tab, 61 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm waste, 'Cattle, 'Dairy
industry, 'Water, 'Hydraulic transportation. Wa-
ter pollution. Chemical oxygen demand, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand. Ammonia, Nitrates,
Waste treatment. Liquid wastes, Phosphate,
Chlorides, Slurries, Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: 'Renovation, 'Reuse, 'Dilution,
'Screening.
Work was undertaken to evaluate the concept of
pretreatment by screening combined with aerobic
stabilization and reuse of water as they might
apply to the hydraulic handling of dairy cattle
manure. Performance of a stationary sloping
screen for separating solid material from dairy
manure slurries was evaluated using different
bar spacings and different slurry mixtures. Two
different systems were used to treat screen ef-
fluent. One system consisted of primary settling,
aeration and final settling; the other of aeration
and final settling. No adverse effects on the
treatment systems were noted from the reuse
of water. Screening of water-manure slurries
removes a significant amount of material from
the liquid and makes subsequent treatment and
handling easier. Screen effluent may then be ir-
rigated, stored aerobically, or treated to allow
reuse for hydraulic cleaning. The addition of
screening will improve the operation of many
systems now used for treatment of animal ma-
nure slurries. (Russell-East Central).
1690 - A2, D3, E2 700
ZETA POTENTIAL OF COLLOIDAL
SUSPENSION FROM A BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT SURFACE
J. C. Lorimor,
M. S. Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Nebraska, 59 p. 12 fig, 12
tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: 'Zeta potential, 'Feed lots, 'Cat-
tle, Runoff, Water pollution. Hydrogen ion con-
centration, irrigation, Waste treatment, Sam-
pling, Temperature, Statistical models.
Identifiers: 'Colloidal suspensions, Quadratic
equations, Alum.
Runoff from beef cattle feedlots is one source
of potential water pollution. Two alternatives
are available to prevent feedlot runoff from
polluting streams: (1) the water can be spread
on agricultural land as irrigation water, or (2)
it can be treated before it is released to the
streams. Zeta potentials on colloidal solids in
feedlot water samples were investigated as one
method of treatment control. Zeta potentials
were found to average -29.5 millivolts on un-
treated samples. The potentials varied with pH
and solids concentrations according to theory.
Particle zeta potentials were found to be con-
trolled by chemical treatments and high chemi-
cal dosages were required to reduce the zeta
potentials to near the isoelectric point. Also,
quadratic equations could be written to accurate-
ly define the relationships between zeta poten-
tials, chemical dosages, and solids concentra-
tions. (Russell-East Central).
1691 - Bl, Fl, F2, F4 200
NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY
SECOND NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Second National Symposium on Poultry Indus-
try Waste Management, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964, 262 p.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
disposal. Lagoons, Odor, Legal aspects. Equip-
ment.
Identifiers: 'Waste management.
Waste management is an issue that the poultry
industry must be prepared to deal with. This
Second National Symposium did a great deal to
inform the poultry industry of current waste
management alternatives. As expected, lagoons
were discussed extensively throughout the sym-
posium. Many problems such as poultry waste
disposal on the farm, in the hatchery, and in
the processing plants were discussed. Hydraulic
manipulation of wastes was presented along
with considerations of proper odor control. In-
formation concerning legal, social, and economic
aspects of waste management were also dealt
with. Much more study and research is needed
so that the poultry industry can better deal with
the problems and changes of the future. (Rus-
sell-East Central).
1692 - B2, C5, D4 200
WASTE DISPOSAL CONCEPTS
Professor of Sanitary Engineering, Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.
D. E. Bloodgood,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Indus-
try Waste Management, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 1-9,
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Farm wastes,
•Poultry, 'Lagoons, 'Anaerobic digestion, Chem-
ical properties. Design.
Identifiers: Loading rates.
The adoption of the anaerobic process for dis-
posal of chicken manure in large production
operations appears to be an excellent idea.
Through the process of anaerobic digestion, the
organic solids of the wastes are digested by an-
aerobic bacteria to ideally produce carbon diox-
ide and methane. Factors important in success-
ful anaerobic digestion are: (1) pH; (2) alkalin-
ity: (3) volatile acids: (4) nitrogen; (5) load-
ing rates; and (6) temperature. Each of these
factors is important in maintaining a proper
balance in a lagoon. Lagoons can be constructed
in a variety of shapes and sizes with a variety
of methods for starting them initially. Poultry
manure offers many variables to lagoon opera-
tion such as buildups of ammonium carbonate
or hydrogen sulfide, and each lagoon will have
a particular set of variables to deal with. More
studies will be necessary to determine the la-
goon's capabilities in digesting dead chicken
feathers and chicken feeds. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1693 - B2, D4 200
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF
AEROBIC TREATMENT IN POULTRY
WASTE DISPOSAL: AEROBIC
STABILIZATION PONDS
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
R. Porges,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, May 10-20, 1964, p. 23-43. 2 fig, 4 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Aerobic treatment,
Design.
Identifiers: 'Aerobic stabilization ponds. Load-
ing rates.
141
-------
Successful waste treatment envisages the eco-
nomic handling of waste waters in such a fa-
shion that public health and welfare will not be
endangered; odor, insect, and esthetic nuisances
will not be created; and legitimate water uses
will be protected. Waste stabilization ponds are
probably the best treatment tools for waters be-
cause they make use of natural biological re-
actions. In the aerobic type of ponds, algae
produce oxygen which permits aerobic bacterial
degradation of the organic material. Pond load-
ing is an important factor which varies with cli-
matic conditions. Pond size and depth are also
variable. Estimates of aerobic pond capabilities
state that one acre of an aerobic pond will pro-
vide adequate treatment of manure wastes from
3,000 chickens. More data is accumulating about
aerobic ponds, and although they are not the
answer in every case, they do provide the poul-
try farmer with a valuable and economic tool for
waste disposal. (Russell-East Central).
1694 - A5, Bl, Dl 200
ODORS AND THEIR CONTROL
Barnebey and Chaney, Columbus, Ohio.
O. L. Barnebey,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 57-65.
Descriptors: 'Odor, "Control, 'Equipment,
•Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment. An-
aerobic conditions.
Identifiers: Feathers.
Odor is a perplexing and burdensome problem
to the poultry farmer. It is difficult to solve and
often expensive. There are five main problems
to be dealt with to help curtail odors. The first
is general housekeeping. The excrement from
the poultry undergoes anaerobic reactions and
noxious odors are produced which should be
pumped into a digester. The second problem
is feathers. The feathers should be promptly
removed to eliminate buildup. The third prob-
lem is odor from cooking feathers and dryer
gases. These odors or gases should be piped in-
to scrubbing towers. The fourth problem is feath-
er meal dust. This dust should also be piped
to the scrubbing tower to remove odors. The
fifth problem is holding ponds for the waste.
This is the area most subject to public con-
demnation and should not be used if possible.
After the problems are identified, the poultry
farmer should then select the equipment which
would best eliminate the odors from his par-
ticular operation. (Russell-East Central).
1695 - A5, Bl, Dl 200
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL
OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES
Livestock Farm Advisor, Agricultural Extension
Service, California University.
C. A. Perry.
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 67-73.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Control, 'Farm wastes.
Anaerobic conditions. Aerobic conditions, Feed
lots. Cattle, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes.
Animal wastes produce noxious odors when they
undergo anaerobic digestion. On the other hand,
little or no odor is produced by aerobic diges-
tion. However, to accomplish aerobic digestion in
a cattle feedlot, some sort of mechanical agi-
tation must be employed. In Pomona, California,
odor from two cattle feedlots outside of town
was a source of complaint. To prevent legal
problems, the feedlots began to remove accumu-
lated wastes, to use chemicals to control odors,
and to mechanically agitate wastes with a har-
row to promote aerobic bacteria. An odor panel
in Pomona was started to keep records of odors.
The odor panel kept records for a year with few
reports of feedlot odor during the last few
months. Pomona now gets few complaints from
citizens about feedlot odors. Good management
is probably the most important factor in odor
control. (Russell-East Central).
1696 - B2, D4 200
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS: THEORY
AND PRACTICE
Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Ag-
ricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture.
H. J. Eby,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 77-91. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Anaerobic conditions,
•Design, Biochemical oxygen demand, Waste
treatment. Farm wastes. Sewage, Livestock.
The function of any lagoon, whether it be aero-
bic or anaerobic, is to reduce the BOD of the
materials entering the lagoon. It is difficult to
maintain a totally aerobic or anaerobic condi-
tion in a particular lagoon because so many
variables exist which affect the microbial
growth. Sewage treatment can be accomplished
much more easily than farm waste treatment
because sewage flow is regular and stable
whereas the loading rate and flow of livestock
waste is fluctuating and erratic. Recommenda-
tions for the proper design of an anaerobic la-
goon are presented. These recommendations
stress converting population equivalents to
pounds of BOD, Also there are suggestions on
the proper management and detention time of
the lagoon. Research units have been devised
to test the effectiveness of anaerobic lagoons in
treating livestock wastes. (Russell-East Central).
1697 - A8, A9, Dl, El, F4 , 200
SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
OF ORGANIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Chief, Division of Environmental Sanitation, Cal-
ifornia State Department of Public Health,
Berkeley, California,
F. M. Stead,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p, 93-114.
Descriptors: 'Organic wastes, 'Management,
•Legal aspects, 'Public health. Environmental
control, Waste treatment, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Pollution.
In the past, Americans felt that the land was
so vast and its resources were so great that
nothing could ever overload the environment.
Consequently, for years Americans poured
wastes into the air, land, and water. Within
the past few years, people have started to be-
come aware that our natural resources must
be protected. The environmental problem is ex-
tremely complex. Environmentalists have adopt-
ed the systems approach in hope of controlling
the environment, because our resources such
as water, air, and land must be preserved.
The question is—who is to decide what shall
be done? Should it be the courts, the people,
or scientists? The legal aspects of curtailing
pollution are unprecedented and difficult to es-
tablish, but they must be established. The en-
vironment must become regulated by man be-
cause it is dominated by man. Organic waste
is essential and vital to man's existence, and
the future holds dim prospects if man does not
begin now to solve these problems. (Russell-
East Central).
1698 - A3, B2, D4 200
HYDRAULIC COLLECTION OF
POULTRY WASTE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cor-
nell University, Ithaca. New York,
0. C, Ludington, and A. T. Sobel,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964. p. 115-135. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes. Waste
storage, Waste treatment. Odor, Design, Clean-
ing.
Identifiers: 'Hydraulic collection. Storage pits
Hydraulic waste control systems offer many
possibilities to the poultry farmer. Hydraulic
collection of wastes reduces odors and permits
scheduled cleaning. Hydraulic systems reduce
labor requirements, lower fly production, and
give more uniform indoor temperatures. The
biggest advantage of hydraulic waste control
is flexibility in the cleaning system, but clean-
ing cannot be accomplished efficiently without
mechanical assistance. The pits which contain
the waste should be confined by walls and lim-
ited to three feet in depth for safety and ease
of cleaning. As in most processes, the hydraulic
system does have disadvantages. The major one
is the amount of material that is handled. Since
dilution is required, more material must be han-
dled with the hydraulic system than with other
systems. (Russell-East Central).
1699 - B2, D4, E2 200
HYDRAULIC MANURE HANDLING
IN LAYING HOUSES
Extension Poultryman, Cornell University, Itha-
ca, New York,
C. Ostrander,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 137-147.
Descriptors: 'Hydraulics, 'Farm wastes, 'Poul-
try, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
There is no one cure-all system of waste dis-
posal that can be used in all poultry situations.
However, it appears that hydraulic handling of
liquid wastes will work satisfactoritly in many
situations. Hydraulic collection provides flexibili-
ty in time of cleaning, reduction of odors, reduc-
tion of labor, reduction of mechanization, control
of flies, and control of temperatures in the poul-
try house. The system itself is not a lagoon and
does not reduce or digest the wastes. The main
disadvantage is that the system does not dispose
of the manure, and it must still be hauled away
and spread on land. Hydraulic systems have no
place in a poultry operation which involves de-
hydration or incineration. It appears, however,
that the advantages greatly outweight the dis-
advantages in making the hydraulic handling of
poultry manure an effective means of waste dis-
posal. (Russell-East Central).
1700 - A5, B2, D4 200
HYDRAULIC MANURE SYSTEMS
Chairman, Poultry Science Department, Nebras-
ka University, Lincoln.
3. L. Adams,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 149-159. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Hydraulics, 'Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Odor, Design, Cleaning, Waste
storage, Liquid Wastes.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Fly control.
The need for good methods of waste storage,
transportation, and disposal is greater than ever
before. Hydraulic systems provide many answers
to the poultry man's problems, Investigators
have determined that poultry waste contains
about 80% water; thus making it an excellent
substance to be handled hydraulically. It has
also been found that a simple diaphragm type
pump is sufficient for moving large quantities
of manure with up to 20% solids. Difficulties of
hy™a"'ic systems are the odors produced, the
difficulty of disposing of the liquid manure after
it has been collected. However, the advantages
are flexibility of time of cleaning, ease of hand-
ling the manure, less possibility of noxious gases,
control of flies, relatively inexpensive equipment,
and control of constant temperatures. (Russell-
*J^st Central).
1701 - B2, C5, D4 200
LIQUID HANDLING PROCESSES FOR
POULTRY MANURE UTILIZATION
C. A. Johnson,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska Th?
coin. May 19-20, 1964, p. 16U81 3 fig? W ?ef
142
-------
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, *Waste treatment,
•Waste storage, 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, •Sta-
bilization, Septic tanks.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
An integrated system concept for liquid manure
handling that has been operating {or a year and
five months Is described. This system was de-
signed for a 7000 bird cage layer flock on the
Holland Congdor Farm in Longmeadow, Massa-
chusetts. The system involves flushing the ma-
nure from under the cages to a large heated
septic tank. The effluent from the septic tank
is recycled to eliminate high water usage. This
system provides ease of handling the manure.
There are few moving parts with only a pump
and motor operating about 20 minutes per day.
No noxious odors are produced, and there is no
manure accumulation pit or buildup. Water us-
age is relatively small since the effluent is re-
cycled. Disposal of the manure is simple and
seldom because a tank wagon can replace
spreaders and irrigation systems can replace
batch handling. Also the system is economical.
The floating scraper and small pump can re-
place about $4,000 or more worth of mechanical
cleaning equipment. With slight design changes
and further experiments, it is hoped that this
liquid manure system will become very profit-
able to use. (Russell-East Central),
1702 - Al, B2, D4 200
LAGOONS-^SINK OR SWIM
Breeder's Leghorns, Ferndale, New York.
M. Brender,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 183-192.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, *Farm wastes, •Poul-
try, 'Waste storage, 'Waste treatment, Odor,
"Indoor" and "outdoor" "lagooning" are two
methods often employed by poultry fanners for
waste storage and treatment. With either type,
the poultryman fights an odor problem. To pre-
vent odor and to beneficially handle manure, the
poultry man should catch manure in waterproof
tanks; keep it covered with water at all times;
move it out before it settles down; either h?ul
it and spread it on crops or stabilize it in an
outdoor lagoon; and move wastes by gravity.
The author predicts that present and future re-
search will solve many of the current lagoon
odor, decomposition and pollution problems.
(Russell-East Central).
1703 - A9, Bl, C5, El 200
HEALTH ASPECTS OF POULTRY
WASTE DISPOSAL
Robert A, Taft Sanitary Engineering Center. Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
C. W. Chambers, and N. A. Clarke,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 193-212. 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Public health, Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Dis-
interest in the disposal of poultry waste has stir-
red interest in the health aspects of poultry
waste disposal. Many diseases are possibly com-
municable to man from poultry wastes. These
diseases are caused usually by bacteria, fungi,
or viruses. There are many avenues of trans-
mission of the disease, such as direct contact
with waste; ingestion of waste; Inhalation of
waste; and direct or indirect contact with vec-
tors such as insects. Many diseases, such as
those caused by the Salmonella species, can
be transferred to man. To prevent the spread
of disease, the poultry farmer should attempt
to control conditions which result in multiplica-
tion of disease-producing organisms. The source
of the disease-production should be eliminated
if possible. The waste should be processed in
a way which would breakdown the chain of in-
fection. Above all, the poultry farmer should
practice good management and remain rational
about the subject of disease and disease poten-
tial. (Russell-East Central).
1704 - Al, Bl, Fl, F2, F3 200
SOCIAL, LEGAL, AND ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATIONS OF ANIMAL
PRODUCTION IN URBANIZED
AREAS
Planning Director, Omaha, Nebraska,
A. Aust,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 225-240.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Management, 'Legal as-
pects, •Economics, 'Urbanization.
Within the last forty years, our country has
undergone extensive urbanization. The poultry
fanner or industrialist must face the ever grow-
ing urbanization of our society to effectively
function in the world of today and tomorrow.
There are three social developments which have
been accentuated by urbanization that restricts
the location of animal processing plants. These
are: (1) the growth of large concentrations of
people crowded together; (2) the tremendous
technological advances of our society; and (3)
the growing affluence, education, and cultural
sophistication of our society. Because of these
social changes many legal developments have
taken place in the past few years. New legal
restrictions or controls on the animal industry
usually fall into four main categories: (1)
planning controls; (2) public health controls; (3)
public safety codes; and (4) aesthetic controls.
Closely related to social and legal developments
are the economic considerations affecting the
locating of new processing plants and the op-
eration of existing plants. There are three cours-
es of action open to the poultry industrialist in
terms of economics. These are: (1) the laissez-
faire or do-nothing approach; (2) the self-suffi-
cient approach; and (3) the good citizen ap-
proach is economically the best approach to the
poultry man. (Russell-East Central).
1705 - Al, Bl, F4 200
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
Extension Poultry Scientist, Federal Extension
Service, United States Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D.C.
W. R, Jenkins,
Second National Symposium on Poultry Industry
Waste Management, University of Nebraska, Lin-
coln, May 19-20, 1964, p. 243-290,
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Waste disposal, 'Water
pollution, 'Farm wastes, Research.
The future of the poultry industry is dependent
on many factors. One of the most important
factors that the poultry industry must deal with
is proper waste disposal. Much has been dealt
with in this symposium, but the poultry farmer
should not mislead himself by believing that he
has all of the answers. In the future, there
will be Increased concern about contamination
of by-products, high quality water, and the dis-
posal of large quantities of water. New and
better systems of disposal will be devised, and
it is hoped that the future will be bright for the
poultry industry. (Russell-East Central).
1706 - A2, C2, C3 700
WATER QUALITY OF STORM
RUNOFF FROM A TEXAS BEEF
FEEDLOT
G. G. Wise III.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Texas A&M University, August, 1972, 166
p. 34 fig, 79 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Storm runoff,
•Texas, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, Sampling, Equip-
ment, Chemical oxygen demand, Phosphorus,
Nitrogen, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Slope,
Waste treatment, Water pollution.
One of the major sources of pollution from high
density beef feedlots is storm runoff. Efforts
were made to determine the variation in chemi-
cal and physical properties of storm runoff from
a beef feedlot area of Texas and to correlate
the water quality variations with storm charac-
teristics and hydrologic properties of the feedlot
drainage area. The average concentrations of
water quality parameters in the feedlot runoff
did not change as much with variations in rain-
fall intensities, runoff rates, and runoff volumes
as indicated by similar runoff studies. The con-
centrations of COD, phosphorus, and Kjeldahl
nitrogen in the runoff were directly related to
the total soils concentration. The concentrations
of filterable solids, potassium, sodium and chlor-
ide were greater when the content lime between
the surface and the runoff was increased. The
higher average concentrations of total solids,
COD, phosphorus, and Kjeldahl nitrogen; and
lower average concentrations of filterable solids,
potassium, sodium, and chloride from one area
was due to the greater slope causing an in-
creased sediment load and decreasing the con-
tact time between the runoff and the feedlot
surface, (Russell-East Central). .
1707 - B2 700
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
LIQUID MANURE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINEMENT FINISHING HOGS
R. P. Kesler.
MS Thesis, Agricultural Economics Department,
University of Illinois, 1966, 97 p. 8 fig, 25 tab,
38 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Evaluation, 'Liquid
wastes, 'Confinement pens, 'Hogs, Lagoons,
Waste disposal, Nitrogen, Illinois, Fertilizers,
Costs, Equipment, Sampling, Analysis.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Hauling and spreading.
Pollution.
Manure is a valuable by-product of the hog in-
dustry. When applied to cropland, the chemical,
physical, and biological properties of the soil
are improved. Animal wastes must be removed
from confinement buildings if production is to
continue, and this study dealt with three types
of waste removal: (1) total hauling and spread-
ing; (2) partial hauling and spreading and la-
gooning; (3) total lagooning. Based on the find-
ing of this study, the conclusion can be made
that total hauling and spreading and lagooning
is the lowest net cost method of manure dis-
posal. Partial hauling and spreading and la-
gooning is the second lowest net cost method of
manure disposal, and total lagooning is the
highest net cost method of disposal. Another
conclusion is that the net cost of manure dis-
posal, for all three methods, declines as the
volume of hog production increases. The choice
between hauling and spreading manure is still in
the innovative stage of development. However,
when cropland is available for utilizing the sal-
vaged value of the manure as a replacement
for commercial fertilizer, there appear to be
strong economic considerations favoring the
hauling and spreading method for disposal of
hog wastes. (Russell-East Central).
1708 - B2, D4, E2 700
SODL PERCOLATION AS A
RENOVATION MEANS FOR
LIVESTOCK LAGOON EFFLUENT
J. K. Koelliker.
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Iowa State University, 1969, 108 p, 12 fig,
30 tab, 38 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, •Percolation, 'Livestock,
•Lagoons, 'Effluent, 'Farm wastes, 'Sprinkler
irrigation, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
•Waste water treatment, Soil profiles. Hogs,
Moisture, Chemical oxygen demand. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Chlorides, Tile drains, Sampling,
Iowa, Anaerobic conditions, Hydrogen ion con-
centration, Analysis.
A field experiment was operated from June
through September, 1968, in central Iowa to
study the use of a grass covered, Clarion-Web-
ster silty clay loam soil profile as a treatment
media for anaerobic manure lagoon effluent ap-
143
-------
plied by sprinkler Irrigation equipment. Effluent
was applied at four loading rates—1.5 and 3.0
inches at 70% available soil moisture and 1.5 and
3.0 inches at 95% available soil moisture. Sam-
ples were collected on the surface, 3. 6, 12, and
30 inches deep in the soil profile* as well as
from water flowing from the tile drains in each
plot. Reduction in COD concentration was about
95% between the surface and the tile drains.
Nitrogen concentration reduction was about 80%.
Phosphorus concentration reduction was 99% in
the top 3 inches of soil. The chloride concentra-
tion in the Ule drainage water was reduced
about 30%. The pH was reduced from 7.8 to 7.2
as the liquid percolated through the soil profile.
No gross changes were observed in the soil
where lagoon effluent was applied. The results
indicated that a soil profile is an excellent
treatment media for anaerobic lagoon effluent.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1709 - Bl, C3, C5, D4 600
NUTRIENT CHANGES IN POULTRY
EXCRETA FERMENTED WITH
RUMEN BACTERIA
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univer-
sity of Kentucky, Lexington,
H. E. Hamilton, I. J. Ross, J. D. Fox, and J. J.
Begin.
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-454, 18
p. 8 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Farm wastes, "Poultry
Fermentation, Nitrogen, Hydrogen ion concentra-
tion, Anaerobic conditions.
Identifiers: 'Poultry excreta, 'Rumen bacteria.
Uric acid. Inoculum, Ether extract. Ash, Solids
levels. Manure.
Proximate components and uric acid were mea-
sured in poultry excreta during anaerobic fer-
mentation with rumen fluids as an inoculum.
Nitrogen, ether extract, and ash were affected
by pH and solids levels. There was an increase
in the ether extract index at lower solids levels
than for higher solids. Increasing the solids lev-
el or lowering the pH delayed the decomposition
of uric acid. The uric acid was virtually de-
composed after 22 hours at pH levels of 6,8 and
7.3 and 5 percent solids. The nitrogen, ether ex-
tract, and ash were also affected by the length
of the fermentation period. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
1710 - A2, Bl, Cl, Dl, El 600
MONITORING ON-FARM WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Iowa.
S. W. Melvin, D. H. Vanderholm, and J. C.
Lorimor.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, Paper No. 73-5542,
9 P.
Descriptors: 'Monitoring, 'Farm wastes, 'Man-
agement, Hogs, Cattle, Feed lots, Runoff, Odor,
Costs, Livestock, Corn Belt, Iowa.
Identifiers: Beef.
Research and demonstration sites were establish-
ed to study waste management alternatives ap-
plicable in the Corn Belt. These sites were all
commercial livestock operations including a wide
variety of beef and swine handling systems.
Among the data collected were runoff quality
and quantity, waste characteristics, climatic
data, cost data, and operating characteristics
and problems. Results of the study showed that
regular cleaning and maintenance of a low
stocking rate in open feedlots results in pollu-
tional strength of retained feedlot runoff of near-
ly 1/10 the pollutional strength of lots seldom
cleaned, heavily stocked, and heavily packed
with manure. Most debris basins or settling
channels required a stabilized bottom of concrete
or gravel to allow proper cleanout and main-
tenance. These sites have proved to be valuable
resources in the animal waste management edu-
cational program carried on by Iowa State Uni-
versity extension staff. (Cameron-East Central).
1711 - Bl, C3, D4 600
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER RESPONSE
WITH DAIRY CATTLE MANURE
Agricultural Enigneer, Chicago Sanitary District.
J. L. Halderson, A. C. Dale, and E. J. Kirsch.
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, Paper no. 73-4532, 15 p.
6 fig, 2 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Dairy in-
dustry, 'Cattle, 'Farm wastes. Chemical char-
acteristics. Design.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Substrate, 'Loading rates.
This study investigated the dynamic response
of anaerobic digestion when that system was sub-
jected to several levels of step rate changes in
loading. Laboratory sized, four liter digesters,
constructed of acrylic, maintained at 35°C, and
continuously mixed were used to investigate the
response when dairy cow fecal matter was the
substrate. The units were batch fed once per
day, with a 15 day detention time being main-
tained throughout the experiment. Dependent
parameters measured were pH, total and volatile
solids, total alkalinity, COD, gas production and
composition, and total volatile acid concentra-
tion and composition. The experimental design
consisted of a randomized block design with four
factors and five levels of treatment. The fixed
loading levels were considered to be the treat-
ment with all other factors being held constant
when possible. Individual digesters were nested
within digester pairs and treatments. Results in-
dicated that the biological system could respond
in a satisfactory way to any of the applied tests
of loading rates of waste. There were no storng
indications that maximum loading rates or a
maximum magnitude of step had been achieved.
The responses of all the measured parameters
are listed. (Russell-East Central).
1712 - Al, B3, E2 600
MOVEMENT OF MANURIAL
NITROGEN IN COOL, HUMID
CLIMATES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York.
M. F. Walter, G. D. Bubenzer, and J. C. Con-
verse.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cujtural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No, 74-2018,
21 p. 10 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Model studies, 'Nitrogen, 'Nit-
rates, 'Movement, 'Anaerobic conditions, 'Cli-
mates, 'Farm wastes, Temperatures, Dairy in-
dustry, Crops, Ammonification, Nitrification,
Denitrification, Soil moisture, Solutes.
Identifiers- 'Manure, Ammonia volatilization,
Ammonium fixation.
A quantitative computer model was developed
to predict the vertical nitrate soil distribution
resulting from heavy land applications of an-
aerobic liquid dairy waste applied to coarse
textured soil. Parameters used in the model
were developed for (1) soil with a deep water
table, (2) soil temperatures of 0 to 20°C, and
(3) soil matric potentials of 0 to -0.3 bars. Nitro-
gen immobilizations, ammonification, and nitri-
fication were the primary transformations found
to occur in the soil system. The two dominant
forms of inorganic nitrogen found in these sofl
systems were ammonium and nitrate. Nitrate
movement was based on predicted one-dimen-
sional unsaturated flow and solute dispersion
Dispersion was assumed dependent on solute dis-
placement but not on soil water velocity. (Cam-
eron-East Centra!).
1713 - Al, Bl, Cl, Dl, El, Fl, F2, F4
600
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONFERENCE
Iowa State University.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management,
•Livestock, 'Confinement pens, 'Waste treat-
ment, 'Waste storage, 'Waste disposal, 'Feed
lots, 'Economics, 'Legal aspects, Lagoons, Run-
off.
This conference was held in Order to give an
overview of animal waste management alterna-
tives as they are practiced nationally, regionally,
and by state. Animal waste characteristics,
waste treatment faculties, waste disposal meth-
ods, and open lots vs housed confinement all
come under close scrutiny. Legal and regulatory
aspects of confinement are discussed. Activities
of the Environmental Protection Agency, Soil
Conservation Service, Agricultural Stabilization
and Conservation Service, and Iowa Water Pollu-
tion Control Commission are discussed as well.
(Merryman-East Central),
1714 - Bl, Fl, F2, F3, F4 600
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT-
COMMENTS ON THE NATIONAL
SITUATION
Industrial Specialist, Environment Improvement,
Agricultural and Natural Resources Division,
Extension Service, United States Department
of Agriculture.
K. R. Majors.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971. 7 p.
2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management,
'Livestock, Feed lots, Confinement pens. Eco-
nomics, Legal aspects, Technology.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes.
The character and magnitude of the problem
of animal waste management; the impact of
waste management and requirements of pollu-
tion control now mandatory for livestock pro-
ducers; and the waste-management phase of
livestock production are discussed. Agriculture
does rank high as a generator of wastes—from
both animal and crop production—but agriculture
is unique in that it makes use of biological pro-
cedures almost entirely. The total animal waste
figure is generally placed around two billion
tons per year, or 55 million tons per day. Con-
finement housing systems for all animal pro-
duction with quite different waste management
systems than those for feedlots, must handle
the same amount of waste per animal. Waste
management and pollution control have become
a concern in the livestock marketing system
as well. Discussed briefly are various basic
aspects of waste management including: tech-
nological requirements; regulatory requirements;
economic factors; and social, political, legal,
and related factors. Additional funds, expan-
sion of activities, shifts in program emphasis,
legislation for waste control, and cost sharing
and broadening of provisions for financial as-
sistance for feedlot operators are the key items
desired by governmental agencies in order to
make their programs more effective. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1715 - A2, A5, Bl, F4 600
THE STATE AND REGIONAL
SITUATION
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State
University, Ames.
S. W, Melvin.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 9 p.
6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Confinement pens,
•Farm wastes, 'Livestock, 'Management, Water
pollution. Odor, FishkUl, Runoff
Identifiers: 'Midwest, 'Corn Belt.
The Midwest is now and will continue to be a
great livestock-producing area in the future.
Waste management problems have resulted from
increased densities of animals in confinement.
The water pollution hazard of many animal pro-
duction units has been recognized. Regulations
for control of this problem presently exist in
most of the midwestern states. Odor is still a
problem to many producers. The technology of
animal waste management must develop rapidly
s'
-------
1716 - Bl 600
BIOLOGY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Department ol Agricultural Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 197L 4
p. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Biology, "Wastes, 'Management,
•Microorganisms, Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa,
Metabolism.
This outline on the biology of waste management
was prepared as a study aid for registrants at
the Iowa State University Animal Waste Man-
agement Conference. The main topics of this
outline were: bacteria, algae, protozoa and larg-
er animals, bacterial physiology, population dy-
namics, environmental factors, food sources, hy-
drogen ion concentration (pH), trace nutrients,
and temperature. (Cartmell-East Central),
1717 - A5, B2, D2, D4, Fl 600
AEROBIC WASTE TREATMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana.
D. L. Day.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971. 14
p. 3 fig, 6 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment
•Aerobic conditions, 'Oxidation lagoons, 'Aerat-
ed lagoons. Municipal wastes, Design, Odor,
Costs, Livestock.
Several forms of aerobic treatment relative to
use in municipal waste treatment plants and
adaptations for treatment of livestock metabolic
wastes are discussed. Aerobic lagoons may be
divided into two classifications, dependent upon
the method of aeration: oxidation ponds (natural-
ly aerated lagoons) and aerated lagoons (me-
chanically aerated lagoons). An oxidation pond
is usually a shallow basin 3 to 5 feet deep for
the purpose of treating sewage under climatic
conditions (warmth, light, and wind) that pro-
mote the introduction of atmospheric oxygen and
that favor the growth of algae to produce oxy-
gen. An aerated lagoon is one that has a de-
vice that beats or blows air into the water with
a portion of the oxygen being dissolved. The
oxidation ditch is a modified form of the acti-
vated-sludge process. Aerobic bacteria use the
organic matter in the waste as food for their
metabolic processes, thus reducing the biologic-
ally degradable organics to stable material, with
carbon dioxide and water as the major by-pro-
ducts. Design recommendations for in-the-build-
ing oxidation ditches are given. Some form of
aerobic treatment is likely to be used in live-
stock waste management schemes because of the
low level of odors associated with1 this method
of treatment. (Cartmell-East Central).
1718 - Bl 600
SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO
SEPARATE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Agricultural Engineering Department, North Da-
kota State University, Fargo.
G, L. Pratt.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 197L 7
P. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid wastes,
'Separation techniques, 'Waste treatment, Feed
lots, Livestock, Settling, Filtration, Centrifuga-
tion, Slurries,
Identifiers: Gravity flow.
The separation of solids from the liquid com-
ponent of livestock manure adapts to many
waste treatment and handling systems. Separa-
tion of these components is being introduced in-
to systems where the material is separated prior
to treatment as well as after the combined ma-
terials have undergone a treatment process. Two
general methods are being used to accomplish
the separation of manure components. These
are settling and mechanical separation. In all
devices that are used to settle solid materials
from the liquid component of livestock waste,
tie velocity of flow of the liquid solid slurry
is retard 3d to the point where sedimentation
can occur. Concrete tanks and earth dugouts
are being used for settling containers for the
manure slurries. For runoff from feedlots, seg-
regating the solid material from the liquids may
be accomplished by settling channels. Mechani-
cal separation includes filtration and centrifuga-
tion. Filtration of the combination solid liquid
waste from livestock systems can often be de-
signed to provide satisfactory installations. Ad-
vantages of the centrifuge are given. Gravity
flow of liquids away from the solid manure is
being investigated. Equipment improvements
must be perfected before the system can be
recommended. (Cartmell-East Central).
1719 - Bl, Dl 600
SWINE MANURE COLLECTION AND
REMOVAL SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames.
L. D, Van Fossen.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15; 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, Confin?-
ment pens, Labor, Hydraulic transportation, La-
goons, Cleaning.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Manure, 'Collection, 'Re-
moval, Stockpiling, Slotted pits. Flushing tanks.
This publication outlines collection and remov-
al systems for swine manure. The topics con-
sidered are: (1) hand cleaning, (2) mechanical
cleaning, (3) pumps and stockpiling, (4) moving
manure with a hydraulic head, (5) manure stor-
age in the building, and (6) hydraulically hand-
ling manure. (Cartmell-East Central).
1720 - A2, Cl 600
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF
MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames.
J. K. Miner.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 8 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Water pollution,
'Feed lots, 'Runoff, Odor, Organic matter, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen de-
mand, Nutrients, Microorganisms, Hogs, Gases,
Confinemente pens.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
This outline was prepared as a study aid to the
registrants at the Iowa State University Animal
Waste Management Conference. The major topics
outlined are: (1) Manure as a potential water
pollutant, (2) Feedlot runoff, and (3) Odor.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1721 - A2, B2, C3, Dl, E2 600
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN
FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State
University, Ames.
S. W, Melvin.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, October 13-15, 1971, 5 p.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Runoff, 'Control, 'De-
sign, 'Farm wastes, Chemical characteristics.
Waste disposal, Waste treatment, Iowa.
This outline of feedlot runoff pollution and con-
trol defines the following: (1) feedlot runoff, (2)
problems caused by feedlot runoff, (3) factors
affecting feedlot runoff quality, and (4) com-
ponent design of runoff control facilities. Sug-
gestions for minimizing feedlot complaints are
listed. (Cartmell-East Central).
1722 Bl, Cl, D4, E2 600
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FOR ROOFED BEEF CONFINEMENT
FACILITIES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Minnesota
University, St. Paul.
J, A, Moore.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971. 6 p.
1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Cat-
tle, 'Confinement pens, Performance, Oxidation
lagoons, Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: 'Roofed beef confinement, 'Waste
management systems, Pollution control.
The major objectives considered when discuss-
ing a waste management system are pollution
control, saving of labor, and an increase in
animal productivity. The system may be divid-
ed into four components: collection, storage,
treatment, utilization and/or disposal. In the.
discussion of roofed beef confinement, the facili-
ties are divided into three categories: (1) en-
vironmental conditions (cold and warm units),
(2) floor type (solid or slatted), and (3) mois-
ture content of the waste (less than 1% to Over
50% total solids.) The right types of confine-
ment facilities discussed are dry solid cold, dry
solid warm, dry slatted cold, dry slatted warm,
liquid solid cold, liquid slatted cold, liquid solid
warm, and liquid slatted warm. Climate has a
direct relationship upon the selection of these
systems. By listing objectives, properties of
waste material, and the design of the system,
an optimum design can be obtained. (Cameron-
East Central).
1723-B1, Dl, El 600
SWINE SYSTEMS FOR IOWA AND
NORTH CENTRAL STATES
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames.
L. D. Van Fossen.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 3 p.
Descriptors' 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Management,
'Iowa, Environmental control, Confinement pens,
Waste storage, Waste disposal, Arrangement.
Identifiers: 'North Central States, 'Swine.
Before building a swine facility, the producer
must compare the features of the alternate
systems in order to select the ones most ap-
propriate for his needs. The goal to develop
successful swine faculties is to minimize ex-
treme and uncomfortable environmental stress
conditions that adversely effect pig performance;
utilize natural pig habits to properly select the
building features and operate the facility; and
provide convenience for the swine producer.
Items to be considered are: (1) level of en-
vironmental control, (2) environmental modi-
fying systems, (3) manure collection and re-
moval systems, (4) manure disposal systems, (5)
feeding systems, (6) pen size, (7) animal and
man access, (8) arrangement, (9) pen partitions,
(10) building location, and (11) operating the
system. (Cartmell-East Central).
1724-A2, Bl E2 600
WASTE APPLICATION TO SOILS
Graduate Assistant in Agricultural Engineering,
Iowa State University, Ames.
J. K, Koelliker.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 8 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Application meth-
ods, 'Soils, Fertilizers, Economics, Waste dis-
posal, Water pollution, Nutrients, Bacteria, Odor,
Soil contamination, Groundwater pollution, Deni-
trification.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Surface water pollu-
tion.
145
-------
Manure disposal can cause air, water, or soil
pollution. Air pollution may be caused by odors
emitted during spreading or from manure left
uncovered following spreading. Air pollution dur-
ing spreading can be avoided by spreading only
when meteorological conditions are favorable
for good air mixing and when the wind will
dissipate odors into an unpopulated area. Direct
injection of liquid manure can eliminate nearly
all odor during spreading. Surface water pollu-
tion is caused by inadequate incorporation of
manure into the soil surface. Consequently,
runoff from this soil may result in excessive
organic load, excessive nutrients, and possible
bacterial contamination of streams and lakes.
Spreading on steep slopes, frozen or snow-cov-
ered ground, or flood plains should be avoided
unless Incorporation can be done immediately.
Groundwater pollution may result from excess
nitrogen and from bacterial contamination from
farm wastes. Soil contamination may also result
from manure disposal. Heavy manure applica-
tions can result in anaerobic conditions caused
by rapid decomposition and excess soil water.
Design criteria and recommendations are given
for combatting these pollution problems. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1725-B3, Dl, E3 600
ANIMAL WASTE REUSE
Extension Veterinarian, Iowa State University,
Ames.
J. B. Herrick.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971. 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Recycling, 'Feeds,
'Poultry, 'Cattle, Proteins, Insecticides, Costs,
Additives.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Refuse, 'Refeed-
ing, Disease spread.
A great deal of concern is being generated
over animal waste reuse or recycling. Animal
scientists and agricultural engineers are schem-
ing elaborate and complicated systems to reuse
animal wastes. Recycling animal manure into
feeds has provided one answer. While such
feeds have been shown to have nutritional
value, other factors need to be considered.
The use of drugs, hormones, and antibiotics
on the animals may have significant effects on
animal wastes. Insecticides are sometimes pres-
ent in manure to be refed to animals. The
problem with animal waste reuse centers around
cost; disease spread; and the effect feed addi-
tives will have on the animal when waste is
reused. (Cartmell-East Central).
1726-B1, C5, Dl 600
EFFECT OF HOUSED
CONFINEMENT ON ANIMAL
PERFORMANCE
Extension Livestock Specialist, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames.
W. G. Zmolek.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University. Ames, October 13-15, 1971,
6 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Per-
formance, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage, Waste
treatment, Runoff, Labor, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Housed confinement, 'Floor types.
At several experimental locations, individual
facilities are in operation that control or modify
the environment of beef cattle. From the data
reviewed, it has been concluded that the housing
of feedlot cattle increases their daily, gain and
decreases their feed requirements. Furthermore,
there is little, if any, difference in cattle re-
sponse to different types of housing and floor
types. Therefore, the waste handling system
selected will dictate the type of floor to use
more than animal performance. Housed systems
will continue to grow in use because of the
several side benefits they offer. Some of these
are: surface runoff of waste is eliminated;
slotted floors eliminate the cost of bedding and
labor; protection from sun and rain maintains
the fertilizer value of the waste; less labor is
needed to handle manure; cattle are more
docile and easier to handle; less land is needed
and site development is easier; less labor is
required in yard repairs; cattle are cleaner;
hired workers take more pride in a confined
operation; and less labor is required for feeding
and management. (Cartmell-East Central).
1727 Bl, E1.F1 600
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
INVOLVED IN SELECTING TYPES
OF CONFINEMENT AND WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR SWINE
AND BEEF
Professor of Economics, Iowa State University,
Ames.
E. G. Stoneberg.
Animal Waste Management Conference. Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 197J,
5 p.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Confinement pens,
•Waste disposal, 'Hogs, 'Cattle, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Beef, Environmental stand-
ards.
Some of the critical factors which influence the
selection of types of confinement and waste
systems are presented. The use of confinement
systems in beef or swine production substanti-
ally increases the capital investment within
tba enterprise. Because of the high capital
requirements of confinement systems, considera-
tion must be given to the potential advantages
and disadvantages of this investment and to
some of the characteristics of the investment.
Although there are wide variations in the in-
vestment per animal unit capacity in confine-
ment systems, observation indicates that the
average investment per head of annual capacity
in a cattle confinement system is normally in
the range of $75 to $150. This dots not normally
include feed storage or processing facilities and
may not include feed distribut'on equipment.
The annual ownership costs of a confinement
facility will probably fall in th3 rang3 of 13
to 20 percent of the original cost. Any type
of confinement system for pork or beef produc-
tion requires some provision for animal waste
disposal. Environmental standards for disposal
of animal wastes may change tlfc structure of
the swine and beef industries if these standards
are very severe. (Cartmell-East Central).
1728 - Al, Bl, Fl, F2 600
LEGAL ASPECTS OF LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Professor of Economics, Iowa State University,
Ames.
N. E. Harl.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971,
11 p.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, "Livestock, 'Farm
wastes, 'Management, Economics, Costs, Ethics,
Negligence, Trespass.
Identifiers: "Production, 'Pollution, Nuisance
laws. Registration.
Pollution is an economic problem. Three basic
approaches are possible to shift the external
costs back onto the polluter. Develop an ethic
of environment preservation; create appropriate
economic incentives or disincentives to achieve
a desired behavior pattern; or impose legal
regulations or legal sanctions to circumscribe
undesirable behavior patterns. The idea of an
environmental ethic is unlikely to be sufficiently
effective to improve environmental quality at
an acceptable pace. Most ethical standards re-
lied upon by society have come to be backed
by the force of law. The concept of taxes or
charges on those polluting to (1) encourage
substitute production methods that are less
harmful to the environment, (2) increase the
cost to consumers of products having an adverse
effect upon the environment with the result
that consumers tend to consume more of the
less harmful products, and (3) generate revenues
to fund public efforts to improve environmental
quality holds considerable economic appeal,
although relatively little use has been made of
this approach in the past. It has become
abundantly clear that the rights inherent in
land ownership do not sanction or protect ac-
tivities contributing to environmental pollution.
Livestock producers must recognize that fact or
face serious legal difficulty either through
private litigation, public response to violation
of environmental quality standards, or both.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1729 - Al, Fl, F3 600
EPA'S ROLE IN THE ANIMAL
WASTE PROBLEM: PANEL
DISCUSSION
Rural Environmental Assistance Program Spe-
cialist, Agricultwal Stabilization and Conserva-
tion Service, United States Department of
Agriculture.
H. Andrew.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Farms, 'Costs,
'Federal government, Pollution abatement, Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency,
•Animal wastes, 'Federal programs.
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv-
ice, an agency of the United States Department
of Agriculture, administers several programs.
Included are loans to farmers on corn, soy-
beans, and other farm produced commodities;
loans for storage facilities; the feed grain and
wheat programs which involve direct payments
to farmers; a commodity storage program; and,
th3 Rural Environmental Assistance Program
(REAP). All of these programs are administered
at the county level by a local office staff
headed by a three man committee of farmers
elected by community committeemen who were
elected by their neighbors. These county com-
mittees oversee the handling of millions of dol-
lars of government funds each year. They
make yield adjustments. They are also charged
with the onerous job of deciding who to approve
for REAP assistance. Under REAP the Federal
Government shares the cost with farmers for
doing certain approved conservation and pollu-
tion abatement work including animal waste
management practices. A brief history of con-
servation work done on farms is given. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1730 - A2, B2, D4 600
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
PROGRAM IN ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
State Conservation Engineer, Soil Conservation
Service, Des Moines, Iowa.
D. T. Bondnrant.
Animal Waste Management Conference, Iowa
State University, Ames, October 13-15, 1971, 6 p.
Descriptors: 'Soil conservation, «Farm wastes,
•Lagoons, 'Anaerobic conditions, 'Runoff, Storage
tanks.
Identifiers: 'Soil Conservation Service. 'Animal
wastes.
The feedlot registration program in Iowa went
into effect on July 1, 1969, and in September,
1969, rules were adopted regulating feedlot run-
off from cattle operations. The Soil Conserva-
tion Service believed that it could help with
this program and, after consulting with the
staff of the Iowa Water Pollution Control Com-
mission, formulated a policy regarding activities
in this work. Since then standards and specifi-
cations have been established for runoff con-
trol, anaerobic lagoons and waste storage tanks
Any operatoar who feels that he has a potential
pollution problem, even if his operation does
not require registration, may be assisted, pro-
vided that he secures the approval of the
plans developed for his runoff control facilities
from the Iowa Pollution Control Commission.
The policy of the Service in giving assistance
on manure storage tanks is to furnish one of
the available standard plans if it can be used
directly or can be safely adapted. The Service
will not design concrete storage tanks for in-
dividual installations. (Cartmell-East Central),
146
-------
1731 - A5, Bl, D3, E2 400
MANURE DEODORANTS . . . HOW
WELL DO THEY WORK?
Hog editor.
R. Wilmore.
Farm Journal, Vol. 96, p. 22, 38, June, 1972.
1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Farm wastes, 'Livestock,
•Costs, Lagoons.
Identifiers: "Manure, 'Odor control, 'Deodorants,
Soil injection. Land disposal.
Dozens of products are now available which
promise to control manure odors. The most
comprehensive research has been run by Cor-
nell University. A panel compared odors from
treated samples with those from raw manure.
Only three things are sure: no product elim-
inates all odors; some are more effective than
others; some don't work at all. The problem
of using products to control odor is the cost.
The products are felt to be too expensive for
what good they do. (Cameron-East Central).
1732 - Bl 700
PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDD2S OF THE
DUNGING BEHAVIOR OF PIGS
IN CONFINEMENT
M. S. Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1971,
129 p. 31 fig, 38 tab, 33 ref.
J. P. Hul'sren.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Confinement pens, 'Farm
wastes, 'Animal behavior, Economics, Temper-
ature, Light, Design, Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Behavior patterns, Time lapse pho-
tography. Cleanliness, Air velocity.
The defecation behavior and feces placement of
growing pigs was analyzed. Time lapse photog-
graphy was used to study three groups of
pigs subject to changes in three different en-
vironmental stimuli (air temperature, light lev-
els, and air velocity placement). A summary
of the results indicated that the pigs spent an
average of 81.1% of the day sleeping, 7.6%
standing, 10% eating, 0.9% drinking, and 0.4%
defecating. Results indicated that the pigs estab-
lish quite logical activity patterns. It was also
found that pigs defecate from 8-12 times per
day. Other studies were concerned with the
initial establishment of dunging areas in the
pen and the effect of pen and pig cleanliness
was found to be heavily dependent on area of
pen per pig and area of pen slotted. Evidence
was presented that time lapse photography is
a useful technique in studying behavior and
activity patterns. No matter what technique is
used, however, swine defecation remains a very
complex and perplexing behavior. (Russell-East
Central).
1733 - Bl, Fl , 300
THE ECONOMICS OF THE CATTLE
FEEDING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA
Department of Agricultural Economics, Arizona
University, Tuscon.
E. L. Menzie, W. J. Hanekemp, and G. W.
Phillips.
Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuc-
son, Technical Bulletin 207. October, 1973, 82 p.
36 fig, 57 tab, 35 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle,
'Zoning, 'Cost analysis, 'Arizona, Marketing,
Legal aspects, Water pollution sources, Environ-
mental effects, Economics.
Major objectives were to determine changes in
the growth and structure of the cattle feeding
industry, costs of operation, costs of custom
feeding, production problems affecting the com-
petitive nature of the industry, and to analyze
the nature of growth and development in beef
markets. Data are based on 1972 information,
and projections have been made to 1982. Con-
siderable attention is paid to the Arizona feed
situation, supply of feeder cattle for Arizona,
controls affecting livestock feeding; sources,
methods, and costs of finance for feedlots
and feeding, marketing of fat cattle and beef,
and an assesment of Arizona's competitive
position in beef production and marketing, along
with the role of changing technology in the
industry. The section on controls includes a
review of health and sanitation problems of
Arizona feedlots, the control of feed supple-
ments, and environmental issues. A particular
case involving a suit brought by a land devel-
oper against a cattle feeding operation with a
non-conforming prior usage right is described;
the developer was required to pay for costs
involved in the relocation of the feedlot. Con-
sideration of the effect of feedlot wastes on
water quality has given rise to a number of
research investigations relating to recycling,
conversion to other products, confinement feed-
ing, etc., all of which should be accelerated
because of the rising demand for beef at the
same time that feedlot controls are creating
limitations on this type of beef production.
(Paylore-Arizona).
1734 - E3 700
DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING
VALUE OF WASTELAGE
L. S. Bandel.
M. S. Thesis, Department of Animal Science,
Auburn University, 1969, 67 p. 3 fig, 18 tab,
52 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Digestion, 'Waste disposal,
'Recycling, Nutrient requirements, Farm wastes,
Cattle, Lambs, Hogs, Poultry, Nitrogen, Pro-
t?in, Carbohydrates, Chemical analysis. Feed
lots, Performance, Diets.
Identifiers: • Wastelage, 'Digestibility, Nylon bag
test, Dry matter, Corn.
For the purpose of studying the feeding value
of wastelage, six yearling steers were allotted
to five groups of twelve animals each and were
fed a variety of ratios of wastelage and ground
or whole shelled corn. The first group was fed
a normal steer fattening ration, while groups
two through five were fed ratios of 1:4, 2:3,
2:3, and 3:2 of wastelage to corn. After a
fourteen day adjustment period, the five groups
of cattle were fed for 110 days. Results indicated
that feeding wastelage and grornd corn im-
proved feed efficiency by eight percent. Also
increasing the fiber content by increasing the
amount of wastelage in the ration decreased
digestibility. A nitrogen-balance test study was
conflicted with lambs, and it was found that the
addition of wastelage to a ration usually low-
ered the crude protein and dry matter intake.
Adding corn to wastelage usually improved the
dry matter intake, crude protein digestibility,
and the nitrogen retention. (Russell-East Cen-
tral).
1735 - A5 700
ODORS PRODUCED BY SWINE IN
CONFINEMENT HOUSING
W. C. Hammond.
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Illinois, 1964, 83 p. 24 fig,
21 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Hogs, Confinement pens,
•Farm wastes, Analysis, Ammonia, Ventilation,
Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Gases, Humid-
ity, Temperature.
Identifiers: 'Confinement housing. Concrete floor.
This project was undertaken to find out what
makes confinement swine buildings have objec-
tionable odor, where the odor originates, and
some methods which reduce or destroy the odor.
A comparison was made between buildings with
solid concrete floors with a center gutter and
totally slotted concrete floors with ponded waste
under the whole floor area. The comparison
of odors was made by an odor panel. Odor
samples were collected and dilution thresholds
ranged from 0.0 to 6.0. The 6.0 meant that no
panel member could detect the odor present
in the swine building when 6 parts of clean air
were mixed with one part odor. The results of
ammonia analyzed from the floor lead one to
believe that the floor liberated a large part
of tii2 odor. This is a result of acid fermenta-
tion within the concrete. Statistical analysis fails
to indicate any correlation between odor pro-
dM3d by swine in confinement buildings with
respect to pig weight or floor temperature. The
indication is that the swine odor is defined in
terms of other variables such as humidity, dry
bulb temperature, ventilation, or bacteria in the
swine's atmosphere, or some other variable.
(Russell-East Central).
1736 - A5, D4 700
ODOE CONTROL AND
DEGRADATION OF SWINE MANURE
WITH MINIMUM AERATION
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana-Champaign.
J. C. Converse.
PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham-
paign, 1970, 198 p. 58 fig, 48 tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Control, 'Degradation (De-
composition), 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, Confinement
pens, Aeration, Gases, Anaerobic conditions, Am-
monia, Hydrogen sulfide, Analysis, Chemical
oxygen demand, Hydrogen ion concentration.
Waste storage, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Manure, Foaming.
Many problems are facing today's confinement
swine production. One major problem is odor.
Odor not only brings public indignance, it also
is potentially harmful to swine enclosed in a
confinement pen because of the gases which
cans? it. In total confinement, manure is often
stored in pits for long periods of time. If good
anaerobic decomposition occurs carbon dioxide
and methane, which are odorless, will be given
off. However, the condition which usually exists
in an undisturbed pit is one in between good
asrobic and anaerobic decompisition. As a result,
COa, HsS, NHs, and CH4 are emitted. Also
many organic intermediates are found. Some of
the intermediates are very odorous. Most re-
searchers have concluded that an excessive
amount of air is necessary for optimum manure
dsgradation, but this results in high costs to
maintain an excessive amount of air. However,
th3 results of this study indicate that it is possi-
ble to aerate liquid hog manure with a small
amount of air and still maintain relatively
odorless conditions. What is necessary now is
field applications to determine the feasibility
of operating a system with minimum aeration.
(Russell-East Central).
1737 - Bl 600
SLOTTED FLOORS FOR HOGS —
PROGRESS AND TRENDS
Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
A. J. Mnehling.
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 7-10, Paper No. 71-930, p. 1-17.
26 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Design,
'Construction, Materials.
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors. Wood slats, Concrete
slats, Metal slats.
Us 2 of self-cleaning slotted floors for hog
raising has made great changes in the industry.
Labor costs for removal of manure have drop-
ped, while sanitation and hog health have
risen markedly. Three types of slats are used
for flooring. Wood, usually hardwood laid green,
is the cheapest, but does not last very long
and warps easily. Because of the warping, it
is difficult to maintain equal distance between
th2 slats, a real problem when tha pens are
used for baby pigs. Concrete slats are very
effective when they are well made, that is,
when th3 reinforcing bar is laid on the bottom
and whsn tha tops are smoothed to eliminate
abrasions on the animals* knees. The problem
147
-------
with concrete slats Has been that commercially
produced ones, of good quality, are hard to
obtain, and transport costs are very high. The
alternative is to cast them on the site, but not
every farmer has produced slats of adequate
quality when casting them himself. Metal slats
are more expensive and may wear quickly if
exposed to manure; this depends on the metal
and on the amount of moisture present.
The present trend is to all-slotted floors, rather
than the partially slotted ones used a few
years ago. They can be used, with adaptations,
for all pMases of hog-raising — farrowing,
finishing, and sow gestation. Many sows will
not breed on slats, however; perhaps it is too
difficult to get a foothold. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System).
1738 - B2, C5, E2 600
STORAGE LAGOON VERSUS
UNDERFLOOR TANK FOR DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences
University of Wisconsin
Madison
J. C. Converse, C. O. Cramer, H. J. Larsen,
and R. F. Johannes.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-3028, 13 p.' 5 fig, 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Farm wastes, 'La-
goons, 'Cattle, "Dairy industry, 'Costs, Confine-
ment pens. Liquid wastes. Chemical character-
istics.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Slotted floor-underiloor
tank, 'Manure scrape-storage lagoon
The following liquid manure handling systems
were compared during a 2V4 year study: slotted
floor-underfloor tank, manure scraper-storage la-
goon for insulated housing, and manure scraper
storage lagoon for uninsulated housing.Each
system handled 20 cows in free-stall housing.
As was hoped the automatic manure scraper-
storage lagoon provided a feasible alternative
to storage of manure in tanks under slotted
floors. For tlte size herds studied, investment
costs for the manure scrape-storage lagoon
system were approximately $200 cheaper per
cow than for the slotted floor-underfloor tank.
Annual costs for the manure handling system
were approximately $20 cheaper per cow for
the manure scrape insulated barn than for the
other two systems. (Cartmell-East Central).
1739 - Al, A2, E2 300
CATTLE FEEDLOT POLLUTION
STUDY
Department of Agronomy
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
E. A. Coleman, W. Grub, R. C. Albin, G. F.
Meenaghan, and D. M. Wells.
Interim Report No. 2 to Texas Water Quality
Board, Texas Tech University Water Resources
Center, Lubbock, Texas, April, 1971, WRC-71-2,
12 p. 8 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, *Waste disposal,
•Cattle, 'Feedlots, 'Irrigation, 'Runoff, Applica-
tion rates. Soil contamination, 'Farm wastes,
Salts, Cotton, Grain sorghum. Soybeans, Ber-
mudagrass.
Germination studies, test plot studies, and field
studies were made to determine beneficial or
non-harmful rates at which runoff from cattle
feedlots can be applied to growing crops. Re-
sults indicate that such runoff must be applied
with caution to most crops, as it is very detri-
mental to the germination of most field crops
in tha High Plains area of West Texas and is
also detrimental to seedlings in the same area.
However, relatively low application rates are
beneficial to mature crops at least on a short
term basis. The buildup of soluable salts in the
upper 30 inches of the soil profile indicates that
land disposal may not be the ultimate solution
to runoff disposal. (Wetherill-East Central)
1740 - Bl, E2 600
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR
PAVED DAIRY CATTLE YARDS
Agricultural Engineering Department
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences
Wisconsin University, Madison
C. O. Cramer, T. J. Brevik, G. H. Tenpas and
D. A. Schlough
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper
No. 74-4016, 22 p. 11 fig. 6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Runoff control, 'Dairy industry,
Precipitation (atmospheric), Effluent, Chemical
properties.
Identifiers: 'Paved cattle yards, 'Solid separa-
tion, 'Detention pond.
Runoff control systems were developed and
monitored for two dairy cattle yards. One sys-
tem was for 200 milk cows plus heifers in cold
free stall barns with yard feeding. The other
was for 32 cows in a stanchion barn with paved
exercise yard for heifers and dairy beef in
loose housing with yard feeding. Both systems
used the same principles of solids separation,
liquid storage and land application of wastes.
At the first farm 49 and 45 percent of the pre-
cipitation falling on the paved and unpaved
yards and contributing roof areas was collected
as runoff for the two years of study. Tlfc cor-
responding volumes of effluent removed from
the detention pond were 2.7 and 1.7 million gal-
lons. At the second farm, the percentage of
precipitation collected was 84, 67, and 71 per-
cent for the three periods of study. The volume
of effluent removed was 0.6 and 0.5 million
gallons for the first two full years. Character-
istics of the detention pond effluents varied
widely. Rock-filled porous dams were unsatis-
factory for primary liquids-solids separation.
Expanded metal screens were better. Detention
ponds in both systems had insufficient capacity
to allow effluent to be applied only when soil
conditions were favorable. Considerable labor
and management were required for successful
operation of the runoff control systems. (Merry-
man-East Central)
1741 - Bl, Dl, E2 400
CHANGES WE'VE MADE IN
MANURE HANDLING
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 118, No. 3, p. 152-153,
204-205, February 10, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: *Farm wastes, 'Waste storage,
•Waste disposal, 'Runoff, 'Costs, Cattle, Dairy
industry, Equipment.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Four dairymen with herds ranging from 30 to
230 cows discuss changes in their waste hand-
ling methods. All have switched to storage pits
and then to land disposal at costs ranging from
$850 to $6,000. Each farmer explains his varia-
'ion of waste storage with respect to less fre-
quent handling and controlling runoff. Costs,
disposal practices and manure pits of each
system are discussed. (Frantz-East Central).
1742 - A2, A5, B2, E2 700
A COMPARISON OF AN AERATED
LAGOON AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM
WITH A CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
FOR DAIRY WASTE DISPOSAL
M. P. Douglas
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Purdue University, 1971, 81 p. 24 fig, 23
tab, 2S ref.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Aerobic conditions, 'Ir-
rigation, 'Waste disposal, 'Dairy industry, 'Farm
wastes, Waste treatment, Waste storage, Costs,
Odor, Runoff, Labor, Equipment, Construction,
Indiana.
A comparison was made between the conven-
tional waste handling system and an aerated
lagoon and irrigation system at Purdue Dairy
Center. The cost of the conventional system was
$32.90 per cow per annum, but was largely de-
pendent upon weather conditions. It showed
high variable and labor costs. The newer meth-
od was a mechanically aerated deep lagoon,
whose level was controlled by irrigation on ad-
jacent land. Cost per cow was $48 per year,
but much of the extra cost was reclaimed in
greater flexibility of the farm operation and
in labor utilization. Nitrate pollution in runoff
into water was zero. The system was odorless
while it was economically comparable to other
systems. The influence of weather conditions
and usage of labor were minimized. The new
method was acceptable from the odor and
pollution control aspect and would be acceptable
to commercial enterprises. (Frantz-East Central).
1743 - Bl, D4, E2 600
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOR
GRIDS FOR CONFINEMENT CATTLE
FEEDING SYSTEMS
North Dakota State University
Fargo
Presented at 1966 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 6-9, 1966, Paper No. 66-924, 21
p. 9 fig, 4 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Live-
stock, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Design.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Storage pits, 'Floor
grids.
Perforated floor systems are being used in
barns ~as devices for collecting waste material
from livestock. Movement of the livestock on
the floor forces the waste material through the
perforations into storage pits below the floor.
Livestock waste collected in this way can be
spread on fields as fertilizer or can be stabilized
by the action of microorganisms, These meth-
ods of livestock waste disposal are proving to
be more efficient than conventional solid waste
handling systems have been. Structural design,
parameters, and equations are given. (Wetherill-
East Central).
1744 - Bl, Dl, E3 600
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF
SELECTED BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE
HANDLING SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer
University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign
D. H. Vanderholm, J. C. Lorimor, and S. W.
Melvin.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4015, 9 p. 5 fig, 2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Farm wastes, 'Manage-
ment, 'Feed lots, Monitoring, Waste storage,
'Waste disposal, 'Corn Belt, Oxidation lagoons.
Identifiers: "Pollution control.
Four feedlots were selected as research and
demonstration sites to study waste management
alternatives in the Corn Belt. Two were un-
surfaced open lots utilizing holding ponds. The
other two were cold confinement slotted-floor
barns, one with a conventional deep pit manure
storage and one with an under-floor oxidation
ditch system. No attempt was made to rate
the systems relative to one another, but data
and observations were intended to provide a
basis for evaluating the systems individually
and collectively. All of the systems described
m this paper were properly managed, (Cartmell-
East Central).
148
-------
1745 - Al, Bl, E2 300
GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING BEEF
FEEDLOT MANURE TO FIELDS
Cooperative Extension Service
Kansas State University
Manhattan
Kansas State University
A publication of the Cooperative Extension
Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
1974, 11 p. 9 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, "Waste
disposal, 'Cattle, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Salinity.
Identifiers: Land application, 'Guidelines.
This publication gives guidelines for applying
solid beef-cattle, feedlot manure to agricultural
land Guidelines on solid manure given here
can be used to determine (1) the amount of
manure needed to supply enough nitrogen for
crops, or (2) maximum rates when soil is
used as a disposal medium for feedlot manure.
These steps are suggested when applying beef
cattle feedlot manure to soil: 1. Have the ma-
nure and irrigation water analyzed. 2. Deter-
mine the texture of the soil receiving the ma-
nure. 3. If the manure is to be a source of
nitrogen, determine application rates for each
year. 4. If the manure is applied to irrigated
land, determine each maximum annual appli-
cation rate. 5. If the manure is applied to non-
irrigated land, determine the maximum annual
application rate. 6. Have annual salt-alkali and
soil fertility tests performed on the soil to check
for salt buildup and nitrate accumulation. (Cart-
mell-East Central),
1746 - Dl, E4 600
CATTLE MANURE TO PIPELINE
GAS — A PROCESS STUDY
Chemical Research Engineer
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
Bureau of Mines
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
H. F. Feldman, K. Kiang, Chin Yung Wen,
and P. M. Yavorsky.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Pub-
lication, 73-Pet-21, 1973, 7 p. 1 fig, 3 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Gases,
•Fuels, Pipelines, Costs, Waste treatment, Waste
disposal.
Identifiers: Manure, Hydrogasification
A process study based on experimental manure
hydrogasification data demonstrates the feasibil-
ity of converting manure to pipeline gas on a
large scale. For reasonably large plants, the
pipeline gas from such a conversion process is
estimated to be considerably cheaper than gas
from any other source, except natural gas cur-
rently being produced in the lower 48 states.
The primary reason for these favorable econ-
omics is that the manure is assumed to be
free. Because of the important effect of plant
size on gas price, more detailed estimates will
be made of smaller plants to determine the
minimum feasibile plant size and thereby deter-
mine the areas of the country where applica-
tion of this technology would be economically
feasible. (Cartmell-East Central).
1747 - Bl 100
FLY PUPAE AS A DDZTARY
INGREDIENT FOR STARTING
CHICKS
Department of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
J. S. Teotia and B. F. Miller
Poultry Science, Vol, 52, No. 5, p. 1830-1835,
September, 1973. 6 tab., 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Diets, 'Poultry, "Proteins, 'Per-
formance, Feeds.
Identifiers.- 'Fly pupae, Catabolized manure.
Since fly pupae have been demonstrated to
have higlr quality protein, 2 feeding trials were
conducted to determine their feeding value for
broiler chicks. In the first trial, White Plymouth
Rock broiler chicks were fed a standard chick
starter ration and a diet containing 28<7r dried
fly pupae as the only protein source. Chicks
fed pupae as the only protein supplement
showed no significant difference in weight gain
when compared with chicks fed the control diet
during the seven weeks of experimental period.
In the second trial, fly pupae replaced fish
meal and meat and bone meal. Catabolized
manure was used from five to ten percent to
replace milo in the ration. New Hampshire and
Indian River broiler chicks were fed these ra-
tions from one day through four weeks of age.
No significant differences in body weight or
feed conversion were found among the different
treatments. (Cartmell-East Central).
1748 - Bl, D3, E3 600
FLOCCULATING AGENTS FOR
RECOVERING CATTLE WASTE
SOLIDS
Agricultural Research Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Northern Regional Laboratory
Peoria, Illinois
R. W. Jones, J, H. Sloneker, and G. Frankl.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No. 74-4037,
7 p. 7 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Flocculations, 'Cattle, 'Farm
wastes, 'Solid wastes, Proteins, Oxidation la-
goons, Microorganisms, Settling, Nitrogen, Poly-
mers.
Identifiers: 'Flocculating agents, 'Solids recov-
ery, Manure.
A potential feed protein can be recovered from
the solids of a cattle oxidation ditch. In some
ditches, a viscous biopolymer interferes with
settling and collecting suspended solids. A floc-
culating agent was found that increases recov-
ery of suspended matter from 67 to 89 percent
and of nitrogen from 45 to 82 percent. Expendi-
ture of $1.00 for chemicals increases the quan-
tity of feed fraction by an equivalent amount.
A flocculating agent also raises the yield of
feed from whole manure. Eight flocculating
agents are listed. (Cartmell-East Central).
1749 Bl, Cl, El 600
A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
EFFLUENT FROM COMMERCIAL
CATFISH PONDS
Agricultural Enigneering Department
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana
D. B. Beasley and J. B, Allen
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No. 745004,
28 p. 16 fig, 5 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Effluent, 'Fish farming, 'Farm
wastes. Water sampling, Ponds, Biochemical oxy-
gen demand, Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Commercial catfish ponds, Total
solids.
This investigation was carried out to obtain a
meaningful chemical and biochemical charac-
terization of the effluent from commercial cat-
fish ponds. The water samples were taken
from commercial catfish ponds in both the
Mississippi and Arkansas Delta areas. The
ponds ranged in size from 10 to 40 acres and
the stocking rates included 1800, 2000, and 3000
fish per acre. All of the ponds were sampled
on the surface, and one pond at each stocking
rate was also sampled at the bottom. This data
was arranged in order to compare both the
differences in stocking rates and the difference
in sampling depths. The water quality in the
ponds monitored usually met or exceeded stand
ards set forth for recreational waters by th2
Mississippi Air and Water Pollution Control
Commission. In a majority of cases, the values
of most of the parameters obtained from sam-
ples taken from the bottom of these ponds
was slightly nigher than corresponding values
obtained from samples taken at the surface.
Also, the ponds stocked at higher rates usually
had slightly higher values of BOD, nutrients,
and total solids. (Cartmell-East Central).
1750 - D3 100
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS
AND PERSISTANCE OF CERTAIN
INSECTICIDES IN POULTRY
DROPPINGS AGAINST LARVAE OF
THE LITTLE HOUSE FLY
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
College of Agriculture
University of Massachusetts
J. W, Eversole, J. H. Lilly, and F. R. Shaw.
Journal of Economic ' Entomology, Vol. 58, No.
4, p. 704-709, August, 1965. 3 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Insecticides, 'Poultry, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste treatment, 'Larvae, "Toxicity,
Massachusetts, Cultures.
Identifiers: 'Little house fly, 'fannia canicularis
L.
Selected insecticides were added to poultry
droppings and then compared. Each insecticide
was added at five levels ranging from 0.25
mg/kg. of droppings to 4.0 mg./kg. Little house
fly (fannia canicularis L.) larvae were added
to the cultures at botW 0 hr. and 4S hr. and
placed in an incubator for seven days, Dimetho-
ate was substantially more effective than the
other insecticides. It produced substantial larval
mortalities at the. 0.25 mg./kg. level and re-
mained effective after 48 hr. at the 1.0 mg/kg.
level. Diazinon and coumaphos remained ef-
fective after 48 hr. at the 1.0 mg/kg. level.
Other insecticides were less effective. (Frantz-
East Central).
1751 Al, C3, C5, E2 600
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SOLIDS
USED FOR BEEF MANURE
DISPOSAL
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Texas A & M University
College Station
D. L. Reddell, H. C. Egg, and V. L. Smith.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No. 74-4060,
28 p. 13 Ug, 5 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Sampling, 'Soils, Rates of application,
Nutrients, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Ammonia, Sodium,
Chloride, Potassium, Texas.
Identifiers: Land disposal, 'Pullman clay loam
soil, Crop yields, Pollution.
To study the effects of large manure applica-
tions on land, research was started by the
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and the
Texas Cattle Feeders Association. Manure was
applied to Pullman loam soil in the High Plains
of Texas at rates of 0, 224, 336, 672, 1345, and
2017 mtons/ha and deep plowed into the soil.
A second manure application was made on the
0, 224, 336, and 672 mton/ha plots and a third
application on the 0, 224, and 336 mton/ha
plots. Soil samples were collected 17 months
after the initial application. The sodium, chlor-
ide, potassium and conductivity of the samples
increased greatly for the large manure ap-
plication of 2017 mton/ha. Total nitrogen was
greatly increased in the 0 to 30 cm soil layer.
Crop yields for corn and grain sorghum were
considered good for the 224, 336, and 672
mton/ha plots, but a 50 percent reduction.
Crop yields occurred on the 1345 and 2017
mton/ha plots. The following conclusions were
made: 1. Increased soil salinity problems caused
by repeated large manure applications (1345 and
2017 mton/ha) will greatly decrease crop growth
capabilities, 2. Annual manure applications of
224 to 336 mton/ha can probably be made for
several years without decreasing crop yields
substantially or causing serious environmental
problems. (Cartmell-East Central).
149
-------
1752 - Al, B3, D4, E3 600
ANIMAL WASTES AERATION
IMPROVES BIOREDUCTION BY
FLY LARVAE
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Re-
search Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland.
N. O. Morgan and H. J. Eby.
Presented at Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs, Arkan-
sas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-453, 9 p.
1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Aeration, 'Larvae,
Poultry, Climate, Odor, Profit, Proteins, Salts,
Ammonium salts. Carbonates.
Identifiers: Biological reduction, 'Fly larvae,
Manure.
An effective process for aerobic decomposition
of livestock wastes and the production of use-
ful byproducts was demonstrated by Calvert et.
al. (1970). House fly larvae were selected as
the bioreducing agent, Aeration of manure was
the key condition to successful fly larval re-
duction of large volumes of manure in a mini-
mum of space. When given the advantage of
a controlled climate within a manure reduc-
tion cell, house fly larvae can convert 100
pounds of manure to 2.5-3.0 pounds of good
protein feed supplement and 50-50 pounds of
semidry, practically odorless soil conditioner.
Although a dollar and cents value has not
been calculated to include all of the products
of UK controlled wastes reduction program, the
total recycling of livestock wastes could have
quite a bearing on the stockman's economy.
(Cemeron-East Central).
1753 - A2, A9 600
BUFFALO LAKE RECREATIONAL
WATER QUALITY: A STUDY IN
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
INTERPRETATION
Chief Bacteriologist, Water Supply Research
Laboratory, National Environmental Research
Center, United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
E. E. Geldreich.
Water Research, Vol. 6, p. 913-924, 1972. 5 fig,
43 ref.
•Water quality, 'Bacteria, 'Water pollution,
•Sewage effluents, 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes.
Conforms, Texas.
•Buffalo Lake.
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Bacteria, 'Water
Pollution, 'Sewage effluents, 'Feed lots, 'Farm
wastes. Conforms, Texas.
Identifiers: 'Buffalo Lake,
Bacteriological measurements of fecal pollution,
fecal coliform correlations with salmonella oc-
currence, and fecal streptococci significance in
water are discussed. Buffalo Lake, some 30
miles southwest of Amarillo, Texas, is part of
a national wildlife refuge managed by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service which permits various
designated recreational uses including fishing,
boating, water-skiing, swimming and camping.
The major source of water entering Buffalo
Lake is derived from Tierra Blanca Creek and
its largest intermittent tributary, Frio Draw.
The most significant pollution contribution dur-
ing the dry weather occurs at a location
where the sewage of Hereford, Texas, is pro-
cessed through an Imhoff Tank into a trickling
filter, and then passed into a series of 6 la-
goons for further treatment prior to being
discharged into the creek. Other pollution oc-
curs from pasture and farmland drainage and
from cattle feedlot runoff. Although this survey
failed to demonstrate a significant public health
hazard to recreational users of Buffalo Lake
during the May to July, 1968, field study, a
combination of factors necessary to produce un-
satisfactory bathing water quality will continue
to be a serious threat that could erupt in the
future. Any sudden increase in fecal contamina-
tion of the bathing water will also introduce
a concurrent rise in the probability that entero-
virus, Salmonella, Leptospira, or other patho-
genic strains will occur. Control measures are
recommended. (Cartmell-East Central).
1754 - Bl, D4 600
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF FOLLOWING
SETTLING
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Nebraska
Lincoln
T. J. McGhee
Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-413, 19 p. 12 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Runoff,
•Waste treatment, 'Biological treatment, Activat-
ed sludge. Design, Costs, Chemical oxygen de-
mand. Effluent.
Identifiers: Settling,
An activated sludge system designed for the
treatment of settled feedlot runoff has t(;en
studied both in the laboratory and in the field.
Initial studies utilizing the gravity solids re-
turn system demonstrated that reductions in
COD of approximately 60% were attainable at
liquid retention times of 4 days or more. From
the data obtained in the laboratory study, it was
concluded that the field system should be de-
signed to operate at a liquid retention time of
two days or more and at an organic loading
rate of less than 1.0 Ib. COD per Ib. MLSS per
day. Calculations based upon the average an-
nual runoff from the lots and of the annual
rales of precipitation and evaporation in east-
ern Nebraska indicated that the required vol-
ume would be 890 gallons assuming that op-
eration would be possible for 180 days per
year. The cost of effectively treating settled
feedlot runoff with an aerobic biological sys-
tem has been estimated to be $0.65 per head
for the climatic conditions of eastern Nebraska.
This cost is dependent upon animal density,
climate, and the balance between holding pond
and treatment unit size. (Cartmell-East Central).
1755 - Al, Cl, E2 100
AUTOMATED TOTAL NITROGEN
ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND PLANT
SAMPLES
Soil Scientist
United States Department of Agriculture
G. E. Schuman, M. A. Stanley, and D. Knudssn.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
Vol. 37, No, 3, p. 480-481, May-June, 1973. 2 fig,
2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sampling, 'Soils, 'Nitrogen, Diges-
tion, Automation, Farm wastes, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: 'Plants, Soil research.
Pollution-oriented research, dealing with com-
mercial fertilization and animal wastes, necessi-
tates analysis of large numbers of samples to
characterize the problem. A digestion-analysis
system that can digest large numbers of sam-
ples and analyze these digests at the rate of
30 samples per hour, is described, The tecator
digestor and Technicon Auto Analyzer, has
proved to be as reliable as the standard micro-
Kjeldahl procedure and the system is compact
and involves fewer steps for analytical error.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1756 - Al, A2, B2, E2 600
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM
SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS
FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Bushland, Texas
R. N. Clark, A. D. Schneider, and B. A. Stew-
art.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No
74-4017, 11 p. 6 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Runoff, 'Analysis, 'Feed lots,
'Rainfall-runoff relationships, 'Farm wastes,
Cattle, Plants, Irrigation, Salts, Waste dilution,
Storm runoff, Great Plains,
Identifiers: Catchment basins.
Runoff amounts and chemical quality have been
measured from a Southern Great Plains cattle
feedlot. The rainfall-runoff relationship for run-
off-producing storms was linear with about one-
third of the rainfall in excess of 0.40 inch end-
ing up as runoff. Two types of runoff catchment
basins were used which met the zero discharge
requirements of water control agencies. One was
a natural-occurring, wet-weather lake called a
playa. The other type was a manmade hold-
ing pond generally excavated downslope from
the feedlot. High evaporation rates and high
stocking rates caused the manure pack in the
feedlots to contain more salts, thus allowing
increased concentrations in runoff. For most
holding ponds, a dilution ratio of 5 parts well
water to 1 part feedlot runoff would reduce the
salinity hazard for irrigation. Runoff caught in
playas had enough natural dilution to be used
with a minimum salinity hazard. (Cameron-
East Central).
1757 - B2, D4, E2 600
AN ANALYSIS OF THE WATER
BUDGET AND WASTE TREATMENT
AT A MODERN DAIRY
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Department
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State
J. B. Allen, J. F. Beatty, S. P. Crockett, and
B. L, Arnold.
Presorted at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4038, 28 p. 15 fig, 3 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water, 'Budgeting, 'Analysis,
•Waste treatment, 'Farm wastes, 'Dairy indus-
try. Lagoons, Irrigation, Mississippi.
The objectives of this study were to investigate
the water budget at a modern 130-cow dairy
and to investigate the operating efficiency of a
combined anaerobic-aerobic lagoon waste treat-
ment system at the dairy. The water usage at
a 114-cow dairy utilizing alley and milking
parlor flush systems averaged 16, 738 gpd. The
overall treatment efficiency of a 2 cell lagoon
system receiving the dairy waste averaged
86.5%. The final effluent had an average BOD
of 98 mg/1. Excess discharge from the lagoon
system had an average BOD of 98 mg/1. Ex-
cess discharge from the lagoon system required
disposal by irrigation on pastures during summer
months. A reservoir with 15 acre-ft. of storage
capacity will be required during winter months.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1758 - B2, C5, D4, E2 300
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR ANIMAL
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Agricultural Waste Management Program
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
T. B. S. Prakasam, R, C. Loehr, P Y. Yang,
T. W. Scott, and T. W. Bateman.
Environmental Protection Agency report number
EPA-660/2-74-063, July, 1974, 218 p 82 fig, 35
tab, 60 ref.
Descriptors: 'Liquid aeration systems, 'Farm
wastes, 'Oxidation lagoons, 'Design, 'Waste
treatment, Nitrogen transformations, Nitrogen
losses, COD removal, Odor control, Land dis-
posal, Rates of application, Corn, Orchard and
bromegrass response. Runoff losses.
Identifiers: Animal waste treatment. Design
parameters, Plant response to treated and un-
treated poultry manure.
Laboratory, pilot plant, and full-scale studies
evaluated design parameters for liquid aeration
systems treating livestock waste. Of the various
approaches tested, the mass balance approach
is the preferred approach since it yielded re-
150
-------
suits comparable to other approaches and in-
volved fewer assumptions. Equations were de-
veloped to predict the COD and suspended solids
concentrations in the effluent from the aeration
systems A design example is included for both
odor control and stabilization of the waste in-
cluding minimal aeration as well as nitrification.
In laboratory and full-scale livestock waste
treatment systems uncontrolled nitrogen losses
occurred. Preliminary investigations identified
the engineering opportunities for the control
of nitrogen in aeration units by either conser-
vation or removal. Acid soils conserved nitrogen
in poultry manure. Neutral soils accumulated
N02 at toxic levels. Untreated manure was in-
ferior to treated manure as a N source. Rates
over 30 tons damaged corn. Runoff losses of
N and P were slight. Orchard grass responded
but bromegrass did not respond to poultry ma-
nure applications. (Prakasam, Scott — Cornell
University).
1759 - A2, Bl 300
POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL
FEEDLOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Kansas State University
Manhattan
R. I. Upper.
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute,
Manhattan, Project Completion Report, Contribu-
tion No. 121, May, 1973, 19 p. 17 fig, 15 tab,
28 ret.
Descriptors: Feedlots, "Water pollution sources,
•Farm wastes, "Rainfall simulators, Runoff,
Hydrology, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemi-
cal oxygen demand, Nitrogen compounds, Bac-
teria, Solid wastes, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: 'Beef animals, Characterization.
Two test feedlots, each with an area of 0.05
were stocked with beef animals on a finishing
ration at a rate of 200 animals per acre (10
steers per test lot). One feedlot was entirely
surfaced with concrete, the other only at feed-
bunk and waterer. Slope was 2 percent. Rain-
fall was simulated by sprinklers capable of ap-
plication rates from 0,4 to 2.5 per hour. Run-
off was measured and sampled. Runoff rate
and volume were compared to application rate
and volume. Concentrations of BOD, COD, ni-
trogen compounds, solids, and bacteria were de-
termined. The effects of certain management
practices on runoff characteristics were ob-
served. (Water Resources Scientific Information
Center)
1760 - A5, Bl, Dl, E4 200
HYDRAULIC HANDLING OF
POULTRY MANURE INTEGRATED
INTO AN ALGAL RECOVERY
SYSTEM
California University at Richmond and Berkeley
C. G. Golueke, and W. J. Oswald.
Presented at Proceedings of the 1969 National
Poultry Litter and Waste Management Seminar,
Salisbury, Maryland, September 29-30, 1969, p.
57-58, 6 fig, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Poultry, *Farm wastes, 'Hydraul-
ics, 'Waste treatment, 'Algae, Recycling, Set-
tling tanks, Digestion tank. Feeds, Effluent,
Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions, Centri-
fugation.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Algae pond, Loading rates.
Because of increasing pollution regulations and
urbanization of rural areas, the problems of
disposal of animal wastes are becoming more
complex. Disposal by land spreading has in
the past been the major means of disposal,
but in many areas this method is no longer
feasible. New and economically feasible methods
of disposal are being developed and adopted.
One such method is photosynthetic reclamation,
with the incorporation of a manure hydraulic
flushing and transport system. At the University
of California's Sanitary Engineering Research
Laboratory a three-year project is being con-
ducted, Its objectives are to reduce the nuisance
qualities of wastes and in the process, research-
ers are trying to recover algae which would be
fed back to the animals. The project also in-
volves the laboratory studies and design and
construction of an algae growth pond. Plans
for the future call for experiments in which the
anaerobic phase will be by-passed. Also th?
algae which is harvested as a product of th2
wastes will be fed to ruminants to determine
its nutrient potential. (Russell-East Central).
1761 A2, Cl 700
HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
W. J. Fields
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
May, 1971, 79 p. 12 fig, 10 tab, 50 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hydrologie properties, 'Water qual-
ity, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, 'Runoff, Farm wastes,
Lagoons, Waste storage.
A study was conducted on a commercial cattle
feedlot to determine runoff quantity and pollu-
tion parameters resulting from natural rainfall,
to evaluate methods for predicting runoff quan-
tity, rate, and pollution concentrations, and to
develop and evaluate equations for estimating
hydrologic and water quality characteristics of
runoff from a beef feedlot. Two areas, No. 2
(25 pens covering 27.4 acres) and No. 119 (1 pen,
1.72 acres), were studied for runoff character
istics. Both areas drained into an anaerobic
lagoon, Results indicated that mean pollutant
concentrations from snowmelt runoff were 2 to
2.5 times greater than concentrations from
rainfall runoff. Volatile solids percentages in-
creased with decreasing temperatures. A chem-
ical oxygen demand equation was determined
for the runoff. A reliable basis for predicting
feed lot runoff volume was developed. An equa-
tion for predicting maximum rrnoff flow rate
was also developed. (Frantz-East Central).
1762 Al, Cl 700
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS
INFLUENCING DENITRIFICATION
IN A LABORATORY SOIL COLUMN
WITH A SURFACE LOADING OF
LIVESTOCK WASTES
C. V. Booram, Jr.
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
May, 1971, 75 p. 22 fig, 14 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Denitrification, 'Farm wastes, 'Ni-
trates, Soils, Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic con-
ditions, Equipment, Leaching, Kansas.
Identifiers: 'Soil columns, 'Surface loading.
Two experiments were conducted to determine
factors affecting denitrification in a laboratory
loamy sand soil column. The first experiment
was conducted under aerobic conditions for 17
weeks while the second was conducted under
anaerobic conditions for 3 weeks. Water was
added at a rate of 3.75 inches per week in
both experiments. While the manure lost about
75% of its nitrogen concentration in experiment
one, the soil gained. Approximately 79.6% of
the nitrogen lost was due to leaching while the
remainder was due to denitrification. Soil was
sampled at 4 inch intervals and analyzed for
pH, organic matter, ammonium nitrate, nitrate
nitrogen, and total nitrogen. Water samples
were analyzed for both COD and BOD. Gas
analysis equipment problems prevented the suc-
cessful elimination of atmospheric air in ex-
periment two. It was hoped that replacing at-
mospheric air with 80% helium and 20% oxygen
would enable the chromatograph to d;tect a
change in nitrogen conecentration. (Frantz-East
Central).
1763 - B3, Dl, E2 600
DRYING ANIMAL WASTES WITH
SOLAR ENERGY AND EXHAUST
VENTILATION AIR
Agricultural Engineering Department
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
B. C. Horsfield
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-411, 12 p. 14 fig, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Drying, 'Farm wastes, 'Ventila-
tion, Confinement pens. Waste treatment, Waste
storage, Waste disposal, Computation, Indiana,
Costs, Heat, Humidity, Temperature.
Identifiers: 'Solar energy, 'Computer study,
'Solar dryer, 'Animal wastes.
A computer study was conducted to determine
the technical feasibility of solar dehydration
of farm wastes. The process involved the pe-
riodic removal of wastes from a slotted or
partially-slotted floor, conveyance of waste in-
to a continuously operating exhaust ventilation
dryer, and conveyance and spreading of wastes
into a solar dryer for ultimate drying and
storage until the opportune time for spreading
it on crop land. The solar dryer is essentially
a large greenhouse with ample ventilation to
prevent condensation. A computer simulation
for three years of weather in central Indiana in-
dicated that a solar dryer as large as the
confinement unit can adequately dry the wastes
under typical weather conditions. (Frantz-East
Central),
1764 Al, Bl, Dl, El, Fl 300
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
Charles L. Senn
City of Cerritos, California
C. L. Senn
Environmental Protection Agency Report (SW-
58d), 1973, 152 p. 49 fig, 21 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management,
'Dairy industry, "Waste treatment, 'Waste stor-
age, 'Waste disposal, Cattle, Water pollution,
Odor, Recycling, Costs.
Identifiers: Composting, Flies.
This report defines and evaluates the major
environmental problems in managing solid
wastes produced by high-density cow housing
located in close proximity to residential devel-
opments. This study was conducted through a
variety of approaches including public opinion
surveys, environmental ranking systems, and
actual on-site study of dairy farms. Evaluation
is made of the various types of cow housing
and solid waste management facilities, from the
viewpoint of environmental and economic accept-
ability. Econoinic and environmental evaluations
of the various systems for utilization or dis-
posal of dairy wastes are also made. Methods
and systems which will minimize fly production,
odors, and drainage problems from earth cor-
ral dairies, especially in wet weather, must
be developed. There is also a need for the
development of a process to economically and
efficiently compost manure on dairy farms.
(Senn-Cerritos, California).
1765 A6, B2, Dl 400
MANURE GASES KILL 25 HEAD
IN OHIO
A. Mackiewicz
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 19, p. 1160,
October 10, 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Gases, 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle,
•Ohio, Ventilation, Waste storage, Dairy indus-
try,
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Slatted floor building,
'Agitator.
Twenty-four bred heifers and a bull were found
dead in a slatted floor barn where they had
been overcome by gas from a liquid manure
pit. An agitator, used to break down solid
manure into a slurry, created the gases in the
air. Th3 ventilation fans didn't pull out enough
gases and the animals were killed. D. W. Bates,
extension agricultural engineer, University of
Minnesota, gave recommendations for agitation
and pumping in slatted floor buildings. A high
capacity ventilation system usually will ex-
change air in the building rapidly enough to
keep gas concentrations below lethal levels,
but the only completely safe way to protect
animals from the toxic effect of gases is to turn
them out of the building. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
151
-------
1766 - B2, Dl 700
WINTER PERFORMANCE AND
THERMAL ENVDIONMENT OF
SWINE IN A MODIFIED
OPEN-FRONT HOUSE
D. D. Snethen
MS Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, 1971,
92p. 31 fig, 17 tab, 58 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, Temperature, 'Confinement
pens, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal. Heat
transfer, Kansas, Oxidation, Instrumentation,
Thermometers, Feeds, Thermal conductivity,
Thermal insulation.
Identifiers: 'Thermal environment, 'Weight
gains, Psychrometer, Thermocouple, Dry-bulb,
Black-globe.
Previous studies of swine performance showed
that the optimum air temperature for hogs
varies from 61°F to 73°F depending upon hog
weight. An open-front building was constructed
in 1968. For the 1970-71 winter the open-front
was covered with plywood and clear polyethy-
lene. Propane burning radiant heaters were in-
stalled over the hogs' sleeping area. Comparisons
were made between hog performance of the
1968-69 and 1969-70 winters and the 1970-71 win-
ter. It was found that growing and finishing
the hogs was successfully aided by the modifi-
cations. Daily weight gains were significantly
improved over swine housed in an unmodified
budding. Ventilation requirements were reduced
because moisture was condensed on the poly-
ethylene film and ran out of the building. The
modification also allowed a liquid manure oxi-
dation pit to operate throughout the winter
without impairment from freezing. (Frantz-East
Central).
1767 - A4, B2, E2 300
MANURE WASTE PONDING STUDY
California State Water Resources Control Board
D. Baier, J. L. Meyer, and D. R. Nielsen.
Contribution from the Cooperative Extension and
the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Uni-
versity of California and the California State
Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento,
14 p. 4 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste storage,
•Waste disposal, 'Groundwater pollution, 'Ni-
trates, Leakage, Denitrification, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Salts, Tensiometers, Poultry,
Soils, Percolation.
Identifiers: 'Holding ponds, 'Manure.
Seventeen manure holding ponds were studied
to determine rates at which the ponds sealed
against leakage into underlying groundwater,
rates of denitrification in the ponds and stratifi-
cation of chemical constituents and BOD within
the ponds. Additionally, the fate of nitrates and
other salts were evaluated when field-dried ma-
nure was applied as fertilizer. Tensiometric
techniques were used to determine hydraulic
potential gradients and to obtain samples of the
soil solution beneath the ponds. The solutions
ivere analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids
(TDS), and nitrates. In addition to the analyses
of the solution, soil samples taken by auger
just outside the edge of the ponds from the
same depths were analyzed for nitrates and
TDS, Even on coarse textured soils, ponds ef-
fectively sealed in 60 days or less. Almost no
salt was lost from the ponds, but there was
substantial denitrification. Applications of 40
yards of manure per acre resulted in higher
nitrates in percolating leachates and slightly
higher salinity than applications of 12 yards
of manure per acre. (Cameron-East Central).
1768 - Bl, E3 400
IS TOTAL RECYCLING OF HEN
MANURE POSSIBLE?
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 373, p. 130, March,
1973.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes,
Fermentation, Digestion, Cellulose.,
Identifiers: 'Manure, Polysaccharides. Hemlcellu-
lose, Microbial decomposition, Thermal decom-
position.
Studies in the USDA's Agricultural Research
Service laboratory and at Michigan State Uni-
versity point to methods for converting all ma-
nure from caged laying hens to feed for the
hens. Caged hens are now fed a ration of
25% dehydrated poultry waste. Refeeding at a
level of 30% would allow total recycling of the
waste. An absence of fiber buildup in recycled
hen manure suggests that either microbial or
thermal decomposition occurs during recycling.
Maximizing increases in microbial fermentation
and in digestibility in the bird probably will
permit refeeding at the 30% level, or total
recycling. (Cameron-East Central).
1769 - Bl, C5, Dl, E3 400
CONVERTING ANIMAL WASTES
TO OIL
Area Resource Development Agent
Cooperative Extension Service
Pennsylvania State University
D. A. Barter,
Pennsylvania Township News, Vol. 27, No. 4,
p. 26-27, April, 1374.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Oil, 'Fuels, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, Cellu-
lose, Energy, Air pollution, Pressure, Sulfur,
Econcmics, Pennsylvania.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis, 'Manure, Carbon monox-
ide.
Scientists at the Research Center in Pittsburgh
have discovered that by a pyrolysis technique,
manure can be converted to oil. The manure
is placed in a reaction vessel with carbon
monoxide at a pressure of 4000 p.s.i. and heated
with little or no oxygen to 662-752°F for 15
minutes. Based on dry manure, the yield of oil
is three barrels per ton. The oil produced has
an energy content of 14,000 to 16,000 B.t.u. per
pound compared to normal oil's B.t.u, value of
20,000. This source of energy is low in sulfur—
an important property due to the need for
low-sulfur oils to alleviate air pollution. Pyroly-
sis research on agricultural wastes has been
strictly experimental to date. Due to the ex-
perimental nature of the work definite informa-
tion on costs is now available. (Cameron-East
Central).
1770 - Bl, E2 400
COSTS NOTED FOR SOLID AND
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, p. 58, January,
1973.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Waste disposal,
•Liquid waste, 'Farm wastes, 'Costs, 'Solid
wastes, Settling basins, Lagoons, Irrigation, Le-
gal aspects, Missouri.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal.
An animal waste disposal system was developed
that meets Missouri law with respect to keep-
ing waters of the state clean. Basically, the
system involves returning waste solids and li-
quids to agricultural land and preventing them
from getting into water resources. The liquids
are drained off into a lagoon; the solids settle
out in the settling basin. Solids are deposited
on the land by using a conventional manure
spreader. The liquids are spread through ir-
rigation equipment. The annual costs to own
and operate the system range from a low of 75c
per head for a 400-head operation using the
hand carry system to a high of $1.37 per head
for a 1,200 head operation using the traveling
gun system. (Cartmell-East Central),
1771 - E3 400
DPW'S POULTRY FEED VALUE
IS LIMITED
Manager, Meat Bird Research Division
Ralston Purina Company
St. Louis, Missouri
K. E. Rinehart
Poultry Digest, Vol. 33, No. 386, p. 158-159,
April, 1974. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Feeds, 'Waste disposal,
Amino acids, Calcium, Corn, Energy.
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated poultry wastes (DPW),
'Refeeding, Broilers, Hens, Excreta, Egg weight,
Feed conversions, Purina Research Farm.
Studies indicated that the value of dehydrated
poultry waste (DPW) as a feed ingredient for
poultry and livestock is limited. Metabolizable
energy determinations indicated DPW to have
approximately 6% of the energy value of corn
for hens; whereas, there was no energy volume
in broilers and hens fed the DPW, indicating
poor utilization. When rations were lowered to
80% of the amino acid level felt to be required,
there was a numerical enhancement of produc-
tion and egg weight. Feed conversions were
depressed as level of DPW increased, sug-
gestive of a lower energy worth than assigned.
Extrusion of DPW fed in a ration with an ex-
cess of amino acids (110%) failed to enhance
tha energy value measured by feed consump-
tion. It is concluded that DPW has no value
for the young broiler with a value up to 6%
of corn for hens. (Cameron-East Central).
1772 - B3, E3 400
DRIED POULTRY MANURE NOT TOO
EFFECTIVE IN LAYING HEN FEEDS
Arkansas University
P. W, Waldroup and K. R. Hazen
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 23, No. 3, p.
10, May-June, 1974. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, 'Feeds,
'Diets, Waste disposal, Production, Mortality,
Energy.
Identifiers: 'Dried Poultry Waste (DPW), 'Re-
feeding, 'Laying hens.
Recently there have been a number of studies at
laboratories regarding use of dehydrated poultry
manure in poultry diets, especially in diets of
laying hens. The following study was conducted
to assess the value of this practice. Diets were
formulated which contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and
25% dehydrated poultry manure. The diets were
fed for 112 days and records were kept on
rate of production, feed consumption, egg size,
and interior egg quality. Mortality during the
trial was minimal and not influenced by dietary
treatment. No significant differences were ob-
served in egg size, but the interior albumen
quality increased with the use of poultry waste.
This can be attributed in large part to the re-
duction in rate of egg production. Daily feed
intake increased as the amount of poultry
waste in the diet increased. The energy con-
tent of the poultry manure is probably less
than 400 M.E. kcal/lb. Because of this, it prob-
ably would not be a useful ingredient in diets
in which high-energy feedstuffs are desired,
(Cartmell-East Central).
1773 - Bl, C5, Dl, El 100
DAH5Y CATTLE MANURE LIQUID:
SOLID SEPARATION WITH A
SCREW PRESS
J. R. Menear and L. W. Smith.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 36, No. 4, p.
788-791, April, 1973. 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Cattle, 'Farm
wastes, 'Physical properties, 'Chemical proper-
ties, 'Waste disposal, Proteins, Nitrogen, Liquid,
Organic matter.
Identifiers: 'Screw press, 'Press cake, Dry mat-
ter. Cell walls.
152
-------
It is hoped that mechanical separation of the
substances present in livestock manure may
provide alternative and more economical meth-
ods for manure management and utilization.
A continuously-fed screw press fractioned ma-
nure into two totally different fractions. The ma-
nure press cake was high in cell wall con-
tent (70.0%). The liquid was high in crude
protein content (49.6%) on a dry basis. Actual
description of the screw press, the fractionat-
ing experiments, and their results are discussed,
(Merryman-East Central).
1774 - A9, Bl 300
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC
AMMONIA AND THE STRESS OF
INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS
VACCINATION ON LEGHORN MALES
Department of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
H. F. Kling and C. L. Quarles
Supported by the Colorado State University Ex-
periment Station and published as Scientific
Series Paper 17 p. 2 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Ammonia, 'Stress, 'Farm
wastes, 'Pollutants.
Identifiers: 'Leghorn males, 'Infectious bronchi-
tis vaccination.
Ammonia at levels of 0, 25 or 50 parts per
million (p.p.m.) was introduced into 12 con-
(rolled-environment chambers containing male
Leghorn chicks. Ammonia was introduced con-
tinuously into the test chambers from the 4th
to 8th week of the experiment. An infectious
bronchitis vaccination was administered to all
chickens at 5 weeks of age. Body weights and
feed efficiencies were determined at 4, 6 and
8 weeks of age. At 4,5, 6 and 8 weeks of age
lung and bursae of Fabricius weights, hematoc-
rits and air sac scores were determined. Body
weights and feed efficiencies were significantly
reduced in the ammonia chambers. The bursae
of Fabricius of the ammonia-stressed chickens
were significantly larger than those of con-
trols at 5 weeks of age and significantly small-
er at 8 weeks of age. Chickens grown in am-
moniated environments had significantly larger
lungs at 8 weeks. Hematocrits were not signi-
ficantly different among the treatments. Total
air sac scores were significantly higher in the
ammonia-stressed chickens at 8 weeks. Results
indicated that chickens are affected by the
stress of ammonia at levels of 25 or 50 p.p.m.
and infectious bronchitis vaccination. (Kling and
Quarles—Colorado State University).
1775 - Al, Bl, E2 300
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN
FAMILY FARM LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Economics Division, Economic Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Ur-
bana, Illinois, and East Lansing, Michigan,
respectively.
R. N. Van Arsdall and J. B. Johnson.
United States Department of Agriculture, Ec-
onomic Research Service report ERS-508, De-
cember, 1972, 44 p. 3 fig, 27 tab.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Water pollution con-
trol, 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Livestock,
•Legal aspects.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Family operated
farms.
A high-quality environment is important to
farmers, but impediments to change exist: (1)
Farmers and lenders are not certain of the
performance of alternative methods of pollution
control or the level of environmental quality
that will eventually be required; (2) The market
offers no economic incentive to change; (3)
Diseconomies of size exist; (4) Age and ten-
ancy make durable investments unattractive;
and (5) Technical assistance is not yet available
in the amount that will be required by new
and pending legislation. State water pollution
control statutes that apply to livestock pro-
duction in the Northeast and North Central Re-
gions are summarized, (Merryman-East Central)
1776 - Al, Cl, D4, El, F2, F4 300
POLLUTION IMPLICATIONS OF
ANIMAL WASTES. A FORWARD
ORIENTED REVIEW
Kansas University
Department of Civil Engineering
Lawrence
R. C. Loehr
FWPCA Project, Kerr Water Research Center,
Ada, Oklahoma, July 1968, 175 p. 12 fig, 4 tab,
141 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, *Hogs, 'Poultry, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste disposal, Costs, Legal aspects,
•Water treatment, Water pollution sources, Pol-
lution abatement, Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes.
The purpose of this review was to present a
forward oriented state-of-the-art of pollutional
implications which must be faced with the ever
increasing trend toward confinement feeding
large numbers of livestock. The manure wastes
from all varieties of livestock under feed in
the United States are characterized and related
both to human population equivalents and beef
cattle equivalents. The potential environmental
hazards which may result from improper hand-
ling, storage, and disposal of these wastes were
discussed. The effectiveness and economics of
various conventional wastes treatment and dis-
posal methods as related to confinement feed-
ing wastes were evaluated. (Shuyler-EPA).
1777 Al, B2, E2 200
MOVEMENT AND
TRANSFORMATION OF MANURIAL
NITROGEN THROUGH SOILS AT
LOW TEMPERATURES
Agricultural Engineering Department
Wisconsin University
Madison
M. F. Walter, G. D. Bubenzer, & J. C. Converse.
Sixth National Agricultural Waste Management
Conference, Rochester, New York, March 25-
27, 1P74, 26 p. 6 fig, 5 tab, 23 ref,
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Movement, 'Soils,
•Farm wastes, 'Temperature, 'Mathematical
models, Livestock, Soil profiles, Ammonia, Eva-
poration, Liquid wastes, Dairy industry.
Identifiers: 'Transformation.
Livestock waste has been implicated as a ma-
jor source of environmental nitrogen pollution.
An approach to the development of a quantitative
mathematical model which predicts the concen-
tration of nitrate in the soil solution based on
empirical equations for the principal nitrogen
transformations is described. This information is
then combined with equations describing the
movement of water and dispersion of nitrate
through the soil profile. Parameters for equa-
tions to be used with the model were based
on laboratory studies with Plainfield sand and
heavy ammonium applications in the form of
liquid dairy waste. The model was designed to
quantitatively predict movement of relatively
large quantities of nitrate in the soil solution,
and it is particularly suited for heavy applica-
tions of ammonium because the early spring
conditions for which it was developed occur
for only a few months. The present model
does not include plant uptake of nitrogen nor
soil water movement due to evaporation. There-
fore, the model is not applicable to systems
with appreciable living vegetation nor can it
be used in systems where evaporation has a
significant effect on soil water movement. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1778 - Bl 400
MODELS FOR HANDLING
SOLID MANURE
Associate Swine Editor
B. Eftink and L. Searle
Successful Farming, Vol. 71, No. 11, p. 28-30,
October, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, *Farm wastes, 'Man-
agement, Feed lots, Hogs, Cattle, Waste stor-
age, Irrigation, Lagoons, Runoff, Costs, Capacity,
Illinois,
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Handling.
Solid waste handling systems are discussed.
One waste system requires less than 50 hours
per year handling manure from 2,500 hogs. It
utilizes 100 feet lengths of perforated polyvinyl
chloride plastic pipe for irrigation holding pond
water. Costs, capacities and problems of irri-
gating, scraping, storing and stacking animal
wastes are discussed. (Frantz-East Central).
1779 - A2, Bl 700
THE NITROGEN REGIME OF BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT SOILS
Nebraska University
J. Boyce
PhD Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, University of Nebraska, 1970, 73 p. 21
fig, 5 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Feed lots, "Farm
wastes, 'Soils, 'Cattle, Nitrates, Nitrites, Model
studies. Anaerobic conditions, Aerobic conditions,
Water pollution.
This study was carried out in model systems
to determine the fate of applied nitrogen under
simulated feedlot conditions and to examine the
factors that influence the nitrogen regime of
feedlot soils. The accumulation and form of
nitrogen in soil materials incubated under sim-
ulated feedlot conditions were dependent upon
the soil material, the rate of urea application,
and the temperature-moisture regime of the in-
cubations. The data indicated that the majority
of the nitrogen added to feedlot soils is lost
as NH3. Nitrates were found to persist in feed-
lot soils and manure in spite of anaerobic con-
ditions. The rate of nitrogen loss from manure
(feces and urea) was increased by the addition
of 10 r»pm N-Serve under aerobic conditions and
by anaerobic conditions in the absence of N-
Serve. It is suggested that feedlot soils can
be managed in such a manner as to signifi-
cantly increase the loss of N as NH3. Maximiz-
ing NH3 voliHlization and maximizing the dis-
tance between feedlots and surface water may
result in a minimizing of the detrimental en-
vironmental effects often associated with beef
cattle feeding operations. (Cartmell-East Central)
1780 - Al, Bl, D4, E2, Fl 600
THE PROBLEM OF FARM ANIMAL
WASTE DISPOSAL
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Ohio State University, Columbus
E. P, Taiganides
Management of Farm Animal Wastes, Proceed-
ings National Symposium on Animal Waste
Management, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, Michigan State University, May 5-7,
1967, p. 5-8. 1 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Livestock, 'Poultry, 'Confinement pens, La-
goons, Odor, Runoff, Water pollution, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, Land application.
Animal wastes are one of the six sources of
farm wastes whose management and disposal
have become one of the most challenging prob-
lems of modern farming. The factors which
cause and/or aggravate the animal waste dis-
posal problem are: properties of animal wastes,
current methods of livestock and poultry pro-
duction, expansion of urban centers into rural
areas plus public awareness of the need for
153
-------
healthy and aesthetically pleasant environment,
and inadequacy of present methods of manure
handling and disposal. On the basis of popula-
tion equivalence data reported by Taiganides
and Hazen (1966) the daily wastes from poultry,
swine, and cattle alone are equivalent to 10
times the wastes of the human population of
the United States. American animal producers
seek waste disposal methods which have low
labor requirements, reduce nuisance conditions,
and improve sanitation. They are limited by
lack of technical information and by the mis-
conception that they should be able to dis-
pose of manure at no extra cost. This lack of
both the basic and applied knowledge necessary
for successful handling, treatment, and dis-
posal of farm wastes makes research in this
area a unique challenge. (Marquard-East Cen-
tral).
1781 - A2, B2 400
THEY'RE GETTING THE JUMP ON
POLLUTION CONTROLS
R. Graves and C. Hartman
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 12, p. 468,
June 25, 1974. 1 fig,
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Control, 'Con-
finement pens, 'Farm wastes, 'Runoff, 'Diver-
sion, Dairy industry, Waste storage. Livestock.
Identifiers: Manure, Environmental Protection
Agency.
Farmers in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, are
demonstrating that they will respond to positive,
sensible programs aimed at controlling pollu-
tion and stream degradation from confinement
livestock operations. With impetus provided by
the county extension office and soil and water
conservation district, many groups and agencies
are involved in making the "Environmental
Eye" a community project. The idea behind
this project began in the spring of 1972. An en-
vironmental eye is both a real thing and a
"gimmick." Looking at a hillside farmstead
as an eyeball, a diversion up hill from the
buildings forms an eyelash. A collection chan-
nel or diversion below the buildings completes
the eye. These two diversions are important
parts of any barnyard runoff control project.
For most small yard situations, the diversion
of water from above the barn prevents manure
from being flushed or washed out of yards or
storage areas. Rain falling directly on the
yard will wash away little manure. This usually
can be controlled by directing it away from
streams or ditches to nearby pasture or crop-
land. If more control is necessary, a solids
separation area, detention pond, or both, can
be added at the end of the collection channel.
(Cartmell-East Central)
1782 - Bl, Cl, F4 300
POLLUTION ASPECTS OF CATFISH
PRODUCTION — REVIEW AND
PROJECTIONS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Georgia University
Athens, Georgia
J. C. Barker, J. L. Chesness, and R. E, Smith.
Environmental Protection Technology Series Re-
port EPA660/2-74-064, July, 1974, 121 p. 24 fig,
25 tab, 51 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fish farming, 'Catfishes, 'Water
pollution, 'Organic wastes, Ponds, Effluent
Identifiers: Waste concentrations. Waste dis-
charge, Biological organic removal, Raceways.
A literature review and field study was under-
taken to determine the waste concentrations and
discharge loadings occurring in the waters from
catlish-culturing ponds and raceways. Water
qua-Uty analyses were performed on samples
taken during a 240-day growing season and
at drawdown (assuming drainage at harvest).
The natural biological degradation of the raw
wastes in the ponds and raceway systems re-
sulted in BOD redactions of 96.8% and 98.0%
respectively when compared to waste levels pro-
duced in indoor single pass tank systems with
no waste removal facilities. Reductions in total
nitrogen of 97.2% and 97.7% occurred in ponds
and ractways respectively, while ammonia nitro-
gen was reduced by 94.4% and 99.4% respect-
ively. Sedimentation and biodegradation resulted
in ar. 83.6% reduction in suspended solids in
ponds and an 86,2% suspended solids reduction
in raceways. Total phosphate levels were re-
duced by 98.5% and 97.4% in ponds and race-
ways respectively. (Chesness-Georgia Univer-
sity).
1783 Al, E2 300
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF
FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER BY
PERCOLATION THROUGH SOIL
UNDER NATIVE PASTURE
Kansas Water Resources Research Institute
Manhattan.
W. L. Powers, L. S. Murphy, and B. R. Bock.
Contribution No. 131, January 1974, 50 p. 15
fig, 14 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Percolation, 'Soil chem-
ical properties, 'Water reive, 'Waste water
treatment, 'Bromegrass, 'Phosphorus, Ground-
water, Potassium, Absorption, Nitrogen.
Beef feedlot retained in catchment lagoons was
applied as an irrigant for bromegrass to deter-
mine the effects of this practice on bromegrass
yields, bromegrass N, P, K concentrations and
uptake, selected soil chemical properties, and
groundwater quality beneath the application
area. Average applications of 9.3 and 19,0 cm
of well water in one irrigation season produced
no consistent differences. Lagoon water applica-
tions produced an accumulation of extractable
K in the soil profile at the 0-to 30-cm depth
for all treatments; largest accumulation was
observed in the straight lagoon water treat-
ment, an increase of from 470 to 588 ppm. Al-
though approximately twice as much P was
added in the lagoon water treatments as was
removed by the bromegrass in one growing
season, the average weak Bray extractable P
for the 0-to 300-cm depth and for the 0-to 30-cm
depth decreased for all treatments. After the
first season of lagoon water applications, a
moderate increase in the average water soluble
Cl- content of from 3 to 5 ppm was observed
for the 0-to 300-cm depth. Analyses of ground-
water samples from beneath the application
aria at depths of 7.6 and 21m revealed highly
significant differences between thsse depths rel-
ative to concentrations of NO3-N, Ca, Mg, K,
Na, C1-, end electrical conductivity values. Con-
centrations greater than 10 ppm for NO3--N
in the shallow wells were common while the
mean for all NO3--N values from the deep wells
was 0.04 ppm. Mean values of 0.12 and 0.11
ppm were found for NH4+-N in the shallow
and deep wells respectively. (Power-Kansas
Water Resources Research Institute).
1784 - B2, Fl 300
THE WATER BUDGET AND WASTE
TREATMENT AT A MODERN DAIRY
Water Resources Research Institute
Mississippi State University
State College
J. B. Allen, J. F. Beatty, S, P. Crockett, and
B. L. Arnold
Completion Report, July 1973. 30 p. 15 fig, 3 tab,
7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Hydrologic budget,
•Waste treatment, 'Mississippi, 'Waste water
treatment demand, lagoons. Industrial wastes,
Biochemical oxygen demand.
This study was concerned with an analysis of
the dairy water budget and an evaluation of the
efficiency of a 2-cell lagoon waste treatment
system for a modern 130-cow dairy at Holly
Springs, Mississippi. The water budget at the
dairy was determined by means of water meters
installed on the main supply line, the alley
flushing system, the milking parlor flush tanks,
the prep stalls, the milk-room and the water-
erers. Data collection began on June 15, 1972,
and continued through June 15, 1973. The water
budget was summarized on a weekly basis by
means of a computer print-out. For an average
of 114 cows, the average water usage was
16,738 gallons per day (gpd). The amounts of
water used in the various components of the
dairy were: alley flushing systems, 5,372 gpd;
milking parlor flush tanks, 6,869 gpd; prep
stalls, 809 gpd; milk-room hot water, 320 gpd;
cattle waterers, 2,113 gpd; and miscellaneous,
1,255 gpd. The BOD of the milking parlor wastes
entering the first cell of the waste treatment
system averaged 699 mg/1, and the BOD of the
free stall alley wastes entering the first cell
averaged 758 mg/1. The overall treatment ef-
ficiency of cell 1 (reduction in BOD) was 62.9%,
The overall treatment efficiency of cell 1 plus
cell 2 was 86.5%.
1785 - Al, Dl, El 300
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN
THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D. C, Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee.
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-
SAB-73-001, December, 1973, 187 p.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Waste water treatment,
'Water pollution control, 'Nitrogen compounds,
•Farm wastes, Landfills, Ecology, Water pollu-
tion, Water pollution effects, Groundwater, Run-
off, Urban areas, Sewage, Industrial wastes,
Sanitary engineering, Air pollution, Nitrites, Fer-
tiliers. Wastes, Food supply.
Identifiers: Sanitary landfill leachate, Nitrosa-
mines.
This report is a series of papers on the sources
and methods of control and the environmental
health effects of nitrogenous compounds. Diverse
aspects of municipal and industrial sources are
discussed—waterborne, atmospheric, agricultural,
and industrial processes generating nitrogenous
compounds. Attention is given to nitrogenous
materials in waste and surface waters, efficiency
of sewage treatment, effectiveness of the con-
ventional BOD test, and the contribution of ur-
ban runoff and landfill leakage to the overall
nitrogen load in the environment. Concentrations,
sources, sinks, the transformation of nitrogen-
ous materials in the lower atmosphere, control
measures for stationary and mobile sources,
retrofit systems for used cars, and new engine
systems are reviewed. Plant nutrients, including
fertilizers, and animal wastes are considered.
The growing problems resulting from concen-
trated centralized livestock feedlots and meth-
ods of control are pointed out. Nitrogen is dis-
cussed as a nutrient essential to living organ-
isms and as a toxicant within the aquatic en-
vironment. The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines
and their precursors is described as a potential
danger to health. Individual nitrogenous com-
pounds are appropriately identified through the
report. Analytical procedures for the identifica-
tion and quantification of nitrogenous compounds
are reviewed. Presented are the major concerns
regarding nitrogenous compounds in the environ-
ment as these related to the following EPA
activities: research, monitoring, and regulation.
(Malone-EPA).
1786 - Al 300
NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE
NITRATE PROBLEM
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Missouri
Columbia
A. A. Case, G. Garner, G. E. Smith, and W. H.
Pfander.
Science and Technology Guide, University of
Missouri Extension Division, 1964, p. 9800-9801.
Descriptors: -Nitrates, 'Nitrites, 'Farm wastes,
•Pollutants, 'Water pollution, 'Forages.
Identifiers: Methomoglonemia, Fuming silos, Ani-
mal wastes.
Excessive nitrate content of forage plants and
•loaded" water supplies is being recognized in
the corn belt states (Kansas, Iowa, and Mis-
154
-------
souri) as a serious problem. The major cause
of these excessive nitrates seems to be animal
wastes, Fuming silos are another source of ni-
trate poisoning. Fuming silos are grain storage
silos which give off an often lethal gas during
the filling and a week or so afterwards. This
gas comes from forage that contains excessive
amounts of nitrate or nitrite, but the amount
doesnt have to be very high. Juice draining
from fuming silos is also a dangerous toxic
agent for anything exposed to it. Nitrate poi-
soning of human infants and of livestock is
discussed. Symptoms are described. (Drewry-
East Central).
1787 - A4, E2 300
ESTABLISHING THE IMPACT OF
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Department of Soil
Minnesota University
Minneapolis
R. G. Cast and P. R. Goodrich.
Paper No. 1549 Miscellaneous Journal Series,
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, p. 79-91. 1 fig, 4 tab, 9
ret
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Ground-
water, 'Farm wastes, 'Fertilizers, Nitrogen,
Water quality, Nitrates, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution.
Agricultural croplands constitute about 35% of
the total land area of the state of Minnesota
and consequently overlay extensive groundwater
reserves. Agricultural practices on these lands
often involve application of large quantities of
herbicides, pesticides, and nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium in fertilizers and animal wastes
which pose potential threats to groundwater qual-
ity, All of these materials except nitrogen are
strongly absorbed by the soil and pose little
threat to groundwaters. Nitrogen (as nitrate) is
mobile and will move into groundwater if al-
lowed to accumulate in the soil. Optimum crop
yields can be sustained without nitrate accumu-
lations in the soil if proper fertilization rates
are used. If animal wastes are concentrated in
a small area, they move almost directly into
the groundwater by such mechanisms as sink-
holes and defective well casings or by saturated
flow through soils. Contamination of ground-
waters from such sources can be minimized by
locating larger operations consistent with proper
soil and hydrologic conditions. (Knapp-USGS)
1788 - A2, Cl 100
MICROBIAL POPULATION OF
FEEDLOT WASTE AND ASSOCIATED
SITES
Agricultural Research Service
Peoria, Illinois
R. A. Rhodes and G. R. Hrubant
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 369-377,
September, 1972. 4 fig, 1 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle,
•Runoff, •Pollutant identification, 'Microorgan-
isms, Confinement pens, Coliforms, Anaerobic
bacteria, Yeasts, Fungi, Water pollution sources,
Sampling, Methodology, Bacteria, Isolation, Soil
disposal fields, Domestic animals. Ruminants,
Analytical techniques.
Identifiers: Sample preparation, Culture media,
Streptomycetes, Enumeration.
A quantitative determination was made every
2 months for a year of the microflora of beef
cattle waste and runoff at a medium-sized mid-
western feedlot. Counts were obtained for se-
lected groups of organisms in waste taken from
paved areas of pens cleaned daily and, there-
fore, reflect the flora of raw waste, Overall, in
terms of viable count per gram dry weight, the
feedlot waste contained 10 billion, total organ-
isms, ona billion anaerobes, 100,000,000 gram-
negative bacteria, 10,000,000 Coliforms, 1,000,000
sporeformers, and 100,000 yeasts, fungi, and
Streptomycetes. The specific numbers and pat-
tern of these groups of organisms varied only
slightly during the study in spite of a wide
variation in weather. Data indicate that little
microbial growth occurs in the waste as it ex-
ists in the feedlot. Runoff from the pens con-
tained the same general population pattern but
with greater variation attributable to volume of
liquid. Comparable determinations of an asso-
ciated field disposal area (before and after
cropping), stockpiled waste, and elevated dirt
areas in the pens indicate that fungi, and es-
pecially Streptomycetes, are the aerobic organ-
isms most associated with final stabilization of
the waste. Yeasts, which are the dominant type
of organism in the ensiled corn fed the cattle,
do not occur in large numbers in the animal
waste. Large ditches receiving runoff and sub-
surface water from the fields have a popula-
tion similar to the runoff but with fewer coli-
forms. (Holoman-Battelle).
1789 - A5, Cl 200
SWINE FECAL ODOR AS AFFECTED
BY FEED ADDITIVES
S. H. Ingram, R. C. Albin, C. D. Jones, A. M.
Lennon, L. F. Tribble, et al.
Texas Tech Laboratory
Lubbock
Presented at the Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety of Animal Science, Southern Section, At-
lanta, Georgia, February 4-7, 1973, 5 p, 6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes, 'Odor,
•Feeds, 'Additives, Sampling, Diet, Volatility,
Yeasts, Texas Chromatography, Air pollution.
Identifiers: 'Swine, Skatole, Indole, Lactobacillus
acidophilus.
A grain-soybean meal diet was fed to 4-week-old
hogs. Fecal samples were evaluated by olfactory
panels. Reduction in volatile matter was scaled
by using comparisons between the basal diet and
dietary treatments. A lyophilyzed yeast culture
and a commercial preparation of Lactobacillus
acidophilus reduced the skatole and indole con-
tent of the feces, but changes in volatile matter
were not detected. (Frantz-East Central).
1790 B3 100
A FAECES COLLECTOR SUITABLE
FOR MALE CALVES
Immunology Unit, Department of Veterinary Sur-
gery,
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
Summerhall, Edinburgh
E. F. Logan, and D. J. Ormrod.
The Veterinary Record, Vol. 93, No. 4, p. 104-
105, July 28, 1973. 2 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, Adhesives.
Identifiers: 'Faeces collector, 'Male calves.
Using latex rubber adhesive, Logan and Orm-
rod designed a faeces collector suitable for male
calves, A cast was made out of the hindquart-
ers of a new-born Ayrshire calf. Using plastic
and glass containers which were held in position
by plaster of paris bandage, the cast was built
up into a conical shape. The mould was cov-
ered with layers of rubber latex adhesive and
surgical gauze to a thickness of 1/8". Webbing
straps with buckles were fixed to the collector
by contact adhesive—two dorsally, two ventrally
and two laterally. To the end of the latex cone
a long, 5 in. wide nylon sleeve was attached.
The collector was fitted over the calf's rump and
fastened by the straps to a webbing body belt,
which was fixed to a collar around the calf's
neck to prevent the body belt slipping back-
wards. The collector has proved to be effective,
very durable and easily cleaned. The use of
latex rubber and gauze gives the collector elas-
ticity, allowing faeces to be efficiently chan-
nelled into the nylon sleeve even when calves
are recumbent. (Cameron-East Central).
1791 Al, B2, Cl, C5, E2 700
PROCESSED ANIMAL WASTE
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL IN SOIL BY A
PRESSURIZED SUBSURFACE
SYSTEM
F. S. Chuang
PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Am-
herst, June, 1971, 155 p. 51 fig, 22 tab, 70 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Effluent, 'Waste
disposal, 'Soils, Pollutants, Sewage, Irrigation,
Chemical characteristics, Physical characteris-
tics.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Subsurface disposal
system.
This study was undertaken to determine re-
liable subsurface waste disposal procedures and
to study the effects of flow through the soil of
processed animal waste effluent on the quality of
percolate water and soil environment systems.
The experiments were satistically designed for
two treatments of soil bulk density and four
treatments of flow with three replications. In
order to show the reliability of the comparison
for (1) the degree of tertiary treatment by the
soil, (2) chemical and microorganism charac-
teristic changes in the soil, and (3) the results
of flow rate, two confidence levels (99% and
95%) were selected. Data revealed that once-
a-week dosing was an efficient treatment when
used in a subsurface disposal system. It was
concluded that the waste stabilization system
utilized provided a final effluent which was suit-
able for this system of disposal. (Russell-East
Central).
1792 - A2, B2, E2 300
SOME PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT
RUNOFF
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
T. R. Owens, D. Wells, W. Grub, H, C. Albin,
and E. Coleman.
Unpublished Paper, Texas Tech University, Lub-
bock, 20 p. 9 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Control, 'Run-
off, 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Cattle, 'Eco-
nomics, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste storage,
'Waste disposal. Costs, Texas, Chemical proper-
ties, Irrigation, Basins, Model studies, Rainfall,
Evaporation, Performance.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Slotted floors, Manure,
Playa lake disposal.
Quantitative and qualitative aspects of feedlot
runoff are studied. Average concentrations of
pollutants in feedlot runoff are determined. Col-
lection basin designs were discussed as runoff
control measures. Comparative operating and in-
vestment costs are approximated with limita-
tions discussed. Open land disposal has been
attempted but modified environmental feeding on
slotted floors is recommended as an approach
to the problem. Pros and cons of the latter are
discussed, (Wetherill-East Central).
1793 - A2 100
DISPERSION DURING FLOW IN
POROUS MEDIA WITH BILINEAR
ADSORPTION
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
S. P. Gupta and R. A. Greenkorn
Water Resources Research Vol. 9, No. 5, p.
1357-1368, October, 1973. 4 fig, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dispersion, 'Flow, 'Porous media,
'Bilinear adsorption, 'Groundwater pollution,
•Measurement, Feed lots. Runoff, Farm wastes,
Fertilizers, Pesticides, Herbicides, Cultivated
lands, Domestic wastes, Industrial wastes.
155
-------
Major sources of the pollution in underground
water are various compounds that may come
from the runoff of cattle feedlots, from the
runoff of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides
from the cultivated lands, and from domestic
and industrial wastes. In this paper the solu-
tion is presented for a bilinear rate of adsorp-
tion. This adsorption mechanism was proposed
for ion exchange and adsorption columns. The
mechanism is appropriate for adsorption in soils
and columns of soil. Morever the solution can
easily be modified for a first-or second-order
rate of adsorption. The equations for tin move-
ment of chemicals in porous media with disper-
sion and adsorption using a bilinear rate of ad-
sorption may be solved by the Crank-Nicolson
method for homogeneous porous media. The so-
lution for a field model 100 feet long is reported
to 2 pore volumes; 31.6% of the solute is being
adsorbed, and the system will require 36.5 pore
volumes at saturation. (Cartmell-East Central)
1794 - Al, B2, D4, E2 300
LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT
FOR SWINE OPERATIONS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
Texas A&M University System
College Station
B, R. Stewart and J. M. Sweeten
Report MP-1128, Texas Agricultural Extension
Service, Texas A&M University, College Station,
8 p., April, 1974. 5 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors:: 'Liquid wastes, 'Management,
Aerobic lagoons, Irrigation, Design.
Identifiers: 'Swine, Storage pits, Anaerobic Is-
goons, Land disposal, Application rates, Tank
wagons, Soil injection.
Swine waste management involves the control
of runoff from open lots and management of
manure and waste water from confinement
systems. The objective of manure handling
should be to collect, transport and dispose of
waste on land in an efficient and odor-free man-
ner. Two basic approaches to manure handling
are solid and liquid handling. Liquid manure
handling systems can be characterized according
to the methods of collection, storage, treatment
and disposal. Liquid manure management sys-
tems involve substitution of water and mechani-
cal equipment for labor and bedding. This re-
sults in quick separation of the animal from its
wastes, improved general sanitation and re-
duced opportunities for disease transmission. La-
goons provide a means of biological treatment
and storage of liquid manure from confinement
swine buildings. Regardless of the manure hand-
ling or treatment system employed, raw or
treated waste should ultimately be disposed of
on pasture or crop land in a manner that will
reuse nutrients and prevent pollution of surface
and ground water. (Cameron-East Central).
1795 - Al, B2, D4, E3 200
HARVESTING NUTRIENTS FROM
SWINE WASTES
Department of Animal Science
University of Illinois
B. G. Harmon.
Proceedings of 23rd Annual Minnesota Nutri-
tions Conference, 1972, 8 p. 10 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Hogs, 'Farm wastes,
•Waste treatment, Oxidation lagoons, Confine-
ment pens, Odor, Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch mixed liquor (ODML)
The magnitude of swine excreta production in
large confinement operations presents the poten-
tial for liquid, solid and gaseous pollution. Aero-
bic treatment of the excreta with a system like
an oxidation ditch minimizes the opportunity for
odor problems. The nutritive value of fresh
excreta is enhanced by the oxidation ditch's
aerobic microbiota which digest the excreta and
assemble single cell protein. It has been found
that adding oxidation ditch mixed liquid to a
diet marginal in amino acids improves the
performance of finishing swine. Utilization of
this liquid product provides a source of water
and nutrients for swine, while minimizing any
chance of liquid or solid pollution, (Cartmell-
East Central).
1796 - Al, Bl, B3 100
SLUDGE DISPOSAL: A CASE OF
ALTERNATIVES
Water Pollution Control Federation Manforce.
Deeds and Data, December, 1971, p. D-l—D-4.
Descriptors: 'Sludge disposal, 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, Fertilizers, Irrigation, Soils, In-
cineration, Lagoons.
Identifiers: 'Alternatives, Land disposal, Ocean
disposal.
A panel discussed alternatives for sludge dis-
posal. Some treatment plants can transport
sludge to crop lands. Guidelines can be written
for heated anaerobically digested sludge to be
applied at rates up to 100 dry tons/acres for any
soil type. Cadmium, lead, mercury, copper and
chromium in the sludge do not appear to be
detrimental to crops. There are also extremely
few pathogen problems. Cities like New York,
however, don't have available land to disposa
of effluent. Other disposal methods are incin-
eration, ocean disposal, and lagooning. Very lit-
tle survey work cost data has been published
on various methods of sludge disposal. It is ob-
vious that much more experimentation and re-
search is needed in order to solve the sludge dis-
posal problem. (Wetherill-East Central)
1797 - B3, D4, E3 400
WASTE PROCESSING PLANT IS
PLANNED AT UNITED BEEF
Beef, Vol. 11, No, 2, p. 13, October, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Cattle, 'Feeds, Feed lots, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Waste processing. Aerobic digestion.
United Beef Producers.
The Searle Agriculture, Inc. has started con-
struction of an animal waste processing plant
on the United Beef Producers fesdlot. The pro-
cess, aerobic digestion, results in a product that
has use as a soil conditioner, potting soil bass,
or possibly a base for a nitrogen fortified fer-
tilizer. It also has the potential as a feed in-
gredient for cattle. Samuel Huttenbauer, Jr.,
President of U.B.P., stated the plant will give
a means of waste disposal to improve the sani-
tation program and an opportunity to participate
in developing a feed ingredient for cattle feed-
ing industry. (Cameron-East Central).
1798 - Al, A5, B2, C5, D4, El 100
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC
LAGOON TREATING SWINE WASTES
Sanitary Engineering Department
Mississippi State University
State College
A. Shindala and J. H. Scarbrough
Transactions of the ASAE, p. 1150-1152, 1972. 4
fig, 2 tab, 3 ret
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Anaerobic conditions,
•Waste treatment, 'Farm wastes, 'Hogs, Odor,
Waste disposal, Water pollution,
The effectiveness of a single cell anaerobic la-
goon in the treatment of swine wastes was in-
vestigated. Compiled data revealed that anae-
robic lagoons would provide considerable re-
duction in the pollutional characteristics of ani-
mal wastes. The effluent, however, was still of-
fensive and required further treatment prior to
discharge. (Marquard East Central).
1799 - Al, Bl, El, F2 400
FARM POLLUTION: HOW
REGULATIONS AFFECT YOU
Successful Farming, Vol. 72, No. 8, p. 30; June-
July, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Permits, 'Regulation, 'Livestock,
•Farm wastes, Waste storage, Waste disposal.
Cost sharing.
Identifiers: 'Laws, Farm pollution.
Several states now administer Federal discharge
permits. Only one permit is needed which covers
both state and Federal regulations. But in most
states, you need two permits—both state and
Federal. All livestock facilities, which have a
waste discharge and which hold for 30 days the
following number of animals, must apply for a
permit: slaughter and feeder cattle—.1,000; ma-
ture dairy cattle—700; all swine over 55 Ibs.—
2,500. Livestock confinement facilities include
open feedlots, confined feeding operations, stock-
yards, livestock auction barns and buying sta-
tions. Non-point source regulations are gaining
consideration. Information and instructions on
how to apply for permits and where to get cost-
sharing help is given. (Cameron-East Central).
1800 - Al, E2 100
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS (ZEA
MAYS L.), MANURING, AND
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON
YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF
THE GRAIN AND ON THE SOIL
NITROGEN CONTENT
Department of Agronomy
Nebraska University
Lincoln
F, N. Anderson and G. A. Peterson
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 65, No. 5, p. 697-700,
September-October, 1973. 4 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Corn, •Nitrogen, 'Fertilizers, 'Pro-
teins, 'Soils, Nitrogen depletion
Identifiers: 'Manuring, 'Yield
The specific objective of this paper was to re-
port the cumulative effects of 60 years of contin-
uous corn on yield and protein content of the
grain and the nitrogen supplying capacity of the
soil. It was concluded from the data that ma-
nuring is a valuable practice in maintaining soil
productivity. It was shown that nitrogen fertili-
zation alone was capable of restoring most of
the production capacity of the soil. Initiation of
nitrogen fertilization resulted in a much more
rapid recovery of yield than did the initiation
of manuring. Protein levels in the corn grain
were consistently highest on manured treatments
at all bqt the 180 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer rate.
Cultivation without manuring or nitrogen fertili-
zation decreased the soil nitrogen content forty
percent after 30 years of continuous corn pro-
duction. Manuring from 1941 to 1972 increased
the total soil content to 90 percent of the level
present in the soil in its native condition. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1801 - A5, B3, D4 100
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT OF
HOUSE FLY LARVAE IN POULTRY
MANURE
Department of Avian Science
Colorado State University
Fort Collins
J. S. Teotia and B. F. Miller.
Environmental Entomology, Vol. 2, No, 3, p.
329-333, June, 1973. 3 fig, 7 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, 'Larvae,
•Biodegradation, Temperature, Moisture content,
Odor.
Identifiers: 'Development, 'Manure, 'House fly
larvae, Pupae.
The studies reported here were to determine
the optimum conditions for house fly larvae to
biodegrade poultry manure. Fly eggs were col-
lected, separated from manure, weighed and
inoculated in the fresh poultry manure in plastic
tubs (14 x 12 x 5-inch deep) daily. Inoculation
rates varied frim 2 to 5 g of eggs per 4 kg of
poultry manure. These tubs were stored at differ-
ent temperatures (22 degrees-38 degrees Centi-
8ra&) JanIL-RH! conditions (19-80 percent) in a
modified chick incubator. Optimum yield of dry
156
-------
pupae (weight) was obtained with a combina-
tion of 3 g of fly eggs in 4 kg of fresh manure
at 27 degrees Centigrade and 41 percent RH. As
the quantity of fly eggs per gram of poultry
manure was increased, the yield of pupae was
depressed. The environmental humidity had a
profound effect on the yield of pupae. When the
RH of the digestion chamber was increased
from 38 to 70 percent the yield of pupae at tem-
peratures of 34 degrees—38 degrees Centigrade
was increased significantly. Approximately 8
days were required for the fly eggs to be con-
verted to pupae in the fresh poultry manure at
27 degrees Centigrade and 41 percent RH. Fly
eggs can be used to digest the manure under
caged birds. The odor of digested manure is re-
duced. The moisture content of the digested
manure varied from 50.0 to $7.5 percent, where-
as the moisture content of undigested manure
was 80 percent. (Cartmell-East Central)
1802 - Al, B2, C5, D4, E2, Fl 300
ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, AND
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
LIQUID HANDLING OF DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE
G, L. easier and E. L. LaDue
New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin
(Social Sciences: Agricultural Economics, No. 1),
No. 20, 23 p. October, 1972. 10 tab, 42 ref.
Descriptors: "Dairy industry, 'Cattle, 'Farm
wastes, 'Waste storage, 'Waste treatment, Waste
disposal, 'Liquid wastes, Odor, Runoff, Econom-
ics, Nutrients, Costs, Storage tanks, Oxidation
lagoons.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Slatted floors, Open
Pits.
The environmental, economic, and physical im-
plications of liquid manure handling for dairy^
cattle is considered. It was found that six months
storage of liquid manure for disposal in the
spring is not always beneficial. Large quanti-
ties of manure spread in the spring just before
heavy rain may cause more stream pollution
than small quantities spread daily during the
winter. Also, odor is more offensive in the
spring. An investment of $27,000-$37,000 would
be required for a 100-cow liquid manure system
with a six month storage capacity. Labor sav-
ings and increased manure value offset only
a small part of the annual costs of a liquid
manure system. The total return to the farm
operator will rarely offset the costs incurred.
Even if all costs and benefits could be internal-
ized to the farm level costs would usually ex-
ceed benefits. (Ballard-East Central).
1803 - B3, E3 600
FEEDLOT ANIMAL WASTE
COMPARED WITH COTTONSEED
MEAL AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR
PREGNANT RANGE COWS
Agricultural Engineering Department
California University
Davis
J. L. Hull and J. B, Dobie
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chicago,
Illinois, December 11-14, 1973, Paper No. 73-4506,
12 p. 3 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, "Feeds,
•Cattle, 'Barley, 'Waste disposal, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, Cottonseed meal,
'Supplement.
Three groups of pregnant cows grazing dry
native range were supplemented with cottonseed
meal, a mixture of 75 percent feedlot manure
and 25 percent barley, or received no supple-
mentation. This experiment lasted 84 days and
waf designed to give some insight into the pos-
siDility of feeding animal waste as an alterna-
tive to customary waste disposal procedures.
Lows fed the manure-barley supplement con-
sumed more feed than those fed the cottonseed
meal supplement, but they also had a higher
body weight. The individual cow variations in
consumption of the manure-barley supplement
were similar to those fed cottonseed meal sup-
plement. This experiment shows that manure
in combination with barley may be fed as a
supplement to pregnant range cows. This pro-
vides an alternative to the use of high protein
supplements. Using waste as a range supplement
provides a means of recycling the nutrients con-
tained in the waste and a method for waste
disposal. (Russell-East Central).
1804 - Al, Bl, E2 400
FEEDLOT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
D. Gill and M. D. Paine
Feedlot Management, 1973 Cattle Feeder's Plan-
ner, Vol. 14, No. 12, p. 34-36, 84 November,
1972. 1 tig.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes, 'Con-
struction, 'Design, Cattle, Costs, Waste storage,
Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Facilities, Equipment, Land disposal.
Feedlots should be constructed on a well drained
site suitable for expansion. The center of the
feedlot should be on the highest ground with
4-10 percent slopes away from it. The amount of
land for the site, making allowances for facili-
ties and for expansion of feedlot. should b-
about 1.4 acres per 100 head or 12 acres WT
1,000 head. Adequate land for stockpiling wast-:
should be available. To control runoff, a deten-
tion pond system should be used. Arrangement
of facilities upon the site should be carefully
considered. These facilities are (1) receiving
and loading facilities, (2) pens, (3) alleys, (4)
fencing, (5) water facilities, (6) windbreaks and
shades as required and (7) feeding facilities. The
size and location of these facilities is deter-
mined by herd size. Proper desfgn of feedlots
can reduce travel distances by approximately
25 percent compared to unplanned layouts. As
a result, annual operating costs can be reduced
by 6-10 percent. A modern feedlot must be
designed to do an efficient job of feeding cat-
tle, However, investment costs must be in line
with the income potentials of cattle feeding.
(Cameron-East Central).
1805 Al. Bl, Dl, E2 200
FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
R. C. Albin
Proceedings of the 1970 Beef Cattle Conference,
Texas Tech University Animal Science Depart-
ment, Lnbbock, and Texas Tech University Re-
search Center, Pantex, October 29, 1970, p, 8-17.
26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, Pollut-
ants, Waste treatment. Waste disposal, Runoff,
Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions, La-
goons, Dehydration, Incineration, Recycling.
Identifiers: 'Waste management systems. Land
spreading. Composting.
The rapid expansion of cattle feedlots in the
U. S. created the problem of handling and
disposing of a vast quantity of feedlot wastes.
The chemical and pollutional characteristics of
feedlot wastes vary. The type of ration, size of
cattle, climate, feedlot surface, and moisture
content are all important factors in developing
a waste management system. Numerous hand-
ling and disposal systems such as anaerobic and
aerobic systems, lagoons, composting, oxidation
ditches, dehydration, incineration, and nutrient
recycling are available. However, final disposal
of feedlot waste has been on land in most in-
stances. The Great Plains Agricultural Council
report recommended that research efforts be in-
tensified in th? areas of air pollution, land dis-
posal, pollution under feedyards, systems an-
alysis, complete economic evaluation of current
alternatives for waste disposal, and socio-legal
implication. (Dudley-East Central).
1806 - Al, B3, D4, E2 100
FEEDLOT MANURE, A
POTENTIALLY VALUABLE
MATERIAL
Compost Corporation
Canyon, Texas
F. Sims
Compost Science, Vol. 14, No. 4, p. 24-25, July-
August, 1973.
Descriptors: *Feed lots, *Farm wastes, "Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal. Carbon, Fermenta-
tion, Costs, Texas, Crop production, Yields, Fer-
tilizers.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Toxic fermentation, Com-
posting, Land spreading.
After reviewing other methods of feedlot waste
disposal and/or reuse, Fletcher Sims turns to
composting as perhaps the best alternative for
waste handling. He quotes Dr, William Albrecht
as saying that there is only enough carbon in
the world to support 8,000 pounds of vegetation
per land surface area. Thus this carbonaceous
material should not be wasted. Fermentation
or composting of feedlot wastes can mean vast
improvement for poorly treated land and can
serve as an alternative in feedlot waste hand-
ling problems. The main problem in composting
is pathogens. Mr. Sims controls these by at-
taining a 140 degree temperature in treating
the material. A Howard Rotovator is used in
sizing and mixing the material. An inexpensive
600-ton-per-hour turning machine is used for
spreading the material. Improved yields and im-
proved nutrient balance may be attained through
use of such composts on crop lands. (Cameron-
East Central).
1807 - Al, B2, E3 400
CONFINEMENT PAYS — IF
WEATHER IS BAD!
Beef, p. 38-39, March, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Costs, 'Weath-
er, Odor, Feed lots. Performance, Winter, Mis-
souri, Waste storage, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Manure, Land
spreading.
At a Missouri Cattle Feeders Seminar, four
speakers concluded that a confinement system
will pay in a bad winter, but it's pretty mar-
ginal in a mild winter. Flint McRoberts felt
that many factors determine whether a con-
finement barn is a sound investment. Among
the factors were costs, stocking rates, out-
door lot conditions, time of year cattle are fin-
ished, number of cattle and adjoining pastures.
Problems he mentioned were odors, manure
handling, and flies. McRoberts listed alternate
possibilities to confinement barns. Three Uni-
versity of Missouri experts compared open lots
and confinemet barns on cost, performance of
cattle, and profitability. Neil F, Meador found
the entire bill for a near-500 head operation to
be $76,050 or $100 per head, allowing 20 square
feet per animal. A. ,T. Dyer found that in a
bad winter, the cattle in confinement gained
faster. During a mild winter, the cattle in the
outside lots gained slightly faster. Myron Ben-
nett concluded that clearly, the barn would pay
in a bad winter—but not in a mild one. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
1808 - Al, Bl, D4, E3 400
MONFORT FUELS FEEDLOT AND
PLANT WFTH MANURE
Calf News, Vol. 12, No. 6, p. 12, June, 1974. 1
fig.
Descriptors: 'Fuels, 'Methane, 'Farm wastes,
•Waste treatment, Runoff. Natural gas, Feed
lots, Anaerobic digestion, Costs, Odor, Fertilizers,
Air pollution, Water pollution, Cattle.
Identifiers: Manure, Waste handling.
Monfort of Colorado, Inc., Greeley, has granted
an option to Shelley B. Don and Associates of
157
-------
Denver for construction of a facility to produce
four million cubic feet of methane gas per day
from manure. The process also reduces the odor
associated with manure handling while enhancing
the value of the residue as a fertilizer. An
anaerobic digestion process would be utilized in
the methane production within a closed or cov-
ered system which will not generate air or
water pollution. There will be no water runoff
from the process, Estimates on the cost of pro-
ducing a thousand cubic feet of pipeline quality
gas from a large efficient plant range from
a low of 60 csnts to three dollars. Conservative
estimates place the yield of gas that can be
produced from the manure of one animal on
feed at 40 cubic feet per day. (Cameron-East
Central).
1809 - B2, E3 400
MANURE REFEEDING CUTS ODOR,
SOLVES DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR
THIS HOGMAN
B. Coffman
Farm Journal, Vol. 98, No, 10, p. H-6, Novem-
ber, 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Electricity, *Waste disposal, Hogs,
Odor, Slurries.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Oxidation ditch, 'Paddle-
wheels, 'Refeeding.
Instead of hauling hog manure, Paul Smart,
Douglas County, Kansas, uses more than 3 dozen
paddiewheels churning round the clock in oxida-
tion ditches in 11 buildings. He buys about
$13,000 of electricity annually to run the entire
complex. In a 500 ft. long building completed
this summer, Smart installed 12 custom-made
paddiewheels, and is experimentally refeeding
the oxidation ditch slurry in two pens. To re-
feed liquid manure. Smart's farm manager fash-
ioned a 40 ft. long rectangular steel tubing (3" x
5") into a trough long enough to serve 2 pens.
Liquid is lifted from the oxidation ditch by the
paddlewheel as it churns at 100 rpm. The li-
quid flows through the trough by gravity—run-
ning continuously. Smart hasn't hauled manure
in eight years, and he is marketing 13,000 to
15,000 head a year. (Cameron-East Central).
1810 - Al, Bl, E2 400
NO CHANGES IN FLY CONTROL
FOR 1974
W, L. Gojmerac
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 113, No. 10, p. 674-675,
May 25 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Pest control, 'Dairy industry,
'Farm wastes, Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Organic wastes.
Identifiers: 'Fly control, Manure, Sanitation,
Insecticides, Decaying, Land spreading.
The basis of fly control or pest management
is to consider tha total environment and, by one
of several different means, use management
techniques which keep pests at a low or reason-
able level. In the summer, all essential ingred-
ients for fly production are present on a dairy
farm. Maggots need decaying organic matter to
live. It can be manure, wet hay or straw found
under and around feed bunks, or even lawn
clippings on a compost pile near the house.
Sanitation used in reference to fly control re-
fers to locating and removing decaying organic
matter, such as cleaning calf pens and feed
alleys regularly. Farmers can either remove
the manure and stack it away from the build-
ings or spread it on a field if one is available.
Insecticides can also be used by dairymen. Be-
cause of anticipated shortages and/or higher
prices of insecticides in 1974, sanitation may
be relied upon more. (Cameron-East Central)
1811 - A2, B2, El, E2 400
AVERT RUNOFF POLLUTION
W. Waltner and E. Waltner
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 5, p. 35-36,
May, 1973. 3 flg.
Descriptors: 'Runoff, 'Feed lots, 'Farm wastes,
•Irrigation, 'Evaporation, 'Playas, 'Lagoons,
•Waste storage, 'Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Pollution, Pump-out system, Drain-
age, Dams, Land disposal.
Various evaporation and irrigation systems are
used to prevent runoff pollution. Several specific
feedlots and their runoff control measures are
cited for feeders located in the Southwest. Some
feedlot owners direct their feedlot runoff into
playas. Others construct lagoons to catch the run-
off and to provide a means of irrigation of ad-
joining land. Others use septic tanks to store
the runoff water. The water is then pumped to
irrigate adjoining fields. An Oklahpman con-
structed 2 storage ponds for consecutive storage
of the wastewater and ultimate evaporation
when it is pumped into shallow evaporation
pans. Solids are removed to a storage area for
composting. These and other systems constructed
to meet individual feedlot problems show that
while big feedlots in the southwestern states are
comparatively "young," they are mature in
grappling with pollution runoff control. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1812 - Bl 400
FEEDING VARIATIONS CAN
AFFECT WASTE
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 8, p. 22, Aug-
ust, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, Confine-
ment pens, Texas, Cattle, Slopes.
Identifiers: 'Waste accumulation, Roughage,
Shade.
Three experiments were conducted to determine
the effects of environmental factors upon feed-
lot waste accumulation. Results showed that
neither shaded or unshaded pens nor slope of
feedlot surface affected the amount of wastes
produced. Rations with no roughage were fed
and yielded 2.2 Ibs. of waste per day. Ten per-
cent roughage ration yielded 4.5 Ibs. per day
and 12 percent roughage yielded 5 Ibs. of waste
per day. A decrease of 12 percent to 8 percent
roughage would significantly decrease the
amount of waste accumulation without affecting
animal performance. (Franlz-Easl Central).
1813 -A2, B2, Cl, Dl, E2 600
EXPERIENCE WITH A
SPRAY-RUNOFF SYSTEM FOR
TREATING BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Agricultural Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
D. E. Eisenhauer, R. I. Lipper and H. L,
Manges
Presented at 1973 Mid-Central Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph,
Missouri, April 6-7, 1973, Paper No. MC-73-302,
22 p. 2 fig, 11 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Cattle, 'Feed
lots, 'Rijnoff, Biochemical oxygen demand, Ni-
trogen, Salinity, Alkalinity, Soil profile.
Identifiers: 'Spray-runoff system, 'Pollution.
An experimental study was conducted to examine
the spray-runoff technique as a possible alter-
native to disposal practices of beef cattle feed-
lot runoff. A detailed discussion of the construc-
tion of the system and test results are given.
While treatment of the feedlot runoff by using
the spray-runoff system did occur, a satisfac-
tory effluent for direct release to the environ-
ment was not produced. Concentration reduc-
tions of BODS and Kjeldahl nitrogen were from
40-60 percent under the most favorable condi-
tions. Mass reductions of BOD.-, and Kjeldahl ni-
trogen were as high as 90 percent. Accumula-
tions of salt, sodium and potassium were found
in the soil profile after 29 inches of the waste-
water had been applied but no serious saline
or alkali hazards had developed. (Dudley-East
Central).
1814 - A2, A3, A4, A6, Bl, E2, F2
300
FEEDLOT POLLUTION
Public Health Engineer, Chief, Water Pollution
Control Section, Division of Environmental Sani-
tation, Montana State Department of Health,
Helena
D. G, Willems
Montana Agriculture—Focus on Improving the
Environment, Annual Agricultural Seminar,
Great Falls, Montana, December 3-4, 1970, p.
31-34.
Descriptors: 'Feed lots, 'Air pollution, 'Water
pollution, 'Montana, 'Regijlation, 'Legal aspects,
•Permits, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Point source wastes, Land disposal.
The Montana water pollution control law prior
to 1970 is delinated. Its greatest effect was upon
industry and municipalities because their point
source wastes were easy to identify and treat.
But agricultural pollution must be met as well.
Confined animal feeding drainage may well be
the largest point source discharge in terms of
organic material. The purpose of the proposed
1970 confined animal feeding regulation is: (1)
to see that feedlot operations are properly lo-
cated with respect to municipalities and resi-
dential areas, and (2) to control air and water
pollution problems. The regulation would require
new feedlots and expanding feedlots to secure
a permit from the Department of Health as
soon as the regulation is adopted. (Hisle-East
Central).
1815 - A5, Bl, C3, D2 600
ELECTRICALLY MANAGING WASTE
FROM CAGED LAYERS
Agricultural Engineering Department
Georgia University
Athens
J. M. Allison and G. R. Bishop.
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, 12 p.
Paper No. 73-347, 5 fig, 4 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Management, 'Poul-
try, 'Ventilation, 'Chemical properties, 'Model
studies, Moisture content, Biodegradation.
Identifiers: 'Electric heat, 'Moisture removal,
•Deep-pits.
A model study was set up to study different
methods of removing moisture from caged-layer
wastes and to stndy changes in chemical com-
position of poultry manure under various dry-
ing conditions. Natural ventilation and 100 FPM
were chosen for air movement for four various
treatments. In all treatments the manure dried
uniformly with forced air ventilation; little dry-
ing occurred in the control (no heat) and in the
toe-drained treatments. The possibility was in-
dicated for well distributed forced air ventila-
tion to remove nearly as much moisture from
caged-layer waste as from forced ventilation
with electrical underheat. Chemical analyses of
dried wastes are included. (Frantz-East Central).
1816 - Bl 400
THREE DAIRYMEN REPORT . . .
HOW SLATTED FLOORS HAVE
WORKED FOR THEM
D. W. Bates
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 6, p. 394-393,
March 25, 1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Cattle, 'Breeding,
Minnesota, Waste storage. Farm wastes.
Identifiers: "Slatted floors. Heat detection, Barns
Slatted-floor barns with manure storage beneath
have proved to be highly successful. This is a
report on three such barns on Minnesota dairy
farms. All have slatted floors with manure
storage beneath; heavily insulated walls and
flat, insulated ceilings; and mechanical ventila-
tion. Landsverk Barn: The stall unit is 26 feet
158
-------
by 130 feet and the slatted section is 40 feet by
28 feet with a total of 120 free stalls for 130
cows The manure tank has a capacity for about
four' months. Heat detection is much easier.
Breeding problems are fewer. Euerle Barn: This
barn has a self-emptying manure pit. The barn
is 39 by 148 feet and houses 80 cows. There
are 84 free stalls. The stalls are carpeted
and no bedding is used. Heat detection is harder.
There have been no breeding problems. Glawe
Barn: The barn is 48 by 244 feet. There are 94
free stalls, 2 maternity pens, and 2 additional
pens in the center of the barn. The manure
tank provides storage for about 11 months. Rub-
ber mats are set in the stalls and no bedding
is used Heat detection is easier and breeding
repeats have been a problem. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1817 - A5, B2, Dl, E2, Fl 400
FLUSH SYSTEM CUTS
CONFINEMENT COSTS
Beef, p. 12-15, February, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Farm
waste, "Costs, Waste treatment, Waste storage,
Waste disposal, Nebraska, Lagoons, Anaerobic
conditions, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Flush system, Land disposal, Slat-
ted floors.
A confinement feeding system has been develop-
ed which cuts costs from $100 per head to
$69 per head. Above floor level is a semi-open
building 310 feet long with closed north walls
and an open south wall. Sliding doors along the
north wall provide summer cooling. The build-
ing is divided into six pens which allow 19
square feet of pen space for each 1,000 Ibs. of
body weight. The building has a capacity of 1,-
050 head. On floor level, less than one half of
the area is slatted. Outside aprons plus center
islands are solid and sloped toward two slatted
areas. These slats cover pits that are two feet
deep. Wastes collected in these pits are flushed
every two days into an anaerobic lagoon. These
wastes are then applied to field crops. Prob-
lems have been odors and manure buildup on
the gutters. Odor was overcome after the la-
goon stabilized. Manure buildup was prevented
by a wooden sled placed into the gutter. Water
pressure drives it along to scrape the manure
into the lagoon. (Marquard-East Central),
1818 - B2, Dl, E2, Fl 400
BUDGET-PRICED CONFINEMENT?
Beef, Vol. 9, No. 9, p. 34-35, May, 1973. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Costs, 'Eco-
nomics, 'Cattle, 'Farm wastes, 'Management,
Waste treatment. Waste storage, Waste disposal,
Lagoons, Feed lots.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Slatted floor.
Two feedlot operator brainstorming sessions
have resulted in untried plans for a confine-
ment feeding system that cuts costs in half. The
system uses a reduced slatted section running
full length of the building instead of large gut-
ters underneath, a much smaller flume arrange-
ment is used. The wastes then run into an
aerated lagoon. To control odors and winter
freezing, warm air is pumped into the lagoon
by three thirty horsepower motors. Land ap-
plication is then used for final disposal. The
cost of such a confinement unit will be under
$70 a head. (Marquard-East Central).
1819 - Bl, Dl, E3 400
GE ENTERS MANURE
RECYCLING RACE
Calf News, Vol. 10, No. 4, p. 1, April, 1972, 2
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feed lots, 'Recy-
cling, 'Feeds, Proteins, Waste treatment, Waste
disposal.
Identifiers: General Electric.
General Electric has committed one million dol-
lars as a starter on a pilot plant that basically
converts 2,000 pounds of farm wastes into 700
pounds of 60% protein feed supplement. The re-
mainder of the matter is disposed in the form
of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. How to market
the process to the feed lots is undecided.
(Frantz-East Central).
1820 - Al, B2, C5, D4, E2, Fl 400
GRASS-FILTER SYSTEMS . . .
ANOTHER NEW RUNOFF CONTROL
METHOD
Feedlot Management, Vol. 15, No. 5, p. 42, May,
1973.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
'Runoff, 'Control, 'Farm wastes, 'Fescues,
Aerobic conditions, Lagoons, Feed lots, Kansas,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Grass filter systems.
A fescue grass-filter system for absorbing and
treating runoff is being tested at the 20.000
head Blackjack Feedyards, Inc., near Yates
Center, Kansas, The system is based on fescue
grass over which lagoon-collected rupoff is
sprayed irrigation-style. A buildup of soil bac-
teria which forms a mat on the ground digests
the feedlot waste solids purifying the runoff.
Mat depth must be kept at less than 1 inch
at all times or the system will become anae-
robic. Grass is necessary to hold the solids on
the land so that the bacteria can multiply and
digest the material. Fescue grass is a good
choice for eastern Kansas because of its adap-
tability to heavy moisture. If winter icing prob-
lems and year round mat buildup can be com
batted effectively, it is hoped that grass-filter
systems will be an acceptable method of treat-
ing and disposing of runoff. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
1821 Al, B2, E2 100
IRRIGATION OF PERENNIAL
FORAGE CROPS WITH FEEDLOT
RUNOFF
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Lincoln, Nebraska
N. P. Swanson, C. L. Linderman and J. R.
Ellis.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 1, p.
144-147, January-February, 1974, 4 tab, 6 ref,
Descriptors: 'Irrigation, 'Runoff, 'Feed lots, For-
age grasses, 'Waste disposal, Farm wastes,
Cattle, Nebraska, Salts, Nutrients.
A study was conducted during 3 growing sea-
sons, July 1, 1970 to October 1, 1972 on a silty
clay loam soil. A maximum of 90 inches of run-
off was applied to plots of perennial ryegrass,
tall fescues, and Ladino clover. Accumulations
of salt and nutrients found in the soil were
not enough to be harmful. Although the effluent
and 62.93 inches of precipitation exceeded the
crops' water requirements, forage yields gener-
ally improved. There were no toxic cont-nts in
the forage which was of excellent quality. During
the second season Ladino clover, a salt-sensitive
crop, dominated the stands. It was indicated
that undiluted runoff can be safely used to
irrigate crops of low salt tolerance. (Frantz-East
Central).
1822 B2, Fl 400
KISSINGER'S CASE FOR
CONFINEMENT
R. Sanders
Successful Farming, Vol. 71, No. 12, p. B1-B3,
November-December, 1973. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle, Lagoons, Costs, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Slatted floor, Carcass improvement,
Modified gutter flush building.
A Nebraska farmer-feeder moved into a new
1,050-head beef confinement building. It is a
modified gutter flush building with a lagoon.
Only a third of the floor is slatted. That is
over a shallow flush pit which is flushed clean
from water recycled from the deep lagoon. The
design saves about $30 a head in construction
costs and eliminates manure handling. It also
yields a 1 percent improvement in hot car-
cass. One of the problems is the tendency of
manure to stick to the rough sides of the pit.
A wooden sled scraper pushed by water flow
was developed to combat this problem. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1823 - Al, Bl 100
GARDONA AS A FEED ADDITIVE
FOR CONTROL OF FLY LARVAE
IN COW MANURE
Animal Husbandry Research Division
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland
R. W. Miller, C. H. Gordon, M. C. Bowman,
M. Beroza and N. O, Morgan.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 63, No.
5, p. 1420-1423, October, 1970, 3 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Additives, 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle, 'Larvae, 'Larvicides, Mortality, Dairy
industry.
Identifiers: 'Gardona, 'Manure, Flies, Residues.
Four lactating dairy cows were fed 4 levels of
Gardona, a larvicide, for 7 days. At levels of
22, 37, and 48 ppm. of the air-dry ration. Gar-
dona killed 94 percent or more larvae of the
house fly (Musca domestica) seeded onto the
feces. The larval mortalities in the manure in-
creased as the levels of Gardona in the ration
was increased. But, after day 8, following the
Gardona-ration feeding, larval mortalities began
to decrease. In the first 2 trials almost no Gar-
dona appeared in the cows' milk, but some
milk samples from the 3rd trial contained Gar-
dona residues. (Frantz-East Central).
1824 - Bl 200
THE REUSE OF BROILER LITTER
WITH "LITTER LIFE" — ITS
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
Poultry Research Associate
Delaware University
G. W. Chaloupka
Presented at Proceedings of the 1969 National
Poultry Litter and Waste Management Seminar,
Salisbury, Maryland, September 20-30, 1969, p.
41-49, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Litter, 'Performance,
'Additives, Recycling, Economics, Costs, Dis-
eases, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Litter Life, 'Broilers.
In the past few years, the reuse of litter has
become a common practice in most poultry op-
erations. Complete clean out now takes place
less often and in some cases not until a dis-
ease problem occurs. Research was conducted
using the mineralized litter additive "Litter-
Life" to see if broilers would perform as well
on reused litter as on new litter. Two sub-
station houses were used and "Litter Life" was
added at a prescribed rate in one. When results
were tabulated, it was found that birds grown
on composted litter (with Litter Life) did not
show a reduction in percent condemned as
did the otHer house. However, one has to won-
der whether management, such as light inten-
sity and ventiliation has any effect on con-
demnation results. When expenses were com-
pared, it was found that using new litter re-
sulted in about $ .0030 more production cost
per pound of broiler produced. Final results
indicated that there is little doubt that reused
litter can be used very satisfactorily in pro-
ducing broilers whose performance surpasses
that of those grown on new litter. (Russell-East
Central).
159
-------
1825 - Al, Bl, C3, E2 300
AREA NEEDED FOR LAND
DISPOSAL OF BEEF AND
SWINE WASTES
Specialist, North-Central Regional Extension
Project
Iowa State University
Ames
D. H. Vanderholm
Cooperative Extension Service Publication Pm-
552 Iowa State University, Ames, January, 1973,
2 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, "Cattle, 'Hogs,
•Waste disposal, 'Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potas-
sium, Formulation, Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, "Pollution.
Formulas were established to determine the
areas required for land disposal of hog and
cattle wastes. The formulas are based upon an
estimated 120 pounds nitrogen excreted per
1000 pound-cow and 18.25 pounds per 100 pound-
hog, varying with ration, breed, and size of the
animal. Nitrogen losses in treatment, storage,
and handling have been established (or six types
of management systems to arrive at recom-
mended disposal areas based upon 100 pound
Nitrogen applications per acre. Corresponding
P and K rates are given. Approximate nutrient
content of various farm waste forms are given.
(Frantz-East Central).
1826 - A5, A6, Cl 700
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION IN AN
ENCLOSED SWINE PRODUCTION
BUILDING
J. A. Merkel
PhD Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Iowa State University, 1968, 115 p. 23
fig, 3 tab, 63 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hogs, 'Confinement pens, 'Farm
wastes, 'Chromatography, 'Gases, 'Atmosphere,
Odor, Volatility, Sulfur compounds, Carbonates,
Nitrogen compounds. Decomposing organic mat-
ter, Solubility, Equipment, Air pollution, Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Atmospheric composition, 'Enclosed
swine production building.
A study was conducted to determine the gases
present in a confined hog production system,
other than those gaseous elements known to
compose normal air. Volatile gases were col-
lected from liquid manure samples in the AKSI-
ISU Swine Atmosphere ResearcH Laboratory.
Positive identification of the gases was accom-
plished by established chromatographic com-
ponents coupled with homologous plots and re-
tention data. Volatile sulfur compounds identi-
fied included mercaptans, sulfides, and disul-
fates. Volatile nitrogen compounds were amines
and amides. Volatile carbon compounds identified
were methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-pro-
panol, n-butanol, iso butanol, iso-penethol, for-
maldelhyde, acetaldehyde, propianaldehyde, iso-
butraidehyde, valeraldehyde, heptaldehyde, octal-
dehyde, and decaldehyde. Amines, mercaptains,
sulfides, and disulfides resulting from the break-
down of amino-acids were believed to compose
most of the objectional odors from decomposing
wastes. (Frantz-East Central).
1827 - Bl, Dl, E2 400
THIN-BED DRYING OF
POULTRY MANURE
Extension Agricultural Engineer
California University
Riverside
W. C. Fairbank and F. C. Price
Poultry Digest. Vol. 33, No. 388, p. 238-240, Jane,
1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Drying, 'Poultry,
California, Odor, Aerobic conditions. Larvae,
Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Fly control. Land disposal,
Composting.
California poultrymen have developed or adapt-
ed a number of schemes for the rapid natural
drying of cage-house poultry manure. The pri-
mary objective is to reduce moisture content
sufficiently to prevent development of fly larvae.
On many ranches, this natural drying of ma-
nure has resulted in a high level of fly control
during most of the year. Secondary benefits
are the conversion of heavy, sticky, repulsive
by-product to an easy-to-handle "fertilizer," and
the prevention of further noxious odors by main-
taining an aerobic condition. Thin-bed drying
can be adapted to either solid or liquid ma-
nure collection systems. Thin-bed drying is basi-
cally a dry-season process that has limited
use during wet weather. Fly control by thin-
bed drying may require cleanout within one
to seven days after the manure is dropped,
depending on the season and the rate of natural
drying. All of the manure-drying schemes,
methods, and variations fall into the broad cate-
gories: (1) Manure spreader (solid or liquid);
(2) Shallow bed with daily stirring; (3) Tiller
drying. These are discussed in detail, (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1828 - A8, A9, B3, C5, D3 100
THE INFLUENCE OF
TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON
THE DISINFECTING ACTIVITY OF
METHYL BROMIDE ON INFECTED
POULTRY LITTER
Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton
Huntingdon, England
E. G. Harry, W. B. Brown and G. Goodship
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 36, No. 2,
p. 343-350, June, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Temperature, 'Moisture content,
'Farm wastes, 'Poultry, 'Waste treatment, 'Dis-
infection, 'Litter, Samonella.
Identifiers: 'Methyl bromide.
The object of the present investigation was to
determine the effect of moisture and tempera-
ture on the disinfecting activity of MeBr gas
and to indicate the gas concentrations likely to
be required to disinfect materials such as poultry
house litter. The disinfecting activity of MeBr
is related not only to the level of exposure to
the gas, but also to the moisture content of the
material exposed. The activity was also reduced
at a reduced temperature. At 25 degrees, ex-
posure to MeBr at a CT product of 800 mg h/1
was sufficient to prevent recovery of Salmonella
Typhimurium from all samples with 42 percent
moisture content and from 5 to 6 samples with
23 percent moisture content. It was isolated
fro.-n all samples of 73 percent moisture con-
tent exposed to a CT product of 1600 mg h/1,
At 10 degrees, exposure to MeBr at a CT prod-
uct of 1600 mg h/1 was insufficient to prevent
isolation of Salmonella Typhiumurium from
all samples, irrespective of their moisture con-
tent. The E. coli present showed a susceptibil-
ity to MeBr similar to that of Salmonella Ty-
phimurium, but micrococci were more resistant.
Salmonella Typhimurium could be isolated from
samples of dry litter exposed to levels of MeBr
less than 800 mg h/1. The degree of disinfection
achieved, in terms of percentage redaction, by
levels as low as 100 mg h/1, was as high as 97
percent even at 10 degrees. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
1829 Al, B2, D4 300
THE TREATMENT OF MANURE IN
OXIDATION DITCHES
Department of Agricultural Economics
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana
W. H. M. Morris
Paper submitted to Purdue Agricultural Experi-
ment Station for publication, Research supported
by Purdue Agricultural Station Projects No. 1349
and 1407, 34 p. 12 fig, 6 tab, 49 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment,
•Oxidation lagoons, Aerobic conditions, Odor,
Sludge, Costs, Design, Bacteria, Nitrification,
Denitrification.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Oxidation ditches.
The basic difference between aerobic and an-
aerobic waste treatment systems is that of odor
control. The best aerobic treatment for odor
control is an oxidation ditch. The basic form
of the system is a race track shaped circu&t.
In the circuit there is an aeration rotor which
provides oxygenation and circulation of the li-
quid. When a certain level of liquid is reached,
a float stops the rotor and a time clock lets
the liquid settle for 35 to 40 minutes. Then fresh
water is pumped into the ditch and the efflu-
ent may run off through a siphon tube. Under
this process there will be an accumulation of
sludge. By maintaining the OC/BODn ration at
2:1, there will be some oxidation of the sludge.
Sludge may be removed by sludge traps or
pumping onto drying beds. Construction costs
of the ditch average about $8.50-$14.00/head
assuming 10.6 cu, ft/head. Results given from
test sites in Europe, United States and Canada
indicate that the oxidation ditch can treat live-
stock manure aerobically. The problems they
have encountered are sludge management, foam-
ing, freezing and the determination of the
proper aeration rotor size to prevent the ditch
from going anaerobic. (Marquard-East Central).
1830 - B2, Dl, E2, F2 300
LIQUH) MANURE
MANAGEMENT FOR SWINE
Texas Agricultural Extension Service *
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77840
B. R. Stewart and J.M. Sweeten
Agricultural Extension Service paper, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas, June
15, 1972, 24 p. 2 fig, 5 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Farm wastes,
'Management, 'Hogs, Waste storage, Waste
treatment, Waste disposal. Legal aspects. La-
goons, Regulation, Runoff, Confinement pens,
Rates of application, Nutrients, Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Land disposal, Storage pits,
Texas regulatory guidelines are stated which
give minimum requirements for preventing wa-
ter pollution from confined feeding operations.
Treated or untreated wastes may not be dis-
charged to water courses except under rare
rainfall events; therefore, alternative measures
must be used. For confinement operations, this
may mean: (1) daily scraping and cleaning of
wastes for lagoon or pit storage, followed by
land disposal, (2) use of slatted floors for col-
lecting animal wastes in storage pits, followed by
land disposal, or (3) use of slatted floors for
catching animal wastes in shallow under-floor
pits which discharge continuously into an out-
side lagoon. Pasture and open lot operations
require solid waste management techniques,
with the exception of having to catch rainfall
runoff in retention ponds. Specific design and
management requirements are given for liquid
waste storage, treatment, and land disposal of
swine wastes. (Marquard-East Central).
1831 - A2, Bl, Fl, F2 100
EPA AND THE LIVESTOCK FEEDER
Executive Vice President
National Livestock Feeders Association
Omaha, Nebraska
B. Jcnes
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 3, p. 30-
31, March, 1974. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "Livestock, 'Feed lots, 'Water pol-
lution control, "Costs, "Regulation, Runoff, Iowa.
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency,
Tenant farmers.
Livestock operators are faced with many in-
stallation and maintenance costs in maintain-
ing adequate pollution control facilities. One of
the problems is that such "investments" are not
cost-reducing or production-increasing. It was
calculated that an initial installation invest-
ment for surface runoff control facilities or over
$700 million would be required for beef cattle,
hog, lamb and dairy control facilities in this
country in order to meet regulations requiring
the containment of surface runoff from a 10-
year, 24-hr, storm. Livestock operators usually
must absorb cost increases. The cost of im-
plementing environmental regulations may prove
the exception if many producers are forced out
of business. (Cartmell-East Central)
160
-------
1832 - Al 100
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN
AQUARIA AND IN SEA WATER
USING THE AMMONIA ELECTRODE
The New England Aquarium,
Boston, Massachusetts.
B. Gilbert, and A. M. Clay
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 45, No. 9, p. 1757-
1759, August, 1973. 1 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ammonia, "Aquaria, 'Sea Water,
•Electrodes, Equipment, Sampling, Analysis,
Ureas, Temperature, Hydrogen ion concentra-
tion.
Identifiers: 'Reagents.
An experiment was conducted with an electrode
lor the analysis of ammonia in aqueous solutions.
The electrode consisted of a hydrophobic gas-
permeable membrane which separated the alka-
line test solution from an internal solution O. 1
M in ammonium chloride. A glass pH electrode
and a silver chloride reference electrode were
Immersed in the internal solution. Experimental
apparatus, reagents, and procedures are given
in detail. Electrode response is a function of
ammonia concentration with faster response at
Higher ammonia levels. Several compounds were
studied as possible interference in the ammonia
analysis. Urea and the lowest molecular weight
amino acid, glycine, did not interfere. Making a
sample 10-4 M in dimethylamina d'd affect the
electrode potential. The data indicated that the
electrode provides an accurate means of analy-
zing ammonia in sea water and that it is usually
more precise than the spectrophotometric meth-
od. (Cartmell-East Central).
1833 - Al, Bl, C2, C3, Dl, El, F2
100
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Mississippi State University,
State College
E. C. McGriff and A. Shindala.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
45, No. 6 p. 1167-1173, June, 1973. 63 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Livestock, Chemical
properties. Physical properties, Waste treatment.
Lagoons, Fuels, Recycling, Waste disposal, Meth-
ane, Feeds, Legal aspects. Regulation, Permits.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, Land disposal,
Pyrolysis.
This review of data from many investigators
concerns waste characteristics, pollution abate-
ment practices, waste use and reuse, and waste
management and legal action. Specific investi-
gations are cited. No conclusions are made by
the author himself. (Frantz-East Central).
1834 - A2, B2, E2 400
YOU HAVE TO "THINK
MAINTENANCE" IN MANAGING
FEEDLOT RUNOFF SYSTEMS
Nebraska Farmer, February 3, 1973, 2 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff,
'Operation and maintenance, Costs.
Identifiers: 'Debris basin, •Holding pond. Waste
management.
Feedlots need proper maintenance. The best de-
signed runoff control system can fail if it cannot
be maintained properly. To keep cleaning chores
easy, this feedlot operator has installed gates
at the end of debris basins and lot fences on
the top of debris dikes. These are used so
that scraper equipment can remove manure
solids which would have been left on the fenca
row and prevent the manure from being pushed
under fence lines by livestock traffic. The final
Phase of the runoff system is a holding pond
which holds storm runoff and pumps the wastes
onto field crops. Problems of the system have
been clogged slots caused by manure solids and
hair and problems in pumping the wastes out
of the holding pond onto field crops. (Marquard-
East Central).
1835 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 300
STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT
HANDBOOK
Midwest Plan Service.
Publication MWPS-1, Midwest Plan,,Servic3, Iowa
State University, September, 1973, 364 p.
Descriptors: 'Planning, 'Structures, 'Environ-
ment, 'Waste disposal, 'Design, Livestock, Mate-
rials, Loads, Construction, Utilities.,
Identifiers: 'Handbooks, Fruit and vegetable
storage.
This handbook is the fifth annual revision and
first overall rewrite of a continuing program
to bring facts, concepts, and relationships to
teachers, students, and practitioners in the field
of farm structures. Four large sections present
structures, waste disposal, the environment, and
the planning of a farmstead. The section on
structures deals with materials, designs, loads,
and construction of farm buildings. The environ-
ment section discusses fundamentals of environ-
mental control of buildings. It then applies thss^
fundamentals to different animal buildings. Also
environmental considerations of fnit and v-ge-
table storage is discussed in this section. Meth-
ods of waste disposal are presented in th= next
section with tips on construction. The planning
section presents information on planning of live-
stock, crops, and water supply. The handbook is
concluded with an appendix on beam formulas
(Russell-East Central).
1836 - Bl, E3 400
FEEDING POULTRY MANURE
TO ANIMALS
Department of Poultry Science,
Texas A&M University,
College Station.
J. R. Conch.
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 24-25, 27, July 31, 1972.
6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Excreta, Sheep, Nutrients,
Performance.
Identifiers: 'Dehydrated poultry waste, 'Refeed-
ing, Layers, Swine, Energy content.
This review of recent research, indicates that
broiler chicks could tolerate five percent of da-
hydrated poultry waste (DPW). Growth de-
creased significantly when the percentage was
raised to ten and twenty due to low energy
content. No effect on egg taste or storage
quality was detectable when laying h?ns w»re
fed ten, twenty, or th!rty percent DPW. DPW
was recycled in th-i same poultry through 14
cycles or 12 days each in some tests. At 12-V4
percent no adverse effects appeared, but at 25
percent the effects of the low energy content
were clearly present. The age of manure at th=
time of drying is critical, and the method of
drying is important, Manure for feed sho-'ld be
dried daily. Swine showed dapressed feed con-
version with as little as five percent DPW. Sheep
can obtain up to fifty oercent of their total
nitrogen intake from DPW without adverse ef-
fects. Approximately forty nutritionists agree
unanimously that "the best place to use de-
hydrated poultry waste was in beef cattle
rations. (Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas
Tech University).
1837 - B2, D3, El 700
A MODEL STUDY OF MECHANICAL
AERATION AS RELATED TO
AGRICULTURAL WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEM APPLICATION
J. J. Kolega.
PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Oklahoma State University, 1968, 89 p.
23 fig, 6 tab, 39 ref.
Descriptors: 'Model studies, 'Aeration, Equip-
ment, Equations, Iowa, Slurries.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Mechanical aera-
tors, Scotland.
Objectives for the study were to evaluate the
efficiency of mechanical aerators for agricul-
tural waste disposal systems and to develop a
prediction equation for describing the effective-
ness of a rotor paddle aerator for transferring
oxygen from air to a liquid. A unique labora-
tory method was developed for use in the engi-
neering design and analysis of a paddle wheel
aerator system. This procedure can be used to
obtain quantitative prediction equations for esti-
mating and evaluating mechanical aerator sys-
tems. The oxygen transfer coefficient per revolu-
tion of rotor can be defined by the prediction
equation given. The oxygen transfer coefficient
per revolution of rotor is analyzed. (Frantz-East
Central).
1838 - A2, C3 700
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF
CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
J. R, Miner.
PhD Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineer-
ing, Kansas State University, 1967, 151 p. 19 fig,
37 tab, 85 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff,
•Cattle, 'Water pollution, 'Irrigation, 'Model
studies, Kansas, Analysis, Chemical properties.
Hydrology, Bacteria.
The characteristics of cattle feedlot wastes and
their pollution potentials were evaluated in this
model study. Twelve irrigation sprinklers pro-
vided simjulated rainfall of 0.40 to 2.5 inches
per hour onto two experimental feedlots. One
lot was unsurfaced; the other was concrete
surfaced. Data were collected to determine the
amounts of rainfall necessary to produce run-
off under various feedlot conditions. Runoff
samples were collected and analyzed. A
COD/BOD quotient was determined from a
series of 48 runoff samples. Chemical consti-
tuents of the feedlot runoff were studied. Bac-
teriological populations in the runoff were found
to be higher in warm weather and under
conditions which produced maximum solubility
of feedlot wastes. It was concluded that cattle
feedlot runoff is a high strength organic waste.
The decision on the best treatment and control
measures is based on feedlot size, climate of
the area, the nature of the receiving stream,
the downstream water users, the space available
for treatment facilities, and the overall cost of
suitable alternates. (Frantz-East Central).
1839 - B2, El, Fl 300
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LIQUID
MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR
DADTY CATTLE
Agricultural Economist, Farm Production Eco-
nomics Division Economic Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, sta-
tioned at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
N. D, Kimball, L. V. Lenschow, and R. E.
Rieck.
Bulletin R2199, College of Agricultural and Life
Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Au-
gust, 1970, 24 p. 8 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, 'Waste disposal
systems, 'Economics, 'Costs, 'Dairy industry,
Waste storage, Equipment, Facilities, Labor.
This analysis reports experiences of the first
Wisconsin dairy farmers who installed liquid
manure disposal systems. These liquid manure
systems include: (1) free-stall, all liquid, (2)
free-stall, liquid-conventional, (3) stanchion, all-
liquid, (4) stanchion, liquid-conventional. Com-
parisons are made of liquid manure storage
facility investments, annual costs, and costs and
returns analysis. THe most economical manure-
handling system depends on many variables.
The net disposal costs depend upon both the
value of the manure and the cost of disposing
the excrement. By changing the amount on
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium recovered
and making different assumptions regarding op-
erating and ownership costs, the optimum system
of manure disposal would change. In addition,
installation costs are only the out-of-pocket costs
—farmers did not report a charge for their own
161
-------
labor. Therefore, each farmer must ask himself
whether the assumptions used in this study
agree with his particular situation and then
interpret the results accordingly. (Merryman-
East Central).
1840 - Al, B3, E3 200
PROCESSED POULTRY EXCRETA
RECYCLED AS A FEED
INGREDIENT
Department of Poultry Science,
Michigan State University.
B. C. Zindel and C. J. Flegal.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Litter
and Waste Management Seminar. Salisbury,
Maryland, September 29-30, 1969, p. 103-118. 3
tab.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Performance, Sampling.
Identifiers: Dried Poultry Waste, 'Refceding.
Pollution.
Growth trials were conducted to determine the
nutritional value of the dehydrated poultry
waste product. Feed efficiency appeared to be
inversely proportional to the amount of dehy-
drated poultry waste in the ration. In growth
trials, no significent differences were found in
mean body weight of Leghorn type chicks fed
up to 20 percent of dehydrated waste in their
ration compared with broiler type chicks. When
more than 5 percent of the dehydrated poultry
waste was added to the ration, reduced four-
week mean body weights resulted. No differ-
ences were found in egg production, shell thick-
ness, or Haugh score when up to 40 percent of
the diet consisted of dehydrated poultry waste.
Also, taste tests indicated that the taste or
flavor of eggs from chickens fed DPW was no
different from eggs from chickens'fed a normal
ration. Tests were also conducted to see what
would happen if the poultry manure from chick-
ens receiving DPW was redried and fed again
continuously. There was no egg production de-
crease; the crude protein level decreased; and
the color of the dried material appeared to
turn black. (Russell-East Central).
1841 - A5, C3 600
PROCEDURE TO IDENTD7Y
MALODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Ohio State University, Columbus.
R. K. White and E. P. Taiganides.
Presented at the 1969 Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Lafayette,
Indiana, June 22-25, 1969, Paper No. 69-425, 13 p.
6 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Gas chromatography. Sam-
pling, Methodology, Analysis.
An equilibration collecting and concentration
procedure of sampling odors from animal wastes
for gas chromatographic analysis is presented
and compared with other methods. Several
methods of sampling are reviewed: sampling
the source, salting out, selective chemical ab-
sorption and regeneration, cryogenic collection,
and equilibration sampling. In the equilibration
sampling technique used in this study, organic
volatiles are passed over a liquid, stationary
phase until the whole amount of the stationary
phase reaches full equilibrium with the organic
volatiles. Using a nonpolar stationary phase
permits trapping the organic compounds while
most of the water vapor passes through, pro-
vided the collector temperature is above the dew
point. A variable stream splitter was installed
in one of the columns of the gas chromatograph.
This permitted sensory evaluation of each frac-
tion separated so that qualitative, quantitative,
and odor intensity analyses might be made on
the significantly odorous peaks. Chromatograms
of samples collected by the equilibrium tech-
nique indicated that some forty to fifty different
compounds are present in the head space gases
over dairy cattle wastes. This analysis of or-
ganic volatiles was considered to be more
representative of the source than any of the
other known procedures. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System).
1842 - B2, D4, E3 400
WLJ PREVD3WS FHIST
COMMERCIAL MANURE SYSTEM
G. Richardson.
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1, p. 1,
7, November 6, 1972. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, Dairy industry,
Feedlots, Foam separation, Recycling, Lagoons,
Degradation (decomposition).
Identifiers: 'Licom waste treatment system,
•Odor control, Centrirator, DaLaval Separator
Company, Pasteurization.
DeLaval Separator Company has introduced a
new invention, the Licom Waste Treatment Sys-
tem, which can turn farm wastes into clear
water and odor-free, pathogen-free mulch. Licom
Systems 1 and II may be used for smaller
operations while Licom III is used for those
feedlots which must meet rigid ecological re-
quirements. Licom I uses a liquid manure
collecting pit which fills a reactor once weekly
with wastes. In the reactor, aerobic bacterial
action raises the temperature into the thermo-
philic range and in 5 to 7 days complete stabili-
zation, decomposition, and pasteurization have
occurred. Licom II uses the same procedure
only with more reactors for more complete
decomposition. Licom HI is like Licom II with
the addition of a flotation tank that separates
fibrous matter from the liquid. For feedlots
already using lagoons, a DeLaval Contrirator
may be installed which will eliminate odors,
(Marquard-East Central).
1843 - B2, E2 600
WATER INTAKE RATES ON A SILT
LOAM SOIL WITH VARIOUS MANURE
APPLICATIONS
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
O. E. Cross and P. E. Fischbach.
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-218,
13 p. 9 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Water intake rates, 'Silt loam soil,
'Manure applications, Application rate.
The application of manure to cultivated and
irrigated soils changes the intake rate of irriga-
tion water when compared to the intake rate of
non-manured soils. This paper presents the
findings of two years of irrigation study on
manured soils. Conclusions were:
(1) The initial water intake rate increased as
the quantity of manure application increased.
(2) The basic water intake rate increased as
more time from date of manure application
had elapsed.
(3) Manure application decreased the basic in-
take rate as compared to the basic intake
rate of non-manured silt loan soil.
(4) Depth of plowing did not appreciably affect
the basic intake rate. (Marquard-East Cen-
tral).
1844 - B2, Dl, El 600
FORMS OF NITROGEN IN
ANIMAL WASTE
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana.
R. E. Jones, J. C. Nye and A. C. Dale.
Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Univer-
sity of Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973,
Paper No. 73-439, 15 p. 1 fig, 8 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen compounds, Waste treat-
ment, Waste storage, Climates, Aerobic condi-
tions, Anaerobic conditions, Lagoons, Denitrifi-
cation, Indiana.
Wastes from an aerobic lagoon, an anaerobic
lagoon and a concrete manure storage tank
were studied to determine seasonal variations
on denitrificatton. Waste samples from all over
Indiana were analyzed for Kjeldahl nitrogen,
ammonium, and nitrate-nitrite nitrogen and
solids. It was observed that type of livestock
waste and type of waste management practice
influenced the amounts of Kjeldahl nitrogen,
in which most farm waste nitrogen was found
to exist. Dairy wastes under either aerobic or
anaerobic conditions are influenced by climatic
variations. While approximately 65 percent of
nitrogen is lost in aerobic conditions, greatest
nitrogen loss in swine wastes occurred under
anaerobic conditions. (Frantz-East Central).
1845 - A4, E2 600
ANIMAL WASTE AND NITRATE
MOVEMENT THROUGH SOIL
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Connecticut University, Starrs.
3. A. Lindley, A. C. Dale and J. V. Mannering.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stfflwater, June 23-26, 1974,
17 p. 6 fig, 11 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Groundwater pol-
lution, 'Nitrates, 'Leaching, 'Denitrification, Soil
moisture.
Identifiers: 'Application rates, 'Land disposal,
Silt loam, Sandy loam.
An evaluation of high application rates of animal
wastes to land becomes necessary as the number
of animals per acre of land increases. The
application rate must be controlled to prevent
ground water degradation. A laboratory study
was done to evaluate the effects of waste man-
agement on nitrate movement through soil. The
fate of nitrate is dependent on various condi-
tions. The most important are soil moisture
conditions and the presence of sufficient organic
matter for microbial activity. Soil type might
also affect nitrate movement. Leachates of very
low nitrogen concentration can be produced even
with waste application of 24.6 pounds of nitrate
per acre-day. It was observed that the amount
of nitrogen lost increases with increasing avail-
able energy (C:N ratio). (Kehl-East Central).
1846 - B3 600
RISER INTAKE DESIGNS FOR
FEEDLOT SOLIDS COLLECTION
BASINS
Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska.
C. L. Linderman, N. P. Swanson, and L. N.
Mielke.
67th Annual Meeting, American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Oklahoma State University,
Sffllwater, June 23-26, 1974, Paper No. 74-3030,
7 P. 3 fig, S ref.
Descriptors: «Feedlots, 'Solid wastes, Agricul-
tural runoff.
Identifiers: 'Collection basins, 'Riser intake de-
signs.
Given the size and shape of a feedlot debris
basin, a riser intake and conduit can be de-
signed to remove the runoff from the design
storm within a desired time. Either corrugated
metal pipe or plastic pipe with 5/8-inch drilled
holes has proven very satisfactory for riser
intakes. Comparisons of material requirements,
installation labor, and operating experiences indi-
cate that either type of intake is equally satis-
factory, with the choice dependent on operator
preference. Zinc-plated CMP is not excessively
deteriorated by contact with runoff and animal
wastes. If the basins are cleaned before solids
accumulation seriously interferes with drainage,
the intakes will operate with little maintenance.
(Linderman, Swanson, & Mielke-USDA).
1847 - Bl, E2, E3 600
CABLE DRIVEN SCRAPERS FOR
MANURE COLLECTION AND LIQUID
SOLID SEPARATION
162
-------
Agricultural Engineering Department,
North Dakota State University, Fargo.
G. L. Pratt, M. L. Buchanan and R. L. Witz.
Presented at 1974 Summer Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, StiUwater, June 23-26, 1974,
14 p. 8 fig, 7 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors; "Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, 'Sep-
aration techniques. Drying, Design.
Identifiers: *Cable driven scrapers, Slatted
floors, Land spreading, Refeeding.
An integrated system lor manure collection and
liquid solid separation satisfies several desirable
requirements for manure management in closed
mechanically ventilated barns. These require-
ments include separation of manure from live-
stock by floor slate: daily removal of manure
from barns; and separation of liquid wastes from
solids for efficient handling and utilization.
Pollution is kept to a minimum since no clean
water is added to the system. Free liquid wastes
make up about one third of the total weight of
the liquid in the manure from animals. The
fecal waste is removed from the building at 80
percent moisture and handled with conventional
manure handling equipment. Because dewatering
is accomplished by this system, dehydration is
more feasible. Moisture removal from the fecal
waste helps to control odors, reduces the bulk
of material that must be handled, and puts it
Into a form that is more readily acceptable for
utilization. (Cameron-East Central).
1848 - B3, E2 600
MODEL OF NITRATE PRODUCTION
AND MOVEMENT IN MANURE
DISPOSAL PLOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Pennsylvania State University,
University Park.
R. M. Butler.
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper No.
73-426, 27 p. 7 fig, 6 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Computer models,
•Movement, Solids, Denitrification.
Identifiers: Land application.
•Nitrates,
A digital computer model was developed for
simulating nitrate production and movement for
wastes applied to soils. It accounted for nitrate
production, nitrate uptake by plants, denitrifica-
tion, and nitrate movement with th3 soil water.
Manure was mixed with soil at rates of 0, 2.25
percent, 4.50 percent and 9.00 percent. Initially,
nitrate production decreased, then increased ex-
ponentially. After 110 days, the rate of nitrate
production decreased for all four treatments;
after 200 days the nitrate-nitrogen content of the
mixture was 23, 27, 32, and 48 mg/100 gm
dry matter, respectively. The digital computer
model was tested by comparing the predicted
nitrate-nitrogen production and the predicted ni-
trate concentration of the soil water with field
measurements for May through November, 1970.
(Frantz-East Central).
1849 - A9, B3, C5 300
THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE
FLAKES AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENT IN BUILT-UP POULTRY
LITTER
Department of Poultry Science,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
J. H. Veloso, P. B. Hamilton and C. R. Park-
hurst.
Journal Series of the North Carolina State
University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ra-
leigh, Paper Number 3971, p. 78-83. 4 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, "Litter, 'Waste treatment,
Performance, Molds, Bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Formaldehyde flakes.
This study was designed to investigate the effect
of different concentrations of formaldehyde
flakes on the bacterial and fungal populations
of built-up litter and on the performance of
broilers raised on such treated litter. The bac-
terial count of the litter containing 3 percent
formaldehyde flakes was reduced to at least one-
tenth of the control value for three weeks, after
which the count returned to control values.
The mold count was reduced at both 1 and 3
percent concentrations of formaldehyde flakes
for about 2 weeks. The pH of ths littar at 3
percent level of formaldehyde flakes was re-
duced significantly for three weeks. There was
an increase in temperature of up to 4 degrees
C above the control value in the litter contain-
ing 3 percent flakes and 3 degrees C in the
litter containing 1 percent flakes. There were
some possible side benefits to the use of for-
maldehyde flakes in litter. The number of insects
and rodents in litter appeared to be considerably
reduced. The litter treatment had no significant
effect on the mean body weight, feed conver-
sion, or mortality. (Cartmell-East Central).
1850 - Al, B2, El, F2 300
RULES AND REGULATIONS:
CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS
Iowa Department of Environmental Quality.
Rules and Regulations: Confined Feeding Oper-
ations, Iowa Water Pollution Control Commis-
sion, 1971, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Iowa, 'Waste water
disposal, 'Water pollution.
Identifiers: 'Open feedlot, 'Confinement feeding
operation, 'Registration.
An open feedlot (an unroofed or partially roofed
adjacent or nearby animal enclosure on a single
property) is defined in terms of specific anima!
populations and population densities. Confinement
feeding operations (roofed or partially roofed
adjacent or nearby animal enclosures on a
single property from which wastes are removed
as a liquid or semi-liquid) are defined in tarms
of maximum number of animals confined at
one time. These data are given for beef cattle,
dairy cattle, swine, sheep, turkeys, and chickens.
Conditions requiring registration are outlined
along with requirements for the facilities and
for operation of the facilities. Feedlot pollution
control facilities constructed in accordance with
rules in effect at the time of construction shall
not be required to be reconstructed due to
subsequent rule changes unless the commission
finds that waste discharge from such facilities
is causing water pollution. Such facilities shall,
however, be brought into compliance with rules
in effect at the time of reconstructing, enlarging
or otherwise modifying the confined feeding
operations or control facilities. (Merryman-East
Central).
1851 - A5, A6, El, F2 300
ODORS FROM LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331.
J. R. Miner.
Report, Project Number S 802009, August, 1973,
127 p. 6 fig, 33 tab, 93 ref.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, Ammonia, Measure-
ment, Odor control, Management, Legal aspects,
Nuisance.
Identifiers: Desorption, Identification, Feed addi-
tives, Chemical treatment.
Current livestock production techniques result
in the generation of odors which have become
a source of conflict between livestock prodacsrs
and society. The odorous gases responsible for
the nuisance are principally low molecular
weight compounds released during anaerobic de-
composition of manure. Manure management
systems which control or modifj. this decom-
position offer the greatest potential for odor
control. Research to identify the chemical com-
pounds present in odorous air from animal waste
degradation has yielded about 45 compounds to
date. The amines, mercaptans, organic acids
and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds are gener-
ally regarded as being of greatest importance.
Among the techniques for odor control are:
(a) site selection away from populated areas
and where adequate drainage exists, (b) main-
tain the animal areas as dry as possible and
prevent the animals from becoming manure
covered, (c) select manure handling systems
which utilize aerobic environments for manure
storage, (d) maintain an orderly operation free
of accumulated manure and runoff water, (e)
practice prompt disposal of dead animals and
(f) use odor control chemicals when short term
odor control is necessary, such as when manure
storage tank contents must be field spread.
(Miner-Oregon State University).
1852 - Bl, D2 600
VACUUM FILTRATION OF
CATTLE MANURE
Sanitary Engineer, United States Army,
Security, Colorado.
L. F. Backer, R. L. Witz, G. L. Pratt, and M. L.
Buchanan.
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, Paper No. 73-4531,
9 p. 8 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Slurries, Sludge, Moisture content.
Identifiers: 'Vacuum filtration. Manure, Liquid-
solid separation.
A vacuum filter was used to separate solids
from liquids in manure. Manure solids and
liquids for the tests were gathered daily from
a barn housing beef feeder cattle. Temperatures
in the barn were controlled at about 45 de-
grees F. Two slurry mixtures were used, one
having a moisture content of 87 percent and the
second 91 percent. The type of filter fiber, the
speed of rotation of the drum, and the percent
submergence of the drum in the slurry were
variables which affected the performance of
the drum type vacuum filter. The yield of solids
as affected by the drum speed, initial moisture
content, and the drum submergence is presented.
The initial cost of vacuum filter equipment is
quite high. Cake and filtrate yields are gen-
erally small due to poor filtering characteristics
of chemically unconditioned and undigested ma-
nure. If the manure were allowed to digest
anaerobically, and if it were chemically con-
ditioned, yields possibly would increase. Both
practices would increase the cost of manure
handling and disposal. (Cameron-East Central).
1853 - A8, Bl, D3 100
INTEGRATED FLY-CONTROL
PROGRAM FOR CAGED POULTRY
HOUSES
Department of Entomology,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
R. C. Axtell.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 63, No. 2,
p. 400-405, April, 1970. 9 fig.
Descriptors: Insecticides, Manure.
Identifiers: 'Fly control, 'Caged poultry houses.
In two successive years, fly control programs
were tested at three farms and compared with
data from three untreated farms. The program
was based on the following strategy: Selective
application of insecticides would be against adult
flies. Control measures would be applied early
in the spring before flies appeared and would
be repeated as needed. Finally, manure would
remain undisturbed throughout the summer
months when fly breeding occurs. Excellent
control results are obtained by this method,
especially when the first application of insecti-
cide to walls and beams, where the adults
breed, is done early, and then repeated four
or five times during the season. Insecticide bait
mixtures should be provided as well. This spray
seems to have no effect on predacious mite
fauna in manure. To maintain maximal popula-
tions of predators, manure should be partially
removed at frequent intervals of low fly
activity or removed only once a year in cool
weather. These recommendations are founded
on the fact that total removal of manure deci-
mates mite population, while fresh droppings
are most conducive to fly breeding. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System).
163
-------
1854 - A6, A9, Bl 400
TWO WAYS TO REDUCE AMMONIA
LEVEL IN BROILER HOUSES
Extension Poultry Scientist,
Georgia University, Athens.
M. Y. Dendy.
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 377, p. 306-307,
July, 1973. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Ammonia, 'Utter, Ventilation,
Cleaning.
Identifiers: 'Broilers, Respiratory diseases. Eye
irritation.
Reused litter became common several years
ago when it seemed evident that broilers on re-
used litter had lower condemnations due to
Marek's disease. Another justification was that
wood shavings and labor were getting scarce
and high priced lor cleaning out houses. How-
ever, Marek's vaccine is now in widespread
use and substitute litter materials can usually
be found if the feeder looks hard enough. The
practice of reusing litter often causes unwar-
ranted amounts of ammonia. Stress has been
demonstrated to occur when ammonia exceeds
50 ppm. High levels of ammonia can cause
severe eye irritation, blindness, and respiratory
diseases In poultry. The solution to this prob-
lem is (1) a controlled ventilation system, or
(2) more frequent clean-out. (Merryman-East
Central). '
1855 - B2 100
A ROTATING FLIGHTED CYLINDER
TO SEPARATE MANURE SOLIDS
FROM WATER
Sanitary Engineer, Kansas State Department of
Health and Environment, Topeka.
W. E. Verley and J. R. Miner.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 3,
p. 518-520. 525, May-June, 1974. 6 fig, 3 tab,
3 ret.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Separation tech-
niques, 'Settling basins. Weirs, Hydraulic trans-
portation. Design.
Identifiers: 'Rotating flighted cylinder.
Because of the advantages of solid-liquid sepa-
ration in liquid manure systems and the high
cost of present separation devices, a separator
was developed at the Oregon State University
dairy barn at Corvallis. The design concept was
a series of circular weirs which formed a series
of small settling basins with the weirs as the
basin outlets. Solids settled into the basins which
were moved slowly up an incline. The solids
were then dumped at the upper end of the
Incline along with any trapped water. The
separating device yielded these results. No plug-
ging or other mechanical problems occured.
The device failed to receive a representative
sample of manure solids. The solids rich fraction
discharged at the upper end contained too much
water. The design was revised so that the shell
diameter was increased to 24 in. and the Basic
flight deptll was increased to 6 in. The flights
were on a 4 in. spacing. This device has
certain desirable features for solid-liquid sepa-
ration. The construction of a larger diameter
tube allows increase of volumetric capacity.
It consumes little power and has no plugging
problems. The concept is simple and has poten-
tial application wherever it is desired to con-
centrate solids or claim a water for reuse.
(Merryman-East Central).
1856 - Bl, C5, D4, E3 300
RUMINANT FEEDING VALUES
PREDICTED FOR ENSILED ANIMAL
AND CROP WASTES
W. W. Saylor, T. A. Long, and L. L. Wilson.
Science in Agriculture, Vol. 20, No. 4, p. 10,
Summer, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Ruminants, 'Feeds, 'Silage, Nu-
trients, Alkalie.
Identifiers: 'Ensiled animal and crop wastes,
Digestibility.
Laboratory results indicate that ensiled animal
and field waste can be used economically as
a source o.: nutrients for ruminant animals,
thereby reducing the pollution problem. G-ound
cornfield residue or oatstraw, 40 percent, was
ensiled with cattle manure or poultry manure,
60 percent, on a fresh moisture basis. Sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium
hydroxide — each an alkali — was added, at
4 percent of the treatment dry matter, to each
combination. The moisture level of all silages
was adjusted to 55 percent and all treatments
were prepared in replicates of four. Each repli-
cate was stored at 86 degrees F during a 60-day
fermentation period. Contents were than analyzed
for crude protein and digestible organic mat-
ter. Silages containing oat straw were superior
to those made with cornfield residue. Average
crude protein values were 13 percent for cattle
waste and 14 percent for poultry waste. Digesti-
ble organic matter was greater for silages
treated with ammonium hydroxide than for the
other treatments. However, when the cost, cor-
rosiveness, and possible dangers involved with
the use of alkalies are considered, tha increase
in digestible organic matter is probably not suf-
ficient to justify its use. The best silage in this
study was the oat straw-poultry waste combina-
tion. (Merryman-East Central).
1857 - Al, B2, E2, Fl 100
LOW-COST DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
FOR FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska.
N. P. Swanson and C. L. Linderman.
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 11, p.
20-21, November, 1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feedlots,
•Disposal, 'Costs, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Sprinkler irrigation. Gravity flow.
Cattle feeders are required by law to control
runoff from their feedlots. The most practical
method for disposing of runoff is land disposal
through irrigation. The feedsr needs a low-cost
disposal system that is fitted to a mininmm
land area. The Soil Conservation S?rvic
-------
groundwater seepage require site-specific in-
formation for assessment. Phosphorus and nitro-
gen transport by groundwater can be signifi-
cant. Atmospheric contributions of nitrogen are
large in some areas, The technique of estimat-
ing nutrient loadings of lakes requires consid-
erable judgment in selecting runoff coefficients;
however, the approach provides insight into to-
tenttal management options. (Uttormark-Wiscon-
sin).
1861 - B3, E3 400
INCLUSION OF DRIED POULTRY
WASTE AS A FEED INGREDDENT
IN CATFISH RATIONS
Texas Agricultural and Extension Service, Texas
A & M University, College Station.
3 C. Fowler and J. T. Lock.
Feedstuffs, Vol. 46, No. 44, p. 36, Oct. 28, 1974.
1 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Catflshes, 'Diets, Proteins, Per-
formance, Taste.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste.
A study was done to determine the feasibility
of including air dried poultry waste as a feed
ingredient in catfish rations. Air-dried manure
was used in the diets at a dietary level of 25
percent. All diets were calculated to contain
essentially equal amounts of crude protein as-
suming that the hen manure contained 21 per-
cent protein. Catfish consuming diets containing
air-dried poultry waste had better weight gain
than catfish consuming the control diet over the
150 day feeding period, Taste panel evaluation
of the test tissue and control tissue revealed
no significant differences. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
1862 - B2, Dl 600
BASIC PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS FOR OXYGENATION
AND LIQUID CHtCULATION IN
ROTOR-AERATED LIQUID WASTE
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Oklahoma
State University, StUlwater.
G. L. Nelson, J. J. Kolega, U. Agena, Q.
Graves, and G. Hoffman.
Presented at 1968 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, Dec. 10-13, Paper No. 68-932, 41 p. 15 fig,
5 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Rotors, 'Performance, 'liquid
wastes, Equations.
Identifiers: Parameters, Rotor-aerated tank, Oxy-
gen transfer. Liquid circulation.
A study was made which concerned perform-
ance characteristics of rotor-aerated ditch or
tank systems for livestock wastes. The pur-
pose of this study was to: (1) identify the
physical parameters that characterize oxygen
transfer and liquid circulation effects in a rotor-
aerated liquid waste system; and (2) based on
these parameters, to develop prediction equa-
tions for oxygen transfer and for liquid circula-
tion effects for one class of rotors. The study
included experiments with two laboratory mod-
els, one each for oxygenation and liquid circu-
lation. Conclusions drawn from the study in-
clude: (1) For a class of rotors, the dimen-
sionless oxygen transfer parameter can be pre-
dicted for system design and operating pur-
poses, (2) the oxygen transfer coefficients, kM,
of two geometrically similar rotors are directly
proportional to the ratios of the products, (3)
liquid velocity for rotor-driven circulation in
a ditch can be estimated, (4) the ratio of chan-
nel length to width is non-critical in the range
5.8 to 10.0, and (5) the rotor Froude number
is critical below a value of 0.15 for liquid cir-
culation effects in a rotor-driven ditch. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1863 - A9 700
METHODS FOR RAPID
IDENTIFICATION AND
ENUMERATION OF
STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS FROM
WATER
L. R. Koupal
MS Thesis, Bacteriology Department, South Da-
kota State University, 1969, 53 p. 9 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Streptococcus bovis, 'Analytical
techniques, 'Pathogenic bacteria, 'Water pollu-
tion.
Identifiers: Identification, Raffinose.
This investigation was undertaken to find an
isolation medium and a technique to make iso-
lation of Streptococcus Bovis less difficult and
more consistent. An attempt was also made to
gather more information as to the length of time
Streptococcus Bovis may be viable in a stream
so that the value of this microorganism as a
tracer for animal fecal pollution win be more
clear. It was determined that raffinoss serves
to make the basal medium more selective for
Streptococcus Bovis and that sodium azi
microorganisms was higher for solution of pH
6,8 than for pH of 6.3 and 7.3. Maximum copu-
lation was reached after 14 to 22 hours. There
was no significant change in nitrogen and ether
extract indices during the first 14 ho'irs of
fermentation; after which nitrogen index de-
creased and the ether extract index increased.
The ash index showed no change ^during the first
6 hours of fermentation but steadily increased
after that time. (Cartmell-East Central).
1865 - B3, D4, E2 300
ANIMAL WASTE COMPOSTING WIT1
CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL
W. S. Galler
Summaries of Solid Waste Research and Train-
ing Grants, EPA Publication No. SW-5r. p. 6-7,
1971.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, Nitrogen, Carbon.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Composting, Saw-
dust, Soil amendment.
The objectives of the research reported are "to
develop a process for composting a combination
of chicken manure as a source of nitrogen and
sawdust initially as a source of carbon to pro-
duce a valuable soil amendment." Laboratory
studies of combinations of manure and sawdust
with carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of 25:1 to 40:1
foimd them to be nutritionally balanced for
microbial growth. The compost has proven to
be a valuable soil conditioner. Swine manure
may also be composted satisfactorily with saw-
dust although the mixture required a week to
become thermophilic as opposed to one to two
days for the poultry manure. (Whetstone, Parker,
Wells—Texas TecB University).
1866 - B2, D4, El 300
PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION
OF AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND
LIQUID WASTES
W. J, Oswald
Summaries of Solid Waste Research and Train-
ing Grants, EPA Publication No. SW-5r. p. 85-86,
1971, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid wastes, 'Ag-
riculture, Poultry, Anaerobic digestion, Algae,
Effluent, Aeration, Costs.
Identifiers: *Photosynthetic reclamation.
In a pilot plant at Richmond, Calfornia, the
wastes from a hen house were fermented in
an anaerobic digestion tank with the effluent
feeding directly into an algae pond. Water from
the pond was used for flushing in the hen house,
and the algae were fed to the hens. The pond
was aerated during the winter. Algae production
was 30 to 40 tons (dry wt.) per acre of pond.
"The net waste-handling cost would be one
cent or less per dozen eggs." (Whetstone, Park-
er, Wells-Texas Tech University).
1867 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 200
SURMOUNTING THE POULTRY
WASTE PROBLEM
Department of Poultry Science
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
C. E. Ostrander
Proceedings and Abstracts, XV World's Poultry
Congress & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
August 11-16, 1974, p. 219-221, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Excreta, Anaerobic di-
gestion, Dehydration, Odor, Methane, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Deep pit house,
High rise house, Oxidation ditch, Aerated pond,
Soil injection.
Choice of a poultry waste management system
is dependent upon location, climate, size of op-
eration, amount of land, cropping possibilities,
etc. Among poultry waste management choices
are the following: (1) deep pit, (2) high rise,
(3) anaerobic systems, (4) aerobic systems
such as oxidation ditches and surface aeration,
(5) SOU injection, (6) dehydration and (7)
methane production. Of the two dry systems
(deep pit and high rise), the high rise house
maintains dry manure conditions more easily.
For both systems, groundwater seepage, excess
water, and air circulation may be problems.
Of the liquid systems, an anaerobic system
would only be recommended for an isolated
area due to its odor. Conversely, an aerobic
system would be better for a populated area.
Where odors are a problem at spreading time,
soil injection may be used to eliminate the
problem. Actual recycling of farm wastes
through methane production is still largely ex-
perimental. The use of dehydrated manure as
a fertilizer is also being eyed with interest.
(Merryman-East Central).
165
-------
1868 - Al, B2, D4, E2, E3 200
DIGESTER — A. SOURCE OF
BIOELECTRICITY
The Papcock Farms, Inc.
Harni Road
Baroda—390002, Gujarat, India
H. B. Patel and J. D, Patel
Proceedings and Abstracts, XV World's Poultry
Congress & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
August 11-16, 1974, p. 221-223. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Gases, 'Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Digester, 'Bioelectricity, 'Biofertil-
izer.
At Papcock Farms, Inc. in India, a self-con-
tained system of 'Bioeonversion' was established
to convert poultry or animal wastes into an
energy source and a biofertilizer. The wastes
are mixed with water at a 1.2 ratio and fed
to a 'digester.* In the digester the wastes un-
dergo two basic processes—liquifaction and
gasification. The gas is collected and used as
fuel to run incubator brooders and a small gas
engine. The gas is also used for cooking for
a family of 40. The installation produces about
20 cubic meters of gas per day. The digested
slurry is then nitrified by blue-green algae and
used as a 'biofertilizer' on crop lands. This
system has been used successfully since 1963
without soil or water pollution, odor, or occur-
rence of fecal-borne diseases. A similar, but
somewhat more sophisticated, study has been
performed by Dr, Frederic Sisler of the United
States. A brief description is given. (Merryman-
East Central).
1869 - A9, B3, E2, Fl, F2 200
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY
WASTES AS A WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Centre,
King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh
EH9 3JS
Scotland
R. Blair
Proceedings and Abstracts, XV World's Con-
gress & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
August 11-16, 1974, P. 225-227. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Ruminants, Economics,
Additives. Legal aspects. Public health.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Dried poultry
Utter, 'Waste management, 'Refeeding, Non-
ruminants.
Solid waste as voided is about 80 percent water.
Its bulk may be reduced through drying tech-
niques. In this paper, dried poultry waste (DPW)
and dried poultry litter (DPL) are considered.
The main difference in DPL and DPW is a
higher content of crude fiber in DPL due to
the mixture of the droppings with litter. Studies
have indicated that DPW and DPL are economic
feedstuffs for ruminants and that they can play
an important part in keeping down feed costs.
They may also be used to supplement non-
ruminant diets with the same effect. Variabil-
ity of composition of poultry waste can be a
drawback, however. Also, recycling of animal
waste is banned in most EEC countries and in
the USA. In the UK the use of DPW is not
prohibited unless it can be shown that the
feed contains deleterious ingredients. DPL is in
a different category since the presence of litter
in a feed has to be declared. The main aim
of legislation must be to prevent farm animals
and the public from being exposed to unneces-
sary hazards as a result of recycling/ DPL
presents more of a potential from residues than
DPW since birds on deep litter may also con-
tain mycotoxins and wood preservation chem-
icals. Feeding this type of litter to ruminants
would be inadvisable. Although risks exist, tests
for bacterial contamination, odor and taste on
milk, meat and eggs from animals fed DPW
have indicated that they are acceptable for
human consumption. (Merryman-East Central).
1870 - A9, E3 200
EVALUATION OF POULTRY
MANURE AS A FEED INGREDIENT
Department of Poultry Science
Texas A&M University
College Station
J. R. Couch
Proceedings and Abstracts, XV World's Poultry
Congress & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
August 11-16, 1974, p. 231. 24 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, 'Excreta, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Refeeding.
An intensive interest has developed toward
using DPW from caged layers in feeds for chicks,
laying hens and turkeys. Dried poultry waste
is defined by the Association of American Feed
Control Officials as "a product composed of
freshly collected feces from commercial laying
or broiler flocks not receiving medicants . . .
thermally dehydrated to a moisture content of
not more than 15 percent. It shall not contain
any substances at harmful levels. It shall be
free of extraneous materials . , . The product
shall be labeled to show the minimum percent
fiber. It may be used as an ingredient in sheep,
lamb, beef and dairy cattle, broiler and layer
chick feeds. Broiler and layer rations shall be
limited to 20 and 25 percent DPW respectively.
DPW has been fed to chicks and broilers, lay-
ing hens, and turkeys with the following re-
sults. (1) Chicks and broilers—They can toler-
ate 5 percent DPW with little effect on growth
and feed conversion. Weights and feed conver-
sion are depressed as the level of DPW is in-
creased up to 20 percent. Increase of DPW
causes an increase of feed intake and fecal
volume. Uric acid in the DPW causes an in-
crease of feed intake and fecal volume. Uric
acid in the DPW cannot be utilized by a chick
and may even be toxic. ((2) Laying hens—
DPW can be used at levels of 22.5-25 percent
without adversely affecting egg production or
feed conversion. Increase of DPW causes in-
crease of feed intake and fecal volume. (3)
Growing turkeys have been fed DPW at levels
of 5, 10, and 30 percent. 9-17 weeks, inclusive,
without significant effect on weight gain but
with an adverse effect on feed conversion as
the level of DPW was increased. (Merryman-
East Central).
1871 - A5, Bl, Dl 200
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA
CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO
CONTROL ODORS AND DECOMPOSE
ORGANIC WASTES FOUND IN
POULTRY PRODUCING UNITS AND
PROCESSING PLANTS
Development, Big Dutchman, A Division of
United States Industries, Inc.
Zeeland, Michigan
J. F. Bergdoll
Proceedings and Abstracts, XV World's Poultry
Congress & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana.
August, 11-16, 1974, p. 233-235,
Descriptors: 'Bacteria, 'Enzymes, 'Odor con-
trol, 'Organic wastes, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Poultry houses, Poultry processing
plants, 'Poultry rendering plants.
Extensive work was done using dried bacteria
cultures and enzymes to control ammonia and
other odors produced by laying hens. Work
was also done rath waste from poultry process-
ing plants and poultry by-product rendering
plants. After much experimentation a bacteria
product was standardized which was primarily
composed of the following, per gram: 4 billion
aerobic bacteria, 1.5 billion anaerobes, 15,000
casein digested wilts Protease, 190,000 starch
liquefying units Amylase, 80 olive oil units, or
(8TAU) Lipase. The strains were basically
Bacillus subtilis and Asperigillus oryzae. In
addition, there were small quantities of buffers,
additional fermentation accelerating enzymes,
organic surfactants, anti-foaming agents, cal-
cium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, U.S.P. pine
oil and several natural oxidating agents. The
additives were varied slightly, depending on
whether the product was used to liquefy manure
in a pit or used on manure under a cage.
Several tests were conducted which used the
product to control odor, to reduce volume of
organic waste, to liquefy wastes, and to remove
fat and buildup of blood in drain lines. In all
cases, the product gave satisfactory results. It
was found that odors and harmful gases can
be reduced in poultry houses, poultry processing
plants, and poultry rendering plants by the
proper use of the bacteria product. The total
volume of manure can be reduced from one-
third to one-half. Fly control was an added
boon. In all cases, the operator and caretakers
felt that working conditions were vastly im-
proved by use of the product. (Merryman-East
Central).
1872 - Bl, Dl, E2, F4 100
AGRICULTURE: THE SEEDS
OF A PROBLEM
Editor
Biomedical News
W. E. Small
Technology Review, Vol. 73, No. 6, p. 48-53,
April, 1971. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Farm wastes, 'For-
estry, 'Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal. Pollution.
Farming and forestry produce more waste and
contamination in the United States than do
cities. Livestock and poultry waste is estimated
at 1.7 billion tons annually. Biological wastes
that were formerly recycled now accumulate,
presenting greater disposal problems. Farmers
generally ignore the value of organic fertiliz-
ers due to high labor and equipment costs.
Groundwater pollution caused by disposal of
livestock and poultry waste may effect changes
in taste, odor, and color of the water. Manure
treatment may increase nitrate levels in ad-
jacent water supplies. Forestry leaves 25 mil-
lion tons of debris each year, some of it bene-
ficial, some of it a fire hazard or breeding
place for disease and pests. The cities are turn-
ing to the farms for help with disposal of urban
wastes. Various recycling schemes have been
advanced to get valuable solid wastes back
into the soil. Solids removed as sludge from
domestic waste waters can be used for spread-
er application after treatment. Digested sludge
is applied to agricultural lands as a liquid
with less than 10 percent of solids. If applied
at the rate of 2 in, per acre, it will supply
over 900 Ib. nitrogen, 200 to 300 ib. phosphorus
and 40 to 80 Ibs. potassium. The effects of long-
term continuous applications are still under
study. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem).
1873 - B2, C5, D3, D4 300
DEVELOPMENT AND
DEMONSTRATION OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL WASTES
Agricultural Waste Management Program
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
B. C. Loehr, T. B. X. Prakasam, E. G, Srinath,
and Y. D. Joo.
Environmental Protection Agency Report Num-
ber, EPA-R2-73-095, January. 1973, 340 p. 100
fig, 41 tab, 194 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen control, 'Phosphorus con-
trol. Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonia
stripping. Chemical precipitation. Predictive re-
lationships, Animal wastes.
Identifiers: 'Nutrient control, 'Animal waste
treatment processes.
Laboratory and pilot plant studies evaluated
the feasibility of (a) chemical precipitation, (b)
ammonia removal by aeration, and (c> nitrifi-
cation and denitrification as methods to retaove
nitrogen, phosphorus, and color from animal
wastewaters. Poultry and dairy manure solu-
tions were used over a broad concentration
range to illustrate the fundamentals of the pro-
cesses as applied to these wastes and to dem-
onstrate the fundamentals of the processes as
applied to these wastes and to demonstrate the
applicability of the processes. Alum, lime, and
ferric chloride can be used for phosphorus con-
trol in animal waste-water although the chemi-
cal costs are from 2-10 times those quoted for
municipal wastewater. Two predictive relation-
ships were determined that appear useful for
166
-------
design and operation of phosphate were de-
veloped and verified to determine the am-
monia loss under specific environmental con-
ditions. Nitrification followed by denitrification
was found to be technically feasible. Parameters
affecting the design and performance of these
processes with animal wastewater were iden-
tified, (Loehr-Cornell).
1874 - B3, E3 300
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES AS
PROTEIN SOURCES
L. W. Smith
Alternative Sources of Protein for Animal Pro-
duction, Proceedings of a Symposium, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, July 31, 1972, p. 146-173. 2 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Animal wastes, •Pro-
teins, Nitrogen compounds, Diets.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding.
The purpose of this literature review was to
discuss the use of animal wastes as a protein
source of various kinds of farm animals as
related to the diversity of nitrogen compounds in
animal wastes and to discuss some animal re-
cycling systems for efficient utilization. It was
concluded that animal waste nitrogen is utilized
when fed in livestock diets. Ruminants seem
to utilize animal waste nitrogen better than
other species. Caged poultry droppings appear
to he the most suitable for recycling to
ruminants. The author feels that technological
advance will probably result in physical and
fermentative advance for conversion of animal
waste nitrogen into products of even higher
nutritive value for livestock feeding. (Merry-
man-East Central).
1875 - A9 600
AMMONIA TOXICITY LEVELS AND
NITRATE TOLERANCE FOR
CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS
PUNCTATUS)
Caterpillar Tractor Co.
Peoria, Illinois
G. L. Knepp, and G. F. ArMn,
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No.
72-537, p. 2 fig, 1 tab. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Channel catfish, 'Ammonia, 'Toxi-
city, 'Bass, 'Nitrates, 'Fish farming. Resist-
ance, Water pollution sources, Commercial fish.
Fish management. Lethal limit. Bioassay, Filt-
ers, Filtration, Water purification, Water qual-
ity, Behavior, Fish toxins.
Identifiers: 'Ictalurus punctatus, 'Micropterus
sabnoides, LC50.
Ammonia toxicity levels and nitrate tolerance
are important factors in effective channel cat-
fish farming. The results of this investigation
indicate that the LC100 value for total ammonia
is 49.7 and the LC50 is 37.5 ppm. Observations
of nitrate concentrations for channel catfish and
large mouth bass (Micropterus salmpides) in-
dicate tolerance as high as 400 ppm. First symp-
tom levels, such as the concentration values
of total ammonia when fish go off feed (30 ppm)
are seemingly more important to closed-sys-
tem fish farmers. Recovery from higher lev-
els than this indicate tolerance for short periods
of time. (Katz).
1876 - B2, D4 300
FEASIBILITY OF OVERLAND-FLOW
TREATMENT OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory
Post Office Box 1198
Ada. Oklahoma
R, E. Thomas
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/274-062, December, 1974, 28 p. 1 fig,
12 tab, e ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feedlots, Ag-
ricultural wastes. Waste treatment, Nitrogen
cycle. Phosphorus cycle. Lagoons.
Identifiers: Overland flow, Loading rates.
This report covers six months of pilot-seals ex-
periments and six months of data collection at
one field experiment. The pilot-scale studies
were conducted on plots which were 6-feet by
30-feet with a 4.5 percent slope. These studies
indicated that: (1) loadings of 2 to 3 inches
per week were suitable for field testing, (2)
the weekly load should be applied in fractional
increments at daily to three times per week
frequencies, and (3) instantaneous spray rates
should be less than 0.10 inch per hour. The
field studies covered in this report were initiated
at 12,000-head capacity feedlot and utilized a
four-component train for runoff collection and
treatment. The treatment train included collect-
ion lagoons, a storage reservoir, the overland-
flow area, and a final polishing pond. Data from
the short period of operation (six months) cor-
roborated the results of the pilot-scale study
and indicated that inclusion of the final polish-
ing pond substantially improved the overall per-
formance. R. E. (Thomas).
1877 - Bl 700
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF
STRAIN AND DEFLECTION IN
GRIDWORK PANELS FOR FLOOR
SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK
Oklahoma State University
G. L. Pratt
Ph.D, Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
1967, 167 p. 37 fig, 39 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: 'Livestock. "Design procedures,
•Equations.
Identifiers: 'Gridwork system, 'Perforated floors.
The problem considered in the investigat'on was
the evaluation of design procedures to be ussd
for a gridwork system suitable for perforated
floors for livestock. The objectives of the work
were to determine if a prediction equation could
be developed from data collected in a series
of tests using grid models; and to validate
existing design procedures by nsing the pre-
diction equations that might be developed.
Design data was given in detail. It was ft>"nd
that prediction equations gave useful informa-
tion in developing or validating design. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
1878 - Bl, E2 300
MAINE GUIDELINES FOR MANURE
AND MANURE SLUDGE DISPOSAL
ON LAND
Miscellaneous Report 142, The Life Sciences and
Agricultural Experiment Station and the Coop-
erative Extension Service, University of Maine,
Orono, 1972, 21 p. 2 fig, 11 tab.
Descriptors: 'Manure, 'Sludge, 'Maine, Nitro-
gen, Lagoons, Irrigation, Landfills.
Identifiers: 'Land spreading, Composting, Guide-
lines.
This standard is concerned with conditions for:
(1) total recycling of nutrients through planned
crop production; (2) disposing of excess manure
on the land by spreading; (3) piling on the
land; (4) bulk burying in landfill; (5) compost-
ing; (6) lagoon treatment with sludge and li-
quid disposal; (7) disposal by irrigation; and (8)
dehydrated manure disposal. Maximum rate for
spreading manure on land and for other meth-
ods were developed from the physical and
chemical characteristics of each individual soil,
and from the available knowledge of the move-
ment of manure liquids and residues on and
through each soil type. The limiting factor in
determining application rate is the pounds of
nitrogen per acre to be applied. An extensive
table is given summarizing the permissable dis-
posal practices and maximum manure applica-
tion rates for several Maine soils. (McQuitty,
Barber-University of Alberta).
1879 - A2, B2, E2 300
THE STOCKMAN'S ROLE IN WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
Agricultural Engineer
Cooperative Extension Service
Washington State University
E. H, Davis and H. A. Bunten.
Extension Circular 361, Washington State Uni-
versity, Pullman, August. 1970, 6 p. 18 fig.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Legal
aspects, Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Lagoons,
Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
Animals should be fenced away from streams
or waterways. Runoff from feedlot surfaces
and feed storage areas should be kept oiS of
streams by dikes, culverts or other such diver-
sion facilities. If lagoons are to be used to im-
pound animal wastes, they should be lined with
an impervious material to prevent seepage of
effluent and should be protected with dikes in
the event of floods. Equipment for applying
animal wastes to fields was described. (Mc-
Quitty, Barber-University of Alberta).
1880 - A4, Bl 600
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES ON AQUIFERS
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering
North Carolina State University
Raleigh
G. J. Kriz
Presented at the 1971 Winter Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 7-10, 1971, 18 p. 88 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aquifers, 'Effects, 'Animal
wastes,, Fertilizers, Pesticides, Bacteria, Viruses,
Soils, Climates, Topography, Nitrates.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural practices, 'Ground-
water pollution. Saline waste waters.
Literature published since 1969 is reviewed
which concerns the effects of agricultural prac-
tices on aquifiers. One section is devoted specifi-
cally to animal wastes. On the basis of pub-
lished research, it is reported that nitrate lev-
els beneath feedlots usually decline markedly
with depth, probably as a result of denitrifica-
tion and the effect on infiltration of a manure
packed cover, Some type of pollution is pro-
bably occurring beneath feedlots but how fast
the pollutants are moving to the water table
and how far they move in aquifers is not gen-
erally known. (McQuitty, Barber-University of
Alberta).
1881 - B2, D4, E2 300
A RECHtCULATING WASTE SYSTEM
FOR SWINE UNITS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
J. R. Miner
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-
670/2-73-025, July, 1973, 220 p. 41 fig, 118 tab,
88 ref.
Descriptors: 'Swine, 'Waste treatment. Ditch
Lagoons, Biochemical oxygen demand, Waste
water, Soil water percolation, Effluents, Drain
tiles. Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine wastes, 'Oxidation ditch, 'Ir-
rigation disposal, 'Solid waste management,
Reuse, Chemical oxygen demand, Solids reduc-
tion. Manure hauling, Ditch pump, Flush tanks,
Soil preparation.
The purpose of this project was to develop
and characterize a swine manure management
system. The goal of the system was to collect,
transport, treat, reuse and dispose of the ma-
nure in such a way that it would be compa-
tible with current confinement swine production
systems, yet minimize both labor and pollution
167
-------
potential. Such a system was devised and
evaluated. Its basis was to hydraulically {lush
manure from shallow dunging gutters with the
treated wastewater. The treatment devices eval-
uated included an anaerobic lagoon and an
oxidation ditch. Excess water from the system
was applied under controlled observation to
adjacent cropland using conventional sprinkler
irrigation equipment. The overall validity of
this concept was proven. (Miner).
1882 - Al, B3, E2 300
RELATING AGRICULTURAL
INSTRUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT
IMPROVEMENT: THE ROLE OF
LAND AND SOIL
Agricultural Chemistry and Soils Department
Arizona University
Tucson
W. H. Fuller
Journal Paper No, 1854 of the Arizona Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, University of Ariz-
ona, 1971, p. 69-72. 4 fig, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Waste disposal, 'Oceans,
'Water pollution, 'Soil contamination. Fertilizers,
Soil conservation. Organic matter. Carbon diox-
ide. Bacteria, Nutrients, Municipal wastes, Ni-
trogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural instruction, 'Land dis-
posal, 'Manure, Transformation.
For many years people have warned the gov-
ernment and other people that man's waste
disposal problem should be controlled before it
gets out of hand. In the past these warnings
were ignored, but today many people are wak-
ing up and working to slow down the pollution
of our environment. Pollution usually ends up
in either the soil or ocean. Resistance to pol-
luting the ocean has thrown most of the burden
of waste disposal on the soil. Pollution can be
controlled through the soil because it is an
excellent digester of wastes. The soil decom-
poses organic matter. It produces nitrogen and
sulfur through complex microbial cycles which
are initiated by organic material, and the end
product of most waste is carbon dioxide, water,
and humus. What is needed is knowledge of
how to use these wastes to benefit the soil,
and this should begin in the colleges. Courses
should be developed to make people aware of
the problems and the solutions. (Russell-East
Central).
1883 - B2, E2 400
CUSTOM CATTLE FEEDING MOVES
TO THE SOUTHEAST
B. Johnson
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 89, No. 4, p. 96, April,
1974, 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Southeast U.S., 'Waste dis-
posal, Costs, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Feeding, Land disposal
Custom cattle feeding in the Southeast, con-
crete feedlot flush system, and reconstituted
high-moisture corn are a few of the special
features of the new Walworth Farms Feedlot in
Eutawvffle, South Carolina. To solve the high
rainfall and mud problems.. Walworth has in-
stalled a flush system made by AGPRO, Inc.,
to remove manure daily. All 40 lots are paved
with concrete and can be flushed by pumping
water into a reservoir and releasing it to run
across the pens. After this water flushes the
lots, it then goes into a large holding tank
from which it is pumped onto the land to be
used for growing silage. (Cameron-East Central).
1884 - Al, B2, D4, E2 400
THE COWS VS. THE SUBURBS
College of Engineering
Washington State University
Pullman
D. C. Flaherty
Quest, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 1-7, March, 1968. 10
fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, Costs, Research
and Development, Water pollution, Social as-
pects. Lagoons, Grants.
Identifiers: Land spreading.
The problem of cow-suburb co-existence, al-
though common in many parts of the United
States, is becoming especially acute in certain
areas of western Washington. Not only is there
an aesthetic problem, but evan more critical
is the potential water pollution problem. To
prove the belief that cows and surburbs can exist
together, an extensive research project was be-
gun last May with Dr. Donald E. Proctor, a
Research Division sanitary engineer, as the
chief investigator. The study is primarily be-
ing carried out at the Monroe Reformatory
Honor Dairy Farm. Because of flooding prob-
lems, Dr. Proctor asked for a Solid Waste Dis-
posal Demonstration Grant. It is anticipated
that after the end of the three-year study, the
Monroe project facilities will remain in opera-
tion. The project facilities will continue to be
available for inspection by anyone interested
in dairy management. Also, all operating data
and evaluation reports will be available for
study by interested individuals or agencies.
(Cameron-East Central).
1885 - Bl, Dl, E3 400
CALIFORNIA ISSUES DPW
REGULATIONS
Poultry Digest, Vol. 33, No. 387, p. 197, May
1974.
Descriptors: 'Regulation
Identifiers: 'Dried animal wastes, License, Pro-
cessing, Requirements, California Department of
Food and Agriculture.
On April 10, 1974, the California Department
of Food and Agriculture released proposed li-
censing and processing requirements for dried
animal wastes products within the state. Any-
one producing dried animal waste products must
have a commercial feed license. The applicant
must submit a description of the facilities equip-
ment and processing procedures. If satisfied,
the Department director will issue an endorse-
ment to the commercial feed license. The di-
rector may require use of recording devices,
thermometers, periodic sampling and laboratory
examination, and such other records as he may
deem necessary, Under the general provisions,
dried animal wastes are defined as a processed
product composed of total excreta—with or with-
out litter from poultry or ruminant animals.
The final product cannot exceed 12 percent
moisture and must be free of pesticides and drug
residues and also free of pathogens. The prod-
uct shall not be fed for 15 days prior to
slaughter. Specific animal waste products—dried
poultry waste, dried poultry litter, and dried
ruminant waste—are described. (Cameron-East
Central)
1886 - A5, A8, Bl 600
SLOTTED-FLOOR
COLD-CONFINEMENT BEEF
CATTLE HOUSING
Agricultural Engineering Department
Illinois University
Urbana—Champaign
D. G. Jedele and F. W. Andrew
Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, 18 p. 22 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Design, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors, *Cold confinement,
'Housing, Waste management.
Slotted-floor cold-confinement systems for fin-
ishing feeder cattle have one side open except
for a fence which keeps the cattle inside. In-
side temperature fluctuates according to outside
temperature. No bedding is used. Manure falls
through the slotted floor to the storage tank
below. Nine advantages of such a system are:
(1) Surface runoff is practically eliminated, (2)
Slotted floors eliminate the cost of bedding and
the labor for spreading value. (3) Protection
from sun and rain maintains the fertilizer value.
(4) Less labor is needed to handle manure, (5)
Flies are reduced. (6) Cattle are more docile
and easier to handle when sorted or treated.
(7) Cattle are usually clean and seem to be
favored by packers because of a 1 to 2 percent
better yield. (8) The herdsman can do a better
job of observing cattle, especially during bad
weather. (9) Less land is needed, and the site
development is easier. Design recommendations
are given. (Merryman-East Central)
1887 - Al, Bl, E2 400
ALL OF A SUDDEN MANURE
DOESN'T SMELL SO BAD ANYMORE
Extension Agronomist
Pennslyvania State University
W. W. Hinish
Crops and Soils Magazine, Vol. 277, No. 3, p.
12-15, December, 1974. 3 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Fertilizers, 'Nu-
trients.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
Animal wastes are once more being considered
as fertilizers because of the rising cost and
scarcity of commercial fertilizers. The nutrient
value of farm wastes is high. They contain
primarily nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Half the nitrogen and two thirds of the potas-
sium is in liquid form. Almost all the phosphorus
is in solid form, Improper storage and leaching
can result in losses of the liquid nutrients. Prop-
er handling such as application at low rates
just before plowing increase the nutrient benefits.
Nutrients in the solid form must decompose.
Therefore, about half the nitrogen content of
catUe and swine wastes is not considered
available the year of application. But all the
nitrogen of poultry wastes is considered avail-
able the year it is applied. (Kehl-East Central)
1888 - Al, B2, E2 600
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE AND
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Associate Professor
Agricultural Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
B. L. Manges, D. E. Eisenhauer, R. D. Stritzke,
E. H. Goering.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, 10
P. 1 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Equations, Soils, Feedlots.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Water intaake rates, 'Ap-
plication rates.
Feedlot manure from the 33,000 head capacity
Pratt Feedlot, Inc., located 10 kilometers north
of Pratt, Kansas, was applied to Farnum loam
soil annually at rates ranging from 0 to 977
metric tons dry matter per hectare to determine
the effects of feedlot manure application rates
on the basic water intake rate, Feedlot ma-
nure was also applied to another area at rates
ranging from 0 to 389 metric tons of dry matter
per hectare. This area received no manure
in subsequent years. Multiple regression equa-
tions were developed to predict basic intake rates
from annual application rates. Basic intake rate
gradually decreased as manure application rate
increased during the first year. During sub-
sequent years, basic intake rate increased as
manure application rate increased up to 93 to
269 metric tons dry matter per hectare an-
nually and decreased as manure application
rate continued to increase. (Battles-East Central)
168
-------
1889 - Al, Bl, E2 300
AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
Illinois College
Jacksonville
R. Graber
Feedlot Waste Management Regional Extension
Project, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
July, 1974, 55 p. 17 fig, 6 tab, 39 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, Management, Air pollu-
tion, Water pollution, Groundwater pollution,
Anaerobic treatment. Lagoons, Fertilizers, Cli-
matology, Agricultural runoff, Costs.
A demand tor animal products and meats has
resulted in a concentration of animals in confin-
ed areas. Animal wastes, a by-product of the
meat industry, cause undesirable environmen-
tal modifications. Such modifications can be
minimized by proper management practices and
site selection. Although groundwater appears
to be relatively unaffected by active feedlots,
surface waters need to be protected. The soil
used for feed production to run the feedlot
is capable of safely assimilating the animal
wastes produced by the lot. Feedlot odor pro-
duction is a function of both management and
climate. Gas dispersion is dependent primarily
on wind speed and mixing height. Economic
parameters favor the location of large facilities
in the same general area where climatic con-
ditions are most favorable. (Kehl-East Central)
1890 - B2, Dl 700
LABORATORY STUDIES ON
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Department of Civil Engineering
Nebraska University
L. R, Christensen
MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Nebraska University, April, 1973, 77 p. 16 fig,
15 tab, 40 ref.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Agricultural runoff,
Feedlot runoff. Waste treatment, Feedlot wastes,
Coagulation.
Laboratory studies, beginning in mid-September,
1971, and continuing through the summer of
1972, were made to determine the optimum
operating conditions for an extended aeration
system with air lift solids return. Treatment
efficiencies were evaluated at relative equilibria
of the monitoring parameters of MLSS, effluent
SS, mixed liquor COD, effluent COD, and solu-
able effluent COD with respect to the influent
waste COD and SS. Results of the study showed
that aerobic treatment with a forced solids re-
turn could operate at greater than SO percent
efficiency for both solids and COD removal at
detention times as low as 2 days without ad-
ditional treatment. It was concluded that feed-
lot runoff is amenable to aerobic treatment.
(Cameron-East Central)
1891 - Al, B2, D4, E2 300
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR
CONFINED HOG RAISING
OPERATIONS
Midwest Research Institute
Kansas City, Missouri
W. E. Park
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/2-74-947, May, 1974, 73 p. 34 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors: Swine, Waste treatment. Aeration,
Settling pond.
Identifiers: Odor control. Economics, Surface
aerators. Flushing gutters, Aerobic digestion.
A waste treatment system was installed in
conjunction with an existing confined swine
feeding operation at Schuster Farms, Gower,
Missouri. The system consisted of a concrete
aeration tank equipped with mechanical sur-
face aerators, followed by a settling pond.
Wastes from the 1,000-hog feeding operation
were flushed through a gutter in the concrete
feeding floor into the aeration tank, where they
were aerobically digested. All aeration tank dis-
charges were retained in the settling pond
where the liquids evaporated. The waste treat-
ment facility operated continuously and de-
pendably over a 2-year period, with treatment
efficiency averaging 90 percent to 95 percent.
The system effectively controlled objectionable
odors and insects, contained all liquid runoff
emanating from the feeding operation, and left
only a dry, inert residue suitable for land dis-
posal. Installation cost for the system was
$12,000. Net operating costs, including amorti-
zation of capital costs, were $7.33 per day. Thus,
total environmental control was achieved at a
cost of approximately $1.00 per hog, or 1/2 cent
per pound (1.1 cent per kilogram) of weight
gained while on the feeding floor. (Water Ra-
sources Scientific Information Center)
1892 - Al, Bl 600
IMPLEMENTING THE MISSOURI
APPROACH TO SWINE WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN NORTHEAST
MISSOURI
Area Agricultural Engineering Specialist
Kahoka, Missouri
J. A. Hoehne and R. M. George
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, 4 p. 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Missouri, 'Confinement
pens, 'Pollution abatement, Evaluation, Agricul-
tural runoff.
Identifiers: Waste management, 'Swine, 'Stor-
age basins, 'Anaerobic lagoons, 'Soil-plant filt-
ers, Missouri Approach, Slotted floors.
The design and implementation of animal waste
management systems using the basic concepts
set forth in the "Missouri Approach" to Animal
Waste Management is reviewed. The basic
components of swine waste management sys-
tems in Northeast Missouri are concrete deten-
tion basins, anaerobic lagoons, and so'1-plant
filters. The waste management systems formed
by combinations of these components are eval-
uated. The design, implementation and man-
agement of these waste management systems
appear to have many practical applications.
(Cartmell-East Central)
1893 - Al, E2 600
LAND DISPOSAL OF POULTRY
MANURE IN RELATION TO SOIL
WATER QUALITY AND SD^AGE
CO^N YH2LD
Connecticut University
Storrs
R. W. Wengel and J. J. Kolega
Presented at the 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, De-
cember 11-15, 1972, 31 p. 2 fig, 16 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Water quality, 'Lysi-
meters. Nitrates, Chlorides, Soil microorganisms.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Yields, Application
rates.
A field lysimeter study was conducted concern-
ing the effects of high poultry manure applica-
tion rates on corn silage production as it re-
lates to crop and soil water quality. The find-
ings indicated that for normal soil conditions,
the soU was effectively filtering out microorgan-
isms for the two and one-half foot depth. In
general nitrate and chloride concentration in
all lysimeters were high during those years
when manure was applied. The high rate of
application resulted in higher concentrations of
nitrate and chloride. The soil water coming
from the manured plots had a greater degree
of acidity. The average COD concentrations of
the soil water for any drain was less than
100 mg/1. Crop yields were inversely related
to manure application rates. Of the measure-
ments made, the nitrate ion is the most critical
parameter in establishing the maximum appli-
cation rates for manure. (Cartmell-East Central)
1894 - Bl 100
HEAT AND MOISTURE
PRODUCTION FROM A BEEF
BUHJHNG INCLUDING MANURE
TANKS
Confinement Engineer
Morton Buildings
Spencer, Iowa
M. A. Hellickson, H, G. Young and W. B
Witmer
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 3, p.
533-535, May-June, 1974. 4 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Heat, 'Moisture, 'Stor-
age tanks, 'Sensible heat, 'Latent heat, 'Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Confinement building.
A study was established in order to determine
(1) total heat and moisture production from
a closed confinement beef building under actual
production conditions, (2) sensible and latent
heat production from a closed confinement beef
building, and (3) heat and moisture contribu-
tions to the environment from the manure stor-
age tank located under the slotted floor. These
data are essential for proper design of live-
stock structures and environmental control sys-
tems. The following data were collected. Aver-
age daily total, sensible, and latent heat pro-
duction from a building housing 47 head of
530 to 640-lb. Hereford steers averaged 2870,
and 2180 Btu per hr. per head, respectively.
The effect of the manure storage tank located
under the slotted floors was to add an average
of 205 Btu per hr. per head of latent heat
and the remove 175 Btu per hr. per head of
sensible heat from the animal environment. It
was determined that latent heat production in
a confinement beef building decreases with in-
creases of relative humidity and animal den-
sity. Latent heat increases with increasing tem-
perature. Sensible heat, however, decreases with
temperature increase and increases with rela-
tive humidity increase. (Cartmell-East Central)
1895 - Al, Bl, E2 200
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND
GROUND WATER QUALITY
California University
Davis
R. S. Ayers
Proceedings of 9th Biennial Conference on
Ground water, September 13-14, 1973, Francisco
Torres Conference Center, Goleta, California;
California University Water Resources Center
Report No. 26, p. 94-96, December, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution sources, 'Farm
wastes, 'California, Leaching, Fertilizers
Groundwater, Water pollution control.
Irrigated agriculture's waste products include
salts concentrated by evapotranspiration, resi-
dues of fertilizers and soil amendments not
picked up by crops, and animal manures from
dairy and feed lots. The contamination can be
minimized by establishing a favorable balance
where export of pollutants balances import, and
at a sufficiently low level of pollutant that bene-
ficial uses are not affected. (Knapp-USGS)
1896 - Al, F3 600
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE
DISPOSAL IN MONTANA
Department of Botany and Microbiology,
Montana State University
Bozeman
J. W. Jutila
Montana Agriculture — Focus on Improving the
Environment, December 3-4, 1970, p. 61-68. 1
fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water quality, 'Waste disposal,
'Montana, 'Water pollution, 'Eutrophication, Ni-
trates, Phosphates.
Many Montana rivers and streams are being
polluted with human and agricultural wastes.
169
-------
even at their headwaters, to the extent that
the quality of water of the Missouri River along
its entire length may be seriously compromised.
Surface waters are becoming so fertilized by
man's activities that objectionable growths of
water flora appear in abundance. In 1957, sev-
eral teams of investigators from the Montana
State University investigated the nature of the
pollution problem in the East Gallatin River
and its tributaries. Phosphates and nitrates
coining from sanitary sewer systems, synthetic
detergents, burial of solid wastes, and excreta
of farm animals, were found to be the primary
factors causing undesirable water changes. Fed-
eral and state agencies have sponsored studies
on the problem and solution of agricultural and
human waste disposal pollution, emphasizing
water quality studies. But far more research
is required on the identity, fate, and biological
and non-biological transformation of these pol-
lutants. (Hisle East Central)
1897 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2 300
CHICKEN MANURE, ITS
PRODUCTION, VALUE,
PRESERVATION, AND DISPOSITION
C. F. Eno
Agricultural Experiment Station Institute of Food
and Agricultural Science, Circular S-140, Uni-
versity of Florida, Gainesville, May, 1962, 18 p.
! 5 tab, 8 ret.
Descriptors: "Poultry, 'Chemical properties,
•Nutrients, "Preservation, "Disinfection, "Waste
disposal, Dehydration, Leaching, Economics.
Identifiers: "Manure, Composting.
Poultry waste is a good source of plant nu-
trients. Factors affecting poultry waste produc-
tion rates are age, breed of chickens, and
amount and kind of feed and water consump-
tion. Poultry waste contains such major fertil-
izer constituents as nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P205) and potassium (K20). Since the vast ma-
jority of poultry waste is not used as produced,
aging causes many compositional changes. Poul-
try waste composition is also influenced by the
kind and amount of litter. Nutrient availabil-
ity is related to the form in which the ele-
ments occur. Fresh poultry waste may con-
tain nutrients in both organic and inorganic
form. In many older accumulations, leaching
of inorganic fractions results in a low nutrient
content and low availability. Leaching of solu-
ble compounds (primarily salts) and volatili-
zation are the primary routes by which nu-
trients are lost. Methods of preservation and
disinfection are given. Methods of poultry waste
disposal and 'management are also discussed,
(Kehl-East Central)
1898 - Al, B2, D3, D4, El
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43, August, 1971, p. 30.
400
Descriptors: "Animal wastes, "Waste disposal,
"Canada, Aerobic treatment. Lagoons, Chlorina-
tion Effluent.
Identifiers: Anaerobic treatment.
The National Hog Center discharges animal
waste into the Fraser River in British Colum-
bia. A University of British Columbia team re-
ported that the National Hog Center is about
the only example in the area of a company
attempting to control pollution. The National
Hog treats its effluent with a system which
includes two primary lagoons and one secondary
lagoon. Much of the time, chlorination is also
used. This results in an effluent with a BOD
rating well under the specifications of their
Pollution Control Board License. Proposed
changes to make the system more satisfactory
and applicable to other areas were listed.
(Kehl-East Central)
1899 - A4, Bl, E2 400
NITROGEN LOAD OF SOIL IN
GROUND WATER FROM DAIRY
MANURE
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Engineering
California University
Riverside
D. C. Adriano, P. F. Pratt, S E. Bishop, W.
Brock, J, C. Oliver and W. Fairbank
California Agriculture, Vol. 25, No. 12, p. 12,
December, 1971. 4 fig.
Descriptors: "Nitrogen compounds, "Dairy in-
dustry, "Salts, "Sampling.
Identifiers: "Land disposal, "Application rates,
"Groundwater pollution, "Soil contamination.
Nine sites for each of the following categories
were drilled with power driven augers in the
Chino-Corona dairy area of California: (a) two
sites with no manure or irrigation water ap-
plied, (b) six acres of irrigated cropland for
disposal of barnyard and/or liquid manure, (c)
five irrigated pasture sites for disposal of wastes
from milking operations, and (d) two corral
sites where manures were generally scraped
twice yearly and discharged to croplands and
pastures. Samples were collected and analyzed
for ammonium-nitrogen (NH-N), nitrate-nitrogen
(NO2-N), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). Water
from the water tables was sampled for NO3
and total salt analysis. Comparison was made
of water from adjacent domestic wells. NO3-N
concentration was highest under the corrals,
followed by the pastures, then the croplands,
and then the controls. While NO3 concentra-
tions in deep wells were considerably lower
than those of shallow wells, the NO3 concentra-
tions of deep wells exceeded the PHS standard
of 45 parts per million NO3. Thus dairy ma-
nure disposal to croplands and pastures is
hazardous to ground water. If high rates of
manure disposal are to continue in this area,
research is needed on: (1) recycling nitrogen
and other nutrients under local conditions in
order to establish application rates. (8) re-
moving slats and nitrogen so that disposal
amount can be increased, and (3) development
of alternatives to land disposal of manure.
(Merryman-East Central)
1900 - Bl, Dl, E3 300
CONVERSION OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES TO AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
GAS
Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
J. E. Halligan, K, L. Herzog, H. W. Parker,
and R. M. Sweazy.
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/2-4:t-74-099, December, 46 p. 7 fig, 5
tab, 38 ref.
Descriptors: "Cattle, "Feedlots, Gases, Equip-
ment.
Identifiers: "Fluidized bed reactor, Anhydrous
ammonia. Synthesis gas.
A study was undertaken to determine the po-
tential of a process to convert cattle feedlot
manure to anhydrous ammonia. Due to the fact
that ammonia is currently produced on a large
scale using natural gas and air, only the
processing associated with a reactor system
to convert the manure into a suitable synthesis
gas was considered in this study. The synthesis
gas can be further processed to anhydrous am-
monia using existing technology. (Halligan-Texas
Tech)
1901 - Al, E2, E3 600
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE
UTILIZATION OF ANIMAL EXCRETA
EITHER DIRECTLY BY ANIMALS OR
INDIRECTLY THROUGH PLANTS
L. J. Fisher
Unnumbered paper, Canadian Society of Animal
Science, Ottawa, Ontario, 15 p. 4 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: "Recycling, "Hydroponics.
Identifiers: "Manure, "Land disposal, "Refeeding
A literature review is presented concerning
three methods for recycling animal manures:
(1) recycling into the crop production system
by field application of manure; (2) recycling of
manure by hydroponic growth of algae, bacteria,
yeast, cereals, and/or grasses; and (3) recy-
cling by direct refeeding of manure to ani-
mals. The author concluded that hydroponics
and integrated cropping systems are efficient
methods for utilization of manure. Direct re-
cycling of poultry manure through ruminants
may have potential worth developing. (McQuitty,
Barber-University of Alberta)
1902 - B3, C5, D4 100
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING
OF BROILER MANURE
Department of Environmental Biology
Guelph University
Guelph, Ontario
R. G. Bell and 3. Foe.
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, No.
2, p. 60-64, December, 1971. 10 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: "Winter, Aerobic conditions, Car-
bon, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: "Broilers, "Manure, "Composting.
A high-rate composter consisting of a reinforced
concrete horizontal silo with an air distribu-
tion system incorporated into the floor was
tested in Ontario in January. Freezing rain,
sub-zero temperatures which required removal
of frozen compost from the walls with chisels
and crowbars and rodents which were "using
the lower reaches of the composter as a 'cen-
trally heated* home" caused difficulties. It was
concluded, however, that (1) broiler manure can
be composted outdoors in a Canadian winter
without auxiliary heat, (2) a forced aeration
system is essential for high-rate compositng
of broiler manure, (3) loading should be daily
(seven days per week), (4) the composter should
be roofed to avoid excessive wetting of the con-
tents by rain, and (5) the addition of a blend-
ing material, preferably ground garbage, to
raise the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio well above its
value of 14.3 for broiler manure would be ad-
vantageous. (Whetstone, Parker, Wells,—Texas
Tech University)
1903 - Bl, E3 300
FEEDING VALUE OF ANIMAL
WASTES
Animal Science Research Division
USDA, ARS
Beltsville, Maryladn
L. W. Smith
Animal Waste Reuse—Nutritive Value and Po-
tential Problems from Feed Additives—A Re-
view, ARS 44-224, February 1971, p. 5-13, 1 tab.
Descriptors: "Feeds, 'Ruminants, Algae, Cattle,
Poultry, Hogs, Animal disease, Catfish, Waste
treatment, Dehydration, Feasibility.
Identifiers: "Manure, "Literature review, Feed-
ing value.
This paper reviews the literature concerned
with feeding animal waste to livestock. Fiber
in diets for ruminants is not digested to the
maximum possible extent during the initial pass
through the digestive tract. Other nutrients
also escape digestion. Feeding feces is not a
new concept. Early in the 1940*s cow manure
was looked upon as a source of B-complex vi-
tamins. Poultry and catfish have been success-
fully fed rations containing feedlot manure.
There have been many articles concerning the
use of poultry Utter in ruminant feeding pro-
grams. Feeding poultry feces to poultry was
reported to have no adverse effect on bird
mortality or egg taste. Algae grown on sew-
age has been fed to rats. The authors indicate
that algae is a potentially valuable livestock
feed. (Christenbury—Iowa State)
1904 - A5, A6, Bl 100
ODORS AND GASES LIBERATED
FROM DILUTED AND UNDILUTED
CHICKEN MANURE
170
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Cornell University
Ithaca. New York
D. C. Ludington, A. T. Sobel, and A. G. Ha-
shimoto.
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 855-859,
September-October, 1971. 12 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Gases, Poultry, Ammonia,
Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Dilution
Investigation and comparison of the release of
some gases and odors from stored chicken
manure in both undiluted and diluted states
is reported. Air was passed over the surface
of manure in two containers, one for each sys-
tem, at a flow rate of 1 standard cu. ft. per hr.
This rate was checked daily with a wet-test
meter. Container outlets were connected to a
manifold from which the air was distributed
to the carbon dioxide analyzer, to wet scrubbers
for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide analysis, or
to odor-strength measuring devices. White
Leghorn laying hens provided the manure,
which was added daily. Results of the study
indicate that, with regard to production
and release of gases and odors, sig-
nificant differences occurred between undiluted
and diluted manure. Undiluted manure released
slightly greater amounts of carbon dioxide than
diluted manure; the undiluted system likewise
released more ammonia. Manure stored in a
diluted state produced more hydrogen sulfid3
and ammonia than undiluted-state manure. Al-
though both releases were below threshold, hy-
drogen sulfide release from the diluted system
was twice that released from undiluted manure.
Odor strength of animal manures can be meas-
ured by liquid dilution on a laboratory basis;
odor strength of released gases can be meas-
ured by vapor-dilution methods. Diluted or
'liquid* manure produces odors with a strength
comparable to odors arising from undiluted ma-
nure. The quality of liquid' manure odor is
much more offensive than the ammonia odor
from the undiluted system. (SWISS)
1905 - Bl, C5, D4 100
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PIGGERY WASTE
School of Biological Science, University Sains
Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
J. D, Owens, M. R. Evans, F. E. Thacker, R.
Bissett, and S. Baines.
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 12, p. 1745-1766,
December, 1973. 11 fig, 7 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors; 'Aerobic treatment, Effluents, Sus-
pended solids, Nitrification, Biochemical Oxygen
demand. Sludge, Acidity, Alkalinity, Degrada-
tion.
Identifiers: 'Swine.
Two main types of aerobic treatment systems
operated at different loading rates and tem-
peratures were studied: one with floe formation
and gravity separation of liquid and solid ef-
fluents; and a second without floe formation
or separation of the effluent into liquid and
solid fractions. A mixed liquor concentration
in the range 5.0-7-5g 1-1 appeared suitable to
achieve liquid effluents having low suspended
solids concentrations. The studied parameters
most effected by loading rates at 15° C were
(1) the properties of the liquid effluent; (2)
the pH value of the mixed liquor; (3) nitrifica-
tion; (4) the BODS of the supernatant from
the mixed liquor; and (5) sludge production
as a percentage of solids input. A sudden large
increase in the loading rate can result in a
complete breakdown of the biological process.
At 15° C the mixed liquors were acidic or
neutral at loadings below about 0.30 g SS g
MLSS-1 d-1 while they were moderately alka-
line at higher loading rates. Nitrification seem-
ed to cause acidic conditions in the mixed
liquors. In the absence of nitrification, the mixed
liquors remained alkaline. The concentration of
BODS, the output of suspended solids, and the
output of chemical oxygen demand in the
supernatant from the mixed liquors increased
with increasing loading rates. Nitrification was
prevented at 5° bat operation of treatment units
at temperatures of 5° and 10° had little effect
on the efficiency of degradation. At certain
loading rates, operation at 25° C appeared to
increase the amount of degradation compared
with that achieved at 15° C.
1906 - Bl, D4, E3 400
PROCESSED MANURE SEEN AS
PROTEIN OF FUTURE
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 45, September, 1974
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Refeeding, Proteins, Costs,
Performance
Identifiers: 'Excreta
Protein from cattle excreta can be nutritionally
beneficial in supplementing feedlot rations prior
to the final month or two of finishing. The
benefit from the protein in the excreta was seen
In increased weight gains. Lower feed costs of
gain is a favorable aspect of excreta-fed cattle
when no charge is made for the excreta and
processing of it through a silo. R. L. Vetter,
animal scientist at Iowa State University, and
his colleague. Wise Burroughs, found that as
much as 50 percent of cattle excreta can be
successfully recycled through feedlot cattle ex-
cept for the final month or two prior to mar-
keting. The scientists say more research is need-
ed before results obtained in experiments thus
far can be recommended in cattle feeding prac-
tice. (Cameron-East Central)
1907 - Bl, Dl, E3 300
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS
FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY
RESOURCES: H. PROCESS
DESCRDTTIONS
Department of Chemical Engineering
Kansas State University
Manhattan
W. P. Walawender, L. T. Fan, C, R. Engler,
and L. E. Erickson
Project Report No. 45, Department of Chemi-
cal Engineering, Kansas Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Manhattan, March 1, 1973, 31 p.
7 fig, 6 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, "Energy, Design, Oil,
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Li-
quefaction, 'Gasification, Hydrogasification
This report provides a description of three
potential chemical processing schemes for the
conversion of feedlot wastes to useful products.
A liquefaction process for the production of an
oil-like material was considered for processing
4,300 tons/day of wet manure. The oil pro-
duct obtained amounts to approximately 4,330
barrels per day. Two gasification schemes
were also considered. The first is a gasifica-
tion to produce a synthetic gas. The synthesis
gas plant processes about 1,100 tons/day of
wet manure from which some 8 million standard
cubic feet of gas is obtained. The second pro-
cess is for hydrogasification of 1,000 tons/day
of wet manure. The product is essentially pure
methane in the amount of 6 million scf per
day. (Walawender-Kansas State University)
1908 - Al, B2, D4 200
A STATUS REPORT ON
AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS
IN MISSISSIPPI
Department of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment
Station
J. B. Allen and J, C. McWhorter
Presented at the 68th Annual Convention of the
Association of Southern Agricultural Workers,
Richmond. Virginia, February 14, 1972, 19 p.
2 fig, 8 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Municipal wastes, 'Waste treat-
ment, 'Lagoons, 'Mississippi, Effluent
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Status report.
Bacteriological analysis, Chemical analysis
Results are given of a study to evaluate the
current use of, and attitudes toward, lagoons
as devices for waste treatment. It was re-
ported that, at the time of a State survey,
there were 216 municipal lagoon systems, cov-
ering 2,972.5 acres, and 241 animal waste
treatment lagoons, of which 221 were used for
swine, 16 for dairy, and 4 for poultry. The BOD
of the municipal lagoon effluent varied from
18.0 to 79.5 mg/1 compared to a range of BOD
from 92 to 870 mg/1 for agricultural waste
treatment lagoons. Agricultural waste treatment
lagoons have been readily accepted by farmers
and the number of lagoons is expected to in-
crease rapidly, partially because the federal
government will cover 80 percent of the con-
struction cost. (McQuitty, Barber-University of
Alberta)
1909 - B2, D4, E3 400
COOKING WITH COW POWER
Popular Mechanics, Vol. 141, No. 3, p. 75,
March, 1974. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Anaerobic bacteria,
•Cattle, 'Fertilizers, 'Recycling, 'Waste treat-
ment, Slurries, Natural gas.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Dick Suttleworth, owner of a cattle farm at
Red Key, Indiana, his son and a couple of
expert consultants, built a prototype generator
that converts cow manure and other waste
materials into methane—natural gas—and a ni-
trogen-rich fertilizer. Manure is mixed with
water to form a slurry. Anaerobic bacteria
break down the solid matter to produce me-
thane. The Suttleworth's have used home-brewed
methane to run a variety of equipment: a gas
lamp, a range, a gas refrigerator, a 1948 Chev-
rolet engine, and a space heater. It was esti-
mated that the manure from 36 head of cattle
would provide enough gas to heat the large
Suttleworth farmhouse. (Cameron-East Central)
1910 - B2, D4, E3 100
SALTS CONCENTRATION IN A
RECYCLING AEROBIC WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEM
R. E. Smith and J. D. Jenkins
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 6, p. 1076-1078,
1971.
Descriptors: 'Salts, 'Recycling, 'Biodegradation,
•Aerobic treatment, Poultry, Biochemical oxy-
gen demand. Effluent, Equations.
Identifiers: 'Excreta
At the bio-engineering laboratory of the Agricul-
tural Engineering Center at the University of
Georgia, research was done to study the ef-
fects of salt concentrations on the biodegrada-
tion of poultry wastes. A recycling aerobic di-
gestor was used to provide an effluent whose
ionic spectrum was then determined. Synthetic
effluents with similar ionic spectra were used
in aerobic digesters to determine the effect
on BOD and volatile solids reduction by the
level of salts concentration. Tables show analy-
ses of the actual effluent and the synthetic ef-
fluents. Mathematical equations for the processes
used are given. It was found that there is
little danger of adverse effects of salt concen-
tration on microbial action in a recycling aero-
bic poultry-waste digestor because slndge re-
moval will keep the concentration at an ac-
ceptable level. Salt buildup in this type of sys-
tem has little effect on BOD reduction and
volatile solids reduction up to a concentration
of soluble nonvolatile solids of about 20,000 mg
per liter of solution. A concentration of 250,000
mg per liter of solution of soluble nonvolatile
solids impairs the BOD reduction rate signifi-
cantly for the naturally occuring microbial
populations used in this study, (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
171
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1911 - Al, B2, D4, E3 400
A CLOSED SYSTEM — NEW IDEA IN
POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
D. W. Darden
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 89, No. 11, p. 42-43,
November, 1974. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Recycling.
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Anaerobic pond, 'Aerobic
pond, 'Closed system.
Specialists and engineers at the Louisiana State
University Cooperative Extension Service have
developed a two-lagoon system that never has
to be dumped. Chicken manure is flushed
from pits beneath laying pens into an anaerobic
pond for treatment. The water then flows into
an aerobic pond for further bacterial digestion.
Water is then pumped from the aerobic pond
back to the laying houses where it once again
flushes the pits under the laying pens. An
adaptation of the system is being successfully
used by a commercial operation just outside
Hammond, Louisiana. Major advantages of this
system are: no fly problem; reduction of labor,
better working environment, no runoff, and adap-
tability of the system. (Battles-East Central)
1912 - Al, A5, B2, C5, D4 100
AERATION OF POULTRY WASTES
FOR ODOR AND NITROGEN
CONTROL
A. G. Hashimoto
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 5, p.
978-982, Sept.-Oct., 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Aeration, 'Nitrogen,
•Biodegradation, 'Slurries, Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Odor control
This research was undertaken to study the ef-
fect of aeration rate on odor control and ni-
trogen removal in batch and daily fed sys-
tems. One to three day old manure from white
leghorn laying hens was diluted one part ma-
nure to three parts distilled water. It was fed
to reaction vessels in a daily fed study and
batch fed study. The daily fed systems were
started by pouring 4 liters of slurry into four
separate vessels. Three vessels were stirred
and aerated at rates of 1, 2, and 3 scfh/gal
(Standard cubic feet of air per gallon of slurry).
The final vessel was not aerated. The vessels
were fed and sampled. The batch system was
operated in a similar manner but manure was
not added to the batch system after the start ot
the trial, and only two reaction vessels aerated
at 2 scfh/gal were used. The study revealed that
15-20 percent of the total nitrogen is not readily
biodegraded and may be termed recalcitrant.
Carbon-nitrogen ratios of the recalcitrant ni-
trogen fraction were above 20 to 1, indicating
little likelihood of mineralization when applied
to soil. Odor offensiveness of laying-hen ma-
nure slurries decrease exponentially with aera-
tion rate. Odors from batch aeration slurries
progress from reduced gases characterized as
'sour,' 'fishy,' 'amines,' to predominantly am-
monia odors as waste becomes stabilized. Dis-
solved oxygen levels between 1 to 2 me/1 must
be maintained to achieve adequate odor control.
(Battles-East Central).
1913 - A5, A6, Bl 100
EFFECT OF SLOTTED FLOORS ON
ABB-FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A
MODEL SWINE CONFINEMENT
BUILDINGS
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
D. D. Schulte, J. A. DeShazer, and C. N. Ifeadi
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 15, No. 5, p. 947-950,
1972. 4 fig, 3 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ventilation, 'Model studies, 'Con-
finement pens, Gases, Design
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors, 'Swine
A one-twelfth scale model of an existing swins
confinement structure was used to determine
the effects of various ventilation inlet and ex-
hau£t locations, baffle position, floor types and
pit depth upon the air-flow characteristics with-
in the building. Heater thermocouple anemometer
readings were recorded and analyzed statisti-
cally to determine the effects of the different
treatments. Iso-velocity lines were plotted to
provide visual interpretation of the regions of
high and low velocities. Turbulent intensities
were calculated to determine the effectiveness
of air mixing. Results showed that uss of baf-
fles to direct air along the ceiling in hopes
of distributing the temperature and velocity
more evenly through the building tended to in-
crease air velocity and the significance of both
the floor arrangement and pit depth. Also, use
of a baffled air inlet decreased the turbulent
intensities within the structure, thus lessening
the degree of air mixing in the ventilated
space. High velocity ragions near slotted floor
openings appear likely to introduce malodorous
and possibly toxic gases into the animal envi-
ronment. The effect of slotted floors on air-flow
characteristics in a model swine confinement
building suggests that conventional inlet-exist
location and design criteria in full scale build-
ings may be inadequate and may require nsw
design standards, however, full scale validat-on
of the results presented here should be ob-
tained. (Solid Waste information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
1914 - Al, Bl 300
PAUNCH MANURE AS A FEED
SUPPLEMENT IN CHANNEL
CATFISH FARMING
Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit
BSF&W
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater
R. C. Summerfelt and S. C. Yin
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-660/2-74-046, May, 1974, 114 p. 12 fig, 38
tab, 50 ref.
Descriptors: Aquaculture, Water pollution. Agri-
culture wastes, Abatement, Beef cattle. Water
quality
Identifiers: Channel catfish farming, Fish farm-
ing, Fish nutrition, Paunch manure, Abbattoir
wastes, Recycling animal wastes, Slaughter-
house wastes, Food processing wastes.
Part A of this report examines the feasibility
of using dried paunch at 10, 20 and 30 per-
cent levels in feed for pond-rearing yearling
catfish. Part B describes the effects of fish
culture, using standard feeds and paunch-con-
taining feeds, on water quality of fish ponds. In
all, one physical, one bacteriological, and fif-
teen chemical parameters were measured. Re-
gardless of feed type, pond-reared fish grew
faster than the cage-reared fish. There was
no significant difference in final weights at-
tained by fish given standard, and 10 and 20
percent paunch feeds but fish given 30 percent
paunch were significantly smaller. Feed costs
per kg of catfish produced using the standard
commercial sinking feed and sinking feed con-
taining 10 percent paunch were essentially
equal, but feed costs for making sinking feed
with 10 and 20 percent paunch were greater
than the standard. Tha cost of making a float-
ing feed containing 10 percent paunch for race-
way or cage culture of channel catfish were
uneconomical. Neither the pond culture nor
the cage culture caused deterioration in water
quality in any of the ponds to any appreciable
degree in one growing season of 24 weeks, and
there was no significant difference in water
quality in general between the ponds in which
commercial feeds were used and those in which
paunch-containing feeds were used—this was
true in both pond and cage cultures. (Summer-
felt-Oklahoma State University)
1915 - Al, Bl 300
METHODS AND PRACTICES FOR
CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION
FROM AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT
SOURCES
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water
Program Operations Publications EPA-430/0-73-
015, October 1973, 83 p. 18 fig, 34 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Farm
wastes, 'Sedimentation, 'Nutrients, Erosion con-
trol, Pesticides, Fertilizers, Wind erosion, Soil
conservation, Farm management
Potential nonpoint agricultural sources of sur-
face and groundwater pollution include sedi-
ment, pesticides, fertilizer, and plant and ani-
mal wastes and residue from cropland, graz-
ing acres, and farm woodlots. Sound manage-
ment practices are the key to achieving ac-
ceptable water quality. Proper land use and
agricultural management practices will keep
soil, plant nutrients, and organic matter on
land, rather than allow them to become part
of the waterborne pollutant load. Erosion may
be reduced by means of conservation tillage,
terraces, diversions, stripcropping, contouring,
grassed waterways, crop rotations, and by man-
agement. Reducing nutrient losses from agricul-
tural operations can be accomplished by three
general approaches: (1) determining the proper
amount, time, and method of plant nutrient ap-
plications to ensure efficient use by plants,
(2) adopting approved cultural practices, in-
cluding tillage and crop rotations, and (3)
reducing soil and water runoff. There are sev-
eral approaches to reduce the quantity of
pesticides entering surface water and ground-
water. These include: controlling erosion and
minimizing wind drift; reducing the quantity
of pesticides used, and using biodegradable,
rather than persistent pesticides. Appropriate
animal and land management practices should
be followed. These include: (1) spreading ac-
ceptable rates of manure uniformly on land;
(2) applying feedlot runoff effluent on land
as recommended for specific site conditions;
(3) maintaining an adequate land-to-livestock
ratio on pastures; and (4) locating feeders
and waterers a reasonable distance from
streams and watercourses. (Knapp-USGS)
1916 - C5, Dl, E3 600
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN
RECYCLED CHICKEN MANURE
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Northern Regional Research Laboratory
Peoria, Illinois
J. H. Sloneker, B. F. Kelson and C. J. Flegal
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
12 p. 7 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Poultry, Performance
Identifiers: 'Refceding, Egg production, Com-
positional changes
A study was undertaken to determine changes,
if any, in the composition of DPW recycled
at 12,5 and 25 percent levels in layer feed.
Cellulose, total neutral carbohydrate, lignin, ash,
nitrogen, and amino acid composition were
followed for 23 feeding cycles. Some microbial
activity occurred during storage (up to 7 months)
before analysis. Although carbohydrate content
of the DPW fluctuated randomly, average levels
of the major aldoses remained fairly constant.
The lignin content remained essentially con-
stant throughout the 23 cycles. Ash content
and amino acid content increased while total
nitrogen decreased. The data collected in this
study level without the accumulation of the
indigestible plant tissues and without a signi-
ficant reduction in feeding efficiency and egg
production. (Cartmell-East Central)
1917 - B2, Dl 400
DO FLUMES REALLY WORK?
Beef Managing Editor
B. Fleming
BEEF, Vol. 10, No. 11, p. 3-7, July, 1974. 9 fig.
Descriptors: 'Flumes, 'Performance, 'Con-
finement pens, "Costs, Flood control, Design,
Operation and maintenance.
172
-------
Identifiers: •Flushing, 'Western cornbelt, Traf-
fic patterns.
A tour was taken into the Western Cornbelt to
get some first-hand views of the new slot and
flume confinement buildings. Not a single op-
erator was found who was discouraged with
the system. The operators plan additional build-
ings, using the flume system. Only minor
changes are planned. Every operator contacted
admitted to flooding the floor, until it was
learned how to control the flushing process.
To keep flumes from freezing, most operators
did increase the frequency of flushing during
extremely cold weather. Dirty cattle seem to
be a problem the first weeks in a new barn.
Owners agree the barns seem to start damp—
then gradually improve. As to the number of
cattle in a pen, the American Beef expert
says, "The theory of 18 square feet per 1,000
pounds of body weight is about right." Traffic
patterns in pens, building design, and number
of flumes are discussed. It was concluded that
flumes can cut about $50 per head off the
cost of a confinement barn. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
1918 - B2 400
NEW PUMP, NEW SYSTEM FOR
LIQUID MANURE
N. Reeder
Farm Journal, Vol. 95, No. 6, p. D-9, June,
1971. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, "Costs, 'Design,
Waste storage.
Identifiers: 'Piston-type pump. Outdoor pit.
Clinton Nesseth from Nesseth Farms, Dafter,
Michigan has invented a manure transfer and
storage system that stores semi-solids for six
months in an outdoor pit. A piston-type pump
forces the manure from the barn into the pit
even in the coldest weather. REAP will pay
up to $2500 to help build the pit. In the win-
ter of 1970, the pump pushed 1700 cu. yards
of manure out to the pit through an under-
ground pipeline that enters the pit at the bot-
tom. Nesseth estimates the pump will cost
$2000 installed. Inquiries may be made at Nes-
seth Farms, Drafter, Michigan 49724, (Cameron-
East Central)
1919 - Bl, D4, E2 400
LAGOON SYSTEM CHEAPER FOR
SMALL DAIRY HERDS
J. L. Starlings.
Progressive Fanner, Vol. 89, No. 4, p. 88, April,
1974.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Lagoons, Dairy industry.
In an Auburn Experiment Station project, a
lagoon system for dairy waste disposal for
small herds, was the cheapest system studied.
The four systems tested were (1) a conven-
tional system using a scraper-loader and ma-
nure spreader, (2) a flushing-irrigation system,
(3) a semiliquid system using a holding tank
and a tank spreader, and (4) a two-stage
lagoon system. As herd size increased to slight-
ly more than 240 cows the conventional system
was the least expensive of the confinment sys-
tems. But the flush-irrigation system became
increasingly cheaper per cow as herd size
increased. The lagoon system was the cheaper
of the partial-confinement systems up to its
capacity of about 240 cows. The capacity could
be increased by constructing a larger lagoon
or several more lagoons, (Cameron-East Central)
1920 - A2, Bl, Dl, El 400
FARMLAND FARM STRESSES NO
RUNOFF, LATEST TEST RESULTS
Feedstuffs, Vol. 46, No. 50, p. 13, December 9,
1974. 6 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Livestock,
•Experimental farms, Research and development,
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch. Waste handling.
At Farmland Industries new research and dem-
onstration farm, under the supervision of Dr
Buell W. Beadle, there is no runoff of live-
stock wastes into nearby ditches or creeks
Located at Piper City, Kansas, tha farm is
fully self-contained. Oxidation ditches and aero-
bic bacteria solve the manure handling prob-
lems in the swine, poultry and dairy units. The
research farm includes a swine unit, consisting
of farrowing house, nursery, finishing house and
gestation barn. The poultry unit has a capa-
city of 4,400 layer hens in the two houses. It
is environmentally controlled and the cages are
over an oxidation ditch. The beef cattle unit
has a 300-head capacity. The 20 pens of cattle
also serve as test groups of feed formulations
or comparisons of CO-OP Feed versus com-
petitive brands. Other facilities on the farm
include a feed mill, a stable for 6 horses, a
show arena, a necropsy unit with laboratory
and post-mortem facilities, and a waste r*-
search facility for studying new and improved
methods of animal waste disposal. The work at
Farmland's is closely coordinated to make test
results most meaningful to co-op members in
their own farming and ranching. (Cameron-
East Central)
1921 - Al, Bl 400
ABANDONED FEEDLOTS CAN
POLLUTE MORE THAN ACTIVE
ONES
Crops and Soils Magazine, Vol. 27, No. 3, p.
23, December, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Abandoned feedlots, Nitrate concen-
trations, Pollution.
Lloyd N, Mielke, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture and University of Nebraska soil scipnt-
ist, has been conducting a studv of the nitrate
concentrations beneath feedlots. Under abandon-
ed feedlots, he found an average concentration
of 3.2 tons of nitrates per acre in the top 30
feet of the soil. Under active feedlots, he found
only 0.8 tons per acre. The makeup of th»
surface of the feedlot is the reason for this
difference. Active feedlots have an impenetrable
seal on their surface that prevents air and water
from getting through. The nitrogen under this
seal is kept in a relatively immobile organic
form. (Cameron-East Central).
1922 - Bl 400
KAOLIN RESULTS IN DRIER
DROPPINGS
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 378, p. 346, August,
1973.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Additives.
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Kaolin, Fly-control.
Some egg producers in Central Georgia ar->
using clay (Kaolin) in small amounts in po"l-
try feed. This material added in small amounts
can have several benefits. It keeps the intestines
of the hens in better condition and acts as a
soothing agent. It makes droppings drier than
they would normally be. In caged layers, it helps
control flies since wet manure is an ideal fly-
breeding ground. One egg producer who keeps
daily feed intake records on 150,000 hens claims
kaoUn reduced feed intake by as much as 4 per-
cent to 6 percent. (Cameron-East Central)
1923 - Bl, Dl, E3 400
METHANE PRODUCTION NOT
EASY OR PRACTICAL
Crops and Soils, Vol. 27, No. 3, p. 18, December,
1974.
Descriptors: Methane, Cattle, Recycling.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Crop residues.
With the shortage of fuel, there is talk about
producing methane from manure or crop resi-
dues. R. E. Graves, agricultural engineer at
the University of Wisconsin, says this practice
is not yet feasible for farmers. This gas is
produced when the organic matter decays if cer-
tain conditions are lust right. A special mach-
ine is needed to produce the correct conditions,
which include mixing, a lack of oxygen, and a
relatively constant temperature. Also, some
means of collecting and storing the gas is need-
ed. And, since the gas is explosive, certain
safety precautions should be observed. The
total amount of output that could be produced
each day from the manure of a 100-head herd
of 1,400-pound cows would only be 10 percent
of what is required to operate a crop dryer
for a day. (Cameron-East Central)
1924 - D4, E3 400
BIOLOGICAL DIGESTION OF
MANURE BY DIPTERA
Colorado State University,
B. F. Miller
Feedstuffs, Vol. 41, No. 51, p. 31-32, December,
1969. 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Manure, 'Diptera, Feeds.
Identifiers: Biological digestion.
This research involved a study of cultural
methods for the housefly. The adult breeder
flies were housed in 2 x 8 x 5 foot cages. The
flies were fed a dry mixture of skim milk,
yeast and sugar. It was felt that dried skim milk
might be sufficient for the adult flies. Water
was provided in inverted beakers with a paper
towel to soak UP the water. The flies sponged
this water from the moist paper towel. Manure
was used as a media for deposition of fly eggs.
The eggs were added to the manure at the
rate of 3 grams of eggs to 4,000 grams of fresh
manure. About 60 percent of the moisture in
the fresh manure was lost during digestion.
Preliminary work indicated that fly pupae were
a good protein source for chickens. Ami no acid
analysis indicated that it was comparable to
fish meal as a protein supplement. (Cartmell-
East Central).
1925 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 200
SDH, CONSERVATION SERVICE
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
WORKSHOP COMMITTEE ON
FEEDLOT WASTE
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service.
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29,
1971, 44 p. 9 fig, 6 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Feedlots, Water
quality, Water pollution, Waste disposal, Design
criteria.
Identifiers: Pollution abatement systems.
The session consisted of presentations dealing
with the state laws and procedures for protect-
ing Texas Waters from feedlot wastes. Factors
that affected the feedlot wastes and the quantity
and quality of such wastes were discussed.
Waste disposal methods and designs for feed-
lot pollution abatement systems were examined.
(Kehl-East Central).
1926 - Al, Bl 200
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND
QUANTITY OF FEEDLOT WASTE
COLLECTIONS
Water Resources Center
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
D. M. Wells
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29,
1971, 3 p.
173
-------
Descriptors: "Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, 'Slur-
ries, 'Gases, 'Feedlots, Slopes, Feeds.
Identifiers: Quality, Quantity, Feedlot surfacing.
Feedlot wastes occur in the liquid, solid, slurry
and airborne forms. Factors that affect the
pollution potential of these wastes are (1) size
of cattle, <2> density of cattle, (3) slope of
feedlot, (4) type of surfacing material, (5)
type of ration fed, (6) climatic factors, (7)
frequency of cleaning. The general way each
of these affected feedlot wastes is given. (Kehl-
East Central).
1927 - Al, B3, D4 200
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE
BY STABILIZATION
Agricultural Engineering Department
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
W, Grub.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, Climatology,
Population densities, Odor, Insects.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Waste stabil-
ization, 'Composting, C/N ratio.
The organic stabilization of beef feedlot waste
by composting can be done in specially de-
signed digesters or in exposed open air piles.
A biologically stable organic product can be
obtained which is free from noxious odors and
insect infestation. Initial physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of the waste vary con-
siderably. These characteristics vary because
of differences in feed, population densities, cli-
matic conditions and waste management dur-
ing the accumulation period. The C/N ratio of
the accumulated waste varies from 35 to 9
according to the above conditions. Aerobic com-
posting requires at least 30 percent moisture
content (based on wet weight). An optimum
air supply rate of between 1.5 and 3 liters per
minute per 100 pounds of organic material is
required during the peak composting period.
Stabilization time is dependent on feed type,
initial waste condition and composting pro-
cess management. (Kehl-East Central).
1928 - Al, B2, E2 200
CROP RESPONSE TO WASTE
MATERIALS FROM VARIOUS
FEEDLOT COLLECTION SYSTEMS
Agronomy Department
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
E. A. Coleman.
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech University
Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29, 1971, 6
P. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Crop response, 'Feedlots, 'Agri-
cultural runoff, Slopes, Surfaces, Cattle.
Identifiers: Solute concentration, Solute accu-
mulation.
Feedlot runoff for crop production allows the
reuse of liquid that otherwise would evaporate
into the air. Although information is still being
gathered on waste materials, the present data
has indicated several effects. The great varia-
bility in solute concentration is due to rain-
fall evaporation, feedlot surface material, feed-
lot slope, feed ration, age of pit or catch basin
and other factors that have not yet been de-
termined. Runoff from concrete-surfaced lots
has a greater solute concentration than com-
parable sloped dirt-surfaced lots. There is a
positive correlation between solute concentra-
tion and the slope of dirt-surfaced lots. The
most susceptible period for all crops tested
was found to be germination and the period
immediately following. Tolerance to feedlot
runoff varies greatly with the species. Finally,
it was determined that the solutes accumulate
throughout the top 30 inches of the soil profile.
(Kehl-East Central).
1929 - Al, B2, E2 200
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER
IN RELATION TO FEEDLOT
OPERATIONS
Soil Conservation Service
Temple, Texas
H. N. McGill
SoU Conservation Service Texas Tech University
Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Ir-
rigation, 'Storage capacity.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
A system of runoff retention and irrigation is
generally considered to be the most practical
and economical form of runoff control in Texas.
Because of this, information was gathered to de-
termine necessary size ratios of irrigated areas
to feedlot areas for adequate runoff control.
The study revealed that the required storage
capacity varies with the ratio of irrigated area
to feedlot area and the location in the state.
The eastern part of the state would need a
large amount of storage capacity. Considerable
flexibility of operation is permitted in the west-
ern part of the state by holding ponds with
the capacity to impound 25-year, 24 hour run-
off from feedlots. Although feedlot runoff is
not a dependable irrigation water supply, it can
be used to supplement other sources. (Kehl-
East Central),
1930 - Al, Bl 200
SEEPAGE LOSS FROM
HOLDING PONDS
W. B. Moody.
SoU Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29,
1971, 5 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Seepage control, 'Permeability, Soil
analysis.
Identifiers: 'Holding ponds, Darcy's equation,
Groundwater conditions.
Detailed calculations are given for a typical
analysis of seepage losses from a proposed
pond. Such losses may be estimated following an
investigation of soil and bedrock characteris-
tics and laboratory testing of the soUs. Con-
struction and protection of relatively imper-
vious blankets are discussed. (Whetstone, Park-
er, Wells-Texas Tech University).
1931 - A4, Bl 200
EFFECT OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES UPON GROUND WATER —
A COMMENTARY
Geoscience Department
Texas Tech University
Lubbock
W. D. Miller
SoU Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29,
1971, 5 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Groundwater pollution,
•Seepage, 'Pollutants, 'Geology, Cattle.
Several categories of potential ground water
pollutants are listed. These include inorganic
dissolved solids; organic dissolved solids; trac-;
metals;pesticides, insecticides and herbicides;
and bacteria and bacterially derived products.
Along with the effects of these potential pollu-
tants, the feedlot geology must be considered
in discussing the effects of feedlot waste on
ground water. Significant factors to be exam-
ined are: surface topography, soil permeability,
bedrock lithology, structure and permeability,
and depth of ground water. Thus, some land
areas are more susceptable to ground water
pollution than others. In Texas, cases Have
been documented in the Edwards Plateau, the
Gulf Cooast, and the High Plains. Further
evaluation of the ground water pollution prob-
lem is needed. A study by Miller (1971) re-
vealed that about 15-20 percent of the cattle
feedlots in the Texas High Plains showed some
evidence of seepage to the water table. Aver-
age nitrate, chlorides and dissolved solids con-
centrations are cited. (Kehl-East Central).
1932 - A2, B2, E2 200
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT
MEASURES FOR CONFINED
LIVESTOCK OR POULTRY FEEDING
OPERATIONS
Soil Conservation Service
Temple, Texas
E. L. Alexander
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29,
1971, 10 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Pollution abatement, 'Confinement
pens, 'Livestock, 'Poultry, 'Regulation, 'Agricul-
tural runoff, Design criteria. Water pollution,
Basins, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Site selection. Pollution control, Hold-
ing ponds, Land disposal.
Guidance and criteria applicable to practices
and facilities for the diversion of uncontami-
nated off-site drainage and for the interception,
settling, collecting and disposing of contamin-
ated runoff from livestock or poultry feeding
areas are explained. Criteria for the selection
of a site and for the design of the feeding
operation are given. (Kehl-East Central)
1933 - Bl, El, F2 200
GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING
LIQUID WASTE FROM FEEDLOTS
Texas Water Quality Board
Austin.
D. L, Pittman
Soil Conservation Service Texas Tech Univer-
sity Workshop Committee on Feedlot Waste,
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, July 28-29,
1971, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Liquid wastes, 'Agri-
cultural runoff, 'Waste water disposal.
Identifiers: 'Solid waste disposal, 'Waste Con-
trol Order for Cattle Feeding Operations, Hold-
ing ponds.
The procedure for obtaining a Waste Control
Order for Cattle Feeding Operations from the
Texas Water Quality Board is given. Applica-
tion evaluation is primarily based on pollution
control measures for the following: (1) col-
lection and retention of feeding area runoff
water, (2).disposal of accumulated waste water,
(3) groundwater protection from holding pond
waste water seepage, and (4) disposal of ac-
cumulated solid waste. The process of obtain-
ing a waste control order generally takes 3
months or longer. (Kehl-East Central).
1934 - A2, A4, Bl 400
KEEPING RUNOFF SAFE
Agricultural Research, Vol. 21, No. 10, p. 8,
April, 1973. 3 fig.
"Agricultural runoff, «Hainfall, 'Feedlots,
Groundwater pollution. Infiltration, Solid wastes.
Continuing research is showing how and when
Great Plains cattle feedlots may contribute to
water pollution and is demonstrating that, with
adequate control of runoff, feedlots can be ac-
ceptable neighbors. In cooperation with the Ne-
braska Agricultural Experiment Station, studies
are being made of rainfall, snow, temperature,
and evaporation as they affect pollution from
sloping feedlots. These studies show that wide-
spread contamination of ground water by in-
174
-------
filtration from the feedlot surface is improb-
able. The research indicates that feedlots should
be designed to restrict surface runoff, which
may transport heavy loads of pollutants, The
amount of solids transported in runoff may
be less from a feedlot than from tilled bare
soil. Snowmelt runoff may transport 10-12 times
the amounts of solids removed in rainfall from
the same feedlot, and the COD will thus be
correspondingly higher. The potential pollution
hazard from a particular feedlot can be de-
termined only by study of the watershed of
which it is a part—Its hydrologic characteristics
and its proximity to surface water sources.
(Cameron-East Central).
1935 - B3, C5, D3, E3 400
BARN WASTES FOR FEED
Agricultural Research, Vol. 19, No, 7, p. 3-4,
January, 1971. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Feeds, 'Ruminants.
Identfiiers: Barn wastes, Refeeding. •Digestibil-
ity, Chemical treatment.
Agricultural Research Service animal scientists
blended barn wastes into dehydrated and pel-
leted rations and tested chemical treatments
that make barn wastes more digestible for
ruminant animals. On a dry-matter basis, dally
intake tended to be highest on untreated wastes.
But digestibility of dry matter was greatest for
the sodium chloride treatment, followed by sod-
ium peroxide, sodium hydroxide, and untreated
in that order. The investigators project that a
lower level of barn wastes than the 85 percent
tested might be effective as a forage sub-
stitute. (Battles-East Central).
1936 - Al, B2, E2 100
TRANSPORT RATE OF COD
THROUGH A WET POROUS
STRATUM — MEASUREMENT OF
DIFFUSIVITY IN CATTLE MANURE
SOLUTION
Chemical Engineering Department
Kansas State University
Manhattan
S. K. Choi, L. T, Fan, L. E. Erickson, and
R. I. Lipper.
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 4, p. 720-726,
July-August, 1971. 10 fig, 1 tab, 16 ret.
Descriptors: "Chemical oxygen demand, *Dif-
fusivity, Water pollution, Percolation, Ground-
water, Measurement. Mathematical models.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
The transport rate of materials through various
sou strata is important for determining pollu-
tion potential of waterways, by material in-
troduced into the soil, at various distances from
the water. In the present report, a mathema-
tical model and the equations derived from it
are related to the transport of organic matter
(expressed as chemical oxygen demand) through
soil. The model used was packed bed, satur-
ated with water and topped by a well mixed
pool of homogeneous solution; both finite and
infinite packed bed thicknesses are considered.
Analytical expressions for concentration of a
solute in the packed bed and in the homogen-
eous solution are given as a function of time,
and of distance from the Interface in the
former case. Experimental data were obtained
for a sucrose solution of known diffusivlty in
an experimental setup established in accord-
ance with the model, and for a sterilized ma-
nure solution. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System),
1937 - Bl, Dl, E3 400
WASTES MAY PROVIDE FUEL
FOR HEATING
Feedlot Management, Vol. 13, p. 31, June, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Fuels, 'Gases, Energy, Feedlots.
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysls, Manure volume reduc-
tion.
Fifty to sixty percent of the gases produced
by "anaerobic incineration" have fuel value
The heat content of manure is stated to be'
poultry 7200 Btu/lb., beef cattle 6400, swine 5500,
and dairy cattle 5000. Volume reduction and the
production of dry innocuous residues are other
advantages of pyrolysis. (Whetstone, Parker,
Wells,—Texas Tech University).
1938 - A5, Bl 400
SAGEBRUSH FOR ODOR CONTROL:
IN THE FEED OR THE MANURE?
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, p. 74, May, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Sagebrush, 'Feeds, 'Performance,
•Cattle, Feedlots, Taste.
Identifiers: "Odor control.
Studies at Colorado State University indicate
that feeding chopped sagebrush in amounts of
one or two Ib./day has no effect on the cattle,
but reduces manure odor. Salt In quantities
of zero to four oz./day has no effect on gains.
(Whetstone, Parker, Wells—Texas Tech Univer-
sity),
1939 - D4, E3, E4 400
WASTE CONVERSION UNIT
DEVELOPED
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, p. 26, December,
1972.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Methane, 'Fermentation,
•Anaerobic conditions, 'Waste treatment, •Re-
cycling.
Identifiers: *Refceding.
"The Hamilton Standard Division of United Air-
craft Corporation has developed a process that
converts manure into a livestock feed product
and at the same time produces sufficient me-
thane gas to supply the heat and electricity
to run the process." The process, still in the
laboratory testing stage, operates in the absence
of oxygen using bacteria present in the waste
to accomplish fermentation. (Whetstone, Parker,
Wells—Texas Tech University).
1940 - Bl. E3 400
WARM WATER STUDY
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, p. 61, December,
1972.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Feeds, Algae, Feed-
lots, Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Generating plant, 'Warm water,
•Greenhouses.
Oregon State University is studying the possibil-
ity of routing warmed water from power plants
through greenhouses raising cattle feed, break-
ing down animal wastes wttch could then
feed algae, yeast or other single-celled pro-
teins. These, in turn, would become cattle feed.
(Whetstone, Parker, Wells—Texas Tech Univer-
sity).
1941 - A2, Bl 400
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
J. Fetterolf.
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No, 5, p. 16-18,
May, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, "Cattle, 'Kansas, Agri-
cultural runoff.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Manure pack.
Mounding.
A description is given of solid waste and run
off handling at three beef cattle feedlots in
Kansas. Solid wastes are removed from all three
lots by a commercial contractor. Manure can
be stockpiled in the lots. When the lots are
cleaned, about one inch of hardpack manure
is left on the lot surface to reduce infiltration
TBa runoff systems involve collection and dis-
persion of liquids and have been designed to
hS?°ie a one-*tawi rainfall of over 6 inches.
(McQuitty, Barber—University of Alberta)
1942 - A2, Bl, E2 400
THAT INESCAPABLE BYPRODUCT
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 20,
May, 1972.
Descriptors: «Design, "Feedlots, 'Colorado.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control, 'Land disposal, 'Ma-
nure, Retention pond.
A description is given of the runoff control
faculties and solid manure handling practices
at a 6,000-head feedlot in Colorado. All solid
wastes are applied to 600 acres of cropland.
Runoff is collected in a retention pond (Mc-
Quitty, Barber-University of Alberta).
1943 - Al, Bl 400
CLEANEST FEEDLOT IN KANSAS
J. F. Blair.
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 52, 54,
66-67, May, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Kansas, 'Feedlots, Agricultural
runoff, Lagoons, Costs, Performance.
Identifiers: 'Chemical fly control, 'Cleaning.
A description is given of manure handling and
sanitation methods at a 14,000-head feedlot in
Kansas. Manure is scraped from the lots twice
each year and spread on cropland or mounded
and sold to farmers. All the pens were carefully
graded during construction so that all runoff
flows to the back of the pens and is carried
to a lagoon. Fly control is accomplished by
chemical sprays at a cost of about $20.00/day
for the chemical. The feedlot has not received
any complaints from neighbors. (McQuitty, Bar-
ber-University of Alberta).
1944 - A9, E3 400
THE DOOR'S STILL OPEN TO
REFEEDING CATTLE WASTE
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No, 5, p. 60,
May, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Regulation, 'Proteins.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Manure.
The present stand of the U.S. Food & Drug
Administration on the refeeding of animal wastes
is discussed. Currently, this method of waste
utilization is not approved because the waste
may be adulterated with drugs and antibiotics
or their metabolites and disease organisms may
be transmitted to humans or other animals. Re-
search objectives are outlined. (McQuitty, Bar-
ber-University of Alberta).
1945 - C5, Dl, E3 400
THIS PLANT WILL CONVERT
WASTE INTO PROTEIN
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 70-71,
May, 1972, 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feeds, 'Proteins, Thermophilic bac-
teria, Waste treatment, Fermentation, Equip-
ment.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'General Electric
A description is given of a new system for con-
version of animal wastes into a high-protein
175
-------
supplement. Shredded manure is mixed with
water to produce a slurry. Fibrous material
Is separated from the slurry and flows through
a series of fermentation tanks in which ther-
mophilic bacteria convert the cellulose, hemi-
cellulose and lignin to usable protein. The
soluble portion of the slurry is fermented for
less time. All digested material is passed
through a vacuum filter where water is removed
and reused. The protein is further dried and
is used as a feed supplement. (McQuitty, Bar-
ber-University of Alberta).
1946 - Bl, Dl, E3, E4, Fl 400
RECOVER, RECYCLE, REUSE
Agricultural Research, Vol. 21, No. 7, p. 8,
January, 1973. 6 fig.
Descriptors: "Feeds, "Recycling, Livestock, Poul-
try, Feedlots, Cellulose, Proteins, Methane,
Costs
Identifiers: "Refeeding, "Fiber, "Board.
Studies are underway on wastes from feedlots
and poultry cages, with research emphasis on
such diversified products as protein-rich feed
for livestock, cellulose for fiber and pulp prod-
ucts and enzymes to digest fiber. Manure from
corn-fed cattle was fractionated by screening
and filtering. Chemists believe that if the un-
digested fiber can be separated from the pro-
tein, refeeding the fractions may be a way to
reduce this source of pollution. Tha residue
fraction served as a nutrient for a fungus that
produces a fiber-digesting enzyme. In another
study, fiber digestion with enzymes and heat
points the way to complete recycling of chicken
manure. Results showed that cellulose and hemi-
cellulose did not build up in waste that was
dried and refed as 25 percent of the chicks
feed ration through 23 cycles. Fiber has been
considered indigestible by poultry. In a study
of microorganisms in feedlot wastes. Dr. Rhodes
obtained an isolate of Salmonella. Although only
one pathogen was present among 1,500 isolates,
Dr Rhodes cautions, "indiscriminate refeeding
of 'understerilized feedlot waste could be hazard-
ous." (Cameron-East Central).
1947 - A4, Bl 400
LITTLE POLLUTION FROM
THIS FEEDLOT
Agricultural Research, Vol. 19, No. 6, p. 10-11,
December, 1970. 2 fig.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, "Nebraska, Analysis, Ni-
trates, Gases, Nitrification, Climates.
Identifiers: "Groundwater pollution, Manure
pack.
The results of an investigation concerning nitrate
pollution of a shallow groundwater table, con-
ducted on a flat cattle feedlot in Nebraska, are
discussed. The 120-by-305 ft. lot was chosen for
study because of such conditions as: stocking
rate of 400 sq. ft. per animal; little manure
removal; highly permeable soil; fluctuating high-
water table; and little surface drainage. Obser-
vations and measurements indicated that the
manure pack (nearly 1 ft. thick) and the soil
and manure form a common interface that
effectively bars water movement. Analysis of soil
core samples showed that downward movement
of nitrates and other forms of nitrogen in the
soil is minor. Promotion by interface of aerobic
conditions in the pack and anaerobic condi-
tions below the interface leads to generation of
nitrates by nitrification in the aerobic zone,
while breakdown by denitrification occurs in
the anaerobic zone. Biological activity in the
two zones creates gaseous compounds such as
ammonia, carbon dioxide, and amines, which
are dispersed into the atmosphere. Seven wells
were installed in and around the lot to obtain
water samples and water table depth measure-
ments. Water samples were taken periodically
from wells next to the feedlot and analyzed.
The estimates indicated that 20 to 40 percent
of Nebraska cattle feeding operations are on
flat, permeable soil. The measurements indi-
cated that considerable amounts of solid wastes
can be removed simply by decomposition on
the lot. These field observations are supported
by results of laboratory studies. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System).
1948 - A9, E3, Fl 300
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH
CONCENTRATE RATION
CONTAINING 25% GROUND BEEF
MANURE TO FATTENING HEIFEHS
IN CONCRETE AND SOIL SURFACED
LOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Kansas State University, Manhattan.
C. L. Drake, L. I. Smart, E. F. Smith, and
R. I. Lipper.
55th Annual Cattlemen's Day, Kansas Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Kansas State Univer-
sity, Manhattan, May 1, 1968, Bulletin 518, p.
57-60. 2 tab.
Descriptors: "Feeds, 'Performance, "Feedlots,
"Costs, Analyses, Salmonella.
Identifiers: "Fattening heifers, "Concrete surface,
"Soil surface, "Manure.
The purposes of this project were to compare
a ration containing 25 percent ground beef ma-
nure with a conventional ration and to study
the influence of concrete or soil surfacing on
animal performance. Heifers on concrete-sur-
faced lots gained slightly more and were more
efficient. Concrete-surfaced lots are faster and
easier to clean than unsurfaced lots. Feed effici-
ency was the same for control heifers in both
concrete-and soil-surfaced lots. Differences in
feed costs per hundred weight were small in all
cases. Samples of manure were analyzed in
the veterinary diagnostic laboratory and found
free of Salmonella organisms. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1949 - B3, E2 600
ERODIBILITY FACTOR OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE
Soil Conservation Service,
United States Department of Agriculture,
Effingham, Illinois.
J. L. Jeschke and D. L. Day.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Sttllwater, June 23-26, 1974,
10 p. 1 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: "Cattle, "Feedlots, "Solid wastes,
"Waste disposal, Rainfall, Slopes.
Identifiers: "Erodibility factor, "Universal Soil
Loss Equation.
The primary objective of this study was to
develop a method of predicting manure solids
loss from feedlots and areas where manure
has been spread. Factors such as rainfall
amount, intensity, slope, and credibility of feed-
lot surface were included in the study. It was
found that the Universal Soil Loss Equation
dealt with many of the factors which are signi-
ficant in manure solids movement. The credibil-
ity factor obtained for manure solids loss was
0.2. This prediction method can be very useful
for evaluating or comparing locations for new
feedlots and areas where manure is to be land-
spread. It can also be used to evaluate the
effects of slope, slope length, and various otbsr
factors on the solids loss expected1 from any
given feedlot or field. (Cartmell-East Central),
1950 - Bl, Dl, E3 100
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD
OF BROILER LITTER ON NITROGEN
UTILIZATION BY LAMBS
Department of Agricultural Chemistry,
Missouri University, Columbia.
B. W. Harmon, J. P. Fontenot, and K E
Webb, Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 39, No 5, p
942-946, November, 1972. 2 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: "Performance, "Effects, "Feeds,
Nitrogen, Digestibility.
Identifiers: "Sheep, "Broiler litter, "Processing,
"Nitrogen utilization, pH, Dry heat treatment,
Ruminal fluid.
Experiments were conducted to study the effect
of acidifying broiler litter with sulfuric acid
prior to processing on nitrogen loss during dry
heat treatment. Two metabolism trials were
conducted to study the effects of different meth-
ods of processing broiler litter on digestibility
and nitrogen utilization by lambs. The rations
containing litter were readily accepted by weth-
ers and no feed was refused during the two
trials. The apparent digestibility of dry matter,
crude protein, ether extract and NFE did not
differ significantly among rations containing lit-
ter. No significant differences were observed
for blood urea or the ruminal fluid parameters.
Values for ruminal fluid, pH, and volatile fatty
acid concentration indicate that rumen fermenta-
tion was not greatly altered by feeding litter
processed by different methods. (Cartmell-East
Central).
1951 - Bl, C2, C3 100
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT
ON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF
BEEF MANURE
Design Engineeer, Melroe Company,
Bismark, North Dakota.
R. L. Houkom, A. F. Butclibaker, G. H. Bruse-
witz.
Transactions of the American Society of Agri-
cultural Engineers, Vol. 17, No. 5, p. 973-977,
September-October, 1974. 4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: "Moisture content, "Effects, "Ther-
mal conductivity, "Specific heat, "Bulk density.
Design, Drying.
Identifiers: "Thermal diffusivity.
The objective of this project was to determine
the thermal conductivity, the specific heat, and
the bulk density of fresh cattle manure as
affected by moisture content in order to esti-
mate the thermal diffusivity. The results indi-
cated that conductivity and bulk density varied
with* moisture content with a considerable
increase occurring from 45 to 65 percent mois-
ture content; the material was extremely sticky
in this range of moisture contents. Thermal
diffusivity was essentially independent of mois-
ture content. (Cartmell-East Central).
1952 - B2, C5 600
EFFECT OF SPRINKLING ON LIQUID
ANIMAL WASTE PROPERTIES
Environmental Chemist,
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company,
St. Paul.
S. K. Welsh and P. R. Goodrich.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4034, 16 p. 4 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: "Sprinkling, "Liquid wastes, "Chem-
ical properties, "Physical properties, Livestock,
Moisture content, Chemical oxygen demand, Am-
monia.
Identifiers: *pH.
The main objective of this research was to
determine whether or not any physical or chem-
ical changes occurred in liquid animal waste
material as a result of pumping and sprinkling.
Specific characteristics observed were moisture
content, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia
content and pH. TBa types of wastes observed
were beef cattle, dairy cattle, and swine wastes.
An average moisture loss of 0.10 percent oc-
curred from the liquid animal waste material
in the pumping and sprinkling trials. There
was no significant change in ammonia content
and chemical oxygen demand. The pH increased
an average of three-tenths of one pH unit as a
result of pumping and sprinkling. It was felt
that this increase was caused by the mixing and
pumping parts of the system rather than the
sprinkling part. (Cartmell-East Central).
1953 - D4 600
A MECHANIZED COMPOST CHANNEL
FOR ANIMAL WASTE
176
-------
Agricultural Engineering Department.
Maryland University, College Park.
J. W. Hummel, W. F. Schwiesow, and G. B.
Wilson.
Presented at Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, 1972, Paper No. 72-
456, 15 p. 6 fig, 6 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design data.
Identifiers: 'Mechanized compost channel,
•Dairy manure, "Power requirements.
An elevating mechanism with supporting car-
riage was designed based on preliminary data
and observations. The mechanism passed through
the channel to mix, agitate and move the com-
posting mass an increment of the channel length.
Thus, the elevating mechanism served a dual
role as an agitator and as a material transport
device. Details of the carriage design are
given. Design modifications are necessary for
more efficient operation of the system, but the
mechanized channel has proved to be a prom-
ising device for composting agricultural wastes.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1954 - Al, Bl 600
EXPERIENCES WITH OXIDATION
DITCHES IN A PULLET GROWING
HOUSE
Research Engineer,
Huskee-Bilt Construction Company
Monmouth, Illinois.
J. S. Stevenson and L. J. Roth.
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-452,
8 p. 1 fig, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Design, 'Costs, 'Per-
formance.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Pullet growing
house, 'Waste Management.
An account of some experiences with oxidation
ditches in a commercial pullet rearing operation
is presented. Two identical side-by-side oxidation
ditches were operated continuously for eighteen
months in a 32,000-bird pullet growing house.
The design criteria of 0.3 cubic feet of liquid
volume and 8,000 birds per standard eight-feet
aerator proved adequate. One ditch caused no
problems with foaming or odor. The other ditch,
started at a shallower rotor immersion and
subjected to various experiments regarding liquid
velocity and rotor immersion, exhibited severe
foaming for four months. The foaming ceased
after withdrawal of most of the liquid followed
by addition of liquid from the non-foaming
ditch. Dilution water was regularly added to the
ditches to make up for evaporation loss and to
keep the solids content at a desired level. Be-
cause effluent from the ditch dries readily and
without odor on a drying bed and because it
can be handled easily with conventional manure
handling equipment, this waste management sys-
tem is wortB considering. The cost of operation
is high, but this cost is offset partially by sub-
stantial reductions in labor, and perhaps by
improved bird health. (Cartmell-East Central).
1955 - B3, Dl, E3 400
FEEDING PELLETED DRD3D
POULTRY LITTER TO HOLSTEIN
STEERS
Animal Nutrition Consultant,
Modesto, California.
A. A. Jimenez.
Feedstuffs, Vol. 46, No. 47, p. 29-30, November
18, 1974. 7 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Performance, 'Cattle,
•Costs.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry litter, 'Refeeding.
The purpose of the experiment was to obtain
data on weight gains, feed efficiency ratios and
the cost of gains in growing steers fed sub-
stantial amounts of KOPRO. Another objective
was to ascertain the validity of the energy
value of KOPRO obtained from in vitro studies
using the volatile fatty acid production litter
which has been naturally dried, then ground
and pelleted at high temperatures to eliminate
pathogens. The two experimental groups of
steers receiving KOPRO gained well, but with
the exception of the first period, they never
quite matched these gains of the control pens.
The cost per unit of gain consistently favored
the KOPRO-fed groups, During the entire trial
no health problems associated with the feeding
of KOPRO were observed. Cattle consumed
KOPRO readily and with good appetite. (Cart-
mell-East Central).
1956 - Al, B2, E2 100
DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM A
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
CONTROL HOLDING POND
J. A. Nienaber, C. B. Gilbertson, T. M. Mc-
Calla, and F. M. Kestner.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 2, p.
375-378, March-April, 1974. 1 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, 'Application
methods, 'Sampling, 'Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control, 'Effluent disposal,
•Holding pond.
Results are given for a field study initiated in
1970 to determine the minimum area required
for feedlot runoff disposal as affected by applied
nutrients and water and disposal area runoff
control requirements. A minimum area of ona-
half acre disposal area per acre of feedlot did
not impair crop production or cause a pollutant
accumulation in the soil profile for the two
year test period. Vegetation yields indicated no
discrimination by the cattle grazing on effluent
treated areas. A mixture of grasses resulted in
the dominance of two species of grass — brome-
grass and intermediate wheat grass. Intermittent
effluent application by on and off cycling re-
sulted in a higher total application without run-
off based on application amounts attained in
1971 and 1972 under similar late fall climatic
conditions. Final design for this experiment pro-
vides for return of surface runoff from the
disposal area to a holding pond for recycling.
(Cartmell-East Central).
1957 - Al 400
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES
EMANATING FROM A LARGE
DAIRY AREA
R. E. Luebs, A. E. Laag and K. R. Davis.
California Agriculture, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 11-12,
February, 1973. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Ammonia, 'Water pollution, 'Dairy
industry, Odor, Sampling, California,
Identifiers: 'Volatilization, 'Amines, Chino-Corona
area.
Volatilization of nitrogen from animal wastes
in combined forms, principally ammonia, can
constitute a real problem. Amines that form
can cause odor. Ammonia that forms may be
absorbed from the atmosphere by surface
waters. Combined with ammonia enriched rain
water, such absorption could create a health
Hazard to persons or animals drinking the water.
Approximately 400 dairies serving the greater
Los Angeles area are located in 60 square miles
near Chino, California. Sampling sites were lo-
cated a minimum of 200 feet from the nearest
dairy corral to permit representative sampling.
Ammoniacal plus possibly small amounts of
amine nitrogen were 20 to 40 times higher in the
dairy area than in an urban area 7 miles upwind
from the dairy area. The area over which the
atmosphere was enriched totalled 224 square
miles, 3.7 times greater than the area where
the dairies were concentrated. Such concentra-
tions would be a real danger to surface waters
in the area. Fortunately, there are no permanent
open storage water reservoirs in the Chino-
Corona dairy area. (Merryman-East Central).
1958 - A4, B2, E2 600
LYSIMETER STUDIES WITH LONG
TERM APPLICATION OF SWINE
LAGOON EFFLUENT
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering. North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina.
R. L. Parker, J. Wang, M. R, Overcash, and
r. J. HumeniK.
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4036, 13 p. 10 tab
Descriptors; 'Lagoons, 'Effluents, 'Application
gen demand" ' *Nitrogen> 'Phosphorus, Oxy-
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Groundwater pollution, 'Re-
moval, Organic carbon.
The application of swine waste lagoon effluent
to lysuneters exposed to weather conditions up
to a hydraulic rate of 1 inch per week and a
process load of about 3000 Ibs, nitrogen/acre/
year continuously for over two years has re-
sulted in essentially complete removal of phos-
phorus and excellent reduction of oxygen demand
and organic carbon. Investigation of lysimeters
wittt water table control showed that additional
nitrogen reduction, specifically lower nitrate ran'
centrations, can be achieved without supple-
mental carbon addition and with no decrease in
the associated removal of organic carbon and
oxygen demand. Removals of organics and nitro-
gen were reduced when the soil surface re-
mained saturated either due to poor infiltration
or control of the water table too near the soil
surface. It was determined that controlled deni-
trification could provide for nitrogen reduction of
soil water, and if the land disposal site were
properly located and managed, a significant low-
ering of groundwater nitrate concentrations
could be obtained before the flow left the owner's
property. (Cartmell-East Central).
1959 - Al, Bl, Dl, E3 300
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION
SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMAL
DISCHARGES
Department of Soil Science,
Oregon State University, Corvallis.
L. Eoersma, E, W. R. Barlow, J. R. Miner and
H. K. Phinney.
Special Report 416, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Septem-
ber, 1974, 54 p. 12 fig, 11 tab, 96 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Animal wastes, 'Feeds,
'Methane, 'Electric power industry. Proteins,
Anaerobic digestion. Costs, Pollution abatement,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding.
Society faces many problems related to its
growth in numbers and standard of living. Of
major concern is environmental degradation re-
sulting from pollution and the consumptive use
of non-renewable natural resources. An animal
waste management scheme was developed on the
premise that one solution to these problems is
the development of integrated production systems
with recycled sources. The waste product of one
industry must become the raw material for
another. The feasibility of using waste heat from
steam electric plants to sustain a food-producing
complex which recycles nutrients is analyzed.
Specifically, it is proposed to use microorganisms
to convert animal waste into a high protein
animal feed and a methane-rich fuel gas. Waste
heat from steam electric plants is used as a low
cost source of energy for maintaining stable,
elevated temperatures in anaerobic digestion and
single cell protein production units. Benefits to
society include: improved efficiency of energy
use and food production, minimization of pollu-
tion problems associated with food production,
recycling of raw materials, and conservation of
non-renewable resources. (Boersma, Barlow, Mi-
ner and Phinney).
177
-------
1960 - Bl 100
COMPARISON OF SELECTED
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND
BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE IN
POLE TYPE AND CLOSED
ENVIRONMENTS
Agricultural Engineering Department.
South Dakota State University, Brookings.
K. A. Hellickson, W. B. Witmer and R. Bar-
linger.
Transactions of the ASAE, p. S36-S38, 542, 1972.
6 fig, 14 ref.
Descriptors: "Performance, 'Environmental con-
trol, 'Cattle, Temperature, Ventilation, Humidity.
Identifiers: Slotted floor.
Producers of feeder cattle have begun to adopt
controlled environment units for confined produc-
tion of feeder cattle. Little is known. However,
of the effects of such units on beef production.
An evaluation and comparison of the perform-
ance of beef cattle reared in an open-front,
pole-type building and in a closed environment
building is presented. During the winter period,
the environment had no significant effect on
average daily gain or feed conversion of finished
beef cattle. However, during the summer period,
significantly higher average daily gains and
feed conversions were found for the baef cattle
finished in the pole barn. (Kehl-East Central).
1961 - Al, E2 600
SIMULATION OF MISCIBLE
DISPLACEMENT IN SOILS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Texas A&M University, College Station.
A. G. Smajstrfla, D. L. Reddell and E. A,
HUer.
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
31 p. 9 fig, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Infiltration, 'Mathematical models,
Soils.
Identifiers: 'Miscible displacement, 'Simulation
model, 'Numerical dispersion.
In today's agriculture the characterization of ion
movement through unsaturated porous media is
extremely Important. A simulation model was
developed for the simulation of the miscible dis-
placement of a conservative solute during one-
dimensional vertical infiltration into a homo-
geneous, isotropic porous media. To solve the
infiltration problem, an explicit finite difference
technique was used. The method of character-
istics to eliminate numerical dispersion was used
to solve the transient convective diffusion equa-
tion. The accuracy of the simulation model re-
sults compared well with analytical solution,
experimental data and other simulations. The
study concluded that tlte shape of the solute
distribution curve with depth is relatively in-
sensitive to the magnitude of the dispersion co-
efficient for porous media to which the functional
relationship used apply and for the range of
pore water velocities commonly encountered
during infiltration into sand and clay loam soils.
The research also concluded that the dispersion
coefficients are much larger and solute curves
are very different for nonhomogeneous, aniso-
tropic porous media than for homogeneous
media, (Kehl-East Central).
1962 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2, F3 200
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCES
ON FARM ANIMAL WASTES,
NITRATES AND PHOSPHATES IN
RURAL WISCONSIN ECOSYSTEMS
Wisconsin University, Division of Economic and
Environmental Development.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, 312 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Nitrates, 'Phos-
phates, 'Wisconsin. Research and development.
Identifiers: 'Waste management.
This conference considered several closely-re-
lated aspects of waste and nutrient management
on rural Wisconsin farm land. The objectives
of the conference were to provide background
facts, new research findings, and suggestions
for alternative management programs in rural
areas The conference dealt with thrae aspects
of the agricultural sector's impact on environ-
mental quality, namely farm wastes, nitrates,
and phosphates as they affect water, food, and
health. Techniques and designs for handling
manure were considered. Action programs were
discussed. (Cameron-East Central).
1963 - Al, E2 200
SOURCES AND FATE OF
"AVAILABLE" NITROGEN IN
RURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Associate Professor of Soil Science, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
D. R. Keeney and L. M. Walsh.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates
-------
1967 - Al, Bl 200
PHOSPHORUS IN OUR
ENVIRONMENT
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
J. H. Cain and J. E. Kerrigan.
Proceedings ol Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems. Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, February 1-5, 1971, p.
134-137. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Phosphorus, "Fertilizers, Surface
waters. Environment, Wisconsin, Nutrients, Wa-
ter pollution.
Identifiers: 'Manure.
Historical background, characteristics, and prin-
cipal producers of phosphorus are discussed
at the beginning of this report. A major con-
cern is the increased concentration of phos-
phorus in surface waters. Manure and com-
mercial fertilizers are the major sources of
plant nutrients in Wisconsin. Estimates show
that 48 percent of the total phosphorus supplied
to Wisconsin crops was from manure. Much
of the manure was applied on frozen ground
so that it contribute)' significant quantities
of soluble phosphorus to the spring runoff.
Complications to the problem of phosphorus im-
balance in the environment include such factors
as the broad expanses of land and water in-
volved, the low phosphorus concentrations at
which problems occur in lake waters and the
abundance and low cost of phosphorus which
often preclude profitable recovery of phosphorus.
The phosphorus problem must be considered as
part of a group of interrelated problems of
soil erosion, nitrogen fertilization, waste treat-
ment, water use, and land use. (Cameron-East
Central).
1968 - Al, Bl, E2 200
PHOSPHORUS IN THE RURAL
ECOSYSTEM — RUNOFF FROM
AGRICULTURAL LAND
Assistant Professor of Soils,
Wisconsin University.
R. Powell and J. Densmore.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, February 1-5, 1971, P.
156-166. 9 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Phosphorus, Agricultural runoff.
Water pollution, Soil erosion. Fertilizers, Animal
wastes, Ecosystems.
Identifiers: Agricultural land.
Public concern over pollution of the environ-
ment has increased considerably. Concern about
water quality is foremost because the main
result is visible degradation of the water, namely
the growth of algae and weeds plus possible
contamination of drinking water supplies. Esti-
mates show that less than one-third of the
phosphorus entering Wisconsin waters comes
from agricultural land. Agricultural sources of
phosphorus are mainly soil erosion, fertilizers
and manures. Applications of these products
on snow covered, sloping fields can be potential
sources of phosphorus pollution. Incorporation of
animal manures immediately after application
conserves the nutrients and also reduces the
soil erosion potential of a sloping field. Judicious
placement of intensive feeding operations and
careful handling of fertilizers and animal wastes
will help to foster public relations between
agriculture and her urban neighbors. (Cameron-
East Central).
1969 - Al, Bl 200
WHAT OUR MILK MARKETS
REQUIRE
CMef, Section of Grade A Milk Certification,
Division of Health, Wisconsin Department of
Health and Social Services.
C. K. Luchterhand.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, February 1-5, 1971, p
205-207. 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Milk, 'Waste disposal, 'Regulation,
Dairy industry.
Identifiers: 'Cleanliness, Flies, Milk Ordinance
and Code.
Public health regulations for the protection of
milk supplies have always called for the clean-
liness of the cow, the barnyard, the milker and
for the elimination of areas where flies may
breed. Improper manure disposal induces the
breeding of flies, which are considered capable
of transmitting infection, by physical contact
or through excreta, to milk and milk utilities
Cows should not have access to piles of manure
in order to avoid the soiling of udders and the
spread of diseases among cattle. The Milk
Ordinance and Code lists six requirements
which must be met before the disposal of animal
wastes is deemed to be adequate. The emphasis
is on keeping the dirt out of the milk supply,
maintaining the cleanliness of cows, keeping the
surroundings clean so that the cows will not
become soiled, and preventing fly breeding.
Other considerations are given for working out
methods of adequate manure disposal. (Cameron-
East Central).
1970 - Al, Bl 200
FARM ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT: WHAT OUR MILK
MARKET REQUIRES
Administrator, Food Division, Wisconsin
Department of Agriculture.
N. E. Kirschbaum.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 208-210.
Descriptors: 'Milk, 'Animal wastes, 'Waste
disposal, 'Dairy industry, Management, Wis-
consin.
A rough estimate of the manure produced daily
by dairy herds in Wisconsin is 200,000 tons. In
the past, major efforts have been made to
encourage daily removal and field spreading of
animal wastes or manure. In General Order
#124, certain provisions for the handling of
dairy farm animal waste and human waste, as
they would affect the production of milk, were
established. Specific requirements found in the
statutes are set forth in this report. These
provisions are concerned primarily with the
cleanliness of the cows, the breeding of flies,
and the pollution of water used for drinking
or for cleaning equipment. The daily removal
and spreading of manure, which was previously
recommended, is now being discouraged. Dairy
farmers are now confronted with questions of
lagoons, liquid manure handling operations,
stacking of manure, and similar issues. All of
these methods are unique in themselves and
present problems with handling, odors, fly con-
trol, and possible water pollution. More research
is needed to make certain that practical solu-
tions are found for problems accompanying
methods of animal waste storage and disposal.
(Cameron-East Central).
1971 - Al, B2 200
CONTROLLING BARNYARD RUNOFF
Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin.
J. Densmore.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1871, p. 211-214.
Descriptors: "Waste disposal, Wisconsin, Feed-
lots.
Identifiers: "Runoff control. Barnyards, Soil
Conservation Service.
A concerted effort has been made by the Soil
Conservation Service, at the request of farmers,
to provide technical assistance in planning and
implementing needed measures to control feed-
lot and barnyard runoff. In providing a barn-
yard runoff control system, attention should be
given to three basic steps: (1) making use of
structures and practices that will intercept and
divert all surface runoff not originating on
the yard, (2) reshaping the lot to provide good
surface drainage, and (3) collecting, conveying,
storing and finally safely disposing of runoff
from the livestock yard itself. To meet the
problem in any feedlot or barnyard, one or
perhaps all three of these steps may be
needed. Temporary storage of barnyard runoff
can be provided in a settling pond or basin
and in a retention pond. Not only are good
planning and construction essential {or tfci suc-
cess of farm animal waste disposal systems,
but increasing attention will have to be given
to maintenance and management. (Cameron-East
Central).
1972 - Al, Bl, E2 200
PLANNING LAND APPLICATION OF
MANURE
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
L. R. Massie.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 215-222.
6 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: "Planning, Agricultural runoff, Sur-
face waters, Soils.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Manure.
The development of a system for land applica-
tion of manure must consider land forms, sur-
face runoff, and present or possible land use
if organic pollution is to be kept to a minimum.
Livestock producers now need to consider some
additional dimensions when planning application
of manure to their land. They must be con-
cerned with movement of nutrients from their
fields via the primary carrier, i.e., surface
runoff water. Some soil conditions which may
cause problems are internal drainage, slow
water intake (infiltration) rates, rooting restric-
tions or shallow soils, erosion, and the location
of the soil body on the landscape. A list of
suggested practices for the application of manure
to the land is given. Application of these
practices will further the conservation effort for
erosion control. Changes will be needed as
additional information from research and experi-
ence become available. (Cameron-East Central).
1973 - A8, B3 200
FLIES IN RELATION TO
MANURE HANDLING
Extension entomologist, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
W. L. Gojmerac.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 223-226.
1 tab.
Descriptors: "Waste storage, "Dairy industry.
Identifiers: 'Flies, "Manure handling, "Waste
removal.
A study was done to evaluate the fly problem
on farms where manure was stored and to
compare them to other nearby farms regularly
removing manure. Differences in average fly
breeding scores between Grade A farms and
manufacturing grade milk producers seem to
indicate that a greater effort was made to keep
fly populations low on Grade A farms. Nearly
twice as many farms hauling manure regularly
had significant fly breeding in gutters as com-
pared to those stacking manure (36% to 19%).
The average fly breeding potential on Grade A
farms storing manure was lower than those
regularly hauling (3.2 vs. 4.2). Regardless of
the milk market classification, those farms
storing manure appeared to have no more
serious fly breeding problems in general than
those farms regularly removing the manure.
Further research is required to establish or
define the conditions under which flies will breed
in stored manure. (Cameron-East Central).
179
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1974 - Bl 200
A PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF A
MANURE STACKING FACILITY
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
E. G. Brans.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 227-232.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Dairy industry. Agricul-
tural runoff, Waste storage.
Identifiers: 'Manure stacking.
Procedures for the design of a manure stacking
facility are given for two different farms. There
are five sections of design data for each farm.
They are as follows: (1) livestock units, (2)
daily manure production per animal unit per
day, (3) solid storage requirements for 180
days of storage capacity, (4) runoff area, and
(5) liquid storage capacity required for detention
pond(s). (Cameron-East Central).
1975 - B2 200
LIQUID MANURE HANDLING
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin
University, Madison.
T. J. Brevik.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 233-239.
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, "Waste storage, La-
goons.
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Holding tanks.
Since manure is quite liquid naturally, there is
considerable interest and research in handling
it in liquid form. A good deal of the research
underway today is directed toward some type
of treatment while in storage — treatment which
attempts to reduce the volume or to control
odors. Terms, defined in this report, which relata
to liquid manure storage and handling are
holding pond, anaerobic lagoon, aerobic lagoon,
oxidation ditch, detention pond, biochemical oxy-
gen demand (COD), and settling terrace. Most
on-the-farm liquid manure storages are, at the
present time, underground holding tanks. Con-
siderations and problems associated with holding
tanks are discussed in the remainder of this
report. Publications dealing with liquid manure
handling are listed and are available through
the County Agricultural Extension Office or
through the Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment. (Cameron-East Central).
1976 - A5, B2, Dl 200
RESEARCH PROGRESS IN MANURE
HANDLING AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS FOR LIVESTOCK
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Wisconsin University, Madison.
J. C. Converse.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 240-264.
8 fig, 3 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, 'Aerated lagoons,
•Livestock, Research and development.
Identifiers: Odor control, Oxidation ditch, Flush-
ing system.
Several treatment and handling systems for
livestock wastes are discussed. Two such sys-
tems are the oxidation ditch and the aerated
lagoon irrigation system. Aerobic degradation is
explained in conjunction with these two different
systems. Also described is Iowa State Univer-
sity's concept for flushing manure from a swine
facility using renovated wastes. The description
of these three handling systems is followed by
a discussion of odor and chemical and mechan-
ical methods of odor control. (Cameron-East
Central).
1977 - Bl, E2 200
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
RESEARCH ON MANURE
HANDLING
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Wisconsin University, Madison.
C. O. Cramer, R. F. Johannes, and G. H.
Tempas.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 265-269,
4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Wisconsin, 'Research and develop-
ment. Design, Management, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Waste handling.
Research at the University of Wisconsin Ex-
periment Station involves a study of manure
handling systems utilizing waste storage facili-
ties. Researchers wish to determine proper
management design in order to minimize pollu-
tion and preserve the plant nutrient value of
the manure. The systems must meet sanitary
regulations for the production of milk or
demonstrate the feasibility of the systems which
would justify changes in these regulations. This
research is being carried on at three of the
University Experiment Farms, The Electric
Research Farm, River Falls State University
Farm, and several private farm cooperators.
The design and operations of each facility are
discussed in this report. (Cameron-East Central).
1978 - Al, B2 200
LARGE COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS —
HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED IN
THE WEST
ARS-USDA, AERD, Nebraska University,
Lincoln.
C. B. Gilbertson.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates in Rural Eco-
systems, Madison, Green Bay, and Eau Clairi
Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 270-279. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Nebraska, 'Dssign, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Runoff control.
Research is underway for determining design
factors for construction, installation and manage-
ment of runoff control facilities on outdoor feed-
lots. There are three requirements for a
functional runoff control facility: (1) a debris
basin, (2) a holding pond, and (3) disposal
area. Two separate management designs are
available for installation. They are the "batch"
system and the "continuous flow" system. Both
systems must be designed for removal of settle-
able solids from the runoff. Many factors must
be blended in the design of a feasible feedlot
operation which will yield good animal per-
formance and, at the same time, control all
wastes, including surface runoff, groundwater
contamination and nuisances such as odors, dust,
and flies. Several steps are listed for designing
and constructing a runoff control facility for a
beef feedlot. Assistance for design, layout and
construction may be obtained from local health
authorities, Soil Conservation Service, Extension
Agricultural Engineers, and practicing consulting
engineers. (Cameron-East Central).
1979 - Al, B2 200
ACTION PROGRAMS FOR
MANURE HANDLING
Department of Poultry Science, Wisconsin,
University, Madison.
J. L. Skinner, and J. W. Crowley.
Proceedings of Conferences on Farm Animal
Wastes, Nitrates and Phosphates, in Rural Wis-
consin Ecosystems, Madison, Green Bay, and
Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Feb. 1-5, 1971, p. 295-300.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, Dairy industry. Eco-
nomics.
Identifiers: 'Action programs, 'Waste handling.
Requirements which need to be considered for
the proper handling of manure are (1) regula-
tions, enforcement agencies, and laws, (2) quan-
tities of manure to be handled, (3) alternative
approaches that are possible for the area and
the species, (4) overall costs of different meth-
ods and approaches, and (5) economic limits
within which the farmer can survive. Manure
regulations for dairy farmers are particularly
enforced and are specifically directed toward the
assurance of milk quality. Clean cows and clean
milking make daily cleaning essential. In addi-
tion, fly breeding and odors also must be
controlled. A brief outline is given on groups
which are concerned about waste disposal on
the farm. Steps are suggested for an action
program composed of all groups concerned. The
goal of each program is to recycle the nutrients
in manure. This must be done in the most
economical manner that will produce a minimum
of environmental pollution and that will not
excessively offend any segment of the com-
munity. (Cameron-East Central).
1980 - A9, Bl 200
THE REUSE OF OLD LITTER
Wilson & Co., Inc., Poultry Division,
Federalsburg, Maryland.
D. E. Davis.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Litter
and Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
Maryland, September 29-30, 1969, p. 1-7.
Descriptors: 'Litter, 'Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Reuse, 'Built-up litter, 'Marek's
Disease, Composting.
About two years ago at the New Hampshire
Poultry Disease Conference, Donald E. Davis
reported that reusing litter in broiler houses
aided in the reduction of Marek's Disease (MD).
In an examination of clean-out vs. not cleaned
out, the difference in condemnation based on
USDA figures was .75 percent less on the flocks
which were not cleaned out. The effect of the
number of times broilers were placed on built-
up litter was studied. There was a slight in-
crease on the first and second time built-up.
Of the different types of litter studied, soft-
wood material gave better results and was more
readily available and suitable to poultry produc-
tion needs. Floors play an important role in MD
control. Dirt floors gave better MD control than
did other types. Although built-up Utter will
not bring MD to a .0 percent incidence, it
would seem that we are forced to stay with the
built-up litter program. (Cameron-East Central).
1981 - B2, C5, D2 200
DEHYDRATION AN ECONOMICAL
SOLUTION TO POULTRY MANURE
PROBLEMS
Poultry Science Department, Pennsylvania State
University, University Park.
G. O. Bressler.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Litter
and Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
Maryland, September 29-30, 1869, p. 24-40. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, 'Economics, 'Poul-
try, 'Farm wastes, 'Waste treatment, Waste
disposal, Odor.
Identifiers: Fly control.
Because of the huge problems of waste disposal
in the poultry industry, many methods are
currently under investigation to deal with these
wastes. Perhaps the most promising means of
disposal begins with dehydration. Penn State
has been investigating dehydration with the
objectives of removing as much water as possi-
ble, eliminating odors and flies, and developing
an automatic system of manure handling.
Experiments were conducted from 1967-1969 with
very promising results. The weight of the
manure was reduced to about one-fourth to one-
third the original weight when the water was
removed. Odors inside the house were prac-
tically eliminated. High velocity air speeded
drying and prevented excessive bacterial growth.
Labor was reduced, and since manure was
being dried and removed while the birds were
in the house there wasn't a large accumulation
180
-------
of manure. This in turn reduced "downtime"
between flocks. Fly breeding areas were con-
stantly destroyed so there were few fly prob-
lems. Finally, the overall capital investment
requirements were low when compared to other
methods. (Russell-East Central).
1982 - Al, Bl, E2, E3 200
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE SOIL
WHEN MANURE IS USED?
G. H. Enfield.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Litter
and Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
Maryland, September 29-30, X969, p. 50-56.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Bacteria, "Chemical re-
actions, 'Decomposition, 'Nitrogen, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal.
When manure is applied to the soil, bacterial
activities and biological and chemical reactions
take place. These reactions are dependent on
the following factors: (1) rate of application,
(2) nature of the soil to which it is applied,
(3) moisture content, (4) temperature, (5)
availability of oxygen, (6) nature of the litter,
(7) relation of nitrogen to carbon, (8) degree
of acidity and (9) whether the manure left on
the surface is incorporated or plowed under.
In order to make these biological and chemical
reactions work for us, certain steps need to
take place. (1) Manure should be applied to
soils deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and po-
tassium. (2) The crop grown should be respon-
sive to these elements. (3) Manure should be
spread thinly and disced under to prevent odor.
(4) A well-limed sandy surface layer will help
prevent the escape of ammonia to the atmos-
phere. (5) An impervious layer of clay under
the sand will prevent excess nitrogen from
leaching through the soil. (6) The area could
be seeded with a fast development grass crop
to convert NO3 to less objectionable organic
matter. After several years this topsoil could be
sold as a potting mixture, as rich topsoil for
golf courses, etc. (7) Another boon from this
type of land disposal is an increase in the
earthworm population. (Cameron-East Central).
1983 - B3, E2, Fl 200
USE OP POULTRY MANURE AND
LITTER IN CROP PRODUCTION
Plant Science Department,
Delaware University.
L. J. Cotnoir.
Proceedings of the 1969 National Poultry Litter
and Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
Maryland, September 29-30, 1969, p. 131-138.
Descriptors: 'Crop production, 'Fertilizers, Lit-
ter, Moisture content, Nutrients, Costs.
Identifiers: Excreta, Application rates.
The use of poultry manure as a fertilizer for
crops has decreased drastically in recent years
for a number of reasons. Five factors influence
the use of poultry manure on crops: (1) mois-
ture content, (2) variability of the product, (3)
nutrient balance of manure, (4) residual effect
due to manures, and (5) costs of handling. The
value of one ton of dry poultry manure is
$11.86. If it contains 50 percent moisture, the
value is only half of $5.93. Guidelines can be
established for the most effective and efficient
use of poultry manure in the following areas:
(1) manure distribution, (2) land area, (3)
quantity of manure, (4) crop benefits, and (5)
when to apply. Recommendations on when lo
apply to the soil for specific crops is discussed.
(Cameron-East Central).
1984 - Bl 200
REVIEW OF AVAILABLE LITTER
MATERIALS AND THEIR
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Department of Poultry Science,
Texas A&M University, College Station.
J. R. Howes.
Proceedings of the 1369 National Poultry Litter
Waste Management Seminar, Salisbury,
and
Maryland, September 29-30, 1969, p.
tab.
140-149. 3
Descriptors: 'Poultry, "Litter, 'Material, Eco-
nomics.
Requirements for good litter material are that
they be: inexpensive, available, absorbent, dust
free, easy to transport, buoyant, not consumed
by birds, disease free and reusable if possible.
Problems connected with litter are economical
disposal and management. The greatest use of
Utter in North America today is for broilers,
turkeys, layer replacements, and game birds.
Litter materials that are available in North
America are listed. Advantages and disadvan-
tages of each litter material are given. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
1985 - Al, E2 400
IRRIGATION RESIDUES
J. P. Law and J. L. Witherow.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26,
No. 2, p. 54-56, March-April, 1971. 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation effects, 'Pollutants, Wa-
ter quality control. Waste water (pollution), Pol-
lution abatement, 'Farm wastes, Return flow, I.
Identifiers: Salinity control.
The water quality problems associated with
irrigation return flow are difficult to control.
The major problems are the increased dissolved
salt and nutrient content of waters draining
from irrigated land. The difficulty in control is
due to the diffuse nature of irrigation return
flows coming from large irrigated areas and
from both surface and subsurface drainage. In-
sufficient research has been devoted directly to
the solution of return flow quality problems.
Studies are needed to answer specific questions
regarding both quantity and quality of irrigation
residues. Possible control measures are dis-
cussed, but specific data concerning their ef-
fectiveness in abating water quality degradation
are lacking. These must be evaluated and
suitable management practices implemented to
control water quality problems rising from irri-
gation. (EPA Abstract).
1986 - A4, Bl, E2, E3 200
DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING OF
AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
T. Trout, J. L. Smith, and W. Downs.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 217, p. 86, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, 'Mu-
nicipal wastes, 'Colorado, Solid wastes, Slurries,
Lagoons, Groundwater, Feedlots.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, Waste collec-
tion.
The Agricultural Engineering Department of
Colorado State University is currently involved
in three research projects dealing with the dis-
posal and recycling of solid and slurrified
wastes. A subsurface sludge injection machine
is used by the city of Boulder to dispose of
part of their digested and slurrified sludge.
The material is pumped from holding tanks
through underground main lines to risers in the
field and then to the operating machine via
660 feet of 6 inch diameter flexible rubber hose.
A similar project at Fort Collins involves sub-
surface disposal of slurrified feedlot wastes. The
project will be conducted in the same manner
as the Boulder operation. The third project is
concerned with the "harvesting" of cattle ma-
nure as an integral part of a waste recycling
research program being investigated. To facili-
tate speedy handling of the material, a machine
capable of rapidly collecting (large quantities
of) manure from concrete floors is being de-
veloped. (Cameron-East Central).
1987 - Al, A4, Bl 200
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS: IMPACT
ON UNDERLYING SOIL
Agricultural Research1 Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Ft. Collins, Colorado.
F. A. Norstadt and H. R. Duke.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 218, p. 86, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Soil profiles, 'Groundwater, 'Feed-
lots, Air pollution, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Manure pack.
Studies on commercial and experimental installa-
tions were made to determine changes in soil
profiles and ground water beneath earth-surfaced
beef cattle feedlots. The kinds and amounts
of soil gases as well as the chemical constitu-
ents of the soil solutions are influenced by the
depth and water content of a manure pack and
seasonal soil temperatures. An experimental
feedlot has been built to evaluate schemes to
minimize both air and water pollution. A feed-
lot, with intact manure pack and under con-
tinuous use at a sufficient stocking rate, does
not appear to be a pollution hazard to soil
and underground water. (Cameron-East Central).
1988 - Dl 200
MODD7ICATION AND ENZYMATIC
HYDROLYSIS OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
MANURE
Microbiology Department, Colorado State
University, Ft. Collins.
G. K. Elmund, D. W. Grant and S. M. Morrison.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 221, p. 87, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, Cellulose, Cotton.
Identifiers: 'Manure, Teuton's reagent, Ferrous
sulfate, Hydrogen peroxide, Enzymatic hydroly-
sis.
Evaluations were made of the use of Fentpn's
reagent (ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide)
for modifying the cellulosic fraction of cattle
feedlot wastes. Manure samples were reacted
in solution with 0.22 mM ferrous sulfate and
initial hydrogen peroxide concentrations ranging
from 0.1 to 5 percent. Manure and cotton sub-
strates were also reacted with Fenton's reagent
for two days and residual hydrogen peroxide
removed with catalase. Results indicate that
treatment of manure and cotton with Fenton's
reagent modifies the cellulosic materials in
such a manner thaet subsequent enzymatic
hydrolysis is facilitated. The reaction products
of such treatments are more readily biodegrad-
able and may serve as substrates with biologi-
cally enhanced nutritional value in proposed
refeeding processes. (Cameron-East Central).
1989 - E3, Fl 200
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTE
AND BY-PRODUCTS
Department of Animal Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
J. K Matsushima.
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 220, p. 87, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Cattle, 'Feeds, 'Eco-
nomics, 'Performance.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Paunch content,
'Bloodmeal, 'Protein content, 'Refeeding.
Paunch content (10 percent protein content on
dry basis) is a useless waste product of beef
packing plants. Bloodmeal (about 80 percent
protein) is also a byproduct of packing plants,
but it can be merchandised. When the two
ingredients are dried and blended in equal
proportions the protein content is similar to
cottonseed meal (45 percent protein) or other
similar supplements commonly used in feedlot
rations. A feeding trial was conducted to eval-
uate three different protein supplements. The
three treatments were: (1) control supplement;
basically cottonseed meal; (2) mixture of dried
paunch-bloodmeal sunpplement; and (3) combina-
tion of cottonseed meal with paunch-bloodmeal.
In spite of a temporary refusal of feed during
rainy periods, the cattle fed the paunch-blood-
meal supplement consumed 65 pounds more corn
per head over the 146 day period as compared
to the controls. With the greater feed consump-
tion the cattle weighed 22 pounds heavier per
head when marketed. This increase was 6
percent greater with a feed saving of 3 percent
per pound of beef, produced. (Cameron-East
Central). '
181
-------
1990 - Dl, E3 200
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANURE
HARVESTING PRACTICES FOR BEEF
FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins
R. Hansen and S. Marne
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 227, p. 89, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Harvesting, •Manage-
ment, Cattle, Recycling
Identifiers: 'Manure
The recycling of beef feces is being done for
various purposes. Preliminary investigations have
Indicated the physical and nutritional characteris-
tics of the manure are extensively affected by
the environment and management practice to
which the manure is subjected before harvesting.
A study is being initiated to determine the ef-
fects of controlled environment and constant
management factors on the feed value and
physical characteristics of manure. The field
study will be conducted to determine the effects
of measured operating conditions as related to
changes which occur in manure with time and
environment. Laboratory investigations will con-
sist of a simulation study with controlled environ-
ment to determine the effect of various factors
on manure. When the effects of tMs study are
known, management programs can be developed
to maximize the utilizable components of the
manure and minimize the handling and process-
ing requirements. (Cameron-East Central).
1991 - Al, E2 200
EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF
BEEF-CATTLE-FEEDLOT MANURE
ON CORN PRODUCTION
Agronomy Department,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins
T. A. Ruehr and R. R. Sabey
Proceedings of the 87th Annual Research Con-
ference, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado, Number 223, p. 88, 1974
Descriptors: Cattle, 'Feedlots, 'Silage
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Corn production, Applica-
tion rates
Beef-cattle-feedlot manure was repeatedly ap-
plied to a Nunn clay loam on the Agronomy
Farm at Fort Collins for three years starting
in 1971. Another study was initiated in 1972 on
adjacent plots to evaluate the residual effects
of a single application of manure with rates
up to 400 tons per acre. Corn silage was grown
on the plots each year and corn grain yields
were determined in 1972. The results of each
year are given. These results suggest that
manure applications of up to 400 tons per acre
can produce high silage yields but the quality
of the forage should be considered. (Cameron-
East Central).
1992 - A2, Bl 600
EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE
SELECTION OF A BEEF HOUSING
SYSTEM
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
A. F. Butchbaker, 6. W. Mahoney, M. C, Paine
and J. E. Garten
Presented at the 65th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot
Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No.
72-444, 37 p. 10 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Climatology, •Feedlots, 'Cattle, Air
temperature. Evaporation, Precipitation (atmos-
pheric), Costs, Performance, Great Plains
Identifiers: 'Housing, Waste management, Site
selection
This study, a portion of a major investigation
devoted to evaluation of beef waste manage-
ment alternatives, examined the relationship be-
tween climate, the beef feeding industry and its
related waste management system. The ob-
jectives of the major investigation were: (1) to
develop beef feedlot design criteria that mini-
mize pollution by runoff waste and facilitate
handling of solid and liquid animal waste, and
(2) to examine alternative feedlot waste disposal
systems to determine minimum cost systems for
effective waste disposal. Factors that should be
considered in feedlot site selection are market-
ing and transportation, feeder cattle supply, feed
grain supply, land prices, agricultural practices
and local topography, soil condition and climate.
Environmental factors affecting animal perfor-
mance are physical, social and thermal. The
feedlots surveyed were of two types: open
feedlots and those with confinement buildings.
The three variables used to develop the climatic
zones for livestock production were air temper-
ature, evaporation and precipitation. The climatic
zones were then subdivided into optimum and
secondary areas. A discussion and comparison
of open feedlot and confinement building opera-
tions' design and costs were given. The Southern
Great Plains region of the United States was
considered as an optimum climatic area for
beef production year-around in open feedlots,
(Kehl-East Central).
1993 - Bl, D2 600
STATIONARY SLOPING SCREEN TO
SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE SLURRIES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Wisconsin University, Madison
R. E. Graves and J. T. Clayton
Presented at the 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-15, 1972, Paper No. 72-915,
16 p. 4 fig, 6 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Slurries, 'Separa-
tion techniques, 'Screens, Sludge, Flow ratio,
Organic matter, Nitrogen
Identifiers: Total solids. Volatile solids. Settle-
able solids
When a water manure slurry is allowed to stand,
a heavy mat and sludge usually form. Removal
of these formations is often difficult. Slurries
such as that of dairy cattle manure create
special problems because of the quantities of
fibrous material they contain. This study evalu-
ated the usefulness of stationary sloping screens
(.010, .020, .030, and .080 inch bar spacing)
for the removal of solid particles from dairy
cattle manure slurries. A commercially available
stationary sloping screen was found effective.
Tests compared ths solids removal for slurries
of dairy cattle manure ranging from 20:1 to 2:1
(water to wet manure by weight). The com-
parison tests indicated the following: (1) For
slurries ranging from 20:1 to 5:1, the screens
worked well. But slurries of 3.5:1 and 2:1 caused
blinding of ths screen and produced an effluent
with fluffy floe that did not settle well. (2) With
bar spacing from 0.050 to 0.010 inch, the amount
of setUeable solids remaining in the screen
effluent decreased. (3) A decrease in flow rate
must accompany a decrease in bar spacings.
(4) As bar spacings decreased, the moisture
content of screened solids increased. (5) In gen-
eral, although solids removed by the screen were
wet, they could be handled and piled much like
wet manure. (6) When allowed to stand, the
excess water that was removed with the solids
drained out. (7) Solids that were removed by
the screen were high in crude fiber and had
f. low rat'o of organic matt-r to n•t-oi; n.
Agricultural applications were given. (Kehl-East
Central).
1994 - A5, B2, Fl 400
THIS PARLOR MAKES USE OF
NEW IDEAS
D. W. Bates
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 19, p. 1151,
1195, October 10, 1974, 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, "Design, 'Montana,
Ventilation, Odor
Identifiers: Holding pen, Waste pit, Flushing,
Milking pit, Slotted floor
Ralph Parker and his sons at Sun River,
Montana, were faced with the problem of replac-
ing an old, 4 stall, u-shaped parlor with side-
opening stalls. The old setup caused the milking
time and the cleanup time to be too long. The
rancher chose the herringbone design. A 60-cow
holding area and a 10-cow double-5 herringbone
parlor were constructed. In creating a ventila-
tion system, the following factors were con-
sidered: comfort of the milkers, prevention of
freezing when unoccupied, removal of heat pro-
duced by the animals in warm weather, and
odor control. These objectives were met by
continuous ventilation from the manure storage
pit beneath the slatted holding area and the
addition of heat intermittently. For cleaning
purposes, the floor of the milking pit and the
floor of the milk house were constructed on the
same level. Wash water and flushing from both
areas were to drain by gravity into the manure
pit beneath the holding area. To accomplish this,
the holding area floor was sloped upward 28
inches. This provided a 20-foot-long ramp for
entering and leaving the stalls. Slate for the
floor could not be obtained in Montana, so
Parker made his own. Costs are listed. It was
advised that if a system of the type described
is planned, approval should be obtained from
the health authorities having control of the sale
of the milk before construction is begun. (Kehl-
East Central).
1995 - Al, Bl 600
A TWO-CROP FISH PRODUCTION
SYSTEM
Department of Entomology and Fisheries,
Coastal Plain Experiment Station,
Tifton, Georgia
T, K. Hill, J. L. Chesness, and E. E. Brown
Presented at the 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No. 72-536,
13 p. 8 fig.
Descriptors: *Fish farming, 'Fish management,
•Fish harvest
Identifiers: 'Recirculation raceway system,
•Two-crop fish production, Water reservoir. In-
take screens
The study was an evaluation of cultural prac-
tices used in producing catfish in recirculation
raceway systems. This study is still being
carried on as additional facilities are added to
the fish culture research facility at the Coastal
Plain Experiment Station at Tifton, Georgia. The
system layout is a closed-loop or recirculation
system, consisting of a water reservoir or pond,
a deep drilled well, a 550 gpm centrifugal pump,
6-inch cement asbestos water distribution pipe
lines, flow meter, raceway, raceway inlet and
raceway segments. Accessibility to the fish for
carrying out feeding, sampling, treating and
harvesting operations is provided by the race-
way unit "pens". On the basis of one year's
operation, this recirculation raceway system has
proven to be an efficient and easily managed
fish production system. However, there are some
problems with the system. The major problem
is maintaining water quality in a recirculation
system that is used year after year, Further
study is necessary to solve such problems and
to keep the system economically practical. "Two-
crop" fish production is one method of achieving
this. (Kehl-East Central).
1996 - Al, Bl, Cl, Dl, El, Fl, F2
200
PROCESSING AND MANAGEMENT
OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Cornell University
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, 540 p. 137 fig,
195 tab, 303 ref.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Legal aspects, Efflu-
ent, Feedlots, Nutrients, Recycling
Identifiers: 'Waste management, •Pollution,
•Nonpoint sources, Refeeding, Land disposal
182
-------
The purpose of this conference was to provide
rapid and wide dissemination of information that
would permit agriculture to continue to produce
and process adequate quantities of food without
causing environmental problems. Emphasis was
placed on federal effluent guidelines and their
effect on the livestock industry, control of non-
point diffuse pollution sources, and waste stabili-
zation, treatment, and disposal. (Merryman-East
Central).
1997 - Al, A2, A3, F3 200
METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND
EVALUATING THE NATURE AND
EXTENT OF NONPOINT SOURCES OF
POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICULTURE
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boule-
vard, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
A. Aleti, S. Y. Chiu, and A. D. McElroy
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 10-23. 2 fig,
4 tab, 31 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Analytical techniques,
•Mathematical models, 'Measurement, Pollutants,
Pollution control, Agricultural runoff
Identifiers'. 'Nonpoint pollution
Nonpoint pollution from agriculture has been
found to consist of some mix on nutrients (nitro-
gen and phosphorus especially), organic biode-
gradable matter, microorganisms, pesticides,
mineral salts and sediment. Runoff water is the
principal carrier of nonpoint pollution. Sensible
planning for control of pollutant emissions
from agriculture and of water quality in surface
and underground streams and reservoirs requires
quantitative knowledge of pollutant loads as
functions of several factors. Nonpoint pollution
modelling may help achieve this. Many para-
meters are involved in specification of nonpoint
pollutant generation. These include: Basic char-
acteristics of the land, land use, pollutant
generation, pollution control, transport mech-
anisms, and dynamic features of receiving bodies
of water. While models exist which measure
individual aspects of the problem, a compre-
hensive model to do all these things does not
presently exist in usable documented form.
The overall basic need is development of com-
prehensive models which: (1) include all signi-
ficant pollutants, but can treat each individual-
ly; (2) are sensitive to the causes (sources)
of pollution and thus can provide the means
to develop and assess various pollution control
measures and strategies; and (3) recognize in-
terdependencies between pollutants, such as pest-
icides and sediment, in order to facilitate de-
velopment of simplified control measures, (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
1998 - Al, Bl, Fl, F2, F3 200
EFFLUENT REGULATIONS FOR
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
FEEDLOTS
Chief Impact Analysis Section,
Effluent Guidelines Division,
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
J. D. Denit
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 51-58. 4 tab,
2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Legal aspects, 'Regu-
lation, 'Poultry, 'Livestock, 'Feedlots, Effluent,
Water pollution control
Identifiers: 'Guidelines, 'Environmental Protec-
tion Agency
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended in 1972, defines concentrated livestock
and poultry growing operations (feedlots) as
"point" sources of "industrial" pollution and
further requires that permits be issued for these
operations. Until 1977, existing feedlot operations
are to utilize, upgrade or install "in-being"
pollution abatement facilities. Conversely, new
faedlot installations must mandatorily utilize the
latest techniques. Only by 1983 is enforced
adoption of updated level of technology demanded
of the total industry. This is considered to be
a "reasonable" approach because the statute
seeks to control and abate water pollution with-
out diminution of a vital industry which has
been contributing to mounting pollution problems.
By evolutionized, as opposed to immediate, de-
mands the statutory goal can and will be
achieved. In this reasonable process, the individ-
ual operator, upon whom the vitality of a clean,
efficient industry ultimately depends, will more
certainly grasp his indispensable role in abating
pollution. (Merryman-East Central).
1999 - A2, Bl, Fl, F2 200
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF
IMPOSING EPA EFFLUENT
GUIDELINES ON THE U. S.
FED-BEEF INDUSTRY
Agricultural Economists, Commodity Economics
Division! Economic Research1 Service,
East Lansing, Michigan
3. B. Johnson and G, A. Davis
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
t"ral Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 59-70. 1 fig,
5 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Legal
aspects, 'Regulation, 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, 'Eco-
nomics
Identifiers: 'Effluent guidelines, Environmental
Protection Agency
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972 require that the discharge of
pollutants into navigable waters be eliminated
by 1985. Interim goals toward "zero" discharge
are to be achieved by July 1, 1977, and by
July 1, 1983. Effluent limitations for point source
dischargers require the application of best prac-
ticable control techno'ogy currently available by
1977 and the application of the best available
technology economically achievable by 1983.
Thirty-five percent of those feedlots witH dry-lot
paved housing systems, because of their location
in th? Eastern States, are identified as having
surface water control problems or potential.
Twenty-six percent of those feedlots in the 18
states using open-lot systems have surface water
control problems or potential. Of feedlots with
dry-lot unpaved housing systems, 25 percent either
have existing surface water control problems
or the potential for runoff problems during and
subsequent to a local 10-year, 24-hour storm.
Implementation of announced EPA effluent guide-
lines could result in annual cost of increases
which would severely encumber the economic
viability of smaller-sized fed-beef operations with
land-extensive bousing systems located in humid
production regions. Some operations may cease
production. All feedlots which take actions to
control runoff can expect lower returns on in-
vestments if production is continued at historical
production levels. Improvements over time will
depend upon changes in input prices and the
price of beef marketed. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral).
2000 - A2, Bl, Dl, E2 200
IMPLICATIONS OF EFFLUENT
GUIDELINES AND OTHER
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
ON DAIRY FARMS
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
D. Good, L. Connor, C, R. Hoglund and J. B.
Johnson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 71-85. 10 tab,
11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Effluents, 'Agri-
cultural runoff, 'Economics
Identifiers: 'Pollution control, 'Guidelines, Legal
aspects, Land spreading
Physical and economic consequences are con-
sidsred for tha following kinds of pollution
control measures that could be imposed on
dairies: (1) mandatory control of surface runoff
at the barnyard; (2) prohibition of winter
spreading of dairy wastes; and (3) mandatory
subsurface disposal of dairy wastes. Linear pro-
gramming and partial budgeting techniques were
employed to analyze these waste handling sys-
tems: (1) Stanchion housing — Gutter cleaner-
spreader-daily hauling; (2) Open lot housing —
Scraper-loader-spreader-daily scraping of alleys
and scraping and hauling from lots; (3) Cold
covered housing — Scraper-loader-spreader-daily
hauling; (4) Warm enclosed housing — Tractor
scraper-underground storage-liquid spreader; Me-
chanical scraper - underground storage - liquid
spreader; or slotted floor underground storage
liquid spreader. It was determined that: (1)
Runoff control would most likely apply to open
lot housing; (2) Prohibition of winter spreading
and mandatory subsurface disposal would apply
to all four types; (3) Economic impacts of
compliance with all three control measures
would be the worst for stanchion housing. Cold
covered housing systems would be least affected
if 6 month solid storage was allowed; (4) For
farms with 80 cows, warm enclosed housing
and a liquid manure system, investments for a
soil injector and for increasing underground
storage capacity to 6 months would increase
3 percent and monetary returns would be re-
d'C'd ;.iy 14. p:rc"»nt. Add?d wast; storage, if
provided by less costly underground pump-outside
storage system, would increase costs by $16
per cow and reduce operator returns by 10.7
percent. (Merryman-East Central).
2001 - Al, Bl, B2 200
COST OF REDUCING SURFACE
WATER POLLUTION FROM U. S.
DAIRY FARMS
Agricultural Economist, Commodity Economics
Division, Economic Research Division, Economic
Research Service, Minnesota University, St. Paul
B. M. Buxton and S. J. Ziegler
Processing and Management of Agricultural-
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 86-96, 1 fig,
5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Water pollution, 'Dairy in-
dustry, 'Waste storage
Identifiers: Land disposal, Runoff control
Representative-size farms in 3 regions of the
United States were selected to estimate individ-
ual and annual costs to (1) control runoff from
exposed lots and wash water from the milking
area, and (2) provide manure storage to avoid
disposal on frozen ground. Results indicated that
the greatest financial impact of controlling sur-
face water runoff would be on dairy producers
with fewer than 20 cows. Investment in lot
runoff control facilities would be as much as
$305 per cow, with annual costs as high as $82
per cow and milk produce costs increasing by
as much as $0.68 per 100 pounds of milk. An
additional investment of as much as $275 per
cow for operators in the northern region would
result if winter manure disposal was prohibited.
The impact of controlling surface water runoff
on farms with 20 or more cows is significant,
but not as dramatic as the impact on smaller
dairy farms. Total investment for runoff con-
trol for United State's dairy producers with a
runoff problem would be about $333 million. By
exempting producers with less than 20 cows,
investment would be reduced to $225 million.
If all herds with less than 100 cows were
exempted, investment would drop sharply to $25
million. Investment in manure storage facilities
would be as much as $768 million, but would
drop to $35 million if farms with less than
100 cows were excluded from complying with
future winter disposal guidelines. Total cost to
the dairy industry to both control lot runoff
and avoid spreading on frozen land would be
over $1 billion. If farms with less than 100 cows
were excluded, total investment would be re-
duced by almost 95 percent to approximately
$61 million. (Merryman-East Central).
183
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2002 - A2, Bl, Fl, F2 200
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
CONTROLLING SURFACE WATER
RUNOFF FROM POINT SOURCES IN
U.S. HOG PRODUCTION
Agricultural Economist, Commodity Economics
Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture
R. N, Van Arsdall
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 97-107.
Descriptors: "Economics, 'Agricultural runoff,
•Water pollution control, 'Regulation
Identifiers: 'Hog production
This economic impact analysis is limited to
examination of prevention of surface water
pollution by contaminated runoff from concen-
trated systems of production. This analysis began
before the announcement of the EPA's proposed
effluent guidelines of September 7, 1973, but the
conclusions are still pertinent. Hog production
is largely in the hands of small volume produc-
tion. Producers turning out fewer than 200 hogs
a year make up a third of total production in
the 15 major hog producing states. Thus strict
runoff control regulations would very likely pat
many pork producers out of business due to
excessive financial burden. The remaining hog
producers then would have to take up the slack
in hog production. They could do this only after
a period of adjustment. In the meantime, these
larger producers could probably make the needed
changes without much increase in pork prices
for the consumer. What would cause an in-
crease in the price of pork is the shortage of
pork during the adjustment period. Desirable
outcome in the changes ahead would be aug-
mented by the following: (1) Specifics of regula-
tions and timing of their application should be
made known as soon as possible: (2) Regulations
should be phased into the industry over a period
of years: (3) Most producers of moderate size
may be able to absorb additional costs per 100
pounds of pork produced and to continue produc-
tion on a competitive basis. However, many may
not. Thus, there may be a need to allow more
time for adjustment or to provide a cost-sharing
to meet their needs. (Merryman-East Central).
2003 - Al, Bl 200
AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
OF FEEDLOT SYSTEMS
C. N. Ifeadi and W, T. Lawhon
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 108-121. 6 fig,
13 ref.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, 'Systems analysis, 'En-
vironmental effects
Identifiers: 'Pollution
The purpose of this paper was to suggest a
methodology whereby feedlot systems could be
analyzed for potential environmental impacts.
The balance between the constituents necessary
for maximum production and the capacity of
the environmental components to withstand pollu-
tion was analyzed. This was done by compiling a
simple checklist, arranged in matrix form, and
developed so that the potential interactions be-
tween the various components of the feedlot
system and its environment could be identified.
Feedlot systems and processes were listed with
corresponding pollution impacts for (1) sur-
face-water pollution, (2) groundwater pollution,
(3) air pollution, (4) land pollution, and (5)
aesthetic and human factors. Further studies
will be required in order to develop data
which will verify the simple mathematical
models put forth in this paper and in order
to determine the magnitude of the impacts
shown in the matrix. (Merryman-East Central).
2004 - B3, D2, Fl 200
COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR
COLLECTING, HANDLING,
AIR-DRYING AND MACHINE
DEHYDRATION OF POULTRY
MANURE IN A CAGED LAYER
PRODUCTION UNIT
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State
University, East Lansing
C. J. Flegal, M. L. Esmay, J. B. Gerrish, J. E,
Dixon, C. C. Sheppard, H. C. Zindel and T. S.
Chang
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 122-131. 1 fig,
7 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Excetra, "Drying, "Economics, 'De-
sign
Identifiers: "Waste handling, "Caged layer pro-
duction unit, Energy requirements
This demonstration project was undertaken to
design, construct and test a roultry laying house
that would incorporate a complete system for
waste removal, dehydration and refeeding to
poultry and other livestock. Specific objectives
w-re: (1) to demonstrate and evaluate a com-
plete excreta handling system including in-house
drying and dehydration, (2) to determine opti-
mum dehydration conditions for the multiphase
drying system, (3) to minimize energy require-
ments, (4) to make the system adaptable to
most existing commercial egg producing units,
(5) to determine emissions from the system,
and (6) to determine the economics of the
system. The project's clear span pole and truss
building utilized a continons conveyor belt drying
tunnel and afterburner in drying the excreta.
Fuel consumption, electrical inputs, air move-
m»nt, and relative humidity were monitored.
Different months yielded different results. In
February the dryer reduced excreta moist'ire
content to about 1 percent. Fuel consumption
was between 2.45 and 2.83 gallons per hour for
the dryer and 2.02-2.65 gallons oer hour for
th» afterb-rner. The water removed by the dryer
was 172-191 per hour (a BTU requirement of
2500-4500 Btu per Ib. of water removed). Over
half the fuel requirement was for the dryer;
the rest was for the afterburner. Approximately
9 percent of the water was removed by ven-
tilation, 3 percent in the tunnel, and 6 percent
in the dryer. (Merryman-East Central).
2005 - B2, Dl, E2 200
INTEGRATED POULTRY-MANURE
HANDLING USING FLUSH TRAYS
UNDER CAGES AND RENOVATED
WASTEWATER: AN IN-PROGRESS
REPORT ON AN IIOO^BIRD LAYER
HOUSE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Georgia
Coastal Plain Equipment Station, Tifton
C. V. Booram, D. S. Bundy, G. B, Parker and
R. L. Fehr
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 132-140. 5 fig,'
2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: "Poultry, "Excreta, "Hydraulic
transportation, Sprinkler irrigation, Lagoons
Identifiers: "Waste recycling, Feathers, Aerobic
lagoon, Land disposal
Hydraulic handling of poultry manure is being
tested at Iowa State University. Half of a
2200-bird laying house was renovated and is
not operating as a flushing system. When the
system is complete, aerobic-lagoon water will
transport the manure. Temporarily, fresh water
is being used. This modified system includes
flushing tanks, flushing trays fabricated and
formed from 12 gauge steel with an epoxy
coating, and the necessary controls and equip-
ment to process, treat, recycle, and dispose of
manure and feathers. Wastes in the flushing
channels are hydraulically transported to a
chopper pump where they are chopped and re-
cycled with the water for channel flushing.
Periodically, the manure and feathers are dis-
charged through a sewer line into the anaerobic
cell of a two stage lagoon. Future waste-
management plans include evaluation of odor
reduction, labor reduction, and management
problems. Different flushing and discharge inter-
vals will be used to determine the optimum
system management, (Merryman-East Central).
2006 - Bl, Cl 200
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE
LEGHORN MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
A. G. Hashimoto
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 141-152, 7 fig,
6 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: "Feeds, 'Mortality, Moisture con-
tent
Identifiers: "White leghorns, 'Manure, 'Egg pro-
duction, 'Waste characteristics
Laying hens were placed in conventional stair-
step cages when about 21 weeks old to begin
their laying cycle. They were removed after 11
or 12 months of egg production. Data on feed
consumption, egg production and bird mortality
were recorded in an attempt to determine the
variations in production and characteristics of
laying-hen manure as related to diet, feed
consumption, bird age, and egg production. Diet
consumed had significant influence on manure
production. Hens fed the Practical (Basal) Diet,
with no additives, 0.2 percent DL-Methionine,
0.2 percent choline chloride (70 percent), or both
0.2 percant DL-Methionine and 0.2 percent choline
chloride (70 percent) produced 37 percent more
manure and 43 percent more moisture than
those fed the Random Sample Diet. This effect
of diet would be a significant management
constraint, especially for operations utilizing
"dry" manure-handling systems. Mass balances
of feed consumption and manure production
showed that approximately 35 percent of the
total solids, 30 percent of the volatile solids,
70 percent of the fixed solids, 35 percent of
the COD, and 80 percent of tine total nitrogen
consumed were recovered in White Leghorn
manure. (Merryman-East Central),
2007 - Bl, Cl 200
THE PRODUCTION RATE AND
COMPOSITION OF MANURE FROM
GROWING TURKEYS
Animal Sciences Department, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana
J. G. Berry, A. L. Sutton and J. R. Carson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 153-158. 1 fig,
2 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, "Analysis
Identifiers: 'Manure, "Production rate, "Com-
position, "Turkeys
The purpose of this study was to determine
the amount and composition of manure produced
by growing turkeys under current confinement
management practices. Average daily production
rate (wet basis) was determined to be 0.64
pounds per bird per day for the males and 0.53
pounds per bird per day for the females. Mean
values of nutrients for all samples regardless
of sex was determined by chemical analysis (wet
basis). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
were 1.36 percent, 0.49 percent, and 0.71 percent
respectively, (Merryman-East Central).
184
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2008 - A6, Bl, Cl 200
AIRBORNE MICROORGANISMS IN
HIGH DENSITY POULTRY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Department of Food Science, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
S Sotiracopoulos and N. C. Dondero
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 159-174. 6 fig,
7 tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, *Air pollution, 'Micro-
organisms, Pathogenic bacteria
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Oxidation
ditch, 'Undercage drying pit, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhimurium
An investigation was undertaken to: (1) estimate
the total number of microorganisms and staphy-
lococcus aureus per ft3 of air in four chicken
growth chambers, (2) Demonstrate the dispersal
of microorganisms into the atmosphere of the
chicken growth chamber (due to aerosal forma-
tion from the "oxidation ditch"), (3) identify
the isolates from air samples, (4) estimate the
number of Staphylococcus aureus and salmon-
ella in the wastewater of the "oxidation ditch",
and (5) study the survival of staphylocoecus
aureus and salmonella typhimurium inoculated
in the wastewater at the "oxidation ditch". The
waste treatment systems used in the investiga-
tion were: oxidation ditch, diffused aeration
ditch, undercage drying Pit (with slot outlet),
and undercage drying pit (high-rise). Specific
results are tabulated. Density of microorganisms
varied widely and the density was influenced
by type of waste treatment system. It was
found that the oxidation ditch dispersed the
highest number of microorganisms in the air.
(Merryman-East Central).
2009 - A2, A4, Bl, E2 200
EFFECTIVENESS OF NITROGEN
CONTROL IN POULTRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT AS ESTIMATED BY
SIMULATION MODELING
Manitoba University, Winnipeg, Canada
D. D. Schulte, R. C. Loehr, D, A. Haith and
D. R. Bouldin
Processing and Management o£ Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 189-199. 7 fig,
2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Computer models, 'Mathematical
models, Poultry, Water pollution. Leaching, Agri-
cultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Nitrogen control, 'Waste manage-
ment, Land spreading
Nitrogen management on a hypothetical poultry
farm was computer simulated and a comparison
was made of nitrogen losses to ground and
surface water resulting from various waste man-
agement policies. Utilization of the mathematical
model revealed the following: (1) leaching of
inorganic nitrogen from manured fields was re-
duced more at equivalent removal levels followed
by high application rates than at lower disposal
rates; (2) confinement of manure disposal to
the time preceding planting (April 1-May 20)
and rates of 250 kg/ha or less, and/or removal
of the majority of inorganic nitrogen prior
to spreading reduced the inorganic nitrogen
levels in the soil at the onset of winter to
approximately that remaining where no manure
was applied. (Additional research is needed to
verify this.); (3) residual inorganic nitrogen in
the soil at the onset of winter was affected
more by nitrogen removal prior to disposal than
by the application rate; and (4) most of the
nitrogen lost in runoff from manured fields due
to rainstorms occurring between April 1 and
November 30 was carried in water from one or
two storms. Due to the variability of runoff
occurrences, scheduling manure disposal at dif-
ferent times within this period will not reduce
runoff losses consistently over a number of
years. (Merryman-East Central).
2010 - Al, E2 200
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
POLICIES TO CONTROL NUTRIENT
AND SOIL LOSSES FROM A SMALL
WATERSHED IN NEW YORK STATE
Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
W. H. Schaffer, J. J, Jacobs and G. L. Casler
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 200-210. 3 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: "Model studies, 'Economics, 'Water
pollution control, Nutrients, New York
Identifiers: 'Soil loss, Watershed, Effluent taxes,
Fertlizer taxes
A watershed model was developed which in-
corporated both estimated losses of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and soil and the costs to the
farmers in reducing these losses. The following
three policies for controlling losses and measur-
ing the effect on farm income in the watershed
were evaluated: (1) restrictions on losses; (2)
effluent taxes; and (3) fertilizer taxes. Costs to
farmers in using any of these methods would
be substantial. While (1) and (2) would be hard
to administer, (3) would most likely be ineffec-
tive in reducing the losses of pollutants. The
model did not evaluate the possibility of re-
ducing losses by methods other than changes
in crop and livestock production. Further re-
search is needed. (Merryman-East Central).
2011 - Al, Bl, E2 200
LAND DISPOSAL PARAMETERS
FOR DAIRY MANURE
Agronomy Department, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
P. J. Zwerman, S. D. Klausner and D. Ellis
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p, 211-221. 7 tab,
17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry. Nutrients, Sediment
transport, Agricultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land spreading, 'Load-
ing rates
Researchers wanted to ascertain the effect of
winter spreading, spring plow down and summer
topdress methods on resulting nutrient and sedi-
ment lossss. Dairy manure was applied at load-
ing rates of 15, 45, and 90 tons per acre on land
used for continuous corn production. Two sys-
tems of soil management were used. Removal
of all plant residues at harvest was denoted
as poor management. Reincorporation of plant
material into the soil was considered good
management. The following conclusions were
made: (1) The greatest nutrient loss results
whan cow manure is spread on top of melting
snow that is situated on frozen soil. Manure
spread on frozen soils and later covered by snow
does not result in excessive losses; (2) Even
under such extreme conditions, substantial re-
ductions in losses can be produced by lowering
the loading rate and/or improving the soil
structure through soil management. Even when
spreading under adverse weather conditions, a
2/3 reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus losses
to the environment was achieved by maintaining
soil structure by return of residues; (3) Hurri-
cane Agnes — 6.84" rain — was the most
effective means of moving sediment. These
sediments were lower in nutrients than the
runoff waters; and (4) A high-intensity storm
of 2.45 inches in August, 1972, removed little
sediment and few nutrients. It was felt that this
was due to the protective action of the nearly
fully grown corn crop. (Merryman-East Central).
2012 - Al, Bl, E2, Fl 200
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT
ECONOMICS FOR MINNESOTA
FARMER-FEEDERS
Agricultural Economics Department, California
State University, Fresno
C. L. Pherson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 250-270. 1 fig,
13 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Minnesota, 'Regulation, 'Econom-
ics, 'Costs, 'Model studies
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, Runoff control, Crop
selection
This study was performed to develop a method
for determining optimal farmer response to
Minnesota pollution regulations. Objectives in-
cluded dstermination of (1) direct and indirect
costs of complying with regulations, (2) net
return maximizing alternative systems, (3) opti-
mal time schedules for waste handling, (4)
marginal value or cost of beef wastes, and (5)
effects of system choice on field crop selection
and crop operation timing, and the effects of
set-aside acres or rotating disposal field. It
was found that a programming model could
accomplish these goals. Specific figures are
tabulated for various alternatives. Pollution con-
trol consultants should consider alternative waste
handling-housing systems in terms of farm-feed-
lot profit before recommending runoff control
structures on current facilities. (Merryman-East
Central).
2013 - Al, Bl, E2, Fl 200
ENERGY AND MONETARY COSTS
FOR TWO BEEF CATTLE WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Engineering,
VPI/SU, Blacksburg, Virginia
H. A. Hughes, J. B. Holtman and L. J. Conner
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 271-282. 9 fig,
4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Energy, 'Costs, "Waste disposal,
•liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, 'Mathematical
models
A method was presented for determining the
cost of energy to produce beef. The method
was explained by us 3 of an example beef feeding
farm. The two alternatives that were con-
sidered were liquid waste handling and solid
waste handling. Analysis was carried out by
using a mathematical model based on the
'energy structures' technique, This technique is
based on the systems concept of a set of com-
ponents interacting through mass and energy
exchanges among themselves in the environment.
Equivalent network models then describe the
complete system. Evaluations include the deter-
mination of energy cost of beef production and
material flows into, out of, and within the
system. It was found that liquid waste handling
required larger amounts of capital, fossil energy,
and labor than similar systems using solid waste
handling. However, solid waste handling had
greater nutrient loss to the environment. (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
2014 - Al, Bl 200
INFLUENCE ON FEEDING SYSTEM,
DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION AND
PROPORTION OF CONCENTRATE
CONSUMED ON THE QUANTITY AND
QUALITY OF EXCRETA VOIDED BY
LACTATING COWS
Animal Research Institute, Research Branch
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6
L. J. Fisher
Processing and Management o£ Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 283-290. 5 tab,
5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, Moisture content, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Feeding systems, 'Digestibility, 'Ex-
creta, 'Lactating cows
185
-------
The quantity and characteristics of the manure
produced from various feeding systems should
be stated with greater precision. In an attempt
to provide more comprehensive information as
to quantity, moisture content, and nitrogen con-
tent of excreta, the results of approximately
400 digestibility trials conducted with lactating
cows are summarized. If the refinement of
predicting manure characteristics is considered
to be warranted, then computer capabilities
should be sufficient to formulate that bulk of
data into meaningful guidelines. (Merryman-East
Central).
2015 - A5 200
A PRACTICAL PORTABLE METHOD
OF ODOR MEASUREMENT
University of Kiel, Germany
H. Mannebeck
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 291-294. 3 fig,
Identifiers: 'Odor measurement, 'Olfactometer
The difficulty in making valid odor measure-
ment is discussed. Because odor is not definable
as a physical dimension, subjective organoleptic
procedures must be used in its measurement.
A certain objectivity is made possible by using
olfactometers. The Olfactometer has mainly been
developed and designed for judgement of odor
from animal production farms including storage,
treatment and hauling of liquid manure. Using
this equipment, odor loaded air will be mixed
with odorless air to such a degree that odor
can just be distinguished. The amount of di-
lution is used as a measure for the intensity
of the air. During the testing process, there is
almost no acclimatization to the odor because
of light odor intensities. Furthermore, regenera-
tion of the sensitivity of the nose takes place
between measurements. Errors in measurement
that can occur are: (1) Errors in measurement
and calibration during determination of flow
volume. (2) Errors due to temperature decrease.
(3) Errors due to so-called effect of refresh-
ness. (4) Loss of odor loaded particles due to
adhesian inside the instrument. (5) Errors due
to adaption. (Merryman-East Central),
2016 - B2, Dl, Fl 200
THE HANDLING AND TREATMENT
OF MINK WASTES BY LIQUID
AERATION
Monteco Environmental Management Associates,
Montgomery, New York
A. C. Anthonisen and R. C. Loehr
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 295-308. 10 fig,
8 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Mink, 'Design, Economics
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Liquid aeration,
•Oxidation ditch, Jet-Aero-Mix System, Odor con-
trol
Results of laboratory and full scale experiments
indicated that liquid aeration was feasible for
handling and treating wastes of mink raised in
enclosed sheds. The study indicated that wastes
from the confined mink could drop into an in-
house oxidation ditch and that offensive odors
could be eliminated. Treatment efficiencies in-
dicated that the microorganisms within the
mixed liquor could remove 46% TS, 93% TKN,
and 97% BOD. Foaming occurred but was not
considered a problem. Better design was found
to be needed to reduce odor control costs.
Clogged nozzles due to hair and straw was a
problem when using the Jet-Aero-Mix system.
Other aeration alternatives are available, but
the concept of liquid aeration itself does appear
to be a workable one. (Merryman-East Central).
2017 - Al, Bl, F3 200
EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO THE
CONTROL OF WASTE POLLUTION
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND
FERTILIZERS
Agricultural Engineer Non-Point Pollution Con-
trol Division, Office of Research and Develop-
ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D, C. 20460
W. C. LaVeille
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 320-335. 8 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution control, 'Europe,
•Fertilizers, Pesticides, Forest Management, Nu-
trients
Identifiers: "Agricultural wastes
A seminar was held in Vienna, Austria, during
October, 1973, to discuss pollution of waters by
agriculture and forestry. In general, the dis-
cussions paralleled conferences on similar topics
held in this country. The major differences
related to European agricultural practices them-
selves such as the relative scarcity of feedlot
operations of a size comparable to those found
in the United States and the generally higher
proportion of European land used for intensive
agricultural production. Experts found it difficult
to quantify at the country or regional level
the degree of water pollution due to livestock
production because specialized literature was
scarce and no in depth studies of the problem
as a whole could be found. Use of fertilizers and
pesticides was also discussed. The seminar draft-
ed and approved recommendations that programs
be established to: (a) encourage farmers and
foresters to use suitable methods to help mini-
mize the transport of nutrients to water bodies;
(b) monitor the effects of agricultural and sil-
vicultural activities on the waters, for assessing
the share of these activities in total water
pollution and estimating future tendencies in tlte
evolution of such pollution; (c) follow with at-
tention the recent trends in the use of fertilizers
in forestry in order to avoid that forestry should
become a significant source of pollution by plant
nutrients; (d) promote research on such prob-
lems as the rate of transfer of nutrients
through the soil, taking into account the many
factors on which this rate depends. (Merryman-
East Central).
2018 - B3, E3, Fl 200
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE IN
RATIONS FOB BEEF CATTLE
Department of Animal Science, California State
Polytechnic University, Pomona
T. W. Westing and B. Brandenberg
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Frocee,dings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 336-341. 8 tab,
3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, "Diets, 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Manure
To assess the feasibility of recycling beef feedlot
wastes, a feeding trial was conducted com-
paring a typical feedlot ration with an experi-
mental ration consisting of 14 percent composted
beef waste, Thirty steers were test fed for 184
days. Average daily gain (kg), feed consumption
(kg), feed conversion (kg), cost/kg gain (c),
were 1.10, 8.66, 7.87, .7711; 1.11, 8.25, 7.43, .8440
for the waste added and control groups, respec-
tively. The closeout on the beef waste group
was $14.87 less per head for the total feeding
period. No significant difference was found in
carcass yield, quality, or taste for the two groups
tested. (Merryman-East Central).
2019 - Bl, Cl, Dl, El 200
THE EFFECT OF RATION ON
MATERIAL HANDLING AND
PROCESSING METHODS OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE
Agricultural Engineers, Agricultural Research
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ne-
braska University, Lincoln
C. B. Gilbertson, and J, A. Nienaber
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 342-355. 5 fig,
5 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Design, 'Diets, Physical
properties, Chemical properties. Biological prop-
erties
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Manure, 'Ration
The effects of three ration roughage contents on
beef cattle wastes were determined in order to
gather design information necessary for handling,
conveying, and processing beef cattle wastes.
The most significant effects of roughage content
were on physical properties, production, total
solids content, particle size, distribution, appar-
ent viscosity, flow properties, compaction, and
shrinkage factors. Volatile solids, specific grav-
ity, and wet bulk density were least affected.
Specific conclusions are stated. It was deter-
mined that the designing of waste management
system components will depend on the changes
in physical properties which are affected by
ration roughage content. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral).
2020 - A9, B2, D4, E3 200
INFLUENCE OF INGESTION OF
ANAEROBIC LAGOON EFFLUENT
ON GROWING SWINE
John Deere and Co., Dubuque, Iowa
L. W. Schmitt, T. E. Hazen and R. J. Smith
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p, 356-374. 10 fig,
7 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Pathogens
Identifiers: 'Anaerobic lagoon effluent, 'Swine,
'Ingestion, 'Waste water
Because water may serve as a transport me-
dium for many disease organisms, this study
was concerned with the health of swine exposed
to recycled lagoon effluent. An experiment was
conducted wMch had three major variables: U)
animal exposure to the flush liquid, (2) type
of flush liquid (fresh water or recycled anaero-
bic-lagoon water), and (3) the use of the two
liquids in the drinking fountains. Also compared
in the experiment were two swine feeding
systems — on-floor and self-feeder. Overall, the
experiment reinforced the belief that use of
anaerobic-lagoon water in open-channel manure-
handling systems does not degrade animal per-
formance. Necropsy results showing degradation
(hyperplasia) of the lymph nodes were not
considered cause for alarm because the exposure
to the lagoon water was extreme, since the pigs
were forced to drink it as their only source
of water. Future experimentation should include
the following: (1) forced ingestion of recycled
lagoon effluent during the full reproductive cycle,
(2) injection of known enteric pathogens into the
system, (3) use of more replicates to determine
if feed efficiency is affected by ingestion of the
gutter contents, (4) more detailed analysis of
physiological changes such as white blood cell
counts, antigen response, antibody titer, etc, and
(5) evaluation of pulmonary irritation caused
by gases. (Merryman-East Central).
2021 - B2, C5, D4, E3 200
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF AMBVO ACID
PRODUCED IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH FROM WASTE
Department of Animal Science,
Illinois University
B. 6. Harmon and D. L. Day
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 375-381. 2 fig,
8 tab, 11 ref.
186
-------
Descriptors: 'Proteins, 'Amino acids, 'Feeds
Identifiers: *Swine, *Feces, 'Oxidation ditch mix-
ed liquor
Microbiota in intestines and excreted feces are
very effective in bio-upgrading nitrogen con-
taining byproducts and endproducts of metab-
olism into single cell proteins and amino acids.
The oxidation ditch provides a compact, econom-
ical, and efficient system in which this bioen-
hancement may take place. The amino-acid rich
product may then be used as a supplement
for swine diets, Feeding systems using oxidation
ditch mixed liquor can utilize all the waste
produced by swine. (Cameron-East Central).
2022 - B3, D4, E3 200
BEEF OXIDATION DITCH SETTLED
SOLIDS FED TO STEERS
Agricultural Engineer, NCR-ARS-USDA
R. 0. Hegg, J. C. Meiske, R. E. Larson, and
J. O. Moore
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 382-386. 3 tab.
Descriptors: "Feeds, 'CatUe, 'Solid wastes, Per-
formance
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Oxidation ditch
Research was conducted to determine the feed-
ing value of solids recovered from an oxidation
ditch and refed to finishing steers as part of
a ration. Twenty Holsteins were randomly
allotted to five lots of four steers each. Regular
air-dry, shelled corn was used as the control
ration, with two rations containing different
ration of reclaimed solids and corn. Because
reclaimed solids were wet rations, water was
added to two of the control rations to give
similar moisture content. The 84-day feeding
trial revealed that feeding reclaimed solids will
not have a significant effect on the average
daily gain of finishing steers if fed at rates up
to one part corn: two parts reclaimed solids
from an oxidation ditch. The reclaimed solids
had 63 to 85 percent of the feeding value of
regular air-dry corn on a dry matter basis,
Reclaiming solids and refeeding them seems
feasible; but if the system is used in open
feedlots in cold regions of the United States,
freezing problems due to the moisture content
of the feed can be expected. (Merryman-East
Central).
2023 - Bl, D4 200
A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH TO
ANAEROBIC LAGOON ANALYSIS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
D. T. Hill and C. L. Barth
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 387-404. 13 fig,
7 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Mathematical models, 'Analysis,
'Design criteria
Identifiers: 'Prediction, 'Anaerobic lagoons,
Swine
Operating parameters such as loading rates,
detention times, and depth have been investi-
gated without really considering—more basic
operating characteristics. Because chemistry of
the wastes, stoichiometry, dynamics, and kinetics
as well as microbiology of the reactions are all
fundamentally inherent in the process, a mathe-
matical model was developed to interface all
these fundamental characteristics in an attempt
to provide basic understanding of the overall
process. General trends for anaerobic lagoons
treating swine wastes were predicted. Because
the parameters for this study were based upon
the literature concerning conventional anaerobic
digestion processes, as opposed to kinetic para-
meters, errors may have occurred. The model
was meant to be only a first approximation.
Refinement of the model through further studies
should provide better correlations. (Merryman-
East Central).
2024 - B2, C5, D4 200
TREATMENT OF BEEF WASTE BY A
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL
CONTACTOR
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Minnesota University, St. Paul 55101
J. A, Moore, R. O. Hegg, and R. E. Larson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, MarclJ 25-27, 1974, p. 405-414. 5 fig,
3 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Liquid wastes,
'Cattle, 'Recycling, Effluent, Costs, Analysis
Identifiers: 'Rotating Biological Contractor
A Bio-Disc for treatment of liquid beef waste
in a closed recycling system was evaluated. The
unit consisted of a series of discs mounted on
a horizontal shaft and suspended over a semi-
circular tank. The discs rotated slowly with
about half of their surface intermittently ex-
posed to liquid and to air. An aerobic bio-mass
developed and grew on the disc. The bio-mass
consumed organic matter in the waste water and
utilized oxygen from surrounding air to main-
tain aerobic conditions. The liquid waste flowed
progressively through four states, and then into
a clarifier section where settleable solids settled
out. Effluent from the clarifier section then
flowed to a wet well and was pumped to the
elevated flush tanks to repeat the cycle. Sample
analyses were made for: chemical oxygen de-
mand, biochemical oxygen demand, total solids,
total volatile solids, phosphorus, chloride, am-
monium nitrogen, organic nitrogen and pH. The
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) removed
18 pounds of BODs per day when receiving a
primary clarifier effluent averaging 6006 mg/1
of BODs, COD, P04 and organic nitrogen con-
centrations were 3 times higher on the sludge
than in the RBC effluent. The pH values of
the sludge were the lowest of those samples
taken. The TVS as a percent of TS averaged
86% for the sludge and 70 to 73% for all other
samples. Crystalline buildup on the discs inter-
fered with bacterial growth. Based upon a cost
of 30c per square foot of surface area installed
disc, as estimated by Autotrol, the initial and
operating cost of the RBC will not allow its
widespread application to high organic strength
animal waste waters. (Merryman-East Central).
2025 - B2, C5, D4, E3 200
WASTE TREATMENT WITH A
PROTEIN BONUS
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture,
Aberdeen, Scotland
K. Robinson
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p 415-420. 3 fig,
2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Proteins, Nitri-
fication, Denitrification, Sludge, Copper, Swine
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch. Anaerobic lagoons.
Loading rates, Refeeding, Nucleic acid
An oxidation ditch was filled with anaerobic
lagoon supernatant in order to determine: (1)
loading rates of an oxidation ditch treating
supernatant from an anaerobic lagoon, (2) feasi-
bility of controlled simultaneous nitrification-
danitrification, and (3) yield and protein value
of sludge produced during aerobic treatment.
After the initial start-up period the ditch was
operated on a cycle of no aeration for one hour
to allow sludge settling and the removal of a
volume of supernatant equivalent to the input,
agitation during addition of lagoon liquor, no
aeration for 4-5 hours to permit denitrification
to this cycle was the removal of mixed liquor
instead of settled supernatant for approximately
one month. Lagoon, oxidation ditch, and final
settling tank samples were examined for total
and dissolved COD, pH, NH4+/-N NO2-N, and
NO3-N as frequently as possible (usually daily).
Measurement of other parameters were also
made. Microbial sludge harvested by centri-
fugation from oxidation ditch mixed liquor was
analyzed for KjN, total and available lystae.
Experimental results demonstrated that loading
based on volume was only satisfactory if quality
of input remained the same. Sludge protein
may be of value for refeeding; however, copper
and nucleic acid content may make such re-
feeding unsuitable. Further research is needed
Estimates of yield were 1 kg dry solids/ 100
pigs. (Merryman-East Central)
2026 - B2, D4 200
APPROACHES FOR THE CONTROL
OF NITROGEN WITH AN OXIDATION
DITCH
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
T. B. S. Prakasam, E. G, Srinath, A. C. An-
thonisen, J. H. Martin, Jr., and E. C. Loehr
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 421-435. 5 fig,
10 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Control, Poultry
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, Odor control
A pilot scale oxidation ditch was used to
demonstrate several approaches for controlling
nitrogen in poultry wastes. The following models
of operation were used: (1) continuous rotor
operation without intentional wasting of mixed
liquor, (2) maintenance of a solids equilibrium
condition by intentionally wasting some mixed
liquor and subjecting the remaining mixed liquor
to intermittent denitrification, (3) maintenance
of solids equilibrium and using a solids separa-
tion tank to settle the mixed liquor suspended
solids and to denitrify the recycled effluent, and
(4) intermittent periods of rotor aeration which
permitted nitrification and denitrification. Results
of the study indicated that as much as 70 per-
cent of the input nitrogen to the oxidation ditch
could be conserved and up to 90 percent of it
could be removed, depending on the mode of
operation chosen. The study also indicated that
waste stabilization and odor control need not be
sacrificed when controlling nitrogen. (Merryman-
East Central).
2027 - B2, D4 200
OXIDATION DITCH SYSTEM
ANALYSIS AND FIELD EVALUATION
OF THE AEROB-A-JET
Universitaet Bonn, Institute fuer Landtechnik,
Nuss-AIlee
D, Simons, D. D. Jones, and R. C. Dale
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 436-454. 3 fig,
3 tab, 39 ref.
Descriptors: 'Analysis, 'Design, 'Aeration
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, *Aerob-A-Jet
A critical analysis was given of the oxidation
ditch system and its current design practices
in connection with various aeration devices.
Treatment efficiency, heat production and con-
servation, and solids liquid separation were
examined in relation to different oxidation ditch
systems. A field evaluation of the Aerob-A-Jet
revealed that certain modifications must be
made before it will operate optimally. The fol-
lowing conclusions concerning oxidation ditch
design were stated. (1) Oxidation ditches should
use channel cross sections which optimize flow
properties and therefore decrease energy re-
quirements for circulation and mixing. (2) Bio-
logical oxidations in the ODML produce a great
deal of heat which should be conserved with the
use of th3 proper aeration device. This would
help prevent freezing in cold weather and the
lower viscosity would decrease energy require-
ments for circulation and mixing. (3) The sepa-
ration of large solids from the ODML would
greatly enhance waste treatment, lower energy
requirements for aeration and circulation, and
decrease the problem of final disposal of the
waste. (4) Liquid circulation and aeration should
be accomplished by separate devices for maxi-
mum efficiency. (5) A ditch Reynolds number
of at least 10,000 should be maintained if
maximum treatment efficiency is to be achieved.
(Merryman-East Central).
187
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2028 Al, B2, C5, D4, E2 200
AEROBIC STABILIZATION AND LAND
DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SWINE
MANURE
University of Kiel, Germany
U. Riemann
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste. Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 455-463. 6 fig,
3 tab,
Descriptors: 'Aerobic treatment, 'Swine, Fertili-
z;rs, Bacteria
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
A plant for aerobic biological treatment of
liquid swine manure was built at Kiel Univer-
sity in order to clarify the material for release
into a water course. During the tests, the goal
changed to deodorizing and pasteurizing the
manure. The multi-step research plant consisted
of two isolated aeration tanks and a flotation
reactor with an adjustable foam overflow lead-
ing to a foam drying bed. The aeration tank
had a second outlet leading the liquid to a
three-chamber sedimentation tank. The plant
utilized swine manure with 6-8 percent dry
matter contents which was treated in a batch
and partly in a continuous flow system. The
decomposition efficiency of the plant averaged
40 percent. The foam drying bed did not operate
successfully due to a thin gelatinous layer build-
up. It was found that sedimentation of solids
going with the liquid phase from the flotation
tank continuously into and through the sedi-
mentation tank, could not be arranged success-
fully. Batchwise treated manure became odor
free after seven days of treatment and re-
mained so for two weeks. The continuous flow
systems had quicker results but required more
equipment. Bacteriological investigations with
salmonella bacteria indicated that the bacteria
were dead within six hours of thsir introduc-
tion into the reactor at temperatures around 40
degrees C. Crop yield from land fertilized with
treated manure and land fertilized with un-
treated manure was about the same. Aerated
liquid manure caused less corrosion damage
when spread on plants. Biological aerobic treat-
ment of manure will result in longer manure
hauling periods. (Merryman-East Central).
2029 - Al, B3, E2 200
FORAGE AND GRAIN PRODUCTION
FROM LAND USED FCR BEEF
MANURE DISPOSAL
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University, College Station
D. L, Reddell
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 464-483. 14 fig,
5 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Productivity
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, "Deep plowing, 'Ap-
plication rates
A study was conducted at El Paso and Tulia,
Texas to evaluate deep plowing of large amounts
of manure into the land. At El Paso, manure
was applied to Vinton fine sandy loam in April,
1970, at rates of 0, 672, 1345, and 2017 mtons/ha.
The manure was deep plowed into the soil by
using a 76-cm moldboard, a 46 cm moldboard,
and a 69-cm trencher machine. At Tulia, manure
was applied to Pullman clay loam at rates
of 0, 22, 56, 112, 224, 336, and 672 mtons/ha in
August, 1971, and February, 1973. In addition,
manure was applied at rates of 1345 and 2017
mtons/ha in August, 1971, only. The 22, 56, and
112 mtons/ha plots were plowed 36 cm deep
with conventional farm tractors and plows. The
remaining plots were plowed with a 76-cm mold-
board. Forage sorghum was grown on all the
plots and crop yields and quality were evalu-
ated. Experimental results indicated that sandy
soils like those in the El Paso study might
best benefit from manure applications of up to
672 mtons/ha. Total yields of corn and forage
sorghum over the three year period indicated
little advantage to deep plowing the manure.
The 46-cm moldboard performed adequately and
had an enormous economic advantage. Soil
similar to that of Tulia could best benefit from
manure applications of 224 mtons/ha or less.
Both plant height and plant population were
decreased with manure applications in excess
of 224 mtons/ha, (Merryman-East Central).
2030 - Al, Bl, E2 200
CROP AND HAY LAND DISPOSAL
AREAS FOR LIVESTOCK WASTES
Agricultural Engineer, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Morris, Minnesota
R. A. Young
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 484-492. 6 tab,
12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Crop response, 'Agricultural run-
off, 'Erosion, Nutrients, Weed control
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Application rates
Tests were undertaken to study the effect of
surface spreading animal wastes to cropland
before the plants were tall enough to preclude
travel over the fields. The first year fifteen
field plots were established, five on each of
three crops — corn, oats and alfalfa. For each
crop, two plots received twelve tons per acre
of solid dairy manure, two received 0.25 inch
of liquid beef cattle manure, and one was a
check plot on which no manure was applied.
Manure was applied within thirty days after
Planting or within two weeks after the first
alfalfa cutting. The second year, thirteen more
corn plots and ten more alfalfa plots were
listed. This time the manure was applied be-
tween the corn rows, precluding contact with
the corn. The same application rates were used.
In addition, four of the plots that had solid
manure applied between the rows were culti-
vated immediately after cultivation. Simulated
rainfall was used to generate runoff and soil
loss. The following conclusions were made: (1)
Direct contact of plants with manure burned the
plants; (2) Manure applications between the
rows increased the yields and prevented such
burning; (3) Manure applications conserved soil
and water; (4) Concentration of nutrients in
runoff and soil was quite high, but the total
loss of nutrients was not great due to reduction
of soil loss and runoff; (5) Loss of nitrogen
from surface spread plots through volatilization
of ammonia was high; (6) Application of animal
wastes to growing crops early in the season
effectively helped control weeds. (Merryman-
East Central).
2031 - Al, B2, E2 200
EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER
APPLICATION OF LAGOON
EFFLUENT ON CORN AND
GRAIN SORGHUM
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Georgia
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton
C. V. Booram, T. E. Loynachan, and J. K.
Koelliker
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 493-502. 10 tab,
10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Sprinkler irrigation, 'Effects, 'La-
goons, 'Effluent, Corn, Grain sorghum
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, Application rates
A study was initiated in 1971 to investigate the
effect of anaerobically treated swine wastes on
corn and grain sorghum. In 1972, grain sorghum
was omitted. Anaerobic swine wastes were
applied by sprinkler irrigation with the follow-
ing objectives: (1) Investigate management nec-
essary for liquid disposal on growing corn and
grain sorghum by conventional equipment; (2)
Evaluate the effect of the rate and time of
application on corn and grain sorghum yields;
(3) Evaluate any detrimental effects on corn
and grain sorghum. Application of lagoon efflu-
ent increased leaf phosphorus and nitrogen in
both corn and grain sorghum. Sodium and iron
contents increased in corn leaves, and man-
ganese, copper, and zinc contents increased in
grain-sorghum leaves. Nutrient concentration in
the plant tissue increased but not to a level
that would cause problems if the entire plant
were ensiled. The effluent had no significant
effect on corn yield, but it had a significantly
negative effect on grain sorghum yield with
decreases up to 53 bushels per acre. Increasing
amounts of effluent resulted in significantly
increased value of extractable phosphorus and
exchangeable potassium in the surface two inches
of soil. Salt levels in the soil also increased,
but leaching resulted in negligible accumulation.
(Merryman-East Central).
2032 - Al, B2, E2 200
EFFECT OF LIQUID SWINE WASTE
APPLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
A. L. Sutton, D. W. Nelson, V. B. Mayrose and
J. C. Nye
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 503-514. 3 fig,
5 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: "Liquid wastes, 'Salts, 'Soil chem-
ical properties, Aerobic treatment, Nitrates,
Phosphorus, Sodium, Soil profile
Identifiers: 'Swine, Application rates. Anaerobic
treatment, Oxidation ditch
A 23x5 factorial arrangement of treatments in
a randomized complete block design experiment
was used to study the following treatments:
effects of dietary salt content (0.2 percent, 0,5
percent), anaerobic and aerobic waste handling
systems, and five application rates, (0, 45, 90,
134 mT/ha waste; inorganic fertilizer) on the
recycling of swine wastes to a sandy loam and
silty clay loam soil cropped to corn. It was
found that: (1) No ammonium nitrogen or ni-
trate nitrogen accumulated in silty clay loam
soil from swine waste application. (2) Nitrate
nitrogen in sandy loam soil leached to lower
depths after the first year of waste application
but not after the second year of waste applica-
tion. (3) Available phosphorus levels in both
soils increased with increased waste application
rates. (4) Exchangeable sodium content in both
soils increased with increased waste application
rates. (5) There was increased soil sodium
concentration and decreased soil phosphorus con-
centration in the plots treated with waste from
pigs fed the 0.5 percent salt diet compared to
the plots treated with the waste from pigs fed
the 0.2 percent salt diet. (6) Sodium accumu-
lated through both soil profiles. (7) Application
of liquid swine waste at the above rates did
not adversely affect the chemical composition
of the sou and did not adversely affect corn
production. (Merryman-East Central),
2033 - Al, B2, C5, E2 200
MANURE HOLDING POND SEALING
STUDY
Agriculturalist, California State Water Resources
Control Board
D. Baier, J. L. Meyer, and D. R, Nielsen
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 515-521. 4 fig,
3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Seepage, "Nitrates, Total dissolved
solids, Construction, Salts, Biochemical oxygen
demand
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Holding ponds, 'Sealing
The purpose of this study was to determine the
extent of water seepage through the bottom of
waste holding ponds as a function of time fol-
lowing their construction and use, and con-
comitantly examine total dissolved solids (TDS)
both in the pond and in the soil solution be-
188
-------
neath the pond with special attention given to
nitrates. Additionally, the fate of nitrates and
other salts were evaluated when field-dried
manure was applied as fertilizer. It was found
that: (1) salt concentrations in dairy pond
water increase in direct proportion to the pond's
age; (2) after six months of use, the pond
appeared to have self sealed; (3) anaerobic
reduction of nitrate to Nz gas (which then
passes off to the atmosphere) and prevention
of tHe mineralization of ammonia due to the
paucity of oxygen kept nitrate content of the
pond low; (4) BOD did not significantly change
with depth in ths ponds; (5) danger of nitrate
pollution to land is reduced when such denitri-
fied pond water is used on fields while land
application of dry manures at 76 cubic meters
per hectare per year was found to have great
potential for groundwater pollution. (Merryman-
East Central).
2034 - Al, Bl, E3 200
SOIL MODIFICATION FOR THE
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE
WASTES
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural En-
gineering, California University, Riverside
A. C. Chang, P. F. Pratt, K. Aref, and D, C.
Baler
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 522-532. 3 fig,
11 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Soil management,
•Nitrates, 'Salts
Identifiers: 'Waste disposal, 'Liquid wastes,
•Impervious membrane
A field trial was conducted to test the feasibility
of installing an impervious asphalt membrane
thirty inches below soil surface for the disposal
of liquid and solid dairy wastes. The solid waste
was applied to the land just before each of
two crop plantings. Wastewater was then applied
by flood irrigation throughout the growing sea-
eon. Results follow. (1) The impervious layer
effectively prevented downward movement of
the salt-latent leaching water and reduced ni-
trate by denitrification. Salts were concentrated
in small amounts of drainage water and pumped
out of the pump. (2) The barley and sorghum
crops were seriously damaged by unfavorable
soil conditions created by the asphalt mem-
brane and by improper water management. (3)
The unavailability of a reliable technique for
Installing the membrane and the damaging
effect that this technique had on the crops
negates any promising use of this system, but
the author does feel that utilizing a natural
water-restricting layer in the soil for waste
disposal should be encouraged. (Merryman-East
Central),
2035 - A5, Bl, Dl 200
POSSIBLE WAYS OF ABATING THE
NUISANCE OF SMELL CAUSED BY
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FARMS
Institute for Farm Buildings,
Wageningen, Holland
A. A, Jongebreur and M. Van Geelen
Processing and Management of Agricultural
Waste, Proceedings of the 1974 Cornell Agricul-
tural Waste Management Conference, Rochester,
New York, March 25-27, 1974, p. 533-540. 3 fig,
13 ref.
Descriptors: "Odor control, 'Poultry, 'Livestock,
•Ozone, Economics
Identifiers: 'Public Nuisance Act, 'Swine, •Deo-
dorants, 'Air washers
It is practically impossible to completely elimi-
nate the generation of odorous gases from ani-
mal producing units. The Public Nuisance Act
has been responsible for many owners of pig-
geries and poultry houses trying to reduce such
odors, however. Among the methods tried are
the use of deodorants, ozone applications, and
wr washers. Because the components of the
deodorants and their possible influence on both
human beings and animals are not sufficiently
known, a permit under the Public Nuisance
Act to operate with the use of deodorants can
be refused. Ozone application has been found
to reduce smells of exhaust air from piggeries
and poultry houses, but not from broiler houses
Since the influence of ozone on the organ of
smell is not known and since even low con-
centrations may be harmful, this method of odor
abatement is not considered satisfactory. In-
stallation of air washers into the ventilation
systems of animal production units has proved
effective, but further research is needed for
establishing suitable filling materials and econ-
omical types of encasement. (Merryman-East
Central).
2036 - A5, Bl, D2, E3 400
PROFIT, TOO, IN MANURE FROM
PLASTIC PENS
Poultry Science Department,
Pennsylvania State University
G. O. Bressler
Broiler Industry, p, 33, 36, August, 1972. 4 fig.
Descriptors: •Farm wastes, 'Poultry, 'Econom-
ics, 'Waste treatment, 'Recycling, 'Drying, Odor,
Moisture content
Identifiers: 'Broiler breeders
High density housing for broiler breeders is
increasing and the quantity of manure which is
more highly concentrated and has a greater
likelihood of offensive odors, is also increasing.
The two-stage manure handling system developed
at Penn State solves these problems. As part
of the sloping floor housing system, the two-
stage manure handling system is completely
automatic and it is a good economic (as well
as ecological) investment because the end prod-
uct has marketable value. Stage 1 of the process
drys the manure in two ways and reduces the
moisture content from 75 percent to 35 percent.
The two drying methods are: (1) Vertically
mounted fans under the sloping floors; and
(2) A stirring mechanism that automatically
agitates the manure several times daily. Stage
2, drying of excreta in a commercial heater-
dryer, reduces the moisture content down to
10 percent. Although the two-stage drying system
costs $15 per ton, the end product easily brings
twice as much from garden center and indus-
trial users. (Kehl-East Central).
2037 - A5, Bl, F2 400
MANURE ODORS CAN LAND
YOU IN COURT
Central Field Staff, Farm Journal
J. Russell
Farm Journal, Vol. 89, p. 19, August, 1965
Descriptors: 'Odor, *Legal aspects. Urban de-
velopment, Zoning
Identifiers: Livestock operations. Agreements,
Licensing
Many times, when people are close to a live-
stock operation a clamor arises against farm
odors. This can result in the closing of the
livestock operation. Some suggestions to help
head off trouble are given and discussed. They
are: (1) Zoning. If enough farmers ask for
it, a special agricultural zone which is off-limits
to any other use can be established. But a
warning is given to remain alert for public
hearings at which "exceptions" and "variances"
may be granted, (2) Licensing. In order to
obtain a license for more than a specified
number of head, certain housekeeping standards
must be met. (3) Agreements which spell out
how feeders can keep the city off their backs.
Trouble can be headed off by dairymen and
farmers by considering future urban develop-
ments. (Kehl-East Central).
2038 - E3 400
POULTRY WASTE FOR CATFISH
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 20-21, January
13, 197$
Descriptors: 'Catfishes, "Diets, 'Performance,
Proteins
Identifiers: 'Poultry waste, 'Air-drying
Studies showed that air dried poultry waste fed
to pond-cultured catfish as a component of the
diet resulted in acceptable growth and con-
version efficiency. Diets fed included a basic
diet containing fish meal and poultry byproduct
meal as sources of animal protein; a diet con-
taining 25 percent air-dried poultry waste and
sources of animal protein and a similar diet
with no source of animal protein. Better weight
gains resulted from the catfish consuming diets
containing air-dried poultry waste. Taste evalua-
tion revealed no significant differences. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
2039 - D2, D4 300
DEMONSTRATION OF WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Moore Engineering, Inc., Consulting Engineers,
West Fargo, North Dakota
C. R. Moore
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report
Number EPA-R2-73-245, May 1973, 50 p. 7 fig,
18 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Hogs, 'Animal wastes,
•Sheep, Chemical oxygen demand. Biochemical
oxygen demand. Waste treatment, Settling basin.
Nitrates, Groundwater, Feedlots
Identifiers: 'Stockyards, •Hydrasieve, Sheyenne
River, Truck washrack. Solids separation
Laboratory studies of livestock waste were con-
ducted both before and after the construction
of an enlarged settling basin, a hydrasieve at
the truck washrack and a two cell waste stabili-
zation pond. A determination of the effectiveness
of these two systems and the application of
them to feedlots and other livestock facilities
in the area were the main objectives. The set-
tling basin and hydrasieve were effective in
removing solids and COD from the truck wash-
rack waste. Reductions in COD, total, suspended,
and settleable solids were 23.9, 14.8, 50 and 80
percent, respectively. DO increased 42.8 percent
and total solids decreased 3 percent across the
hydrasieve. This 3 percent consisted of straw
and other floating debris which would not be
removed at the stabilization pond. The effec-
tiveness of the stabilization ponds were generally
good. The BODs of the final effluent was re-
duced 48.6 percent over that of the drainpipe
which had drained directly into the Sheyenne
River during previous years. (Moore-Moore En-
gineering, Inc.),
2040 - D3, Fl 400
PROCESSED EXCRETA
POTENTIALLY NUTRITIONAL
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 53, No. 11, p.
68, January, 1975. 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Feeds, 'Proteins, 'Re-
cycling, Performance
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Refceding
Whenever protein supplies such as soybean meal
or urea are in short supply, protein from cattle
excreta can be nutritionally beneficial in sup-
plementing Corn Belt feedlot rations prior to
the final month or two of finishing. The benefit
from the protein in the excreta was seen in
increased weight gains. Lower feed costs of gain
is a favorable aspect of excreta-fed cattle when
no charge is made for the excreta and process-
ing of it through a silo. Health of the cattle
in no way appeared to be adversely affected
during 5V4 months of feeding fermented excreta.
Scientists say more research is needed before
results obtained in experiments thus far can be
recommended in cattle feeding practice. (Cam-
eron-East Central).
2041 - A9, Bl, Dl
THE MANY ASPECTS OF
SANITATION IN POULTRY
DISEASE CONTROL
400
189
-------
DeKalb AgResearch, DeKalb, Illinois
D. Halvorson
Poultry Digest, Vol. 33, No. 387, P. 190-196,
May 1974, 5 fig.
Descriptors: 'Environmental sanitation, 'Poultry,
•Disinfection
Identifiers: 'Disease prevention. Fumigation
Sanitation is the reduction of some organisms
and the elimination of others. A discussion of a
program to prevent disease outbreaks in poultry
is presented. Three basic disease prevention
methods are: (1) The eradication of the patho-
gen, (2) The reduction in numbers of pathogenic
microorganisms, and (3) The opportunity to in-
crease the resistance of the host. Sanitation
should be considered in all phases of poultry
breeding. The breeding stock should be selected
from a clean flock and should be kept clean.
An outline or program for the production of
nest-clean hatch eggs should be drawn up. Dirty
and cracked eggs should be separated at the
breeder house and then the clean eggs should
be fumigated after each gathering to Mil sur-
face bacteria before they penetrate the shell.
Breed house construction plays a part in the
sanitation of the house and the egg. A table
comparing wire floor and litter floor houses is
given. The hatchery should be clean to receive
the sanitary eggs. A program of clean-up and
disinfection of a house after the removal of the
birds is also important. Removal of dust and
droppings necessitates a washdown of the poultry
house and equipment followed by disinfection.
Sanitation as applied to feed is also discussed.
Water sanitation depends mostly on the source
and the means of cleaning and disinfecting the
system. Ventilation dilutes disease organisms and
plays a major role in air sanitation. (Kehl-East
Central).
2042 - Al, Bl, E2, Fl 300
THE IMPACT ON DAIRY FARM
ORGANIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MANURE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. A
METHOD OF ASSESSING THE COST
OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
A, Muhammad, R. L. Christensen, and G. E.
Frick
Research Bulletin Number 608, University of
Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station,
Amherst, Massachusetts, May 1974. 40 p. 24 tab,
17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Costs, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Regulation, Water pollution, Nutrients,
Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Linear models. Land disposal, Stack-
ing systems
The economic impact is given for controlled use
of commercial fertilizers and of alternative waste
disposal systems on 25 dairy farms with small,
medium, and large herd sizes from the 3
geographical dairy regions of Massachusetts. Also
evaluated are alternative manure disposal sys-
tems and farm resource adjustments minimizing
the cost of meeting manure disposal constraints
on individual dairies. Stacking and liquid pollu-
tion control systems required additional capital
expenditure of 2 to 3 times and 3 to 5 times
respectively, when compared to daily spreading
systems. The liquid systems caused greater
reductions in farm income compared to stacking
systems, with the opportunity cost larger on free
stall dairies than on stanchion dairies. Manure
disposal may be improved by avoiding confine-
ment systems and by acquiring additional acre-
age for forage production. The inclusion of
plowing operations with the stacking and liquid
systems yielded about twice and one-third
greater cost opportunity than systems not re-
quiring immediate plowing. On small farms,
disposal in conjunction with plowing would be
preferred because the added value of nutrients
exceeded the combined marginal cost of labor
and plowing. Results indicated a trade-off
relationship between dairy farm income and en-
hancement of water quality. Income levels of
the dairy operations could be restored to previ-
ous levels by acquiring about 50 acres of
cropland and seasonal labor of 15 hours per
week on 100 cow and 50 cow farms and 40
hours per week on 212 cow farms. (Battles-East
Central).
2043 - Al, B2, E2 300
GUIDELINES FOR LAND DISPOSAL
OF FEEDLOT LAGOON WATER
Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension
Service, Manhattan
W. L. Powers, R. I, Herpich, L. S. Murphy,
D. A. Whitney, H. L. Mandes, and G. W. Wall-
ingford
Cooperative Extension Service Circular C-485,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, June, 1973,
7 p. 9 fig, 2 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Lagoons, 'Kansas,
•Soils, Sodium, Potassium, Salt, Alkali
Identifiers: 'Guidelines, 'Land disposal, 'Electri-
cal conductivity. Application rates
This publication provides guidelines for feedlot
operators on how to dispose of lagoon water
on agricultural lands in order to minimize the
chance of reducing the land's productivity. La-
goon water may be pumped onto soil after being
diluted and only if it has a low electrical
conductivity. The feedlot operator should follow
these steps when disposing of lagoon water on
soil: (1) Have the lagoon and diluting water
analyzed. (2) Determine the soil texture on the
disposal site; (3) Examine the water test re-
sults to see if the sodium plus potassium con-
tent is high enough to disperse the soil, (4)
Dilute the lagoon water and pump the water onto
th? disposal site; (5) Find the maximum amount
of undiluted lagoon water that can be added
to the soil, but apply undiluted lagoon water
only as a last resort; (6) Have an annual salt-
alkali test performed on the soil from the
disposal site; (7) Seek professional advice if
the proper dilution factor is not found. (Battles-
East Central).
2044 D4, Fl 300
LIQUID AEROBIC COMPOSTING OF
CATTLE WASTES AND EVALUATION
OF BY-PRODUCTS
Chino Basin Municipal Water District,
P. O, Box 697
Cucamonga, California
F. Grant, and F. Brommenschenkel, Jr.
Environmental Protection Agency Report Num-
ber, EPA-660/2-74-034, May 1974, 50 p. 2 fig,
16 tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, 'Cattle, 'Aerobic
treatment, 'By-products, Economics, Biological
oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: 'Composting, Volatile solids, Thermo-
philic reactor, Mesophilic reactor, Total dissolv-
ed solids
The study was undertaken to determine the
technical and economic feasibility of treating
dairy waste in a liquid state by a tandem
thermophilic-mesophilic aerobic stabilization pro-
cess, more commonly described as liquid com-
rosting. Experimental apparatus were set up
at an operating dairy and a program was
organized to study the process. The study showed
that a large fraction of dairy manure is relative-
ly resistant to rapid biological degradation even
at thermophilic temperatures. Antithetical re-
quirements of sufficient oxygen for maximum
biological activity and minimum air flow to
preclude the need for an external heat source
could not be satisfied with the particular experi-
mental aparatus when utilizing air as the oxygen
source. Improved results were obtained with
an oxygen-enriched air supply which1 pointed
out the potential advantage of a pure oxygen
system. Preliminary cost estimates for a liquid
composting process to serve 500 cows were
developed within the context of current dairy
operation economics. The estimates showed that
the process is considerably more costly than
current, conventional, composting operations and
that the cost of the process is substantially
above levels which could be maintained by dairy
operations. (Grant-Chino Basin Municipal Water
District).
2045 - A5, Bl 100
CORRELATING ODOR INTENSITY
INDEX AND ODOROUS COMPONENTS
IN STORED DAIRY MANURE
Dapartment of Agricultural Engineering,
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
C, L. Earth, D. T, Hill, and L. B. PolkowsH
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 4, p.
742-744, July-August, 1974. 6 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Dairy industry. Aeration,
Volatile organic acid. Hydrogen sulfide, Am-
monia
Identifiers: 'Odor Intensity Index, 'Threshold
level
Four manure storage reactor units were initially
filled to design depth with tap water while
manure was added to the 11.3 liter units
regularly and supernatant was removed to main-
tain a constant volume. Three of the units were
aerated in the upper 8 to 17 in. of the super-
natant while one unit received no aeration Five
levels of dilution of each 20 ml sample of
reactor supernatant were collected to be pre-
E anted to a panel of judges. The threshold level
and Odor Intensity Index (OH), was established
as that dilution level at which half the panelists
correctly detected the odor. It was concluded
that: (1) Of the three odorants involved, Oil
correlated best with volatile organic acid con-
centration, next best with hydrogen sulfide and
poorest with ammonia. (2) The best two odorant
relationships with Oil were expressed by volatile
organic acids and NH3 while inclusion of HsS
did little to improve the fit of the regression
function. (Battles-East Central).
2046 - D4, E3 400
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST POLLUTION
D, Braun
Farm Journal, Vol. 96, No. 12, p. 20-21, Decem-
ber, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Thermophilic bacteria, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal, 'Recycling, Cattle,
Costs, Odor
Identifiers: Pollution control
Two reputable companies have patented systems
that use thermophilic bacteria (active at tem-
peratures above 100 degrees) to dispose of animal
wastes. De Laval Separator Co. introduced a
system that digests about 95% of the manure
soUds in just a few days and the system takes
no more space than the holding pen for a Big
milking parlor. The General Electric Co. is
operating a pilot plant that turns manure from
100 head of feedlot cattle into high-protein
material. The new systems promise to control
pollution and do away with odors. Thermophilic
bacteria digest some cellulose and lignin as
they turn manure into carbon dioxide and water.
They also kill pathogenic bacteria with the
heat they generate. The remains can be stored
and spread later without odor. (Cameron-East
Central).
2047 - Bl, D3, E3 100
CONVERSION OF MANURE TO OIL
BY CATALYTIC HYDROTREATING
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, IT. S. De-
partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 4800
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Y, C. Fu, E. G. Illig, and S. J. Metlin
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 8,
No. 8, p. 737-740, August, 1974. 3 fig, 6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Oil, 'Catalysts, 'Hy-
drogen, 'Sodium bicarbonate, Feeds
Identifiers: Catalytic hydrotreating, Cobalt
malybdats
Bovine manure, like coal, can be hydrogenated
and liquefied at elevated temperatures and
pressures in the presence of a vehicle and a
cobalt malybdate catalyst. A promising method
of hydrotreating organic wastes using synthesis
gas and a combination of cobalt malybdate-
sodium carbonate catalyst is presented in this
report. The oil produced at 380"C has a low
oxygen content and a high heating value. Addi-
190
-------
tion of sodium carbonate to the reaction mixture.
when using synthesis gas, improves oil yield,
reduces oil viscosity, and reduces hydrogen
consumption. Manure with moisture contents up
to about 35% was evaluated and found accept-
able as feed stocks. The other feature of the
process is that it requires no process water.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2048 - A6, Bl 400
CONVENTIONAL, CONFINEMENT
OR FLUME
B. W. Manthey
Feedlot Management, Vol. 16, No. 5, p. 9-13,
4142, 44, 47, May, 1974. 10 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Flumes, 'Costs,
•Performance, Agricultural runoff, Ammonia,
Fertilizers, Irrigation
Identifiers: 'Slotted floors, 'Waste management,
Flushing
An interview dealing with how conventional feed-
lots, slotted floor systems and flume floor con-
finement systems compare is presented. The
savings of the slotted floors over the conven-
tional feedlot includes: less mileage on the feed
truck, fewer cleaning costs, no need for
sprinkling, and reduced labor. Also, the waste
from the slotted floor system can be pumped
inexpensively and used as a fertilizer. The
flume floor system has to be hydraulically
flushed twice a day. Some other disadvantages
of ih; fr-ntt t oor incmdj: sipping oE tin
cattle and cowboys, dirty cattle, and manure
buildup. The slotted floor system has none of
these problems but it and the flume floor both
have the problem of ammonia. The ammonia in
the slotted floor system can be controlled with
a chemical, but there is no way to control it
in the flume system. The cost of the flume
system is lower than the slotted system, but the
slotted system is preferred by the builder inter-
viewed. (Cartmell-East Central).
2049 - C5, D4, E3 400
MANURE-ROUGHAGE SILAGE
FOR RUMINANTS
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 395, p. 27-28, Janu-
ary, 1975
Descriptors: 'Silage, 'Ruminants, 'Nutrients,
•Feeds, Nitrogen, Proteins, Fermentation
Identifiers: *Refceding, 'Manure, 'Roughage
A manure dryer is not a logical investment for
a small operator because of its cost. A silo
used to store poultry manure mixed with dry
roughage is likely to be an economically sound
choice because ruminant animals can utilize
the nonprotein nitrogen in poultry manure and
dry roughage is usually available. There are
many advantages to mixing instead of drying.
First, the energy and labor usually needed in
drying manure is not required. Second, the
moisture in the manure raises the moisture
content of the silage mixture to a desirable
50-60 percent level. The fermentation process
produces a pathogen free product and is equal in
feed value to alfalfa in protein and total
digestible nutrients, The main disadvantage is
that poultry manure loses nitrogen if it is
compacted when putrefaction starts. Protein is
also lost when this occurs. This can be pre-
vented by stirring or blowing air over it or by
mixing in roughage on a weekly basis and
putting it in a silo. Wilted hay as roughage
could be used in the spring and summer while
stalks and straw could be available in the fall
and winter. Mixing would take place as it is fed
through a blower into the silo. Ration com-
parisons are discussed. The value of silage as
a feedstuff is given. The FDA has not approved
the use of poultry manure for feed but it has
encouraged testing and further experiments.
(Kehl-East Central).
2050 - D4, E3
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
SWINE WASTE WITH SOLAR
REACTOR
500
Department of Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh
R. Parker, F. Humenik, R. Holmes, and M.
Overcash
Presented at 1974 Annual Meeting, American
Society o{ Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-3033, 8 p. 2 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Feasibility studies, En-
ergy
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Mesophilic solar reactors,
'Thermophilic reactors, 'Methane digestion
Methane digesters may help solve the problems
of waste treatment and energy conservation by
utilizing animal wastes that provide energy
rich nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds.
The preliminary results for the operation of a
mesophilic solar reactor without supplemental
heating and a thermophilic unit heated from
130 F. to 155 F, are presented. The model
methane reactors are treated as possible pre-
liminary treatment devices for energy conserva-
tion before the discharge of reactor fluids to a
lagoon with terminal land application of excess
liquid. Methane gas as fuel is not as efficient
as other more widaly used sources but may
have to be considered in the future because of
its long range availability and production rates.
(Kehl-East Central).
2051 - Al, Bl, Dl 100
BROAD BASIN TERRACES FOR
SLOPING CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska
N. P. Swanson, J. C. Lorimor, L. N. Mielke
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 4, p.
746-749, July-August, 1973
Descriptors: 'Terraces, 'Feedlots, 'Design,
•Waste storage, 'Waste disposal, 'Agricultural
runoff, Erosion control, Solid wastes, Slopes,
Effluent, Nitrates, Cattle
Identifiers: 'Broad basin terraces
Broad basin terraces in Nebraska cattle feed-
lots were developed to control erosion, restrict
scouring and movement of solids by runoff,
provide storage for runoff, and permit retention
of solids in the feedlot for removal. A single
basin was constructed in July, 1969, near Omaha
with a 15 percent slope, a 448-ft overall slope
length and a basin storage capacity adequate
for a year's runoff. Experience revealed that
340 ft is the maximum slope length recom-
mended for a 15 percent slope, A series of
three t»rrac3s was constructed on a feedlot site
near Springfield, Nebraska with an average
slope of 7 percent. Basins were installed with
slope lengths averaging 100, 150. and 170 ft.
from the top to the bottom of the terrace
wllere underground pipelines delivered the efflu-
ent by gravity to a holding pond. The longer
and steeper slope length above the lower basin
was too long; solids collection during 2 years
averaged 0.6 cu. yd. per animal per yr. com-
pared to 0.5 and 1.1 for the middle and highest
basins. The basin bottom should be flat with
a minimum width of 10 to 12 ft. to aid solids
removal with a tractor mounted front-end load-
er; the bottom area of the basin should be large
enough to prevent accumulated solids depths in
oxcess of 6 to 8 inches in the intervals between
cleanings. Design depth for temporary water
storage in a basin should not exceed a safe
depth for the size animals stocked in the t'eed-
lo\ A manure cover over the feedlot will provide
protection from nitrate pollution of groundwater
and water erosion. (Battles-East Central).
2052 - Bl 600
CONSTANT RATE DRYING OF
CHICKEN EXCRETA
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Idaho University, Moscow
G. D. Wells, M, L. Esmay, and F. W. Bakker-
Arkema
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Kentucky
University, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-409, 17 p. 4 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Drying
Id3ntifiers: 'Excreta, 'Drying rates
The purpose of this research was to determine
quantitive drying rates for chicken excreta
under moderate environmental conditions found
in poultry houses. The following two conclusions
were supported by this research dealing with
drying of chicken excreta in thin layers of less
than 1 cm Wt inch). 1. The initial drying rate
of fresh chicken excreta is constant. Falling
rate drying periods follow the constant rate
period. 2. The constant rate is a function of
the boundary layer thickness and boundary layer
concentration gradients with the surface at
saturated conditions. (Cartmell-East Central).
2053 - E3 300
SWINE WASTE AS NUTRIENT
SOURCE FOR FINISHING PIGS
Department of Animal Husbandry,
Michigan State University,
East Lansing
D. E. Orr
Research Report 232, Report of Swine Research
1973, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, September, 1973,
p. 81-87. 1 fig, 12 tab,
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Nutrients, 'Performance,
Amino acids, Digestion
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Oxidation ditch liquor,
'Dried swine feces
With an increase in swine production, special
consideration has been demanded by the prob-
lems associated with waste handling and odor
control. An approach to these problems has
been the operation of an oxidation ditch con-
taining a paddle wheel which incorporates
oxygen into liquid swine wastes for the purpose
of promoting aerobic microbial activity and
reducing odors. A study to evaluate the oxidation
ditch liquor (ODD as a source of nutrients in
swine finisher diets was designed. Tables
showing the nutrient composition, amino
acid composition, digestion trial diets and their
results for dried swine feces (DSF) and DDL
diets were given. The study showed that finish-
ing pigs will consume normal intake levels of
corn-spy diets containing up to 22% DSF. When
DSF is incorporated into corn-soy diets to re-
place a portion of the soybean meal, the rate
and efficiency of gain are depressed. Per-
formance from these diets can probably be
improved by the addition of supplemental energy
to diets containing DSF. The incorporation of
DSF into a finisher diet resulted in a depression
of apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein
and energy. Pigs receiving ODL in their diet
showed no improvement in performance. ODL
diets resulted in lower apparent digestibility
coefficients for dry matter, protein and energy
in digestion trials. (Kehl-East Central).
2054 - Al, Dl, E3 300
PROFITABLE USE OF POULTRY
MANURE
The Pennsylvania State University,
College of Agriculture, Extension Service,
University Park, Pennsylvania
W. W. Hinish and H. C. Jordan
Special Circular 146, The Pennsylvania State
University, College of Agriculture, Extension
Service, University Park, 4 p, 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
•Poultry, 'Nutrients, Moisture content. Market-
ing, Litter
Identifiers: Pollution
A discussion of poultry manure, its plant nutrient
content, moisture content, weight per bushel and
its economic value is given. Within the first
year after application, essentially all of the
plant nutrients in poultry manure are available
to plants. However, up to two thirds of the
nitrogen can be easily lost. Three ways in which
nitrogen losses through fermentation can be
reduced are by use of: (1) ventilated, well-
insulated houses; (2) litter materials which will
rapidly dry the manure; and, (3) superphosphate
191
-------
to reduce gaseous loss of nitrogen as ammonia.
Additional information concerning the above
methods is given. A table showing application
rates of poultry manure for various crops is
given. Marketing of the poultry manure is ex-
amined in relationship to season, common whole-
sale outlets, pellet size, the cost of pelleting
manure, general demand for bagged manure and
pollution. Two common problems of manure,
burning of plants and odor, are discussed. Five
ways to insure increased retail and wholesale
business were suggested. They are: (1) Dry
manure as it is produced; (2) Have nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium tests run on samples
from manure you are planning to sell; (3) Advise
the buyer of definite application rates; (4)
Advise the buyer on methods of application; and
(5) Tell the customer that manure should be
stored in a cool, dry place. (Kehl-East Central).
2055 - B2, D3, E2 400
THEY PLAN TO EXPORT LIQUID
MANURE TO THE ARABS
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 3, p. 188-189,
February 10, 1975
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Export, Fertilizers,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Identifiers: 'Deodorizer, 'Persian Gulf Countries
Liquid manure may become a new export be-
cause of the fertilizer shortage and the food
crisis. If this comes to pass, it will be because
of the development five years ago of a com-
pound that inhibits the growth of odor-producing
bacteria and prevents swelling. The compound
is "Nature's Own Deodorizer" and has been
sold to dairymen for treatment of their liquid
manure. Handling rights for the deodorant are
held by Richard J. Briggs, Woodbury, Tennessee,
who granted franchises to 40 dairymen from 40
states. The stabilized waste was shown by a
Louisiana export broker to Mideast customers
who saw the potential of utilizing returning
tankers for importing organic matter and fer-
tilizer nutrients for their unproductive, sandy
soils. Six small Persian Gulf countries are in-
cluded. Working through the dairymen to whom
he sold franchises, Briggs is contracting for
liquid manure to export. The contract would
require the dairyman to supply an agreed-upon
amount of manure each month and the manure
must contain at least 0.2% each of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium. University tests have
shown that meeting these requirements, particu-
larly the phosphorus level, may be difficult.
Contract requirements and the responsibilities
of both the supplier and buyer are discussed.
The liquid manure will cost more than the
current fertilizer prices. However, the organic
matter in the liquid manure has some additional
value. (Kehl-East Central).
2056 - Bl, D2, E2, E3 400
MILK PLUS MANURE —
HIGHER DAIRY PROFITS
J. Hudson
Progressive Farmer, Vol. 90, No. 2, p. 90-91,
February, 1975. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Separation techniques, 'Dairy in-
dustry, 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, 'Feeds,
•Nutrients, 'Fertilizers, 'Peat, Lagoons
Identifiers: Bedding, Shelf life, Preservatives
Solid wastes from dairy livestock are being
used for commercial fertilizers. Weathers Farms,
Inc., Bowman, South Carolina, have developed
a profitable system for collecting wastes, sepa-
rating the liquid wastes from the solid wastes
and storing the solid wastes. This simple
system flushes any wastes in the alley into a
holding tank. The liquid manure is pumped to a
separator where the liquid waste is extracted
leaving a moist manure. A conveyor belt carries
the moist manure to a large concrete slab where
it is either picked up by a peat company or used
by Weathers Farms as bedding in their free
stalls. The liquid waste is transported to either
a lagoon or an irrigation system. North Caro-
lina State University researchers have deter-
mined that these liquid wastes contain 80 percent
of the nitrogen, some phosphorus and all the
potassium that was in the solid waste; therefore,
it is valuable as a fertilizer. Dr. William L.
Johnson, assistant iprofessor of animal science at
North Carolina State University, mixes solid
manure with corn silage and feeds this to steers
and heifers with good results. The mixture,
he states, is a good fiber source. Dr. Johnson
discovered that screened manure will ferment
if left in the sun for several days and will be
rejected by livestock under these conditions.
Dr. Johnson and associates are working on a
special preservative to increase the shelf life
of the manure. Advice on construction of such
systems is given. (Kehl-East Central).
2057 - Al, Bl, D4, E2, E3, F2 100
ANT1POLLUTION LAWS FORCE
LIVESTOCK MEN TO DEVISE WAYS
TO COLLECT, USE MANURE
Staff Report of The Wall Street Journal
R. E. Winter
The Wall Street Journal, Vol. 53, No. 44, p 30,
March 5, 1974
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Recycling, 'Fer-
tilizers, 'Methane, Dehydration
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Refeeding, Pollution
Officials at Ohio Feed Lot Inc. have developed
an enclosed system that converts cattle manure
into garden fertilizer. About 16,000 head of beef
cattle housed in eight metal barns are placed
in pens bedded with free wastes obtained from
wood-products plants. Every two or three weeks
tractor-mounted loaders clean out the pens and
transport the mixture of waste and wood-prod-
ucts to another building where a system of fans
and ducts blows air through the material, assist-
ing bacteria in breaking it down. Later the
by-product is packaged and sold in 50-pound
bags as garden fertilizer. Other corporations
have solved pollution problems by moving away
from the cities, using methane from manure
for energy, and dehydrating manure to make
feed. (Battles-East Central).
2058 - A9, Dl, E3 400
POULTRY WASTES STUDffiD FOR
USE IN LIVESTOCK FEED
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Vol. 163, No. 3, p. 214, August 1,
1973
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Livestock, 'Performance,
•Costs, 'Safety, Proteins, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dehydrated poultry
manure
This article discusses the production of a crude
protein supplement made from dehydrated poul-
try manure which costs less than conventional
supplements. More research is needed to ensure
the safety of this kind of feed before it can be
recommended for dairy and beef cattle, sheep,
and goats. Cows using this feed ate less silage
and consequently produced less milk than did
cows on a conventional diet. However, the
savings from the cheaper dehydrated poultry
manure would more than compensate for the
income lost from lower milk production. Each
100 Ib. of concentrate contains 32 Ib. of dehy-
drated poultry manure and 68 Ib, of cornmeal.
The mixture is then made into pellets. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System).
2059 - B3, D2, E3 100
RECYCLING OF ORGANIC WASTES
WITH PROCESSING SYSTEM THAT
PRECISELY CONTROLS HEAT AND
FLOW
Industrial Heating, Vol. 39, No. 10, p. 1924-1929,
October, 1972. 6 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Organic wastes,
•Equipment, 'Feeds, 'Fertilizers, Protein
This article discusses a Vero Beach, Florida,
company whicH has developed a machine that
can convert most types of organic waste mate-
rial into useful feeds and fertilizers. This new
type of heating unit incorporates Aeroflash pollu-
tion control systems. Application has been made
for several patents on the machine and process.
Aeroflash will process virtually any type of
organic waste, including fish, crab, shrimp, and
chicken wastes, manure and water weeds, in 6 to
8 sec. Bacteria are eliminated, but a high pro-
tein content is retained. The result is a finished
product with very little odor and a shelf life
of years. The heart of the machine is a control
system that maintains the necessary heat-flow
relationship. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System).
2060 - Al, Bl 700
MASS TRANSFER FROM A PACKED
BED TO A WELL STIRRED
SOLUTION AND THE
MEASUREMENT OF THE
EFFECTIVE PSEUDO-DIFFUSIVITY
OF COD IN FEEDLOT RUNOFF
THROUGH A POROUS STRATUM
S. K. Choi
MS Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering
Kansas State University, 1969, 136 p. 27 fig,
11 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Teedlots, 'Agricultural runoff,
•Chemical oxygen demand, 'Water pollution
Identifiers: Pseudo-diffusivity, Rate of transport.
Porous stratum
The purpose of this research was to investigate
the rate of transport of COD through a porous
stratum saturated by water such as the soil
manure surface in a feedlot. The secondary
purpose was to determine tMs diffusion coeffici-
ent experimentally. The average value of the
effective pseudo-diffusivity of COD was found to
be approximately 5.02 x 10— e cmz/sec at a
tempature of 25+/—2 degrees C. This corresponds
to the pseudo-molecular diffusivity of COD in
water of 7.10 x 10—o cmz/sec. Since the effec-
tive pseudo-diffusivity of COD through the porous
stratum saturated by water is small, organic
matter which diffuses from the earth under-
neath the feedlot to the surface of the lot
probably does not contribute appreciably to the
pollution due to the feedlot runoff. As far as
COD is concerned, the main contribution to the
pollution due to the feedlot runoff is the manure
suspension moving along with the runoff water.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2061 - B2, D4 700
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Department of Civil Engineering,
Nebraska University, Lincoln
M. V. O'Neal
MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Nebraska University, Lincoln, September, 1973,
52 p. 8 fig, 10 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors- 'Biological treatment, 'Agricultural
runoff, 'Feedlots, Water quality. Cattle, Nitrates,
Waste water treatment. Activated sludge, Ne-
braska, Flocculation, Pilot plants
Identifiers: Clarifiers
The purpose of this study was to operate and
evaluate the performance of a completely mixed
activated sludge unit system. Performance was
to be evaluated by comparison to parameters
established in the laboratory studies and by ease
of operation and maintenance under field con-
ditions. Conclusions reached were: (1) Organic
loading of 0.2 gm COD/gm mixed liquor sus-
pended solids (MLSS) or less will tninimiie
waste strength reduction. (2) The clarifier can
effectively retain solids in the system. Effec-
tiveness of sedimentation depends upon main-
tenance of a flocculant sludge and MLSS con-
centrations not exceeding 6,000 tag/1, (3) The
unit is generally maintenance free and easy to
operate. Periodic measurements of settled vol-
ume provide adequate control of MLSS. (4)
Foaming can become quite severe and affect
the system by removing solids. Thus, laboratory
studies have concluded that the runoff to
192
-------
amenable to aerobic treatment and a field unit
was designed applying the results of these
studies in order to evaluate the success of such
a system in pilot scale operation. The success
and subsequent application of this system will
depend on the economics involved and the degree
of treatment attainable. (O'Neal-Nebraska Uni-
versity).
2062 - Al, B2, D4, E2 300
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE
WASTES BY THE DEEP AERATED
LAGOON AND IRRIGATION ONTO
SOILS AND PLANTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
A. C. Dale, J. L. Halderson, J. R. Ogilvie,
M. P. Douglas, A. C. Chang, and J. A. Lindley
Progress Report, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,
1971, 10 p, 5 flg, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Dairy industry, 'Aerated lagoons,
•Analysis, Design, Irrigation, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Waste management
After preliminary field testing indicated the
feasibility of an aerated lagoon and sprinkler
irrigation system {or management of dairy cattle
manure, a full scale system has been installed
at the Purdue Dairy Farm. Design criteria and
operational characteristics are reported. The
system is convenient and relatively odor free,
does not involve a large amount of labor, is
economically feasible, provides a place for
storage during the winter months, conserves
nutrients in the wastes, and minimizes pollution
of surface and subsurface waters. (McQuitty,
Barber-University of Alberta).
2063 - D2, E3 300
COMBUSTION DISPOSAL OF
MANURE WASTES AND UTHJZATION
OF THE RESIDUE
Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Research Laboratory,
Tuscaloosa, Georgia
E. G. Davis, I. L. Feld, and J. H. Brown
U. S. Bureau of Mines Solid Waste Research
Program Technical Progress Report — 46, Janu-
ary, 1972. 1 flg, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Burning, *Waste disposal, •Fertili-
zers, Potassium, Phosphorus
Identifiers: 'Combustion, Manure, Rotary kiln
Agricultural manure wastes were combusted in
a fluid-bed reactor or a small rotary Mln as
a method for disposal of this waste material.
As much as 90 percent weight reduction and
85 percent volume reduction was obtained by
burning the manures. Dry manure burning in
the fluid-bed reactor was self-sustaining, whereas
wet manure was both dried and burned in the
heated rotary kiln. Heat balance estimations
indicate that preheating would be required to
dry the wet manure prior to burning in the
fluid-bed reactor. However, the estimation indi-
cated that no extra heat was needed in the
process if the wet manure was predried with
exhausted combustion gases before being fed
to the fluid bed, The burned residues were
pelletized and found suitable for use both as a
potassium and phosphorus fertilizer and as a
lime soil conditioner. (Davis, Feld, and Brown-
Tusealoosa Metallurgy Research Laboratory).
2064 - Al, Bl, E2 100
CORN SILAGE YIELD AND SOIL
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AS
AFFECTED BY CATTLE FEEDLOT
MANURE
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bnshland, Texas
A. C. Mathers, and B. A. Stewart
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 2,
April-June, 1974, p. 143-147. 6 flg, 7 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Chemical properties, 'Feed-
lots, 'Cattle, Nitrogen, Organic matter. Conduct-
ance, Phosphorus
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Application rates,
•Yields
The objectives of this research were to deter-
mine the effects of various rates' of manure
on corn silage yields and to measure chemical
residues remaining in the soil. The results
showed that 224 metric tons/ha was applied, the
nitrate content of the forage exceeded the maxi-
mum safe level. Nitrate accumulated in the
soil with increasing rates of manure additions.
Total nitrogen in the surface 30 cm of soil was
markedly increased as a result of manure
additions. However, there was only a small
increase in the 30 to 60-cm depth, and no in-
crease in the 60- to 90-cm depth. Sodium
biocarbonate extractable phosphorus increased
as the amounts of manure applied were in-
creased. Extractable phosphorus was not in-
creased below the plow layer indicating that
measurable amounts of organic phosphates were
not leached through the soil. Manure increased
organic matter contents in the surface 15 cm of
soil, To avoid salt damage to crops and excess
nitrates in forage and soil, manure applications
should not supply large excesses of nitrogen.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2065 - B1..D2, D4, E2 400
IDAHO FEEDER ENDS MANURE
WORRY: ADOPTS TOTAL
RECYCLING SYSTEMS
Beef Editor
P. D. Andre
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 4, P. 8, 10-11, December,
1974. 8 flg.
Descriptors: 'Idaho, 'Recycling, 'Fertilizers,
•Sprinkler irrigation, 'Costs, 'Performance,
Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Confinement pens,
Separation tecnniques, Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Refeeding
A confinement building with a waste recycling
system is discussed. The building is 104 feet
wide and slightly over 400 feet long and has a
capacity of 2,200 based on 20 square feet per
animal. Two rows of 45-feet wide pens extend
the length of the building and are separated by
feed bunks and the feed alley. In this system,
the waste is scraped from pits and flows to a
holding pit 40 yds from the building. The wastes
are then agitated and pumped to a separation
unit. The solids are composted and incorpo-
rated into a growing ration. The liquid portion
is pumped through a sprinkler system to fer-
tilize a nearby field. It was noted that weather
and frequency of scraping were significant in
ammonia release. There was no difference in
animal performance when using this system as
compared to conventional systems and there
were fewer health problems. Under normal oper-
ation, one man can handle the cattle and the
recycling system. Addition of the recycling unit
added about 25 percent to the total cost of the
system. (Cartmell-East Central).
2066 A5, B2, E2, Fl 400
HOW IRRIGATION CAN BE USED
TO HANDLE MANURE
R. E. Phillips and M. R. Peterson
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 119, No. 15, P. 902,
August 10, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Irrigation, 'Waste disposal, "Costs,
•Dairy industry, 'Liquid wastes, 'Sprinkler irri-
gation, 'Surface irrigation, 'Missouri, Lagoons,
Odor, Labor, Agricultural runoff
Several Missouri dairymen are using irrigation
systems to solve manure handling problems and
to lower the chance of pollution. In Missouri,
anaerobic lagoons are recommended for storage
of liquid manure for irrigation systems. These
systems are relatively economical to construct,
can be mixed to handle outside yard runoff, are
able to store milking parlor and milk room
wastes, allow settling out of stones and other
debris, and permit some decomposition of solid
materials which lowers operational problems with
sprinkler nozzles. A surface or sprinkled irriga-
tion system should be chosen that is well-adapted
to the topography, soil, and crop grown on the
soil-plant filter. Surface irrigation systems are
lower in cost, but need more labor and require
flatter topography than sprinklers. Problems of
irrigation disposal units are: (1) pump inlet
screens clog with solids that accumulate in the
storage lagoon, (2) liquid manure is hard on
equipment, and (3) there is some odor. Cart-
mell-East Central).
2067 - Al, B3, C5, D2, E3 400
DRIED POULTRY MANURE
UTILIZATION
Dawe's Laboratories Inc., Chicago Heights,
Illinois
W. K. Warden
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 378, p. 344-345,
August, 1973. 1 tab.
Descriptors: •Recycling, 'Poultry, 'Management,
•Water pollution. Waste disposal
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry manure, 'Refeeding,
•Utilization, 'Nutrient value, Energy value.
Waste handling
Significant efforts have been made to try to
solve the enormous problems created by manure
accumulation caused by raising livestock or
poultry in large numbers in confinement. Reports
are given on a study aimed at one facet of
this problem, recycling poultry manure through
laying hens — its nutrient value, limitations and
economic worth. Previous studies showed that
up to 40 percent dried poultry manure could
be fed to laying hens with no adverse effect
on production and up to 10 percent with no
depression in feed conversion. The metabolizable
energy value, the chief limiting factor controlling
the use of poultry manure as a recycled nutrient
through birds, has been determined to be 300
kilocalories per pound of air dry feed. The
outlook for using DPM recycled in feeds from
20 to 25 percent of poultry and ruminant
appears to offer some promise of helping to
resolve the water pollution problem, but addi-
tional outlets for use will have to be found to
conquer the problem. (Cameron-East Central).
2068 - Al, Bl, C3 600
EFFECT OF A LIVESTOCK
WINTERING OPERATION ON A
WESTERN MOUNTAIN STREAM
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Montana State University, Bozeman
C. M. Milne
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4058, 17 p. 2 fig, 9 tab,
Descriptors: 'Streams, 'Water pollution, 'Bac-
teria, 'Sampling, 'Analysis, Agricultural runoff.
Livestock, Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Confinement wintering operations,
'Ion-specific electrode
A four year project was begun during the winter
of 1970-71 to evaluate the impact of livestock
confinement wintering operations on the quality
of waters adjacent to such operations. The ap-
proach taken was to periodically sample stream
flow at several points near a wintering opera-
tion for constituents which might indicate animal
activity. Five stations were established for water
sampling and quality measurement. Experi-
mental procedure varied during the course of
the project. In the first two years the basic
analysis methods was the ion-specific electrode.
During the third and fourth years of the
project, emphasis was on laboratory bacterio-
logical and chemical analysis. Study of the
chemical data revealed that (1) the values ob-
tained were basically calcium-magnesium-bicar-
bonate water, (2) chlorides showed increases in
concentration, and (3) nitrogen and phosphorus-
related nutrients were very low. Study of the
bacteriological data showed that (1) where a
large amoant of dispersed animal activity
193
-------
occurred, but was fairly dispersed, little effect
on the stream was noted, (2) where the greatest
amount of concentrated livestock activity oc-
curred and it was concentrated, bacterial in-
fection increased, and (3) where little activity
occurred, bacteria counts were significantly re-
duced by dilution or drying off. (Cameron-East
Central).
2069 - Al, B2 100
WINTER OPERATION OF A
MODIFIED, OPEN-FRONT FINISHING
HOUSE FOR SWINE
Air Quality Engineer,
Kansas State Department of Health
D. D. Snethen. C. K. Spillman, and R. H.
Hines
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol, 17, No. 2, p.
364-365, March-April, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Winter, 'Design, Environment,
Temperature, Performance, Radiant heat
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Confinement buildings, 'Ox-
idation ditch
Experiments were conducted at the growing and
finishing unit at Kansas State University Swine
Research facility to evaluate the effectiveness
of modifications for improving winter perform-
ance of swine in an enclosed building and to
characterize the thermal environment of that
building. As originally constructed, the building
was to be operated with an open front the year-
round, but during the first winter of operation,
freezing impaired operation of the oxidation
ditch. The following fall the building was modi-
fied from an open front to a closed front and
equipment was installed to record thermal data
and animal performance during the three win-
ters from 1968-1971. Conclusions revealed that in
winter climates similar to that of Northern
Kansas, swine performance will be improved by
enclosing the facility and providing supplemen-
tary radiant heat. The floor and inside dry-bulb
temperatures in the modified building will be
nearly equal thus allowing oxidation pit opera-
tion during the winter, and possibly ventilation
rate for moisture control can be reduced. (Bat-
tles-East Central).
2070 - A5, C3, E2 400
USE OF ANIMAL WASTES
AS A SOIL AMENDMENT
Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska
T. M. McCalla
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 29,
No. 5, P. 213-216, September-October, 1974. 3 fig,
3 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Fertilizers, 'Cat-
tle, 'Nutrients, 'Crops
Identifiers: 'Swine, Yields
Beef and swine manure has become a resource,
Rising fertilizer costs have made manure a
desirable commodity due to its nutrient value.
Manure contains the major fertilizer elements—
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur, as
well as many trace elements. Application of
manure to soil may improve fertility and soil
structure but problems do exist — transportation
costs, salt accumulation, nitrate pollution, un-
pleasant odors, metal toxicities, pathogen haz-
ards, and application at rates exceeding crop
requirements. These problems can be reduced or
eliminated with proper management. (Battles-
East Central).
2071 - Dl, E3 400
DUNG HO: FDA SETS REGS
ON RECYCLED FEED
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 53, No. 20,
p, 20, February 25, 1975.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Recycling, 'Animal
wastes, 'Feeds, 'Antibiotics
Identifiers: 'Refeedlng, DBS, Sulfa drugs
According to FDA official, Dr. F. E. Sterner,
proposed government regulations for reprocessed
grain (recycled animal waste) are coming. Dr.
Sterner stated that he believes regulations will
require approval of both a facility and process
for manure recycling. Sterner also stated that
he expects FDA to propose regulations on anti-
biotics and sulfa drugs. He suggested that good
manufacturing regulations for medicated feeds
will be announced soon. Modification of DES
Feeding regulations are not expected, (Battles-
East Central).
2072 - Dl, E3 600
PYROLYTIC CONVERSION OF
AGRICULTURAL WASTES TO FUELS
Engineering Experiment Station,
Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta
J. A. Knight
Presented at the 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1S74,
Paper No. 74-5017, 25 p. 18 fig, 4 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fuels, 'Energy, 'Design, Econom-
ics, Georgia, Costs, Oil, Gases
Identifiers: 'Pyrolysis process, 'Agricultural
wastes, Cotton gin wastes, Wood wastes, Char
Agricultural wastes represent a potential source
of energy, and the utilization of these wastes
as energy sources would be of tremendous
ben-fit to the agricultural interests of this
country. The steady-flow, low temperature py-
rolysis process developed at the Georgia Tech
Engineering Experiment Station is capable of
converting these wastes into clean burning fuels.
The process has been developed from bench
scale to a large scale demonstration facility
capable of converting feed rates of 50 dry
tons/day. This EES pyrolytic process offers
a proven process at the commercial prototype
stage for the utilization of agricultural wastes
and lignocellulosic materials as energy sources.
(Cameron-East Central).
2073 - B3, C5. D2 600
DRYING PARAMETERS OF FORMED
POULTRY EXCRETA
Canning Machinery Division,
FMC Corporation,
Hoooeston, Illinois
T. M. Midden, I. J. Ross, and H. E. Hamilton
Presented at 1972 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Hot Springs,
Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972, Paper No, 72-451,
21 p. 9 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: "Drying, 'Poultry, 'Temperature,
Air, Equations
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Cylinders, 'Crusting
A study was done of the drying characteristics
of formed poultry excreta. Fully exposed drying
equations were used to describe the drying
of manure. A series of tests were conducted to
predict the constants involved in using these
equations. Fresh poultry manure was formed
into long cylinders and air dried at temperatures
in the range of 100 to 950 degrees F. The thin
layer drying characteristics were determined in
the temperature range of 100 to 220 degrees F
and the crusting characteristics were determined
at the higher temperatures. Some conclusions
based on the analysis of the data and the results
were: (1) The drying constant k is a function
of the diameter of the cylinders, (2) It is
possible to form a stable manure cylinder by
crusting with high temperature drying air, (3)
Pellet crust is a function of both air temper-
ature and time of exposure of air, and (4) The
effect of temperature on the value of the thin
layer drying constant for a particular diameter
cylinder can be explained by an Arrhenius type
equation of the form: In k = a—b/T. (Cameron-
East Central).
2074 - Bl, D2, D4, E3 600
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM
ANIMAL WASTE
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Purdue University,
West Lafeyette, Indiana
J. C. Nye, A. C. Dale, T. W. Perry, R. B,
Harrington, and E. J. Kirsch
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-15, 1972, Paper No. 72-955,
18 p. 3 fig, 7 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Proteins, 'Animal wastes, 'Cattle,
•Feeds, 'Treatment, Separation techniques, Costs,
Design, Recycling, Amino acids, Chemical oxygen
demand, Biochemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: 'Microbial food, 'Batch culture. Pro-
cedures, Rats
This study evaluated the feasibility of growing
microorganisms on manure as a source o! pro-
tein for animal feed. The microbial protein
product produced from dairy cattle waste was
found to be a chemically adequate protein
supplement as measured by the amino acid
analysis. This biomass produce was harvested
and fed to laboratory rats as 18 percent of
their diet with no dilatory effect. The inability
of rats to use this product as their only protein
supplement indicated that more work is required
to refine the process. The waste treatment-food
synthesis system proposed is an economically
feasible alternative for livestock operations
(Cameron-East Central).
2075 - Dl, E3, Fl 100
FUEL FROM LIVESTOCK WASTES:
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Extension Agricultural Engineer,
California University, Riverside
W, C. Fairbank
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 55, No 9, p 20-23
September, 1974. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fuels, 'Organic wastes, 'Econom-
ics, 'Costs, 'Gases, Livestock, Anaerobic diges-
tion, Methane, Municipal wastes
Identifiers: 'Liquefication, 'Hydrolysis
Environmentalists loudly proclaim that farmers
could solve their energy problems if they would
power their machines with bio-gas from organic
waste. A multistage high-pressure pump with
intercooling and a storage-transportation system
would be necessary for methane liqueflcation to
produce dung gas. The anaerobic dissociation
of dry manure with heat produces a gas, a
pyrolyzate, and a highly mineralized char. The
process offers the stimulating possibility of pro-
ducing a fuel gas, and at the same time, re-
ducing the tonnage of solid waste going to
dumps. Synthesis gas, hydrogasification and dung
oil are thermo-chemical processes for dissocia-
ting carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
compounds and then recombining the constituents
into desired molecules. They all start with a
carbonaceous feedstock and yield a stable prod-
uct quantified in energy units. Several great
cities of the world are experimenting with
heat recovery processes municipal incinerators.
The margin of profit on these energy recovery
processes is so slight, the economy of scale
so great, the complexity of the processes and
facilities so real, that only municipal or corpo-
rate industry is likely to amass the capital and
technical resources needed. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral).
2076 - Al, Bl 300
BEEF FEEDLOTS — A POLLUTION
PROBLEM?
ARS-USDA, AERD, Livestock Engineering and
Farms Structures, Nebraska University,
Lincoln
C. B. Gilbertson
Proceedings of Agriculture and Pollution Sem-
inar, University of Arizona, Tucson, February
19, 1971, EES Series Report No. 35, p. 18-29,
5 tab, 19 ref.
194
-------
Descriptors: *Feedlots, 'Management, 'Water
pollution, «Air pollution. 'Waste disposal, Cli-
mates, Agricultural runoff, Chemical properties
The waste produced by the livestock feeding
industry produces a pollution problem for man-
agement. The management of a feedlot is af-
fected by physical characteristics of the feedlot,
climatic conditions, animal size, animal density
and the type of ration fed. Livestock wastes
are potential pollutants of (a) surface water,
(b> ground water, (c) air, and (d) aesthetic
pollution. A discussion of each of these problems
is given. The primary general problem in feed-
lot management is the need for acceptable
practices for complete pollution free waste
management schemes to replace waste disposal
systems. An acceptance of an available method
rather than research backed recommendations is
the reason for the existing waste management
practices. (Kehl-East Central).
2077 - A6, Bl 300
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE
Department of Plant Pathology,
Arizona University, Tucson
R. L. Caldwell
Proceedings of Agriculture and Pollution Sem-
inar University of Arizona, Tucson, February
19, 1971 EES Series Report No. 35, p. 66-71.
19 ret.
Descriptors: 'Agriculture, 'Air pollution, * Ari-
zona
Identifiers: 'Pollutants, Sulfur dioxide, Peroxy-
acetyl nitrate, Ethylene
The relationship between agriculture and air
pollution is discussed. Examples of agricultural
operations' pollution are animal wastes, grain,
feed, fiber and meat processing, forestry opera-
tions, pesticide drift, plowing, vehicular travel
over unpaved roads, wind blown soil from bare
land, aero-allergins (pollens) from a number
of plants and the burning of crop residues. A
definition of agricultural air pollution injury is
given as any harmful effect, whether visible or
not, to plant or animals. Injury is defined as
damages when it is sufficient to cause an eco-
nomic loss. Some major air pollutants are sulfur
dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone, ethylene and
nitrogen dioxide. Their effects on plants and
their port of entry into an organism is described.
Actions that can be taken to reduce air pollu-
tion damage are (1) breeding resistant plant
varieties, and (2) chemical protection. The
Arizona situation is briefly examined. (Kehl-
East Central).
2078 - Al, Bl 300
WATER POLLUTION LAWS
AND REGULATIONS
Department of Agricultural Economics,
College of Agriculture, Missouri University,
Columbia
C. G. McNabb and D. R. Levi
Science and Technology Guide, Missouri Uni-
versity Columbia Extension Division, May, 1969,
4 P.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Regulation, 'Mis-
souri, 'Permits
Identifiers: 'Civil courts, 'Injunction, 'Fines,
•Water Pollution Board
Two approaches for resolution and prevention
of the Missouri water pollution problem are (1)
through the Water Pollution Board and (2)
through the civil courts. In 1957 the Missouri
Legislature established the Water Pollution
Board, defined water pollution, and adopted a
state water policy which the board must regu-
late. The board was authorized to take legal
action against pollution in a number of ways—
by fines, by tax bills, by authorization to the
Attorney General to bring suit against violators,
and by withholding construction permits when
Proposed waste treatment facilities are inade-
quate. A permit was to be required for any
— "i-3 'o construct, install, or modify
facilities for waste disposal which discharge
wastes into waters of the state, A person caus-
ing pollution may be sued for (1) an injunction,
(2> damages, or (3) both an injunction and
damages as a civil remedy to temporaory or
permanent nuisances. (Battles-East Central).
2079 - A5, D3 100
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE
FEED YARDS
Consulting Chemical Engineer,
San Marino, California
W. L. Faith
Air Pollution Control Association Journal, Vol.
14, p. 459-460, 1064.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Mechanical control, Legal
aspects, Spraying, Disposal, Control
Identifiers: 'Feedlots, 'Chemical control, Odor
counteractants, Masking agents, Disinfectants,
Potassium permanganate
This paper deals with the experimental odor
control program initiated in 1961 at the Roy F.
Benton Feed Yards in Walnut, California, after
complaints were received from a nearby resi-
dential area. A variety of methods to reduce
odor to an acceptable level have been tried with
varying results. A highly satisfactory procedure
is based on "good housekeeping" practices, fre-
quent removal of fecal material, and abatement
of residual odor by spraying the lots at desig-
nated intervals with a solution of potassium
permanganate. Details of the method are dis-
cussed. (Christenbury-Iowa State).
2080 - Al, Bl, F2 300
A SUMMARY OF STATE
REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF
THE UNITED STATES
Department of Agricultural Economics,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
L. J. Connor, J. B. Johnson, and C. R, Hoglund
Report No. 193. Department of Agricultural Eco-
nomics, Michigan State University, May 1971,
25 p. 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Animal wastes, 'Water
pollution, 'Air pollution, Economics
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'North Central
U. S.
The purpose of this report is to provide a
summary of present and proposed State regula-
tions pertaining to animal waste management
in the North Central Region of the United
States. The regulations reported are those in
effect or being proposed as of April, 1971.
Summary of Regulations of the following states
are included: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
State water and Air pollution control agencies
for these states are listed. The appropriate
State Agencies should be contacted for more
complete and detailed information. (Cartmell-
East Central).
2081 - Al, B2, E2 600
TRANSFORMATIONS OF SWINE
WASTEWATER IN LABORATORY
SOIL PROFILES
Department of Biological and Agricultural En-
gineering, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh
L, F. McEver, F. J. Humenik, M. R. Overcash
and R. W. Skaggs
Presented at 67th Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974,
Paper No. 74-4025, 19 p. 8 fig, 5 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soil profiles, 'Laboratory tests,
Percolation, Nitrogen, Nitrates, Chemical oxygen
demand, Water table. Liquid wastes
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Wastcwater, 'Loading rates
The major objective of this study was to inves-
tigate the transformations of swine waste lagoon
effluent in packed and undisturbed Wagram soil
columns with a shallow water table (36 inches).
70 percent of the wastewater nitrogen was con-
verted to nitrate within the rooting zone (upper
six inches) for loading rates of one and two
inches per week with COD values ranging from
199 to 650 mg/1. While the organic materials
moved through the soil with the soil water, a
reduction in concentration with increased depth
was observed. The organic portion of the swine
wastewater was essentially stabilized after one
week of storage in the upper soil regions. Almost
complete removal (greater than 90 percent) of
COD and TOC was recorded for flow through
the entire packed and undisturbed soil columns.
Mass balances showed no losses in total nitro-
gen as the wastewater percolated through the
soil columns. The low COD to nitrogen ratio
of the pretreated wastewater and the prefer-
ential removal of organics with soil depth re-
stricted the possibility of indue ;d percoiat on
of carbonaceous substrate to the water table
for complete denitrification without supplemen-
tal organic addition. (Cartmell-East Central).
2082 - Al, Bl 100
WASTE ACCUMULATION ON A
SELECTED DAIRY CORRAL AND ITS
EFFECT ON THE NITRATE AND
SALT OF THE UNDERLYING
SODL STRATA
A. C. Chang, D. C. Adriano, and P. E. Pratt
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 2,
p. 233-237, April-June, 1973. 2 fig, 3 tab, 25 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Confinement pens,
•Nitrates, 'Salts, 'Soil profile, 'Leaching,
Groundwater pollution
Identifiers: 'Waste accumulation
The objective of this study was to characterize
dairy waste accumulation and distribution pat-
terns on the surface of a corral and to evaluate
its effect on the nitrate and salt status of the
underlying soil strata. Wastes produced to dairy
cows on an unpaved earth corral tended to
accumulate in a small area near the feed
bunk and the water trough. Moisture content
of the accumulated waste varied widely with
most of the surface covered with relatively dry
waste. Comparing raw wastes with stabilized
wastes, the accumulated waste was biologically
unstable and subject to decomposition when it
was wetted. The waste distribution pattern on
the corral surface did not influence the move-
ment of chloride and organic matter into the
soil profile. Heavy accumulation of wastes
created an unfavorable condition for the forma-
tion of nitrate which reduced considerably the
amount of nitrate that was subject to leaching.
Future improvement or redesign of dairy wastes
management should take these results into con-
sideration in order to minimize groundwater
pollution. (Cartmell-East Central).
2083 - A8, Bl, E2 400
DO MANURE STACKS ADD TO
FLY CONTROL PROBLEMS?
Department of Entomology,
Wisconsin University
W, L. Gojmerac
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 116, p. 556, May 1971
Descriptors: 'Breeding, 'Dairy industry
Identifiers: 'Fly control, 'Manure stacks, Land
spreading
A study was made of farms stacking manure.
The object was to make a comparison of the fly
situation between farms storing manure and
those hauling regularly. A trained university
student accompanied a number of dairy plant
field men on their routine farm calls. He in-
spected each farm in a systematic fashion with
reference to fly breeding only. Out of the 70
farms inspected, 31 had manure piles and 39
removed the manure regularly. It appeared
that farms with manure piles did not have a
more serious fly problem than those hauling
195
-------
regularly. On farms having manure stacking
equipment, the barn cleaner apparently is run
more frequently, keeping the gutters clean.
Therefore, there was less fly breeding inside
the barn. Little fly breeding was found on
manure piles. The fly problem appears to be
found in other places, such as gutters, mangers,
and calf pens. (Cartmell- East Central).
2084 - Al, F2 100
WATER AND WATERCOURSES:
WATER POLLUTION LAWS AND
THEIR ENFORCEMENT IN
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma Law Review, Vol. 22, p. 317-344, 1969
Descriptors: "Water pollution, 'Legal aspects,
Identifiers: 'Sources of pollution
'Oklahoma
Water pollution control laws in Oklahoma are
presented. A summary is offered of the various
factors which determine the existence of pollu-
tion and influence the types of legal devices
used to meet the pollution problem. Common-law
private remedies and public administrative con-
trols are discussed. Emphasis is upon the current
state pollution control authority and the en-
forcement practices of the several state enforce-
ment agencies, The character of the water
resources relates to the quantity, quality, and
availability of water for use. The major man-
made causes of pollution are discharges from
municipal sewage systems, runoff from agricul-
tural activities, and the disposal of industrial
wastes. Causes of water pollution in Oklahoma
are listed as; the petroleum industry, other
industry, agricultural sources, and municipal
wastes. (Cartmell-East Central).
2085 - Al, Bl, C3, Dl, El, Fl, F2
300
DAD1Y WASTE MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATIVES
North Carolina State University
Raleigh
B. L. Carlile, S. H. Dobson, L. B. Driggers,
J. M. Falter, G. J. KHz, et. al.
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and
Home Economics. North Carolina State Uni-
versity at Raleigh, 38 p. 4 fig, 15 tab.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, Agri-
cultural runoff, Lagoons, Irrigation, Drying,
Waste water disposal, Dairy industry, Chemical
properties, Odor, Pests, Costs, Economics
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land spread-
ing, Refeeding, Composting, Application rates
This bulletin is designed to help dairy producers
meet environmental limitation problems in the
most practical and economical way. The first
section deals with alternative waste manage-
ment systems and their various components. Also
included are sections on storm runoff control
and parlor and milkhouse waste water control.
Requirements and methods are given for pre-
venting feedlot runoff and milkhouse waste
water from reaching surface waters. A utilization
and land requirements section presents guide-
lines and examples of how much waste can be
applied per acre. Odor control and pest control
sections provide suggestions and methods for
reducing odor and pest problems. An economics
section gives cost data and contains a partial
budget sheet so that comparisons between the
alternative waste management systems can be
made. (Cartmell-East Central).
2086 - A2, Bl
HYDROLOGY AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Agricultural Research Service,
USDA, Lincoln, Nebraska
N. P. Swanson
300
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 71-80. 2 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Hydrology, 'Feedlots, 'Agricul-
tural runoff, 'Soil profiles. Topography, Mete-
orology, Infiltration rates. Phosphorus, Ammonia,
Watersheds, Climate
A potential hydrologic pollution problem of run-
off from 51,000 acres of Great Plains' feedlots
existed in January of 1971. Rate of delivery of
such runoff to streams is related to topographic,
meteorological, and hydraulic characteristics in
the feedlot area. Study of the agricultural run-
off in Nebraska yielded the following hydrologic
generalizations: (1) infiltration of pollutants into
the soil profile is insignificant or very slow
one; a manure pack is formed, (2) a local
problem of underground water pollution exists,
(3) one inch rainfall may be absorbed by the
soil manure mixture without runoff, (4) solids
losses may be less from a feedlot than from
tilled bare soil but moderate rainfall increases
initiate much higher solids loss and COD
value per unit volume of runoff, (5) rainfall
intensity and solids removal directly influence
phosphorus removal, (6) ammonia-N and NHa-N
contents decrease with continuing precipitation,
(7) snowmelt runoff contains more solids than
rainfall runoff, (8) following a rainfall, feedlot
r-Koff will start sooner, last longer, contain
many more times the P, NH4-N content, and
require less time to reach the point of dis-
charge than the discharge from adjacent crop-
lands, and (9) ordinarily it is not necessary to
design runoff control facilities within a water-
shed in relation to fish populations, livestock
water sorrces, and similar resources is most
important. (Battles-East Central).
2087 A6, Bl, Fl, F2 300
DUST AND ODOR PROBLEMS
OF THE FEEDLOT
D,V.M. Montfort Feedlot Company,
Greeley, Colorado
J. Young
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 81-86. 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Dust, 'Feedlots, 'Air pollu-
tion, Legal aspects, Neutralization, Economics
Identifiers: Malodors
objectionable air pollution is grouped into four
categories: (1) h-iman health hazards, (2) ani-
mal and plant injury, (3) long-term modification
of the earth's climate or ecology, and (4)
offenses to persons, due to particulate matter.
Air pollution from malodors is a major prob-
lem because no specific neutralization chemi-
cals are available and cause-effect relationships
are not folly understood. Feedlot malodors have
never proven hazardous to human health but
can ba assumed objectionable when people
comolain about them. The relationship between
the feedlot and the surrounding population can
be improved by odor neutralization within feasi-
ble economic and application scales. Air pollution
in the form of particulate matter or dust has
two areas of concern: (1) animal health, and
(2) as a public nuisance. Control can entail
any on^ or a combination of mechanical or
chemical means and will depend on water
availability, available labor force, available
source of used oil, etc., concentration rate of
cattle in pens, climate, and housekeeping proce-
dures. (Battles-East Central).
2088 - Al, Bl 300
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
IMPLEMENTATIONS EXTENSION
CONSIDERATIONS
Regional Extension Specialist, Feedlot Waste
Management, Oklahoma State University,
Still water
M. D. Paine
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 87-90.
Descriptors: 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes,
•Feedlots, 'Management, Communications, Trans-
portation, Odor, Dust, Waste disposal
Identifiers: 'Southern Great Plains, Information
sheets, Handbooks
The development of large commercial cattle
feedlots has brought about the development of a
new kind of livestock manager. Today such a
manager is likely to be a graduate of an
animal science department at a land grant
university. Today's feedlot manager oversees a
large staff, makes maximum use of communica-
tion and transportation, and is compelled to be
innovative in handling problems, But the prob-
lems arising from large feedlots require addi-
tional assistance. In the Southern Great Plains,
the ES-USDA, in cooperation with extension
directors, allocated special need funds to an
experimental project on feedlot waste manage-
ment. Objectives of the project were: (1) To
provide educational opportunities for feedlot
managers to be kept up to date on research
and cattle feeding developments, with emphasis
on waste management; (2) to assist communi-
cation between cattle feeders and research
agencies; (3) to provide timely and adequate
information on social-legal developments. Three
subject matter areas were given priority—odor
and dust; liquid disposal; and solid waste
disposal. Information sheets on these subjects
were to be developed for distribution. A feedlot
environmental handbook is also being developed
to assist feedlot operators. (Battles-East Central).
2089 - Al, Bl, F2 300
ANIMAL WASTE —
REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Agricultural Engineer, Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboatory, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma
L. R. Shuyler
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 91-95. 1 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Regulation,
•Feedlots, 'Permits
Identifiers: 'Discharge, 'Impact statements,
'Zero discharge
On December 23, 1970, President Nixon issued
Executive Order Number 11574 which directed
the Army Corps of Engineers to issue dis-
charge permits under the 1899 Rivers and
Harbors Act. On May 25, 1971, EPA adminis-
trator William D. Ruckelshaus testified before
the House Committee on Agriculture to outline
the permit program's application to the confined
feeding industry. He felt that the program
should be limited to feedlots of 1000 or more
animal units which discharge their wastes from
a single point source. Permit applications were
required to be filed by July 1, 1971. A ruling
handed down by Judge Aubrey Robinson, Jr,,
ordered that environmental impact statements
be filed for every permit issued. This rendered
the permit program virtually useless due to
the monumental manpower problem that the
requirement for impact statements created.
The ruling may eventually make more compre-
hensive and workable enforcement of Federal
and State water quality standards a reality,
however. The judge also expanded the definition
of "non-navigable" streams to include streams
large enough for recreational boating. Legisla-
tion now pending in Congress, in addition to
providing funds for much needed expansion o£
research, development, and demonstration in
agricultural pollution control, stipulates the
national goal of "zero discharge" by 1985, and
provides for clarification of the national permit
program to be administered by the EPA. (Bat-
tles-East Central),
2090 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2 300
EUTROPHICATION IN THE
GREAT PLAINS
Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
R. C. Summerfelt
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 97-118. 5 tab, 42 ref.
196
-------
Descriptors: 'Eutrophication, 'Great Plains,
•Water pollution, 'Fertilizers, Feedlots, Nutrients,
Irrigation, Agricultural runoff, Effluent, Dis-
charge (Water), Drying, Incineration
Identifiers: 'Winterkills, Pit disposal. Land dis-
posal. Fish Mils
In the Great Plains area of the United States,
an increasing amount of fertilizer has been ap-
plied to croplands since 1950. Simultaneously,
the percentage composition of nitrogen, phos-
phorus, and potassium in fertilizers has increased
as has the method of irrigation, thus enriching
the water systems and causing eutrophicatipn
and winterkills. Increased use of commercial
fertilizer in this area between 1955 and 1969 has
increased N, P, and K concentrations in water
systems above the minimum critical level.
Eutrophication and winterkills in the North Cen-
tral States and nitrate nitrogen levels of 55
to 60 percent entering Decator Lake, Illinois
originated from fertilizers. Runoff from feedlot
production in Kansas accounted for S of 27
reported fish kills during 1964. This pollution
could have been controlled by use of (1) direct
pit disposal of solids, (2) aerobic decomposition
followed by either land disposal or drying and
incineration or (3) proper location of the feed-
lot. Environmental standards, public demand
for cleanup, and national policy are all burden-
ing the discharger to prove that the effluent
is innocuous. State water quality standards re-
quire treatment and control of animal feedlot
discharge, but advancements in prevention of
eutrophication are dependent upon the extra costs
involved. (Battles-East Central).
2091 - E3, Fl 400
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE NOT
FOR SMALL OPERATOR
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 378, p. 369, August,
1973
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Economics, 'Costs,
•Poultry
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dried poultry waste
An interagency task force studied the economic
feasibility of using processed waste material in
poultry rations. Flock sizes in the experiment
were 10,000, 50,000, and 80,000 birds. Dried
poultry manure was fed in test rations of 0,
12 V4 percent, and 25 percent. Feeding of DPM
to a 10,000-layer operation was found to be
uneconomical at any level. For the 50,000-layer
flock, feeding at the 12 Vi percent level resulted
In lower unit cost of 0.3 cents per dozen eggs.
For the 80,000-bird nock, costs dropped 0.6 cents.
Since about 97 percent of the country's layer
operations have fewer than 10,000 birds, only a
small group of producers could economically
process poultry manure and feed it under to-
day's conditions. (Cameron-East Central).
2092 - B2, D2, E2 100
FARM EFFLUENT—ELECTRICAL
DISPOSAL METHODS
Electricity Council Research Centre,
Caponhurst
F. Barrett
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 11,
No. 4, p. 207-209, April, 1371. 1 fig. „
Descriptors: 'Effluents, 'Farm wastes, 'Suspend-
ed solids, 'Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment
Identifiers: 'Electrical disposal methods, 'Stabili-
zation pond, "Oxidation ditch, 'Electrolytic flota-
tion
The growth of more intensive stock farming
has added urgency to the search for efficient,
economical and acceptable methods for the dis-
posal of farm effluents. Research has indicated
that effluent from a herd of 90-100 cows can
be dealt with efficiently and economically by
spray aeration in a two section stabilization
pond. Pig effluent can be made relatively in-
nocuous by treating it aerobically in an oxidation
ditch so that its oxygen demand is materially
reduced by biological action. It is a process
that avoids odor problems and which requires
much less land for the disposal of the residue
than would be required for untreated effluent.
Electrolytic flotation using hydrogen and oxygen
produced by the electrolytic breakdown of a
small portion of the water in the effluent to
raise the solids to the surface is a suitable
low-cost method of overcoming most of the diffi-
culties in the removal of suspended solids from
effluent. (Cameron-East Central)
2093 - Al, Bl, E2 400
COMPOSTED CHICKEN LITTER
SEEMS TO RECLAIM
SALT-DAMAGED LAND
Crops and Soils Magazine, Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 24,
January 1975
Descriptors: 'Salts, 'Reclamation, Oil wells,
Grasses, Land
Identifiers: 'Compost, 'Chicken litter. Manure,
Application rates
Research was conducted by the University of
Arkansas using composted chicken litter to re-
claim land that was damaged when salt water
from oil wells overflowed onto it. Composted
chicken manure was applied at a rate of 6
tons per acre and rototiiled into the salt-
damaged soil to a depth of about 4 inches.
The plot was then seeded to a combination of
grasses including switchgrass, millet, balia,
bermudagrass, and lespedeza. Soil tests taken
before and after the compost application indi-
cated that the treatment was effective in re-
claiming the salt-covered area. Agronomist L. H.
Hileman says this reclamation method will also
effectively eliminate the salt problem from
other sources of salt (such as saline seeps).
More research is needed to determine the proper
rates of application and to evaluate different
types and kinds of compost. (Cameron-East
Central).
2094 - A5, D3 400
NEW ODOR CONTROL
PRODUCT NOW AVAILABLE
Calf News, Vol. 12, No, 6, p. 29, June 1974
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Control, 'Bacteria, Feed-
lots, Farm wastes
Identifiers: SUBDU, Fy larvae
SUBDU, a dried combination of two baci-rial
enzyme cultures, B. Subtilis and B. thuringiensis
Berliner, is a new odor control product for
feedlots available from BZD Livestock Products,
Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska. The "manure and
waste material digester" can be used to neu-
tralize manure and organic waste odors. The
product also aids in controlling fly larvae in
manure and litter. According to BZD, it takes
about 10 days after initial treatment for the
enzyme cultures to work. It may be used to
control odors in outdoor lots, confinement build-
ings and manure lagoons and pits. (Cameron-
East Central).
2095 - Al, Bl 400
URINARY EXCRETION OF
QUINALDINE BY CHANNEL CATFISH
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish Control
Laboratory, LaCrosse, Wisconsin 54601
J. B. Hunn, and J. L. Allen
The Progressive Fish-Culturist, Vol. 36, No. 3,
p, 157-159, July, 1974. 1 fig, 1 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Urine, 'Channel catfish
Identifiers: 'Quinaldine, 'Excretion, Catheteriza-
tion. Anesthetic
The study was undertaken to determine the rate
of renal elimination of quinaldine following ex-
posure of channel catfish obtained from the
National Fish Hatchery, Fairport, Iowa. Following
catheterization, the fish were placed in cham-
bars and exposed to 30 mg/1 of the anesthetic
for not less than 30 minutes. Quinaldine was
excreted in the urine of catfish following ex-
posure to the anesthetic quinaldine sulfate, but
the amount eliminated from the fish's body via
the gill and/or gut can only be estimated.
Urinary excretion of quinaldine was less than 5
percent of the total body residue eliminated
during 24 hours of withdrawal in freshwater.
(Battles-East Central).
2096 - A5, Bl, Cl, E2, Fl 300
SLATTED-FLOOR SYSTEMS FOR
BEEF FINISHING
Tennessee University, Knoxville
J. I. Sewell and J. B. McLaren
Tennessee Farm and Home Science Progress
Report 88, Tennessee Agricultural Experiment
Station, University of Tennessee, October, No-
vember, and December, 1973, 4 p. 4 fig, 2 tab,
6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Slabs, 'Costs,
•Odors, Labor, Confinement pens. Cattle
Identifiers: 'Floors, 'Slatted floor, 'Beef produc-
tion, Facility design. Stocking density, Behavior,
Waste accumulation rates
A slatted-floor beef finishing facility was com-
pleted at the University of Tennessee Aluminum
Company of America (ALCOA) Farm in the fall
of 1971. An existing barn was remodeled to
provide a means of comparing three floor types
— concrete-slab floor, concrete slats and alum-
inum slats. Data was collected on facility design,
costs, stocking density, cattle behavior, odors,
manure accumulation rates and manure remov-
al. Labor requirements for manure management
on slatted floor and slab floor systems were
also compared. After two years of operation the
results and observations suggested some advan-
tages for the slatted floor system. The major
results and observations were: (1) Liquid waste
collected in the pits at 0.73 cubic ft per head
per day, (2) Before unloading with a vacuum
tank-spreader, agitation of manure in pits was
required, (3) Almost no surface runoff was
produced by the slat system and (4) Aluminum
slats were noticeably cleaner than concrete
slats. The concerns associated with the slatted
floors are: (1) Higher initial facility costs, (2)
Odors for a few days after surface spreading
of wastes and (3) The provision of adequate
ventilation and air exchange during hot and
humid weather, (Kehl-East Central).
2097 - Bl, D2, E3 100
SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWINE
MANURE SEPARATES
Associate Sanitary Engineer, Natural Resources
and Environmental Protection Department,
Frankfort, Kentucky
S. C. Jett, I. J. Ross, H. E. Hamilton, V. W.
Hays I
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 5, pi
965-967, September-October, 1974. 2 fig, 1 tab;
4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Particle size. Separa-
tion techniques
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Manure separates. Nutri-
tion, Crude protein, Ether extract, Nitrogen-free
extract, Ash, Wet screening
The nutrients in manures can be utilized to
some extent in animal diets. This study's ob-
jective was to determine the extent that a
mechanical size separation process can be used
to separate the major nutritional components in
swine waste. For the manure samples tested,
there was remarkable consistency in the distri-
bution of the particle sizes and the four proxi-
mate components (crude protein, ether extract
(EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and ash)
within the size range tested (0.250 mm to 3.36
mm). Considering the manure produced by the
swine on all three of the study's rations,
more than 83% of the crude protein, 93% of the
ether extract and 97% of the ash were contained
in manure portions that passed during wet
screening through the 0.250 mm screen, The
portion of the manure that did not go through
the 0.250 mm screen contained more than 68%
197
-------
of the NFE. Therefore, wet screening can be
used for the effective separation of NFE from
the other proximate components. If it were de-
sirable to concentrate either the crude protein
of the NFE portions of the manure, this separa-
tion would be useful for formulation of rations
containing swine manure. (KehJ-East Central).
2098 - Al, Bl 400
TREAT YOUR WASTE RIGHT
G. Warren
Soil Conservation, Vol. 38, No. 6, p. 130-132,
January, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: • Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal,
•Sewage, "Louisiana, 'Lagoons, 'Streams,
'Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, 'Soil Conservation
Service
Rural Louisiana is freeing its streams and
countryside from sewage, garbage, and animal
wastes. The Soil Conservation Service in co-
operation with the Louisiana State Board of
Health provides technical help in designing and
constructing sewage lagoons and animal-waste
systems. The SCS is called on for soil maps and
interpretations to help locate sites for both types
of systems. A sewage lagoon system at Cous-
hatta not only costs about one-tenth of what
a treatment plant costs but it also keeps the
sewage from going into the Red River. More
than ISO animal-waste systems have been built
in the state by dairymen. This type of waste no
longer goes into the streams; it goes into the
lagoon. (Cameron-East Central).
2099 - D3 300
AMMONIA REMOVAL FROM
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND
SECONDARY EFFLUENTS BY
SELECTED ION EXCHANGE
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest
Laboratories
Robert A. Taft Research Center Report No.
TWRC-5, March, 1969, 58 P. 19 fig, 7 tab, 33 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Effluents,
•Ion exchange, 'Waste water. Nitrogen, Lime
Identifiers: 'Ammonia removal
A selective ion exchange process was developed
for the removal of ammonia nitrogen from waste-
waters. The process employs a natural zeolite,
clinoptilolite, which is selective for ammonium
ions in the presence of sodium, magnesium, and
calcium ions. The ion exchange equilibria of
four zeolites was investigated and clinoptilolite
was selected for further study on the basis of
its ammonium ion selectively and low cost. A
mobile demonstration plant having a capacity of
100,000 gallons per day was designed and con-
structed to remove ammonia from wastewater.
The plant contains facilities for flocculation,
sedimentation, powdered activated carbon ab-
sorption, disinfection, and mixed media filtra-
tion followed by ion exchange and associated
regeneration equipment. Operations of the mobile
plant with secondary effluent resulted in am-
monia removals of 97 and 93 percent at 70,000
and 100,000 gallons per day respectively; thus
demonstrating that selective ion exchange pro-
vides a highly effective means for removing
ammonia from wastewater. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral).
2100- Al, D4, E3 300
FACTS ON METHANE
PRODUCTION FROM ANIMAL WASTE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College
of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Wisconsin Uni-
versity, Madison
J. C. Converse and R. E. Graves
Bulletin No. A2636. College of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Exten-
sion, Madison, July 1974, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Recycling, 'Energy,
•Organic matter. Anaerobic conditions. Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Pollutants, Effluent
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Bio-gas
This fact sheet outlines information concerning
methane production from animal waste. It is
possible to produce heating gas from animal
manure on crop residues in the form of methane.
Constant conditions of temperature, fresh organic
matter, pH of 7.0 to 7.6, and anaerobic con-
ditions promote methane production. The equip-
ment required to produce methane is a simple
batch-loaded digestor/fed a mixture of organic
matter and water. Maximum volume reduction
of the infed materials will be 5 percent. The
output will not increase the amount of nitro-
gen, phosphorus, or potassium but it will likely
be in a more available form. Pollutants will not
be significantly reduced. Manure from a 1400
pound cow would produce about 60 cu. ft. of
gas at atmospheric pressure per day. The bio-
gas usually contains about 70 percent methane,
30 percent COz, and a small amount of HgS
and other gases. Not all of the bio-gas energy
is available for utilization and no exact figure
can be given to how much less the net energy
is than the gross energy. The methane gas can
be burned in tractors and cars, used for cooking,
heating water and buildings, air conditioning,
grain drying or operating stationary machines.
A typical grain dryer (four million Btu/hr.)
would require 3330 cu. ft of bio-gas compressed
to 300 psi for a 10-hour day. Although methane
in a concentration of 6 to 15 percent with
air is an explosive mixture, research in progress
may make this process usable by individual
farmers, (Battles-East Central).
2101 - Al, Bl 200
EFFECTS OF MANURE GASES AND
AERIAL DUST ON PIGS
S. E. Curtis. C. D. Anderson, J. G. Drummond,
D. W. Kelley, D. A. Kingdon, et. al.
Proceedings, Illinois Pork Industry Day, Illinois
University, Animal Science Department AS-665g,
Urbana-Champaign, December 4-11, 1973, p. 24-25.
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Gases, 'Dust, *Air pollution, Am-
monia, Hydrogen sulfide
Identifiers: 'Swine, Respiration, Respiratory-
tract, Exposure chambers, Absolute humidity.
Swine-finishing houses
The effects of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and
hog-house dust alone and in various combina-
tions in the air on the performance and
respiratory-tract health of healthy growing and
finishing pigs were studied in seven trials. The
performance trials were conducted in four
dynamic-type, air pollutant exposure chambers
at 65 degrees F. with absolute humidity the
same as or lower than the outside air. The air
supply to each chamber was filtered and then
pollutants were added to the air as it entered
the chamber, No pollutants were added to the
control chambers. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide,
and hog-house dust at levels as high as or
higher than those normally encountered in en-
closed swina-finishing houses had little effect on
growth performance of the pigs under these
experimental conditions. All pigs were sacrificed
for complete post-mortem examination at the end
of the trial. Forty-eight littermate pairs of cross-
bred pigs one to two weeks old were exposed
for 10 minutes to air containing aerosolized
escherichia coli of a nonpathogenic strain and
to ammonia held at 50 p.p.m. The young pigs'
ability to clean nonpathogenic escherichia coli
bacteria from their lungs was impaired by
exposure to ammonia at 60 p.p.m. during the
clearance period. Results suggest that the per-
formance of healthy pigs may not be affected
by air pollution inside enclosed swine houses,
but that the incidence and severity of lung
disease in pigs may be related to the stress
caused by such irritating air pollutants as am-
monia. (Battles-East Central).
2102 - Al, E2, Fl 400
FEEDLOT MANURE: SUDDENLY
IT'S WORTH MORE
Assistant Farm Management Editor,
Successful Farming
B. Gergen
Successful Farming, Vol. 72, No. 10, p. 24-25,
September, 1974. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus.
'Potassium, 'Economics
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Application rates, 'Land
disposal, Micronutrients
Manure is worth more than it ever has been
due to the monetary value of the nutrients nitro-
gen, , phosphorus, and potassium as well as
micronutrients. It is figured that each cow pro-
vides 98 Ibs. of N per year making it worth
$26-$28 in manure nutrients. If 250 Ibs. per
acre of nitrogen is added to the soil as manure,
about 110 Ibs, will be available the first season,
50 Ibs. the second season and 25 Ibs. the third
season. Stockpiled manure is more valuable than
freshly scraped manure because (1) it under-
goes partial composting, (2) it is drier and
more granular and can therefore be spread
more uniformly and (3) it has a higher nitrogen
content per ton. In general, liquid manure sys-
tems retain the most nutrients and in a Wis-
consin study, liquid manure knifed between rows
of crops resulted in up to 5 percent higher
yields than did liquid manure plowed under.
Most feedlot manure is being sold to contract
haulers for about 50 cents to $1 per ton. Ten
to 30 tons of manure per acre can be put on
soil every year with beneficial effects on crop
yields. Manure application should be accurately
matched to soil fertility requirements. Laboratory
analysis of the manure may be done by com-
mercial soil fertility labs and by many feed
product distributors. Tables are given which may
be used to estimate application rates when
analysis is not available. (Battles-East Central).
2103 - Bl, Dl, Fl 400
SLAB VS. SLAT: AN EXPERT'S
OPINION
Calf News, Vol. 11, No. 1, p. 14, July, 1373.
1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Design, 'Arizona, Costs, Performance,
Feasibility studies. Cattle
Identifiers: 'Slab-flume design, 'Slotted floor
design
Presently two types of cattle confinement designs
are being promoted, the slat and the slab. The
standard design (the slat) is a slotted floor with
a scraper in a pit two feet below the slats.
A slab is a concrete floor on a one inch in
one foot incline with a two inch opening at
the lower sides. The manure is moved downward
by the cattle's hoofs and is periodically flushed
down a flume. Dick Hunger, president of Corral
Industries, Phoenix, is an expert on cattle con-
finement designs and notes the slab design as
$18 to $20 cheaper to build than the slot. Mr.
Hunger admits that the slab design may not
be as effective because: (1) it will not efficiently
handle as many cattle per square feet as the
slot (50 percent of space is lost because cattle
will lie only in certain positions on a slanting
slab), (2) the animals are under more stress
(cattle skid on slabs), (3) lightweight catUe
probably don't have enough hoof weight and
friction to move the manure down the slope.
(But this has not been proven yet), and (4) if
the flume flushing is neglected or the pump
breaks down, flooding will occur. Mr. Hunger
cautions cattlemen because slab design of cattle
confinement has yet to prove economically feasi-
ble. A slab-dasign building is presently being
built to prove Mr. Hunger's beliefs. (Kehl-East
Central).
2104 - Al, Bl, E2 300
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK
WASTE
Cooperative Extension Service
Maryland University,
College Park
H. L. Brodie, and J. T. Kennedy
Agricultural Engineering Release No. 54, En-
vironmental Series No. 5, Cooperative Extension
Service, University of Maryland, College Park,
1972, 3 p. 2 ref.
198
-------
Dtscriptors: * Water pollution, 'Livestock, La-
goons, Erosion, Agriculture runoff
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
The production and waste management prac-
tices used by farmers determine the extent of
water pollution caused by their animal produc-
tion units. Land spreading of animal wastes is a
very effective method of preventing water pollu-
tion because of the natural treatment process
in the soil. Several means of applying the prin-
ciple of intercepting and controlling surface and
subsurface waters are listed. Watersheds are
affected a great deal more by natural pollu-
tants than by animal wastes which are properly
spread on land where erosion is controlled.
Crop rotation, strip cropping, pasture improve-
ment and the growing of crops for protective
cover are the most common erosion control
procedures. A list of steps to take in the
prevention of pollution from land disposal of
livestock wastes is given. Alternate methods of
land application during the fall are provided.
The best way to judge application rate is from
experience by considering slope, slope length,
soil type and ground cover. Two obstacles to
winter spreading are frozen soil and deep snow.
During the winter if a good spreading schedule
cannot be followed, the manure should be stored
under cover. Additional information on managing
lagoons to capture runoff and minimize over-
flow is provided. If animal production units are
properly located and managed, groundwater
problems are minimized. (Kehl-East Central.)
2105 - Al, B2, El 300
LAGOONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL
Cooperative Extension Service
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
a Watson
Cooperative Extension Service Circular R-6, Au-
burn University, July, 1972, 12 p. 6 tab, 3 let.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Lagoons, 'Design,
•Management, 'Biochemical oxygen demand,
Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Water volumes, Sludge removal, La-
goon overflow, Loading.
For several years lagoons have been used for
the disposal of livestock and poultry manure
with varying degrees of success. A lagoon's ef-
fectiveness is determined by its design, construc-
tion and management. The two major advant-
ages of lagoons are: (1) the labor requirements
are less than for systems where manure is
spread onto fields and (2) lagoons usually can
be constructed at a low initial cost. There are
three major disadvantages of lagoons. (1) Ob-
jectionable odors are sometimes present, (2) Im-
proper construction can present a possible
source of ground and surface water pollution,
and (3) Periodic sludge removal is required.
The processes of three lagoon types, aerobic,
anaerobic and mechanically aerated lagoons, are
discussed. The location, size and construction
are examined as important factors in lagoon de-
sign. Tables for BOD production and surface
area requirements, water volumes for various
aerator sizes and for water volume of various
anaerobic lagoons are given. The operation and
management of a lagoon are explained through
the various loading methods, sludge removal
and lagoon overflow. Some general management
practices that should be followed are given.
(Kehl-East Central)
2106 - A5, B2, Cl, Dl 600
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR
THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL,
CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF POULTRY
WASTEWATERS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
T. B. S. Prakasam, E. G. Srinath, P. Y. Yang,
and H. C. Loehr.
Presented at Special Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers Committee SE-413,
Chicage, Illinois, December 12, 1972, 71 p. 9 fig,
16 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Research and development, 'Analy-
tical techniques, 'Poultry, 'Physical properties,
•Chemical properties, 'Waste treatment.
Identifiers: 'Wastewaters, 'Biochemical proper-
ties, Nitrogen control, Odor control.
Research and demonstration studies were con-
ducted on the treatment of poultry wastes for
the past four years with particular emphasis on
nitrogen control, waste treatment, and odor con-
trol. This research involved the analysis of raw
and treated wastewater. Analytical methods were
evaluated for their applicability to the routine
analysis of animal and especially poultry waste-
waters. Objectives of this research were to dis-
cuss the results of these investigations and to
indicate satisfactory methods for the analysis of
physical, chemical, and biochemical properties
of poultry wastewaters. Samples of excreta voided
from chickens housed at the Poultry Research
Farm, Cornell University were used. The various
methods used for the analysis of raw and treat-
ed poultry wastewater are described. (Cameron-
East Central)
2107 - Bl, D2, D4, E2, E3 400
FEEDLOT RECLAMATION "CLOSED
SYSTEM"—WASTE RECOVERING:
INSULATED
C. Gross
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 2, p. 36-37, February,
1975. 4 fig.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Construction, 'Feedlots,
•Farm wastes. Bacteria, Confinement pens, Re-
cycling, Heat.
Identifiers: 'Closed systems, 'Recovery process,
Composting, Refeeding.
Jim Jarnagin, with financing from the Kansas
Farm Life Insurance Co., built a by-product
recovery confinement system, examples of
which had already been built by Corral Indus-
tries. Running down the structure's 1,140-foot
length is a 16-foot-wida alley flanked on the
north and south by a row of pens. At a stocking
rate of 5,040 head, each animal has 20 square
feet of space. The design and construction of
the structure are given. After separation of
liquids and solids, the processed solid waste is
augered to a compost pile, where it remains
for two days. After 24 hours, heat pasteurized
the compost reducing the pathogens and yielding
a product named CI 13. Since the bacterial
kill in the recovery process is substantial, the
material can be immediately blended back into
the ration, or it can be composted until needed.
The liquid fraction from the separation process
is pumped into a pond. From here it goes out
to the fields through a gated pipe sprinkler
irrigation system. (Cameron-East Central.)
2108 - A4, B2, D4, E2 100
NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN A
SWINE WASTE OXIDATION DITCH
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering.
Toronto University, Ontario, Canada.
P. H. Jones and N. K. Patiri.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol.
46, No. 2, p. 366-379, February, 1974. 16 fig, 4
tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Phosphorus, 'Ni-
trogen, Design, Swine.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, Land disposal.
Livestock production in confined areas is rapid-
ly gaining popularity in North America as well
as in Europe. Of the various possible systems
for the treatment and handling of high-strength
animal wastes, oxidation ditches are especially
attractive because of their simplicity and econ-
omy. Jones, Patni and others have established
the efficiency of oxidation ditches in reducing
oxygen demanding carbon. This seven month
study examines the behavior of nitrogen and
phosphorus in such units. Nitrogen loss from
the ditch was inhibited after about 20 weeks
of operation as indicated by nitrogen accumula-
tion in the ditch mixed liquor (DML). It seems
that the nitrification-denitrification scheme was
distributed by the introduction of wood shavings
in the DML beginning about this time. It is
concluded that, with proper design and operation,
oxidation ditches can be used to effect a high
degree of nitrogen removal from high-strength
animal wastes. The study also indicated that
controlled and regulated land application of the
animal wastes treated in oxidation ditches (con-
taining the pccumulated phosphorus) seems at
present to ba the most practical way of pre-
venting phosphates from reaching groundwater
at animal waste treatment facilities. (Kehl-East
Central.)
2109 - Al 100
CHARACTERISTICS AND
COMPARATIVE MAGNITUDE OF
NON-POINT SOURCES
Cornell University
R. C. Loehr
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
46, No. 8, p. 1849-1872, August, 1974. 2 fig, 17
tab, 59 ref.
Descriptors: 'Precipitation (atmospheric). Phos-
phorus, Nitrogen, Ecology.
Identifiers: 'Non-point sources, 'Runoff, 'Pollu-
tion, Irrigation return flows, Seepage, Cropland
tile drainage.
Definite comparisons of non-point sources are
difficult since such comparisons are the result
of complex interactions in and on the soil. Iden-
tification of non-point sources was based on the
reported range of their characteristics and the
available technology for their control. They
were identified as (1) those not needing con-
trol or uncontrollable, (2) those possibly need-
ing control, and (3) those requiring control.
The first category included precipitation, un-
managed forest land runoff, and range land
runoff. The second one contained crop land
runoff, runoff from land receiving manure, crop
land tile drainage, and irrigation return flows.
The final category included urban land runoff,
manure seepage and feedlot runoff. The rela-
tive contribution of sources in a watershed
will be determined by the human activities
that are there. (Kehl-East Central)
2110 - Al 100
TOXICITY OF SEAWATER TO
COLIFORM BACTERIA
Graduate Student
Civil Engineering Department
Washington University
Seattle
H. P. Savage and N. B. Kanes
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
43, No. 5, p. 854-861, May 1971, 16 fig, 1 tab, 16
ref.
Descriptors: 'Toxicity, 'Seawater, 'Conforms,
•Bacteria, 'Nutrients, "Biochemical oxygen de-
mand.
This study was undertaken to examine the ef-
fect of nutrient levels as measured by BOD
analysis, on the toxicity of seawater to total
conforms and fecal coliforms. Three separate
experiments were performed. Flasks labeled
"condition A" received no additional nutrients
resulting in a BOD of between .6 and 1.8 mg/1.
Total and fecal coliforms died rapidly in "con-
dition A". "Condition B" consisted of flasks
with a moderate concentration of waste water
nutrients. The resulting BOD levels ranged
from 9.9 to 20 mg/1. Initially, fecal and total
coliforms generally increased their share of the
total bacterial population and then their pro-
portion declined steadily. The flasks of "condi-
tion C" contained a high concentration of waste-
water nutrients. The resulting BOD levels were
between 101 and 120 mg/1. Again, bacterial
populations increased, and then their proportions
declined rapidly. (Cartmell-East Central)
199
-------
2111 - Al, Bl, Dl 100
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
CONCENTRATES ON FARM WASTE
New Scientist, Vol. 59, No. 856, p. 198, July
26, 1973.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, "Effluent, 'Slurries,
•Waste treatment, 'Regulation, 'Great Britain,
Economics, Reclamation.
Identifiers: 'Research, Water pollution.
Scientists in Great Britain are using straw,
bessian sacking, and even hedge-clippings, all
of which are freely available in large quantities
on most farms, in an effort to cut the cost of
farm effluent charges. The aim has been to
concentrate on the most extreme of farm slurry
problems. Effluent from animals is one of the
biggest problems farmers have to faca. There
is legislation to clamp down on farmers' meth-
ods of disposal if pollution of the water or the
air infringes the regulations, but with few in-
spectors to check on what is happening in rivers
and streams the law is often broken. In Silsoe
they treat slurry by mechanical separation of
the solids content from liquid for easier handling
and aerobic treatment of the liquid to kill the
smell. The process and costs involved are dis-
cussed in detail. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System).
2112 - Bl, D2, E3 100
SHORT CUTS FROM MUCK TO
MEALS
New Scientist, Vol. 56, No. 821, p. 456, Novem-
ber 23, 1972,
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Reclamation, Effluent,
Fish, Algae, Mollusks, Economics.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Great Britain.
This article outlines ways of using farm waste
as feedstuff. One way is to push farm effluent
into a pond to produce plankton which in turn
supports fish, which are then harvested. Another
possibility is to use not fish but bivalve mpllusk,
whose entire anatomy and physiology is de-
signed to filter out nutritious particles. The nu-
tritionally valuable algae could also be raised
on effluent. The algae would also be useful as
generators of oxygen. Beef cattle are already
being fed on pellets of chicken dung. This not
only disposes of unpleasant wastes, but also
saves the farmer feed costs. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System).
2113 - Al, Bl, E2 100
EFFECTS OF APPLICATION RATE IN
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State Univer-
sity, Manhattan 66506.
L. S. Murphy, G. W. Wallingford, and W. L,
Powers.
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 56, No. 10, p.
1367-1374., October, 1973. 8 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors, 'Effects, 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid
wastes, Feedlots, Dairy industry. Soils, Chemical
properties. Nitrates, Salinity, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Application rates, Land disposal, Col-
loidal dispersion. Pollution.
Land disposal of animal wastes is a viable solu-
tion to the water pollution problem, but this
disposal must be done with care so that new
pollution problems don't arise. Excess applica-
tion of manure can cause excess salinity, ni-
trates, and/or phosphorus as well as colloidal
dispersion. A literature review is given to show
the beneficial and detrimental value of manure
applications on crops and on soil chemical
properties. It was concluded that disposal of both
solid and liquid wastes should be accompanied
by regular soil analysis to detect accumulation
of waste components or reaction products which
may be detrimental to both the soil and to un-
derlying aquifiers, (Battles-East Central).
2114 - A2, B2, El 400
CONTROLLING MANURE RUNOFF
Pennsylvania State University
A. R. Grout
Feedlot Management, Vol. 16, No. 6, p. 34-35,
38, June 1974. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'F-eedlo's,
•Slurries, 'Liquid wastes, Lagoons, Basins, Me-
thane Costs, Odor.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control, Oxidation ditch,
Evaporation pond. Composting, Dewatering.
Th-jre are several ways in which feedlot run-
off may be controlled. Slurry manure can be
stored in an open basin. Because this material
will not stack, the walls must be high enough
and strong enough to hold the semi-liquid ma-
nure inside. Solid manure from a bedded barn
of partially dried manure from a feedlot can be
stored with a stacker unit in a basin. In liquid
manure systems slotted floors or concrete slabs
can be used for removal of manure, and prob-
lems due to cold weather. Agricultural runoff
can ba reduced by roofing, diversion channels,
and efficient evestrough systems, Detention
ponds for runoff should be built according to
state guidelines. Lagoons or stabilization ponds
can cause a partial break down of manure
nutrients in water. In oxidation ditches liquid
manure is circulated and aerated in a race-
track shaped basin by a paddle wheel or propel-
ler. Evaporation ponds reduce the amount of
water for disposal, but are limited to areas of low
humidity and rainfall. Composting and dewater-
ing of solids is being practiced in some areas.
Production of methane gas from animal ma-
nure by anasrobic digestion is another disposal
alternative. (Cartmell-East Central)
2115 C5, D2, D4, E3 400
ENZYMES DIGEST FD3ER IN
RECYCLED MANURE
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 377, p. 318, July,
1973.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Poultry, Enzymes,
H«at.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dried poultry manure,
'Digestibility.
While processed poultry manure has given sat-
isfactory rasults whan fed to ruminants, re-
feed'ng of it to poultry has been questioned due
to its fiber build-up and low energy value.
However, Dr. Slonaker (USDA) feels that pro-
cessed poultry manure can be refed as 25%
of a poultry ration through 23 cycles. He feels
that fermentation of the manure and chemical
decomposition caused by drying break down the
fiber and make it more digestible. Improvement
of these enzymatic and heat accelerated changes
point the way to total recycling with minimum
pollution, (Battles-East Central)
2116-D2, E3.F2 400
FEED PRICES, ENVHIONMENTAL
LAWS HELP SALES OUTLOOK FOR
DRYING EQUIPMENT, DPW
Feedstuffs, Staff Editor
G. Emerson.
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 4, p. 32, 62, January
27, 1975. 1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Equipment, •Drying, 'Poultry,
•Costs, 'Feeds, 'Fertilizers, •Legislation.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, *Food and
Drug Administration, 'Refeeding.
Incentives for mechanically drying poultry ma-
nure (DPW) are financial and environmental.
Two types of producers are buying dryers —
those who are about to be legislated out of
business and those who have an immediate
nsed or market for DPW as a feed or fertilizsr.
The Food and Drug Administration has not yet
approved the use of DPW as a feed ingredient,
but equipment firms believe that if and when
it does, the markets for both equipment and
the finished product will grow rapidly. There
are mare than 25 brands of dryers on the mar-
ket. Costs of the units range from 13,000 to
200,000. The number of birds needed to justify
cost of the system varies, but the most fre-
quent mentioned number is 100,000. The cost of
producing a ton of DPW ranges from $45 to
$50, depending on moisture content of the ma-
nure, fuel cost, and dryer efficiency. The qual-
ity of DPW depends upon the diet fed to the
poultry, the age of the manure, and the quality
of the dryer, Currently, the selling price of
DPW ranges from $45 to $120, depending upon
the area of the country and whether a demand
from nearby feedlots exists. (Battles-East Cen-
tral)
2117 - Al, B2, E2 300
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL ON
GRASS OR CROPS
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering
Department, Oklahoma State University.
A. F. Butchbaker.
Prepared by the Regional Extension Project
for Feedlot Waste Management, No. 7521, TX'
L-1053, 6 p. 3 fig, 4 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff. Ir-
rigation, Costs, Labor, Odor, Salinity, Perme-
ability, Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal.
The runoff control system begins in the feed-
lot by providing good drainage and a collection
system for conveying the runoff. A settling basin
should be used to remove at least 50% of the
solids. The liquid should pass through the set-
tling basin and go to a holding pond from which
it will be pumped to the field disposal site.
The two basic types of liquid disposal are
sprinkler and surface distribution. Runoff con-
taining more than 5% solids and up to 15% can
be handled by only one system, the manure
gun sprinkler. Among the advantages of pump-
ing runoff to the field are: (1) For large
amounts of livestock, pumping is economical
and labor-saving. (2) Pumping runoff onto crops
or grass salvages many nutrients. (3) The run-
off can be applied throughout the growing sea-
son. Thus, liquid disposal on grass allows nearly
year around application of runoff in the south-
ern plains region, (4) The odor problem may be
increased, depending upon management. (5)
Some salt or other toxic compounds in the run-
off, if applied by sprinklers, may deposit on
plant leaves, reducing the photosynthesis rate.
(6) Tight soils may not have high enough per-
meability to receive the liquid rapidly. (7)
Salinity buildup on the soil is a potential prob-
lem. Maximum permissible application rates
have not yet been determined. (Battles-East
Central)
2118 - Al, B2, Fl 300
FREE STALL HOUSING AND LIQUID
MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR THE
ENTHIE DAHIY HERD —
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Agricultural Engineering Department, College of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of
Wisconsin, Madison.
G. D. Barquest, T. J. Brevtfc J. C. Converse,
C. O. Cramer, H. J. Larsen, et al.
Progress Report, Project No. 5023, College of
Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, 27 p, 9 fig, 14 tab.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, •Liquid wastes,
•Costs, 'Performance, Lagoons, Ventilation, Com-
parative benefits, Floors.
Identifiers: 'Free stall housing, Mastitis, Insul-
ated housing, Uninsulated housing. Slatted floors,
Floor scraper.
Three 20 cow free stall barns were compared
over a two year period at a Wisconsin Univer-
sity Experimental Farm to determine the ef-
fects of three types of free stall housing and
two liquid manure systems on cattle health,
production, and facility requirements. Barn A
was insulated and mechanically ventilated and
200
-------
had slatted floors and an underfloor manure
tank. Unlike Barn A, Barn B had solid con-
crete alley floors with an automatic floor
scraper. Barn C was enclosed but uninsulated
and had solid floors and a floor scraper. Barns
A and B averaged about 40 degrees F. during
the coldest weather. The temperature in Barn
C fluctuated with the outdoor temperature but
ranged 15 to 29 degrees higher. Barn C cattle
had a slightly higher incidence of mastitis and
a slight reduction in dry matter intake. The
cows preferred deep bedded free stalls with
dirt bases to rubber mat stalls, carpeted stalls,
or concrete stalls; however, the deep bedded
stalls required more bedding and labor. For
three of the four periods the volume of manure
removed from the lagoon was greater than the
amount pumped into it due to heavy rainfall
and snow accumulation. However, during one
relatively dry summer period a reduction in
volume of 18 percant occurred. An average of
3.77 cu, ft./cow of milking center wastes, pre-
cipitation, manure and bedding was removed
from the total system during the two year
period. Total solids content of the manure was
7.4 percent for the underfloor tank and 4.8 per-
cent for the storage lagoon. The initial invest-
ment and annual costs were about $200 and
$20 per cow. Investment and costs were less
for the floor scraper-nstorage lagoon system
than for the slotted floor-iinderfloor tank. (Bat-
tles-East Central)
2119 - A5, Bl, D3 600
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF
MANURE ODOR
Regional Extension Specialist, Feedlot Waste
Management, Oklahoma State University.
M. D. Paine.
Unpublished paper, 4 p.
Descriptors: 'Odor, Enzymes.
Identifiers: 'Chemical odor control, 'Manure,
•Matching Standards Techniques, 'Index of Simi-
larity, Masking agent, Counteractant, Deordor-
ant, Digestive Deodorant.
There are four main types of odor control
agents. In the order of decreasing effectiveness
these types are: (1) masking agents, (2) coun-
teractants, (3) deodorants, and (4) digestive
deodorants. Masking agents are mixtures of
aeromatic oils which cover the odor but do not
reduce it. Counteractants neutralize the odor
with aeromatic oils leaving no overriding odor.
A deodorant is a mixture of chemicals that
"Mil" the odor without the use of another
"cover" odor. Digestive deodorants consist of
a combination of digestive enzymes, aerobic
and anaerobic bacteria mat create a digestive
process that eliminates the odor. Evaluation of
the effectiveness of odor control agents is done
by the Matching Standards Technique which
requires a testing panel of 8 to 10 people who
compare the smell of manure samples and score
the control agents from 0 (Most effective) to 8
(least effective). Using this data, a comparison
of two agents by an Index of Similarity is
possible. Additional information on the Match-
ing Standards technique and on the ratings of
odor control products that have been tested can
be obtained from Extension Agricultural En-
gineers in the Great Plains. (Battles-East Cen-
tral)
2120 - A2, Bl, F2 400
THE HIGH COST OF RUNOFF
CONTROLS: IS HELP NEEDED?
The Furrow, March, 1975, p. 14-15.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Con-
trol systems, 'Feedlots, Livestock.
Identifiers: 'Cost sharing, Rural Economic As-
sistance Program.
New state and federal laws governing runoff
control from feedlots will be costly for all live-
stock producers and may force the smaller ones
out of business. Michigan State University econ-
omists estimate that runoff controls would cost
from $3.98 to $14.37 per head for feedlots with
1,000 head or more, and they could run higher
for smaller operations. USDA economists esti-
mate control costs for northern areas could
cost $25 per head for a 150-cow dairy and
more for smaller dairies. The USDA approved
a cost-sharing program (REAP) in 1973 which
enabled a producer to receive up to 80 percent
of the total cost for runoff controls with a
maximum of $2,500. The $2,500 ceiling on
funds provides little relief for the impact of
control costs of large feedlot operations; how-
ever, large operations can pass these costs on
to consumers more easily than smaller opera-
tions. Cost sharing programs for 1975 are ques-
tionable because there were no cost-sharing
programs in 1974. (Battles-East Central)
2121 - Al, E2 100
EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF
DAIRY MANURE ON GERMINATION
AND EMERGENCE OF SOME
SELECTED CROPS
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences
Michigan State University
East Lansing
D, C. Adriano, A. C. Chang, P. H. Pratt, and
R. Sharpless.
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 3,
P. 396-399, July/September, 1973. 1 fig., 3 tab,
13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Feedlots, 'Waste
disposal, 'Germination, 'Crop response, 'Plant
growth.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Application rates,
Salt injury, Toxicity.
Application to irrigated fields is the most com-
mon method of dairy and beef manure disposal
in southern California. Considerable concern has
developed recently as to tha possible environ-
mental problems that could arise from applica-
tion on fields of large amounts of these manures,
especially in areas of concentration of dairies
and feedlots. This study's primary objectives
were: (1) to evaluate the effect of various
dairy manure treatments on tha germination of
several crops, and (2) to elucidate the possible
causes of the germination injury. The crops
used in the study were sudangrass (Sorghum
Sudanese Stapf "Piper'), barley (Hordeum vu-
gare L. 'Numar'), radish, (Raphanus sativus
L. 'Cherry Belle'), and spinach (Spinacea Cler-
aces L. 'Bloomsdale'). The experiment was car-
ried out in a glasshouse using Chino loam soil
and adding various amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20
percent dry manure by weight) of dairy ma-
nure. The degree of germination injury was
dependent on crop species and application rate
of the salt and N. Spinach and radish were
more sensitive to salt or NH3 than barley and
sudangrass. Barley germination data from va-
rious treatments suggest that the germination
injury was not salt specific. The study con-
cluded that by planting several days after soil
application of large amounts of dairy or feed-
lot manure or after adequate preirrigation, or
both, germination injury can be minimized.
(Kehl-East Central)
2122 - Bl 600
CONFINEMENT HOUSING SYSTEMS
FOR SOWS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Illinois University
Urbana-Champaign
A J Muehling and G. R. Carlisle.
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-15, 1972, Paper No. 72-920,
14 p. 6 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Breeding,
•Waste disposal, Farm management.
Identifiers: 'Sows, Swine, Feeding.,
The number of pork producers has declined
while the size of swine production enterprises
has grown. This has resulted in economic forces
dictating a move toward confinement on many
farms Recently, considerable interest has also
been given to confining the breeding herd. An
examination of the advantages and disadvantages
of sow confinement is given. One advantage is
that it made possible better environmental con-
trol and more precise waste management. Mud
and dust problems are almost completely eli-
minatad in a confinement system. Extremely
high environment temperatures greatly affect a
pregnant sow at the beginning and end of the
gestation period, A wall-designed and well-man-
aged system will modify these effects. Sow
confinsment also gives the producer control
ovar waste disposal. Observations of six confine-
imnt systems are given. These systems are:
(1) an open-front shed with an outside run,
(2) a totally enclossd building with partially
slotted floors, (3) an opan-front, partially slotted-
floor building, (4) an aU-slotted-floor gestation
building, (5) a totally enclosed, partially slotted-
floor building with a separate breeding area,
and (6) a totally slotted-floor building with in-
dividual stalls. Design decisions connected with
these systems and costs are given. It was con-
cluded that each producer would have to decide
which system or combination of systems would
best suit his needs. (Kehl-East Central)
2123 - Al, E3 400
DPM FOR RUMINANTS GROWS
IN ENGLAND
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 377, p. 318, July,
Descriptors: 'Proteins, *Costs, Feeds.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry manure, 'England,
'Refeeding, Bacterial contamination.
According to Poultry World, February 15, 1973,
the use of dried poultry manure (DPM) in
rations for ruminants is increasing in England.
Research at several of the experimental farms
of the British Ministry of Agriculture has shown
that not only is DPM an effective protein source
in both dairy and beef rations, but it has re-
sulted in feed cost savings. Poultry World has
stated that provided the residue is dried at high
temperatures, there appears to be no danger
from harmful bacterial contamination. Residue
tests have shown only minute traces which do
not present a hazard. However, in the United
,'Hates, tha Food and Drug Administration
has not yet approved the use of dried poultry
manure in feeds. (Kehl-East Central)
2124 - A2, E2 600
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A
FEEDLOT RUNOFF DISPOSAL
SYSTEM—A CASE STUDY
Agricultural Research Service
U.S, Department of Agriculture
Nebraska University
Lincoln
J. A. Nienaber, C. B. Gilbertson, T. M. Mc-
Calla, and F. M. Kestner.
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, June 17-20, 1973, Paper
No. 73-432, 16 p. 1 fig, 6 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural
runoff, 'Waste disposal, Nutrients, Crop pro-
duction, Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Runoff control.
Several methods have been devised for the con-
trol of runoff from outdoor beef cattle feedlots.
A runoff-control facility has three major com-
ponents including a solids settling area, a tem-
porary liquid storage area and a disposal area.
The objective of this study initiated in 1970 is
to determine the minimum area required to
dispose of runoff as affected by applied
nutrient and water and disposal area runoff con-
trol requirements. The research was conducted
on a cooperator site with a 1000-head feedlot
and runoff control facility. The study discovered
under the conditions tested, that a minimum
area of one-half acre disposal per acre of feed-
lot does not cause a pollutant accumulation in
the soil profUe or impair crop production. Area
required, system components and their opera-
tions, and collection of disposal area runoff
were included in a final design. (Kehl-East Cen-
tral)
201
-------
2125 - A9, Bl, E3, F2 400
CATTLE, POULTRY PRODUCERS
PUSH FOR RECYCLING RULES
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 11, p. 9, 67-68, March
17, 1S75.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, "Poultry, 'Animal wastes,
•Recycling, Feeds.
Identifiers: *Refceding.
Cattlemen are searching for cheaper feedstuffs
for cattle because of market demands and be-
cause of consumer objection to feeding feed-
stuffs to cattle that can be used directly by
man. Recycling of waste materials would help
reduce the waste problem and provide some
economic relief for the cattlemen. Dr. O. W.
Charles of the Georgia Extension Service has
completed an environmental impact study on
waste materials for presentation to the Food
and Drug Administration. The study revealed
that there are more than two billion tons of wet
waste material which must be disposed of.
Semi-optimistic predictions exist as to when
the FDA may publish regulations. Charles
pointed out that environmentalists will probably
file suits against recycling when regulations are
issued. Because feeders have already moved
ahead of researchers in feeding recycled waste
and because states may issue regulations, the
FDA may be moving a little faster than in
the past to get regulations passed. Currently,
negotiations are concerned with the Bureau of
Foods. When agreement is reached between
this agency and the FDA's Bureau of Veteri-
nary Medicine, the proposed regulations may
reach the Federal Register. Vegetable materials
from processing plants and hydrolized proteins
are other waste materials being studied as
probable recyclable wastes. (Battles-East Central).
2126-Al.Bl.Cl, Dl, El 100
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Mississippi State University, State College.
J. L. Mahloch and E. C. McGriff Jr.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
46, No. 6, p. 1280-1283, June, 1974. 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Properties, 'Waste
treatment, 'Waste disposal. Bacteria, Nutrients.
Identifiers: 'Literature review, 'Agricultural
wastes, Pyrolysis, Refeeding, Land disposal.
A literature review is given of studies concern-
ing the characterization of livestock waste and
its impact, design of treatment systems, use
of land disposal, and reuse capabilities. Isola-
tion of bacteria, waste accumulation rates, py-
rolysls of wastes, nutrient removal in waste
treatment ponds, various waste treatment sys-
tems, effect of land applications on crops, and
refeeding are just some of the topics consid-
ered in this review, The applicability of this cur-
rent research is affected by current and pro-
posed control regulations and the viability of
the agricultural sector of the economy. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2127 - Al, B2 700
SEALING OF ANAEROBIC DAIRY
WASTE LAGOONS IN SANDY, HIGH
WATER TABLE SOILS
Graduate Assistant
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Florida University
Gainesville
C. G. Osterberg
Unpublished MS Thesis, Florida University,
Gainesville, 1972, 75 p. 20 fig, 20 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Water, *Florida, 'Dairy in-
dustry, Waste treatment, Sampling, Analysis,
Seepage, Flow rates, Sands, Groundwater, Nu-
trients.
Identifiers: 'Sealing, 'Anaerobic lagoons, Load-
ing rates, Hydraulic head, Microbial activity,
Manure,
A study was done to investigate the physical
and biological sealing mechanism of anaerobic
dairy wastewater ponded over highly permeable
Florida fine sand. The effects of hydraulic head,
manure loading rate and inhibited microbial
activity were studied. Graphic analysis showed
that the column receiving manure experienced
a rapid reduction of flow rate to approximately
45 percent of the initial flow for the low loading
rate and to 12 percent of the initial flow for
the higher loading rates. After 113 days of ma-
nure loading, flow rate returned to 50 percent
of the initial value for the low loading rate
and to 30 percent for the higher rates. Little
effect of hydraulic head on flow rate could
be detected in the 15 cm. to 60 cm. range
studied. The ultimate degree of soil sealing
appears to depend on manure loading rate, al-
though long term testing is needed to determine
if the ultimate sealing is related to the rapid
sealing trend observed after several days of
manure loading. (Cameron-East Central)
2128-A6, B2, D4 700
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
CHICKEN MANURE
A. C. Anthonisen
M. S, Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, New
York, September 24, 1965, 78 p. 18 fig, 11 tab,
36 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Poultry,
•Mathematical models, Gases, Chemical proper-
ties, Sodium chloride, Sludge.
Identifiers: 'Ammonia nitrogen, Loading rates,
Detention time.
The purposes of this investigation were to de-
termine the feasibility of treating chicken ma-
nure by anaerobic digestion, to determine the
effect of a cationic antagonist on such digestion,
and to analyze the kinetics of the anaerobic
process through use of a mathematical model.
The results of this research have indicated that
further research is needed before definite con-
clusions may be drawn. However, anaerobic
digestion of chicken manure appears to be fea-
sible under carefully controlled conditions. These
conditions include: pH — 7.4, volatile acids—
1500—above me/1 as acetic acid, alkalinity—
1000—12000 mg/1 as calcium carboniate, am-
monia nitrogen—1500 mg/1, detention time—20
days, loading—.088 (lb. V.S./cu. ft. of volume
day), temperature—35o C, and Sodium Chloride
additions. It was concluded that high ammonia
nitrogen concentrations are toxic to anaerobic
digestion addition of sodium chloride to a di-
gester with high ammonia nitrogen concentra-
tions appears to increase gas production, and gas
from chicken manure digestion is burnable.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2129 - E3 400
DPW SAVES $26.75 PER TON
OF LAYER FEED
Poultry Digest, Vol. 32, No. 378, p. 345, August
1373.
Descriptors: 'Costs, 'Economics, "Feeds, "Poul-
try.
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste, 'Refeeding.
Layer operators could have saved $26.75 per
ton by substituting DPW for corn at a rate of
13 percent of total ration. These figures were
based on June 11 feed prices at Atlanta. Dr.
O. W. Charles, extension poultry nutritionist,
University of Georgia, using a typical layer
ration, provided figures to a computer and allow-
ed it to select ingredients which would provide
the same nutritional values for the typical ra-
tion and the DPW ration. Typical ration cost
was $148.30 as compared to $121.55 for the
DPW ration, with the DPW ingredient assigned
a value of $63.60 per ton. According to Dr.
Charles, DPW varies in its chemical composition
and biological value because of difference in the
methods of handling and processing DPW and
in the diet of the hen. "Valuable materials can
be processed from DPW," Dr, Charles stated,
"If it is properly handled, DPW does have a
significant value in a laying hen ration, If it
is poorly handled and poorly processed, it has
practically no value at all expect for the min-
eral content." (Kehl-East Central)
2130 - Al, E2 100
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM BEEF
FEEDLOTS ON THE PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Department of Agronomy
Nebraska University
Lincoln
D. G. Hinrichs, A. P. Mazurak, and N. P. Swan-
son.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
Vol. 38, No. 4, p. 661-663, July-August, 1974. 5
tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, "Effluent, 'Soils,
"Physical properties, 'Chemical properties, Ne-
braska.
As feeding operations have increased, the prob-
lems of waste management, disposal and utiliza-
tion have multiplied. The disposal of solid and
liquid wastes has become an important pollu-
tion problem with the increase in feedlot size.
This field study's main objective was to deter-
mine the effects of effluent applications on soil
physical properties. Beef feedlot effluent was ap-
plied as irrigation over a 2-year period to a
Colo silty clay loam soil in Eastern Nebraska,
Atlas sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench))
was used as the crop in 1971 and 1972. The
weekly irrigation applied during the growing
season ranged from 0- to 5.0 cm. of water or
effluent. No statistically significant difference
in soil bulk density, water-retention character-
sitics, or size distribution of particles and water-
stable aggregates was produced by effluent ap-
plications. However, significant differences were
measured in the hydraulic conductivities oi
disturbed soil samples. Also soil permeability
was reduced. An increase in the electrical con-
ductivities and Na+, K+ and C— in the lea-
chates obtained from hydraulic conductivity de-
terminations for the effluent-treated plots was
noted during the growing season. Leaching from
winter rains, however, essentially eliminated
these increases except for K+ which was great-
ly reduced. (Kehl-East Central)
2131 - Al, E2 100
THE EFFECT OF LARGE
APPLICATIONS OF MANURE ON
MOVEMENT OF NITRATE AND
CARBON IN AN IRRIGATED
DESERT SOIL
Imperial Valley Conservation Research Center
Brawley, California
B. D. Meek, A. J. MacKenzie, T. J. Donovan,
and W, F. Spencer.
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 3,
p. 253-258, July-September 1974, 9 fig, 3 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Carbon, "Movement,
Leaching, Irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Application rates,
'Desert soil, Crop growth.
The large number of cattle concentrated in feed-
yards has caused manure disposal to become
a serious problem. Application of manure at high
rates on agricultural land is a practical solution
and is the most inexpensive disposal means.
This study's objective was the evaluation of
the movement of Mn, nitrate and soluable or-
ganic carbon after application of varying ma-
nure rates and irrigation schedules. The amount
of soluble organic carbon in the soil solution
was greatly increased by manure application.
Along with restricted oxygen movement from
the atmosphere, the organic carbon energy
source moved to the 80-cm. depth causing re-
ducing conditions, solution of manganese, and
reduction of nitrate. When manure was applied
only 1 year, leaching of nitrate occurred to a
depth of 80-cm during the next year because
of less extreme reducing conditions. These re-
sults indicate that it should be possible to ad-
just irrigation schedules and manure applica-
tion rates for fine-textured soils in desert re-
202
-------
gions so that very little nitrate would be leached
below the root zone. To do this and achieve
good crop growth, adjustment of the two factors
would be necessary so that the surface soil is
aerobic while a reducing zone is present in the
subsoil. (Kehl-East Central)
2132 - Al, Bl, Cl, Dl, El, Fl, F2
500
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS,
PROCESSES AND APPROACHES
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr
New York Academic Press, 1974, 576 p. 121
fig, 101 tab, 667 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, Legal aspects, Ag-
ricultural runoff, Lagoons, Ponds, Aerobic treat-
ment, Anaerobic conditions, Economics, Water
pollution. Air pollution, Livestock, Dusts, Gases,
Bacteria, Drying, Methane, Sewage, Fertilizers,
Nitrogen.
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, "Waste manage-
ment, Land disposal. Processing, Biological pro-
cesses. Composting, Animal wastes. Food pro-
cessing wastes.
This book underscores the magnitude of the
agricultural waste problem and points out the
alternative methods of handling and treating ag-
ricultural wastes. Methods integrating engineer-
ing and scientific fundamentals are applied to
the development of sound agricultural waste
management systems. Aspects of the problem
discussed are: (1) the legal and social con-
straints of pollution control, (2) changing prac-
tices in agriculture, (3) environmental impact
of all wastes related to agriculture and the
characteristics of their wastes. Fundamentals
and processes discussed are (1) biological pro-
cesses, (2) ponds and lagoons, (3) aerobic treat-
ment, (4) anaerobic treatment, (5) utilization
of agricultural wastes, (6) land disposal of
wastes, (7) nitrogen control and (8) physical
and chemical treatments. Management approach-
es to help establish a balance between agri-
cultural production, profit, and environmental
quality are also discussed. (Battles-East Cen-
tral)
2133 - Al, E2 300
ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT —
TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS,
PHASE I
Agricultural Engineering Department, Nebraska
University, Lincoln.
0. E. Cross
OWRR Project Completion Report, Nebraska
Water Resources Research Institute, Lincoln,
June, 1971, 34 p. 7 fig, 13 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution, 'Sources, •Farm
wastes, 'Pollution abatement, 'Irrigation water,
Water utilization, Crop response. Soils, Waste
disposal, Sodium, Potassium, Electrical conduct-
ance. Waste disposal, Nitrates.
The pollutional potential of the surface runoff
water was based upon the following factors:
nitrate nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and electri-
cal conductance. Based upon these four factors,
this study indicates that high manure applica-
tions to cultivated soils will cause pollution of
surface runoff water only during the first fifteen
minutes of the first runoff event. Although
"polluted," the concentration of pollutants in this
runoff water is below the limits set for Irriga-
tion water. Hence, all runoff should be re-
cycled for irrigation uses only. After one year
of heavy manure application, the underground
water (static level at 47 feet below grade) re-
tains potable quality. Indications are that re-
peated annual application of heavy rates of ma-
nure on land will lead to deterioration of the
physical properties of soil, owing to the large
amounts of sodium and potassium in manure.
Also, feeding large quantities of sodium and
potassium beyond the minimum requirement for
the animals should be avoided. Irrigation tech-
niques indicate: (1) the initial intake of water
into the soil increases as higher manure load-
ings are applied, (2) the basic intake rate is
higher on areas plowed 8 inches deep, and (3)
the basic intake rate on any specific manure
loaded area increases with time elapsed from
date of manure application. (Cross-Nebraska Uni-
versity)
2134 - C2, D2 100
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
FORMED POULTRY EXCRETA
Application Engineer, Canning Machinery Divis-
ion, FMC Corporation, Hoopeston, Illinois.
T. M, Midden, I. J. Ross, H. E. Hamilton, J. J.
Begin.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 2, p.
331-333, March-April, 1973. 5 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: "Poultry, "Drying, "Physical proper-
ties.
Identifiers: "Excreta, Crust, Cylinders, Drying
techniques.
Poultry manure as excreted is a high-moisture
content semi-solid slurry with no definite geo-
metric shape. There are no void spaces within
the mass through which drying air can be
forced. Manures could be dried by conventional
deep bed drying techniques such as those used
to dry small grains if they could be formed
into regular shapes and made to retain these
shapes in a stack. It is possible to extrude a
cylinder of manure, cut it into short lengths,
expose it to high temperature drying air to
form a crust, and complete the drying in a
deep bed drier. Research was performed to
deal with (1) the determination of thin layer
drying constants as affected by drying air tem-
perature and cylinder diameter and (2) the de-
termination of the hardness of the crust formed
arornd a pellet of manure when exposed to
varying drying air temperatures for different
periods of time, A discussion is given on the
experimental results of this study. (Cameron-
East Central)
2135 - A1.B1.C1.D1,E1,F1, F2 100
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
CONFERENCE
Michigan State University ,
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing, Michigan, May 22-23, 1974,
211 p.
Descriptors: "Animal wastes, "Design, "Michi-
gan, "Recycling, Chemical properties. Physical
properties, Odor, Economics, Feedlots, Confine-
ment pens, Dairy industry, Permits, Nutrients,
Legal aspects,
Identifiers: "Waste management. Housing, Land
disposal.
A conference was held at Michigan State Uni-
versity to discuss animal waste management
and utilization. The two day program included:
(1) a tour of active research projects, demon-
strations and facilities focusing on animal and
municipal wastes. Brief summaries of the re-
search projects are included in the proceedings;
(2) an evening discussion period featuring 5 to
8 minute slide presentations of waste handling
systems and equipment by design engineers and
company representatives; (3) a full day of
papers on topics selected by the conference
planning committee. (Cartmell-EastCentral)
2136 - A2, A5, Bl, D4, E2 700
ANIMAL WASTE SYSTEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer
Michigan State University
t. L. Loudon and L. R, Prewitt
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Ani-
mal Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 1-10,
6 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, "Confinement pens,
"Michigan, Waste storage.
Identifiers: "Waste management, "Open lots.
Partially covered lots, Stanchion dairy barn,
Runoff control, Flushing systems, Slotted floors,
Land disposal.
The components of waste management systems
for six types of confinement housing were dis-
cussed. The components include collection, stor-
age, and land disposal of manure as well as
runoff control systems for outside lots. Collection
may be by mechanical scraping or manure may
may collect in a pack where deposited or be
worked through slotted floors. Storage structure
design and manure consistency will determine
whether the material must be handled as a liquid
or a solid when emptying stored wastes. Land
disposal rates should be based on the nutrient
content of the waste and this can change during
storage, particularly in the case of nitrogen.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2137 - Al, Bl 700
PLANNING AND DESIGNING
WASTE STORAGE SYSTEMS
Soil Conservation Service
Ann Arbor, Michigan
B. E, Boescn and P. W. Koch
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 11-19. 3
fig.
Descriptors: "Design, "Waste storage, "Confine-
ment pens. Nutrients, Nitrogen.
Methods for coordinating storage unit design
with livestock operations, cropping systems, and
the characteristics of the cropland soils on the
farm are presented. Improper storage or man-
agement of manure can be a source of serious
pollution lakes and streams. It is necessary
to design and manage a storage system that
will reduce the loss of plant nutrients from
ths manure, prevent compaction of cropland
soils by equipment during wet periods, provide
better use of labor through mechanization of
manure handling, reduce mud problems around
livestock enterprises, and provide for the ap-
plication of manure when crops can best use
the nutrients. There is no single best method
for waste collection and storage. Topography
soil type, space limitations, economics, location,
etc. all influence the method chosen. The entire
livestock enterprise must be considered in plan-
ning waste management design. The type and
design of storage units must recognize the na-
ture of foundation (soil) materials on the site.
Provision must be made for management of all
water at the site as well as manure. Specific
computations are given for various storage sys-
tems. (Cartmell-East Central)
2138 - A5, Bl, C5 700
COMPOSITION OF WASTE AS
EXCRETED, CHANGES DURING
STORAGE, AND ODOR
DEVELOPMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Michigan State University
J. B. Gerrish
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 21-24; 4
fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Chemical properties, "Physical
properties, "Waste storage, "Odor, Moisture con-
tent, Confinement pens, Ammonia, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: "Coprophage.
It is very difficult to distinguish between ma-
nure storage and manure treatment since dur-
ing storage some kind of biological activity
usually takes place. This biological activity
changes the form of the manure and its odors,
Coprophage is defined as "to eat waste." One
of the most important conditions for coprophage
is the moisture content on the manure. Odors
are more ssrious for wet storage systems than
for dry ones. Some chemical compounds which
bav-» be«i identif'°d in th" air from th^ ana-
erobic decomposition of livestock and poultry
manures are listed. Odorous compounds are
also identified for the atmosphere of a b?ef cat-
tle confinement chamber under three manure
handling programs: clean and wash daily, shovel
out daily, and no cleaning. The list clearly
indicates the advantage of daily cleaning. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
203
-------
2139 A5, Bl, Dl, El, F2 200
ODOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH AGRICULTURAL WASTE
HANDLING
Air Pollution Control Division
Department of Natural Resources
P. H. Shutt
Presented at Agricultural Waste Conference Em-
phasis Animal Waste, Kellogg Center, Michi-
gan State University, East Lansing, May 22-23,
1974, p. 25-29.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Michigan, *Air pollution,
•Regulation, 'Permits, Poultry, Cattle, Dairy in-
dustry.
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, Swine.
The Air Pollution Control Commission is re-
sponsible for controlling air pollution in the
state of Michigan, The Michigan Air Pollution
Control rules require that a permit be obtained
from the Commission prior to installation of
facilities which could result in air pollution
or prior to the installation of facilities meant
to control air pollution. This is interpreted to
Include agricultural facilities as well as other
industries. Michigan's main agricultural odor
sources, poultry, swine, beef and dairy opera-
tions, have S3veral factors in common—largj
concentrations of livestock in confined areas,
problems with good housekeeping, and/or liquid
waste handling systems. Thus isolation, good
housekeeping methods, and good waste disposal
methods and techniques are desirable. Specific
procedures and recommendations are made for
each of these four types of livestock opera-
tions. (Merryman-East Central).
2140 - A2, Bl, E2, Fl, F2 200
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
ON BEEF AND DAIRY FARMS
Agricultural Economist
Economic Research Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
J. B. Johnson
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 31-43.
7 tab.
Dascrintors: 'Water pollution, 'Regulation, 'Per-
mits, 'Costs, Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Dairy
industry, Michigan.
Identifiers: 'Effluent guidelines. Land disposal.
Th2 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
point source effluent guidelines are described
in detail as they pertain to beef and dairy op-
erations. Even the smaller dairy and beef feed-
lots (under 1,000 animal unit capacity) may
be expected to comply with effluent guidelines
established by water pollution control agencies,
Michigan and other states will have state ad-
ministered, federally approved permit programs
for point source dischargers. Feedlots and dairy
farms with surface water control problems will
receive permits for continued operation contin-
gent on a specified time for taking corrective
measures. The application of thes3 effluent guide-
lines will have differential effects on capital out-
lay requirements and production costs, depend-
ing upon feedlot capacity or dairy herd size
and the type of housing in use. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2141 - Al 200
MICHIGAN'S ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL PROGRAM AND
ORGANIZATION
Deputy Director, Environmental Protection
Branch, Department of Natural Resources, Michi-
gan
R. W. Purdy
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Ani-
mal Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan Stat?
University, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974,
p. 45-50. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Michigan, 'Water pollution, 'Air
pollution, Eutrophieation
Identifiers: 'Environmental control
Data on Michigan streams shows that a large
majority are not experiencing water quality
problems. Approximately 85 stream segments
have known or suspected water quality prob-
lems from point source discharge. About half
o( the state's lakes may be experiencing
eutrophication, This is a natural aging pro-
cess which can be accelerated by man's activi-
ties. Michigan estimates about one third of its
lakes to be over-fertilized from unnatural sources.
In general, it was concluded, the water resources
of Michigan are in good condition. The air
pollution problems in the areas other than
highly populated metropolitan centers are basi-
cally caused by emmission of air contaminants
from industrial operations. The major contami-
nants for which there is concern are sulfur
dioxide and suspended paniculate matter. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2142 -Al, Bl, F2 200
NPDES PERMIT SYSTEM AND
GUIDELINES FOR MICHIGAN
PRESENTED AT THE
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
CONFERENCE, MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY
Regional Water Quality Administator, Bureau
of Water Management, Michigan Department of
Natural Resources
T. L. Kamppinen
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Ani-
mal Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974,
p. 67-69.
Descriptors: 'Permits, 'Water pollution control,
'Feedlots, 'Confinement pens, Livestock
Identifiers: 'Discharges
October 18, 1972, Congress passed Act 92-500
known as the Federal Water Quality Act Amend-
ments of 1972. This Act was passed over a
presidential veto. Section 402 established the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys-
stem Permit Program. The Act required all
point source dischargers to obtain a NPDES
Permit by not later than December, 1974. The
guidelines defined the term feedlot as a con-
fined animal or poultry growing operation where
crop or forage growth or production is not sus-
tained in the area of confinement. To be re-
cognized as a ieedlot, the feedlot must meet
one of the following citeria: (a) 1000 slaughter
steers and heifers, (b) 700 dairy cattle, (c) 2500
swine over 55 IDS., (d) 10,000 steers, (e) 55,000
turkeys, (f) 100,000 laying hens or broilers, (g)
operations with unlimited continuous flow water-
ing system, or (h) 1000 animal units from a
combination of cattle, swine, or sheep. Michigan's
requirements for filing of permit applications
are discussed. (Cartmell-East Central)
2143-A1, Fl 200
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON
FARMSTEADS
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Serv-
ice
R. Locher
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State Univer-
sity, East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 71
Descriptors: 'Pollution abatement, 'Costs,
•Farms, 'Government finance
Identifiers: 'Cost-sharing
The Federal Government shares the cost with
farmers under the 1974 Rural Environmental Con-
servation Program and the 1973 Rural Environ-
mental Assistance Program for carrying out
pollution abatement practices on farmland. Both
conservation programs are available to farmland
owners throughout the 1974 year. Requests for
cost-sharing must be filed and approved by the
local county ASC committee before the practice
is stated. (Cartmell-East Central)
2144-C5 200
EFFECT OF HOUSING TYPE ON
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF BEEF
CATTLE MANURE
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan
State University
D. C. Adriano
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 73-84. 6 tab
7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Housing 'Nutrients, 'Chemical
properties, 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus, 'Potassium,
'Salts, 'Feedlots, Climate
Identifiers: 'Manure
The primary objectives of this study were:
(a) to characterize the chemical composition,
with emphasis on nitrogen, phosphorus and potas-
sium of old and fresh beef cattle manures, and
(b) to evaluate the nitrate and salt status of
farms receiving these manures. The nutrient
concentrations in manures were found to be
related to the degree and duration of manure
exposure to climate. Thus manures from open-
lot housing systems were found to have the
lowest nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations.
The most favorable evaporative conditions, pres-
ent in open-lots, caused the lowest nitrogen con-
centration. (Carmell-East Central)
2145-E2 200
UTILIZING THE NUTRIENTS IN
ANIMAL MANURES
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan
State University
L. W. Jacobs
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, p. 85-100. 3 fig. S tab.
10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal waste, 'Soils, 'Chemical
properties, 'Physical properties, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Plant-soil environment. Land dis-
posal, Application rates
A plant nutrient can be used by a crop, become
part of the soil complex, leach down through the
soil profile within drainage water, be washed
away by runoff and erosion, and/or volatilize
and be lost as a gas. To consider the various
plant nutrients in view of these five factors,
the text included discussions of some physical
and chemical properties, the chemistry of nu-
trients in soils, and the problems encountered in
maximizing the rates of manure applications.
It was concluded that the most practical method
of animal manure disposal is application to soils,
The soil-plant environment provides the best
means for utilizing the potential value of man-
ures. But like any other resources, the soil-
plant environment must be properly managed
to be the most effective. (Cartmell-East Central)
2146-A1, Bl 200
LICENSING CONCERNS FOR THE
TRANSPORATION OF ANIMAL
WASTES
Chief, Solid Waste Management Division, Environ-
mental Protection Branch
F. B. Kellow
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 101-103.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Transportation,
•Regulations 'Waste management, 'Licensing,
Spillage, Pollution control
Today the transportation of waste is not with-
out the lack of equipment. There are now spe-
cial roll-off containers, portable and stationary
compaction units that will increase by at least
3 times the quantity of material that can be
moved in a 40-cubic yard container. Collection
vehicles can now grind their waste prior to com-
204
-------
paction to increase the load capacity. Large
scale animal production facUites most be con-
sidered as industries and therefore be under
the environmental controls instituted tor the
protection of the people. This would require the
licensing and control of the transportation
vehicles used to transport animal wastes along
the highway for any operation providing products
for more than the immediate farm family. The
requirements set up for the proposed licensing
of these transportation vehicles are briefly dis-
cussed. (Cartmell-East Central)
2147 - Al, El 200
PENDING LEGISLATION RELATED
TO AGRICULTURAL WASTE
Michigan Department of Agriculture
D. B. Isleib
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 105.
Descriptors: 'Michigan, 'Legislation, • Waste wa-
ter disposal *Land disposal
With regard to pending legislation, two bills are
briefly described. Bill HB 4614 provides for
regulation of toxic substance applications to
land used or intended for use for agriculture
by the Michigan Department of Agriculture.
SB 1249, would establish local and state control
over waste water disposal programs by the Corps
of Engineers. It would require that both local
government and the legislature approve plans for
waste water disposal on land, (Cartmell-East
Central)
2148 - Al 200
ANIMAL WASTE IMPACT ON
RECREATION WATERS
Water Quality Appraisal Section, Michigan De-
partment of Natural Resources
R. Waybrant
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 107-108.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Water pollution,
'Recreation
The impact of animal waste on the quality of
recreational surface waters will depend upon the
constituents of the animal waste and the char-
acter of the receiving water. The general re-
creational aspects including swimming, fishing,
and boating, are considered in this presentation
along with the known changes or impact that
individual constituents of animal waste will
cause in a given situation. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
2149 - Al, Bl 200
ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONS TO
POTENTIAL WASTE POLLUTION
SITUATIONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michi-
gan State University
R. L. Maddex, T. L. Thorburn, C. Harvey, P.
Koch, and P. Shutt
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 109-133. 8 fig.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Poultry, Odor, Agri-
cultural runoff. Costs
Identifiers: 'Pollution abatement, Waste hand-
hug
Six examples of livestock and poultry facilities
were selected for discussion by the panel. Sug-
gested pollution prevention or abatement prac-
tices were recommended. Overlays of each ex-
ample and the recommended waste handling
systems were prepared and projected on the
screen for presentation and discussion. A brief
summary of the discussion is included. (Cart-
"Mil-East Central)
2150 - Al, B2, D4, E3 200
FLUSHING SWINE WASTE
Department of Animal Husbandry, Michigan State
University
E. C. Miller
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, May 22-23, 1974, p. 133-134,
Descriptors: 'Aeration, 'Recycling, Odor, Costs
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Flushing, Slotted floors, Pits
A flushing system was installed at a Michigan
State University swine research farm. Exper-
ience has shown that the flushing trench under
a slotted floor should have a minimum of 2
percent slope. The surface of the trench should
be troweled as smooth as possible and a good
urine resistant concrete sealor applied. Ex-
periments are in progress involving the aeration
of the waste by a new mechanical davice for
forcing oxygen into the liquid under pressure.
The aerated material is then recycled to be used
as the sole source of drinking water and for
reflushing. The performance of the pigs has not
been consistently good but the results indicate
that the feeding of recycled waste has a defi-
nite potential. (Cartmell-East Central)
2151 - A5, Bl, D4 200
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
CONTROL LABORATORY
Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan
State University
J. B. Gerrish
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan, May 22-23, 1974, p. 137.
Descriptors: 'Bacteria, 'Hydrogen sulfide. Me-
thane, Odor, Lagoon, Wastewater
Identifiers: Swine, Anaerobic conditions, Purple
sulfur bacteria
A project is underway to mass-cultivate purple
sulfur bacteria. These photosynthetic bacteria
have the ability to consume hydrogen sulfide un-
der anaerobic conditions. Hydrogen sulfide is
probably the most obnoxious component of odor
coming from a wastewater lagoon. Another proj-
ect involves methane production from hog
manure. There are two facets of methane that
will be investigated: the removal of hydrogen
sulfide from the gas and matching gas produc-
tion with energy utilization. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
2152 - D2 200
HANDLING, DEHYDRATION AND
UTILIZATION OF POULTRY WASTES
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State
University, East Lansing
J. C. Zindel
Agricultural Waste Conference Emphasis-Animal
Waste, Kellogg Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan, May 22-23, P. 145-146.
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, 'Poultry, Recycling,
•Design data, Demonstration project, Construction,
Laying hojse, Waste removal. Excreta
A demonstration project was undertaken to de-
sign, construct and test a poultry laying house
that would incorporate a complete system for
waste removal and dehydration of the excreta.
The excreta was removed daily and placed in
a drying tunnel. The exhaust air from the
ventilation system was directed over the excreta
for approximately 24 hours in the drying tunnel
before machine dehydration. Fresh excreta was
voided at 80 percent moisture. Average mois-
ture content of excreta when placed in the
tunnel and also just prior to machine dehydra-
tion varied with the ventilation rate. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2153 - Al, Bl, Cl, Dl, El, Fl 200
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Nebraska University
National Symposium on Poultry Industry Waste
Management, Nebraska Center for Continuing
Education, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, May
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste
storage, 'Waste disposal, Odor, Costs, Design,
Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Pollution
A national symposium on poultry industry waste
management was held at Nebraska University
with the primary purpose of learning as much
as possible about the problems of poultry waste
management. Among topics considered were:
sanitary landfills, lagoons, dehydration, Incinera-
tion, odor, water pollution, recycling, land dis-
posal, and refeeding. Symposium participants at-
tempted to discuss and identify waste disposal
methods that were economically feasible,
mechanically possible, and socially acceptable.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2154 - A5, AS, Bl 200
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
ON THE FARM
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 5 P.
C. E. Ostrander
Descriptors: 'Poultry, Spreading, Spraying, Hy-
draulic collection. Odor, Climates
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Flies
The waste problem is not one of merely re-
moving the manure physically, but includes eli-
minating odors and finding a way actually to
dispose of this material in a sanitary manner.
Engineers have shown that we are producing
278,000,000 pounds of poultry manure every day.
In some areas where the climate is not dry
enough to dry the droppings under the cages,
poultry producers dry the wastes in yards by
thin spreading. Still others liquefy the droppings
by making a slurry and then thin spread it
layer by layer by spraying. This allows ac-
cumulation over a period of several months
without fly development. In warm climates
and where open houses are used, flies can be
a major problem. Flies have not been as much
of a problem in closed houses. Odors are a
problem with closed houses and cool climates.
Odors are a major reason for the rapid de-
velopment of hydraulic collection in many areas.
Besides holding down odors, the hydraulic sys-
tem gives the poultry-man more flexibility in
spreading or disposal. There are odors from the
hydraulic system when cleaning, but cleaning
is less frequent. Disposal of dead birds is an-
other problem that needs attention. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2155 - A5, AS, C2, C3, D2 200
FOWL FECAL FACTS
S. A. Hart
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 13 p. 9 fig.
4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Physical properties, 'Che-
mical properties, Biochemical oxygen demand,
Moisture content, Nutrients, Odor, Organic mat-
ter, Drying
Identifiers: 'Excreta
Poultry manure is voided as a single product;
kidney excretions are combined with the feces.
The amount of solids defecated per day depends
upon the quantity and quality of the feed in-
gested, and upon the efficiency of metabolism.
Chicken manure has a specific gravity of ap-
proximately 1.75. The solids in manure are of
two kinds—organic (usually called volatile solids)
and inert (referred to as ash). What really
makes manure a problem is its biological prop-
erties. Chicken or turkey manure contains a
205
-------
great deal of organic matter readily useable
by lower life forms. Manure nourishes billions
of microorganisms, and can serve as a food
source for fly larvae. The standard measure
of stability or putrescibility of wastes, includ-
ing manure, is biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD). Chicken excrement amounts to 0.015 Ib.
BOD hen-day. To the farmer or health auth-
ority, the most important biological character-
istic of poultry manure is its capacity to culture
fly larvae. Manure Is a prime breeding medium
for flies because it consists of moist nutritious
organic matter. Drying is one way of greatly
reducing the attractiveness of manure to flies.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2156 - Al, B2, D4, El 200
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS
H. J. Eby
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 18 p. 4 tab.
38 ref.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, * Waste treatment, 'Waste
disposal, 'Chemical properties, 'Physical prop-
erties, Biological properties. Site selection.
Identifiers: Loading rates
The physical, chemical and biological aspects
of the functioning of a manure lagoon are
presented. Situations wherein a lagoon is not
practical and factors influencing lagoon sites
are given. A biological waste treatment pro-
cess is limited in efficiency by the capabili-
ties of the biological population. The important
physical factors affecting the population of a
stabilization pond are temperature, light, speci-
fic gravity and hydrostatic pressure. The speci-
fic gravity of an organiism present in the stab-
ilization pond will determine whether the or-
ganisms will have a tendency to float, remain
suspended or settle. The important chemical
factor in a stabilization pond environment are
the nutritional effects, the pH effects, and the
toxic effects. The important biological factors
in an environment are the inter-relationships
of species. Although not a cure-all for manure
disposal, where conditions are tight and where
proper management is practiced, a lagoon can be
a satisfactory means of manure disposal. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2157 - Al, B2,C1,D4 200
INDOOR LAGOONS FOR POULTRY
MANURE DISPOSAL
Nebraska University
J. L. Adams
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 16 p. 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, Poultry, 'Waste disposal.
Odor, Performance, Nitrogen, Ventilation, De-
sign
Identifiers: 'Slat floors. Flies
Based on experiments with microlagoons placed
under poultry cages, it appears that cubage is
the primary consideration in predicting the in-
terval of time between cleanouts. Under the
conditions of the experiment, there were no
beneficial effects of heating the tanks. The
reaction of both the slat floor indoor lagoon
and the "microlagoons" tended to range from
slightly acid to slightly alkaline with the mean
pH being 7.5 for the 20 week microlagoon ex-
periments. The large amount of water (315 cu.
ft. per bird) afforded a reservoir of heat which
was useful in leveling out quick decline in
temperature. Aeration produced no beneficial
effect on bacterial digestion. After one year
of operation, the dried contents of the slat floor
lagoon contained about 2.5% nitrogen. The
odors produced by the slat floor house during 23
months of operation did not reach an intensity
objectionable to caretakers or visitors and were
not detrimental to performance of the birds.
Odor and taste panels evaluated eggs left in
the lagoon house for 36 hours. Off odors could
only be detected on dirty eggs and this was
true of both slat floor, lagoon and litter houses.
Washing the dirty eggs removed the odors. No
odors were detected in any eggs after shells
were removed, whether raw or cooked.
2158 Bl, Cl, D4 200
DIGESTION OF FARM POULTRY
WASTES
E. P. Taiganides
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 14 p. 3 fig,
10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Poultry,
•Waste treatment, 'Sludge digestion, 'Design,
Costs, Fertilizers, Gases
Identifiers: Loading rates
The anaerobic digestion process as a method
of treating poultry wastes is discussed. One meth-
od of treatment of concentrated organic wastes
that has been found satisfactory in municipal
and industrial wastes is the process of sludge
digestion. Sludge digestion is a biological pro-
cess during which the organic matter is de-
composed by anaerobic bacterial organisms. The
anaerobic digestion process differs in many
respects from other types of fermentations. The
most important difference is that it is neither
necessary to use a pure culture of bacteria nor
to maintain such a culture for innoculation or
reinnoculation. The quality and quantity of gas
produced and the rate of decomposition are af-
fected by temperature, the loading rate and the
solids concentration of the waste fed to the
digester; the accessibility of the substrate; the
detention period; and the concentration of vola-
tile acids in the digester. The main advantages,
design considerations and cost figures based on
manufactured sludge digestion equipment for
different size digesters are presented and dis-
cussed briefly. (Cartmell-East Central)
2159 - A5, A8, B2, E2 200
PROGRESS REPORT ON MANURE
HARVESTING
H. R. Davis and A. T. Sobel
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Ne-
braska. Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 14 p. 11 fig,
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Liquid wastes, Waste
Storage
Identifiers: 'Waste handling, 'Semi-liquid
wastes, Transporting, Field spreading
The difference between liquid and semi-liquid
waste handling systems for poultry droppings
is discussed. Specific methods and equipment
are described for handling wastes utilizing
caged, slatted, and tiered systems for raising
poultry. The transition from a semi-liquid to a
liquid system is a natural alternative due to
reduction of flies, odors, and repetitive labor re-
quirements. Methods for removing manure to
the spreading device, transporting device, or
storage are described. Handling the manure in
a semi-liquid form requires some device similar
to a conventional barn cleaner. For manure in
liquid form, the use of pumps is practical.
Augers and open troughs have been used to move
both semi-liquid materials and liquid mate-
rials, using faster speeds for the latter. Liquid
manure can be moved into storage by gravity or
by a combination of gravity and flushing. The
type of handling system used determines the
method used for field spreading or the trans-
porting of manure. When in a semi-liquid form,
conventional spreaders can generally be used.
Liquid spreading requires a different type of
spreader. A side delivery type has the advan-
tage of working for all forms of manure,
whether semi-liquid or liquid (Cartmell-East
Central)
2160 - B3. Cl, Dl, E3 200
DEHYDRATION AND INCINERATION
OF POULTRY MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University
D. C. Lndington
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka. Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 15 p. 5 fig
Descriptors: 'Dehydration, 'Incineration, 'Poul-
try, 'Equipment, 'Costs
Two possible methods of disposal of poultry ma-
nure are dehydration and incineration. De-
hydration is one method of changing the physical
properties of poultry manure so that it is no
longer offensive and still retains much of its
original nutritive value, The major problems
are odor and dust conditions in and around the
dehydration point. For analysis of the costs
involved in dehydrating poultry manure, a hypo-
thetical processing plant was designed and
studied. Because of the uncertainty of a market
for pelleted manure and the high cost of fuel for
dehydration, incineration of the manure was
investigated. In this way the heat of combustion
of the manure could be used to reduce the fuel
costs. In order to analyze the process of in-
cineration, many of the physical, chemical and
thermal properties of the manure had to be
known. A research project was initiated to
ascertain these properties. If a mechanical de-
watering device could remove the free water,
incineration might be the most economical
method of disposal. Dehydration cannot be eco-
nomical unless the product can be sold for at
least $30 per ton. (Cartmell-East Central)
2161 - E2 200
AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF
POULTRY MANURE
R. S. Dyal
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 15 p. 7 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Organic matter, 'Costs,
•Fertilizers, Nutrients, Nitrogen
Identifiers: 'Land spreading
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the
supply of manure from laying hens, broilers,
and turkeys; summarize data on its plant
nutrient and organic matter contents; and dis-
cuss its value as a fertilizer and for soil im-
provement. About 33.4 million tons of manure
from laying hens, broilers, and turkeys was
voided in 1960. Poultry manure is generally
higher in plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen,
than other farm manures. With the factors of
availability taken into consideration, the value
of plant nutrients contained in manure from
broilers, laying hens, and turkeys voided in
different litters varied from $3.15 to $16.40, The
most profitable method of manure disposal is
spreading accumulations of solid manures on
cropland, especially where land is available.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2162 - A2, A4, E2 200
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION
T. L. Willrich
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 8 p. 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Groundwater,
Livestock, Poultry Agricultural runoff, Nitrates,
Microoorganisms, Percolation, Pathogenic bac-
teria
Disposal of livestock and poultry wastes onto
or below the ground surface presents a potential
source of surface and ground water pollution.
Either a high conform bacteria or nitrate test
result indicates an existing or a potentially
hazardous water supply for domestic use. Many
individual well water supplies test unsafe for
human consumption. Nature is the best ally
in water pollution prevention. Many micro-
206
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organisms fail to reproduce and survive out-
side of their natural habitat, the body of an
animal. Most pathogens are believed to die
rapidly in ground water. Nitrates appear to
be one of the more serious chemical pollutants
resulting from the biological decomposition of
animal wastes. Nitrate poisoning appears to be
confined to infants during their first few months
of life, The specific source of nitrates causing
pollution in a particular well may be difficult
to positively identify. Water percolating through
the son carries nitrates with It. Pollution pre-
vention can be accomplished best by assisting
natural purification processes. In spreading
wastes, thin, dilute, expose to sun and oxygen
or other destructive environmental conditions, and
filter slowly. (Cartmell-East Central)
2163 - Al, Bl 200
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF
POULTRY WASTE MANAGEMENT
R. J. Black
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University Of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 3 p. 1 ret.
Descriptors: 'Public health, "Poultry, Costs,
Dusts, Aesthetics
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Flies, Noise
Each segment of the poultry industry—including
hatcheries, broiler ranches, egg ranches, and
processing plants — produce different types of
wastes which create a variety of problems.
From the public health standpoint, these prob-
lems frequently result in complaints from near-
by residents concerning odors, fly production,
water pollution, dust, noise, rodent attraction,
and aesthetics. Another problem that has con-
cerned the poultry industry and public health
workers is salmonellosis. Continued Infection of
flocks is costly to the poultryman and carries
over to the product. (Cartmell-East Central)
2164 - A5, A8, E2 200
SANITARY LANDFILLING OF
POULTRY WASTES
Division of Environmental Engineering & Food
Protection, Public Health Service, U, S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education & Welfare, Washing-
ton, 25, D. C.
R. J, Black
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 5 p. 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Landfills, 'Solid wastes,
Costs
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Sanitary landfill opera-
tions. Hauling distances, Flies
There are two types of sanitary landfill opera-
tions of interest to the poultry industry In
disposing of such poultry wastes as manure,
feathers. Utter, carcasses, and offal. They are
(1) the public sanitary landfills that are operated
for the disposal of refuse and other solid
wastes, and (2) the sanitary landfills that are
operated for only the disposal of poultry wastes.
Costs of operation, types of wastes accepted,
methods of financing, and user charges vary
widely, so that local conditions and hauling
distances must be investigated to determine the
feasibility of utilizing sanitary landfill facilities
for the disposal of poultry wastes. There are
two phases of fly control work that are important
in the operation of sanitary landfills: (1) pre-
venting further opposition, and (2) preventing
fly emergence. Laboratory tests have shown
that no reasonable amount of uncompacted cover
would prevent fly emergence, since house-
flies emerge through five feet of uncompected
earth cover. Field tests have shown that under
usual field conditions, a 6-inch layer of com-
pacted cover prevented fly emergence, (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2165 - B3, D4 200
UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL
OP POULTRY MANURE
J. S. Wiley
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 12 p. 13 ref.
Dsscriptorsi 'Poultry, 'Waste disposal. Aeration,
Moisture content, Nutrients, Decomposition
Identifiers: 'Composting
Farming and agricultural industry have expanded
in the sense that individual installations have
become larger while smaller establishments
have been relinquished or consolidated. With
this expansion has come the increasing problem
of waste management. One method of handling
wastes while they must be stored is by com-
posting. Present-day composting is the aerobic,
thermophlllc decomposition of organic wastes
to a relatively stable humus. Decomposition
is done by the biological activity of micro-
organisms which exist in the wastes. A wide
variety of organic wastes may be treated
by composting but the raw mixture must meet
certain requirements and the undertaking re-
quires a certain amount of "know-how" and
attention. Adequate aeration means the provi-
sion of enough air so that there will be some
excess of oxygen to provide aerobic conditions
at all times throughout the mass. Proper mois-
ture content has perhaps the top rating of
all criteria for optimum composting, A reason-
able range of nutrients is necessary for both
plant and mlcrobial life to thrive and produce.
The easiest of chicken manures to handle is the
deep Utter manure from ranches where the
birds are on the floor. (Cartmell-East Central)
2166 - A5, A6, Dl 200
ODORS AND Am POLLUTION
C. V. Wright
Presented at National Symposium on Poultry
Industry Waste Management, Nebraska Center
for Continuing Education, University of Nebras-
ka, Lincoln, May 13-15, 1963, 5 p.
Descriptors: 'Wastes, 'Poultry, 'Air pollution,
•Odor
Identifiers: 'Odor control, 'Odor detection.
Chicken wastes
For purposes of air pollution control, odors
may be classified into two broad categories:
source and ambient odors. Source odors are
those at their point of origin; ambient odors
are distributed Into the general atmosphere by
air currents. The characteristics of greatest
concern for odor control are the quality, strength,
and occurrence of an odor or odors. The human
organoleptic system must be used as the basic
tool for odor detection and classification. No
mechanical devices have been developed for
this purpose as yet. Control of odors generally
must be designed either to counter the cause,
or to treat the emissions. Most odors are
gaseous emissions and there are five proven
methods for treating these types of odors. These
ar?: combustion, absorption, adsorption, masking,
and counteraction. The problems and recom-
mendations from several plants processing feath-
ers and other chicken waste products are given.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2167 - Al, Bl 400
PLANNING FEEDLOT WASTE
DISPOSAL
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 22, p. 86, January
1972,
Descriptors: 'Planning, 'Feedlots, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Waste storage, 'Design, 'Costs, 'Locating
Identifiers: 'Soil Conservation Service, 'Runoff,
Livestock operations, Technical assistance
When a farmer builds a feedlot or any
type of livestock facility, he must be cer-
tain it's not going to cause a pollution prob-
lem. Usually the farmer will work with the
Soil Conservation Service (SCS) in planning to
build these new facilities. The SCS has long
been involved in conservation projects like
tsrracing, long-term seedings, and tilling It is
now playing a big role in planning and de-
signing feed'.ot runoff controls and waste stor-
age systems for livestock operations. According
to the state conservation engineer for SCS,
there are two ways a farmer can get help
from the SCS. A farmer can sign a cooperative
agreement with his soil conservation district Or
he may apply directly to his ASCS Committee for
cost share benefits and be referred to the
SCS. In both cases the SCS can provide techni-
cal assistance in planning and locating feedlot
runoff facilities and waste storage areas. Once
the facility is built, an SCS representative checks
the work, then submits final approval to the
ASCS and cost share payment is made. (Camer-
on-East Central)
2168 - Dl, E3, Fl 200
THERMOCHEMICAL EVALUATION
OF ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION
PROCESSES
Chemical Engineering Department, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock
3. E. Halligan and R. M. Sweazy
Presented at 72nd National Meeting, American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, St. Louis,
Missouri, May 21-24, 21 p. 3 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Gases, 'Oil, 'Cattle,
•Economics, 'Feasibility studies
Identifiers: Thermochemical evaluation
On a dry basis, cattle manure has a heat
content of 4000 to 7500 Btu/lb. That of coal is
12,500. Thermochemical calculations for conver-
sion of manure to methane gas, oil, and synthesis
gas are detailed. On the basis of a manure out-
put of seven pounds of manure (dry) per day
from 600,000 cattle, all product streams would
have values which total about $9000 a day, The
cattle population (600,000) chosen is that within
fifteen miles of a point near Hereford, Texas.
Methane gas production would require oxygen
costing $4276 per day on the basis of the authors'
price assumptions. "As gas prices increase, this
process may become feasible at some locations.
A considerable amount of further development
would be required to make oil production—
which requires 380° C temperatures and 6000
psig pressures—economically feasible. "The pro-
duction of synthesis gas suitable for feed to an
ammonia plant appears to have the most promise
at this time due to the simplicity of the process
and the value of the product." (Whetstone,
Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
2169 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 100
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF
LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR
CONTROL OF FLIES, ODORS, AND
DUSTS
Department of Entomology, California University,
Davis, 95696
E. C. Loomis
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 36,
No. 1, p. 57-63, 1973. 2 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Livestock, 'Feedlots, 'Dairy in-
dustry, 'Flies, 'Odor, 'Dusts, Economics, In-
secticides, Deodorants, Sprinkling
Identifiers: 'Pollution control, 'Waste manage-
ment
The co-existence of agriculture and suburbia
has brought the problems of flies, odor, and
dust under close scrutiny. Because wastes (sew-
age, livestock wastes, and domestic wastes) are
produced in such vast quantities and because
flies, odors, and dusts resulting from agricultural
activities are a matter of public health concern,
cooperative research programs have been made
involving interdisciplinary personnel representing
federal, state, and local agencies in line with
state and local codes and ordinances governing
control of fly, odor, and dust problems. The
most commonly accepted method of fly control
has been the use of insecticides and adulticides.
Buf flies have developed a resistance to many
of these, thus causing stronger chemicals to be
207
-------
used. Agricultural people have had to turn to
better manure management practices to supple-
ment insecticide use. Dust problems have been
fought by such methods as sprinkling of oil
products, application of wood shavings, and
sprinkling with water. Odor has been fought
through use o{ deodorants, enclosed confine-
ment, and better management practices, Thus,
physical, mechanical, biological and chemical
methods may be combined to beat these prob-
lems, but one big problem still remains—money.
Livestock owners must find a way to defray the
costs of implementing these pollution control
measures. (Merryman-Bast Central)
2170 - Bl, Dl 100
DIFFUSION OF CATTLE MANURE
SOLUTION THROUGH A WET
POROUS STRATUM WITH REACTION
S. K. Choi, L. T. Fan, L. E. Erickson, and
R. I. Upper
Water, Air and Soil Pollution. Vol. 1, No. 4,
p. 390-404, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Diffusion, 'Cattle, 'Mathematical
models, 'Chemical oxygen demand, Porous
media. Water pollution sources
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Stratum, Pollution, Solu-
tion
Research was done to investigate, under simu-
lated conditions, the transport rate of cattle ma-
nure through a wet porous stratum while the
manure is consumed by microorganisms in both
the porous body and the adjacent body of water.
To prepare the cattle manure solution for use
in the experiments, the manure was mixed with
a large amount of water. During a period of
three days, it was agitated several times: After
settling for two days, the solution was filtered
three times to remove suspended manure par-
ticles. Experimental observations were made to
determine the diffusion coefficient and the bio-
logical reaction rate constant of the manure
solution. Values of approximately 6.76 x 10(6)
cm (2) s (-1) for the diffusion coefficient and
3.05 x 10 (-2) day (-1) for the reaction rate
constant of 25 +/—2°C were obtained. (Cameron-
East Central)
2171 - B2, E2 400
SLICK DISPOSAL SETUP-DAIRYMAN
DESIGNED IT
Successful Farming, Vol. 73, No. 5, P. K4, March,
1975. 3 fig.
Descriptors: "Waste disposal, 'Lagoons, Water,
Dairy industry, Odor
Identifiers: 'Holding pit. Flushing, Manure
With advice from a University of Missouri dairy
and agricultural engineering specialist, Charles
and Clem Schabbing have designed and installed
a labor-saving manure disposal system. The
Schabbings use a utility tractor and blade to
scrape manure into a holding pit from their
new free-stall barn. The pit is located in the
corner of a sloping concrete pad extending
from the barn and connecting with a holding
area adjacent to the milking parlor. Twice a
day waste is flushed from the holding area
into the pit, using water pumped from the
lagoon. Vented so a vacuum can't form, the
pit empties as fast as the liquid manure can
rush through the 6-in. buried plastic pipe. The
Schabbings report there is almost no odor,
certainly not enough to be offensive. (Cameron-
East Central)
2172 - D2, E3 400
RECYCLED WASTE IN FEEDS
DESCRIBED
Feedstnffs Southeastern Correspondent
K. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol. 46, No. 49, p. 34, December 2,
1974
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, 'Feeds,
Cattle, Poultry, Florida, Alabama
Identifiers: *Refceding, 'Waste management,
Swine, Fiber, Waste fat
Dr. W, B. Anthony, of Auburn University, told
feedmen at the Florida Feed Conference that
one day in the near future, feed manufacturers
will be using an animal waste product in com-
mercial feeds. There are at least two ways
to manage animal wasta for feed. One is to
take components and process them and put
them back into feed. Early work at Auburn
was to take animal waste from cattle, put it
over a screen, wash it and recover the fiber
and use that as an animal feed. Washed fiber
is now being used in many areas, especially
dairies, using a flush-down system which elimi-
nates the fiber from water-treating processes.
Anthony related the latest trials in Alabama
with yearling cattle. Animals were on test 112
days, ending July 15 and slaughtered seven
days later. According to Dr. R. L. West of
Florida, increased use of yield grading and
proposed changes in grading systems by the
USDA are steps in the right direction toward
solving problems of today's waste fat in beef
carcasses. (Cameron-East Central)
2173 - E4, Fl 300
PAUNCH CONTENT-BLOODMEAL
MIXTURE AS PROTEIN
SUPPLEMENT IN FEEDLOT
RATIONS
J. K. Matsushima, C. Byington, and W. E. Smith
Beef Nutrition Research, Colorado State Uni-
versity Experiment Station, General Series 934,
P. 42-44, May, 1974
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Proteins, Feedlots, Dry-
ing, Cattle, Costs
Identifiers: 'Paunch content, 'Bloodmeal, Cot-
tonseed meal
When paunch content and blood meal are
dried and blended in equal proportions, the pro-
tein content is similar to cottonseed meal
(45% protein) or other similar protein supple-
ments commonly used in feedlot rations. Re-
search was done in an attempt to compare
the feeding value of dried paunch content-
bloodmeal mixture with cottonseed meal as a
protein supplement in feedlot rations. Three
treatments (protein supplementation) involved in
this trial were: (1) control or cottonseed
meal; (2) paunch content-bloodmeal in equal
proportions (on dry basis); and (3) a 50:SO
mixture of cottonseed meal supplement with
paunch content-bloodmeal mixture. The supple-
ments were fed at the rate of 0.75 Ibs. per
head daily. The results of the feeding trial
show that paunch contents from packing plants
where fat cattle are slaughtered primarily can
be used advantageously if dried and blended
with dried bloodmeal. When used as a protein
supplement, the cattle will consume it readily
and support the protein needs in feedlot rations.
(Cameron-East Central)
2174 - Al, Bl, E2 200
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CATTLE
FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock
G. F. Meenaghan, 0. M. Wells, and E. A.
Coleman
Presented at the 72nd National Meeting, Ameri-
can Institute of Chemical Engineering, St. Louis,
Missouri, May 21-24, 1972, 29 p. 24 fig. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Feedlots, 'Water pollution
control, Air pollution, Fertilizers, Land disposal.
Irrigation, Chemical properties
Identifiers: Slotted floors, Soil injection
Very simple and relatively low-cost solutions
are available for the problem of water pollution
caused by cattle feedlots. Vastly more complex
and difficult problems to solve are the air
pollution and solid waste disposal problems re-
sulting from conventional feedlot operations.
Farmers do not generally consider it to be
economically feasible to use manure as ferti-
lizer, Hence, about the only option open to
most feedlot operators for disposal of solid
waste is to provide a large tract of land on
which the waste can be stored more or less
indefinitely . Veritable mountains of ma-
nure exist . . these mountains are frequently
ignited by spontaneous combustion, thereby
providing an additional significant source of air
pollution. A nearly ideal feedlot, that of the
Green Valley Cattle Company at San Marcos,
Texas, is described. It has slotted floors over
pits cleaned daily, is completely roofed, and
provides for irrigation by means of a 2000-gal.
capacity honeywagon equipped with chisels which
dispose of the manure below, surface thus
avoiding the otherwise inevitable odor and fly
problems. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-EPA)
2175 - A2, A4, A3, B2, E2 600
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF
AN OPEN-FRONT, SLOTTED FLOOR
BEEF CONFINEMENT BUILDING
Area Extension Engineer, Illinois University
M. D. Hall and F. McRoberts
Presented at 1969 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 9-12, Paper No. 69-911, 3 p.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Confinement pens, Costs,
Waste disposal, Ventilation, Cattle, Agricultural
runoff, Fertilizers, Performance
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Feeding sys-
tems, Slotted floor
In using confined feeding systems, practically
all feeders are looking for the same thing:
(1) profit on animals going through the system,
(2) minimum labor and management require-
ments, (3) minimum odor and waste disposal
problems, and (4) provision of a market for
feed that is not easily marketable. There are
four basic components to any feeding system
that must be fit together: (1) feeding system,
(2) waste disposal system, (3) environmental
system, and (4) animal handling system. The
system studied was designed with a bunk feed-
ing system. The waste disposal system con-
sisted of a slotted floor with a pit under it
to catch the waste and pumps to remove it.
The main objective with the environmental
system used was to prevent drafts, keep the
cattle dry in the winter and provide good shade
with the best natural ventilation possible. Per-
formance of cattle in the open-front confinement
cattle barn was excellent when compared
with cattle in conventional feedlots. No signi-
ficant health problems were experienced with
the inside or outside cattle, and the open-
front solar-type beef barn should work well
in almost any climate with minor changes.
The manure was concentrated with no runoff,
allowing maximum use of manure as fertilizer
and also allowing control of ground water
pollution to some extent. (Battles-East Central)
2176 - Bl 100
RECYCLING, ENERGY AND
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
Assistant Professor of Economics, California
State University, Chico
M, Perelman
Compost Science, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 26-27, Sep-
tember/October, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Economics, 'Agricul-
ture, 'Energy, Transportation, Organic wastes.
Identifiers: Production
Professor Michael Perelman expounds upon the
inefficient output of energy to produce less
energy in the form of food. In terms of energy
recycling capabilities, America's agricultural
system is not as efficient as those in many
other countries. The production and transporta-
tion systems used are wasteful and poorly in-
tegrated, thus increasing energy loss. Further-
more, there is a tremendous amount ol energy
included in waste products that is not being
utilized. What is needed is a system of small
208
-------
farms integrated into their communities so
that people can live in a close cycle, where a
quality of the environment and a quality of life
can be maintained. (Battles-East Central)
2177 - Bl, D2, D4, E2, B3 300
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTE AS
FEED: WILL IT PAY?
Economic Research Service, U. S. Department
of Agriculture
R. Gar Forsht, C. R. Burbee, and W. M. Cross-
white
Agricultural Economic Report No. 254, March
1974, 51 P, J fig, 33 tab, 61 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, "Feeds, "Economics, In-
cineration, Drying
Identifiers: "Refeeding, 'Dried layer waste,
Broiler waste, Land, disposal. Anaerobic lagoons,
Aerobic lagoons. Oxidation ditch, Composting
The costs and return of feeding recycled dried
layer waste (DLW) to livestock and poultry
are compared; less information is available on
recycling broiler waste. Alternative poultry-
waste management systems are also compared.
For flock sizes of 80,000, 50,000, and 10,000
cage layers, the cost of producing and feeding
of 1 ton of DLW is $25, $30, and $46, respectively.
On-farm processing and feeding of DLW do not
appear to be economically feasible for the 10,000
layer operation. However, it may be feasible
for the larger operations. The highest net re-
turns are attained by the larger operations
when DLW is fed at 12.5 percent of the ration.
Since a layer operation can only incorporate
a portion of the poultry manure back into feed,
alternative disposal systems must still be con-
sidered, and disposal and anaerobic lagoon
treatment are the least expensive alternative
poultry-waste management systems. Mechanical
drying, aerobic lagoon treatment, oxidation ditch
treatment, and combined anaerobic-aerobic la-
goon treatment fall within the intermediate
cost range. Composting and incineration are
the most expensive. Layer waste can also be
dried and fed to dairy and beef cattle and
broiler waste—both ground and ensiled—has been
ted to dairy and beef cattle. Rations contain-
ing up to 30 percent DLW have been fed to
dairy and beef cattle without significant prob-
lems. Both ground and ensiled broiler wastes
have been fed to dairy and beef cattle with
little effect on carcass quality. (Battles-East
Central)
2178 - B2, E2, Fl 600
MANURE .SLURRY STORAGE,
PROCESSING, AND PUMPING
Vice President, AGPRO, Inc., Santa Rosa, Cali-
fornia
D. J. Gribble
Presented at 1967 Winter Meeting, American So-
ciety of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit, Michi-
gan, December 12-15, 1967, Paper No. 67-926, 4 p,
Descriptors: "Waste storage, "Pumping, "Slur-
ries, Sprinkler irrigation, Cost, Equipment, Dairy
industry
Identifiers: "Processing.
When AGPRO developed its manure-flush system
in 1962, there was still one problem to solve—
60 to 100 gallons of water, waste grain, hay,
bedding, and manure per cow per day also
had to be disposed of. Hauling was not practical
because of the volume, and the sprinkling
systems available were not meant to handle
large amounts of solids, and particularly Ion?
material such as hay and straw. Work and
experimentation led to the development of the
AP-100 Series High Pressure Manure Slurry
Processing and Pumping Plants. These units
meet requirements by using a combination of
equipment. (1) They utilize a high pressure
pump delivering the slurry through conventional
irrigation tubing to a special rubber nozzled
field sprinkler. (2) They contain a processing
unit that will reduce all normal foreign mate-
rial such as hay, bedding, feed, etc., to a size
that will pass through the pump and sprinkler
head. (3) The cost of purchase and operation
of the plants is less than the tractors, ma-
nure spreaders, hydraulic loaders and other
equipment that they replace. However, research
is yet to be done on the economics and
mechanical features involved in distribution
of manure by means of high pressure pumps
and sprinklers. (Battles-East Central)
2179 - A2, A4, Cl 600
THE EFFECT OF FARM WASTES ON
THE POLLUTION OF NATURAL
WATER
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University, Madison
S. A. Witzel, N. E. Minshall, E. McCoy, R. J.
Olsen, and K. T. Crabtree
Presented at 1969 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Purdue Uni-
versity, West Lafayette, Indiana, June 22-25,
1969, Paper No. 69-428, 24 p.
Descriptors: "Farm wastes, - "Water pollution,
•Waste disposal, DenitrificaUon, Nitrification, Ni-
trates, Soil profiles, Groundwater pollution. Nu-
trients. Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Irrigation,
Fertilizers
Identifiers: "Waste handling
Results are given of studies concerning the
enrichment of natural surface and sub-surface
waters by animal wastes. The studies expose
the possibility of adverse trends in waste
handling already developed producing a critical
situation in some areas. Areas researched
through use of the 2500 samples of water
collected included: (1) biological nitrification,
(2) biological denitrification, (3) migration of
nitrates in soil profiles as a source of nitrates
in sub-surface waters, (4) effect of agricultural
practices on groundwater quality, (5) ground-
water pollution in the Rib Falls Community,
(6) nutrient losses on one small Lake Mendota
Watershed, and (7) nutrients in base flow of
Southwestern Wisconsin streams. Conclusions
drawn from the studies were: (1) nutrient losses
in the base flow of southwestern Wisconsin
streams during this period of high winter
runoff totaled only 25 percent as much N and
K and 10 percent as much P as in the suurface
runoff, (2) heavy manure applications in the
vicinity of farm buildings or large feedlots
can result in dangerously high nitrate concen-
trations in farm wells, (3) heavy supplemental
irrigation, combined with repeated heavy nitrogen
fertilizer applications may result in an increase
in the nitrates in groundwater, (4) heavy annual
application of manure and/or fertilizer can raise
the groundwater to the toxic level of nitrates,
and (5) continuous records of nitrate levels in
selected rural wells will indicate any adverse
conditions, hopefully, in time to permit effec-
tive corrective measures to be taken or to
prepare for alternative sources of supply,
(Battles-East Central)
2180 - Dl, E3 200
HYDROGASIFICATION OF CATTLE
MANURE TO PIPELINE GAS
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, U. S. De-
partment of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
K. Kiang, H. F. Feldmann, and P. M. Yavor-
sky
Presented at the 165th National Meeting, Ameri-
can Chemical Society, Dallas, Texas, April 8-13,
1973, p. 15-23. 3 fig. 2 tab. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Gases, "Recycling, Cattle, Auto-
claves, Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen, Oil
Identifiers: "Hydrogasification, Reactors, Tar
In this report, experimental data are discussed
showing the quality and yield of pipeline gas
that can be generated by directly reacting
cow manure with hydrogen at gasification con-
ditions. Except for one experiment conducted
with dried cow manure in a continuous free-
fall dilute-phase reactor, the experiments with
manure and solid wastes were conducted in a
batch autoclave. The autoclave body was fitted
with a pyrex glass liner into which the auto-
clave charge was placed and a thermocouple
was inserted into the liner. The autoclave was
assembled and weighed and then installed in
an electric furnace which heated the autoclave
at a rate of 8 degrees C per minute. Experi-
ments were conducted at temperatures of 475,
550 and 650 degrees C. At temperatures low
enough to allow appreciable yields of ethane,
the cattle manure was readily converted to
pipeline gas by hydrogasification and tars or
oils were produced. It's possible to produce a
SNG with a heating valve in excess of 1,000
Btu/scf by simply hydrogasifying the manure.
shifting a rather low concentration of CO to
COa, and scrubbing out COg without any
need for methanation. Manure placed in the
continuous free-fall dilute-phase reactor was
more reactive than it was in a batch reactor
because of much higher heatup rates and the
low concentration of particles in the dilute-
phase reactor, (Battles-East Central)
2181 - A5, Bl, D4, E2 700
AEROBIC STORAGE OF DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE
C. M. B. Robson
M. S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Purdue University, June, 1963, 51 p. 1 fig. 28
tab., 17 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, "Aerobic conditions,
"Dairy industry. Odor
Identifiers: "Land spreading, "Loading rates.
Volatile solids, KJeldahl nitrogen
Field spreading of dairy cattle manure is the
most generally used method of disposal in the
north central United States. When spreading
is not feasible, the manure must be stored. Re-
search was thus prompted concerning aerobic
storage of dairy cattle manure. The manure
was stored at 4° and 24° C at loading rates
of 60, 80, 100 and 120 grams of manure per day
per 4 liter storage volume. The suitability and
accomplishments of storage were measured by
the analytical procedures, total and volatile
solids, chemical oxygen demand, and total
kjeldahl nitrogen. The intensity of odors was
evaluated. The following conclusions were
reached: (1) Of the loading rates tested, the
amount of loading did not influence the degree
of degradation. (2) volatile solids decreased
20 percent at 4° C and 42 percent at 24° C.
(3) Appreciable amounts of material with a
chemical oxygen demand were removed during
aerobic storage, (4) Kjeldahl nitrogen content.
per gram of total solids, of the material re-
maining after aerobic storage is higher than
kjeldahl nitrogen content, per gram of total
solids, of the raw manure. (5) Foaming was a
major problem. (6) Aerobic storage holds prom-
ise of minimizing odor problems encountered in
spreading unaerated material after storage.
(Merryman-East Central)
2182 - Al 200
NITRATE PROBLEMS IN PLANTS
AND WATER SUPPLIES IN MISSOURI
G. E. Smith
Presented at Second Annual Symposium on the
Relation of Geology and Trace Elements to
Nutrition, 92nd Annual Meeting American Public
Health Association, New York City, October 7,
1964, 36 p. 9 tab., 28 ref.
Descriptors: "Nitrates, "Nitrites, "Nitrogen, "Wa-
ter, "Missouri, "Toxicity, "Water pollution, "Soil
contamination, "Ground water pollution. Leach-
ing, Feedlots, Sampling, Fertilizers, Aquifer,
Wells, Public health, Surface waters
Identifiers: "Plants, Cyanosis
Progress on research for sources of nitrogen
which result in excess nitrate-nitrite in plants
and water in Missouri is reported. Water
samples were collected from 5000 sources (both
rural and urban) from 45 counties that repre-
sent nine distinct geologic areas in Missouri.
All samples were tested qualitatively for nit-
rites by the sulfanilic acid method. Forty-two
percent of ths 5000 sources surveyed contained
over 5 ppm of nitrate-nitrogen. Soils in feed-
lots were sampled and some were found to con-
209
-------
tain concentrations of nitrates up to 330 p/a
of nitrogen to a depth of 10 ft. Both deep wells
and spring waters were found to contain
nitrates. Analyses were made of vegetable crops.
Intake of nitrate from vegetables was not large.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2183 - B2, C5, D4, Fl 100
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY
FARM SLURRY
Department of Biological Sciences, Surrey Uni-
versity
C. Bell
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 13,
No. 4, p. 232-233, April, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Anaerobic diges-
tion, 'Slurries, Methane, Costs
Identifiers: 'Pilot scale anaerobic digester
Merrist Wood Agriculture College has designed
and constructed a pilot scale anaerobic digestor.
Sixty liters of a 1:7 faeces/water mixture is
fed to the reactor chamber once every 18 days.
The slurry is digested at 35 degrees C for 18
to 21 days, after which time a displacement
effect pushes the digested material into the
primary oxidation tank and eventually to a
disposal pit. The main advantages are mechani-
zation of manure handling, prevention of loss
of nitrogen from raw manure, control of the
loss of organic matter from manure, the destruc-
tion of weed seeds during digestion, and re-
covery of methane gas. (Battles-East Central)
2184 - D4, E3 100
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
WASTE
University College, Cardiff
D. A. Stafford
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 14,
No. 2, p. 73-79, Feb., 1974.
Descriptors: 'Methane, Methane bacteria, 'Sew-
age, 'Waste treatment, 'Anaerobic digestion,
Farm wastes, Microbiology, Fuels, Gases, Inhi-
bitors
Much of the fundamental microbiology of the
organisms involved in methane production is
not understood. It is known that methane bac-
teria share common properties. They all grow
only in the absence of oxygen and they all have
narrow substrate requirements. Methane can
be produced by two stage hydrolysis/gas produc-
tion anaerobic digestion plants, but sometimes
these digesters cease their hydrolysis and sub-
sequent gas production. The reasons are not al-
ways clear. It is known that there are inhibi-
tors to digester gas production (ie. copper inhibits
anaerobic digestion of pig waste), but much is
yet to be learned. Much research is needed
if we are ever to reap the benefit of using
domestic sewage as a source of power. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2185 - Dl, E3 200
PRELIMINARY FLOW SHEET AND
ECONOMICS FOR PRODUCTION OF
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS FROM
MANURE
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock
W. S. Wideman, J. E. Halligan and H. W.
Parker
Presented at 76th National Meeting of American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, Tulsa, Okla-
homa, March 10-13, 1974, 20 p. 3 fig. 6 tab. 12
ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Ammonia, 'Synthesis,
•Farm wastes. Recycling, Feed lots. Fertilizers,
Oxidation, Costs
Identifiers: 'Flow Sheet, 'Production, 'Manure,
Char, Sulfur, Waste management.
The need for ammonia in the United States has
increased at a tremendous rate in the past few
years. New processes for the production of am-
monia synthesis gas are being examined to meet
the rising costs of conventional natural gas
feedstocks. One process, the partial oxidation
of cattle feedlot wastes to produce the synthesis
gas, has been under investigation at Texas
Tech for the past year. The long term goals
of the project were designed to complement
the agricultural economy of the High Plains
area of Texas, in that cattle wastes would
be disposed of by conversion into ammonia
fertilizer, which in turn Is used in the produc-
tion of cattle feeds. In terms of solid waste
disposal, the investment cost of the process
is $4,625 per daily ton of manure processed,
but in terms of production, the investment be-
comes $10,165 per daily equivalent ton of
ammonia. This project has been shown to be
technically and economically attractive. For
this reason, along with the probability of more
restrictions on natural gas feedstock supplies,
continued development of the process is ad-
visable. (Russell-East Central)
2186 - B2,D4,E2 100
HANDLING MILK-PARLOR WASTE
Department of Microbiology, Otago University
Dunedin, New Zealand
R. G. Bell, and J. B. Robinson
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 14, No.
2, p. S6-58, December, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Farm wastes,
•Cattle, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste storage,
'Waste disposal, 'Aeration, 'Canada, Chemical
analysis. Odor, Chemical oxygen demand. Septic
tanks, Lagoons, Irrigation, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
ion concentration
Identifiers: 'Milking-parlor wastes
A study was undertaken to assess the treat-
ability of a typical milking-parlor effluent by
aeration to help determine the most feasible
disposal method for the watery waste. Four
day's aeration of milking-parlor waste produced
a clarified effluent with a BOD of 200 parts
per million. This effluent was not of a suffi-
ciently high standard for direct discharge into
a water course. It was concluded that aeration,
followed by surface water discharge, and septtc
tank disposal are unacceptable practices for
disposal of milking-parlor waste in Ontario.
Storage in an aerobic lagoon combined with
spray or furrow irrigation is a feasible alter-
native but is hampered by the winter condi-
tions prevailing in the province. Where the ma-
nure is already being handled as a liquid,
the most satisfactory alternative would appear
to be combining the milking-parlor waste with
the manure where liquid storage is available.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2187 - A4, A9, E2 100
NITRATES IN SOIL AND GROUND
WATER BENEATH IRRIGATED AND
FERTILIZED CROPS
United States Department of Agriculture, Fresno,
California
a I. Nightingale
Soil Science, Vol. 114, p. 300-311, 1972. 6 fig.
7 tab., 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Soil contamination,
'Groundwater pollution, 'Irrigation, 'Fertilizers,
'California, 'Farm wastes, Cattle, Poultry, Sep-
tic tanks, Soils, Analysis
An area of 334 sq. mi. in Fresno County, Cali-
fornia, was studied intensively for nitrates
beneath irrigated and fertilized crops. The
fertilizers used included steer and chicken ma-
nure. "No harmful effects, from the health
standpoint, will be encountered even If present
fertilizer practices are continued . . Con-
tinued uncontrolled 'suburban' expansion with
its septic tank systems and a shift in agricul-
tural production from crops (grapes, etc.) with
low N requirement to truck and orchard crops
with higher nitrogen requirements may be a
cause of concern." (Whetstone, Parker, Wells-
Texas Tech University)
2188 - A6, B2 700
MR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE
BUILDINGS
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
D. L. Lebeda
Descriptors: *Air pollution, 'Swine, "Confine
ment pens, 'Farm wastes. Gases, Chemical
analysis, Toxicity, Ventilation, Bacteria, Samp.
ling, Carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide. Hydrogen
sulfide. Ammonia
Identifiers: *Swine buildings. Air borne bacteria
Objectives were to determine the concentra-
tions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon
dioxide, and air borne bacteria within a swine
building with fluid waste handling, and to
relate the concentration of gases to the manage-
ment, ventilation, and building parameters of
a confinement building. The absorption method
was used in determining all of the gases, and
none of the gas concentrations determined were
above the threshold level for humans. The
average carbon dioxide concentration was from
2, to 2.5 times higher than the normal atmo-
spheric level of 300 ppm. The average gas
concentrations with ventilation were 8.1, 0.27, and
0.025 ppm of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and
sulfur dioxide, respectively. Without ventila-
tion, in six hours the gas concentrations were
three times the two-week values, with ventila-
tion, for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and
six times that for carbon dioxide. The average
number of air borne organisms found was
4,800 per cubic feet. What is needed now Is a
study to determine both the chronic and acute
level of gas concentration on confinement ani-
mals. (Russell-East Central)
2189 - Cl 100
DIGESTION OF POULTRY MANURE
BY MUSCA DOMESTICA
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins
B. F. Miller, J. S. Teotia, and T. 0. Thatcher.
British Poultry Science, Vol. 15, p 231-234, 1974.
2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Digestion, 'Farm wastes, 'Poultry,
•Aeration, Larval growth stage. Larvae, Tempera-
ture, Moisture, Protein
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Musca domestica
Research was undertaken to evaluate the ability
of Musca domestica to grow on poultry ma-
nure to stabilize and yield useful, easily har-
vested products to combat this problem. As
temperature was increased from 17 to 38°C,
the time required to develop from egg to
pupae was decreased from 11 to 5 days, The
optimum level of inoculation was found to be
from 0.5 to 1 g of house fly eggs per kg of
fresh manure. Larval development significantly
modified poultry manure. Approximately 80% of
organic matter in the manure was destroyed
during the developmental period. Fifty-eight
per cent of the moisture was lost while the
mineral content was not changed significantly.
The physical consistency of the manure became
somewhat granular and could be dried readily
because of the increased surface area, small
particle size and improved aeration. The residue
was stabilised and was not nearly as offensive
as the fresh material. The residue contained
about 15% protein after the pupae were re-
moved. (Cartmell-East Central)
2190 - A2, Bl, F4 100
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF-
CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr
Proceedings Paper No. 9406, Abstract No. 5042,
ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division Journal,
Vol. 98, No. SA 6, p. 909-925, December, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Control, Ero-
sion, Feed lots, Farm wastes, Livestock, Pollut-
ants, Ponding, Chemical characteristics, Fertili-
zers, Nutrients
210
-------
Identifiers: Land disposal
Some pollution problems due to agricultural
runoff are discussed and put into perspective.
Erosion, rural runoff, and fertilizers are dis-
cussed in detail. Pollution contributions from
feed lots and land used for manure disposal
can have the largest concentrations but are
intermittent and are able to be controlled by
the use of good management practices. Con-
tributions from crop land are more difficult
to control although possibilities exist through
the use of better timing of fertilizer applications
and soil conservation practices. Pollutional con-
tributions from many rural areas can be due
to natural, geological, and soil conditions. Range,
pasture, and woodland are diffuse sources that
represent background or natural contributions
that will be extremely difficult to control. This
comparison of contaminant sources indicates
that not all agricultural contributions are in-
significant and some may require control. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2191 - Dl, El 400
HOW EGGMEN ARE SOLVING
THE ECOLOGY PROBLEM
Department of Poultry Science, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York
C. E. Ostrander
Poultry Tribune, P. 28, 32, 36, 2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Ecology, 'Waste storage,
•Waste treatment, 'Waste disposal. Recycling,
Odor, Dehydration, Drying, Lagoons, Oxidation
lagoons. Aerobic conditions.
Identifiers: 'Eggmen, Soil injection, Isolation
A noted authority on waste management out-
lined a number of approaches that are being
used to solve poultry pollution problems. Among
them are: (1) use of in-house drying, (2) liquid
systems-untreated and oxidation system, (3) la-
goons-natural and aerated, (4) soil injection,
(5) dehydration, and (6) isolation. While each
of these approaches has its advantages, no one
specific method will fit every situation. (Cart-
null-East Central)
2192 - Al, F2 100
COMMERCIAL FEEDLOTS—
NUISANCE, ZONING AND
REGULATION
D. J. Paulsen
Washburn Law Journal, Vol. 6, p. 493-507, 1967,
80 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Nuisance, 'Zoning,
•Regulation, Commercial, Agriculture, Air pollu-
tion, Water Pollution, Pests, Odor, Abatement,
Livestock, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: Noise, Injunction.
Livestock feedlots are not public nuisances.
Per se, but they may become nuisances by
virtue of their operation or the manner in
which they are kept. Each case must of neces-
sity be decided by examination of all the facts
and circumstances surrounding the particular
alleged nuisance. Among the facts and cir-
cumstances to be considered are: the type
of neighborhood, the nature of the complaint,
the proximity of those alleging the injury,
and nuisance frequency. The remedies for
nuisance are damages at law and injunction or
abatement in equity. Zoning and regulation by
public agencies are methods used to control
the location and operation of feedlots, but be-
cause most zoning laws and regulations are the
product of agrarian oriented legislatures, feed-
lots have been exempted to a certain degree
from zoning and regulations by statute. A trend
to starting in the East, however, to con-
sider commercial feedlots (as opposed to the
usual farm feedlots) as being more in the
nature of an industry. This impetus is ex-
pected to spread. (Ballard-East Central)
2193 - Al, D2, El 100
TAKING CARE OF WASTES FROM
THE TROUT FARM
R. Jensen
National Fisherman, Vol. 52, No. 9, p 15-A,
February, 1972. 9 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fish hatcheries, 'Trout, 'Water
pollution, 'Settling basins
Identifiers: *Fish wastes, 'Waste disposal,
•Solids removal
After development of obnoxious conditions in
the Jordan River near a picnic area, the
Jordan River Watershed Committee asked the
Jordan River National Fish Hatchery near
Alba, Michigan, to correct the undesirable river
conditions. It was determined that solid wastes
from the hatchery were causing the problem.
After studying solids removal attempts of
Lamar National Fish Hatchery Development
Center in Lamar, Pennsylvania, the Jordan
River National Fish Hatchery set about de-
signing its own settling basin. Important fac-
tors to be considered were retention time,
weight of wet solids, water velocity and dis-
tribution, and depth of water. The final design
consisted of two compartments, each of which
had two trenches connected to a manhole
pump which would separate and trap the
solids. The wastes were then to be disposed
of in one of the following ways: (1) as direct
applied land fertilizer, (2) in a sewag: dis-
posal system, (3) as raw material for com-
mercial fertilizer, (4) by transfer to a munici-
pal sewage plant, or (5) by incineration.
(Merryman-East Central)
2194 - A5, B2, D3 600
TREATMENT OF LIQUID HOG
MANURE TO SUPPRESS ODORS
Illinois University, Urbana
W, C. Hammond, D. L. Day and E. L. Hansen
Presented at 1966 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 6-9, 1966, Paper No. 66-928,
14 p. 12 fig., 5 tab., 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Liquid wastes,
•Odor, 'Lime, 'Chlorination, Anaerobic conditions
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Sand bed fitter
Liquid manure becomes anaerobic immediately
when collected in pits beneath self-cleaning slot-
ted floors. In this state, it supports anaerobic
bacteria that produce objectionable odors. The
possibility of adding lime and chlorine to liquid
manure to prevent these gases and odors
was investigated in this study in conjunction
with sand filtering of the treated waste. The
study showed that cblorination virtually stops
the production of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide
and methane and considerably reduces carbon
dioxide production. Liming does not have much
effect in controlling ammonia liberation but
affects carbon dioxide and methane production.
Neither methane or carbon dioxide produces an
objectionable odor, but they both indicate
changes in the digestion process with changes
in concentration. About 0.15 to 0.16 pound of
lime per 100-pound hog per day was found to
be the amount necessary to maintain the de-
sired pH. Costs of lime addition are given.
Use of powdered calcium hypochlorite was dis-
continued when early attempts in mixing the
chemical into waste were not satisfactory. Trap-
ping solids and organic matter was effectively
achieved by the sand-bed filter. BOD, COD
and total solids were reduced to about half
during the first passage through the sand-bed
filter of the waste. (Kehl-East Central)
2195 - Al, B3, C2, C3, Fl 600
ROOFED VS. UNROOFED SOLID
MANURE STORAGES FOR DAIRY
CATTLE
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm,
Ashland, Wisconsin
G, H. Tenpas, D. A. Schlough, C. 0. Cramer
and J. C. Converse
Presented at 1972 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 11-15, 1972, Paper No. 72-949,
20 p., 5 fig., 11 tab., 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Dairy industry,
•Seepage, 'Costs, Nutrients, Chemical properties.
Physical properties
Ths University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm
at Ashland has investigated for three winters
the solid storage of manure from a stanchion
type dairy barn. The structure was roofed for
the third year of the trial. Results on the un-
roofed structure have been given previously
by Cramer, et. al., 1971. The manure handling
facilities included an extension to the barn
cleaner elevator, horizontal distribution con-
veyors, a 13,000 cubic ft. bunker type manure
storag3, and a 3000 cu. ft. detention pond. Floor
drains allowed the liquids to seep into a sampling
tank and detention pond for storage. The study
showed that the chemical and physical charac-
teristics of the manure were not affected by
the addition of the roof. The total amount of
stack seepage was reduced by 34% by the addi-
tion of the roof, although the quantity of sum-
mer seepage was largely due to less evapora-
tion under the roof. Several disadvantages
of the roof are increased cost and greater diffi-
culty in servicing the barn cleaner drive unit
and other conveyors, Another disadvantage is
that although the buildup of manure on the
conveyors did not cause a problem; it did not
thaw as readily. Volume measurements were
made on manure production, including stored
volume of solids, seepage and bedding and these
are provided in tables. Also given are the
results of laboratory analyses of the fresh ma-
nure, stored manure and seepage. (Kehl-East
Central)
2196 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, Fl, F2 300
FEEDLOT WASTE MANAGEMENT:
WHY AND HOW
Missouri River Basin Animal Waste Management
Pilot (Steering) Task Group.
Environmental Protection Agency Report, Kan-
sas City, Missouri, June, 1971, 45 p. 10 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Legal aspects, Terrac-
ing, Lagoons, Design, Water Pollution control,
Odor
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Location,
Mounding, Settling channels, Holding ponds. Tech-
nical assistance. Financial assistance
Basic information on the problem of cattle
feedlot waste management and the pollution
arising from these operations is presented in a
non-technical manner. The factors that cause
feedlots to pollute and the magnitudes pollutants
may reach are discussed along with some man-
agement factors and structural and mechanical
means to help control water pollution. Sources
of technical assistance in design and layout
of control facilities and the water pollution con-
trol agencies for the ten Missouri River Basin
states are listed. Existing animal waste control
regulations are also furnished for these ten
states. (Missouri River Basin Animal Waste
Management Pilot (Steering Task Group)
2197 - Dl, E2, E3, Fl 100
CHANGING FROM DUMPING TO
RECYCLING. PART HI: COMPOSTING
AND MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES
C. G. Golueke
Compost Science, Vol. 13, p. 5-7, May-June,
1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Organic Waste, Eco-
nomics, Aeration, Moisture content, Temperature
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Land disposal, *R?-
feeding, Pyrolysis, Carbon-nitrogen ratio. Particle
"Composting is the biological decomposition of
organic matter under controlled conditions."
Consideration must be given to aeration, mois-
ture content, temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio,
and particle size. Manure can be composted
in 8 to 14 days without undue difficulty. A
mixture of manure and sawdust or straw makes
an excellent compost. Land disposal may be
employed directly if the assimilatory capacity
211
-------
is not exceeded, or may be employed for the
sludges produced by the other methods. Use
of organic wastes in animal feedstuffs holds
great promise provided that the possibility of
bacterial and viral transmission is thoroughly
explored, that the concentration of toxic mate-
rials is investigated, and that Food and Drug
Administration approval is secured. Pyrolysis
"is as yet in the reseach stage." Assorted fer-
mentations are under investigation. "At present,
the economics of the processes are highly un-
favorable." (Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas
Tech University)
2198 - A5, Bl, D4 600
STORAGE OF POULTRY MANURE
WITH MINIMUM ODOR
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, Lafayette, Indiana
D. C. Ludington, D. E. Bloodgood, and A. C.
Dale
Presented at 61st Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit, Michi-
gan, December 12-15, 1967, Paper No. 67-932,
19 p. 8 fig., 4 tab., 3 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Poultry, 'Odor,
•Oxidation-reduction potential. Aeration, Hydro-
gen, sulfide
Air pollution with objectionable odors produced
from stored poultry manure has become a
recognized problem in much of the United
States. Changes in animal management, in-
creased concentrations of animals and in-
creased proximity between people and poultry
operations has caused these odors to become
more pronounced and less tolerable in the past
few years. The main objective of this study
was to find the means of reducing or eliminating
stored poultry manure odors. This paper con-
tains the results of two main tests, These tests
were replicates of each other for statistical
analysis. The study showed that the ORP (oxida-
tion-reduction potential) of stored manure was
automatically controlled by regulating the rate
of aeration. When chicken manure was stored
without aeration, significant quantities of hydro-
gen sulfide were produced; insignificant quanti-
ties of hydrogen sulfide were produced with
aeration. The only procedure for obtaining a
meaningful measure of degradation is the analy-
sis of all the chamber contents. It was impos-
sible to obtain accurate measurement of low
concentration of dissolved oxygen in fluid chicken
manure. (Kehl-East Central)
2199 - Al, Bl, F2 600
STATE REGULATIONS PERTAINING
TO LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS
Livestock Engineering and Farm Structures Re-
search Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland
W. F. Schwiesow
Presented at 1971 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 7-10, 1971, Paper No. 71-919, 16 p.
Descriptors: 'Regulations, "Feedlots, 'Livestock,
'Water pollution
The need for water pollution regulation led to
the establishment of water quality standards
through the Water Quality Act of 1969. Through
some rather unusual channels, the need to
include the livestock feedlot Industry became
apparent. Investigations on fish kills and pollut-
ed streams established that feedlots and dairy
farms were a major cause. A focus on live-
stock wastes as a pollution source drew atten-
tion to tbe need for changes in agricultural
practices. This brought about livestock feedlots
now being subject to water quality control
regulations. Need for uniformity in these regula-
tions is recognized and various reasons are
given. A listing of state offices that may be con-
tacted for additional information on such regu-
lation is provided. (Kehl-East Central)
2200 - A6, Bl 100
THE INFLUENCE OF VENTILATION
ON DISTRIBUTION AND DISPOSAL
OF ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS
CONTAMINANTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Alberta
University, Edmonton, Alberta
P. G, Brannigan and J. B. McQuitty
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, p.
69-75. December, 1971, 8 fig., 3 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ventilation, 'Gases, 'Air pollu-
tion, 'Distribution patterns, 'Model studies,
•Waste storage, 'Liquid wastes, Temperature,
Carbon dioxide, Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Piggery, 'Swine
"This study investigated the effects of ventila-
tion on the mean concentrations and the distribu-
tion patterns of atmospheric ammonia and car-
bon dioxide in an enclosed chamber representing
a full scale section of a pig barn. Results
showed no practical differences between the dis-
tribution patterns of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Ventilation rate was the only independent vari-
able of importance in determining the concen-
trations of either gas. Under non-isothermal con-
ditions, ventilation outlet height has a negligible
effect on gas concentrations. An increase in gas
concentrations from stock in the diffusion of
gases in the atmosphere was apparent." (Mc-
Quitty & Barber-Alberta University)
2201 A5, B2, D4 600
HOW ARE LAGOONS WORKING
ON HOG FARMS?
Illinois Department of Public Health, Division
of Sanitary Engineering, Room 616, State Office
Building, Springfield
C. E. Clark
Presented at 1964 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineering, Ft. Collins,
Colorado, June 21-24, 1964, Paper No. 64-419,
12 p. 1 fig., 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Design, 'Waste disposal.
Confinement pens, Illinois
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Odor control, Flushing,
Sievers System
Confinement hog feeding is a new mass produc-
tion technique in agriculture. Complaints of
odors and problems with waste disposal systems
led the Illinois Department of Public Health to
visit a few installations, This resulted in a sur-
vey of existing installations in which two major
designs of waste disposal coupled with confine-
ment methods were found. The Sievers System
holds 200 hogs in one pen. The rectangular
slab is sloped to a center trough on the long
axis and a large part of the slab is flooded
to a depth of a foot at the edge of the trough.
The second type is an enclosed building broken
down into smaller pens. The floor is slotted
and underlain by a slab that is a concrete
channel for flushing the waste to a lagoon. The
study concluded that lagooning of hog waste is
practical. Other methods do not appear to be
economically feasible although they may be
functional from the viewpoint of waste disposal.
Design and maintenance of the confinement area
should be considered in odor control since they
are major factors. (Kehl-East Central)
2202 - B2, El, Fl 400
NO PEN CLEANING COSTS!
J. Fetterolf
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 2, p. 16-18, October, 1974,
2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens. Cattle, 'Kansas,
'Waste disposal, 'Lagoons, Economics, Perform-
ance
A Kansas feeder described his 2700-head con-
finement feeding facilities which he estimates
will save $6500 a year in manure hauling. The
facility has two slat sections through each of
12 pens and there are scrapers below the
slats to clean the barn. The manure is pumped
from the collection pit to a four-pond system,
consisting of two primary and two secondary
lagoons. This aerobic lagoon system handles
itself except for periodic clean-outs. Only direct
rainfall can get into the ponds because dike
tops are above ground level. Other advantages
of this type of confinement feeding include:
(1) a one percent increase in yield of carcass
weight, (2) feed savings due to no loss from
storms or rains, (3) savings in veterinary costs
(4) the shelter will provide added warmth
in winter and will allow an increase in feed
utilization for finishing rather than in providing
body heat for the animal, and (5) feed con-
version and gain efficiencies should be better
(Merryman-East Central)
2203 - Al, Bl, F2 400
NUISANCE LAWSUITS — NEIGHBOR
VS. NEIGHBOR
Successful Farming, Vol, 72, No. 10, p. 40,
September, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, Locating
Identifiers: 'Nuisance lawsuits, 'Bower vs. Hog
Builders, Inc., 'Pollution
Even if a livestock operation is not large enough
for a permit to be required, the operation can
still get into trouble concerning animal waste
disposal. If a nuisance (the use of land by
one that unreasonably interferes with the enjoy-
ment or use of another's land) is created, a
nuisance lawsuit may be brought against the
operator. An example of this is the Bower vs
Hog Builders, Inc. case. In this instance, the
Hog Builders, Inc. began a swine breeding and
feeding operation adjoining the Bower Farm
fifteen years after the Bowers had established
their farm. This swine operation allowed effluent
to flow onto the Bower's farm causing fish
kills, odor, a difference in drinking water, and
an influx of rats and flies. The Bowers law-
suit was submitted to a jury, and the Bowers
were awarded $46,200 actual damages and $90,000
punitive damages. Such lawsuits can be avoided
by locating such operations away from others'
homes, by proper zoning, through licensing laws,
and through construction of adequate waste treat-
ment facilities. (Merryman East Central)
2204 A5, A6, B2 600
AIR POLLUTANTS IN SWINE
BUILDINGS WITH FLUID WASTE
HANDLING
Agricultural Engineering Department, Illinois
University, Urbana
D. L. Lebeda, D. L. Day and I, Hayakawa
Presented at 1964 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Orleans,
Louisiana, December 8-11, 1964, 17 p. 14 fig.,
5 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Air pollution, 'Liquid wastes,
Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Carbon dioxide,
Ventilation, Dimensional analysis
Identifiers: 'Swine, Sulfur dioxide, Concentra-
tions
One area of swine environment that has received
little attention is air pollution caused by gaseous
pollutions: Two main objectives of the study
were: (1) Determine the concentrations of am-
monia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, and air-borne bacteria in a swine con-
finement building with a fluid waste-handling
system, and (2) Relate the concentration of
gases to the management, ventilation, and build-
ing parameters of the building. The relationship
of the air pollutants to the various pertinent
quantities was described by dimensional analy-
sis. A pair of totally slotted-floor pens with a
common manure pit made up the unit. The
volatile solids and the BOD of the swine waste
collected in the manure pit were much lower
than those found by Spillman. The initial addi-
tion of water to the manure pit was the main
difference in the characteristic tests with swine
waste. Therefore, more breakdown from oxi-
dation and anaerobic decomposition was included
in the lower loading rate due to dilution. The
threshold level for humans was not exceeded
by any of the gas concentrations. The study
showed, however, that without ventilation, in
six hours the gas concentrations in the experi-
mental unit were three times the two-week
values with ventilation for hydrogen sulfide
and ammonia and six times the value for car-
bon dioxide. (Kehl-East Central)
212
-------
2205 - A5, B2, D4 600
THE AMELIORATION OF ODOUR
AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN,
TOGETHER WITH THE POLLUTION
REDUCTION FROM, A HOG HOUSE
WITH RECYCLED WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University
R J Smith and T. E. Hazen
Presented at 69th Annual Meeting, American So-
ciety ol Agricultural Engineers, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, June 27-30, 1967, 19 p. 6 fig.,
4 tab., 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, "Social behavior (animal)
Identifiers: "Swine, Flushing, Anaerobic lagoon,
Oxidation ditch, Waste management, Waste wat-
er reuse
Although confinement housing for finishing swine
has brought many benefits, it has been found
that certain new problems, specific to the sys-
tem, have arisen. This study performed at
Iowa State University covered three areas:
(1) Odour level, (2) Social behaviour of the
animal and <3) Waste management. The pri-
mary objectives of the study were (1) to estab-
lish the equipment which would allow the safe
reuse of the treated waste water as the fresh
manure transport vehicle, (2) the change in
odour level and social behaviour and (3) to
measure the properties of the fluid circulating
round the system. The total scheme per-
formance has proved satisfactory during the
first six weeks of operation. A high quality
effluent entirely suitable for utilization of the
manure transport vehicle was provided by
the combination of an anaerobic lagoon
with an oxidation ditch. The odour level was
appreciably lowered by the rapid manure
transport from the building. The system of
flushing at hourly intervals not only reduced
the daily liquid flow through the pighouse but
it also provided a source of interest for the pigs.
Social behaviour was materially improved by
this distraction. (Kehl-East Central)
2206 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 200
PRINCIPLES OF NUTRIENT
CONTROL FOR AGRICULTURAL
WASTEWATERS
Professor of Civil and Agricultural Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr
Presented at Second National Symposium on
Food Processing Wastes, Denver, Colorado,
March 23-26, 1971, p. 603-618. 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, "Control, "Waste water
(pollution), Agriculture, Water pollution, Re-
cycling
Identifiers: "Land disposal
Control of nutrients in agricultural discharges
win become important in the near future as
the nation's water resource policies receive
greater scrutiny. Better data is needed con-
cerning nutrient concentrations being discharged
and processes that can be utilized for their
control. Then technical decisions and cost esti-
mates can be made. Among pollutant sources
of concern are fruit and vegetable processing
wastes; meat, poultry, and fish processing
wastes, and animal manures. Pollution prob-
lems caused by nutrients in wastewater dis-
charges include: (1) additional oxygen demand
caused by reduced nitrogen compounds, (2) sti-
mulation of aquatic plant growth caused by nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in waste-
water, and (3) excess nitrates in groundwater
as a result of wastes discharged on land. The
two most feasible approaches for nutrient control
are separation at the source, recovery, and re-
cycle and land disposal. The success of re-
covery and recycle depends upon the use of the
Product! success of land disposal depends upon
better knowledge of the land as a disposal
media. (Merryman-East Central)
2207 - E3 100
DIGESTION BY-PRODUCT MAY
GIVE ANSWER TO ENERGY
PROBLEM
Director of Environmental and Sanitary Engineer-
ing, Knoerle, Bender, Stone & Associates, Chi-
cago, Illinois
J, Goeppner and D. E. Hasselmann
Water and Wastes Engineering, Vol 11, No 4
P. 30-35, April 1874. 6 fig., 2 tab.
Descriptors: "Energy, "Anaerobic digestion, "Me-
thane, "Costs, "Recycling
Methane gas which is produced during the
anaerobic digestion of sludge may be an answer
to the energy problem. The volume of methane
gas in anaerobic digestion is dependent upon
the nature and volume of the fermentable wastes
Figures for methane production from sewage
solids and garbage are given. The gas produced
in general by anaerobic fermentation usually
contains 60 percent to 70 percent BTU per
cubic foot. Any favorable economics for using
digestion units as an energy source are closely
tied to the plant construction costs. The con-
struction costs of anaerobic digesters and the
operating and maintenance (O&M) costs asso-
ciated with sludge digesters are dependent on
size. Comparison of costs of such a method
with other energy sources can be generated
if a population of one million can be assumed.
Such a comparison is given. A discussion con-
sidering animal wastes for such energy produc-
tion is given. The Mechaelis-Menton kinetic
model is used for aiming at a quantitative kinetic
description of the process The importance of
considering the location in relation to economics
is stressed. Costs and gas value are discussed.
Indications are that energy production from
animal wastes is within the realm of economic
reality. The need for more studies to be done
and the importance of predicting the efficiency
of the system are examined, (Kehl-East Central)
2208 - B2, E2 300
USE OF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUNOFF
IN CROP PRODUCTION
Kansas State University, Manhattan 66503
W. Wallington, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Powers,
H. L. Manges, and A. Schmid
Report No. 1427, Kansas Agricultural Experiment
Station, Manhattan 66506, p. 273-294. 11 fig.,
3 tab., 10 ref.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, "Cattle, "Agricultural
runoff, "Crop response, "Nutrients, Sampling,
Kansas
Identifiers: Yield
Land disposal of beef-feedlot-lagoon (runoff) wa-
ter was studied. Lagoon water was applied
during the summers of 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973
by furrow irrigation to a silty clay loam soil.
After four years the five treatments averaged
0, 7, 13, 22 and 37 cm/yr. Corn (Zea mays L,)
forage yield and plant content of N, P, K, Ca,
Mg, and Na were measured. Surface soil samples
and soil cores were taken from the plots after
harvest each year. Electrical conductivity rang-
ed from 1.6 to 7.6 (3.1 average) mmho/cm in
the lagoon water applied at the study site and
from 1.0 to 12.8 mmho/cm in samples taken from
12 Kansas feedlots. Electrical conductivitites of
extracts from saturated pastes of the surface
soil samples were increased linearly by accumu-
lative treatment all years. The 1970, 1971 and
1972 soU cores showed accumulation of NOs-N,
P, K, and Na in the top 30 cm at all treat-
ment rates. Movement of NOa-N and Na down
to 100 cm was noted in 1971 in cores from
plots receiving 43 cm/yr3. Movement of NOa-N
down to 240 cm was recorded in 1972 in cores
from plots that had received 20 and 41 cm/yr.
Extractable Ca and Mg in the soil cores was
not affected by treatment. Corn forage yields
were a linear function of treatment in 1970 and
a quadratic function in 1971, 1972, and 1973-
The positive effect on yield was attributed to
increased soil fertility; the relative decreases
at the higher rates were attributed to increased
soil salinity. Maximum yield and uptake of N
and P were reached at the 13 cm/yr. disposal
rate in 1971 and 1972, and at the 22 cm/yr.
rate in 1973, (Wallingford, et al-Kansas State
University)
2209 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, Fl, F2 100
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. R. Miner
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Divi-
sion (Proceedings of ASCE), Vol. 100, No. EE2,
February, 1974.
Descriptors: "Waste treatment, "Waste disposal,
"Regulation, "Water pollution
Identifiers: "Waste management, "Pollution con-
trol, "Point sources, "Nonpoint sources, "Diffuse
sources, "Land disposal
The sale price of agricultural products is estab-
lished by a complex balance of supply and
demand interacting with public needs and de-
sires. This complex economic situation, plus
the diverse climatic environments under which
agriculture operates, creates a series of economic
advantages and liabilities for feedlot operators.
The design of waste management systems, to be
economically feasible and technically effective,
must be based on an appreciation of these
factors. The principal functions involved in an
agricultural waste management scheme generally
include a collective system, a transport mech-
anism, a storage and treatment complex, and
some means for ultimate reuse or disposal
The management of animal wastes must be
geared to these functions. Application of wastes
to cropland is the most widely practical disposal
method. Hence, treatment is usually for the
purpose of making the manure more amenable
to cropland application or for the purpose of
changing its physical and chemical character-
istics to avoid application difficulties or
nuisances attributable to the application. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2210 - Al, Bl, F2 400
STEP-BY-STEP PLAN FOR
LIVESTOCK WASTE CONTROL
W. Graves
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 4, p. 16-17, Feb-
ruary 26, 1972.
Descriptors: "Livestock, "Iowa, "Feedlots, Regu-
lation, Construction, Waste storage
Identifiers: "Waste management, Runoff control
The installation of a new livestock confine-
ment setup or feedlot involves a farmer with
a bewildering array of State and Federal agencies
if his final construction is going to comply with
regulations. In the State of Iowa, the first step
is the extension service and perhaps the area
livestock specialist, Iowa State University may
also be able to help. The addresses of all
these agencies and the sources of recommended
pamphlets are provided in the text. The next
step is to investigate water sources and possible
pollution problems with the help of the Iowa
Geological Survey. Then the Soil Conservation
Service district office will provide the technical
assistance necessary to draw up specific plans
on locating and building runoff controls and
waste storage facilities. Cost-sharing money is
available from the Rural Environmental Assist-
ance Program. Final plans and the finished in-
stallation must both be approved by the State
Department of Health before cost-sharing money
is paid. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2211 - A2, A4, E2 400
TEST WAYS TO REDUCE FEEDLOT
POLLUTION
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 8, p. 50, April,
1972.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, "Water pollution,
"Groundwater pollution, "Agricultural runoff,
"Slopes, "Management, "Sampling, "Basin, Ne-
braska, Engineering, Caissons
Management systems designed to limit runoff,
handling of manure, and consequently pollution
of streams and groundwater have been con-
structed and are under observation. These are
new concepts of inexpensive runoff control from
sloping feedlots. Cattle feedlots on slopes as
213
-------
high as 15% may become minimum polluters
through the use of engineering and manage-
ment. A feedlot near Omaha, Nebraska (on a
steep 15% slope with one 350-ft. contributing
slope length above the lone basin) and another
near Springfield, Nebraska (with 2 basins on
a 8% slope, with contributing slope length of
about 120 ft. each) were studied. Soil and ma-
nure materials carried with the runoff were
deposited in basins. Basins provided opportunity
for the settling of suspended solids. Water
from the ponds were used to irrigate nearby
croplands, Runoff - recording equipment and
groundwater sampling wells were installed on
both lots. At Springfield, none of the ground-
water samples have exceeded 10 parts per
million of nitrate-nitrogen a figure the Public
Health Service has set as minimum desirable
limit in drinking water. (Cameron-East Central)
2212 - B2, D2 700
HYDROLOGY OF ANIMAL WASTE
WATER PONDS
A. W. Wieczorek
Unpublished MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineer-
ing Department, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, 1973, 43 p. 12 fig., 10 tab., 19 ref.
Descriptors: "Waste water (pollution), 'Ponds,
•Hydrology, 'Design criteria, 'Evaporation, Cat-
tle, Confinement pens, Precipitation (atmosphe-
ric). Liquid wastes, North Dakato, Agricultural
runoff
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes
Research was developed to obtain basic data
needed to design systems that utilize solar energy
to vaporize the liquid wastes from storage ponds.
Reported in this paper are the results of an
investigation conducted to determine a "pan
coefficient" for the evaporation of animal waste
waters. In addition, design criteria for evapora-
tion ponds for the disposal of animal wastes
are developed and evaluated. Climatological
data for the past six years indicates that pan
evaporation exceeds precipitation by 2.5 times
per year. Design criteria for an evaporation
pond based upon this study can be determined
by using the following data: (1) drained liquid
wastes production from a gravity flow system
utilized in a confinement barn equals 0.0026
gallon per day per pound of beef feeder, (2) a
Class A pan coefficient of 0.71 to 0.75 should be
applied to obtain an accurate approximation
of liquid waste evaporation, and (3) a factor
of 1.7 times the annual rainfall to determine
pond depth increase due to bank runoff. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
2213 - Bl, C2, C3, D4, E3, Fl 300
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
ANIMAL WASTES
Waterloo University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
W. D, Costigane, D. H. Edwards, D. A. Fraipont,
G. R. McClean, J. H. Pinchm, and B. H. Younger
Project Report, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
March, 1972, 105 p. 8 fig., 24 tab., 60 ref.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Animal wastes, 'Ana-
erobic digestion, 'Fuels, Sludge, Design, Costs
The purpose of this report is to investigate
the nature and magnitude of environmental
pollution from farm animal wastes and to
design an anaerobic digestion system that stab-
ilizes the waste, thereby reducing its pollutional
effect. The destruction of pathogenic organisms
and the production of usable products such as a
combustible gas and a stable innocuous sludge
are ancillary benefits achieved from the pro-
cess. The anaerobic digestion system proposed
in this report was designed to meet the follow-
ing requirements: low capital cost, minimum
maintenance and supervision and optimum waste
stabilization and gas production. The total capital
cost for the treatment system is $14,400. The
sludge gas produced can be utilized as a fuel
for heating, appliances and for running an auto-
mobile or tractor on the farm. The fuel savings
obtained by the use of this gas can be applied
against the cost of operating the waste treat-
ment system. It has been estimated that a
savings of $600 per year can be realized ex-
clusive of depreciation on equipment. The
anaerobic digestion system described in this
report is not, at present, considered feasible
for animal waste treatment on a small farm
due to the high initial equipment cost. (Costi-
gane, et, al.-University of Waterloo)
2214 - B2, Fl 400
LOW COST MANURE BASINS
WORK IN WISCONSIN
R. E. Graves
Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 120, No. 5, p. 290-292,
March 10, 1975. 6 fig., 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Wisconsin, 'Basins,
•Cost, 'Dairy industry
Earthen storage basins or ponds for storing
"liquid manure" are gaining popularity with
Wisconsin dairymen. These basins allow long
term storage with moderate to low investment.
One-year storage allows manure spreading in
late summer or fall on land which is to be
plowed in the fall. This saves time during
busy spring planting activities. It also provides
a chance for freezing and thawing during winter
to lessen the effects of soil compaction from
the spreading operation. There are three basic
types of storage basins. Type 1 is a rectangular
with one long vertical wall which is usually
concrete. It has an 8 to 10 foot paved strip
along the bottom of the wall. A standard liquid
manure pump may be vsed at any point along
this wall. The remaining sides and most of
the bottom are earthen. This is the most
expensive type to build. Type 2 is a circular-
or rectangular-shaped earthen storage with one
or more pumping platforms or docks, Agitation
and pumping may be done by a conventional
liquid manure pump from platforms. Type 3
may be a circular- or rectangular-shaped with
one or more ramps or driveways into them.
Agitation and pumping is done with a modified
liquid manure pump which doesn't have a right-
angle gear box and is mounted horizontally from
th<; three-point hitch of a tractor. (Merryman-
East Central)
2215 - Bl, Fl 300
A COMPARISON OF SOLID AND
LIQUID MANURE STORAGE
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University, Madison
C. O. Cramer, J. C. Converse, G. H. Tenpas,
D. A. Schlough, R. J. Johannes, et. al.
Technical Completion Report, Project 72-14-100-10,
090-(42) USDA, ARS, 40 p., 14 fig., 13 tab., 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage. 'Solid wastes, 'Li-
quid wastes, Wisconsin, Cattle, Costs, Dairy in-
dustry
Identifiers: 'Semi-solid wastes
This report is a summary of the work at the
University of Wisconsin—Madison over the last
few years on the three types of storages: solid
storage, semi-solid storage, and liquid storage,
The size of the storage depends on the number
of days of storage, the number and siz? of
animals, the type of manure, and the type
and amount of bedding used. The types of solid
storage systems described in detail include:
bunker type storage, elevator type platform
storage, thrower type platform storage, and
summer time stacking. A number of storage
designs have been built to handle semi-solid ma-
nure. Some units have been constructed below
ground using sloping side walls with a ramp
to remove it with a front end loader. The
floor and walls are concrete. Others have been
built above ground with side walls on all
sides except for an opening with the floor
sloping away from the opening. The types of
liquid storage system described in detail in-
clude: free stall barn, slotted floor with under-
barn tank, and manure scrape with outside
storage. (Cartmell-East Central)
2216 - A5, A6, Bl, Cl 600
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AS A
NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ODOR
LEVEL
Minnesota University, St. Paul
J. D. Frus, T. E. Hazen and J. R. Miner
Presented at the 1969 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 9-12, 1969, Paper No. 69-929,
17 P., 5 fig., 6 tab., 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Chemical oxygen demand, 'Gases,
Ventilation, Temperature, Humidity
Identifiers: 'Odor measurement, 'Swine
The specific objectives of this project were:
(1) To determine if the chemical oxygen demand
(COD) technique could be used as a quantitative
measure of the level of organic gases present
in a confinement swine building atmosphere,
(2) If successful, then to determine if the level
of organic gases could be correlated with ob-
served odor level, period of time animals are
in the building, air temperature, relative hu-
midity, rate of dilution by ventiilation air, or
characteristics of the waste. A satisfactory tech-
nique was developed to measure the COD
of the atmosphere in a confinement swine
building. Determination of what the air COD
value included was not conclusive. The results
indicated that COD values did not increase with
the time the animals were in the building and
there was no correlation between air COD
and manure temperature, manure COD, air
temperature, or relative humidity. There was
an accumulation of organic gases within the
chamber when essentially no dilution by venti-
lation air existed. Gases known to contribute
to swine odor were shown to be oxidized by
the potassium dichromate. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
2217 - Bl, E3 300
COMPARISON OF SOYBEAN MEAL,
UREA AND DRIED CHICKEN
MANURE AS PROTEIN SOURCES
FOR GROWING CALVES
Minnesota University, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
E. P. Cooper, R. D. Goodrich and J. C. Meiske
1974 Research Report B-204, P. 72-75. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Proteins, 'Performance,
•Cattle, Ureas, Calcium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry wastes, "Soybean
meal, Vitamin A
A feeding trial was conducted to compare rates
of gain and feed efficiencies of growing heifer
calves fed protein supplements that contained
soybean meal, urea or dried chicken manure.
The supplements were formulated to provide
equal amounts of crude protein, vitamin A
and trace mineralized salt and adequate amounts
of calcium and phosphorus when fed at a rate
of 3 ID. per day with a full feed of corn silage.
Heifers that were fed soybean meal consumed
the least amount of feed per day and per pound
of gain; while those fed the chicken manure
supplement consumed the most feed per day
and per pound gain. Because the cattle fed
chicken manure gained as well as those fed
soybean meal or urea, it appears that the
chicken manure used in this study provided
adequate supplemental nitrogen to meet the
needs of the heifers. Since amounts of feed
per 100 Ib. of gain were increased and the
calculated TDN value was relatively low, it
seems that chicken manure would be best used
to provide supplemental nitrogen and not serve
as a replacement for the grain portion of ths
ration. (Cartmell-East Central)
2218 - Al, Bl, C3, Fl 100
DESIGN OF SOLID MANURE
STORAGE FOR DAIRY HERDS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Wisconsin
University, Madison
C. O. Cramer, J. C. Converse, G. H. Tenpas,
214
-------
D A. Schlough
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 2,
p 394-360, March-April, 1973. 3 fig., 10 tab.,
11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Waste storage, 'Solid
wastes, 'Dairy industry. Nutrients, Odor, Samp-
ling, Chemical analysis. Seepage, Costs
Identifiers: Fly breeding
A bunker type manure storage for a 32-cow
stanchion dairy barn in northern Wisconsin was
developed and studied as to its pollution poten-
tial, the preservation of plant nutrients and
the management of the system. The manure
handling facility consisted of an extension to
the barn cleaner elevator, horizontal distribut-
ing conveyors, and a 3,000 cu. ft. retention
pond Floor drains were constructed to allow
the liquids to seep into a sampling tank
and retention pond for storage. Volume measure-
ments were made on manure production, in-
cluding bedding, stored volume and seepage.
Laboratory analysis was made on fresh manure,
stored manure, and seepage. The average total
solids concentration of the fresh manure was
13 and 14 percent while the average COD
concentration was approximately 123,000 and
149,000 ppm. The average total solids con-
centration of the stored manure was approxi-
mately 22 and 25 percent and the average
COD concentration was approximately 222,000
and 231,000 ppm. The average concentration of
total nitrogen ammonia, total phosphorous, and
potassium was in the area of 5,500, 1,800, 1,500,
and 4,800 ppm respectively. The total seepage
collected, which included urine and precipita-
tion, was 2.0 and 4.0 gal. per cow for the winter
periods. The average BOD, COD, and total solids
concentration for seepage in the winter pe-
riods was 13,000 mg per 1, 31,500 mg per 1,
and 2.8 percent respectively. Odors from the
storage were noticed at the residence only on
damp overcast days when the wind blew toward
it. Fly breeding was not a problem. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2219 - A9, E3 300
DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE
Animal Science Department, Texas Tech Uni-
versity, Lubbock
R. C. Albin and L. B. Sherrod
Research Report No. 24, Texas Tech University
Center at Amarillo, Pantex, Texas, March, 1974.
1 tab., 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, Cattle, Feedlots,
Nutrients, Proteins, Composting
Identifiers: 'Digestibility, 'Refceding
This project was conducted to determine the
nutritive value of feedlot waste taken from
Southwestern cattle feedlots where improved
grain processing techniques and low levels of
roughage are being used. Rations containing
feedlot waste were offered to feeder steers
in three total collection digestion trials. The
steers were checked daily for health and stress
symptoms. The results suggest that when feedlot
waste is fed in high concentrate-adequate pro-
tein rations, little difference would be expected
between raw and composted waste. The data
also indicate that when the same waste is
fed in a low energy-low protein ration, the
waste would be digested to a greater degree
than when fed with the high energy ration.
Composting would decrease the digestibility of
crude protein, but would increase cell wall diges-
tibility in low energy-low protein rations. Data
indicate that recycling cattle feedlot waste
would not appreciably improve the problems
of cattle waste disposal. There were no problems
with feed consumption. The steers readily con-
sumed even the 60% waste rations. No animal
nealth problems were observed. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2220 - Al 300
SAMPLING BACTERIA IN A
MOUNTAIN STREAM
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
5. H. Kunkle and J. R. Meiman
Colorado State University Hydrology Paper No
28, 27 p., March, 1968, 25 fig.,14 tabs., 13 ret.
Descriptors: 'Sampling, 'Bacteria, 'Indicators,
•Water pollution, 'Waste, 'Conforms, 'Strepto-
coccus, 'Bioindicators, Water pollution sources,
Hydrographs, Statistical methods, Temperature,
Cattle, Land use
Identifiers: 'Water pollution indicators, Insola-
tion, Parameters measured, Graphical plots.
Variation coefficients
Pollution - indicating bacteria groups — the
coliforms, fecal conforms, and fecal streptococci
—were used to investigate bacteria fluctua-
tions and concentrations below and above a
pollution source in a small high-elevation stream
in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 1966-67. The
upper of 2 sites sampled was streamflow from
an uninhabited forested area, while the lower
(1.5 mi. downstream) was below a grazed
meadow irrigated by the creek. Statistical
analysis showed that analytical error is an im-
portant source of variation with a coefficient
of 0.5 in coliform replicates from one bottle,
that there was more day-to-day variation than
within a day, and that variability was high-
est at lowest concentrations. Bacteria counts
showed a daily cycle with highest counts in
the evening, lowest in the afternoon, and inter-
mediate morning values. Seasonally, the spring
high stage had the highest counts at the lower
sits while counts were highest at low flows
at the upper site. The cattle-influenced site al-
ways had higher counts than the upper site.
Water temperature was inversely related to
concentration. Insolation rapidly killed bacteria.
Coliform to streptococci ratio was less than 1.0
at the upper site and ranged from 1.70 to
5.45 at the lower. (Kunkle, Meiman-Colorado
State University)
2221 - A2, Bl, E2 200
WASTE CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Nebraska University
C. B. Gilbertson
Proceedings, Pollution Research Symposium,
Lincoln, Nebraska, May 23, 1969, p. 50-57.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feedlots, La-
goons, Topography, Climates, Housing, Design
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Detention pond.
Land disposal
Conventional outdoor feedlots are confronted
with two basic problems. One is the handling
of solids on tha feedlot surface, and the other
is the control of runoff. Waste control alter-
natives for solids handling are: (1) remove ma-
nure after each cattle cycle, (2) intermittent
cleaning of critical areas, and (3) stockpile ma-
nure. Control design of a facility and manage-
ment scheme must fit existing enterprises and
consist of an area to detain solids and a
pond to detain the liquid. Individual design
bas3d on information from a topographic map
of the feedlot area, management alternatives
for runoff disposal, such as irrigation, land
disposal or direct release into the environment
must b3 completed. In the production of beef,
several alternatives must be considered: (1) con-
ventional outdoor, unsurfaced lots on slopes
up to 10 percent; (2) surfaced outdoor lots,
"cold houssd" and "hot housed" confinement.
Specific conditions coupled with the feedlot
operator's judgement will determine the type
of operation he will have. (Battles-East Central)
2222 - B2, E2 100
COMPARATIVE CHANGES IN SOIL-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INDUCED
BY ADMIXTURES OF MANURES
FROM VARIOUS DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
California University, Davis
A. A. R. Hafez
Soil Science, Vol. 118, No. 1, P. 53-59, July,
1974. 1 fig., 7 tab., 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Soils, 'Physical properties, Cattle,
Poultry, Hydraulic conductivity
Identifiers: 'Manure, Horses, Water holding
capacity, Compactibility, Modulus of rupture
The objective of this study was to compare,
by laboratory tests, the physical properties of
soils as they are altered by animal manures
which in themselves have different physical
properties. Organic matter improves the tillage
properties of soil and alters soil structure fav-
orably by reducing bulk density. In this experi-
ment, each kind of animal manure progressively
decreased soil bulk density as the rates of
applied manure increased. Increases in water-
holding capacity were definitely induced by ma-
nure additions to soil and the increases were
functions both of the quantity and type of ma-
nure added. There was a pronounced hydraulic
conductivity improvement factor present in beef
cattle and horse manures but very little in the
chicken manure application. Manure applications
at a rate of 5 percent favorably increased the
soU shrinkage limit. Addition of animal manure
to clay soil decreased compactibility. Also, dairy
and beef cattle manures were more effective
than chicken manure in decreasing the bulk
density of compacted soil, whether at low or
high soil-water contents. The soil strength as
indicated by the modulus of rupture when
different types and rates of animal manures
ware mixed with clay were reduced. The fib-
rous materials in manures play a major role
in altering physical properties of soils. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2223 - D2, Fl 100
COMPARISON OF THE
CONVENTIONAL CAGE ROTOR AND
JET-AERO-MIX SYSTEMS IN
OXIDATION DITCH OPERATIONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
G. M. Wong-Chong, A. C. Anthonisen, and R. C.
Loehr
Water Research, Vol. 8, p. 761-768, 1974. 6 fig.,
6 tab., 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aeration, 'Liquid wastes, Odor,
Costs
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'JAM system,
•Cage rotor system
This report discusses an alternative to a cage
rotor for an oxidation ditch and compares the
performance of two aeration systems when
used for the treatment of high strength wastes.
The alternative to the cage rotor is the JAM
system which achieves both mixing and aera-
tion by pumping the mixed liquid through
nozzles. Mixing is maintained by energy and
momentum transfer from jet streams to the
bulk liquid and the concomitant turbulence and
aspirator capacity of the jet streams bring
about the aeration. In a comparison of the
oxygen transferability of both JAM and cage
rotor systems, the two systems are reasonably
comparable for the conditions tested. Because
of this equality, the operating costs from an
energy consumption standpoint are also about
equal. From a general maintenance performance
the JAM system does not have the bearings
and drive belt slippage problems associated
with the cage rotor. From an odor and general
nuisance standpoint, the aerobic treatment unit
in the enclosed controlled environment alleviated
problems which occurred in the previous open-
sided housing system. (Cartmell-East Central)
2224 - B2, E2 400
DAIRY WASTE GOES FULL CYCLE
IN RESEARCH
T. B. Pratt
Sunshine State Agricultural Research Report,
Vol. 17, p. 10-11, July-August, 1972. 7 fig.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry. Liquid wastes.
Irrigation, Nutrients, Salts, Soil profile
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
Studies on the feasibility of spraying dairy
wastes over the land, including uptake of the
nutrients by soil and water, yield of different
crops, and movement of nutrients and salts in
the soil are in their third year at Hague, Florida.
(Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
215
-------
2225 - B2, C5, D2 700
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE EFFECTS OF BAFFLES ON
THE AGITATION AND REMOVAL OF
MANURE SOLIDS FROM A LIQUID
MANURE HOLDING TANK
F. B. Scholfield, Jr.
Unpublished MS Thesis, Department of Agricul-
tural Engineering, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, 1969, 33 p. 11 fig., 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Baffles, 'Solid wastes, "Liquid
wastes, 'Model studies. Cattle, Moisture, Viscosity
Identifiers: 'Agitation, 'Removal, 'Manure,
•Holding tank, 'Peat moss
Laboratory models constructed to one-fifth scale
of a prototype liquid manure system were
investigated in order to study the effects of
internal obstructions in a model manure hold-
ing tank. The agitation nozzle, baffles, and
pumping rates were also modeled. Peat moss
was used to simulate scaled cow manure. The
tests were run with four different baffle arrange-
ments: (1) no baffles, (2) center baffles,
(3) side baffles, and (4) side and center
baffles. The following conclusions were drawn:
(1) the use of the three baffle arrangements
decreased the amount of solids left in the
tank, and (2) the geometric placement of the
agitator nozzle in this study and the use of
baffles had a favorable effect on slurry agita-
tion. Based on the volume of solids buildup
above a slurry base level of 1.5 inches, these
tests showed that a significant difference in
the removal of settled solids existed between
each of the four treatments. (Cameron-East
Central)
2226 - Bl, C3 100
INFLUENCE OF LOW LEVEL
HANDLING STRESS ON NITROGEN
EXCRETION OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH
(LEPOMIS MACHROCHIRUS
RAFINESQUE)
Biology Department, Loyola University of Chi-
cago, Illinois
J. Savitz
Transactions of the American Fisheries So-
ciety, Vol. 102, No. 3, p. 629-630, July, 1973.
1 fig., 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Stress, 'Nitrogen, 'Fish behavior
Identifiers: 'Excretion, •Bluegill Sunfish
The study was designed to test whether mini-
mal handling, as would occur in laboratory
investigations of fish metabolism, would affect
nitrogen excretion of bluegill sunfish. The study
was carried out using bluegills weighing
33.9+/—1.4g (x+/—SE which were starved for
one week prior to experimentation. Handling con-
sisted of catching a fish with a dip net and
placing it in a bucket of water for approximately
1 minute. Then it was caught by hand, weighed
and placed in 8 liters of water in an individual
covered aerated aquarium. Total nitrogen analysis
of water samples from the aquariums revealed
that the handling stress was not severe enough
to cause significant changes in mean nitrogen
excretion rates. However, Fromm and Gillette
(1968) showed that nitrogen excretion rates of
goldfish can be influenced by ammonia already
in the water. (Kehl-East Central)
2227 - Al, B2, E2, Fl 700
DESIGN FOR BENEFICIAL USE
OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF
L. R. Shuyler
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Kansas State University, 1969, 59 p. 9 fig.,
10 tab., 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Design, Agricultural runoff, 'Feed-
lots, Costs, Rainfall, Irrigation
The purpose of this report was to investigate
one method of disposal of liquid waste from a
feedlot operation. It dealt with only the disposal
of the liquid waste generated in the form of
runoff caused by rainfall. It was concluded
that from an engineering standpoint, the disposal
of waste water from feedlot drainage areas
can be accomplished by using it for irriga-
tion water on agricultural land, where land
area permits. It appears safe to assume that
groundwater pollution can be avoided if, in the
application of waste water, no more nutrients,
on the average, are added to the soil than can
be removed with the cropping program. The
cost of this type of disposal system is quite
small when expressed on a per animal basis,
considering the total annual capacity of the
feedlot. (Cartmell-East Central)
2228 - A2 700
ANNUAL TOTALS AND TEMPORAL
DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT RUNOFF IN KANSAS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Minnesota
University
F. G. Bergsrud
Master's Report, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Kansas State University, 1967, 106 p.
41 fig., 3 tab., 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Feedlots, 'Cat-
tle, Precipitation (atmospheric), Computers, Kan-
sas
Identifiers: 'Annual totals, 'Temporal distribu-
tion, Watershed factors, Hydro-logic soil cover
complexes
The objectives of this study were: to establish
a system for determining the total annual
runoff, the inflow rates, and the temporal
distribution of runoff from cattle feedlots; to
analyze data using this system; and to examine
the data to determine the range and distribu-
tion of occurrences using the system. The factors
affecting runoff were precipitation factors and
watershed factors. Data from twelve stations
in Kansas were analyzed by computer for a
period of thirty years. A summary of data
described in the station data section is given.
It was concluded that a computer can be
successfully used with weather tapes to obtain
runoff data from feedlots. The analyses of
this data may prove beneficial in the design
of runoff retention or storage structures. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2229 - Al, E2 700
DEVELOPMENT OF A NITROGEN
BALANCE IN A LABORATORY SOIL
PROFILE WITH A HEAVY
APPLICATION OF BEEF CATTLE
WASTES
J. A. George
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Kansas State University, 1970, 136 p. 6 fig.,
10 tab., 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'Cattle, 'Soil pro-
file, Feedlots, Denitrification, Sampling, Analysis
Identifiers: 'Nitrogen balance
The purpose of this project was to study the
nitrogen cycle as it occurs in a soil profile
with a high loading rate of beef feedlot wastes.
In order to study denitrification under as na-
tural conditions as possible and in order to
determine a total nitrogen balance, an appara-
tus which combined the total soil profile of
a lysimeter, the closed gas collection system
of an incubation apparatus and the soil solution
sampling ability of a soil percolation apparatus
was designed. The results of 13 test runs re-
vealed few solid facts about denitrification. They
did indicate that part of the apparatus had
great potential and that other parts needed
further development and experimentation. The
gas measuring and analysis part of the unit
did not produce usable data, but the water
sampling produced quite good data. The soil
and manure analysis data indicated that a con-
siderable loss of nitrogen from the soil column
occurred. Less than 10 percent of the total
nitrogen lost from the soil was leached out
in the water samples, indicating that the
drawing off of water samples removes a mini-
mum of nitrogen from the sight of active
transformations. Only 2 percent of the total
indicated nitrogen loss was leached out of the
bottom of the 4 foot soil profile. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2230 - E2, Fl 400
MANURE DECREASES NEED FOR
FERTILIZER
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, p 6, March 25, 1S72.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Manure, Tilth, 'Croplands, Bed-
ding '
Under proper management, manure application
to croplands provides valuable nutrients and
increases soil tilth and water holding capacity.
Relative values of different manures range
from $2 per ton for dairy cattle to over $6
per ton for poultry. A 1000 pound beef animal
will produce 10.95 tons of wet manure per year
at 85% moisture. Bedding should be added
in sufficient amounts to absorb the liquid and
thus reduce handling difficulties. Straw, corn-
stalk, soft wood shavings, sawdust and peat-
moss all absorb many times their weight in
moisture and thus retain valuable nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
(Battles-East Central)
2231 - Bl, C3, E2 400
MANURE CAN CUT YOUR
FERTILIZER BILL
W. Groves
Wallaces Farmer, Vol. 97, No. 19, p. 40-41,
October 14, 1972. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Costs, 'Nutrients, Ni-
trogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Irrigation, La-
goons
Identifiers: 'Land spreading. Oxidation ditch
A well-managed manure handling system can
help trim chemical fertilizer costs. Experiments
were conducted on 6 types of waste handling
systems by Dale Vanderholm, Iowa State Uni-
versity extension agricultural engineer. The sys-
tems tested included: (1) combination oxidation
ditch and anaerobic lagoon with irrigation or
liquid spreading, (2) deep pit storage with
liquid spreading, (3) anaerobic lagoon with
liquid spreading or irrigation, (4) aerobic lagoon
with irrigation or liquid spreading, (5) bedded
confinement with solid spreading, (6) open lot
with or without shelter; solid spreading with
runoff collected and irrigated or liquid spread.
System 1 showed the greatest loss of nitrogen
and system 5 showed the least loss of all
systems tested. At 7 cents per pound, anywhere
from $5.25 to $12.95 worth of nitrogen may be lost
from a 1000 Ib. beef animal's excrement, depend-
ing upon the system. Vanderholm figures a 50%
PaOs loss and a 30% K2O loss in anaerobic
lagoons, but no losses in other systems. Use
of Vanderholm's guidelines can be of help in
determining how much land is needed in
spreading various types of manure. (Battles-
East Central)
2232 - Al, Bl, F2 400
EPA AND THE FISH FARMER
Chairman, CFA Research Committee and the
12-State S-83 Catfish Research Committee
J. W. Avault, Jr.
The Catfish Farmer, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 16-17, 30,
July/August, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Fish farming, 'Regulations, 'Efflu-
ent, Ponds, Suspended solids. Pollutants, Moni-
toring
Identifiers: 'Environmental Protection Agency,
Raceways, Settleable solids, Fecal conforms
216
-------
The Environmental Protection Agency held a
hearing on May 23, 1974, at Athens, Georgia,
to discuss proposed regulations for the effluent
of ponds, raceways, and other culture systems
and drafted them into a 237-page book. Fish
growers are divided into three categories:
(1) Native fish — flow thru culturing systems,
(2) Native fish — pond culturing, and (3) Non-
native fish culturing system. The proposed
regulations for category 1 call for the moni-
toring of suspended solids, settleable solids,
NH(3)—N and net concentrations of fecal conform
bacteria. Limits are placed upon each of these
four items. Proposals for category 2, where
most catfish farmers would fit, demands that
settleable solids must not exceed 3.3 milligrams
per liter and fecai coliform must not. exceed
200 organisms/100 ml. The proposed regulations
for category 3 calls for no discharge of process
wastewater pollutants. All these regulations are
concerned solely with the quality of the
water as it leaves the drain pipe. Proposed
regulations must be implemented by July 1,
1977, and stricter regulations must be imple-
mented by July 1, 1983. If these proposed regu-
lations become law on October 25, 1974, the costs
of periodically checking the wastewaters and
cleaning up polluted water will be borne by
the farmer. The EPA breaks its suggestions for
methods of cleaning up catfish ponds into:
(1) water conservation; (2) feeding practices;
(3) fish distribution; (4) pond draining; and
(5) harvesting. (Battles-East Central)
2233 - Cl, D4 700
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION OF SWINE WASTE
Spillman, C. K.
M. S. Thesis, University of Dlinois, Depart-
ment of Agricultural Engineering, 1963, 54 p.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, *Hogs, 'Anaerobic
digestion, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste storage,
'Waste disposal, Gases, Confinement pens, Efflu-
ent, Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen demand, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Hydrogen ion concen-
tration
Identifiers: 'Swine, Loading rates, Ammonia
nitrogen, Organic nitrogen, slotted floors
The objectives of this study were: (1) to study
the breakdown of organic matter which occurs
when swine waste is stored under slotted floors
and allowed to decompose anaerobically, and
(2) to determine some characteristics of swine
waste which are important in the design of
disposal systems. To accomplish these objectives,
12 digesters were set up and loaded with swine
waste material at rates considered typical of
those in use in slotted floor hog houses. The
characteristics of swine waste could be deter-
mined from the results obtained from the tests
on waste material. Tests were run for ammonia
nitrogen, organic nitrogen, chemical oxygen
demand, and biochemical oxygen demand. A
design recommendation was to make the pits
tinder slotted floors 3 to 5 feet deep. The most
important aspect of pits under slotted floors
is the effect on the animals of the gases
produced during digestion. The gases produced
and the concentration which would exist in
buildings should be determined. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2234 - Bl, Cl, D4 700
AEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE
WASTE
Jones, D. D.
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Illinois University, 1967, 127 P., 38 fig.,
9 tab., 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Cattle, 'Waste
treatment, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Diets, Digestion, Dairy industry,
Analysis, Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphours
Identifiers: 'Aerobic digestion, 'Loading rates.
Volatile solids, Fixed solids.
This study was undertaken to determine the
effectiveness of the aerobic digestion process in
the treatment of dairy and beef cattle wastes.
Wastes were collected from livestock being
fed high concentrate ration. It was added in
varying loading rates to laboratory aerobic
digesters. For dairy cattle, a waste feed having
a BOD concentration of 19,400mg/l and a VS
concentration of 50,000 mg/1 was added to
digesters. Total BOD reductions of 70, 60, and
76 percent and total VS reductions of 20, 15, and
0 percent, respectively, were obtained for the
loading rates of 125, 150, and 200 ml. Because
of the extremely large amount of nonbiod»-
gradable organic matter present, all thres digest-
ers may have been overloaded. Due to the
settling of solids during the latter part of the
feed period, no conclusions can be drawn
as to the effectiveness of treatment of the
optimum of loading rate. For beef cattle, a
waste feed having a BOD concentration of
8,000 mg/1 and a VS concentration of 30,000 mg/1
was added to digesters. Total BOD reductions
of 59, 70, and 40 percent and total VS reduc-
tions of 38, 27, and 16 percent, respectively,
were obtained for the loading rates of 100, 150,
and 200 ml. Optimum loading rate was deter-
mined to be 150 ml. and significant reduction
of biodegradable organic concentrations was
obtained. (Cartmell-East Central)
2235 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2 100
FATE OF NITROGEN UNDER
INTENSIVE ANIMAL FEEDING
Agricultural Research Service, United States
Department of Agriculture. Fort Collins, Colorado
F. G. Viets
FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 33, No. 5,
p. 1178-1182, May, 1972. 24 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen compounds, 'Feedlots,
Denitrification, Agricultural runoff, Ammonia
Identifiers: 'Pollution, Land disposal, Amines
Among the potential nitrogenous pollutants aris-
ing from the feeding of protein and urea are
microbial protein, amino acids, urea, uric acid,
ammonia, and a host of complex compounds
that either have not been identified or have
been ignored. The amount of nitrogen avail-
able for beneficial use on growing crops depends
on management and waste collection. The path-
ways for removing this nitrogen are manure
hauling, runoff, percolation, denitrification on
site, and volatilizaiton of ammonia and other
basic N compounds. The source of nitrate in a
shallow farm well has been considered to be
drainage from septic tanks, cesspools, and
barnyards, with overfertilization of crops being
an insignificant contributor except on very sandy
soils. Ammonia is a contaminant of all air and
rain. The feedlot, as a source of ammonia,
represents a great disturbance of the environ-
ment. Amines are of concern for two reasons.
They are very stinky substances that are per-
sistent in sticking to clothing and most all
kinds of surfaces. Second, the secondary amines
can combine with nitrite under favorable condi-
tions to produce the highly carcinogenic, terato-
genic, and mutagenic nitrosamines. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2236 - Al, E2 100
USING POULTRY MANURE
COMPOST TO RECLAIM SALT
POLLUTED SOILS
Assistant Agronomist, Department of Agronomy,
Arkansas University, Fayetteville 72701
L. H. Hileman
Compost Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 22-23, March-
April, 1974. 2 fig., 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Reclamation, 'Poultry, 'Grasses,
Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium,
Conductivity
Identifiers: 'Salt polluted soils, 'Compost, 'Ex-
creta, pH
Brine water dumping from oil field operations,
which was permitted in the past, resulted in
barren land of little or no value. In 1970, Dr.
H. C. Dean, State Soil Scientist, surveyed the
problem in southern Arkansas. In 1971, a compost
made with chicken manure was applied to a
brine-polluted area to see if it would be use-
ful in reclaiming the land. The compost was
applied at a rate of 6 tons per acre and roto-
tilled into the upper 4 inches of the soil. The
land was then seeded with Japanese millet,
Pangburn switchgrass, bahia, common bermuda
grass, and Kobe lespedeza. The treated area
was oversaeded in the fall of 1971 with Ken-
tucky-31 fescue and crimson clover. All species
germinated and grew; however, the lespedeza
and clover did not grow over about 3 months.
The grasses survived well and grew for three
years without further treatment. Tests revealed
that the compost application improved soil pH,
phosphorus, calcium, and sodium. There was
very little change in potassium, magnesium,
and conductivity. It is thus indicated that a
good quality compost can be used to reclaim
brine polluted land. Further experimentation
is needed to determine required rates of com-
post. (Merryman-East Central)
2237 - A5, A9, Bl, D4 400
COMPOSTING POULTRY MANURE
IN DEEP-PITS
Extension Poultry Products Specialist, Purdue
University, Lafayette, Indiana
J. G. Berry
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43, p. 32, July 3, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Composting, 'Poultry, 'Waste
storage, Odor, Rodents, Costs
Identifiers: 'Deep-pit, Flies
Deep pits in operation up to six years with-
out odors, flies, or troubles are reported. The
overriding consideration is that the manure
must be kept dry. Sealing of the pit to protect
groundwater and to exclude rodents is desirable.
Labor and operating costs can be reduced
significantly by use of deep pits. Building costs
will be higher and serious trouble may occur
if the manure gets wet. (Whetstone, Parker, &
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2238 A5, Bl, D2 400
TWO-STAGE DRYING FOR MANURE
DISPOSAL ADVOCATED BY PENN
STATE POULTRYMAN
Feedstuffs Staff Writer
G. Lauser
Feedstuffs, Vol. 34, p. 7, 33, July 31, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Drying, 'Poultry, 'Economics,
Odor, Aeration
Identifiers: 'Deep-pit storage, Refeeding, Land
disposal
Glenn Bressler considers the deep pit to be
the worst possible "solution" to poultry manure
disposal. When the day of cleanout finally arrives,
the sticky, odiferous mess will have lost its
fertilizer value. Liquid handling pollutes large
volumes of water with resulting higher costs
for low-pollution disposal. Two-stage drying, with
the first stage occurring in place and reducing
the moisture content from 75 percent to 35 per-
cent, is advocated. Cost data are cited. (Whet-
stone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech University)
2239 - E3 400
ARIZONA FEEDS HELPING IN
BEEF WASTE RECLAMATION
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 5, March 6, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Arizona, 'Cattle, 'Feeds, 'Proteins
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Waste reclamation
Arizona Feeds of Tucson is cooperating with
General Electric in a project for the production
of 120 Ib. per day of protein for cattle feed.
The source is cattle manure. (Whetstone, Parker,
and Wells, Texas Tech University)
2240 - E3 400
GENERAL ELECTRIC TO RECYCLE
BEEF MANURE INTO PROTEIN
FEED AT NEW ARIZONA PLANT
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 4, April 10, 1972. 1 fig.
217
-------
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Cattle, 'Arizona, Thermo-
philic bacteria, Proteins
Identifiers: 'General Electric, 'Refeeding
A pilot plant at Casa Grande, Arizona, scheduled
to begin production in the summer of 1972 will
process the wastes from 100 cattle by providing
for digestion of the waste by thermophilic
bacteria followed by harvesting of the bacteria
for protein. Years of research have gone into
the process wherein 400500 Ib. manure (dry
weight) will produce 120-150 Ib. protein. Other
cellulose wastes would be amenable to the
same process. (Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-
Texas Tech University)
2241 - Al, B2. E2 100
THE PERFORMANCE OF AN
EXPERIMENTAL HIGH-RATE
BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION TOWER
WHEN TREATING A PIGGERY
SLURRY
Farm Buildings and Information Division, Na-
tional Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Eng-
land
R. Q. Hepherd and A. H. Charlock
Descriptors: 'Filtration, 'Slurries, 'Dewatering,
Design, Suspended solids
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'High rate biological filtra-
tion
Waste disposal problems are being caused on
many farms by the intensification of livestock
enterprises and the development of housing
systems in which little or no bedding material
is used. Also, the discharge of slurries or other
liquid from wastes into ditches, streams, rivers,
etc., or (exceptionally) even on to land, with-
out the prior approval of the authority con-
cerned is prohibited by such Acts as the Rivers
(Prevention of Pollution) Acts of 1951 and 1971,
and the Water Resources Act of 1963. The
objectives of this study were: (1) to provide
engineering data for the design of a farm-
scale experimental plant, which would allow
the various aspects of the process to be ex-
amined in greater depth and (2) to investigate
the performance of plastics and other light-
weight filter media. Present knowledge suggests
that the high-rate biofiltration type of anaerobic
treatment may be an economical alternative
to conventional methods of disposing of pig
wastes to land. The study showed that sludge
dewatering by filtration through straw may
be practicable for the smaller piggery units.
However, tor the larger pig units and for
plants treating cattle slurries, the development
of mechanical dewatering equipment appears to
be essential. The difficulty of controlling the
solids level at dry matter loadings over about
27 kg/d was the cause for the limitation to
the loading of the pilot plant. Effluent quality
was normally between 300 and 800 mg/1 sus-
pended solids and 100 and 300 mg/1 BOD and
the daily volume was small (about 0.9m(3),
neglecting evaporating losses, etc., which were
not measured). A new and larger pilot-scale
plant is presently being constructed to study
in greater detail the effects of higher loading
rates on plant performance, on sludge de-
watering, on the Incidence of blockage in various
medium types, and on low-cost equipment for
effluent-land application. (Kehl-East Central)
2242 - A6, Cl 100
NITROGEN LOSS FROM MANURE
AS INFLUENCED BY MOISTURE
AND TEMPERATURE
Department of Soil Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing
D. C. Adriano, A. C. Chang, and R. Sharpless
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, p. 258-
261, July-September, 1974, 1 fig., 4 tab., 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Moisture, Temperature,
•Soil, 'Feedlots, Nitrification
Identifiers: 'Volatilization
One of the principal components in cattle
wastes that requires critical attention because
of its impact on environmental quality is nitro-
gen. The main objective of this study was to
evaluate under controlled conditions, the effect
of the interactions of soil temperatures with
moisture on manurial-N loss. These two vari-
ables' effects no N losses from different applica-
tion rates of manure were studied under
greenhuose conditions at two soil temperatures
(10° and 25° C) and at two soil moistures (60
and 90% of water saturation percentage, WSP).
There was no significant effect on the percentage
of loss applied N by manurial rate. At 10" C,
the average losses of applied N for the 60 and
90% moisture levels were 26 and 39% respective-
ly. At 25° F, higher losses for the 60 and 90%
levels were 40 and 45%, respectively. It is felt
that about 50% of the N from cattle manure
applied to uncropped land can be lost within
a few weeks through gaseous evolution largely
as NH3. In confined operations with paved
lots or in old unpaved lots perhaps losses
would even be higher. Ammonia absorption
by clay minerals will be non-existent or minimal
under these conditions. (Kehl-East Central)
2243 Al, Bl, E2 300
CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK
FACILITIES WASTE MANAGEMENT
CODE OF PRACTICE
Published under the authority of the Minister
of the Environment and the Minister of Agri-
culture, Queen's Printer, September, 1973, 31
p. 7 fig., 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Canada, Alberta, Confinement pens,
•Farm management, 'Design, Odor, Livestock
Identifiers: 'Isolation distances, Waste handling,
Land application
Public concern about all forms of pollution
of our environment is growing while intensive
livestock operations are increasing in number
and size. The number of residential dwellings
on or near farmland is increasing. Developers
of non-agricultural activities in agricultural areas
should be aware that complete odor control
is beyond present technical capabilities. These
guidelines stress that when conflicts result from
encroachment on agricultural areas, much of
the responsibility should be accepted by the
developers and not only the agricultural opera-
tor. Guidelines for confinement livestock facili-
ties waste management intend to provide a tech-
nical base upon which livestock operators can
develop without causing undue environmental
impact. Administration and definitions regard-
ing the guidelines are given. The guidelines are
defined in terms of developments requiring
compliance and the isolation distances. The
various components of design guidelines for
livestock facilities are listed and examined. The
components include manure storage, earthen
catch basins (and alternate methods), walled
storage, storage lagoons and mechanically aerat-
ed systems. The guidelines for animal waste
management, including the handling of solid
and liquid manure, are discussed. Land applica-
tion is also examined. Directions for the pro-
cedure for using the code are given. (Kehl-East
Central)
2244 - A9, Dl, E3 100
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHOD
ON PASTURIZATION AND NITROGEN
COMPONENTS OF BROILER LITTER
AND ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION
BY SHEEP
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg 24061
L. F. Caswell, J. P. Fontenot, and K. E. Webb,
Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 759-
759, April, 1975. 3 tab., 33 ref.
Identifiers: 'Sheep, 'Broiler litter, «Refeeding,
•Pasturization, 'Nitrogen utilization, Processing
method
Experiments were conducted to determine the
effect of different methods of processing broiler
litter on pasturization and nitrogen components
of litter, and to study the relative effects on
nitrogen utilization, ration digestibility and blood
and ruminal parameters when litter was fed
to sheep. It was concluded that methods found
to be effective pasteurization processes were-
Dry heating at 150° C for 20 min., autoclaving
for 10 min., dry heating at 150° C at depths
of .6 or 2.5 cm with addition of paraformal-
dehyde, and ethylene oxide fumigation for a
minimum of 30 minutes. No digestive dis-
turbances were observed in the experimental
animals. Fecal, urinary and total nitrogen ex-
cretion did not differ among treatments. Pro-
cessing method did not affect the apparent
digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether
extract, crude fiber and NFE. Blood urea levels
were not significantly different among treat-
ments. Acetic acid was significantly higher for
the animals fed dry heat plus PFA treated litter
than for either of the other treatment groups
(Cartmell-East Central)
2245 - A4, E2 600
GROUNDWATER QUALITY BENEATH
A MANURE DISPOSAL AREA
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University
D. L. Reddell
Presented at the 1973 Winter Meeting, Ameri-
can Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois, December 11-14, 15 p. 11 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Nutrients, Nitrogen,
Sodium, Chloride, Ammonium, Chemical oxygen
demand
Identifiers: 'Groundwater quality, 'Land dis-
posal
The objective of this research was to evaluate
the effect of a very heavy application of beef
manure on the groundwater quality of a manure
disposal area at El Paso, Texas. It was con-
cluded that groundwater showed increased
amounts of chloride, COD, ammonium, sodium,
organic-N and nitrate for a period of approxi-
mately 1 year following the manure applica-
tion, but then decreased to background levels
in most cases within 2 years after the applica-
tion. Also, nitrates accumulated in the un-
saturated soil zone above the water table during
much of this study. However, they apparently
denitrified upon entering the water table, be-
cause groundwater samples indicated only minor
Increases in NO3 levels. (Cartmell-East Central)
2246 - Bl, F2 600
IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION ON THE LIVESTOCK
INDUSTRY
Executive Vice President, National Livestock
Feeders Association, Omaha, Nebraska
B. H. Jones
Presented at 1973 Winter Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-14, 1973, 9 p.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'Feedlots, 'Costs,
Livestock
A discussion of proposed guidelines and the
effect they could have on the stability of rural
economics, production costs, supplies of animal
products, and consumer prices is given. In terms
of price increases and overall industry capacity,
the economic impact of the proposed effluent
guidelines for feedlots would not be serious.
Agriculture and business and industry have
been receiving eroding blows for a period of
years, but the impact of environmental regi-
lation will fall mostly on the small operator.
It is said that many of these will be forced
out of business. The industry may be pushed
toward the middle of the road in terms of the
unit size of operation. It is important to con-
sider that environmental control expenditure
does not generate additional cash flow or new
income opportunltities. Such investments are not
cost-reducing or production-increasing. In fact,
they are cost-creating, since they give rise to
additional maintenance and other operational
costs. (Cartmell-East Central)
218
-------
2247 - A5, Bl, C3 400
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
METHODS—PRESENT AND FUTURE
E. P. Taiganides
Feedstuffs, Vol. 40, No. 37, p. 37-38, September
14, 1968. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, Waste disposal,
•Odor, Gases
Identifiers: "Waste management
The factors that cause or aggravate the animal
producers' waste disposal problems may be
grouped as follows. 1. Manure characteristics.
2. Present methods of manure handling and
disposal. 3, Expansion of urban centers into
rural areas plus public awareness of the need
for a healthy and aesthetically pleasant atmo-
sphere. Control of odor and odorous gases is a
vexing problem for the feedlot owner. The most
important gases generated within an animal
confinement unit are carbon 'dioxide, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, methane, and trace quantities
of a host of organic compounds such as acids,
mercaptans, skatols, etc. The largest single
problem associated with confinement units in-
volves manure management. Of the present
methods of manure handling, the most im-
portant are anaerobic lagoons, digesters, aerobic
oxidation, dehydration, coprophagy, composting,
and land spreading. (Cartmell-East Central)
2248 C3 300
IDENf IFICATION AND
MEASUREMENT OF VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS WITHIN A SWINE
BUILDING AND MEASUREMENT OF
AMMONIA EVOLUTION RATES FROM
MANURE-COVERED SURFACES
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
J. R. Miner, M. D. Kelly and A. W. Anderson
Technical Paper No. 3972, Oregon Agricultural
Experiment Station, 1974, 11 p. 2 fig., 3 tab.,
6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Organic compounds, 'Measurement,
'Ammonia, Nitrogen, Lagoons
Identifiers: 'Swine building, 'Manure - covered
surfaces, 'Identification
In an effort to devise a field technique for
sampling and measuring airborne volatile or-
ganic compounds in the vicinity of livestock
production facilities, a trapping procedure was
developed. A sampling box was designed and
built which permitted the measurement of
ammonia generation rates from earth, building,
and treatment system surfaces. These measure-
ments qualified the rate of ammonia release
from dairy and swine housing areas, manure
storage facilities, and grassland used for ma-
nure disposal. In addition to the ammonia
evolution, these studies indicated a non-ammonia
nitrogen evolution rate ranging from 0.25 to 0.75
of the ammonia. No correlation was evident
from these data between age of manure and
non-ammonia nitrogen ammonia release rates.
non-ammonia nitrogen values were consistently
low from the swine manure lagoon surface.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2249 - C3 100
IDENTIFICATION OF ALIPHATIC
AMINES VOLATHJZED FROM
CATTLE FEEDYARD
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, P. 0. Box E, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80521
A. R. Mosler, C. E. Andre, & F. G. Viets, Jr.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7,
P. 642-644, 1973. 2 fig., 2 tab., 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Feedlots, 'Cattle, 'Volatilization,
Nitrogen compounds
Identifiers: 'Aliphatic amines, 'Identification, Di-
lute acid traps
An investigation was conducted to identify
some of the basic organic N-containing com-
pounds volatilized from a cattle feedlot. These
compounds were collected in dilute acid traps.
Direct gc analyses of the acid trap concentrates
showed that 10 compounds could be observed.
To identify these compounds the retention times
of the unknown materials were compared with
those of the standard aliphatic amines. Methyl,
dimethyl, ethel, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, and
n-amylamines were among the basic N-com-
pounds volatilizing from a high density cattle
feedyard. (Cartmell-East Central)
2250 - Al, C3 100
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
A FEEDLOT SOIL PROFILE
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska
G. E. Schuman & T. M. McCalla
Soil Science, Vol. 119, No. 2, p. 113-118, February,
1975. 6 Hg., 2 ret.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, 'Soil profiles, 'Chemi-
cal properties, Nitrates, Potassium
Identifiers: 'Impermeable layer
This study was made to determine the chemi-
cal composition of feedlot profiles, which might
be helpful in understanding the characteristics
of feedlot soil profile and the effects of the
observed characteristics on the profile. The ex-
change complex was predominantly saturated
with K in the top 15 cm of the soil profile
immediately below the manure pack. Ca became
the dominant ion below that depth. The high K
resulted from large amounts of K in the ra-
tions fed to the livestock. The zone where
high levels of K were present was also high
in carbon. This zone was very dark and slightly
more dense than the material above and below.
The permeability of this dark layer was low.
Soil columns leached with CaCl2 allowed
percolation to occur, which indicated that the
sealing was at least partially due to the K.
No percolate resulted from the distilled water
of KC1 solution treatments. N03-N was very
low below the impermeable layer and several fold
higher in the field profile. (Cartmell East
Central)
2251 - Al, E2, E3 400
FERTILIZER, FEED VALUE OF
SWINE WASTES DETAILED
J. D. Kendall, Editor
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, p. 12-13, April, 1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Fertilizers, 'Feeds
Identifiers: "Hogs, 'Feces, *Refceding, Applica-
tion rates, Performance
A summary of a paper on the value of swine
waste as a fertilizer and a feed resource is
presented. The composition of manure can
vary and change, due to the following three
factors: (1) the nutrient composition and type
of ration fed to the pigs; (2) the amount of
feed and water wastage and the amount of
bedding used with manure, and (3) waste
handling and storage methods. Some factors to
consider for efficient use of swine waste on
land are: method of application, time of appli-
cation, soil characteristics, and crop nutrient
removal. Excessive nitrogen loading, salinity
problems, and accumulation of heavy metals
in the soil and growing crops are probably
the greatest hazards for heavy and long-term
applications of waste to the soil. Swine waste
is a potential feed ingredient. In past research
pig feces have made up as much as 1S% of a
ration without any adverse effect on feed effi-
ciency. (Cartmell-East Central)
2252 Al, E2 100
FEEDLOT WASTE EFFECTS ON
SOIL CONDITIONS AND WATER
EVAPORATION
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Cen-
ter, Bushland, Texas 79012
P. W. Unger and B. A. Stewart
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
Vol. 38, p. 954-957, 1974. 2 fig., 1 tab., 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Effects, Bulk density,
Porosity, Organic Matter, Evaporation
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Application rates.
Soil water retention, Aggregation
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
effects of various feedlot waste (FLW) applica-
tion rates on various soil conditions and on
evaporation of water from the soil. Feedlot
wastes applied at rates considered adequate to
supply the nutrient requirements of plants had
no significant effects on soil conditions. The
effects on soil conditions were significant as
FLW application rates increased. The reduced
bulk density and water retention at high matric
potentials of the plow layer of FLW-treated
sou suggest that water from irrigation or
precipitation should move more readily to
greater depths in the sou where the water is
less susceptible to losses by evaporation and
hence conserved for subsequent plant use. An
evaporation study in the laboratory with FLW
treated soil revealed reduced evaporation with
increased rates of FLW application. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2253 - A6 100
ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF
PARTICULATES NEAR A BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOT
Department of SoUs and Plant Nutrition, Cali-
fornia University, Davis 95616
J. Azevedo, R. G. Flocchini, T. A. CahUl, P. R.
Stout
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 2,
p. 171-174, April-June, 1974. 3 fig., 1 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dusts, 'Feedlots, 'Catties
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Composition, 'Particulates
Dusts from manures should have characteristic
elemental signatures reasonably distinct from
those of dusts from surrounding soUs. The flow
of dust near animal corrals was examined ob-
jectively through use of alpha-excited X-rays
and the origin of aerosols in the surrounding
air was assessed. The contribution of large
particulates from the feedlot to the atmosphere
was restricted to the immediate vicinity of the
corrals. The feedlot contributed very little to
the concentration of intermediate-sized particles
in the air, but did have some influence on the
smallest-sized particles. The summation of
analyzed elements in each size stage downwind
to the feed mill did not exceed those upwind.
Eight elements (Si, Al, P, S. Cl, K, Ca, and Fe)
were present in detectable quantities in the
majority of the air samples taken in the vicinity
of the feedlot. (Cartmell-East Central)
2254 - B2, D4 100
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
WASTE FROM AN INTENSIVE PIG
UNIT
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen,
AB2, 9SB
P. N. Hobson & B. G. Shaw
Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 437-449, 1973.
1 fig., 13 tab., 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Waste treat-
ment
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Loading rates
Anaerobic digestion was investigated as a pri-
mary treatment for very strong agricultural
wastes, to reduce the solids and polluting prop-
erties and to improve the settling of the waste
in order to give a supernatant liquid which,
while not up to river board standards would
be suitable for discharge to town sewers, for
secondary aerobic or other treatment, or for
recycling as animal house wash-water. Six experi-
ments were run. Experiments 1 and 2 con-
cerned batch digestion of waste. The experiments
showed that a proper digestion, with the pri-
219
-------
mary acidic and secondary methanogenic fer-
mentations in balance, could not be developed
by direct incubation of undiluted or almost undi-
luted, pig waste. Experiment 3 showed that
a balanced digestion of piggery waste could
be obtained using a seed of digesting sewage,
but that loading rate in the early stages of
the digestion could be a critical factor. Experi-
ment 4 showed that a balanced digestion of
piggery waste could be achieved without a
seed if the initial loading rate was low enough
to allow a methanogenic flora to develop before
a high acid concentration was reached. Experi-
ments 5 and 6 dealt with performance of ini-
tially seeded and unseeded digestions at dif-
ferent loading rates. These two experiments
revealed that balanced digestion could be ob-
tained by using, initially, low loading rates and
allowing time for the build-up of a stable
population of the correct bacteria. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2255 - Al, A4, El, E2 300
ANIMAL WASTES AND FERTILIZERS
AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF
NITRATE POLLUTION OF WATER
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fort Collins,
Colorado
F. G. Viets, Jr.
Reprint from Effects of Agricultural Production
on Nitrates in Food and Water with Particular
Reference to Isotope Studies, Vienna, Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency, 1974, p. 63-76,
1 tab.. 32 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Nitrates, 'Ani-
mal wastes, 'Fertilizers, Hydrology, Nitrification,
Infiltration, Eutrophication. Agricultural runoff.
Ammonia, Volitalization
Identifiers: Isotopic nitrogen
An updating and supplementing of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture Handbook 413, "Fac-
tors Affecting the Accumulation of Nitrate in
Soil, Water, and Plants" (Viets and Hageman,
1971) is provided. A change over from vegetable
protein to animal protein in the human diet has
resulted in the increased use of nitrogen ferti-
lizer in the developed countries for the last
30 years. Stocking rate and the continuity of
use of the feed-yard or holding area appear
to be the factors upon which nitrate percolation
to aquifers depend. Because of inhibited nitrifi-
cation and infiltration, modern high-density cattle
feed-yards have low nitrate flux. Eutrophication
and nitrate accumulation may be contributed to
by volatilization of ammonia and Us absorption
by surface water. Nitrate leakage occurs under
highly productive cultivated land regardless of
the nitrogen source. Fertilization management
must hold this leakage to a tolerable concentra-
tion in relation to hydrology and use of under-
ground water in the area. There is a need for
better understanding of land productivity, nitrate
leakage, and hydrology. Assistance in solving
these problems may be obtained from isotopic
nitrogen. (Kehl-East Central)
2256 - A6 100
DIURNAL FLUCTUATION AND
MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC
AMMONIA AND RELATED GASES
FROM DAIRIES
Western Region, Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the Cali-
fornia Agricultural Experiment Station
R. E. Luebs, K. R. Davis, and A. E. Laag
Descriptors: 'Ammonia, 'Dairy industry, 'Gases,
•Air pollution. Odor
Identifiers: 'Diurnal fluctuation
Ammonia has been known to be in the atmo-
sphere for nearly 100 years. Recently, con-
cern for environmental quality has increased
interest in NH3 as a potential air pollutant.
It has recently been shown that the waste or
manure from large concentrations of domestic
animals is a significant local source of atmo-
spheric NHa. This study, consequently, had
three objectives: (1) determination of the atmo-
spheric concentrations of ammonia and related
gases near dairy operations, (2) determina-
tion of the stability of these concentrations, and
(3) determination of the • effect of mind areal
distribution and concentrations. Simultaneous 24-
hour air sampling, 0.8 km upwind from the
nearest cows in a large dairy area (145,000
cows) and 11.2 km upwind from the dairy area
were taken. The samples indicated distillable
N concentrations of 190 and 6u g/m (3)
respectively. Readings were also taken during
a 24-hour period of the distillable-N concentra-
tion of a downwind corral fence of an isolated
600-cow dairy. This information indicated signi-
ficant N loss from dairy waste by NH3 volatiliza-
tion. Meteorological factors greatly affected
atmospheric concentrations of distillable N, parti-
cularly temperature inversions in the atmo-
sphere and wind, along with proximity to the
waste. Winds averaging 9.3 km/hour transported
distillable N 500 m from the isolated dairy at a
height of about 1.2 m. (Kehl-East Central)
2257 - Al, Bl, F2 300
CURRENT LIVESTOCK POLLUTION
REGULATIONS
L. Lubinus and F. Kerr
Cooperative Extension Service. South Dakota
State University, Brookings, August, 1974, 5 P.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Permits, 'Live-
stock
Identifiers: 'Point source. Technical assistance,
Feedlot effluent standards
Public-Law 92-500 amended the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act and was enacted October
18, 1972. It prohibits the discharge of pollutants
(including livestock wastes) into any stream,
lake or river from a point source without a
permit issued from one of two offices. These
permits are issued by the Federal Environmental.
Protection Agency's (EPA) regional office in
Denver, Colorado, or from the South Dakota
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP).
The term "point source" is defined in terms
of large and small feeding facilities using the
type and number of animals to define the size.
The NPDES (National Pollution Discharge Elimi-
nation System) is in charge of the permit pro-
gram at the national level. Instructions of how
and where to apply for a permit are given. Feed-
lot effluent standards, cost-sharing programs
and technical assistance are briefly discussed.
(Kehl-East Central)
2258 - Al, Bl, D4 100
THE BACTERIAL POPULATION OF
PIGGERY-WASTE ANAEROBIC
DIGESTERS
Rowett Research Institute, Bncksburn, Aberdeen
P. N. Hobson and B. G. Shaw
Water Research, Vol. 8, p. 507-516, 1974. 1 tab.,
31 ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Bacteria,
Sludge, Methane
Identifiers: 'Piggery wastes, 'Bacterial popula-
tion, Facultative bacteria
Previous studies of piggery waste have described
the setting up and running of laboratory-scale
fermentors digesting piggery waste. This study
not only covered the practical details of ob-
taining good digestion, but observations were
made on the flora of the digesters during the
setting up of digestion and while a balanced
digestion was proceeding. The study made a
survey of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic
bacteria present in piggery waste, digesting
piggery waste and domestic anaerobic sludge
used in starting a piggery waste digester. An
influence of the input waste was shown in that
streptococci were the predominant bacteria in
the digesting waste, replacing Enterobacter
when a piggery waste digestion had been estab-
lished from the latter material. All the bacteria
concerned in degradation of the waste consti-
tuents were anaerobes. Methane production from
Ha/COz formate and butyrate could be detected
in mixed culture from digester contents dilu-
tion, but the only methanogenic bacterium that
could be isolated in pure culture was Methane-
bacterium formicicum, which uses H2/CO2 or
formate only. (Kehl-East Central)
2259 - A9, Bl 100
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF
HATCHING EGGS AND CHICKS
PRODUCED BY BROILER BREEDERS
HOUSED IN LITTER-SLAT AND
SLOPING FLOOR MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Poultry Science and Veterinary Science Depart-
ments, The Pennsylvania State University, Uni-
versity Park 16802
T. A. Carter, R. F. Gentry and G. O. Bressler
Descriptors: 'Bacteria, 'Poultry
Identifiers: 'Hatching eggs, 'Chicks, 'Bacterial
contamination, 'Litter-slat system, 'Sloping floor
system
Previous studies have indicated that air and
egg shell bacterial counts are lowered when
Leghorns or broiler breeders are kept in wire-
floored houses instead of litter-floored houses.
The two main objectives of this study are con-
cerned with the study of bacterial contamina-
tion. The primary objective was to determine
if any differences existed in the type and amount
of bacterial contamination in eggs and chicks
produced by sloping floor and litter-slat waste
management systems. The second objective was
the development of procedures which would pre-
vent extraneous contamination of the eggs from
the time of collection through hatching. Gnoto-
biotic incubation, hatching and rearing methods
were utilized. The bacterial count of shells of
eggs from breeders in the sloping floor system
were significantly less than that for egg shells
of breeders in the litter-slat system. Day-old
chick bacterial contamination was low with no
marked difference between systems. More types
of enteric bacteria were isolated from chicks of
breeders in litter-slat systems when eggs were
untreated or dipped in a quaternary ammonium
and chicks chill stressed. There were no differ-
ences however, in the number of types of
enteric bacteria isolated from chicks of breed-
ers in either sloping floor or litter-slat systems
when eggs were sterilized using mercuric
chloride and chicks chill stressed. (Kehl-East
Central)
2260 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 300
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT WASTE
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE
GREAT PLAINS
North Central Region, Agricutural Research Serv-
ice, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln,
Nebraska
T. M. McCalla
Control of Agriculture-related Pollution in the
Great Plains, Seminar, Lincoln, Nebraska, July
24-25, 1972, p. 49-61. 4 tab., 184 ref.
Descriptors: 'Research and development, 'Cat-
tle, 'Great Plains, 'Feedlots, 'Design, Agricul-
tural runoff, Soil contamination, Groundwater,
Odor, Costs, Regulation, Diseases
The Agricultural Research Service, USDA and
the Agricultural Experiment Stations are carry-
ing on animal waste management research on
beef cattle feedlots in the Great Plains. A sum-
mary of this research was presented before a
meeting sponsored by the Great Plains Agricul-
tural Council in Fort Collins, Colorado, March
13-15, 1972. Results of this reseach are discussed,
calling attention to some of the areas that
need additional emphasis. The topics that were
briefly examined were (1) runoff from beef cattle
feedlots, (2) soil pollution, (3) groundwater,
(4) odors, (5) land-loading, (6) disease problems,
(7) cost of establishing animal waste manage-
ment practices, (8) regulatory aspects. (9) con-
finement house feeding and (10) manure as feed.
It was concluded that some waste manage-
ment systems for dirt beef cattle feedlots have
been developed that are both workable and
economical to construct. The study also con-
220
-------
daded that much remains to be done to develop
better designs for animal waste management,
both on dirt lots and in confinement housing
units. Studies are underway on the use of ma-
nure as feed and to determine the maximum
rate of land application of effluent and ma-
nure from feedlots. Odor continues to be
a feedlot problem. (Kehl-East Central)
2261 - B2, C3, E2 300
DISPOSAL Or FARM ANIMAL
WASTES THROUGH THE SOIL
Oregon State University
M. G. Cropsey and V. Van Yolk
Agricultural Engineering Annual Report of Re-
search 1971-72, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1972, 24 p.
1 fig., 14 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Cattle industry,
•Irrigation, Slurries, Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Waste water quality
Disposal of livestock manure through an irriga-
tion pumping system has proven economically
successful, but some questions still need to be
answered. The objective of this study was to
determine the effect of large and frequent appli-
cations of dairy cow wastes on the soil. Another
study objective was to determine the quality
of waste water in the soil and in the drainage
water from such soil sites. The Oregon State
University Dairy Farm was used for the study.
It was determined that dairy manure slurry
should not be applied the first year or two to a
soil plot that has recently been installed with
drain tile. This is advised because the slurry
will short circuit through the freshly dug soil
to the drain tile. When compared with the
effluent applied there was a considerable re-
daction in TS, BOD and all forms of phosphorus
and nitrogen in the dry wells and the drain
tile. A considerable portion of both the liquids
and solids was observed to be retained either
in the soil or on the surface. It was observed
that the wind has considerable influence over
the distribution of the manure water slurry.
Recommendations for further investigation and
some advice on application is given. (Kehl-East
Central)
2262 - Bl, C2, Dl 600
PROPERTIES RELATED TO
MATERIALS HANDLING
Agricultural Engineering Department, North Da-
kota State University, Fargo
G. L. Pratt
Presented at Animal Waste Conference on
Standardizing Properties and Analytical Methods
Related to Animal Waste Research, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, December 11-12, 1972. 2 fig., 2 tab., 21 ref.
Descriptors: 'Physical properties. Waste stor-
age, Transportation, Waste disposal, Pumping,
Separation techniques. Filtration, Centrifugation,
Design
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Dilution, Load-
ing, Gutter flushing. Settling tanks
Manure and modified manure have a variety
of forms such as solid and diluted. These forms
mast be considered in developing an analysis
of handling systems for these materials. Load-
ing, storage, transport and disposal are the
oasic handling processes that are involved.
under the heading of manure transport, the
aspects discussed are pumping, pipeline trans-
p<** °f manure and gutter flushing. Liquid
solid separation is discussed in terms of settling
tai*s and channels, filters and centrifuges. There
are several factors that affect the quality of ma-
nure. They are: (1) differences in the basic
wastes from different animals, (2) the animal's
"Be. <» the ration fed to the animals, (4) ani-
mal environment, (5) manure moisture and
"» the treatment processes tEat manure may
m ,Stllosed to- Tables on the differences in
quanty and in production rates of manure for
aaerent Idnds of animals are given. Also
additional figures are given to further define
characteristics of manure that will influence
trab " "* handIinS systems. (Kehl-East Cen-
2263 - Al, D4, E3 100
KINETICS AND ECONOMICS OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ANIMAL
WASTE • • .
Department of Chemical Engineering, Missouri
University, Holla 65401
J. L. Gaddy, K. L. Park, and E D Rapp
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, No 2,
P. 161-169, June, 1974. 2 fig.', 2 tab., 15 ref.
Descriptors: 'Kinetics, 'Economics, 'Animal
wastes, Feedlots, Waste disposal, Waste treat-
ment. Carbon dioxide. Methane
Identifiers: 'Anaerobic fermentation
During the process of raising cattle in this
nation, approximately 1,008 X 10(12) kg (En-
sminger, 1972) of solid waste (manure) are
ganerated. The natural decays process dissemi-
nates the manure so that no harmful effects
result when the animals are concentrated in
large feedlots for fattening. The quantities of
manure accumulate and create serious health
hazards and pollution. This animal waste con-
tains harmful bacteria, imposes a high biologi-
cal oxygen demand on our waterways, and
has an objectionable odor. A scheme, based
on the process of converting animal waste to
CO2 and CH4 by the autocatalytic process of
anaerobic fermentation, for waste disposal from
large feedlots is presented. This process design
is based on kinetic data from the literature
which are fitted to a kinetic model including
diffusional resistance. An economic incentive
for this process is provided by the sale of
the CHU. A return on Investment of 23% yr.(l)
from the sale of CH« appears to be possible for
a large feedlot. (Kehl-East Central)
2264 - A8, Bl, C5, D3 100
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY TO FLIES
OF MANURE FROM CHICKS
ADMINISTERED INSECTICIDE-
TREATED FEED
College of Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii Univer-
sity, Honolulu
M. Sherman, G. H. Komatsu, and J. Ikeda
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 60, No. 5,
p. 1395-1403, October, 1967. 2 tab., 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Insecticides, 'Feeds, 'Poultry,
•Larvae
Identifiers: 'House flies
A study was done to determine the effectiveness
of 44 insecticides administered in the feed of
chicks in controlling the larvae of 4 species of
house flies. The insecticides included 1 chlori-
nated hydrocarbon, 6 phosphates, 1 carbonate,
6 phosphorothionates, 9 carbamates, 2 phosphoro-
thiolates, 2 phosphonotrithioates, 10 phosphoro-
dithioates, 3 phosphonodithioates, 1 phosphorotri-
thioate, and 3 phosphonothioates. The fly species
included Musca domestica L.; Fannia pusio
(Wiedemann) Chrysomya megacephala (F); and
Parasaracophaga argyrosfoma (Robineau-Des-
voidy). P. argyrostoma was the most tolerant
species to insecticide-containing manure. Eleven
of the insecticides were highly toxic to at least
3 of the species after passage through the chick.
Th» larval mortality was also determined in
droppings inoculated directly with the insecti-
cides Relatively low levels of 20 of the in-
secticides were effective in controlling at least
3 species by this method of administration.
Tables listing the insecticides and their effects
on the larvae are given. (Kehl-East Central)
2265 - B2, E2 100
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY
CATTLE MANURE EFFLUENT FOR
MAXIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION
D. E. Baker, D. L. Stoddard, and R. M. Eshel-
Compost Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 10-15, Jan-
uary-February, 1975. 12 tab.
Descriptors: 'Spray irrigation, *Cattle, 'Dairy in-
dustry, 'Effluent, 'Crop response. Nitrogen, Soy-
beans, Pennsylvania
Identifiers: Corn
A study was conducted at Green Valley Farms,
Avondale, Pennsylvania, with the objective of
developing a system which would use cow ma-
nure effluent in a pollution-abatement program
which would insure high corn yields and reduce
the cost of fertilizer. Experimental plots were
established to supply three replications and three
variable treatments in early May after plow-
ing and disking. The variable treatments in-
cluded the normal farm fertilization (check),
manure effluent and manure effluent plus solu-
tion N (Uran-30). Corn and soybeans were plant-
ed and monitored. The soil testing and forage
analyses yielded the following guidelines. The
potential for corn at Green Valley using ma-
nure effluent should be 200 bushels of grain
or 30 tons of silage per acre. The nitrogen
requirements would be about 300 pounds of N
per acre. Of the 300 pounds, 60 would be re-
leased by the soil, 15 would be from starter
fertilizer and the remaining 225 would be sup-
plied with manure effluent and fertilizer N added
to it. Adjustments would be necessary for supply-
ing the N requirements of other crops. Grass
silage crops should receive approximately 50
pounds of fertilizer N for each cutting. Nitrogen
fertilization of soybeans requires further study.
All Legumes should be inoculated to allow
maximum fixation of nitrogen from the atmo-
sphere. Addition of nitrogen at the time of
maximum utilization by the crop might enable
greater fixation from the atmosphere as well
as greater efficiency from applied nitrogen.
(Merryman-East Central)
2266 - Cl, E3 400
VALUE OF DRIED CATTLE MANURE
AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY
Division of Poultry Science, Agricultural Re-
search Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet
Dagan, Israel
B. Lipstein
Feedstuffs, Vol. 45, No. 24, June 11, 1973. 4 fig.,
19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Poultry, 'Energy, 'Per-
formance, 'Nitrogen
Identifiers: 'Dried cattle manure, Broilers, Lay-
ing hens
The objectives of this study were to determine
(a) the effect of rations containing dried cattle
manure (DCM) on the well-being and perform-
ance of growing and laying chickens, and (b) the
utilization of the energy and nitrogen found
in DCM by these birds. DCM was substituted
in different amounts (up to 30%) for sorghum
grain and pulverized basalt rock in the diets
of broilers and laying hens. The DCM seemed to
be devoid of any caloric value for growing
birds; whereas for layers, its ME content was
approximately 500 kcal./kg. The apparent re-
tention of the nitrogen found in DCM (equiva-
lent of 12% crude protein) appeared to be
very low. Hence, DCM is unsuitable as a dietary
ingredient unless the purpose is lower nutrient
density. (Merryman-East Central)
2267 - E3 300
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE
VALUE OF CHICKEN MANURE
FOR CATTLE
Department of Animal Husbandry, Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York
L. S. Bull and J. T. Reid
Unpublished Report, Cornell University, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, 1965, 12 p. 7 tab.,
13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Nutrition, Poultry, Cattle,
Performance, Nitrogen
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry manure, 'Refeeding
Observations are made concerning the use of
air-dried chicken manure (ADM) as a nitrogen
source for cattle. Specific experimental ob-
jectives were: (1) To study the acceptability
221
-------
of chicken manure as a part of the diet of
dry and milking cows and (2) To determine
the degree to which young, growing ruminants
utilize the nitrogen, energy and nutrients of
chicken manure. It was determined that:
(1) Both cows and growing cattle consumed
sufficient quantites of dried, "pure" chicken
manure when added to low nitrogen diets to
satisfy their nitrogen requirements. (2) The rate
of chicken manure acceptance was determined by
preparation method, the ration's physical prop-
erties, the type of feeds to which it is added,
and individual preferences. (3) Satisfactory per-
formance in terms of body weight gain and milk
production, flavor and composition was obtained
from diets with ADM as a major source of nitro-
gen. (4) Additions of ADM to a low-nitrogen
basal diet resulted in an increase in digestibility
of dry matter, energy, nitrogen, ether extract,
and carbohydrate. With additional ADM incre-
ments, the digestibility of nitrogen increased
progressively whereas nitrogen retention de-
creased progressively. (5) No digestive upsets
or malfunctions could be attributed to feeding
of ADM. (7) The ADM was not found to have
large numbers of Salmonella or coliform organ-
isms. (8) Chicken manure's main nutritive value
is in the nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus it
contains. (Merryman-East Central)
2268 A8, D3 300
FLY CONTROL ON POULTRY FARMS
Extension Entomologist, Cooperative Extension
Service, College of Agriculture and National
Resources. The University of Connecticut, Storrs
M. G. Savos
Publication No. 72-12, Cooperative Extension Serv-
ice, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 1972, 2 p.
Descriptors: 'Insecticides, "Fly control, Sanita-
tion, Open floor system, Manure pit system,
Cage system
Successful fly control programs involve sanita-
tion and the use of insecticides. Manure manage-
ment to minimize fly breeding was discussed
briefly. A list of insecticides which can be
applied to manure pits was given. (McQuitty &
Barber-University of Alberta)
2269 - Al, E2 400
MANURE ON MILLET
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 16, 1971.
Descriptors: Ammonia, Toxicity, Nitrates
Identifiers: "Manure, 'Millet, 'Application rates,
Application of 65 tons/acre of dry cattle ma-
nure in the surface 8 inches of soil had no
harmful effects on root development of millet
in Alabama tests; however, when the same
amount of manure was applied as a continuous
layer (laid as a subsurface layer to simulate
plowed-in manure), millet roots were considerably
restricted, probably due to inadequate oxygen
supplies rather than ammonia toxicity. The
nitrate content of percolating water was in-
creased by the plowed-in layer of manure, but
not by the incorporated manure. Top growth of
millet was increased by both manure treat-
ments, but the increase in growth was greater
for the incorporated than for the plowed-in
manure. (McQuitty & Barber-University of Al-
berta)
2270 - A2, Bl 400
BRAKING FEEDLOT RUNOFF
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 5, Feb-
ruary, 1971. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Runoff control, 'Feedlots, 'Neb-
raska, Water pollution, Groundwater, Sampling,
Identifiers: Soil cores
This article reports on two management sys-
tems that limit pollution of streams and ground-
water from beef cattle feedlots which are cur-
rently under development in Nebraska. Collec-
tion basins are utilized to trap the runoff.
Runoff recording equipment and groundwater
sampling wells have been installed at two test
feedlots. At one feedlot, steel cased wells
(caissons) have been installed to a depth of
12 ft. to allow a study of soil gases and pollu-
tants moving downward under various condi-
tions in the feedlot. Soil cores have been and
are being taken for analysis. (McQuitty &
Barber-University of Alberta)
2271 - A5, A6, Bl, Dl 400
POULTRY HOUSES THAT MAKE
GOOD NEIGHBORS
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research, Vol. 20, No. 6, p. 12, 1971.
2 fig.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Dusts, 'Ventilation, Am-
monia, Gases, Water
Identifiers: 'Poultry houses, Spray chambers
ARS scientists are experimenting with spray
chambers for elimination of odor and dust emmis-
sions from poultry houses. In the spray chamber,
which is located next to the exhaust fans, water
combines with ammonia and other malodorous
gases and carries them away in solution. Dust
is also trapped by the water spray. (McQuitty
& Barber-University of Alberta)
2272 - Al, C3, E2 400
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR
EFFECTIVE FERTILIZATION WITH
POULTRY MANURE
Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition, Califor-
nia University, Davis 95616
Compost Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 5-9, Jan-
uary-February, 1975. 6 fig., 3 tab., 16 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Fertilizers, 'Nitrogen,
•Crop response, Ammonia, Nitrites, Toxicity,
Nitrificaiton
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Land disposal. Uric acid
Animal manures utilized effectively as fertilizers
for crop production promote efficient recycling
of mineral and energy resources while providing
an outlet for large quantities of animal waste.
The experiments reported upon were designed
to evaluate the use of ammonia, nitrate, and
uric acid from poultry manures upon corn crops.
Conclusions concerning the use of poultry ma-
nures as nitrogen fertilizers are: (1) the de-
composition of uric acid in fresh poultry ma-
nure releases substantial amounts of NH3, (2) if
rates of application of manure are kept low,
the toxicity problem can be avoided altogether,
(3) with higher rates of application, an incuba-
tion period of about one month after application
and before planting will allow for nitrification
of the ammonia produced, (4) incorporation of
carbonaceous waste materials, such as straw,
with poultry manure fertilizsrs can reduce po-
tential toxicity hazards. (Battles-East Central)
2273 - A2, A9, Bl, E3 400
PROGRESS REPORTED IN
HANDLING ANIMAL WASTES,
RECYCLING IN FEED
Editor of Feedstuffs
D. Natz
Feedstuffs, Vol. 44, p. 2, 53, February 14, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Feeds, Swine, Pro-
teins, Costs, Agricultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dried poultry waste,
•Waste management, Continuous feeding, Food
and Drug Administation
The author reviews the Cornell 1972 Conference
with emphasis on the papers dealing with re-
feeding. Bergdoll's recommendation of feeding
dried poultry waste from layers (which are
fed few antibiotics or other drugs) to beef cattle
is cited in particular. (Whetstone, Parker, &
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2274 - E3 400
FEEDING WASTES
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43, p. 14, December 11, 1971.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Nutrients, 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Dried swine feces, 'Dehydrated
poultry wastes
Tests at Michigan State University in the feed-
ing of dried swine feces (DSF) and dehydrated
poultry waste (DPW) to swine are described.
It was concluded that finishing pigs will con-
sume corn-soy rations containing up to 22
percent of the DSF at 90 to 95 percent full
appetite, that rate and efficiency of gain will
be depressed by the incorporation of DSF in
corn-soy rations to replace all or most of the
soybean meal, that inclusion of DSF does not
affect flavor or acceptability of the meat, and
that DPW is of somewhat less value than DSF
in swine rations. (Whetstone, Parker, and
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2275 - E3 400
CATTLE AS AN ECONOMIC BASE
FOR AN ECOLOGICAL LOOP
Hoffman-La Roche Inc.
P. Meinhardt
Feedstuffs, Vol. 43, p. 18, 20, July 3, 1971. 5 tab.,
20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Cattle, 'Economics, 'Feedlots, 'Or-
ganic wastes, 'Feeds
Identifiers: 'Refeeding
Among the conclusions stated are the follow-
ing: "1. Utilizing only organic wastes and mar-
ginal land, it may now be feasible to produce
an abundance of beef without using human food-
stuffs — the nature of the ruminant stomach,
the genetic flexibility of cattle, and the world-
wide acceptance of beef make this possible.
2. Beef may be produced on a large scale,
at less than 3c per pound, by locating dry-
lot breeding facilities and feedlots in and around
cities — at urban fringes and in city dumps
— even the manure becomes a valuable re-
source for refeeding, fertilizing, or producing
electricity — a major source of economies
are (1) close proximity for all production inputs
to minimize transport costs; (2) nearness to
cheap feeds (garbage); and (3) the production
of beef close to urban markets using devalued
land. Sufficient organic waste exists in most
countries to feed an abundance of beef —
waste vegetation, industry wastes, paper, ma-
nure, and even sewage, when properly fed
and supplemented, can feed beef." (Whetstone,
Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech University)
2276 - Al, Bl 400
THE FALLACY OF DEEP PITS
FOR POULTRY HOUSES
Poultry Management Consultant, DeKalb AgHe-
search, Inc., DeKalb, Illinois
J. W. Claybaugh
Descriptors: 'Design, 'Ventilation, Nutrients,
Costs, Rodents
Identifiers: 'Deep pits, 'Poultry houses
The major disadvantage of a deep pit is the
deterioration in nutrient quality of the manure.
Others are the additional cost of the building,
the possibility of water leakage leading to
anaerobic conditions in the pit, and the attrac-
tion of a deep pit for home-seeking rodents To
obtain good air flow patterns, separate ventila-
ing systems may be required for birds and pit.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2277 - Al, E2 100
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MANURE,
FERTILIZER, AND PLOW DEPTH ON
CHEMICAL PROPERTD3S OF SOILS
222
-------
AND NUTRIENT MOVEMENT IN A
MONOCULTURE CORN SYSTEM
Crop and Soil Sciences Department, Michigan
State University, East Lansing 45823
M. L. Vitosh, J. F. Davis, and B. D. Knezek
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 2,
p. 296-299, April/June, 1973. S tab., 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, "Chemical properties,
•Soils, 'Nutrients, 'Organic matter, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium,
Silage
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Plow depth, 'Nutrient
movement, 'Corn, 'Application rates, pH
An evaluation of soil chemical properties, or-
ganic matter and nutrient accumulations, and
nutrient movement and recovery after 6 and 9
years annual fertilizer and manure applications
to continuous corn was conducted on two soil
types — Conover-Hodunk loam and Metea
sandy loam. The field experiments took place
at the Michigan State University Soils Farm
at East Lansing. Plow depths of 18 versus 30 cm
had little or no effect on soil test values or
nutrient accumulation patterns in the surface
of a Conover-Hodunk loam soil. The pH value
of both soils decreased slightly more than 0.1 pH
unit per year with the annual application of
168 kg of N/ha as ammonium sulfate. Available
P, soil organic matter, and exchangeable K,
Ca, and Mg increased with increasing rates
of manure. The differential removal of nutrients
by grain and silage had no effect on soil
available P. Soil test changes for Ca, K, and
Mg were proportional to the net addition of
each nutrient; but less than 30% of the net
nutrients added could be accounted for in
surface samples from the silage area where
67.2 tons of manure was applied annually. The
most favorable rate of manure for the Metea-
sandy loam soil was 22.4 metric tons ha (10 tons/
acre). Larger applications caused a significant
buildup of exchangeable K in the surface and
subsurface horizons and resulted in inefficient
use of soil nutrients. The K buildup was less
critical on the loam soil or where silage rather
than grain was removed. (Battles-East Central)
2278 - A9, B2, D4, E3 200
CONVERTING SWINE WASTE INTO
A NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE
B. G. Harmon, D. L. Day, A. H. Jensen, and
D. H. Baker
Proceedings, Illinois Pork Industry Day, Paper
No. As-665d, University of Illinois, December
4-11, 1973, p. 15-19. 1 fig., 4 tab., 10 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Feeds, Nutrients, Pro-
teins, Fermentation, Parasites
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Oxidation ditch mixed
liquor, Illinois
In studies conducted at the University of Illi-
nois, waste serves as a substrate in a fermenta-
tion system for the production of single-cell
protein. The biological enhancement of the sub-
strate is carried out in an oxidation ditch.
Swine producers are currently using these ditches
in waste management programs without realiz-
ing any nutrient return from the products.
Nutritive value has been shown for products
of the ditch in studies conducted with rats.
No liquid effluent needs to leave the building
since water must be added to the oxidation
ditch in order to maintain the constant composi-
tion and level of the ditch. Precautions should
be taken with the refeeding program described
in this paper. Under abnormal conditions, ni-
trate levels of 5,000 parts per million have
been measured. Such levels are toxic to swine.
Management practices such as effective internal
parasite control become exceedingly important,
since ascarid eggs can be cycled back to the
swine during the recycling process. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2279 - Al, Dl, El, Fl 200
NUTRIENT RECYCLING—MODERN
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
President, Arizona Feeds, Tucson, Arizona
B. P. Cardon
Presented at IES 18th Meeting, New York,
May 1-4, 1972, p. 262-266. 9 fig.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Recycling, 'Energy, In-
cineration, Feeds, Economics
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land disposal,
'Building materials
Incineration, land disposal, and recycling as
building materials are all options for waste
disposal, but each has its inherent problems.
Another option is a nutrient recycling approach
in which energy of oxidation is used by selected
microorganisms. The organisms are then har-
vested and used as a source of feed for ani-
mals. In this manner, the chemicals are re-
cycled and the energy to the organic waste
is captured in the microorganism cells and
contributes to man's welfare as feed for live-
stock. Perhaps all or none of these methods
may prove viable in the future, but one thing
is clear. A manageable economic solution must
be found to the pollution problem and the re-
cycling of pollutants if the livestock industry
is to continue to supply meat by-products to the
public at a relative cost consistent with exper-
iences of the past. (Merryman-East Central)
2280 - Al, A4 100
THE NITROGEN STATUS BENEATH
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN
EASTERN NEBRASKA
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebras-
ka
J. R. Ellis, L. N. Mielke, and G. E. Schuman
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Nitrogen, 'Soil profile,
•Nebraska, Cattle, Soil contamination, Ground-
water pollution
The majority at the beef consumed in the
United States comes from cattle fed in largo,
open, soil-surfaced feedlots in the Plains States
and the Midwest. Feedlots are point sources
of nitrogen since they provide intensive land
use. The objective of this study was to examine
the effects of beef-feedlot management systems
on N accumulation in the soil profile and ground-
water. Fifteen sites were selected in eastern
Nebraska. Core samples were taken from feed-
lots, cropland-cattle-usa areas and from cropland
adjacent to feedlots to evaluate the effects
of different management practices on the move-
ment and accumulation of nitrogen in the
soil profile. The soil texture of the feedlots
sampled ranged from clay to coarse sand with
the age of the feedlots ranging from a few
weeks to more than 50 years. The sites examined
were ranked according to decreasing average
NO3—N in the core as follows: abandoned feed-
lot, feedlot-cropland, upland feedlot, corn (Zea
mays L.) river-valley feedlot, profiles under feed-
lot mounds, alfalfa (Medicago saKva L.) grass-
land. The study concluded that feedlot manage-
ment is an important consideration in the
accumulation of NO3 in the soil profile. (Kehl-
East Central)
2281 - B2, D4 200
EVALUATION OF AERATED
LAGOONS AS A MEANS OF SWINE
WASTE STABILIZATION
G. E. Bennett
National Pork Industry Conference, Waste
Management Workshop, November 9, 1967, 14 p.
5 fig., 13 ref.
Descriptors: 'Aerobic lagoons, 'Aeration, De-
sign, Operation and maintenance, Odor
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Waste stabilization
It would appear that there is a reasonable
possibility that modified aerated lagoons could
be satisfactorily used for treatment of swine
wastes Conclusive determination of this fact
would require actual experimentation and re-
search. Potential advantages are odor control,
space and volume requirements, and elimina-
tion of the need for frequent disposal of sludge
solids (Wetherill-East Central)
2282 - A3, B2- D4 200
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS AND
LAGOONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
E. P. Taiganides
Proceedings, Second National Poultry Litter and
Waste Management Seminar, College Station,
Texas, September 30-October 1, 1968, p. 220-221.
3 fig., 1 tab., U ref.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Lagoons,
•Poultry, 'Design, Gases, Fermentation
Identifiers: 'Malodors, Loading rates
Basic advantages of anaerobic processes are
the stabilization of organic wastes at high
rates in continuous fermentation, at a wide
range of temperatures and environmental condi-
tions, and the production of a high-energy,
combustible gas, methane. These processes are
suited to animal manure but the main limita-
tion of the processes are malodors which emanate
during the process. Design parameters for
completely controlled and uncontrolled anaerobic
processes in the treatment of poultry wastes
are presented and discussed. Anaerobic diges-
tion could prove to be one of the most effec-
tive methods of poultry waste disposal when
research develops the engineering design criteria
and means of controlling the odors associated
intrinsically with the process. Design loading
rates for anaerobic lagoons are 0.001 to 0.015
Ib. volatile matter/day/cu. ft. of lagoon water
volume. From the standpoint of odor accept-
ability, the recommended loading rate is 0.004
Ib./day/cu. ft. This is equivalent to about 15 cu.
ft. of lagoon water volume/hen. Digesters op-
erating under controlled environment and at
constant temperature above 70 F may be loaded
at rates of 0.1 Ib. Vm/day/cu. ft. On volumetric
basis, 0.37 cu. ft. of digester volume/hen is
suggested. At this rate, the gas produced is
expected to be about 0.4 cu. ft./hen/day. This
gas could have a heat value of about 200 BTU.
(Solid Wastes Information Retrieval System)
2283 - A2, Bl 400
COSTS OF CONTROLLING
FEEDLOT SURFACE RUNOFF
Agricultural Economics Department, Utah State
University, Logan 84321
D. B. Nielsen and P. P. Olson
Utah Farmer-Stockman, Vol. 92, p. 10-11, October
5, 1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff.
'Costs, Utah, Runoff control
Identifiers: 'Government assistance
Of the 31 feedlots in Utah capable of handling
100 head or more, 26 were assessed in a study
of runoff potential. It appears that an expense
of 18c per head fed would be involved in
correcting runoff conditions. Of the lots, 12 had
no runoff problem, 6 needed minor improve-
ments, 5 needed major improvements, and 3
would find it more economical to relocate.
(Whetstone, Parker, fcWells- Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2284 - E2, Fl 300
PROFITS FROM DABRY MANURE
APPLICATION
Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
J. M. Sweeten, D. Forrest, A. C. Novosad, and
A. Gerlow
"Results of 1974 Agricultural Demonstration —
Harris County." Publication No. D-681, Texas
Agricultural Extension Service, Texas: A&M
University, 1974, p. 51-52.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Costs, 'Profits,
•Liquid wastes, Bermudagrass, Nutrients, Pro-
ductivity
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal
Profits from applying dairy manure to Coastal
223
-------
bermudagrass were determined in a 1974 exten-
sion result demonstration in Harris County.
On an 80-cow, 187 acre dairy farm, the meadow
was divided into a one-acre manure-treated plot
and a one-acre control plot which received no
manure. Both plots were treated with 300 pounds
of 13-13-13 fertilizer and 200 pounds of ammonium
nitrate in mid-summer. Applications ol liquid
manure at the rate of 11,000 gallons per acre
provided a net profit of $164 per acre on a
forage quality and yield basis. The 11,000
gallons of manure contained only SS pounds of
N, 18 pounds of PaOs, and 73 pounds of KzO.
The net production value of liquid dairy ma-
nure amounted to 1.5c per gallon. (Cameron-
East Central)
2285 - D4, El 600
POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL AT
CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANTS
University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268
R. Laak, C. S. Sbu, and J. J. Kolega
Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, June 23-26, 1974, 17
p. 3 fig., 7 tab., 28 ref.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Waste disposal. Sludge,
Effluent, Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Sewage treatment plants, pH, Vola-
tile acids. Activated sludge treatment process
The amount of poultry manure that can be
added safely to an activated sludge process
has been studied. The objectives of this labora-
tory study were to (1) choose the proper dis-
charge time for poultry manure, (2) find the
suitable dilution (sewage-to-manure ratio),
(3) evaluate the effect of manure addition on
the effluent quality defined by parameters
such as BOD5, COD, nitrate, phosphate, D.O.,
suspended solids, etc., (4) observe the excess
sludge and gas production and (5) find tha
effect of the manure sludge on the digester.
The study showed a 100 to 1 ratio of sewage
to poultry manure added during night flows
did not significantly affect the activated sludge
treatment process. An activated sludge plant
with one million gallon per day flow should
be able to treat in 4 hours the night flows
of manure produced by 17,000 birds. A pilot
study is recommended to confirm the promising
laboratory results. (Cameron-East Central)
2286 A5 300
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS
FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Chemist, Air Pollution Research Center and
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Engineering, California University, Riverside.
E. R. Stephens
California Agriculture, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 10-11,
January, 1971. 1 fig., 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Odor, "Measurement, 'Feedlots,
'Cattle, California, Sampling, Chemical proper-
ties. Chromatography
Identifiers: 'Identification, MR spectroscopy, In-
frared spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry, Flame
photometry
During 1967, 1968, and 1969, a small-scale proj-
ect on the subject of feedlot odors was con-
ducted in laboratories at the Statewide Air
Pollution Research Center, the University of
California, Riverside. The objective was to iden-
tify the odorant compounds from typical feed-
lot operations and to develop suitable chemical
analytical methods for their detection and
measurement. The project involved several
phases, the first of which was sampling the
air in or near the feedlot. The second phase
involved analysis of odor-causing substances in
the air by methods such as gas or liquid
chromatrography, NMR spectroscopy, infrared
spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and flame
photometry. The third phase was the analysis
of subjective responses to humans to known
concentrations of odoriferous air. From the study,
it was discovered that the most important odor-
ous compounds in feedlot air are the molecular
amines, especially trimethylamine: but a contri-
bution from other amines, ammonia, or other
compounds cannot be ruled out. Furthermore,
particular weather conditions or special feedlot
operations may produce a different mix of
odorants. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
2287 - E3 400
DIGESTIBILITY OF PROCESSED
FEEDLOT MANURE
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
G. M. Ward
Feedstuffs, Vol. 45, No. 28, July 9, 1973. 3 tab.,
6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, 'Sheep,
•Proteins, 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Cerola, Digestibility
Among the systems suggested to solve the cur-
rent problem of feedlot manure utilization are
several schemes for refeeding manure or frac-
tions of the manure. The advantage that re-
feeding has over other systems is that the
producers are the consumers and vice versa.
The product cerola, discussed in this study,
was produced from feedlot manure and fed
to sheep to determine its digestibility. This
source material was taken from a pen of Here-
ford steers receiving a ration of whole corn,
hay and silage with a protein supplement. A
description of the processing of the manure for
feeding is given. Six crossbred lambs which
averaged 61 Ib. in weight were used in the
digestion trial. The study showed that the
nutrient digestibilities found were high con-
sidering the source of the product. An ex-
planation for the higher percentage of crude
fiber in Cerola as compared to corn is that
poor digestibility of fiber is expected when a
high concentrate diet is fed. The study also
indicated that the protein intake (average 64
gm. of digestible protein) of these lambs would
not support weight gains, but might be suffi-
cient to maintain weight. Cerola is readily eaten
by sheep and is highly digestible. Because of
the encouraging results of this study, a process-
ing plant to provide Cerola for feeding brood
cows is baing constructed at Sterling, Colorado.
Results can be expected from these experi-
ments this year. (Kehl-East Central)
2288 - Al, B2, D4, E2 100
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
FARM WASTES
New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Institute,
Lincoln
D. J. Hills
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 128,
No. 4, p. 42-44, April, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Anasrobic treatment, 'Aerobic treatment,
Lagoons, Odors, Oxidation, Activated sludge, Mu-
nicipal waters. Livestock, Aerated lagoons, Legis-
lation, Oxidation lagoons
Identifiers: 'New Zealand, Oxidation ditches,
Piggeries
Since the Water and Soil Conservation Amend-
ment Act of 1971, farmers have had to con-
sider alternative treatment methods of their
wastes, particularly livestock wastes. The most
widely used waste disposal systems in New
Zealand were anaerobic lagoons and spray dis-
posal. However, in situations where these meth-
ods cause odors or agravate poor soil character-
istics, aerobic treatment must be considered.
Oxidation ditches and mechanically aerated la-
goons are both modified forms of the municipal
activated sludge treatment process. This may be
applied to beef cattle and poultry wastes but
is especially useful in piggeries. Mechanically
aerated lagoons also may be used in New
Zealand in the future. Surface aeration is of
value as a means for odor control of wastes
which will be subsequently spread on land.
Various agricultural operations are noted, with
their specific problems. These include piggeries,
dairy sheds, beef cattle feedlots, poultry houses,
and livestock. (Prague-FIRL)
2289 - E3 400
MOLASSES FROM MANURE?
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, No. 208, April, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Feeds. 'Sludge, Proteins
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Molasses, Sulphur dioxide
"The Sulphur Institute reports that sulphur
dioxide, an air pollutant from power and in-
dustrial plants, can be cooked with sludge,
protecting the organic amino acids, in the
sludge from degradation, and enhancing the
protein values." If sludge, why not poultry ma-
nure which has lost most of its nitrogen?
(Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2290 A5, Bl, D4 400
NEW WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM
IS USED FOR HOGS
Agricultural Pollution Control Research Labora-
tory, Agricultural Engineering Department, Ohio
State University
E. P. Taiganides
American Farmer, Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 6-7, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. Separation tech-
niques, 'Liquid wastes, 'Solid wastes, Odor, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Aeration
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Flushing
Although liquid systems have made it possible
to mechanize manure handling to a greater
extent than is possible with solid systems, new
odor and water pollution problems have been
created. Automated waste handling systems
which do not create water or odor pollution
will probably be in great demand in years
to come. This study examined a treatment sys-
tem in which flushing the manure out of the
building played an important role. Flushing
accomplished two things: (1) It prevented the
release inside the building of noxious gases
which affect the health and comfort of both
animals and of the people working inside the
building; (2) It ameliorated the problems ol
dust and odor and it automated manure re-
moval. Flushing also enhanced the treatabiltty
of the manure in the aeration units outside the
building by speeding up the liquification of the
organic solids in the manure. At peak perform-
ance, an effluent of extremely high quality was
produced. The BOD of the effluent was from
30-140 ppm and pH ranged from 6.5 to 8.4.
There were no odors. The effluent was treated
in an oxidation ditch, clarified, and recycled
through the building as flushing water. The
solids were screened out, aerated in an aerobic
digester, and stored before being pumped out
for final disposal. There was trouble in getting
the aerator to work properly but the prob-
lem was presumed to be in the wiring. Before
a conclusion could be drawn on plant efficiency,
its performance in freezing weather would have
to be studied. (Kehl-East Central)
2291 - Fl, D2, D4 E3 400
FLY MANURE HIGH QUALITY
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Proteins, Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Fly pupae, Manure, Flotation pro-
cess
Poultry Digest, Vol. 29, p. 385, August, 1970.
Breeding colonies for pathogen-free houseflies
were established. Eggs were collected and used
to inoculate fresh poultry manure. The eggs
hatch in five or six days and the larvae re-
move about 80 percent of the organic content
and reduce the moisture content of the ma-
nure. Tha larvae and pupae are collected
and processed into a high quality protein sup-
plement. The economics appear favorable.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
224
-------
2292 - A4, B2 300
MANURE HOLDING PONDS
FOUND SELFSEALING
Area Soil and Water Technologist, Stanislaus
County, California
J L. Meyer, E. Olson, and D. Baler
California Agriculture, Vol. 26, No. 4, p. 14-15,
May, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, 'Water pollution,
•Poultry industry, 'Waste Water (Pollution),
Salts, Sludge, Biochemical oxygen demand, Nitro-
gen, California
Identifiers: 'Manure holding ponds. 'Self sealing
Findings in a study of waste pond operations
are reported. In the past, waste waters from
poultry and dairy operations flowed to stream
beds where they became part of the stream.
Improved practices are imperative, since such
waste waters are high in BOD, nitrates, dis-
solved solids, offensive constituents, and bac-
teria. One alternative available to handle
animal wastes Is the use of manure waste
ponds. A test was run on 17 ponds in California
which represented a wide range of soil textures,
water table depths, and age. Results of various
experiments are included in the article. Ap-.
parent anaerobic nitrogen losses of consider-
able magnitude occur under normal pond op-
eration. Since much of manure dry solids are
salt, ponds should be emptied frequently or
whenever salt content reaches 2,900 ppm. A
study of soil nitrate and salt showed that after
several months of use, levels of nitrate and
salt in soil solutions from below ponds showed
very small changes. There is a very low rate
of water loss from manure ponds. Sludge which
developed on each soil bottom had very low
nitrate-nitrogen contents and very high BOD
values. Seepage of water from ponds amounted
to only 1 mm per day. Soil solutions below
the ponds had a lower concentration of all nu-
trients than adjacent well waters after 15
months. Thus artificial seals inside manure-laden
reservoirs are not recommended. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
2293 - Al, E2 100
NITRIFICATION IN SOILS
INCUBATED WITH PIG SLURRY
Agricultural and Food Bacteriology Department,
Queen's University of Belfast, and Department
of Agriculture, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9
5PX, Northern Ireland
J. E. Cooper
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 7, p. 119-124,
1975. 4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrification, 'Soils, 'Slurries
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Land disposal, 'pH, Nitrify-
ing bacteria
Coinciding with the increased use of intensive
methods of rearing livestock is the common
practice of spreading animal slurries on agri-
cultural land. Factors most likely to limit
the use of slurry on cropland are the same as
those applying to sewage sludge: concentration
of heavy metals, survival of pathogenic bac-
teria and nitrogen content (Dotson, 7973). This
study's objectives were: (1) to determine the
effect of different quantities of slurry on nitri-
fication and nitrifying bacteria; and (2) to
compare nitrification patterns in slurry-treated
soils with those in soils receiving (NH4)2SO4
solutions of comparable nitrogen content. The
results of the study are discussed in relation to
heterotrophic nitrification in soils, and the prac-
tical implication of spreading slurry on agricul-
tural land. Nitrification incubation studies (5
weeks at 30 degrees C) were made in a natural
(PH 7.1) and an acid (PH 5.8) soil receiving
varying concentrations of pig slurry and
-------
2302 - Al, C3, E2 400
WHY POULTRY MANURE
VARIES AS FERTILIZER
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31. p. 90-91, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Fertilizers, 'Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Moisture content
Identifiers: 'Manure variation
Many farmers distrust poultry manure as a
fertilizer because of uncertainty as to its con-
tent of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
With "as is" samples in Riverside County,
California, values ranged as follows: nitrogen:
0.5 percent — 6.0 percent by weight. Phosphorus:
0.5 percent — 3.0 percent, potassium: 0.4
percent — 2.0 percent, and water: 7.8 percent—
69.5 percent. Major causes of the variation are
moisture content, feed of poultry, and age of
manure at time of drying ur nf delivery. (Whet'
stone. Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2303 - A8, Bl 400
CHICKENS CONTROL FLIES
FROM MANURE STACK
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 546, 1972.
Descriptors: "Poultry, 'Dairy industry
Identifiers: 'Fly control, 'Manure, Maggots
"Chickens which eat fly maggots in dairy ma-
nure stacks at the University of Wisconsin's
Electric Research Farm are doing a good job
of fly control ..." Two hundred fifty cockerels
are housed in a yard to which the daily manure
production is brought. (Whetstone, Parker, and
Wells-Texas Tech University)
2304 - A9, E3 400
DATA NEEDED ON SAFETY OF
RECYCLING WASTE
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 294, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Pathogenic bacteria,
Safety
Identifiers: *Refceding, 'Food and Drug Admin-
istration, Residues
The Food and Drug Administration is watching
research results on the content of pathogens and
residues harmful to animals and food in re-
cycled litter. Until convinced of its safety, ap-
proval will continue to be withheld. Approval,
if it comes, will be on a process-by-process
basis as the safety of each process is established.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Uni-
versity)
2305 - E3 400
PROCESSED POULTRY MANURE
AS A FEEDSTUFF
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 537, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Performance, Phosphorus,
Amino Acids, Feeds
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, *Feces
Poultry feces uncontaminated with litter may
be fed to laying hens without detrimental
effects on the health of the hens or on the
taste of the eggs. DPW has a low energy
content and is useful primarily for its phos-
phorus and amino acid content. It should not
be fed to broilers and turkeys. Hens on DPW
eat more (to get more energy) and produce
more manure. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-
Texas Tech University)
2306 - A5, A8.B1 400
HOW NUTTING PRE-DRDSS MANURE
IN DEEP-PIT HOUSE
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 385-386, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Poultry. Drying, Moisture con-
tent, Odor
Identifiers: 'Nutting, 'Waste accumulation, 'Deep
pit house, Flies
Cones of manure build up on Ix4's some five
inches apart suspended between cage and pit.
The manure is air dried by an exhaust fan and
pushed off into the pit semiannually. A four-
year accumulation in the pit has a moisture con-
tent of 20 to 30 percent and a depth of 40
inches. It has little odor and attracts few flies.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texes Tech Uni-
versity)
2307 - A2, €1 700
FECAL COLIFORM POLLUTION
IN AN AGRICULTURAL
ENVIRONMENT
.T. K. Jones
M. S. Thesis, Department of Microbiology,
Colorado State University, 1971, 122 p. 7 fig, 10
tab, 84 ret.
D-scriDtors: 'Water pollution, *Agricult"ral run-
off, 'Feedlots, Livestock, Coliforms, Ammonia,
Nitrogen, Biochemical oxygen demand
Identifiers: Membrane filter
A study was undertaken with the primary ob-
jective of characterizing the types and num-
bers of coliform organisms occurring in fresh
and stor-d livestock fecal wastes and in waters
polluted by these wastes. A membrane filter pro-
cedure was used to detect the total coliform
and fecal coliform groups and these grouos
wore used to examine the significance of the
organisms as indicators of livestock waste pollu-
tion. Fresh bovine, ovine and equine fecal
samples showed an overall range of total coli-
form counts of 7400 to 65 million per gram dry
weight and of fecal coliform counts, 5800 to 60
million per gram. In an environment of stored
bovine manure, a reduction in numbers of coli-
forms occur. Complex interactions of the coli-
form population with tire natural environment
determine the types and numbers of indicator
organisms that reach water supplies in runoff
from a livestock rearing area. The ammonia
nitrogen concentration and biochemical oxygen
demand may be at very low levels even when
coliform counts indicate that water pollution
by runoff is occurring. The detection of fecal
coliforms by the membrane filter FC test in
waters polluted mainly by fecal wastes can
h-> good; 95.2 nercent of 733 FC nositive colonies
from water samples were confirmed as Esch-
prichia IMViC types I or II. (Cartmell-East
Central)
7308 - Al 700
NITROSATION IN FEEDLOT
MANURE
P. D. Bergstrom
M. S. Thesis, Department of Microbiology, Colo-
rado State University, 1971, 70 p. 8 fig, 5 tab,
45 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste storage, «Feedlots, 'Nitrates,
•Amines, Temperature, pH, Nitrates, Chromato-
graphy
Identifiers: 'Nitrosatlon
This study was initiated to determine whetnar
conditions permitting nitrosation exist during
the normal storage of manure. The findings indi-
cate that nitrites and amines occur in aopre-
ciable amounts in feedlot waste. The formation
of nitrosamine was detected when the sec-
ondary amine concentration was artificially in-
creased. The nitrite content in stored man-'re
was high enough for nitrosamine synthesis, but
in the samples examined the secondary amine
content appeared to be the limiting factor.
Nitrosamines were not detected in stored ma-
nure samples that were subjected to high tem-
perature and low pH conditions. Therefore, the
rate of nitrosamine synthesis in stored ma
nure is not likely to be rapid enough to permit
the accumulation of hazardous amounts of
nitrosamine, during the normal storage of feed-
lot manure. (Cartmell-East Central)
2309 - A5, Bl, Dl 700
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL
OF CATTLE FEEDLOT ODORS
R. S. Narayan
M. S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
Texas, 42 P. 9 fig, 4 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, •Feedlots, 'Cattle, Gases,
Chromatography
The primary purpose of the project was to de-
termine the qualitative nature of the gases
present in the atmosphere around a beef cattle
feedlot in hopes of devising an economically
feasible odor control program. Qualitative nature,
in terms of functional classification, of the
gases present was sought, initially. Specific
identification within each factional class was
then attempted by gas Chromatography. En-
vironmental chamber studies were carried out
to study the variation of chamber atmosphere
employing different methods of chamber man-
agement. During the first phase of chamber
management, only a few odiferous contaminants
were generated. Among the compounds present,
the most obnoxious were acetaldehyde and
iso butraldehyde. When daily washing down of
the chamber was discontinued, indole and skatole,
which are extremely odiferous, were detected
in the chamber atmosphere. The biological de-
gradation of organic matter results in the forma-
tion of organic functional groups such as alco-
hols, carbonyls, amines, esters, etc. Since im-
plementation o( a control scheme was not
part of the project, no attempts were made
to experimentally evaluate the suggested routes
for odor control. (Cartmell-East Central)
2310 B2 700
A MODEL STUDY OF FLOW
VELOCITIES IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH
U. Agena
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Iowa State University, Ames, 1968,
100 p. 36 fig, 9 tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: Model studies, Design '
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, Flow velocities
A model study of the velocities found in an
oxidation ditch was conducted. The effects of
changes in rotor speed, paddle finger width,
paddle immersion depth, liquid depth, and
channel leng'h on the main liquid velocity were
investigated. It was found that, providing all
other pertinent quantities were held constant,
the mean liquid velocity increased as rotor
speed increased, as paddle finger width in-
creased, as immersion depth increased, and as
liquid decreased. Suggestions for further study
were listed. (Cartmell-East Central)
2311 - Bl, C2, D4, Fl 700
CHARACTERISTICS AND
TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM
A CONFINEMENT HOG
PRODUCTION UNIT
E. P. Taiganides
Ph. D. Dissertation, Iowa State University,
Ames, 1963, 177 p. 31 fig, 14 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Confinement
Dens, 'Chemical properties, 'Physical properties,
•Anaerobic digestion, Costs
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Loading rates, Gas pro-
duction
The objectives of this study were: (1) to deter-
mine qualitatively and quantitatively the physical
and chemical characteristics of wastes from a
hog confinement production unit, and (2) to
evaluate the feasibility of using anaerobic diges-
tion methods for the treatment of said waste
prior to ultimate disposal on land. The quantity
and composition of manure can be estimated
from data on the following factors: the daily
quantity and composition of the feed intake
the water intake, the size of the hog and the
air temperature within the confinement unit.
Hog manure is digestible. At 950° F, with
once a day feeding and with continuous mixing
of the contents of a single stage digester, hog
manure could be digested at a loading rate of
.2 Ib. of volatile solids per day per cubic foot
of digester capacity and a detention period of
less than 8 days. (Cartmell-East Central)
226
-------
2312 - Al, E2 700
FIELD TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK
LAGOON EFFLUENT BY SOIL
PERCOLATION
D. H. Vanderholm
M. S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Iowa State University, 1969, 62 p. 12
fig, 19, tab, 43 ref.
Descriptors: 'Effluent, 'Sprinkler irrigation. La-
goons, Soil profile, Nutrients
Identifiers: Land disposal. Application rates
In a field experiment it was concluded that
livestock lagoon effluent can be applied to
agricultural land by sprinkler irrigation with-
out creating nuisance problems. Effluent applica-
tion had no harmful effects under a periodic
cover crop. When operated under a periodic
loading and recovery schedule, practically no
problem of clogging the soil surface or profile
is likely. Infiltration rates for lagoon effluent
are 20 to 50% lower than for clear water under
the same conditions, and application rates should
be reduced accordingly. Renovation character-
istics of a soil treatment and disposal system
are excellent. Some beneficial effect in crop
production may be realized due to supplemental
irrigation and possible increase in available nu-
trients. (Cartmell-East Central)
2313 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 300
FEEDLOT MANURE AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS
FUTURE MATERIAL AND ENERGY
RESOURCES. 1. INTRODUCTION
AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
W. P. Walawender, L. N. Fan, and L. E.
Erickson
Report No. 26 of the Institute for Systems Design
and Optimization, Kansas State University, Man-
hattan, April, 1972, 13 p. 35 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, "Energy, Drying, Incinera-
tion, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic conditions,
Fuels
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Agricultural
wastes, 'Manure, 'Liquefaction, 'Gasification,
•Hydrogasification, Refeeding, Composting
Recently there has been considerable concern
with preserving the environment in terms of
air, water and land quality. The conservation
of natural resources (both material and energy
resources) has also been a topic of concern.
The processing of feedlot manure was the object
of this study, primarily because of its availability
and because of present pollution problems.
An introduction to the problem, a review of
present feedlot waste management methods
and a review of the available technology which
may be applicable to the processing of ma-
nure is given. Factors complicating utilization
of feedlot manure as a fertilizer have brought
about alternative management schemes, such
as aerobic and anaerobic treatment, incineration,
drying, composting, and refeeding. Improved
land disposal methods have also been developed.
And last but not least, three alternative con-
version processes have been developed—lique-
faction of manure to produce oil; gasification of
manure to produce a synthesis gas; and con-
version of manure into methane using a hydro-
gasification process. There exists a present
trend towards the development of the rural
areas of our country. Such development will
require energy sources which are presently
heavily taxed. The resulting products of pro-
cessing agricultural wastes may thus become
a valuable asset to the development of rural
areas. (Kehl-East Central)
2314 - Bl, Dl, E3, Fl 700
FUEL FROM WASTES:
A MINOR ENERGY SOURCE
T. H. Maugh II
Science, Vol. 178, No. 4061, p. 599-602, Novem-
ber 10, 1972. 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Fuels, 'Organic wastes, 'Energy,
•Hydrogenation, Methane, Costs, Recycling, Oil
Identifiers: »Pyrolysis, «Bioconversion, Char
Conversion of organic wastes into fuels has
developed as a method of possibly easing the
energy crisis. The three major methods for
such conversion are hydrogenatton, pyrolysis,
and bioconversion. The hydrogenation process,
developed by H. H. Appell and I. Wender of
Bumines' Pittsburgh Energy Research Center,
converts as much as 99 percent of the carbon
content of organic wastes to oil under optimum
conditions. On a pilot scale, problems arose
in relation to economic feasibility and techni-
cal problems in introducing waste to the
reactor under pressure. Garrett Research and
Development Company, La Verne, California,
concluded that operational costs of pyrolysis
or destructive distillation should be lower than
for hydrogenation but the problem of collecting
and marketing three fuels (gas, oil, and char)
produced problems. Bioconversion produces me-
thane at the rate of 10,000 scf for each ton
of solid waste and is theoretically a simpler
process than hydrogenation or pyrolysis. Prob-
lems of this process are: (1) the need for new
techniques to feed solids into the digesters, and
inexpensive methods for collection and purifica-
tion of methane, (2) recirculation of the efflu-
ents, and (3) control of pollution. Each of the
conversion methods are restricted by the limited
amount of solid wastes available. A discussion
of specific plants employing these recycling meth-
ods is included. (Battles-East Central)
2315 - B2, C5 700
THE STRATD7ICATION OF AN
ANAEROBIC DAIRY MANURE
LAGOON
R. M. Mahan
M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, 1972, 42 p.
15 fig, 53 ref.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Stratification, 'La-
goons, 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Gases, Ammonia,
Nitrogen
This study was undertaken to examine the
stratification and interrelationships of several
factors involved in the degradation processes
of an anaerobic dairy manure lagoon. Para-
meters included: concentrations and species of
the various volatile short-chain fatty acids,
amount and composition of the evolved gases,
and concentration changes of the ammonium
bicarbonate buffering system. Short-chain fatty
acids had parallel stratification patterns at each
depth and the concentration of acetate ex-
ceeded thos; of the other fatty acids. Even
though the rates of evolution varied, the com-
position of the evolved gas was usually con-
sistent. The rate of gas evolution did not
directly parallel fluctuation in the short-chain
fatty acid pool sizes. Decline in both short-
chain acid and the rate of gas evolution effected
to degradation occurring within the lagoon.
Ammonia-nitrogen was stratified and decreased
in concentration during the course of the study.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2316 - D2 700
LIQUID-SOLID SEPARATION OF
CATTLE MANURE BY VACUUM
FILTRATION
L. F. Backer
M. S. Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, North Dakota State University, Fargo,
May, 1972. 36 fig, 42 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: 'Separation techniques, 'Filtration,
Physical properties, Chemical properties, Bio-
logical properties, Dewatering, Cattle.
Identifiers: 'Liquid-solid separation, "Vacuum
filtration.
The animal waste problem is growing due to our
population increase and an iucrease in the
consumption of beef and chickens. Several meth-
ods could be utilized for liquid-solid separation
of wastes. This thesis is an attempt to investi-
gate the use of vacuum filtration for the liquid-
solid separation of manure without precondition-
ing Physical, biological, and chemical charac-
teristics of the liquids removed are recorded.
The results of the study indicated that: U>
Total and volatile solids content in the filtrate
was much greater than the total and volatile
solids found in the liquids which drain from
the barn at the present time, (2) Cake yield
and filtrate yield are generally quite small due
to the poor filtering characteristics of manure,
(3) The proper vacuum filter size can be deter-
mined for a given size operation and for a
given set of conditions, (4) Although a signifi-
cant amount of dewatering was possible, more
dewatering would be necessary for further pro-
cessing. Dewatering capabilities appeared to in-
crease with increasing temperature, (5) Cost
of even a small (3 foot diameter x 1 foot
width) vacuum filter is quite large (approxi-
mately $12,000). Suggestions for further investi-
gations are also given. (Battles-East Central)
2317 - Al, B2,E2 700
FERTILIZATION VALUE OF CATTLE
MANURE IN RELATION TO
TREATMENT AND METHOD
OF HANDLING
R. F. Hensler
M. S. Thesis, Soil Science Department, Wiscon-
sin University, Madison, 73 p. 20 tab, 45 ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, 'Cattle, 'Corn, 'Liquid
wastes
Identifiers: 'Application rates, 'Manure, Crop
yields, pH
A study was made on the effect of type of
manure, method of handling, amount of bed-
ding, drying treatment and rate of application
on the fertilizing value of cattle manure for
corn. Two green house experiments were con-
ducted. One was to determine the effect of
fresh, fermented, aerobic liquid and anaerobic
liquid dairy cow and steer manures, drying
treatment and rate of application on the fer-
tilizing value for corn grown on silt loam. The
application of manure increased yields in all
cases. The second was conducted to determine
the effect of rate of addition of oat straw and
wood shavings to fresh, fermented or anaerobic
liquid dairy cow manures on their fertilizing
value for corn grown on a silt loam. Again the
yields of the crops increased by the application
of manure in all cases. In a field experiment
yields of both ear corn and stover were in-
creased by the application of fresh fermented
and anaerobic liquid manures, but the increases
were only for the liquid manure placed in bands
4-6 inches from the row. The results of a
laboratory experiment indicated that the addition
of dilute H2SC>4 to samples of manure to attain
a pH of 5.0 or lower prevents loss of N on dry-
ing. (Cartmell-East Central)
2318 - B2, D3, D4 700
THE EFFECTS OF LOADING RATES
ON THE DESIGN AND OPERATION
OF ANAEROBIC SWINE LAGOONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
H. P. Lynn
M. S. Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson,
South Carolina, August, 1968, 73 p. 14 fig, 18 tab.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic lagoons, 'Design, Bio-
degradation, Chemical degradation. Biochemical
oxygen demand
Identifiers: 'Loading rates, Sludge accumula-
tion
The growing of animals to maturity in total
confinement has been made possible by agricul-
tural engineers, working closely with animal
scientists, poultrymen and other engineers. The
handling and disposal of animal wastes has been
intensified by the confinement of animal pro-
duction because of the possible environmental
pollution hazards and the cost of disposing of
large quantities of high-moisture-content animal
waste. The objectives of this study were: 1) to
determine the quality of effluent and the effec-
tiveness of a lagoon as a method of swine
waste disposal under South Carolina climatic
conditions, (2) to determine the effect of loading
227
-------
rate on sludge accumulation, (3) to develop de-
sign criteria needed for the satisfactory chem-
ical and biological degradation of swine waste.
The loading rates of one market-size hog per
60, 120, 180, and 240-cubic feet of lagoon,
replicated four times, were used for the study.
Except for occasional overflow during prolonged
rainfall, the lagoons had no effluent. The lagoons
used anaerobic digestion. The study revealed
that the lagoon was an effective method of
swine waste disposal, effectively reducing the
BOD of untreated swine waste. The loading rate
of the lagoons significantly affected the quality
of effluent. There was a direct proportion of
sludge accumulation to the amount of animal
waste added to the lagoons. There was a more
pronounced temperature effect on the BOD
values for the 60- and 120-cubic-feet lagoons
than on the 180-and 240-cubic-feet lagoons be-
cause of overloading and higher density of
micro-organism population. Suggestions for de-
sign criteria are given. Kehl-East Central)
2319 Al, B2, E2 700
THE MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF
CULTIVATED SOIL RECEIVING
COW MANURE WASTE
F. B. Dazzo
MS Thesis, Florida University, Gainesville, 1972,
97 p. 31 fig, 12 tab, 78 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Solids, 'Sprinkler
irrigation, Rhizosphere, Bacteria, Oats, Sor-
ghum
Identifiers: Microbial ecology, Fecal coliform,
Millet
A study was made of the characterization of
microbial problems associated with a possible
treatment process involving the disposal of dairy
waste slurry on land. A sprinkler irrigation sys-
tem was located at the Dairy Research Unit
of the University of Florida. The response of
oat, sorghum, and millet to their rhizosphere
microorganisms was determined to obtain a base
line in toxicity and pathogenesis studies. Data
collected showed a decline in the rhizosphere
effect on bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae,
and on proteolytic, ureolytic, mycolytic, and
lipolytic microorganisms. Data indicated that
removal of fecal coliforms was most efficient
in a soil lysimeter lacking a root system.
Irrigating soil with cow manure slurry creates
a health hazard since fecal coliforms and Sal-
monella enteretidis survived longer when intro-
duced into receiving soils than control soils.
(Cameron-East Central)
2320 - A5, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 400
THINK OF MANURE AS A
RESOURCE, NOT A WASTE
T. M. McCalla
Feedlot Management, Vol. 14, No. 5, 2 p., May,
1972. 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Agricultural run-
off, 'Feedlots, Settling basins. Fertilizers, Mound-
ing, Recycling, Odor
Identifiers: Broad-basin terraces, Land disposal
Pollution of streams and lakes by feedlot runoff
is a problem, but technology is available to
combat it. If runoff is caught in broad-basin
terraces or is allowed to settle out in settling
basins, 50 percent or more of the solids will
settle out. Reasons for catching these settleable
solids are: (1) They contain most of the easily
biodegradable material. (2) They reduce reten-
tion capacity, (3) H they get into a retention
structure, they create anaerobic conditions re-
sulting in foul odors. These solids may be used
on the land for crop production or they may be
put back on the feedlot for mounding. Mounding
serves two purposes: (1) Mounds create an area
that drains readily, generally is dry, and offers
protection to the cattle from adverse weather
conditions; and (2) they act as a compost heap
for decomposition on the lot. Besides being used
as fertilizer, manure can also be recycled as
oil, feed, building materials, and as food for
yeast which may be fed to animals. (Merryman-
East Central)
2321 - A5 700
QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT
AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF
DAIRY WASTE ODOR
C. Headi
Ph.D Dissertation, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, 1972, 185 p. 45 fig, 27 tab, 110 ref.
Dsscriptors: *Odor, 'Volatility, "Measurement,
Diffusion, Gas chromatography
Identifiers: 'Dairy wastes, 'Dimethyl sulfide,
•Diethyl sulfide, Chemical ionization, GC calibra-
tion
Odor control is a primary requirement for live-
stock production in an urban society. A study
was undertaken to develop an odor analysis
instrumentation for both objective and sub-
jective measurement. The specific objectives of
this study were: (1) to develop instrumentation
and methodology for quantitative and organalep-
tic measurement of odor, (2) to measure objec-
tively concentrations of major odor comnounds
which are released during the decomposition of
dairy waste, and (3) to determine organolep-
tically odor thresholds of dairy wastes. The odor
analysis instrumentation was designed, assem-
bled, and operated in the Agricultural Pollution
Control Research Laboratory of The Ohio State
University. Conclusions were: (1) An adsorbent
material, Chromosorb 102, was satisfactorily
used to collect volatiles from decomposing dairy
waste. (2) The combined use of GC and a
chemical ionization mass spectrometer identified
and confirmed the presence of dimethyl sulfide
and diethyl sulfide, (3) The quantitative meas-
urement of the diethyl and dimethyl sulfide
released from stored diluted dairy waste gave
an average value of 0.3 ppm for diethyl sulfide
and 65.4 ppm for dimethyl sulfide for days that
tests were conducted, (4) The sensory evaluation
showed that diluted dairy waste had lower
odor threshold level than the undiluted waste,
and (5) Even though the concentration of dime-
thyl sulfide was greater than diethyl sulfide, the
number of odor units associated with diethyl
sulfide was found to be greater than that asso-
ciated with dimethyl sulfide. (Cameron-Bast Cen-
tral)
2322 D4, E2, E3. Fl 400
NEW MANURE CONVERSION
PLANT OPENED
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 6, p. 14, June 1975.
3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Fertilizers, 'Feeds,
'Aerobic digestion, Regulation, Texas, Economics
Identifiers: 'Manure
Searle Agriculture's BioCon Division has opened
the biggest manure processing plant in the
world near United Beef Producers at Summer-
field, Texas. This $1,300,000 plant will use an
aerobic bacteria digestion process to transform
200,000 tons of manure per year into a soil
conditioner or eventually into a feed supplement
for cattle. This odorless process kills pathogens
and weed seeds, increases nutrient availability,
and decreases biological oxygen demand of the
product. The firm expects to sell fertilizer and
soil conditioner for $20 per ton FOB the plant.
Officials of the plant expect regulations to be
published very soon concerning use of the
product in feed. They do not feel that the
regulations will be too tough, but they will
require frequent testing. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral)
2323 - D4, E2. E3, E4 300
OKLAHOMA MANURE FOR
MIDWEST METHANE
Environment Midwest, p. 13, December, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Fuels, 'Oklahoma, 'Re-
cycling, Cattle, Fertilizers
Identifiers: 'Midwest United States, 'Biogasifica-
tion
People's Gas Company recently announced that
methane gas generated from cattle manure will
provide energy to several Midwest states by
mid-1976. Natural Gas Pipeline Company of
America has agreed to purchase the methane
from Calorific Recovery Anaerobic Process, Inc.
of Oklahoma. The gas will be produced through
biogasification. It is estimated that the process
will use approximately 90,000 tons of cattle
manure each year to produce about 640 million
cubic feet of methane. A sludge by-product
produced in the process will be used as fer-
tilizer which is more environmentally acceptable
than raw cattle manure. (Merryman-East C~n-
tral)
2324 - E2 400
WASTE CONVERSION
CONCEPT DEVELOPED
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 53, No. 30, p 4,
April 21, 1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Aerobic conditions,
•Bacteria, 'Cattle, Odors, Humus
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Soil conditioner
The BioCon Division of Searle Agriculture, Inc.,
at Summerfield, Texas uses an aerobic bacterial
digestion process to transform cattle manure
into a product called "Tilleez", which improves
the tilth and fertility of soil. The product can
be used on farmland without the problems of
odor and burning associated with manure. The
waste material is first pulverized by a grinder,
then distributed in large vats and exposed to
air for several days to promote growth of bac-
teria that converts the waste matter into a
humus that can be applied safely to soil. It
is estimated the plant will recycle approxi-
mately 150,000-200,000 tons of feedlot waste into
soil conditioner each year. (Cameron-East Cen-
tral)
2325 - A8, A9, D3 100
FEEDING OF COUMAPHOS, RONNEL,
AND RABON TO DAIRY COWS:
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST
HOUSE FLIES AND EFFECT ON
INSECT FAUNA AND
BIODEGRADATION OF FECAL PATS
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
R. W. Miller and L. G. Pickens
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 66, No. 5,
p. 1075-1076, October 15, 1973
Descriptors: 'Insecticides, 'Dairy industry,
'Feeds, 'Larvicides, 'Biodegradation
Identifiers: 'Coumaphos, 'Ronnel, 'Rabon, 'Fly
larvae, Fecal pats, Insect fauna.. Musca domes-
tica L.
Results of experiments are reported comparing
larvicidal activity against the house fly, the in-
sect fauna of manure pats, and the breakdown
of manure from cows fed coumaphos, ronnel.
and Rabon. Eight dairy cows were fed a ration
consisting of a concentrate mixture fed ac-
cording to milk production, limited alfalfa hay
pellets, and corn silage ad lib. Two of the eight
cows s=rv,d as controls and received no in-
secticide. The other 6 cows received insecticid-1
supplements — two received coumaphos, two
received Rabon, and two received ronnel. Larvi-
cidal activity against Musca domestica L. was
significantly greater in feces from cows fed
Rabon than in feces from cows fed either
coumaphos or ronnel. No residue of coumaphos or
Rabon were found in the milk, but significant
residues of ronnel were found. Results con-
firmed earlier experiments, which showed that
as a candidate feed-additive larvicide for house
fly control, Rabon was superior to either coumpo-
phos or ronnel. Rabon and ronnel did not notice-
ably effect the biodegradation of pats of bovine
feces in a pasture; coumaphos reduced tunneling
by insects in the pats, but it did not reduce
the amount of dry weight lost. (Cameron-East
Central)
228
-------
2326 - B3, D4 300
INDOOR LAGOON FOR POULTRY
MANURE DISPOSAL
Assistant Professor ot Poultry Husbandry,
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
W. J. Owings and J. L. Adams
Nebraska Experiment Station Quarterly, p. 16-17,
Summer, 1961.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Waste disposal, 'Waste
treatment, 'Lagoons, Aerobic bacteria, Anaerobic
bacteria
Because the trend in the poultry industry today
is toward large, mechanized laying houses, dis-
posal of manure has become a major problem.
Because farmers generally prefer to buy a more
concentrated commercial product for fertilizer
and because many large poultry operators do
not own enough land to efficiently dispose of the
manure themselves, new alternatives must be
found. The Poultry Department of the Univer-
sity of Nebraska is experimenting with an in-
door lagoon which utilizes the intestinal bacteria
of the bird to decompose the manure. A control
pen has been set up which has a litter floor
covered with wood shavings. The experimental
pen has a full slat floor with a water-tight pit
containing 630 cubic feet of water underneath
it. 180 birds were housed in each pen as of
October 15,1960. During the six months tested,
egg production in the experimental pen has been
about 4 percent higher than the control pen.
The lagoon kept the experimental pen warmer
during the winter. While the experimental pen
has been operating very well, more information
is needed concerning how much water is needed
per bird and the proper temperature necessary
to support adequate decomposition of the manure.
(Merryman-East Central)
2327 - A9, Bl, C4 100
PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLAE
IN POULTRY EXCRETA
Department of Environmental Science,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
J. H. Berkowitz, D. J. Kraft, and M. S. Fin-
stein
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 1,
P. 158-161, April-June, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Salmonella, 'Waste stor-
age, 'Storage requirements, Temperature
Identifiers: 'Waste management
Precautions should be taken against the intro-
duction of viable pathogenic microorganisms into
the environment in the management of poultry
wastes. Nontyphoid salmonellae are of special
concern as they are pathogenic bacteria which
affect humans and are commonly excreted by
apparently healthy poultry. The object of this
study is to observe the survival of salmonellae
under conditions simulating storage in cage type
poultry operations. A survey of commercial
farms showed a range (for samples positive for
Salmonella) in freshly voided specimens of from
less than 1 to almost 35,000/g dry weight. The
high value roughly corresponds to 7,000/g wet
excreta. It would seem advisable to base stor-
age guidelines on the higher end of this range
to provide a wide margin of safety. As judged
by a specific most-probable-number procedure,
Salmonellae inoculated into samples of poultry
excreta declined to very low numbers or dis-
appeared within a month. However, the decline
was usually preceded by a period of growth.
This study provides a basis for estimating the
length of time wet poultry excreta should be
stored to insure acceptable Salmonellae densities,
at temperatures representative of field conditions.
An effective means of killing salmonellae is
storage of undried excreta. (Kehl-East Central)
2328 - Dl, E3 100
THE OIL CONVERSION PROCESS:
AN ASSESSMENT
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 3, p. 20,
March 1972.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Oil, Livestock
Identifiers: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Conversion,
Manure
S. S. De Forest reports on his visit to the
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, where the
conversion of livestock manure and other agri-
cultural wastes to low sulfur oil has become a
reality. The scientists from the Research Lab
suggest that the chemistry is basically simple;
a process similar to the one used to convert
coal to oil. Preliminary work suggests that the
yield of oil is 40-50 percent or 3 barrels per
ton of dry manure, the highest yield of any of
the materials examined. De Forest feels that
conversion plants for converting animal wastes
to oil would be located to utilize cellulosic
materials other than livestock wastes, ensuring
that an economical supply of raw materials will
continuously be available. The concept of cor
verting livestock wastes to oil will require vast
concentrations of livestock. This creates new
problems in handling and managing vast num-
bers of animals and the products associated with
them, such as feed, water and manure. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
2329 - Dl, E3 100
CONVERTING ORGANIC
WASTES TO OIL
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center,
U.S. Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
H. R. Appell
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 3, p.
17-19, March, 1972. 2 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Organic wastes, 'Oil,
Cellulose, Cattle, Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Conversion, 'Agricultural wastes,
Carbon monoxide
The Bureau of Mines has successfully converted
agricultural wastes, bovine manure, wood, ur-
ban refuse and sewage sludge to a low-sulfur
fuel oil. The method requires reaction with
carbon monoxide and water at temperatures ot
300 degrees to 400 degrees C and pressures
of 3000 to 4000 psig. Batch experiments on
converting organic solid wastes to oil usually
consist of placing the waste material in an auto-
clave, adding water and catalyst (if not present
in the waste) and then adding carbon monoxide
to the desired pressure. A continuous bench-
scale unit to achieve this reaction is now in
operation. The product from these continuous
runs is a brownish-black oil at room temper-
ature. Mass, infrared and ultravoilet spectro-
metric examination of the oU produced at 350
degrees C and 4000 psig indicates that the oil
is mostly aliphatic with either linkages and
carbonyl and hydroxyl groups present. Much of
the material appears to exist in cyclic struc-
tures. (Cameron-East Central)
2330 - El 400
BRITISH GROUP ENCOURAGING
WASTE RECYCLING
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 22, p. 32-33, June 2,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Farm wastes, 'Great
Britain, Energy, Proteins
Identifiers: 'Agricultural Wastes Processors As-
sociation, 'Livestock wastes, Processing
The Agricultural Waste Processors Association
encourages the processing, recycling, and re-
covery of all kinds of agricultural waste ma-
terials, including livestock manures, green vege-
table waste and straw throughout the world.
Animal wastes provide sources of energy, pro-
tein, phosphorous, copper and various other trace
elements which are becoming increasingly scarce
and expensive. Expressing views concerning pro-
cessed wastes to the legislature, public and other
associations is probably the main objective of
the AWPA. AWPA hopes to encompass all per-
sons and organizations interested in aspects of
farm waste processing throughout the world. To
keep those interested individuals in touch with
developments and new applications for processed
wastes, the association publishes a regular
publication known as "The Waster." Anyone
living in the U. S. interested in the recycling
of wastes and in AWPA should contact the na-
tional secretary. (Cameron-East Central)
2331 - Bl, C2, C3, E2 300
NUTRIENT AND ENERGY
COMPOSITION OF BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE FRACTIONS
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Nebraska University, Lincoln
C. B. Gilbertson, J. A. Nienaber, J. R. Ellis,
T. M. McCalla, T. J. Klopfenstein, and S. D.
Farlin
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Re-
search Bulletin 262, July, 1974, 29 p. 2 fig, 10
tab, 37 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Energy, 'Cattle, 'Feed-
lots, Nebraska
Identifiers: 'Ration roughage
This bulletin describes nutrient and energy com-
position of beef cattle waste fractions as a
function of the ration roughage level and type
of feedlot. High- medium-, and low-roughage
ration feces (HR, MR, LR) were collected from
animals fed in metabolism crates. Thymal waa
mixed with these feces to prevent decomposi-
tion and mold growth. Samples were obtained
from housed feedlot and outdoor feedlot cattle
fed at the University of Nebraska Field Lab-
oratory. Total solids content averaged 26.7 per-
cent wb for high and low roughage ration
feces, 19.3 percent wb for medium roughage
ration feces, and 21.7 and 45.2 percent wb for
manure from housed and outdoor feedlots, re-
spectively. Volatile solids were 86.9 percent, 89.4
percent, and 93.9 percent db for feces from
cattle fed high, medium, and low roughage
rations. Manure from housed and outdoor feed-
lots were 85.8 percent and 24.0 percent volatile,
respectively. The quantity of feces solids re-
tained on sieves greater than 400 microns in-
creased with decreased ration roughage content
while those retained on sieves smaller than 400
microns decreased with ration roughage con-
tent. The ration fed did not significantly affect
the gross energy of manure fractions or protein
and fat contents of feces solid fractions. Nitro-
gen content increased with decreased ration
roughage level and ranged from 0.61 to 4.75
percent. The ration roughage level did not have
a predictable effect on the element concen-
tration of the solids. (Cartmell-East Central)
2332 - A5 100
ODOR SENSATION THEORY AND
PHENOMENA AND THEIR EFFECT
ON OLFACTORY MEASUREMENTS
Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Clemson University, Clemson, South
Carolina
C. L. Earth
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 2, p.
340-347, March-April, 1973. 5 fig, 1 tab, 45 ref.
Descriptors: 'Odor, 'Measurement, Temperature
Identifiers: Manure, Adaptation, Fatigue, Dilu-
tion, Gas-liquid chromatography
It was the purpose of this report to bring
attention to procedures that might be employed
for specific odor determinations and to high-
light phenomena important in analysis of odor
quality and intensity. A complete description is
given of the human olfactory mechanism. Dif-
ferent tluories of odor perception are dis-
cussed. Accurate characterization of an odor
includes reference to its strength of intensity,
and its quality. There is no commonly accepted
stand — no point of reference — from which
to judge odor quality. Limitations of odor test-
ing result from the existence of the odor
phenomena and the preferences of the ob-
server. Adaptation is the adjustment to the
odor stimulus and fatigue is the result of
adaptation. Changes in odor quality sometimes
occur due to dilution. The recommended tem-
perature for odor testing is 40 degrees C.
Mixtures, drugs, chemical reactions, contamina-
tion, the age, sex and smoking habits of the
229
-------
judge, natural variation and uncertainty are
an factors that can enter into olfactory measure-
ments. The gas-liquid chromatograph has been
the most important instrument in supplementing
the capabilities of the human nose in odor
research. (Cartmell-East Central)
2333 Al 100
PHENOLIC ACIDS AS INDICATORS
OF POLLUTION WITH LIQUID
MANURE. A METHOD FOR
THEIR DETECTION
Fishery Laboratory of the Agency of Environ-
mental Protection, Charlottenlund, Denmark
O. Rump
Water Research, Vol. 8, p. 889-894, 1974. 3 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Pollutant identification. 'Water pol-
lution
Identifiers: 'Phenolic acids, 'Pollution indica-
tors, 'Liquid manure
This investigation is concerned with the develop-
ment of a method to detect illegal liquid
manure discharges. The method can be used to
measure or detect water pollution. The investi-
gation falls into two parts: 1. To find sub-
stances which are suitable indicators of liquid
manure. 2. To develop an analytical method
for the detection of such substances and test its
application. M-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydro-
xyphenylacetic acid and m-hydroxyphenlypro-
pionic acid in liquid manure occur in consider-
able quantities. They provide a sensitive analyti-
cal method for detecting liquid manure, even
where this has been diluted considerably. A
method for the detection of liquid manure is
thin-layer chromatography on cellulose. The
developed chromatograms are rendered visible
by spraying with diazotized p-nitroaniline. By
this method the minimum detectable amounts
of the phenolic adds are approximately 0.01 ug.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2334 - Al, E2 400
ORGANIC WASTE: ONCE NUISANCES,
NOW RESOURCES
G. Sollenberger
The Furrow, p. 2-5, April 1975. 8 fig.
Descriptors: 'Organic wastes, 'Fertilizers, 'Soil
amendments, Reclamation, Nutrients, Costs, Ero-
sion control
Identifiers: Application rates, Manure
The major problem with manure used to be
how to get rid of it, but now it is how to
get enough of it. The high prices and tight
supplies of commercial fertilizers have made
manure a much sought after fertilizer. The nu-
trient content of manure varies with age and
ration of the livestock, the species of live-
stock and with how the manure is stored and
handled. Doubtful farmers who once questioned
the worth of hauling manure now discover they
can use it to reduce production costs — and
not by piddling amounts. An example is given.
Researchers discovered in USDA studies ' at
Manhattan, Kansas that animal waste was about
as effective as anchored straw in slowing soil
loss from a highly erosive sandy soil. Reclama-
tion by building up non-productive land with
sewage sludge has also been found effective
in amending soils. The possibility of using some
industrial organic wastes as a soil amendment
is being examined as well. Use of organic wastes
as fertilizers and soil amendments does have
its problems. New pollution laws call for more
intensive control of flies, odors and runoff.
Application rates must be determined so that
the manure will increase instead of decrease
crop growth. Careful management is also needed
in preserving the nutrients in manure. Finally,
the problem of variability in the nutrient con-
tent of many wastes calls for additional atten-
tion. (Kehl-East Central)
2335 - Al, Bl, F2 300
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
GUIDELINES FOR DAIRIES
Agricultural Engineer, Texas Agricultural Exten-
sion Service, Texas AtM University, College
Station
J. M. Sweeten
Mimeograph Publication, Texas Agricultural Ex-
tension Service, Texas A&M University, March
14, 1975. 7 fig.
Descriptors: 'Legal aspects, 'Regulation, 'Dairy
industry, 'Waste management, Texas, Permits,
Water pollution control. Air pollution control
Identifiers: Runoff control. Sanitation
Proper site selection and facility design can
minimize the water and air pollution from
dairies. State and federal pollution control regu-
lations greatly influence the design of dairy
waste management systems. Such requirements
for Texas dairies are given and explained. The
major requirement for dairies to obtain permits
from the Texas Water Quality Board is that
systems be provided to prevent discharge from
the premises. Generally, two systems are re-
quired: runoff control and manure management.
Recommendations for these systems are given.
Federal water pollution control regulations are
also discussed. The Texas Air Control Board
under the State Air Pollution Control Program
has the authority to regulate odors from all
dairies in the State under a general nuisance
regulation. Permits and other regulations are
required by the Texas Air Control Board and
are explained. Dairy sanitation is under the
Texas State Department of Health and milk
inspection units of major Texas cities. Require-
ments for sanitation are listed. General Permit
Procedures are discussed. (Kehl-East Central)
2336 A5, B2, C5, D4 400
MUNICIPAL SLUDGE IN SWINE
MANURE HELPS CONTROL ODORS
J. L. Roll, D. L. Day, and B. A. Jones, Jr.
Illinois Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 14, 1974.
llig.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Odor control,
'Anaerobic digestion, Chemical oxygen demand,
Degradation
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Municipal sludge
A study was conducted to determine whether
the addition of fresh non-lagooned municipal
digester sludge to liquid swine manure would
help initiate anaerobic activity and control odors.
Three trials were conducted, utilizing five di-
gesters in each trial. Trials 1 and 2 were batch
digester tests, with digesters being loaded and
allowed to run two weeks without addition or
removal of material. Trial 3 was a 45-day study
in which 1 liter of digester contents was re-
moved each day and 1 liter of new material
was added. In all trials, the five digesters con-
tained the following ratios (on a volume basis)
of liquid swine manure to municipal digester
sludge: 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, and 1:10. Anaerobic
digestion was excellent in all trials. Digesters
with 2:1 and 1:1 manure to sludge exhibited
the best chemical oxygen demand and volatile
solids reduction. A "sniffing" panel found the
digester with 1:5 manure to sludge to have
the least offensive odor. The digester sludge
was valuable in establishing good anaerobic
activity in manure. Consequently, manure was
more rapidly degraded and odor was controlled.
However, the best degradation was observed in
the digester with the most odor. Some odor
may have to be tolerated in order to achieve
good optional reduction. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral)
2337 - Bl, Dl, E2 400
MANURE GETS RE-DISCOVERED
J. Goldstein
Compost Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 24-27, March-
April, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Fertilizers, 'Livestock,
•Costs, Energy, Nitrates, Dairy industry, Re-
cycling
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Land disposal
Several publications are listed which comment
on the fertilizer shortages, antipollution laws,
and the economics and methods for using
manure. The fertilizer shortage may solve one
major problem — economically disposing of
large amounts of manure that accumulate at
livestock markets. The best way to handle
manure at the markets is to dehydrate it first
The dried product can be produced for just a
few cents a pound. Farmers are now buying
the raw manure to use in place of the nitrogen
and phosphate they are finding hard to get.
Just about any good commercial farmer who
raises livestock as part of a mixed farming
program returns manure to the land. Using
the natural fertilizer produces a more iron-rich
crop, compared to chemical fertilizers. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2338 - Bl, E2 400
FOR THE SAKE OF YOUR
NEIGHBORS—SLURRY INJECTION
London
A. CoIUer
Power Farming and Better Farming Digest,
P. 21, 23, September, 1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Slurries, 'Equipment, 'Costs
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Soil injection
Researchers at Wageningen, Holland have de-
veloped a self-propelled tanker injector for
control of the waste disposal problem. The
machine is based on a Massey Ferguson 178
tractor. It provides a fast, effective, and low
odor technique by use of a tanker with rear-
fitted sou tines which slit the soil for injector
tubes to place the slurry. A chopper pump
takes the material from the tanker and makes
lumps and fiber pass through tubes and in-
jectors without blocking thus allowing working
rates up to 40 tons an acre to depths of 12
inches. (Battles-East Central)
2339 - A4, Bl 300
GROUND WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEMS IN THE NORTHWESTERN
UNITED STATES
Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
Port Washington, New York
Frits van der Leeden, L. A. Cerrillo, and D. W.
Miller
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-3-75-018, 361 p. 60 fig, 48 tab, 176 ref.
Descriptors: 'Ground water, Mine wastes. Salin-
ity, Septic tanks, Water pollution, Water quality,
Water resources, Waste dumps, Wells, Feedlots,
Agricultural runoff. Northwestern United States,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington,
Wyoming
An evaluation of ground-water pollution prob-
lems has been carried out in six states in the
northwest: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon,
Washington and Wyoming. The findings of the
investigation indicate that, with the exception of
radioactive waste disposal, few cases of ground-
water pollution have been investigated in de-
tail. There is a need for baseline water-quality
data and systematic evaluation of overall
ground-water conditions, especially in urban
zones, in areas of petroleum exploration and
development, and at locations of mining and
industrial activity. The most common natural
ground-water quality problems, other than high
salinity, are excessive hardness, iron, manga-
nese, and fluoride. Principal sources of man-
caused ground-water quality problems in the
approximate order of severity are: discharge of
effluent from septic tanks and sewage treatment
plants, irrigation return flow, dryland farming,
abandoned oil wells, shallow disposal wells,
unlined surface impoundments, mine tailings
and mine drainage, municipal and industrial
landfills, and radioactive waste disposal. Other
sources that appear to be of less importance
but still must be considered include: spills and
leaks, application of fertilizers and pesticides,
feedlots, and salt-water intrusion. (Scalf-R. S.
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory)
230
-------
2340 - Al, E2 100
RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTS
MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF
LARGE AMOUNTS OF FERTILIZER
AND OF FARMYARD MANURE ON
MAINCROP POTATOES GROWN IN
SANDY SOIL AT WOBURN,
BEDFORDSHIRE
Bothansted Experimental Station,
Harpenden, Herts
F. V. Widdowson, A. Penny, and R. C. Flint
Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 82, Ft. 1,
p. 117-128, February, 1974. 2 fig, 12 tab, 7 ref.
ref.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, "Crop production, Ni-
trogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Great Britain
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Yields, Land disposal
By using both farmyard manure (FYM) and
fertilizers, rather than fertilizers alone, the
largest yields of potatoes were obtained in the
Woburn Reference Experiment. The objective
of this study was to find an explanation of this
in experiments made on the coarse sandy loam
found in Woburn. Four experiments were
conducted during the period of 1968-1971 on
Stackyard Field at Woburn, Beds. The soil
was an acid sandy-loam overlying Lower Green-
sand. The study showed that FYM was less
effective than fertilizer when given alone. The
combination of fertilizer and FYM gave a
larger yield than the double amount of fertilizer
incorporated shallowly or .a single amount of
fertilizer. However, a smaller yield was obtained
with the combination than with the double
amount of fertilizer incorporated deeply, which
gave the largest yield each year. In order to
construct nutrient balance sheets, the NPK
contents of the potato tubers were used. The
balance sheets showed that large residues of
N, P and K remained in the soil after harvest.
FYM residues increased yields of both grain
and straw while fertilizer residues increased
only straw yields. When compared to freshly
applied N, both kinds of residues were less
effective, so most of the N leached during
winter. The study also indicated that the yield
of saleable tubers was increased by the double
amount of fertilizer. (Kehl-East Central)
2341 - Bl 400
MOST FLUME FLOORS SHORT
ON ENGINEERING
Beef, Vol. 11, No. 9, p. 6-7, May, 1975. 4 fig,
1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Safety factor, Flow rate. Waste
dilution, Volume
Identifiers: 'Flume floors, 'Gutter design guide-
lines, Lagoon pumping
At a Cattle Feeders Seminar in Columbia,
Missouri, the engineering of flume floor systems
was examined. Bob George, University of Mis-
souri agricultural engineer, claims that some
of the flush-type buildings he has seen operate
on the "brink of disaster". He states that most
current flume-type floors just don't have a
large enough safety factor designed into the
flumes. Two Missouri feeders, Lewis Wilson and
Ed Gunnels discussed their systems and ad-
mitted that although they're not the safest, they
do the job. A table containing recommendations
for gutter design dimensions is provided and
is based on gutters eight inches wide. Mr.
George also gave a few recommendations about
the lagoons hooked onto flashing systems. These
are listed, and are applicable primarily to
Central Missouri. (Kehl-East Central)
2342 - A9, B2, C5, D4, E3 100
RECYCLING SWINE
WASTE AS FEED
Department of Animal Science,
Illinois University, Urbana
B. G. Harmon and D. L. Day
fflinois Research, Vol. 15, No. 3, p. 14-15,
Summer, 1973. 2 fig, 6 tab.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Proteins, Amino acids.
Health
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Swine, 'Oxidation ditch
mixed liquor (ODML)
About 300 hogs have been fed in oxidation ditch
mixed liquor (ODML) studies over the past
three years in an attempt to minimize pollution
and to take advantage of the protein and
amino acids that ODML has to offer. Representa-
tive samples of all the hogs have been slaugh-
tered and inspected lor liver or lymphatic tissue
changes. No changes attributable to the feed-
ing of ODML have been found in the slaughtered
animals. All carcasses have passed meat inspec-
tion. Actual descriptions of the studies are
given. (Merryman-East Central)
2343 A9, E3 400
AG ENGINEERS REVIEW NEW
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 17, p. 6, 74, April 25,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Nutrients, Additives,
Health
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, Dehydrated poultry
At the American Society of Agricultural En-
gineer's Symposium on Livestock Wastes, held
at the University of Illinois, the management
of poultry and livestock wastes was examined
from an agricultural engineer's viewpoint. A
demonstration project at the Michigan State
University was described by Dr. M. L. Esmay
of MSU as an attempt to obtain design and
management information for the optimum han-
dling of wastes from a commercial-sized cage-
type layer house. The objective of the program
was to study the management of poultry excreta
in a closed environmental ecological system in-
cluding the production of dehydrated poultry
waste (DPW) for feeding, odor abatement and
pollution control. From the study, several sig-
nificant results were noted and listed by Dr.
Esmay. Dr. Robert G. Yeck of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Re-
search Service discussed the existing opinions
and potentials for using nutrients from animal
wastes in feed. Dr. Yeck stated that there are
potential adverse effects from feed additives and
inadvertent contaminants that must be recog-
nized. He also listed the constraints to implemen-
tation of ths various systems. These are: animal
acceptability, utility, animal product safety and
consumer acceptance. R. D. Clock and K. .1.
Schwartz of Iowa State University said that
the design of these facilities should include
consideration of the potential disease hazard.
(Kehl-East Central)
2344 - Bl, E3 400
SEPARATING SOLID WASTE
FROM LIQUID
Managing Editor, Feedlot Management
G. Ashfield
Feedlot Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, p. 6-8, May,
1975. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Liquid wastes, 'Cat-
tle, 'Recycling, Feeding rates
Identifiers: 'Separation, 'Refeeding, Confinement
housing
At the Kissinger integrated cattle operation near
Fairfield, Nebraska, 60-70 tons of manure, pro-
duced by steers housed in their 1,110 head slope-
slat, flush barn, are retrieved and recycled
into dried waste material which will be put to
use as one of the ingredients in dry cow
ration The recycled wastes are mixed with
stalklage from the cropping program at a
ration of 4:3. The 60-70 tons of solid waste is
screened from the liquid produced in the Kis-
singers' cold confinement barn. The Kissingers
run cows in two herds of approximately 300
cows each for spring and fall calving in a
semi-confined, drylot area. This lends itself well
to feeding to the nutritional requirements of
the various stages of the yearly cow cycle,
artificial insemination and overall management
of the cow herd. (Cameron-East Central)
2345 - A9, E3 400
RECYCLING NUTRIENTS
FOR LIVESTOCK
Animal Science Department, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
H. W. Essig
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 21, p. 35, 43, May 26,
1975. 19 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Poultry, 'Regulation,
•California, 'Mississippi
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Dried poultry waste,
'Food and Drug Administration, 'Health
Scarcity of land for manure disposal and con-
centration in poultry production are causing
waste disposal problems. Methods other than
land disposal are needed. Many poultry pro-
ducers are turning to recycling dried poultry
wastes as feed. Dried poultry waste appears
to be the waste material that has the greatest
potential as a feedstuff because it is high in
crude protein, normal in minerals and negative
to aflatoxins and salmonella. The states ol
California and Mississippi have moved ahead
independently in sanctioning the use of dried
poultry waste (DPW) in feedstuffs. The Food
and Drug Administration is in the process of
restating its position on the use of recycled
nutrients in livestock feeds, and these regula-
tions should be published in the near future.
Before recycled nutrients from poultry opera-
tions can be used as a feedstuff, state and
FDA regulations must be set forth to insure
a standardized product that is not harmful when
fad to animals. The poultry producers must
make an effort to control the quantities of
copper, arsenic, selenium and other heavy
metals, as well as any drugs that might
appear in the recycled nutrient materials.
(Merryman-East Central)
2346 Al, Bl, E2 400
CONSEQUENCES OF WASTE
DISPOSAL ON LAND
Research Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, Professor of Soils at the Univer-
sity of Minnesota
W. E. Larson, J. R. Gilley, and D. R. Linden
Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, Vol.
30, No. 2, p. 68-71, March-April, 1975. 1 fig,
4 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Organic wastes,
'Sewage sludge, 'Sewage effluents, Reclamation,
Productivity, Crop response. Wind erosion
Identifiers: 'Land disposal, 'Manure, Pollution
Organic wastes can be used safely and effec-
tively to increase soil productivity if proper
precautions are taken concerning heavy metals,
toxic chemicals, nitrate leaching, erosion losses,
and undesirable odors. Average composition is
given for animal wastes (dairy cattle, beef
cattle, swine and poultry hens), sewage sludge
and secondary sewage effluent. Farm manures
contain the major nutrients in the most correct
proportion for soil fertilization. They also de-
crease bulk density, increase aggregate stability,
increase water intake rates, and help control
soil erosion. Sewage sludges have proved effec-
tive in reclaiming such productive land as
mine spoil banks, wastes from a soda glass
factory, dune and dredged sands, and abandoned
garbage dumps and sanitary land fills. There
is also evidence that crop yield increases as
the result of irrigation with treated municipal
wastewater. It must be emphasized that proper
waste management measures must be taken to
protect the environment. When applied at crop
use rates and with proper soil management,
most organic wastes present no serious en-
vironmental hazards and should be considered
a resourca that agriculture can very well usa.
(Merryman-East Central)
2347 - A3 200
CONCENTRATIONS AND CYCLES OF
BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN
FARM SURFACE RUNOFF
Research Hydrologist, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
S. H. Kunkle
In "Relationship of Agriculture to Soil and
231
-------
Water Pollution," Cornell University Conference
on Agricultural Waste Management, Rochester,
New York, 1970, p. 49-60. 7 fig, 2 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: 'Water pollution, 'Agricultural run-
off, 'Conforms, 'Animal wastes
Identifiers: 'Bacterial indicators, 'Feces
Adequate surveillance techniques for detecting
animal waste contamination of streams are
essential if water pollution is to be avoided.
This report describes initial results from a study
of bacterial pollution indicators on the Sleepers
River Watershed, Danville, Vermont. During
periods of storm runoff from the watershed
concentration of total and fecal conforms rose
drastically, with distribution of the values
closely related to the hydrograph. Total coliform
concentrations in runoff from the hayfield (un-
subjected to farm animal wastes) were similar
to concentration in runoff from the partially
grazed 0.75 sq km watershed, making use of
total coliform data of questionable value for
pollution surveillance within the rural water-
shed. To the contrary, the fecal coliform
densities were much greater in the partially
grazed watershed's runoff than in the hayfield's.
Evidently the more specific coliform group is
a much better pollution indicator for the con-
ditions of the study. The percentage of total
coliforms that were fecal types was much
higher in the watershed runoff than in the
hayfield runoff. This study emphasizes that the
hydrologic processes are of extreme importance
in reference to use of indicator organisms. These
hydrologic and physical relationships need to
be well described if water quality inputs in
streams are to be successfully modeled. (Cart-
mell-East Central)
2348 D3, E3 100
ULTIMATE IN RECYCLING
Chemical Week, Vol. 113, No. 12, p. 16, Septem-
ber 19, 1973.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Feeds, 'Reclamation,
Economics, Feedlots, Chemicals, Colorado, Cat-
tle
Identifiers: 'Refeeding
This article discusses a 200-head pilot project
to feed steers recycled manure begun recently
by Ceres Land, Sterling, Colorado, a major
cattle feeding company. The company expects
to have the system in "full commercial opera-
tion" by January 1, 1974, and intends to sign
joint venture agreements with feed lots. One
of the developers of the process estimates that
the feed will cost less than one-third the price
of conventional materials and that the technique
poses no pollution problems, leaving only residues
of clean-water vapor and five percent ash. The
recycling process is described. Although the
process is expected to require large amounts
of chemicals, the manufacturers of cattle feed
additives and the producers' trade associations
do not see any major effect on sales of their
products. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
2349 - E3 400
RECYCLING POULTRY LITTER
AS SILAGE
C. R. Creger
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 400, p. 256, June,
1975.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Silage, 'Cattle, Weight,
Taste
Identifiers: 'Poultry litter. Broiler litter
Early results from a Texas A&M University
program of recycling poultry litter as silage for
beef cattle are favorable. Each of four groups
of birds was fed a standard broiler diet con-
taining 19-24 percent protein for 8 weeks. Water
was added until the total moisture content was
35-38 percent. Fifteen heifer calves, each weigh-
ing about 477 pounds, were placed on a feeding
regimen that consisted of broiler litter silage
free-choice. Eight pounds per head of a 12
percent protein mixture were poured over the
silage daily. Results of the tests showed the
calves gained an average of 2.54 IDS per head
per day when fed the broiler litter silage free-
choice, along with the 12 percent protein mix
for a period of 120 days. A trace mineral
analysis indicated the silage was an excellent
source of calcium, phosphorus, and other trace
elements. A 50 member panel detected a small
but significant difference in taste between steak
from the treated and nontreated animals. All
steaks received acceptable scores in taste, but
the panel expressed a preference for steak from
nontreated control. (Cameron-East Central)
2350 - E3, Fl 400
CATFISH ON DPW
Poultry Digest, Vol. 34, No. 398 (4), p. 30,
April, 1975.
Descriptors: 'Catfishes, 'Diets, 'Performance,
•Taste, Costs
Identifiers: 'Dried poultry waste
An experiment was conducted to study the
effects of feeding dried poultry waste to cat-
fish. Each of three ponds were stocked with 150
channel catfish fingerlings. Pond 1, which was
fed a control diet containing fish meal and
poultry by-product meal as sources of animal
protein, had 136 fish at harvest. Average gain
was 0.51 pound from the initial stocking rate
of 0.25 pound. Pond 2, which was fed a diet
containing 25 percent air-dried poultry waste
and sources of animal protein, had 139 survi-
vors. Average gain was 0.67 pound from an
initial weight of 0.20 pound. Pond 3 was fed
a diet containing 25 percent air-dried poultry
waste and no source of animal protein. There
were 139 survivors, and the average gain was
0.67 pound from an initial weight of 0.20 pound.
Cost of the ration was reduced approximately
$24 to $30 by substitution of dried poultry waste
for animal protein ingredients. A .higher per-
centage of the taste panel expressed a dislike
for the catfish receiving the control ration
which contained no air-dried poultry manure.
(Merryman-East Central)
2351 - Bl, El 100
EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES FOR
STUDIES ON BEEF HOUSING
AND EQUIPMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
North Dakota State University, Fargo
R. L. Witz and G. L. Pratt
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, No.
2, p. 81-84, December, 1971. 9 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Confinement pens, 'Cattle, 'Design,
'Waste disposal, 'Waste storage, 'Equipment.
Slotted floors, Ventilation, Liquid wastes, Solid
wastes, Lagoons
Identifiers: 'Waste management, Land disposal
Studies were conducted to develop improved feed
handling systems, manure disposal facilities, and
ventilation equipment for beef confinement hous-
ing. To study these problems, a test facility was
built in which two units, each capable of holding
a block of 20 feeder calves, were incorporated.
The design of the west half of the facility had
a sloping concrete floor Installed in a shallow
pit below a slotted floor. The liquids were
drained south in the direction of the slope
and were pumped to a lagoon. The solids were
scraped north with a cable-scraper and conveyed
out of the building at frequent intervals. The
ventilating system utilized double fans, using a
fan and heat sink on both the intake and exhaust.
The design of the east half of the facility was
a conventional system using a slotted floor with
a deep-pit manure storage. Manure was re-
moved in a slurry form on a semi-annual
basis and spread on farm fields. The ventilating
system was patterned after one commonly used
in greenhouses and continually circulated the
air to maintain uniform temperature. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2352 - Al, E2 loo
DAIRY CATTLE MANURE — IT'S
EFFECT ON RYE AND MILLET
FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY
USDA, Auburn University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama
A. F. Lund, B. D. Doss and F. E. Lowry
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol 4, No 2
P. 195-198, March-April, 1975. 7 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Waste disposal,
•Crop response, 'Soils, Nitrogen, Nitrates
Identifiers: 'Land application, 'Application rates,
'Dothan loamy sand, 'Lucedale sandy loam,
'Rye, 'Millet
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects
of various rates of manure applications on
forage yield and quality of rye and millet,
double-cropped on two different soils—Dothan
loamy sand at Auburn, Alabama and Lucedale
sandy loam at Thorsby, Alabama. In general
millet and rye on both types of soils produced
good forage with rates of dairy cattle manure
of 22.5 and 45 metric tons/ha incorporated into
the soil. Organic nitrogen increased as manure
application rate increased up to the 180 metric
tons/ha rate on Lucedale soil. Nitrogen content
was higher for rye than for millet for a given
treatment and soil, and tended to be higher
on Dothan than on Lucedale for any one treat-
ment and crop. Nitrate content was also higher
on Dothan than on Lucedale. Both millet and
rye had nitrate contents above 2 percent when
180 and 270 metric tons/ha of manure were
applied. Most treatments produced tetany-prone
forage that contained K/CCa + Mg.) ration above
2.2. The forage produced with high rates of
manure on Lucedale soil had higher K/(Ca + Mg)
ratios than did that of Dothan soil with equal
rates of manure application. N03 was higher in
the forage of the Dothan soil when high rates
of manure were used. (Cartmell-East Central)
2353 - Bl, E2 400
POULTRY LITTER'S VALUE AS
FARTILIZER CITED BY
GEORGIAN
Feedstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 24, p. 6, 44, June 16.
1975.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Litter, 'Fertilizers, Mois-
ture, Nutrients, Georgia
Identifiers: Manure
Harry D. Muller, Georgia extension poultry
specialist, told poultrymen and cattlemen that
poultry litter may have excellent value as a
fertilizer. He reported that for each ton of feed,
2,500 Ib. of fresh manure is produced from a
flock of birds. Muller found that fresh caged
hen manure, with 37% moisture, can have a
value of $25 a ton when the plant nutrient
values are added up. Nitrogen losses can be
reduced in ventilated, well-insulated houses and
by using litter materials which can rapidly
dry the manure. Muller recommends no more
than two tons of dry or six tons of fresh manure
per acre, on fields manured every year. (Cam-
eron-East Central)
2354 - A8, D4 100
HORN FLIES, STABLE FLIES, AND
HOUSE FLIES: DEVELOPMENT IN
FECES OF BOVINES TREATED
ORALLY WITH JUVENILE
HORMONE ANALOGUES
U. S. Livestock Insects Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
Kerville, Texas
R. L. Harris, E. D. Frazer, and R. L. Younger
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 66, No. 5,
p. 1097-1098, October 15, 1973, 3 tab, 3 ret.
232
-------
Descriptors: Toxicity, 'Additives, 'Cattle
Identifiers: 'Ham flies, 'Stable flies, 'House
flies, 'Juvenile hormone analogues
Seven tests were conducted at the U.S. Live-
stock Insects Lab in 1972-73 with 3 Juvenile
hormone analogues used as feed additives for
control of the horn fly, the stable fly, and the
house fly. Results indicate that Ro 7-9767 ef-
fectively inhibited development of horn flies and
stable flies in the manure of the treated animal.
When Ro 7-9767 was tested at the lower dosages,
1 g/day was the minimum dose that completely
Inhibited development of stable flies and horn
flies. Development of stable and horn flies was
inhibited in the manure of cattle treated with
ZR-515. ZR-515 was the most active compound
tested, since 0.7 rag/animal per day completely
inhibited development of horn flies and 100
rag/animal per day completely inhibited develop-
ment of stable flies. This compound did not
completely inhibit development of house flies.
When RO-20-3600 was mixed with the feed, 5
g/day inhibited development of horn flies and
stable files but not of house flies. No signs of
clinical toxicity were observed in the cattle.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2355 - Al, B2, E2 300
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT
L. E. Hanson, J. MacGregor, H. Chiang, P. R.
Goodrich and R. E. Larson
1973-1974 Minnesota Swine Research Reports,
Preliminary Report H-240, Department of Ani-
mal Science in Cooperation with Agricultural
Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment
Station, University of Minnesota, 1973, p. 39-43.
2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Crop response, 'Corn, 'Fertilizers,
•Liquid wastes, *Pesttcides
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Waste management, "Land
disposal, 'Application rates, *Port Byron silt
loam, 'Waukegan silt loam
An extensive project on animal waste manage-
ment was established in the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station in 1970. Studies were then initiated
at the Branch Stations in Crookston, Grand
Rapids, Morris and Waseca. In 1972 a study of
swine waste management was initiated at the
Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount on
two soil types. Liquid swine wastes from the
anaerobic pits of growing-finishing buildings were
applied at two rates in the fall of 1972. Com
was grown on these plots in 1973. The swine
waste produced a remarkable increase in corn
yields on one site (Port Byron silt loam) and
had litUe effect on corn yields on one second
site (Waukegan silt loam). The contrasting re-
sults are tentatively attributed to the previous
cropping history of the sites. The study will be
continued on 1974. (Hanson, et al.-Minnesota
University)
2356 - Al, B2, E2 600
SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT
L. E. Hanson, J. MacGregor, H. Chiang, P. R.
Goodrich, R. C. Munter, and R. E. Larson
Continuation Report of 1973-1974 Minnesota Swine
Research Reports, Preliminary Report H-240,
Department of Animal Science in Cooperation
with Agricultural Extension Service and Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, University of Min-
nesota, 1974, 2 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: 'Crop response, 'Corn, 'Fertilizers,
•Liquid wastes, 'Pesticides
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Waste management, 'Land
disposal, 'Application rates, 'Port Byron silt
loam, Waukegan silt loam
This is a continuation report of Preliminary
Report H-240 of the "Minnesota Swine Research
Reports, 1973-74." Following the 1973 corn har-
vest, the test plots were cleared and cored soil
samples were taken. The plots were then treated
with wastes from the anaerobic pits of growing-
finishing buildings with application rates of none,
«00 and 400 tons per acre. Corn was planted
on May 17. Growth was terminated at the
Waukegan site on September 3 and at the Port
Byron site on September 21 by frost. The 1974
growing season had a wet spring followed by
poorly distributed and inadequate rainfall. Con-
sequently, total corn dry matter and grain
yields were reduced. Total dry matter produc-
tion varied from 93 to 97 percent of 1973 yields
on the fertilized Port Byron plots and from 80
to 87 percent on the fertilized Waukegan plots
Corn yields varied from 70 to 80 percent of
1973 yields on the fertilized Port Byron plots
and from 51 to 71 percent on th? fertilized
Waukegan plots. The pesticide (Furadan) applied
at planting time apparently had little or no
effect on com yields of the Port Byron plots
fertilized with swine waste. The pesticide had
more effect in increasing corn yields on the
Waukegan than on the Port Byron soils. (Merry-
man-East Central)
2357 - D4 100
MICROBIAL NITRIFICATION AND
DENITRIFICATION IN
CONCENTRATED WASTES
Research Associate, Agricultural Waste Manage-
ment Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York
T. B. S. Prakasam and R. C. Loehr
Water Research, Vol. 6, p. 859-869, 1972. 7 fig,
1 tab, 12 ret.
Descriptors: 'Microbial degradation, 'Waste
water treatment, 'Agricultural wastes, 'Poultry,
'Nitrification, 'Denitrification, Municipal wastes
In view of the reported feasibility of micro-
bial nitrification-denitrification methods for the
removal of nitrogen from municipal waste, an
experimental study was undertaken utilizing con-
tinuous flow and batch studies to obtain funda-
mental information on the applicability of such
a method for the control of nitrogen from a
concentrated agricultural waste. It was found
that solids retention time values greater than 2
days sustained nitrification. Loading factors
greater than 0.15#COD day -1#MLVSS-1 re-
sulted predominantly in nitrite formation. Even
at pH 5, nitrification was sustained. Free
NH3-N concentrations greater than 0.02 mgl-1
hindered nitrate formation resulting in nitrite
predomination. NOs-N had higher denitrification
rates than NO3-N. Denitrification of nitrified
waste was accomplished without controlling oH.
After the nitrified waste was denitrified, residual
ammonia was left in the mixed liquor. A second
nitrification of this denitrified mixed liquor
resulted in complete oxidation of the residual
ammonia. (Cartmell-East Central)
2358 - Al, Bl, E2 100
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND
AGRICULTURE IN GLAMORGAN
ADAS, Glamorgan
B. Rees
Agriculture (London), Vol. 78, p. 126-128, 135,
1971
Descriptors: 'Industrial wastes, 'Agriculture,
'Reclamation, Sewage, Swine, Poultry
Idantifiers: 'Glamorgan
The restoration of former industrial land and
the use of certain industrial by-products are
helping agriculture in Glamorgan. 12,700 acres
of opencast coal land has been restored for
agricultural purposes and afforestation. Power
station pulverised fuel ash is being used for
motorways and as filler material for quarries,
land depressions, and cut down woodland. Treat-
ed sewage water is being channeled to grass-
lands and solid sludge is a useful supplement to
inorganic fertilizers on farms. Sawdust and
wood shavings are being used as bedding in
many agricultural areas. Disposal of lime-soda
sludge on acid coal measure uplands is being
considered for its ameliorative effect on grass-
land improvement. Swine and poultry manures
are being used in the restoration of opencast
coal land and derelict colliery tips. These are
examples of ways that "wastes" can be put
to nse, particularly in the reclamation of dere-
lict land. (Cartmell-East Central)
2359 - Al, Bl, D4, E2, E3 100
ANIMAL WASTE IN THE U.S.A.
Poultry Husbandry Adviser,
A.D.A.S., Worcester
B. Hodgetts
Agriculture, Vol. 79, p. 98-103, 1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, 'United States,
Aerobic treatment. Poultry, Lagoons, Degrada-
tion
Identifiers: 'Pollution, 'Land spreading, Anaero-
bic treatment, Duck wastes, TJressler* system.
Composting, Dehydrated poultry wastes, Fly
larvae
This survey of American practice by an Eng-
lishman observes that "land spreading is still,
of course, generally the cheapest, most efficient
and most popular means of disposing of animal
manures, but the economic cost of doing this
may in some cases be so high as to make
the system unattractive." Aerobic treatment of
liquid wastes has advantages; its problems are
foaming, sedimentation and high running costs.
Aerobic treatment of solids by the "Bressler
system (fan aeration in pits beneath cages)
involves high capital costs. Composting is in-
effective on poultry manure alone and, thus,
involves blending with some other waste source.
Anaerobic lagoons work admirably in the cli-
mate of Southern California with lagoon water
being recirculated for flushing. Nutrient re-
cycling and manure degrading with fly larvae
are discussed. Fly larvae hold great promise
in that "the activities of the young larvae
aerate and successfully deodorize the manure
in 2-3 days and remove 50 percent of its
moisture. The larvae are allowed to pupate
and when dried and ground the pupae may be
used as a protein source for the growing chick.
The remaining manure may be further dried
or pelleted and can be used as a soil con-
ditioner or fertilizer, or even as a feed for
catfish. The manure from 100,000 hens is ex-
pected to produce between 500 and 1000 Ib of
pupae meal daily." (Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-
Texas Tech University)
2360 - D4, E3 400
MANURE SMELL FURNISHES
FARMSTEAD'S POWER NEEDS
Eikenhof, Nr. Johannesburg!!, South Africa
L. J. Frey
National Hog Farmer, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 35-36,
March 1961
Descriptors: 'Gases, 'Fertilizers, 'Anaerobic di-
gestion, 'Recycling
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'South Africa
The use of dung to produce gas for furnishing
a farm's power needs is discussed. A mixture
of dung and water is placed in a digastor,
where it is attacked by methane bacteria. The
digester is large so that the maintenance of
the bacterial state is ensured — the contents
being always alkaline. The process did not
cause the decomposed dung to lose its fer-
tilizing value; rather it was greatly improved.
An analysis of the sludge showed that there
was 10 percent dry matter, of which 5 percent
was phosphates, 6.4 percent nitrogen, and 1
percent potash. There are some disadvantages to
this system. Anaerobic decomposition generates
no heat. Although heat must be applied, this
can be done simply, without running cost.
Alternatively, the gas can be used directly as
it conies. Mr. Frey states that the gas is a
very clean fuel. The wear is negligible and
the sparking plug requires "tapping in" only
once a month. Figures are given on the BTU
obtained from the gas. The figures show ths
immense potential power available from dung,
far great-r than the heat available from burn-
ing dried droppings, and yet leaving the product
as a fertilizer. (Kehl-East Central)
2361 - B2, C5 200
THE FATE OF NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH TREATING SWINE WASTES
Professor of Civil Engineering,
Toronto University, Toronto 181, Canada
P. H. Jones and N. K. Patni
233
-------
Presented at 45th Annual Conference, Water
Pollution Control Federation, Atlanta, Georgia,
October 12, 1972, 34 p. 16 fig, 4 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nitrogen, 'Phosphorus, Nitrifica-
tion
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Oxidation ditch, 'Waste
treatment. Wood shavings
Studies were made on the fate of nitrogen and
phosphorus during a seven-month study of a
full-scale oxidation ditch and a one-acre lagoon
system that was used to treat the daily wastes
from about 410 swine in the finishing barns of
a hog breeding farm located 35 miles north of
Toronto, Ontario. The cumulative total Kjeldahl
nitrogen loading lost by the ditch mixed liquor
(DML) was about 80 percent after 20 weeks and
about 50 percent after 30 weeks of operation.
Introduction of wood shavings in the DML ap-
peared to inhibit nitrogen removal during the
later stages. Conditions of pH, temperature, dis-
solved oxygen distribution of the DML and the
dally load led to the conclusion that nitrogen
removal was mainly by nitrification-denitrifica-
tion sequence. About IS percent of the phos-
phorus loading of the oxidation ditch was lost.
It was presumed to have been absorbed on the
loam soil beneath the unlined bottom of the
ditch. (Cameron-East Central)
2362 - A5, E2 700
NITRATE MOVEMENT IN SOIL
UNDER EARLY SPRING CONDITIONS
M. F. Walter
Ph.D Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1974,
147 p. 35 fig, 16 tab. 108 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Water pollution
sources, 'Frozen soils, 'Fertilizers, 'Leaching,
•Path of pollutants, 'Nitrates, 'Soil water move-
ment, Nitrogen, Soil profiles. Dispersion, Absorp-
tion, Computer models
Identifiers: Pasture management
Physical transport mechanisms and chemical
transformations of nitrogen were investigated
and a quantitative mathematical model was de-
veloped of manurial nitrogen movement through
sou profiles under typical early spring con-
ditions. Nitrogen transformation studies were
conducted with batch systems of Plainfield sand
and anaerobic dairy waste. Laboratory soil
columns were used to investigate flow and
transport processes. The specific conditions
studied were temperatures from 0 to 20 de-
grees C, soil moisture from 5 to 20 percent
by dry soil weight, soil pH from 6 to 8, and
aerobic soil environment. The quantity of nitrate
in an Incremental volume of soil depended
upon its movement in or out of the soil volume
due to mass flow of water and to the net
production of nitrate within the volume of soil
due to mineralization of organic nitrogen and
nitrification of ammonium. Nitrate accumula-
tion as predicted by the computer model was
based on nitrification of added manurial am-
monium and soil nitrogen mineralization. Esti-
mates of solute dispersion were made based on
the movement of the soil water after infiltration.
Laboratory soil columns incubated at different
temperatures and with differing volumes of in-
filtration were used to simulate field soil con-
ditions resulting after heavy land applications
of anaerobic liquid dairy waste. Nitrogen meas-
urements from these soil columns were compared
with predictions from the computer model. (Se-
lected Water Resources Abstracts)
2363 - Al, Bl, Cl, D4 700
ACTIVATED-SLUDGE STABILIZATION
OF SWINE WASTE
R. E. Hermanson
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State Uni-
versity, Ames, 1967, 102 p. 16 fig, 8 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: 'Mathematical models, 'Activated
sludge, 'Aeration, Waste treatment, Nitrification,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Suspended solids
Identifiers: 'Swine
This study is concerned with the stabilization
of swine waste by the extended-aeration, acti-
vated-sludge process. The major objectives of
the study were: (1) to develop a mathematica'
model for the BOD-reduction efficiency of the
system, and (2) to verify the model and eval-
uate its coefficients by conducting experiments
with a laboratory-scale system. The model's
operation and performance were generally satis-
factory. For most of the study, the mixed
liquor pH remained in the optimum range for
biological growth and the influent waste had
adequate nitrogen and phosphorus for a proper
nutritional balance. The activated sludge was
odorless, flocculent, and settled well. Denitrifi-
cation and foaming were not a problem. The
reduction of BOD and suspended solids were
satisfactory and there was a high degree of
nitrification. An occasionally excessive discharge
of suspended solids was caused by sludge
bulking in the sedimentation. Provided the
flow rate does not vary widely, excessive solids
losses because of denitrification can be avoided
by proper design of the sedimentation unit.
The successful fitting of the mathematical model
to the data was achieved by a non-linear, least-
squares method that used a trial and error
solution based on Hartley's modification of the
Gauss-Newton method. Because extended-aera-
tion, activated-sludge required less land than
field spreading or lagooning, is essentially odor
free, does not attract flies, and provides a high
degree of BOD reduction, this system may be
a desirable waste management alternative for
the swine producer. (Kehl-East Central)
2364 - Al, Bl, D4, E3 400
BIO-GAS DISPOSAL
SYSTEM NOT ON
Soil and Water, Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 47, December,
1973.
Descriptors: 'Methane, 'Costs, Anaerobic diges-
tion. Effluent
Identifiers: 'New Zealand, 'Piggeries, 'Bio-gas
plant
A New Zealand study shows that the benefit
from a bio-gas pig effluent disposal system
would most probably not outweigh the costs
of the system. Only industrialized countries with
limited water supplies have high standards of
industrial treatment. Heavy fines for failure to
comply would therefore make a bio-gas treat-
ment system economical. Since New Zealand
generally has enough land and water for pig
wastes to be discharged after 80-90 percent ol
the pollutant matter has been removed, it was
advised that traditional treatment forms be main-
tained. (Kehl-East Central)
2365 - A9, B2, C4 100
SURVIVAL OF CERTAIN
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS IN SWINE
LAGOON EFFLUENT
Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Iowa State University, Ames
R. D. Clock, K. J. Vanderloo, and 3. M.
Kinyon
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Vol. 166, No. 3, p. 273-275, February
1, 1975. 1 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, 'Effluent, 'Salmonella,
•Anaerobic conditions. Sampling
Identifiers: 'Pathogens, 'Swine, 'Survival, *Dy-
sentery
This study involved 2 trials. In each trial, 3
pigs had access to plain water and 3 pigs were
fed lagoon effluent. These pigs came from a
closed herd with no evidence or history of
salmonellosis or swine dysentery. Rectal swabs,
necropsies, and samples of lagoon effluent were
studied. Information obtained from these studies
indicates that effluent from an anaerobic lagoon
may be a source of infectious organisms. Sal-
monella spp were isolated from lagoon effluent
as well as from the feces and tissues of pigs
that drank the effluent as a sole source of
water. All cultures submitted for typing were
identified as S. saint-paul, of which the patho-
genicity is unknown. Clinical signs typical of
swine dysentery and enteric shedding of large
numbers of spirochetes with the characteristics
of Treponema hyodysenteriae were noted in 5
of the 6 pigs. Further study is needed to
determine how long infectivity persists and
whether there is growth of Salmonella spp, T
hyodysenteriae, or other pathogens in the efflu-
ent. (Merryman-East Central)
2366 - A4, E2 400
SWINE MANURE LAND
APPLICATION RATES
Hog Farm Management, Vol. 9, p. 32-33, Febru-
ary 1972. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, Nitrogen, Indiana,
Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Land disposal, 'Loading
rates, Salt buildup
Land application of swine manure is recom-
mended as a means of protecting surface and
ground water from nitrogen and phosphorus
excesses, of removing bacteria and pathogens
through the "living filter" operation, of im-
proving soil structure, and of least-cost disposal.
Nitrogen should not be returned to the land
in excess of crop use. The amount of manure
per acre to contain this amount of nitrogen
depends on the animal ration, the ammonia
conversion and denitrification before application,
the crop type, and the climate. Typical values
for swine wastes on various crops in Indiana
are tabulated. Salt buildup should also be con-
sidered. (Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas
Tech University)
2367 - Bl 300
A COMPARISON OF FIVE HOUSING
SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE
West Central Experiment Station,
Morris, Minnesota
H. E. Smith, H. E. Hanfce, L. K. Lindor, R. D.
Goodrich, J. C. Meiske, et. al.
1972 Minnesota CatOe Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-170, p.
2-22. 15 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Confinement pens, 'Cat-
tle, 'Feeding, 'Costs, 'Performance, Density
Identifiers: 'Housing systems, Efficiency, Gains
Because of the interest expressed by feedlot
operators, a three year trial in Minnesota was
conducted to study the influence of housing
systems and the effect of animal density on
feedlot performance. In the first year of study
(1969-70), 324 Hereford steer calves (average
initial weight of 435 Ib) were allotted to five
housing systems. In the second and third year,
340 calves (average weight of 431 Ib. and 424.5
Ib. respectively) were allotted to the five sys-
tems. The five housing systems were (1) con-
ventional open shed with outside concrete lot,
(2) manure pack confinement with manure
scrape alley, (3) cold slat confinement, (4)
warm slat confinement, and (5) open lot with
dirt mound and windbreak fence. Except for the
open lot, each facility was divided to provide
two animal densities. All cattle were fed a
ration composed of high moisture shelled corn,
corn silage and supplement. Average daily gains
for the 3 years were highest for cattle housed
at 25 or 17 sq. ft./head in the warm slat unit
(2.56 and 2.52 Ib, respectively) followed closely
by the cattle housed at 17 sq. ft. in the manure
scrape unit (2.49 Ib). Cattle in the open lot
had the slowest average daily gains (2.21 Ib).
Feed cost/100 Ib. gain for the 3-year summary
were $12.88, $12.98, $13.45, $13.55, and $14.17
for cattle housed in the warm slat manure
scrap, cold slat, conventional and open lot, re-
spectively. (Cameron-East Central)
234
-------
2368 - B2 300
FINISHING YEARLINGS IN
INSULATED HOUSING EQUIPPED
WITH AN OXIDATION DITCH
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:
SUMMARY OF TEN TRIALS
J. C. Meiske, R. L. Larson, J. A. Moore, R. O.
Hegg and R. D. Goodrich
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-171, p.
23-29.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Housing, Floors,
Carcass characteristics, Open shed. Insulated
bousing
The effects of four housing systems on feedlot
performance and carcass characteristics of fin-
ishing yearling steers were summarized from 10
trials involving 527 cattle. The housing sys-
tems were: (1) conventional open shed, cattle
self-fed outside, (2) insulated confinement with
a slotted floor over an oxidation ditch, cattle
self-fed, (3) insulated confinement with a
slotted floor over an oxidation ditch, cattle
fed twice daily, and (4) insulated confinement
with a solid concrete imbedded floor, cattle self-
fed. Cattle in confinement consumed less feed
(P less than .01) and required less feed/100
Ib gain (P less than .01) but gained at rates
similar to cattle housed in the open shed. Car-
casses of cattle fed in confinement have higher
conformation scores and tended to have higher
fat measures but graded similar to carcasses
of cattle housed in the open shed. Economic
calculations showed that lower returns per head
resulted for all confinement fed cattle except
those confined to an unbedded solid concrete
floor in a year round feeding operation. (Meiske,
et. al.-University of Minnesota)
2369 - Bl 300
COMPARISON OF HOUSING
SYSTEMS FOR FEEDLOT CATTLE
IN NORTHERN CLIMATES
Northwest Experiment Station,
Crookston, Minnesota
H. F. Windels, R. D. Goodrich, and J. C.
Meiske
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-172, p.
30-38. 8 tab.
Descriptors: 'Performance, 'Confinement pens,
•Minnesota
Identifiers: 'Housing, 'Cold confinement build-
ings, Carcass characteristics. Slatted floors
A trial involving 180 herd-mate steer and
heifer calves was conducted to: (1) determine
the winter practicality of a slatted floor, cold
confinement building in northern Minnesota, (2)
compare the performance and carcass character-
istics of feedlot cattle housed in cold confine-
ment buildings vs. a conventional pole barn, and
(3) compare the performance of cattle housed
in cold confinement buildings with either a
gable or a shed roof. The cattle in the con-
ventional barn gained significantly (P less than
.01) faster (2.41 vs. 2.19, 2.14 Ib) and required
significantly (P less than .05) less feed/100 Ib.
gain (728 vs. 778, 781 Ib) than cattle in the
slatted floor cold confinement barns. Daily
feed dry matter intakes were 17.5, 17.0, and 16.6
Ib for cattie housed in a conventional barn, or
confinement barns with either a gable roof or
shed roof, respectively. These intake values
were significantly (P less than .05) different
from each other. Conventional housing and
slatted floor cold confinement housing had similar
effects on performance and carcass character-
istics of steers and heifers. Performance data
of cattle in confinement barns were not signi-
ficantly influenced by the type of roof. Economic
returns from cattle were significantly greater
(P less than .01) for conventionally housed
cattle than those housed in cold confinement
slatted floor barns. (Windels, et. al.- University
of Minnesota)
2370 - Bl 300
COMPARISON OF RATIONS WITH
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATE TO
ROUGHAGE RATIOS FOR HOLSTEIN
STEERS — A SUMMARY
Southern Experiment Station,
Waseca, Minnesota
X. P. Miller, J. C. Meiske, and R. D. Goodrich
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-173, p.
39-42, 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Diets, 'Performance
Identifiers: 'Rations, 'Holstein steers, 'Rough-
ages, Corn silage, Hay
Trials which involved 260 head of Holstein steers
fed rations with various concentrate to rough-
age ratios were summarized. Corn silage was
used as a roughage source in all seven of the
treatments which were compared. Steers fed
rations which contained 28.7 or 55.4 percent corn
silage dry matter (up to 750 Ib) and 16.6 or
28.7 percent corn silage dry matter (from
750 Ib to market) had faster rates of gain,
were more efficient and produced higher grad-
ing carcasses than steers fed other rations con-
taining corn silage. They also required fewer
days of feeding and had higher returns. When
hay was used as the roughage in the finishing
rations in place of corn silage, the cattle
consumed less feed, gained slower and required
more feed dry matter per 100 Ib gain. Steers
fed rations with 86.2 percent corn silage dry
matter had the slowest and least efficient gains,
the lowest grades, the longest feeding period
and the lowest returns. (Miller, et. al.-University
of Minnesota)
2371 - Bl 300
MINERAL ANALYSES OF SOME
COMMON MINNESOTA FEEDS
R. D. Goodrich, J. C. Meiske and A. El Fattab
El Serafy
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-174, p.
44-46, 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Minnesota, 'Analyses,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium,
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Manganese
Identifiers: 'Minerals, Corn, Oats, Barley, Soy-
bean meal, Linseed meal. Middlings
Samples of corn, oats, barley, soybean meal.
Unseed meal and middlings were analyzed for
phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg>, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper
(Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn)
concentration in the dry matter. Average min-
eral contents and adjusted values, based on
the variation among samples, were presented.
When the adjusted values are used to estimate
mineral contents of a feed, 84 percent of the
time feed samples should contain at least that
much of the mineral in question. If average
values are used, half of the time the feed
would contain less than that amount of the
mineral in question. If several feeds are used
to formulate a ration, the use of average
analyses to predict mineral contents of the
ration results in a more specific estimate of
the average mixed content than if few feeds
are used in the ration. However, both rations
would contain less than the average amount of
mineral half of the time. (Goodrich, et. al.-Uni-
versity of Minnesota)
2372 - Bl 300
INFLUENCE OF AN ANTD3IOTIC ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING
HOLSTEIN STEERS
Department of Animal Science,
University of Minnesota
R. D. Goodrich, D. Crawford, and J. C. Meiske
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-177, p.
67-71. 5 tab.
Descriptors: 'Antibiotics, 'Performance
Identifiers: "Holstein yearlings, Chlortetracycline
(Aureomycin), Liver abscesses
Thirty-two yearling Holstein steers were fed a
ration without Chlortetracycline (Aureoroydn)
and 31 were fed a daily ration that contained
70 rag of Chlortetracycline. Cattle fed the anti-
biotic gained about 3 percent faster (3.13) vs.
3.04 Ib/day), required about 5.5 percent less
feed/100 Ib gain (579 vs. 613 Ib) and were more
profitable than steers that did not receive anti-
biotic in their daily ration. Fifty-three percent
(17 head) of the cattle that did not receive
antibiotic had liver abscesses, while 29 percent
(9 head) of those that received the antibiotic
had liver abscesses. (Goodrich, et. al.-Universtty
of Minnesota)
2373 - Bl, E3 300
FEEDING VALUE OF CORN
RECLAIMED FROM AN OXIDATION
DITCH AND THE INFLUENCE
OF ADDING WATER TO RATIONS
FOR FINISHING STEERS
Department of Animal Science,
Minnesota University
J. C. Meiske, R. D. Goodrich. R. L. Larson,
J. A. Moore, and R. O. Hegg
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-180, p.
84-88. 3 tab.
Descriptors: 'Corn, 'Recycling, 'Water
Identifiers: 'Rations, 'Oxidation ditch, 'Finish-
ing steers. Feed value
Holsteln steers were used to estimate the feed-
Ing value of corn that had passed through
the digestive tract of finishing steers and which
was reclaimed from an oxidation ditch and
ensiled. The influence of adding water to an
all-corn ration was also investigated. Cattle
fed rations that contained 21 percent reclaimed
corn dry matter performed satisfactorily, but
those fed rations containing 44 percent re-
claimed corn dry matter gained less rapidly.
Although both groups consumed more feed per
head daily than cattle fed an all-corn diet
containing dry corn, both were less efficient.
It was calculated that the dry matter of the
ensiled, reclaimed corn had feeding values
about 40 percent of that of regular corn dry
matter. When water was added to regular corn
to make a corn mixture of 71 percent dry
matter, the cattle consumed about 3.5 percent
more feed dry matter daily: when sufficient
water was added to regular corn to make a
corn mixture of 59.9 percent dry matter, the
cattle consumed approximately 3 percent less
feed dry matter daily. However, cattle in the
treatment groups which had water added to
regular dry corn at feeding time required 11.2
to 15.9 percent less dry matter per 100 Ib
gain than steers fed only dry corn. (Meiske, et.
al.-Minnesota University)
2374 - Bl 300
INFLUENCE OF SALT LEVELS WITH
AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL
POTASSIUM ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF STEER CALVES
Department of Animal Science,
Minnesota University
D. W. Crawford, J. C. Meiske, and R. D. Good-
rich
1972 Minnesota Cattle Feeders' Report, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Research Report B-181, p.
89-98. 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Salts, 'Potassium, 'Performance,
•Cattle, 'Feeds, Weights, Feedlots
Identifiers: Gains, Carcass characteristics
A trial was conducted to determine the influ-
ence of various levels of supplemental salt on
steer calves fed a corn silage-corn grain ration
and to investigate the influence of supplemental
potassium on salt requirements. Fifty-five Here-
ford steer calves (average initial weight of
446 Ib) were randomly assigned to eight pens.
Each pen of cattle was then randomly assigned
to each of eight treatments ranging from 0.0
g salt plus 0.0 g potassium per head daily
235
-------
to 37.5 g salt plus 10.0 g potassium per head
dally. All calves were fed 10 Ib of corn silage
and 1 Ib/head daily of the respective supple-
ment that supplied the appropriate levels of salt
and potassium. Average daily gains were 2.34
Ib/head for steers fed no supplemental salt
and 2.81, 2.73, and 2.88 for steers fed 12.5,
25.0, and 37.5 g of salt per head daily. Steers
fed the lowest level of supplemental salt (12.5 g)
had adequate rates of gain, feed intakes, feed
efficiencies and carcass characteristics. Steers
fed supplemental potassium gained faster than
steers receiving no supplemental potassium (2.76
vs. 2.62 Ib/head daily). The feeding of potas-
sium also increased feed intake, improved feed
efficiency, and lowered feed cost per 100 Ib of
gain. Carcass characteristics were not significant-
ly influenced by the feeding of supplemental po-
tassium. Results suggest the level of salt may
be reduced below present recommended level
of 36 to 45 g per head daily (0.08 Ib to 0.1
Ib/head daily). The feeding of potassium car-
bonate may result in a slight increase in re-
turns to labor and management when cattle are
fed high rations. (Cameron-East Central)
2375 - B2, E2 400
MANAGING ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
E. D. Anderson
Farm Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 56-58, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Lagoons, Design, Sprinkler irriga-
tion. Costs
Identifiers: Land disposal
The poor reputation that lagoons have acquired
in some areas is often the result of inadequate
design, poor location, and/or improper man-
agement. They can be effective in Missouri,
less so to the north, and more so to the
south. Management suggestions include keeping
the water level nearly constant, starting the
lagoon at the beginning of warm weather, keep-
ing the pH above 6.7 by adding lime or lye,
loading continuously or at least daily, allowing
two years for the lagoon to stabilize, and
pumping out annually. (Whetstone, Parker, and
Wells-Texas. Tech University)
2376 - Bl, E2 400
HOW TO DISPOSE OF MANURE
AND STAY OUT OF COURT
E. D. Anderson
Farm Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 52-56, 1972.
23% moisture, 4.4% nitrogen, 2.69% phosphorus,
and 1.95% potassium. The 2-, 4-, and 8-ton rates
yielded more forage than no treatment. However,
the 4-ton per acre rate significantly increased
yields. Yields from the 10- and 12-ton rates
were similar to the no treatment. The 25- and
30-ton rates eliminated almost all plant growth.
Observations indicated that continued applica-
tions of rates exceeding 4 tons per acre may
tend to increase the intensity of the yield-
depressing effect of high rates of broiler litter.
(Cameron-East Central)
2378 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 400
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION
OF POULTRY WASTES
J. R. Howes
Feedstuffs, Vol. 40, No. 50, p. 22-23, December
14, 1968. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Litter, 'Waste treatment, 'Waste
disposal, 'Chemical properties
Identifiers: 'Poultry wastes, 'Cage manure
This discussion deals with the disposal or reuse
of poultry litter and cage manure. Content of
poultry litter and of cage manure is variable.
Poultry litter usually contains about 20-25 per-
c"nt moisture and 2 percent each of nitrogen
PzOa and KgO. Cage manure contains approxi-
mately 75 percent moisture and much less nitro-
gen, PzOa and K2O because of the dilution.
Present day methods of efficiently disposing of
poultry wastes include landfill, spreading it as
fertilizer, composting, drying, or feeding to
poultry and livestock. The advantages of each
of these methods are discussed. It is pointed
out that recent studies indicate that organic
fertilizers are capable of controlling soil nema-
tode's which have not been economically con-
trolled to date in citrus, peach, grass and many
other crops. Also, organic manures contain
stabilized nitrogen and phosphorus, which, if
these products are not over-applied to the land,
will not leach out polluting soil water, giving
rise to nitrate poisoning, stream and lake
eutrophication. (Merryman-East Central)
2379 - A5, B2, D4 700
OXYGEN TRANSFER
RELATIONSHIPS IN A POULTRY
WASTE MIXED LIQUOR
D. R. Baker
MS Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, August, 1973, 132 p. 27 fig, 5 tab, 55 ref.
Compost Science, Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 18-21
Autumn, 1969, 4 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Biological treat-
ment, 'Poultry, Odor, Water pollution, Anaerobic
digestion, Flocculation
Identifiers: 'Caged laying hens, 'Composting,
Settling, Extended aeration, Settled solids
As a consequence of the increasing urbaniza-
tion of agricultural areas, animal production
units are becoming surrounded by residential
property. Because of the intolerance of the
new neighbors and the pollution authorities for
obnoxious odors or the pollution of surface
waters, better farm management is essential.
This is the major reason for the great need
for the development of treatment processes by
which animal wastes can be converted into
valuable soil amendments which lack such
objectionable properties. The objective of this
study was to attempt to produce a soil amend-
ment which could be applied without creating
an odor nuisance or a surface water pollution
hazard, from poultry manure collected from both
liquid and solid manure management systems.
This study was limited to the treatment of the
wastes produced by caged laving hens. Several
methods were used to attempt to produce stable
nonodorous products from poultry manure col-
lected from a liquid manure handling systems.
They were: flocculation, anaerobic digestion, set-
tling, extended aeration and composting. All the
treatments proved unsatisfactory except com-
posting, which was restricted to the coarsest
fraction of the settled solids. The success of
composting fresh poultry manure in association
with ground corn cob, another agricultural
waste, has led to the construction of a pilot
scale composting plant. The effects of aeration
and the addition of old compost on composting
are given. (Kehl-East Central)
2381 - Al, E2 100
COMPARISON OF INORGANIC
NITROGEN CONTENTS OF
UNDISTURBED, CULTIVATED, AND
BARNYARD SOIL PROFILES IN
WISCONSIN
Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering
Wisconsin University, Madison
R. 3. Olsen, R. F. Hensler, O. J. Attoe, and
S. A. Witzel
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
Vol. 34, No. 4, p. 699-700, July-August, 1970.
1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste management, 'Legal as-
pects, 'Feedlots, 'Cattle, "Dairy industry, Costs,
Irrigation, United States
Identifiers: 'Canada, Swine, Land disposal
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Poultry, 'Aera-
tion, Temperature, Viscosity
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Oxygen transfer.
Solids
Descriptors: 'Nitrates, 'Nitrites, 'Soil profiles,
'Wisconsin, 'Water pollution, 'Soils
Identifiers: Exchangeable ammonium
All states and Canadian provinces now prohibit
discharge to surface or underground waters.
Consult the applicable law before starting or
enlarging an operation. Note the distances to
downwind neighbors. Adequate spreading areas
should be owned or held under long-term lease.
Suggestions and cost estimates are given for
beef, dairy, and swine operations. (Whetstone,
Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2377 - Al, E2 300
BROILER AS A FERTILIZER
L. H. Hileman
Arkansas Farm Research, January-February,
1965, p. 6. 3 fig.
Descriptors: 'Fertilizers, Nutrients
Identifiers: 'Broiler litter, 'Land disposal,
Yields, Application rates, Forage response
In 1964 an experiment was established to evalu-
ate the response of fescue to rates of litter
application. Broiler litter was broadcast by hand
at rates of 0 to 20 tons per acre, in 2-ton
increments plus two very high treatments of
25 and 30 tons per acre. The litter contained
Liquid aerobic treatment systems have been
found to be effective devices for handling and
controlling odors in animal wastes. The pur-
pose of this study was to examine oxygen
transfer and uptake relationships of wastewaters
at solids concentrations similar to those found
in actual waste treatment systems. All of the
results and conclusions apply to an aerated
mixed liquor in an oxidation ditch which has
reached a steady state equilibrium condition.
The study showed that oxygen uptake rates
were not affected either by temperatures or
solid concentrations normally encountered in an
in-house oxidation ditch. The results indicated
that viscosity measurements can be related to
oxygen transfer values. Although the rotor's
oxygen transfer rates were not affected by the
range of temperatures encountered, increases in
solids concentrations did decrease the capabil-
ity of the rotor to transfer oxygen. (Kehl-East
Central)
2380 - Al, A5, Bl, D4, E2 100
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
POULTRY MANURE COLLECTED
FROM CAGED LAYING HENS
Department of Microbiology,
Guelph University, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
R. G. Bell
The need for adequate disposal of increasing
amounts of livestock wastes suggests that pollu-
tion of subsurface and surface waters from this
source is likely to become of greater importance.
The purpose of this study was to obtain in-
formation on the contents of nitrate and other
forms of inorganic nitrogen in soil profiles
under various conditions in Wisconsin, particu-
larly from cultivated fields, undisturbed or virgin
locations, and from barnyards. The average
total content of NO3-N in the profile was lowest
for the undisturbed soils and highest for the
cultivated soils. The values for NOz-N were
much lower. They were lowest in the well-
drained barnyard profiles and highest in the
poorly-drained ones. The values for exchange-
able NH4-N varied more widely between pro-
files, were lowest for the cultivated soils and
highest for the poorly-drained barnyard soils.
The concentration of NO3-N tended to decrease
with soil depth, apparently because of denitri-
fication, microbial immobilization processes and
plant uptake. The total content to the 240-cm
depth of NO2-N ranged from 6 to 25 kg/ha.
The results suggest that contamination of the
groundwater with NO3-N from animal wastes
would mainly concern farm families that con-
sume water from wells located too close to
barnyards and feedlots. Excessive rates of apply-
ing fertilizer N should be avoided. (Kehl-East
Central)
236
-------
2382 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2 300
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
WITH POLLUTION CONTROL
J B. Miner and W. E. Verley
Oregon State University, NC-93 Annual Report,
October 1974 27 P. 9 fig, 12 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors- "Lagoons, *Economics, 'Odor, *Ohlo,
Soils, Agricultural runoff
Identifiers: 'Pollution control, 'Animal waste
management, 'Swine, 'Composting, 'Land dis-
posal. Application rates, Groundwater quality
The Agricultural Engineering Department con-
tinned to evaluate handling swine waste with
flushing and a two stage lagoon system. Experi-
mental objectives were: to determine the treat-
ment efficiency of the system, measure the
nitrogen losses in each unit, determine whether
ground water pollution occurs from the lagoons,
and to evaluate the system with respect to
equipment system effectiveness, and economics.
In another experiment, a built-up bed, aerobic
compostcr was designed to provide both treat-
ment and storage capability. Evaluations of
rate of application, type and condition of ma-
nure, temperatures achieved within the com-
posting mass and resultant compost quality and
condition are in progress. Other projects under-
way include modeling livestock waste systems
and studies of malodorous substances and their
abatement. The Agronomy Department has in-
stalled field lysimeters to determine the maxi-
mum rate of cattle manure that can be applied
to various Ohio soil types without adversely
affecting gronndwater quality. Cooperative re-
search has been initiated through a Memoran-
dum of Understanding between the Ohio Agri-
cultural Research and Development Center and
the USDA-ARS-North Appalachian Experiment
Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio. Numerous water-
sheds are available to study runoff from pas-
tures and feedlots. Cow herds will be managed
under 3 systems: (1) limited stocking rate
and fertilizer application with grazing during
the growing season only; (2) high stocking rate
and fertilizer application with year-long grazing
and; (3) moderate fertility and stocking rate
with hay fed on pasture during winter. Cattle
will be fed in drylot with varying proportions
of concentrates and roughages. Runoff, ground
water and soil sediments will be analyzed for
N, P, K, BOD, etc. where applicable. (Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center;
abstract edited by L. Merryman)
2383 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, Pi, F2,
F3 200
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FEEDLOT
WASTE POLLUTION
Department of Agricultural Economics
M. Baker
Proceedings, Pollution Research Symposium, Lin-
coln, Nebraska, May 23, 1969, p. 46-49. 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Economics, 'Feedlots, 'Farm
wastes, 'Standards, Odor, Fish kills, Agricultural
runoff. Aesthetics, Water pollution
Identifiers: 'Pollution control
Feedlot waste pollution control is looked at
from an economist's point of view. It is recog-
nized that feedlots may ultimately pollute water
with bacteria and high nitrate levels, that they
may be the source of unpleasant odors, that
they may be the cause of fish Mils, and that
they may be aesthetically offensive. It is also
recognized that pollution control standards must
be met. But how and to what extent? The
cost of this pollution control will probably be
borne by the cattle industry. Most of the cost
will probably be borne by the producer of
feeder cattle. This could cause shift of pro-
duction area, elimination of smaller feedlots,
and added competition from animal substitute
Products such as synthetic meats. The impact
of meeting pollution control standards is a mat-
ter of speculation. Continued research is needed
in order to determine what pollution control
standards should be met and how they should be
met. (Battles-East Central)
2384 - A9, B2, D4 300
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN
ANIMAL MANURE DISPOSAL
Minnesota University, St. Paul
S. L Diesch, B. S. Pomeroy, and E. R. Allred
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA 670 2 73 051, Minnesota University, St
Paul, August 1973. 135 p..
Descriptors: 'Pathogenic bacteria, 'Waste dis-
posal, 'Model studies, Slurries, Sludge, Temoer-
ature. Cattle, Minnesota
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Survival, 'Lepto-
spira pomona, 'Salmonella typhimurium, pH
A laboratory model (1:10 scale) of an opera-
tional field oxidation ditch used in beef cattle
production was utilized in survival and detection
studies of Leptospira pomona and Salmonella
typhimurium. Minnesota summer (20C) and win-
ter (2C) temperatures, pH, and dissolved oxygen
of field ditch manure slurry were simulated in
laboratory model studies of manure slurry,
effluent, and sludge. Maximum leptospiral sur-
vival times of 138 days (summer) and IS days
(winter) in the slurry were measured. Salmon-
ella survival of 47 days in slurry and 87 days
in sludge (winter), and 17 days in slurry (sum-
mer) were measured. Adequate laboratory cul-
tural detection and isolation techniques were
developed to measure survival. Findings from
simulated studies in a second laboratory model
were used to separate materials for recycling.
(Diesch et. al.-Minnesota University)
2385 - Al, B2, E2 700
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A
COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
DURING TWO YEARS' IRRIGATION
WITH EFFLUENT FROM BEEF
FEEDLOTS AND WATER
FROM A CREEK
D. H. Hinrichs
Unpublished M. S. Thesis, University of Ne-
braska, Lincoln, 1973, 74 p. 10 tab, 18 append.,
51 ref.
Descriptors: 'Physical prooerties, 'Irrigation,
•Effluent, 'Feedlots, 'Nebraska, 'Water, Cattle,
Rainfall, Agricultural runoff, Management, Waste
disposal. Moisture
Identifiers: 'Colo silty clay loam
A study was done to obtain information on
the influence of effluent applications on soil
physical properties and to recommend man-
agement practices. The field site was located
on the flat area between the footslopes and a
nearby creek. There were 15 plots consisting
of five treatments replicated three times. The
following tests for physical properties of soil
were conducted on the soil samples: particle
size analysis, bulk density, moisture release,
water stability of aggregates, hydraulic con-
ductivity, and rainfall splash. Results showed
the soil for the plot area to be a Colo silty
clay loam with 2.1% sand, 68.1% silt, and 28.6%
clay. There were significant differences in bulk
density for treatments and dates of sampling.
No obvious differences in moisture release
curves were noted from the application of
effluent. Geometric mean diameters of water
stable aggregates were not influenced by the
irrigation. Leaching occurred during the 1971-72
season of irrigation when 54 cm of rainfall was
recorded for the period of October through
May. (Cameron-East Central)
2386 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 300
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
TEXAS: TESTIMONY PRESENTED
TO THE SOLID WASTE STUDY
COMMITTEE OF THE TEXAS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Texas Agricultural Extension Service,
Texas ASM University, College Station
Memo AENc" 6, Texas Agricultural Extension
Service, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas, 1972, 10 p.
Descriptors: 'Animal wastes, Texas, 'Feedlots,
•Cattle, Proteins, Recycling, Poultry, Water
pollution, Dehydration, Fertilizers, Odor
Identifiers: 'Waste, Land disposal. Application
rates. Building materials, Refeeding, Pyrolysts,
Turkeys
Beef feedlots account for 65 percent of the
animal manure (dry weight basis) in Texas. Of
the total tonnage, 70 percent is from lots which
do not contribute to surface runoff under storms
of less than once-in-25-years frequency. Other
lots are being upgraded toward this goal. Land
disposal provides fertilizer and soil conditioning
benefits. No salt build-up occurs with applica-
tion rates below 300-900 tons/acre. "To sum-
marize, land disposal of solid beef feedlot
wastes at rates consistent with sound agronomic
practice gives benefit-cost ratios of about 2:1
or 3:1." Other methods cited are conversion
to a protein source by thermophilic bacteria
(GE-Casa Grande, Arizona), conversion to build-
ing materials by mixing with glass and heating
at atmospheric pressure to 300-400 degrees C
and 3000-4000 psi, refeeding as a fermented mix-
ture of manure and hay, and pyrolysls with
ammonia recovery. Turkey feedlots contribute to
water pollution. It is usual in Texas to move
the pens rather than the manure, utilizing the
fertilizer value of the manure where it falls.
Caged layers produce a high-nitrogen waste.
Dehydration and refeeding appear promising.
Sweeten urges a cautious approach to this
solution. Broiler manure has value as a fer-
tilizer and in cattle feed rations. For dairy
cattle and swine, liquid manure handling is
usual. Odor problems arise. Lagooning provides
little economic return. Slurry irrigation by pipe-
line and spray nozzle or by storage pit and
honey wagon is recommended. (Whetstone, Park-
er, It Wells-Texas Tech University)
2387 - D4, E2 300
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BEEF
ANIMAL WASTES
Water Resources Research Institute,
Kansas State University, Manhattan
L. A. Schmid and R. I. Lipper
Completion Report No. 77, Water Resources
Research Institute, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, June 1971, 59 p. 17 fig, 12 tab.
Descriptors: 'Anaerobic digestion, 'Waste treat-
ment, Irrigation
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Land disposal,
•Loading rates, Liquification
An anaerobic digestion system and an oxidation
ditch system were employed in this study to
investigate the treatment, handling, and disposal
of the confined beef animal wastes. Considering
only acid fermentation, the process permits the
use of the anaerobic digester under little skilled
supervision for manure liquification. Uncontrolled
field environmental factors, such as low tem-
peratures, low pH, and intermittent and shock
loading do not inhibit the acid forming bacterial
activities which are responsible for liquifying
the organic solids. The liquified manure is
more readily degradable for further treatment,
can be returned to the soil for agricultural
irrigation, and has less pollutional strength for
disposal on land. The anaerobic digestion sys-
tem for solids liquification can be one answer
to handling, holding, and disposing of the con-
fined beef animal wastes. The oxidation ditch
system, with a loading of one animal per 60
cu. ft. of liquid volume, provides a potential
treatment of beef animal wastes. The two
rotors in this system, with a speed of 200
r.p.m. and an immersion depth of 3 inches,
are capable of maintaining adequate waste
velocity and oxygenation. (McKenna-Kansas
Water Resources Research Institute)
2388 - Al, Dl 300
SOIL MODD7ICATION FOR
DENITRIFICATION AND PHOSPHATE
REDUCTION OF FEEDLOT WASTE
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
A. E. Erickson, B. G. Ellis, J. M. Tiedje, C. M.
Hansen, and F. R. Peabody
237
-------
Environmental Protection Agency, Technology
Series Report EPA-660/2-74-057, June 1974, 118
p. 9 fig, 24 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: •Denitrification, 'Aerobic treatment,
•Soil treatment, 'Farm wastes, 'Phosphates,
•Waste water treatment. Hogs, Dairy industry,
Anaerobic conditions. Waste treatment, Feedlots,
Biodegradation, Pilot plants
Identifiers: Barriered landscape water renova-
tion systems. Organic matter decomposition,
Phosphate fixation
The efficiency of pilot-size Barriered Landscape
Water Renovation Systems (BLWRS) to renovate
flushed livestock waste was studied. The
BLWRS is a modified permeable soil that has
an aerobic zone for the filtering and oxidation
of the waste and an anaerobic zone to which
an energy source is added to create an en-
vironment for denitrification. Two pairs of
BLWRS 0.008 ha. in size were constructed using
a polyvinyl barrier to create the anaerobic
zone and contain the effluent. Flush wastes from
swine or dairy cattle were applied on each pair
of BLWRS. The waste effluents and BLWRS
soil were periodically analyzed for nutrients,
oxygen demand and pathogens. At manure
loading rates of up to 122 t/ha. swine waste
and 93 t/ha. of dairy waste, the BLWRS had
an efficiency of 80 percent and 97 percent for
nitrogen renovation, greater than 99 percent
for phosphate and 93 percent for carbon. The
oxygen demand dropped SO- to 100-fold. Under
normal operating conditions, the pathogenic in-
dicator organisms did not appear in the effluent.
The BLWRS has been shown to be an efficient
system for renovating large quantities of live-
stock waste and should be tested on a com-
mercial scale with continuous monitoring. (EPA)
(Selected Water Resources Abstracts)
2389 - Bl, Dl, El- E2 100
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL
SOLID WASTE AND PROBLEMS
INVOLVED IN THEIR DISPOSAL
Chief, Basic Data Branch, Division of Technical
Operations, Bureau of Solid Waste Management,
Environmental Control Administration, Consumer
Protection and Environmental Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio
T. J. Sorg
Public Health News, Vol. SI, No. 3, p. 67-69,
March 1970. 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Industrial wastes, 'Solid wastes,
•Agricultural wastes, 'Waste treatment, Waste
disposal, Recycling
The solid waste generated from an industrial
plant may be classified into five categories
based on source: 1. cafeteria waste; 2. packag-
ing and shipping waste; 3. office waste; 4.
general plant operation waste; 5. processing
waste specific to the industrial plant. To deter-
mine the state of the art of industrial waste
management practices, the Bureau of Solid
Waste Management is conducting a number of
studies and surveys on various industries on
a national basis. An area being explored that
will play a significant role in waste manage-
ment is the utilization or reprocessing of indus-
trial solid waste. Agricultural solid waste prob-
lems differ from industrial solid waste problems.
The physical and chemical composition of the
agricultural solid waste is not as varied as
industrial solid waste. Agricultural wastes are
primarily animal manure and bedding; dead
animals; and the leaves, stalks, stubble, and
culls from agricultural crops. The amount of
agricultural waste produced annually exceeds
the solid waste production from any other seg-
ment of the economy. The traditional disposal
method for manures has been to spread them
on land, but this method is often impractical.
Further research must be done. Two waste
management alternatives being demonstrated by
the Bureau of Solid Waste Management are
utilization of lagoon treatment processes for
dairy manure and long-distance pipeline trans-
port of sludge for disposal on land. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2390 - A2, C3, C5 700
CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTEWATER SALINITY
Tsao, Ter-Fung
MS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
Colorado State University, March 1972, 80 p.
15 fig, 19 tab, 44 ret.
Descriptors: *Feedlots, 'Cattle, 'Waste water
(pollution), 'Salinity, 'Agricultural runoff,
•Feeds, Nutrients, Sampling, Chemical analyses
In this study, cattle manure samples from
different feedlots with different salt concen-
trations in the feed were analyzed to determine
how the salt concentration in the feed affects
the salinity of the manure solution. Fresh ma-
nure samples from different pens of both uni-
versity feedlots and commercial feedlots were
collected for laboratory analysis. It was found
that the more salt cattle feed contains, the
higher is the specific conductance of the manure
solution and the greater is the dissolved volatile
and non-volatile solids content in the fresh
manure. The logarithm of the sodium absorption-
ratio of the one percent manure solution is
proportional to the specific conductance of the
solution. These facts demonstrate that the salt
in cattle feed increases the water salinity prob-
lem of cattle feedlot runoff. (Cartmell-East Cen-
tral)
2391 Al, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 200
A REPORT FROM PENNSYLVANIA
STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION
Department of Animal Science,
Pennsylvania University
L. L. Wilson, T. A. Long, H. D. Bartlett, G. O.
Bressler
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 35-43. 14 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, Livestock, Insecticides,
Fertilizers, Feeds, Sawdust
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, Horticultural wastes,
Dried poultry wastes, Waste paper, Garbage
The projected increase in the world's popula-
tion within the next few decades emphasizes
the need for conserving existing resources and
for utilizing them efficiently. This means that
wastes resulting from agricultural production
and processing need to be recycled. Among
options for the agricultural producer are the
following. Horticultural wastes could be fed to
ruminants. However the feeding of apple wastes
in ths early 1960's resulted in approximately
76 p.p.m. of DDT being deposited in fat tissues
of the waste-fed cattle; consequently, use of
pesticides must be taken into consideration.
Treated coultry waste rations may be used as
a feed for ruminants. Liquid manure may be
disposed of on grasslands. Sawdust may be
used as a substitute roughage for cattle. Waste
paper may be used in the ruminant diet. Paper
manufacturing wastes may be fed to ruminants.
Dried poultry manures may be used as fer-
tilizers, mulches and animal feeds. Milk-house
liquid wastes may be distributed to the land
through a sprinkler irrigation system. Dried
cottage cheese whey is a potential powdered
milk substitute. The suitability of digested soft
urban garbage is under study for its suitability
as a fertilizer or as a feed source for ruminant
animals. These are all recycling possibilities
that have been the subject of past or present
study. (Merryman-East Central)
2392 - A2, A3, Bl 200
A PERSPECTIVE FOR
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut University
J. J. Kolega
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 44-48.
Descriptors: 'Connecticut, 'Poultry, 'Dairy in-
dustry, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Water pollu-
tion. Septic tanks. Research and development
Identifiers: 'Waste management. Horses
Agricultural waste problems in Connecticut are
primarily those associated with the poultry and
dairy industry. Prime problems for the dairy
industry are surface runoff from paved areas;
surface discharges into streams or into a drink-
ing water supply watershed, and milking center
discharges. The poultry producer's problems are
even more serious due to the small amount
of land accomodating his operations and due
to the corresponding population growth around
these operations. The major complaints against
the poultry producer have been directed toward
the odors emanating from his facilities. An-
other problem requiring attention in Connecticut
is the handling of septic tank pumpings. About
two-thirds of Connecticut's geographic area is
estimated to be using septic-tank disposal sys-
tems or their equivalent. University of Connecti-
cut studies related to these three problem areas
are listed with corresponding addresses. A rela-
tively new problem area developing in Connecti-
cut is related to the influx of pleasure horses. A
general recommendation for the handling of
the wastes from these animals has not yet been
developed. (Merryman-East Central)
2393 - Al, E2 200
PLANT NUTRIENT BUDGETS
AND WASTE DISPOSAL
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
C. H. Frink
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 49-52. 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: 'Nutrients, 'Waste disposal, 'Ni-
trogen, 'Phosphorus, 'Connecticut, 'Eutrophica-
tion, Fertilizers, Dairy industry
Identifiers: 'Land disposal
One of the most pressing environmental con-
cerns in Connecticut is the enrichment of lakes
and streams with plant nutrients that encourage
the growth of weeds and algae. The nutrients
responsible for these problems may come from
fertilizers, animal and human waste disposal,
or erosion from a new housing development.
The largest single source of plant nutrients in
Connecticut, excluding human waste, is dairy
farming. Efficiency of nutrient conversion by
land used in waste disposal decreases as farm
size decreases. Every effort should be made
in the Northeast to keep land available so
that crops may utilize the applied nutrients
more efficiently. Agronomic approaches reducing
nitrogen losses include application of fertilizer
and manure to growing crops rather than to
bare or frozen soil, selection of crops with
both high yield and high protein content, in-
creased plant populations, and more extensive
use of cover crops. (Merryman-East Central)
2394 - Al, Bl, E2, Fl 200
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Department of Poultry Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. J. Young
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 53-60. 6 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Research and
development, 'Waste treatment. Odor, Water
pollution, Nutrients, Fertilizers, Dehydration, In-
cineration
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land disposal,
Oxidation ditch
The design of animal production units of the
future must take into consideration the con-
ditions necessary for optimum production with
a management system that will minimize en-
vironmental pollution. The encroachment of
238
-------
retort and residential developments into rural
areas increases this necessity. It is essential
that the cost of livestock operation Include
waste handling and disposal costs. In the
College of Agriculture at Cornell University! an
Interdepartmental Task Force has been devel-
oped with representatives from the Departments
of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engin-
eering, Agronomy, Animal Science, Food Sci-
ence, and Poultry Science to investigate such
management problems as waste disposal sys-
tems, odor identification and control, water
pollution prevention, nutrient removal, reuttliza-
tion of animal wastes as fertilizers or food-
stuffs, and new methods of waste management
which can economically become part of the
total production system. Studies discussed in-
clude: (1) use of an oxidation ditch in a
poultry house, (2) incineration of poultry ma-
nure, (3) dehydration of poultry manure with
heated air, and (4) water pollution from land
disposal of manure. (Merryman-East Central)
2395 - Al, A4, Bl, Dl, E2 200
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES IN
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts University
J. T. Clayton
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 61-67.
Descriptors: 'Massachusetts, 'Waste treatment,
•Waste disposal, 'Research and development,
•Animal wastes, Aeration, Effluents, Nitrogen,
Groundwater pollution, Lagoons, Ponds
Identifiers: Land disposal
In an attempt to provide usable engineering
design information, studies of several com-
ponents of treatment systems are being con-
ducted. Under study are the following (1) An
extended aeration system of manure mixed with
water to form a slurry. (2) The effects of dis-
posal of effluent from the above mentioned
system at a subsurface level in terms of chem-
ical, microbiological, and physical properties oi
constructed profiles, as well as the degree of
tertiary treatment in the soil. (3) Distribution
of animal waste effluents within the soil with
an orifice or nozzle that can reliably effect
uniform discharge. (4) Flow of nitrogen through
the soil with the purpose of establishing what
effect adsorption of nitrogen by soil particles
would have on nitrogen contamination of ground-
water in the vicinity of waste stabilization
ponds. (5) The effects of groundwater on the
movement of nitrogen in soils adjacent to la-
goons or ponds. (Merryman-East Central)
2396 - Al, Bl, F2 200
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE
AGRICULTURAL AND PROCESSING
WASTE PROBLEMS AND CONTROL
IN WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
A. D. Longhouse
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 68-73. 1 tab.
Descriptors: 'Regulation, 'West Virginia, 'Agri-
culture, 'Water pollution. 'Air pollution. Soil
contamination. Health
Pollution of air, water, and soil from agricul-
tural sources is not yet a serious problem in
West Virginia, but it is growing. Legislative
acts delegating authority for the control of all
sources and types of pollutants, including those
of agriculture, are vested in several state
agencies. The three regulatory agencies of
West Virginia which are responsible for en-
forcing pollution laws are: the State Board of
Health, the Department of Natural Resources,
and the Air Pollution Control Commission. The
State Board of Health supervises and controls
the Department of Health and makes and en-
forces health regulations. This regulation in-
cludes dairies, creameries, and slaughterhouses.
The Department of Natural Resources adminis-
ters the Water Pollution Control Act and the
Surface Mining Act. The Air Pollution Control
Commission administers the Air Pollution Law
of West Virginia. In practice, no single regu-
latory body has sole jurisdiction and responsi-
bility regarding pollution. Each agency's Involve-
ment corresponds with its areas of interest.
(Merryman-East Central)
2397 - Bl, Dl, E2, E3 200
A REVIEW OF METHODS FOR
RECYCLING ANIMAL MANURES
Kentucky University
I. J. Ross
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and
Processing Wastes In the Eastern Region: A
Perspective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Decem-
ber 1-3, 1970, p. 74-77, 1 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Recycling, 'Feeds, 'Fertilizers, 'Al-
gae, 'Fish, 'Fermentation.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Fly larvae, 'Broiler litter,
•Refeeding, •Microbes.
Because the agricultural industry has many crit-
ical waste management problems, many new
practices and concepts are being tested and re-
searched. Recycling of manures is one such con-
cept. Among the recycling measures considered
In this publication are:
(1) Use of manure as fertilizer for plants.
(2) Production of algae in anerobic waste lagoons
as a potenitial feedstuff.
(3) Feeding fish diets containing animal manure.
(4) Biodegradation of manure by fly larvae. The
end product may then be used as a soil con-
ditioner and a feed supplement.
(5) Use of broiler litter in rations for ruminants.
(6) Fermentation of fresh poultry manure with
Rumen microbes to produce high protein
feeds. (Merryman-East Central)
2398 - A2, A5, Bl, El, E2 200
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE
QUALITY OF THE NEW
HAMPSHIRE ENVIRONMENT
Institute of Natural and Environmental Resources
New Hampshire University.
R. D. Barter.
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and Pro-
cessing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A Pers-
pecttve, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. December
1-3, 1970, p. 78-83. 2 tab.
Descriptors: •Agriculture. •Environment, 'New
Hampshire, "Cattle, 'Waste disposal, Lagoons,
Swine, Poultry, Water pollution. Odor.
Identifiers: 'Animal wastes, Oxidation ponds.
The majority of New Hampshire's land area to
too hilly to support an economically viable agri-
cultural operation. A large portion of the remain-
Ing area is too wet to farm. Fruit and vege-
table farming has been of minor importance. But
the steady increase in tourism is encouraging
roadside vegetable stands. New Hampshire has
a minor animal industry when compared to many
states. Sheep are largely confined to the nllUer,
less populated regions of the state. Hog produc-
tion is scattered across the state, a few hogs to
a farm. Poultry production is nearer populated
areas and is often accompanied by odor prob-
lems Waste produced by cattle is roughly equiv-
alent to that produced by the entire human pop-
ulation of the state. Mass waste disposal sys-
tems are uneconomical because few dairy herds
exceed 100 head, and the majority are less than
30 head. Although oxidation ponds are more ac-
ceptable than lagoons, the structure still has
generally not been acceptable as a waste disposal
method. The New Hampshire Cooperative Ex-
tension Service personnel are meeting with far-
mers and are educating them to the role they
must undertake. This service has been the most
important single factor in the control of pollu-
tion from agricultural sources. (Cameron-East
Central).
2399 - Bl, El 200
REPORT FROM NEW JERSEY
College of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Rutgers University.
H. E. Besley.
Presented at Conference on Agricultural and Pro-
cessing Wastes in the Eastern Region: A Pers-
pective, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December
1-3, 1970, p. 84-85.
Descriptors: 'New Jersey, 'Environmental con-
trol, 'Waste disposal.
Identifiers: 'Pollution control.
Many qualified observers feel New Jersey to be
our most urbanized state and they feel that New
Jersey has some of the most stringent environ-
mental quality control laws in all the world. As
a reflection of New Jersey's concern for the en-
vironment, Rutgers University is exerting major
research and education in the area of environ-
mental quality. Present and recently completed
projects include:
(1) An inventory in four New Jersey counties of
the quantity of animal wastes and of the
types of disposal methods utilized.
(2) The development of equipment and proced-
ures for disposing of solid and semi-solid
organic wastes in the soil.
(3) Utilization of rapid composting as a means
of stablizing the wastes resulting from feed-
ing garbage to hogs.
(4) Utilization of organic wastes and silt dredged
from streams and waterways to reclaim and
increase productivity of abandoned or under
utilized lands such as former gravel pits,
areas of the pine barrens, etc.
(5) Development of incinerable plastic bottles and
utilization of food packages and containers
which are more readily disposable than those
currently in use.
(6) Research concerning plant responses to air
contaminants, such as stack and engine ex-
haust gases.
(7) Treatment of domestic and industrial wastes
to reduce pollution potential. (Merryman-
East Central).
2400 - Al, E3 100
RELATION OF VITAMIN B12 TO THE
GROWTH FACTOR PRESENT IN
COW MANURE
Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural Research
Administration, United States Department of Ag-
riculture, Beltsville, Maryland.
R. J. Little, C. A. Denton and H. R. Bird.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 176, p. 1477-
1478, 1948. 1 tab, 2 ret.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Growth rates. 'Cat-
tle, 'Poultry, Bacteria, Injection, Feeds.
Identifiers: 'Vitamin Biz, 'Manure.
Crystalline vitamin B12, reported to have activity
for chick growth, has been found to be com-
pletely effective, either orally or by intramuscu-
lar injection, when tested by laboratory method
to assay quantities of the unknown growth factor
occurring in cow manure, in fish-meal, and in
some other feedstuffs of animal origin. The re-
sults show that the maximum growth response
was the same in two experiments. One experi-
ment used crystaline B12 and the acid precipi-
tate of water extract of cow manure as a dietary
supplement. The other experiment used crystal-
line B12 and 2 units of liver extract. In view
of the potency of this vitamin as a bacterial
growth {actor, the injection experiments are of
particular interest since they show that its effect
on the chick is direct and not mediated through
the intestinal flora. (Cartmell-East Central).
2401 - Cl 700
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
FULLY EXPOSED FORMED
POULTRY EXCRETA
T. M. Midden.
M. S. Thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
January, 1972, 69 p., 17 fig.
239
-------
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Equations, Temperature.
Identifiers: 'Excreta, 'Drying characteristics,
Diameter.
The experiments described in this thesis were de-
signed to determine some of the basic drying
characteristics of poultry manures. The specific
objectives were: 1. To determine the material
constants for and evaluate the usefulness of sev-
eral drying models for predicting the drying char-
acteristics of formed poultry excreta. 2. To de-
termine the effects of drying air temperature and
formed cylinder diameter on the material con-
stants for the most useful model. 3. To deter-
mine the time-temperature relationship to form
a stable crust on a cylinder of manure. The
following thin-layer drying equation was used to
describe the fully exposed drying characteristics
of formed poultry excreta—MR=e—kt. The effect
of drying air temperature on the value of the
thin layer drying constant for a particular dia-
meter cylinder can be explained by an Arrhen-
ius type equation—In k= In a=—b/R. The effect
of cylinder diameter on the value of the thin-
layer drying constant for a particular tempera-
ture is explained by the exponential equation
In k=ln a+bd, A crust can be formed on the
surface of a cylinder of poultry manure when
the cylinder is exposed to high temperature dry-
ing air. The time required to form a stable
cylinder increases with increasing cylinder dia-
meter and decreases with increasing temperature.
(Cartmell-East Central).
2402 Bl, D4 100
BIODEGRADATION OF THE PIG
WASTE: BREAKDOWN OF SOLUBLE
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND THE
EFFECT OF COPPER
School of Agriculture, Aberdeen, Scotland, Great
Britain.
K. Robinson, S. R. Draper and A. L. Gelman.
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 2, p. 49-56, 1971.
2 fig., 4 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Biodegragation,
•Copper, 'Nitrogen compounds. Slurries, Rations,
Chemical oxygen demand, Aeration.
Identifiers: 'Swine.
The presence of large amounts of copper salts
in many commercial pit-feed supplements repre-
sents a potential difficulty in the treatment of pig
waste slurries. In view of the fact that copper
is known to inhibit the growth of many aerobic
bacteria, it is possible that the aerobic break-
down of pit waste might be inhibited if high
levels of copper are excreted in the faeces. This
was evaluated by examining both the amount of
copper excreted and the effect of copper salts
on the biodegradation of aliquots of waste, incu-
bated under laboratory conditions. Calculations
based on the daily volume of excreta indicated
copper concentrations of 750 ppm in the slurry
of animals fed on copper supplemental diets.
When copper, at different concentrations, was
included in pig urine and the liquid aerated, a
graded inhibition of the reduction of COD was
noted, commencing at 50 ppm and being com-
plete at 500 ppm. (Cartmell-East Central).
2403 - B2, D3, LM 100
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
LIQUID COMPOSTING
The DeLaval Separator Company, Poughkeepsie,
New York.
L. S. Craurer, and B. Hoffman.
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 377
No. 6, p. 293-301, June 1974.
Descriptors: 'Dairy industry, 'Odor, 'Biological
treatment, 'Liquid wastes, Chemical treatment.
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Deodorizatton.
The DeLaval Separator Company has developed
a liquid composting system for deodorizing, pas-
teurizing, biologically decomposing, and chemi-
cally purifying dairy cow waste. The theory of
liquid composting and several modes of LITCOM
(Liquid Composting) System operation are de-
cribed. Particular emphasis is placed on a de-
scription of a completely automated manure
handling and treatment system operating at an
80-cow, free-stall dairy barn. Data covering
2 years of operation are presented. (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System).
2404 - Al, Bl 100
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
EFFLUENT FROM HIGH DENSITY
CULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH
Agricultural Experiment Station, Georgia Univer-
sity, Savannah.
J. W. Page, and J. W. Andrews.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 3, No. 3,
p. 365-369, September, 1974.
Descriptors: 'Channel catfish, "Fish farming, 'Or-
ganic wastes. 'Animal metabolism. Fish man-
agement, Biochemical oxygen demand. Water
quality control, Water pollution sources, Analyti-
cal techniques, Nitrogen compounds. Waste water
(Pollution), Metabolism.
Identifiers: 'Metabolic waste products.
Production rates of metabolic wastes by channel
catfish (Ictalarus punctatus) were estimated by
analyzing effluents from high density culture of
940 g and 60 g catfish. Results were integrated
over a 24 h steady-state period in which normal
feeding activities were maintained and were ex-
pressed as g/day/kg fish and g/day/kg feed con-
sumed. When expressed on a unit fish weight
basis, production rates were greater for 60 g
than for 940 catfish. However, when expressed
on a feed consumption basis, production rates of
most catabolic products were approximately equal
for both size fish. Average values (g/day/kg
feed) were as follows: total N, 67; ammonia N,
20; nitrate-nitrite N20; 5-day BOD, 98; total sol-
ids, ISO; total P. 15; total K, 18. Filtered solids
from effluent contained 5% nitrogen, 1.6% phos-
phorous and .13% potassium. Diurnal variation
in production rates were noted with solid produc-
tion reaching maximum after each feeding and
BOD, NH3, and nitrate reaching a maximum
only in the afternoon. (Katz).
2405 - A2, D4 700
SOIL ADSORPTION OF
HUMIC COLOR
Department of Civil Engineering, Nebraska Uni-
versity, Lincoln.
R. A. Miller.
MS Thesis, Nebraska University, Lincoln, May
1974, 49 p. 10 fig, 5 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: 'Color, 'Feedlots, 'Adsorption,
•Chemical oxygen demand, 'Waste water treat-
ment. Sands, Waste disposal, Biological treat-
ment. Runoff, Water quality, Soils, Design cri-
teria, Farm wastes.
Identifiers: 'Soil adsorption beds.
The degradation of receiving streams and lakes
has prompted many studies on the treatment of
feedlot runoff. Various biological treatment sys-
tems have been developed to reduce organic
strength levels; however, economic co'or reduc-
tion has not been obtained. The main purpose
of this study was to evaluate color reduction of
feedlot runoff by the process of soil adsorption.
Significant reductions in chemical oxygen demand
were also anticipated. Conclusions are as fol-
lows: (1) color and COD removal from biologi-
cally treated feedlot runoff can be obtained by
adsorption on clayey fine sand; (2) reduction of
color and COD using soil beds is an effective,
economical technique for disposal of biologically
treated feedlot runoff; and <3) loading rates of
2 inches per day or less and depths of 5 feet
or more should be used as design criteria for
soil adsorption beds operating full. (Selected
Water Resources Abstracts).
2406 Al, Bl 700
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC
SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE
DECOMPOSITION OF ANIMAL
WASTES
F. K. Elmund.
MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Col-
lins, March 1970, 42 p., 3 fig, 6 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: 'Antibiotics, 'Degradation, Cattle,
Feed'ots, Microorganisms.
Identifiers: 'Manure, 'Chlortetracycline, Pollu-
tion.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the pos-
sible presence and role of metabolic inhibitors in
excreted wastes of cattle which had ingested
Chlortetracycline. It was felt that alteration of
the decomposition process might increase the
potential pollution hazards of these excreted
wastes. The results of these studies suggest that
antibiotic supplementation of animal feeds selects
for a microbial population relatively inefficient
in the stabilization process. In addition, ingested
antibiotic apparently alters the digestive proces-
ses in the animal, producing excreted wastes
which are less biodegradable. (Cartmell-East
Central).
2407 - Al, Bl, D4, E2 300
FARM WASTE DISPOSAL
United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fish-
eries and Food.
United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fish-
eries and Food. Short Term Leaflet 67, Amen-
ded 1973, 24 p. 4 tab.
Descriptors: 'Waste disposal, 'Waste treatment,
'Aerobic conditions, Effluent, Anaerobic digestion,
Livestock, Legal aspects, Pathogenic bacteria,
Trrigation.
Identifiers: 'United Kingdom, 'Farm wastes,
'Land disposal.
When planning a waste disposal system it is
important to know how much and what kind of
material will have to be handled. There are
basically 5 systems of manure handling: (1) sol-
id, (2) semisolid, (3) liquid slurry, (4) organic
irrigation, and (5) discharge into a public sewer.
Aerobic oxidation treatment systems include (1)
the oxidation ditch, (2) the high rate biological
filter tower and (3) the surface aerator. In addi-
tion to manure, silage effluent; washing down
water; rainwater; and other water used in the
milking process must be considered when design-
ing farm buildings. In utilization of farm ma-
nure, it is normally recommended that diluted
cow slurry (1 part manure: 2 parts water) should
be applied at up to 15,000 gal. per acre per
annum in three separate applications. The legal
aspects of waste disposal are clarified by the
Rivers Act of 1951 and 1961, the Water Resources
Act of 1963, the Public Health Acts Of 1961 and
1969, and the Agricultural Act of 1956. Infecti-
ous organisms of concern are the salmonella
group of bacteria and brucellosis. The proper
waste disposal system for a particular farm is
dependent upon the type of land, acreage and
cropping policy, type of housing, scale of enter-
prise, costs, river pollution, nuisance and health
possibility of hazards, and comfort of stock and
men. Care should be taken not to: agitate or
empty storage tanks when the wind direction will
carry smells to houses, operate spray guns in
periods of high wind, irrigate when the land is
saturated, or drain effluent directly into a water
course. (Battles-East Central).
2408 - Al, A2, Bl, C2, C3, Dl, El,
Fl 100
REVD3W PAPER: ANIMAL WASTES
MANAGEMENT AND
CHARACTERIZATION
Division of Environmental Engineering, College
of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan.
J. E. Middlebrooks,
Water Research, Vol. 8, p. 697-712, 1974. 1 fig,
13 tab, 46 ref.
Descriptors: 'Farm wastes, 'Physical properties,
'Chemical properties, 'Agricultural runoff, 'Waste
treatment, 'Nutrients, 'Feedlots, 'Confinement
pens, 'Locating, Lagoons.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land disposal.
Retention ponds.
Agricultural-related environmental quality prob-
lems have received little attention until the last
10 years. The purpose of this report is to
240
-------
attempt to provide an overall picture of the char-
acteristics and treatability of animal wastes and
runoff from animal feedlots. The study showed
that there is a wide variability in both the
characteristics and performance of treatment fa-
cilities. Loehr (1972) proposed several feedlot
runoff control measures, such as retention ponds,
use of evaporation ponds, diversion, land dis-
posal of the excess liquid and accumulated solid
matter, confinement, and proper location. All of
the above methods can easily be adapted to fit
a particular situation under certain environmental
conditions. Application of one or all of these
methods depends on such factors as rainfall pat-
terns for a particular area, rainfall amount and
frequency, and geography. Location selection is
possibly a key in the control of feedlot and ani-
mal waste pollution. Another significant factor
in controlling feedlot and animal waste pollution
is the number of waste management alternatives
that are made available to a feedlot operator.
However, it appears that the agricultural indus-
try is incapable of absorbing the costs of conven-
tional waste treatment at this time. Therefore,
whenever possible, feedlot location should be
such that the old reliable method of confinement
and land disposal can be employed. (Penrod-
East Central).
2409 - D3 700
CHEMICAL COAGULATION OF
FEEDLOT RUNOFF
R. J. Smaus.
IIS Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Nebraska, May, 1972, 60 p., 25 fig,
7 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: 'Feedlots, 'Agricultural runoff,
•Chemicals, "Coagulation, 'Costs, Turbidity,
Sludge.
Identifiers: "Color reduction.
This investigation was undertaken to evaluate
the treatment of feedlot runoff by chemical coag-
ulation, with color reduction as the prime goal.
The removal of organic material and other de-
sirable effects were also anticipated. Alkalinity
was shown to be important in the chemical coag-
ulation process. Turbidity and apparent color
can be reduced by the application of moderate
amounts of coagulants, whereas the colloidal
color, believed to be hydrophilic, requires large
coagulant dosages for significant removal. The
reduction of the total solids, suspended solids
and COD may be related to the reduction of tur-
bidity. Feedlot runoff can be clarified by coag-
ulation using the common metalic coagulants.
Estimated chemical costs of such treatment are
hi excess of $1.00 per 1000 gallons. From the
chemical costs involved and the large volume of
chemical sludge produced, chemical coagulation
does not appear to be a practical method of
treating this waste. (Cartmell-East Central).
2410 - Al, B2, D4 100
SOLIDS REDUCTION OF BEEF
CATTLE WASTES IN A SEMJBATCH-
PROCESS OXIDATION DITCH
Area Livestock Specialist, Fort Dodge, Iowa.
B. B. Berven, M. P. Hoffman, H. L. Self, and
S. W. Melvin.
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 316-
318, 322, March-April, 1975. 1 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment, 'Cattle, 'Confine-
ment pens, 'Energy, Microbial degradation.
Identifiers: 'Oxidation ditch, 'Semi-batch process,
•Solids reduction.
The potential pollution problems from the live-
stock feeding industry and the development of
greater concern for the environment are forcing
many cattle feeders to look for better methods
of controlling the waste from feeding facilities.
The objective of this study was to evaluate solids
reduction of beef wastes in a semi-batch-process
oxidation ditch of a cold confinement facility
with slotted floors. Data on solids-reduction were
obtained from two test periods. The first period
was from November 10, 1971, to April 12, 1972
and the second was from April 28, 1972, to
October 4, 1972. Two procedures were used.
The first procedure assumed that the daily dry
matter waste production per steer was 23kg
and total solid-reduction values of 32.6 and 320
per cent were obtained for winter and sum-
mer tests, respectively. The concept of the par-
titioning of energy in feedstuffs was employed
in the second procedure. The total solids-reduc-
tion values of 28.1 and 27.2 per cent were ob-
tained for the winter and summer tests, respec-
tively. Tables are provided which show ration
composition, and total solids reduction for both
procedures. A schematic diagram of compon-
ents of energy utilization and loss is also given
(Penrod-East Central).
2411 - A2, A3, Bl 300
SURFACE RUNOFF IN DAIRIES
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural En-
gineering University of California, Riverside.
A. C. Chang, D. Aref, and D. C. Baier
California Agriculture, Vol.29, No. 4, p. 16-17,
April, 1975, 2 fig., 2 ref.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural runoff, 'Dairy industry,
•Water pollution, 'California, 'Watersheds, 'Hy-
drology, 'Precipitation, Suspended solids.
Surface runoff usually carries a high water pol-
lution potential if it comes from livestock-ma
nured areas. In an area such as the Chino-
Corona dairy preserve, which has a heavy con-
centration of livestock, manure-laden runoff
could be a significant portion of the total sur-
face runoff of the watershed and could degrade
the quality of the receiving stream. The purpose
of this study was to attempt to determine the
hydrologic and water quality characteristics of
surface runoff from this area. Researchers sim-
ulated precipitation on the surface of dairy cor-
rals where animals are confined, rather than wait
for runoff generating storms. A table is pro-
vided which summarizes the hydrologic character-
istics of each delivered precipitation and its re-
sultant runoff. The transport of suspended solids
by overland flow did not appear to be a serious
problem on mildly-sloped land, although the loss
of dissolved minerals to surface runoff was sig-
nificant. Channels have a tendency to be formed
by overland flow traveling a long distance;
this channelled flow with higher velocity would
transport larger amounts of loosely-packed
wastes. No channel was formed under experi-
mental conditions. This information leads to the
conclusion that a well-sloped corral surface
would minimize the loss of suspended material
through runoff. (Penrod-East Central).
2412 - Al, A5, B2, D4 100
A STUDY IN A FULL-SCALE SWINE
WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engi-
neering, Toronto University, Canada.
P. H. Jones and N. K. Patni.
Water Research, Vol. 6, p. 1425-1432, 1972. 8 fig,
1 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: 'Waste treatment. Biochemical oxyg-
en demand. Chemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: 'Swine, 'Oxidation ditch, 'Ditch
mixed liquor, Organic carbon, Odor control.
A problem of disposal of large amounts of ani-
mal wastes arises when confinement livestock
breeding is utilized. This problem is especially
great since there is an increasing trend towards
this method of breeding and the problem is
magnified when land application of the manure
produced is not feasible. Because of their sim-
plicity and economy, oxidation ditches are being
considered more often as a means of partially
or completely stabilizing livestock wastes. The
objective of this study was to report findings
on the biological efficiency of oxidation ditches
in reducing organic carbon. This study showed
that the oxidation ditch was a satisfactory unit
for treating swine wastes for the reduction of
BOD and COD loads. H the manure is mixed
with poorly biodegradable bedding material, it
is desirable to screen the wastes for large solid
materials before introducing them into the ditch.
It was advised that foaming be considered in the
design of a unit, particularly when in-the-build-
ing oxidation ditches under slatted floors in the
pens are used, as excessive foaming was often
2- S??f ProWem. For odor control, better DO
distribution in the entire ML mass is desirable
Two methods of achieving this are using extra
rotors or using direct air injection into the ditch
ML. (Penrod-East Central).
2413 - Al, Bl 100
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF
NITRATES BELOW CHEMICAL
CATTLE FEEDLOT, TEXAS HIGH
PLAINS
Department of Geostiences, Texas Tech Univer-
sity, Lnbbock.
W. D. Miller.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 5, p. 941-
950, October, 1971. 5 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: "Feedlots, 'Infiltration, 'Nitrates,
•Texas, "Groundwater pollution, 'Agricultural
runoff. Permeability, Ponds, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Subsurface distribution.
For several years, speculation has been rampant
concerning the potential pollution hazard of com-
mercial cattle feedlots to groundwater zone (Og-
allala Formation) of the Texas High Plains. The
major objectives of the study were: (1) determi-
nation of quantitative distribution of nitrogen and
other chemical parameters below major feed-
lots, (2) evaluation of laboratory and field deter-
mined rates of nitrate movement from surface
to watertable, (3) determination of the time-space
distribution of ions in the saturated zone, and
(4) the determination of what geologic environ-
ments in the High Plains are least conducive to
infiltration of cattle feedlot runoff. Water sam-
ples were collected for quality analyses from
beneath eighty commercial cattle feedlots In the
Texas High Plains. The establishment of vertical
gradients of dissolved solids was determined from
the drilling and/or coring of twenty-two feedlots.
Lots included in the study ranged in age from
new installations to 35 years. Runoff collection-
systems on lots include playas, dammed and un-
dammed stream channels, and man-made ponds.
Infiltration to the watertable below feedyards of
feedlot liquid waste is insignificant in most local-
ities of the Texas High Plains. Infiltration of
"collected" feedlot runoff and subsequent concen-
tration of dissolved ions in groundwater in the
High Plains is dependent upon several factors.
These factors are listed and discussed by the
author. The study showed that certainly, no
regional subsurface pollution problem exists today
nor is one foreseen from cattle feedlot runoff in
the Texas High Plains. (Penrod-East Central).
2414 - A5, A9, Bl 300
POULTRY MANURE: ITS
PRESERVATION, DEODORIZATION
AND DISINFECTION
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
W. Yushok and F. E. Bear.
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin No. 707, Rutgers University, 1948, 11 p.
8 ref., 7 tab.
Descriptors: 'Poultry, 'Farm wastes, •Preserva-
tion, 'Disinfection, 'Waste treatment. Ammonia,
New Jersey, Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Drying, Costs,
Bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Deodorization, Superphosphate, Hy-
drated lime.
Conservation is an important word on the poul-
try farm. This calls for prevention of waste and
the preservation of the health of the flock. The
purpose of this report was to attempt to solve
problems which deal with the handling of poul-
try manure. They are: (1) the product tends to
lose much of its value, (2) it attracts flies and
rodents, (3) it gives off disagreeable odors, and
(4) it is a potential source of disease. Calcula-
tions made from the study data showed that 81
per cent of the N, 88 per cent of the phosphoric
acid, and 95 per cent of the potash fed to hens
are excreted in the manure. The contents
of fresh manure produced by laying hens was
found to be about 78 per cent moisture, 1.05 per
241
-------
cent N, 0.82 per cent phosphorus acid, and 0.51
per cent potash. A large percentage of nitro-
gen in untreated poultry waste was lost as am-
monia, especially in warm weather. The most
effective agent used In preventing the loss of
nitrogen from poultry manure was superphos-
phate. At least 100 pounds of superphosphate
should be added to one ton of fresh manure.
Manure can be preserved by artificial drying, but
this causes a loss of nitrogen, regardless of treat-
ment with preservatives. Costs of dried product
production are given. Hydrated lime was found
to be the most effective deodorizer of poultry
manure, also having a marked effect in reducing
nitrogen losses from fresh manure. The addi-
tion of hydrated lime also improved the handling
qualities of the product. Application rates of
lime are provided. Hydrated lime was found to
have bactericidal effect on paratyphoid, pollorum,
typhoid, and fowl cholera organisms and it pre-
vented coccidial parasites and large-roundworms'
eggs from reaching infective stage. (Penrod-
East Central).
2415 - Al, Bl, El, E2, E3 400
CRITICAL WASTE
PROBLEMS AHEAD
Kentucky University.
I. P. Ross, B. J. Barfield, and H. E. Hamilton.
Livestock Breeder Journal, Vol. 15, p. 270-272,
274, July, 1972.
Descriptors: 'Agricultural wastes, 'Waste dis-
posal. Lagoons, Recycling
Identifiers: 'Livestock wastes, 'Waste manage-
ment, 'Pollution, Land disposal, Oxidation ditches.
Agricultural waste management problems have
been magnified by' recent developments—exten-
sion of the suburbs into farming areas, centraliza-
tion of animal producing facilities, increased pro-
duction, use of chemical fertilizers and demand
for processed food. Many new practices and con-
cepts are being tested and researched in an effort
to solve these problems. Livestock waste pollu-
tion constitutes about 11 per cent of all agricul-
tural pollution. Land disposal of these wastes
is the most widely used disposal method. Micro-
bial digestion systems such as lagoons and oxi-
dation ditches rank second. Other systems in-
clude: dehydration to produce fertilizers, deep
dispersal Into drilled wells, and various methods
of recycling. In summary, Theodore C. Byerly
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture warns us,
"As we attempt to resolve the problems of pollu-
tion, the systems we choose must not only be
technologically effective, but also socially and
economically acceptable." (Merryman-Kast Cen-
tral).
than three feet high and should be turned at
least three times a week for the first two weeks
after the compost has heated to above 113 de-
grees F. Turning may be reduced to once a
week during the next week or two. Turning may
be terminated whenever the compost fails to
regain a temperature in excess of 113 degrees
F. The compost should then be aged in stockpiles
for 60 days. (Merryman-East Central).
2417 - Al, Bl, E2 400
SOLID WASTE HANDLING
Pennsylvania State University.
A. R. Grout.
Dairy Herd Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 12-13,
1974.
Descriptors: 'Solid wastes, 'Slurries, 'Dairy in-
dustry, 'Waste storage, 'Storage tanks, 'Storage
requirements.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Land disposal,
•Stackers, 'Free stall barns, 'Manure ponds.
While processes such as dehydration, composting,
and recycling into methane are being used on
manure, the best bet for most dairymen is the
use of cropland as the processing medium. This
generally means that manure has to be stored
until proper time for land disposal. Long eleva-
tors or mechanical throwing devices are needed
for stall barn manure because it will not flow.
Different methods for water removal from the
manure are discussed. The manure itself is
transported to a stacker enclosure which, in most
cases, is built of reinforced concrete. Storage
capacity is figured at 1.5 cu. ft. per 1,000 pound
animal unit. Capacity of storage is usually plan-
ned for a period of six months or more. Roofs
over these structures are optional but desirable.
Manure storage for free stall barns is stored
"as produced" as a heavy slurry with very lit-
tle added bedding material. The free stall barn
can be cleaned with a tractor scraper or by the
new automatic scrapers. Conveyance to the stor-
age basin can be by gutter cleaner chain, or by
pushing the manure through an underground
pipe with a special ram pump. The storage en-
closure for this type manure is usually built
below ground level with reinforced concrete
walls on three sides. One end has a sloped en-
trance floor UP to the waU level which allows
manure to be brought up the ramp with a trac-
tor loader. The spreader can be backed into
the basin as the level recedes due to manure
removal. Use of manure ponds with earth walls
like a farm pond is also gaining acceptance
for storage of this type of manure slurry. (Mer-
ryman-East Central).
gated cropland to permit effective pond manage-
ment and post-pond discharge of the contents
is essential to make this type of pond and the
accompanying waste disposal environmentally ac-
ceptable. (Cartmell-East Central).
2419 - A9, Bl, E3 100
ENSILED BROILER LITTER AND
CORN FORAGE. 1. FERMENTATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Department of Agriculture, Maryland University,
Eastern Shore Princess Anne.
B. W. Harmon, J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb,
Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, p. 144,
January, 1975. 10 tab, 29 ret.
Descriptors: 'Feeds, 'Poultry, 'Fermentation,
•Litter. 'CoUforms, 'Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, 'Ensiled broiler litter.
Food and Drug Administration, Corn forage.
Broiler Utter is an accumulation of poultry excre-
ta, feathers, wasted bedding and feed and Is
valuable as a feed for ruminants. The Food and
Drug Administration does not sanction the prac-
tice of recycling broiler litter by feeding. There
is apprehension concerning the dangers of path-
ogenic organisms in litter fed to livestock, al-
though no serious health problems have resulted
from feeding broiler litter. The objective of this
study was to determine the feasibility of ensil-
ing broiler Utter and corn forage. This study
gives the fermentation characteristics and micro-
bial population studies of mixtures of different
ratios of broiler litter and corn forage cut at
two stages of maturity. All mixtures appeared
to show typical fermentation characteristics and
preserved well. By advancing maturity of corn
forage and by each level of litter addition, the
per cent dry matter in silage was significantly
increased. The crude protein content of the sil-
age was significantly increased by the addition
of Utter. The total bacteria counts of the sil-
ages exceeded 3 million bacteria per gram. The
coliform population was generally higher for the
control silages than for the silages containing
Utter. This trend for lower coliform numbers
in Utter silages than controls suggests that en-
siling may be an economical means of eliminat-
ing potential hazards from the possible presence
of pathogens in Utter. Tables on mixture com-
position, total and ammonia nitrogen, fermenta-
tion characteristics, and the total count of bac-
teria and coliform for the various small and
large-bag silages are given. (Penrod-East Cen-
tral).
2416 - Al, B3, D3, E2 400
POULTRY MANURE COMPOSTING
3. M. Sweeten.
Fowl Tips Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 2-3, 1973.
2418 - A5, Bl, E2, E3 400
CHINO VALLEY SHAKER
Dairy Herd Management Editor.
G. Ashfield.
Dairy Herd Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 22-27,
April, 1974. 7 fig.
2420 - A9, Bl, E3 400
CANADIANS EXPLAIN ADVANTAGES,
PROBLEMS IN FEEDING POULTRY
LITTER
Feedstuffs, January 7, 1967, p. 46.
Descriptors: 'Aeration, 'Forced drying, Thermo-
philic bacteria, Moisture content. Temperature.
Identifiers: 'Composting, 'Windrows. pH, Carbon-
nitrogen ratio. Land disposal.
Composting of manure and Utter before disposing
of it on the land improves the wastes' handling
characteristics, preserves nitrogen, and reduces
odors and flies during storage and disposal. The
objective of composting is to provide the ideal
diet and environment for thermophilic bacteria.
Proper aeration, moisture content, temperature,
pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratio are critical. To
reduce moisture content, improve aeration, in-
crease carbon-nitrogen ratio, and reduce oxygen
requirement, carbonaceous wastes (Utter, saw-
dust, crop residues, etc.) may be added to ma-
nure. Initial pH should be 6.5 to 7.2. Final pH
values will range from 8.5 to 9.0. Aeration is a
key factor in composting. If forced air injection
is used, initial aeration rates of 2.0 to 5.0 cubic
feet of air per minute per cubic yard of compost
(cfm/cu. yd.) should be provided in the begin-
ning, with reduction to 1.0 cfm/cu. yd. during
the third week, and with no further aeration
needed after the fourth week. If windrows are
used for composting, they should be no more
Descriptors: «Dalry industry, 'California, "Ferti-
lizers, Odor, Sprinkler irrigation.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Storage pond,
•Land disposal, 'Bedding.
Manure is neither an asset nor a liability but
simply one of two products of the more than
700 dairy animals housed at the C. S. Musser
& Sons, Inc., producer-distributor dairy opera-
tion. The waste collection and handling program
is organized with all the care and planning nor-
mally reserved exclusively for the prime dairy
product, milk. In full cycle, the manure is
flushed, pumped, separated, and stored in both
soUd and liquid form prior to its use as bed'
ding and fertilizer. An intensive 13 month study
was conducted to evaluate the workings of the
waste retention pond. Specific goals of the study
were to determine: (1) the effect of dairy waste
as a pond sealant; (2) the chemical and biologi-
cal action in, around and under the pond. The
waste pond became effectively sealed from ex-
cess infiltration in not more than 55 days after
inflow of screened dairy sewage. Odor emissions
from the pond were not severe enough to create
a neighborhood nuisance and the pond did not
create a fly problem. Sufficient acreage of irri-
Descriptors: 'Feeds, •Poultry, 'Litter, 'Canada,
Proteins, Nutrients, Pathogenic bacteria.
Identifiers: 'Refeeding, Broilers, Layers, Alberta.
A report made by the Alberta Department of
Agriculture on feeding poultry Utter is discussed.
The report discovered that poultry Utter analyses
indicate a wide variation between samples. Rea-
sons were most probably whether Utter came
from layers or broilers, the kind and amount
of bedding used, amount of weathering or heat-
ing and management factors such as wastage,
feed, etc. The study showed that the amount of
bedding used is more important than the type
of bedding. Using more bedding resulted in low-
er protein. Some generalizations on Utter feed
were given. Some of them are: (1) Vitamin D
and A will require supplementing, (2) fiber con-
tent is not excessive, (3) nitrate levels on these
samples, at least, were considerably below the
1.5 per cent danger level, however, this is one
point where more information could be of value.
The Department of Agriculture reported that dis-
ease hazards (salmonellosis, cocddiosis, and
avian TB) are of some concern in litter feeding,
but do not seem to provide major obstacles. The
decreased cost of the Utter ration is the cause
242
-------
for the enthusiasm for feeding Utter rather than
the increased gains. Keeping the Utter and/or
the mixed feed from heating up was a real prob-
lem, the Alberta operators agreed. Other prob-
lems and advantages are given. The Alberta
report showed that the normal method of feed-
ing litter is to hammer together a mixture of
Utter and grain. (Penrod-East Central).
2421 - Al, Bl, El, F2 300
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY?
CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK AND
POULTRY WASTES
Michigan State University.
Draft No. 3, Agricultural Engineering Department
and Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan
State University, August 4, 197L 10 p.
Descriptors: * Waste disposal, 'Legal aspects,
•Michigan, 'Livestock, "Poultry.
Identifiers: 'Waste management, 'Pollution,
•Land disposal.
The purpose of this study is to provide informa-
tion on pollution and pollution control for live-
stock wastes. Pollution is defined in terms of
Michigan Law. There are several common agri-
cultural pollutants. The major causes are ani-
mal odors and wastes, soil sediment and agri-
cultural chemicals. Other pollution sources are
fuels, soil particles, dead animals, noise, trash,
smoke and garbage. Water pollution potential of
animal wastes is defined in terms of (a) organic
oxygen consuming characteristics, (b) bacterio-
logical quality, (c) suspended solids, and (d) nu-
trients. The various Michigan state agencies and
their functions and responsibilities are discussed.
Agencies and departments from which fanners
can obtain various financial assistance are listed.
Some conditions which greatly increase the po-
tential of pollution by livestock or poultry wastes
are given. Among them are: (1) a major live-
stock faculty expansion, (2) spreading of wastes
on frozen ground, and (3) Ugh concentrations
of livestock or poultry. General good rules to
foUow for land application are given. Alternate
methods of disposal are given. The report states
that the farm operator is responsible for mak-
ing sure that pollution does not result from his
farming operation, and gives ways in which he
can avoid pollution. Site selection and land area
for waste disposal are two important considera-
tions when planning an operation expansion. The
report gives the acceptable systems that are now
available for disposing of animal wastes and
lists other sources of agricultural pollution. (Pen-
rod-East Central).
2422 - A5, A6, Bl 100
WEATHERING OF ACCUMULATED
WASTES IN UNROOFED AND UN-
PAVED CONFINED LIVESTOCK OP-
ERATIONS,
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural En-
gineering, California University, Riverside.
A. C. Chang and D. S. Adriano
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 1, p.
79-82, January-March, 1975. 4 fig., 2 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Farm wastes,
Weathering, Cattle, Dairy industry, California,
Chemical properties, Physical properties
Identifiers: Waste decomposition, Waste distribution
Animal waste may accumulate on the ground surface
several months in an open, unpaved livestock con-
finement prior to collection and disposal. A beef and a
dairy cattle confinement operation were sampled
after 2 months of waste accumulation to determine
waste accumulation patterns and the effect of natural
weathering on the characteristics of deposited wastes
and waste stability. The study ascertained that 50
Percent of the total waste produced was concentrated
in 25 percent of the surface area. Moisture content of
waste from the beef cattle feedlot is usually higher
than that from the dairy lot. Stability of the waste
measured as TWFS or as COD/FS, indicated there
was only 15-20 percent decomposition of waste during
the 2 months' accumulation. The samples collected,
however, indicated the accumulating waste was un-
stable and would undergo further decomposition at a
suitable environmental condition. Between the two
confinement units, there appeared to be little differ-
ence in the weathering of accumulated wastes. This
was attributed to the management operations of the
two units. (Penrod-East Central)
2423 - E2
VALUE OF MANURE ON AN IRRI-
GATED CALCAREOUS SOIL,
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas
State University, Garden City.
G. M. Herron and A. B. Erhart
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 29,
p. 278-281,1965. 7 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients,Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Grain
Sorghum, Yields.
Identifiers: Manure, Land application, Soil fertility
Quality is important when manure is sold as fertilizer
rather than disposed of as waste material; yet, little if
any emphasis is placed on manure "quality." The
objective of this study is to attempt to evaluate "high
quality" manure in comparison to commercial fer-
tilizer. Data from such a study should help determine
the economy of manure disposal and or use. The study
showed that each ton of high quality manure was
equivalent to 22 Ib. of nitrogen from ammonium nit-
rate as measured by equivalent grain sorghum (Sor-
ghum vulgare Pers.) yields over a 4-year period.
When both manure and N were applied, maximum
yields were attained. The relative yield of grain corre-
lated better with nitrogen removed in the grain than
nitrogen removed in total above-ground portion of the
grain sorghum plant. Based on the results of the
study, high quality manure could be valued at about
two-thirds to three-fourths of its total N content for
sorghum production. On soils that need P, K, trace
elements, or improved physical condition, some addi-
tional value would be justified. Using the Bray and
Kurtz no. 1 procedure, the phosphorus level of the soil
was increased by 1 ppm for each ton of applied man-
ure. (Penrod-East Central)
2424 - A5 100
VOLATILIZATION OF NITROGEN-
CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FROM
BEEF CATTLE AREAS,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott, G. E. Schuman, and F. G. Viets, Jr.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35,
p. 752-755,1971.4 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Pastures, Odor, Am-
monia, Nitrogen compounds, Sampling, Soil temper-
Identifiers: Volatilization, Steam distillation,
Amines, Mounding.
Volatile N-containing compounds are found in chic-
ken and swine manure and some or all of these com-
pounds probably volatilize from cattle manure, along
with N% and contribute to odor. The object of this
study is to determine the distillable and nondistillable
nitrogen that contributes to odor from feedlots. The
release of steam-distillable organic N compounds and
NH3 to the atmosphere from a small beef feedlot and a
pasture was measured. Study data indicated that the
quantities of distillable N being released were in-
creased by surface disturbance such as mounding.
Results also indicated that ammonia evolution is soil
temperature-dependent, NH3 volatilization increas-
ing with increased temperatures in the spring.
Throughout the year, distillableNtrapped in the crop-
land was much less than that trapped at the feedlot
site. The yearly average values were 148 kg*a per
year for the acid trap next to the feedlot and 16 kg-ha
per year for the cropland trap, a significant difference
at the 5 per cent level as determined with the F Test.
The same traps averaged 21 and 3.3 kg/ha per year,
respectively, of organic N compounds that weren't
recovered in a 3-minute steam distillation procedure.
Tests showed that although most amounts were too
low to be measured accurately, some aliphatic
amines were present in the trapping solution.
(Penrod-East Central)
2425 - Dl, E3, Fl, F2 400
UTILIZING WASTES IN ANIMALS
FEEDS-A EUROPEAN OVERVIEW,
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research
Center, Edinburgh, Scotland
R.Blair
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 26, p. 16, 33-34, 44, June 30,
1975. 6 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Organic wastes, Europe,
Legislation, Proteins, Cellulose, Farm wastes, In-
dustrial wastes.
Identifiers: Refeeding, DPW, Single-cell protein,
Hydrocarbons.
There are two main incentives for waste recycling to
aid in pollution abatement. One is that wastes might
safely be recycled for ref ceding and the other is that it
might be a profitable enterprise for the sector of the
industry concerned. Even though there is a need for
increased use of indigenous proteins, animal
foodstuffs quality is governed by legislation. Legisla-
tion differs within the European Economic Commun-
ity (EEC) and harmonization is not expected to take
place for a few years. The legislation of several coun-
tries within the EEC is briefly discussed. Various
changes in these legislations are also examined. The
systems for drying which can give a possible profit
incentive are given. The use and processing of straw,
wood and other cellulosic wastes for use in animal
foods is explained, along with possible drawbacks.
Industrial wastes that are dealt with in the capacity as
possible food supplements for animals are: (1) spent
liquor left after the fermentation of alcohol, yeast,
citric acid and other products, using molasses as sub-
strate and organisms such as yeasts or Aspergillus
niger, and (2) coffee pulp, hulls and grounds. These
wastes can be processed directly for inclusion in ani-
mal feed but another approach is to use them as sub-
strates for single-cell protein SCP production. One
of the most promising sources for this type of produc-
tion is the suphite liquor from large paper mills. The
use of hydrocarbons in SCP production is examined.
However, the use of hydrocarbons is more expensive
in SCP production than the use of wastes. (Penrod-
East Central)
2426 - Al, Dl, E2 300
USE OF SLUDGE RELIEVES 'FER-
TILIZER SHORTAGE'.
Ecosystems, Vol. 5, No. 7, p. 7, April, 1975.
Descriptors: Recycling, Energy, Fertilizers, Sludge
disposal, Municipal wastes, Feedlots, Delaware,
Maine, Missouri.
Identifiers: Shredding, Composting, Land disposal.
According to EPA administrator Russell E. Train, the
120 per cent price rise in commercial fertilizers since
1973 may make the use of organic material such as
municipal sludges and feedlot wastes an economic
necessity in the future. However, not all sludges could
be used for soil improvement because in some cases
the waste might contain excessive concentrations of
viruses or metals that could be hazardous to health. A
demonstration project in Delaware will include com-
post production and facilities to enrich the product
with synthetic fertilizers. The project will test the
concept of plowing under shredded solid waste and
sewage sludge for soil enrichment. Marketing value
will also be explored. A demonstration project is also
being set up in Maine to demonstrate a new and sim-
ple sludge composting technology developed by the
Department of Agriculture. One other EPA-
243
-------
supporting demonstration project will be an energy
recovery system in St. Louis. This system shreds the
waste and separates the organic from the inorganic
materials. Both materials are now being used for
energy production because of the heavy demand for
energy, although the organics could be used in soil
conditioning if demand warranted. Mr. Train con-
cluded that now is perhaps the time to change old
tendencies toward the disposal and destruction of re-
siduals and waste. (Penrod-East Central)
2427 - E3 100
USE OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN
DIETS FOR CHICKENS,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State Universi-
ty, Ames 50010
N. Trakulchang and S. L. Balloun
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, p. 60^614, March, 1975.
8 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: Diets, Performance, Amino acids, Pro-
teins.
Identifiers: Poultry, DPW, Broilers, Laying hens,
Nitrogen utilization, Egg production, Feed conver-
sion efficiency.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether
DPW could be utilized as a beneficial feedstuff by
chickens. Two experiments with broiler chicks and
one with laying hens were utilized in examining the
effects of dried poultry wastes on poultry. Experi-
ment 1 indicated that DPW at 10 per cent, without
amino acid supplementation, did not affect weight
gains and feed efficiency of young chicks, but 20 per
cent DPW without added amino acids greatly depre-
ssed growth and feed efficiency. The experiment
further indicated that supplemental amino acids con-
tributed more utilizable nitrogen to the DPW diets.
Experiment 2 revealed that DP W at 10 per cent of the
diet, with true protein maintained at 22 ® 0.5 per cent,
did not significantly affect weight gains or field effi-
ciency. Experiment 3 showed that for laying hens,
beyond their peak of production, DPW decreased rate
of egg production and efficiency of feed conversion
and increased mortality. (Penrod-East Central)
2428 - A6, A9, B2 300
UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION FOR
SLOTTED FLOOR SWINE BUILD-
INGS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of
Agriculture, Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign
A. J. Muehling
Agricultural Engineering Tips, Farm Buildings No.
35, December, 1974,5 p. 2 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Ventilation, Design, Carbon dioxide,
Ammonia, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane.
Identifiers: Air inlets, Louvers, Fans, Slotted floors,
design formula.
The four main gases produced by manure stored in a
tank or pit are ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide
and hydrogen sulfide. The amount of gas produced
depends on the length of time the manure is in storage,
the volume of manure involved, its temperature, and
other factors. In terms of the amount of gas released
into the building, the amount of mixing or agitation is
a very important factor. There is some concern re-
garding the long-range effect on operators and small
pigs that spend long hours in swine production
facilities that use pits or tanks. Proper ventilation is
felt to be important to their health. The amount of
ventilation usually depends upon the weather (among
other things). The main purpose of winter ventilation
is for moisture and odor control. The primary purpose
of ventilation in the summer is to control the building
temperature. The requirements for an underfloor
ventilation system are listed. The various compo-
nents of the system are discussed. Air inlets should
distribute the air uniformly through the building. The
purpose of louvers is to allow the air to enter the attic.
A central duct permits uniform ventilation through-
out the buildings. Properly sized openings from the pit
to the duct allow the air to flow uniformly from the pit
into the central duct. The placement, controls and
types of fans are discussed. The report concludes with
a design example in calculating the underfloor venti-
lation needed. (Penrod-East Central)
2429 - Al, B2, D4, El, F2 400
RACEWAYS; EXOTIC SPECIES
MOST AFFECTED BY PROPOSED
E.P.A. DISCHARGE PERMITS,
Associate Professor, School of Forestry and Wildlife
Management, Louisiana State University.
D. D. Culley, Jr.
The American Fish Farmer, Vol. 4, No. 8, p. 9-12, July
1973.
Descriptors: Regulation, Permits, Waste water pol-
lution, Fish farming, Lagoons, Filtration, Recircu-
lated water.
Identifiers: Non-native fish.
The proposed amendment of Part 125, Title 40 of the
Code of Federal Regulations will affect the licensing
control of pond and raceway aquaculture facilities
discharging wastes more than 30 days yearly and of
non-native aquatic animal productions. Raceway
facilities having continuous discharge would require
licensing or converting to recirculating filtration or
lagoon holding systems. A permit system should
serve as an incentive for aquaculturists to become
more efficient in their operations. There is reason to
believe that through increased efficiency of reclaim-
ing wastes or recirculating his water, the culturist can
increase profits. (Hargrove-East Central)
2430 - A5, Bl, Dl, E2 100
ODOR REDUCTION FOR LIQUID
MANURE SYSTEMS,
Environmental Hygiene Department, Karolinska In-
stitute, Sweden
T. Lindvall, 0. Noren, and L. Thyselius
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 3, p. 508-512,
May-June, 1974. 4 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: Odor, Measurement, Liquid wastes, In-
jection, Waste disposal, Sampling, Equipment, Cat-
tle, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Odor reduction, Swine.
In this investigation, different treatment and spread-
ing methods of liquid manure have been compared
from the odor point of view. The analyses were car-
ried out with sensory methods under half-scale field
conditions. A mobile odor laboratory with sampling
equipment carried out parcel experiments on various
types of ground (fallow, grassland, and stubble)
treated with animal wastes, during different seasons
(spring and autumn) and with general tillage imple-
ments and spreading equipment. The odor threshold
values are expressed as the log dilution factor neces-
sary to attain odorlessness. It was concluded that bu-
rial of manure results in a substantial reduction of the
odor emission in connection with spreading. Burial is
the method which at present can be recommended for
this purpose. In areas close to dwellings, injection of
manure into the soil can be valuable. By this means,
odor emmission, as well as nutrition loss to air and
water, are reduced. Of the different methods for ma-
nure treatment investigated, the addition of am-
monium persulphate to swine manure showed a good
effect. (Cartmell-Easjt Central)
2431 - Bl, C2, C3 100
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES OF
BROILER EXCRETA AS INFLU-
ENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL
TEMPERATURE, COLLECTION IN-
TERVAL, AGE OF BROILERS AND
DIET,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re-
search Service, South Central Poultry Research
Laboratory, State College, Mississippi 39762
L. F. Kubena, F. N. Reece, and J. D. May
Poultry Science, Vol. 52, No. 5, p. 1700-1703, Sep-
tember, 1973. 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Temperature, Age, Diets,
Amino acids, Proteins, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Broilers, Excreta, Collection interval,
Lysine, Methionine.
The purpose of this research was to identify the influ-
ence of environmental temperature, collection inter-
val, dietary amino acid levels, and age of broilers on
excreta composition. In one trial, diets were calcu-
lated to contain 80,100, or 120 per cent of the recom-
mendations for lysine and methionine plus cystine.
Three diets were fed to 5-week-old broilers main-
tained in 3 chambers having temperatures of 21.2 de-
grees, 21.1 degrees and 32.2 degrees C. These broilers
were kept here for a 5-8 week experimental period. In
the second trial, broiler chicks were fed a diet contain-
ing approximately 21.7 per cent protein and a
metabolizable energy value of 3285 kilo-calories per
kilogram. The results of trial 1 show that the total
protein equivalent in the excreta increased with the
age of the birds. The moisture content of the excreta
decreased as the birds increased in age. Total protein
equivalent, total amino acids, and ether extract in-
creased with increasing dietary amino acid levels.
There was a more dramatic increase in total protein
and total amino acid in the excreta from the birds
given the diet containing 120 per cent of the recom-
mendation for lysine and methionine plus cystine
when compared to the excreta for the birds given 100
per cent of the recommendations. The results of trial 2
show no consistent differences for individual amino
acids, total amino acids, total protein equivalent, or
ash that was due to environmental temperature or to
collection interval. (Cartmell-East Central)
2432 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, Fl, F2 200
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONFERENCE,
Illinois University
Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Champaign, Illinois, March 7-8,1973,118
p. 32 fig.
Descriptors: Livestock, Illinois, Legal aspects, Feed-
lots, Design, Waste storage, Solid wastes, Liquid
wastes, Lagoons, Research and development.
Identifiers: Waste management, Flushing, Mechani-
cal aerators, Holding ponds, Mosquito control, Land
disposal, Pumping, Application rates.
The main objective of the conference was to discuss
the planning and design requirements for components
of livestock waste management systems, particularly
in Illinois. The status of Illinois livestock waste man-
agement regulation was discussed in relation to fed-
eral regulations. Storage structures for solid and
liquid manure systems were examined. In relation to
liquid manure disposal, recommendations on the
selection of pumps, piping, sprinklers and nozzles
were provided. Another aspect of manure-handling
was the use of hydraulic flushing to dislodge and
transport livestock manure from the deposit point to
the place of disposal. Various mechanical aerators
were examined as to whether they were preferable to
rotors for use in oxidation ditches. The oxygenation
and flow characteristics of the aerators were also
discussed. The design and construction criteria of
holding ponds and lagoons were considered. Another
report considered the problem of .mosquito control in
disposal lagoons. Several factors that determine the
application rates of livestock wastes to land were
examined. Several projects dealing with animal
waste management with pollution control were
briefly presented in the Annual Report of Cooperative
244
-------
Regional Project. Waste-handling systems for three
food production units were briefly presented. The
units involved were a hog production unit, a beef pro-
duction unit, and a dairy production unit. (Penrod-
East Central)
2433 - Al, Bl, F2 200
STATUS OF THE ILLINOIS LIVES-
TOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT REG-
ULATIONS,
Agricultural Specialist, Division of Water Pollution
Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
J. F. Frank
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. A1-A5.
Descriptors: Illinois, Legal aspects, Feedlots, Per-
mits, Design.
Identifiers: Waste management, Regulations, Sanit-
ary Water Board, Environmental Protection Agency.
In its later years of existence, the Illinois Sanitary
Water Board (SWB) conceived the need for a set of
livestock waste management regulations. On July 1,
1970, the SWB's activities were taken over by the Il-
linois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This
agency continued the formulation of the livestock
waste management regulations. The hearing process
and the Illinois EPA's role and position are discussed.
Federal regulations are then examined. The U.S.
EPA published on December 5,1972, a proposed set of
regulations which covered some agricultural opera-
tions. Agricultural interests gave extensive response
and a task force was set up to evaluate the responses
and, if necessary, redraft and clarify the proposal. A
new proposal was drafted during a two-day meeting of
this task force which was held on January 29, 1973.
After several public meetings with environmental
groups, the proposed regulations were published in
the Federal Register and a Sfrday comment period
was set. The operators of the various classes and sizes
of feedlots or livestock shelters (as listed in a table)
must apply for permits, although they do not neces-
sarily need them. Future plans of the Illinois EPA are
discussed. (Penrod-East Central)
2434 - A2, A4, Bl 200
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR SOLID
MANURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Wisconsin
University, Madison
J. C. Converse and C. 0. Cramer
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. B1-B12. 8 fig, 1 tab, 9 ret.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Solid wastes, Separation
Techniques, Design criteria, Agricultural runoff,
Liquid wastes, Seepage, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Stacking.
Manure stacking in the winter is not a recent de-
velopment in dairy operations. Interest is increasing
•i stacking manure for freestall housing where very
uttle bedding is used, although manure stacking is
best adapted for stanchion-type housing with bedding
systems. Runoff from manure stacks located near
streams can cause stream pollution, so care must be
"ken in choosing a site for the stack. Manure-
handling systems also ha ve to be designed to maintain
good farmstead sanitation, particularly with dairy
operations. Summertime stacking may put a greater
demand on farmstead sanitation. The objective of this
"^port is to review the storage of solid manure, dis-
cussing the various types of structures, management
and problems in using the system. Research is cur-
ttat will minimize pollution, that will be economical,
and that will not distract from the aesthetics of the
rannstead. The manure storage system can be a good
management tool, if properly designed. Storage
structure size is dependent on the number of days of
storage, the number and size of the animals, the type
of manure handling needed, and the type and amount
of bedding used. Other conclusions and recommenda-
tions cover bunker-type storage, seepage from a
stack, and the emptying of detention ponds.
(Penrod-East Central)
2435 - B2 200
MANURE STORAGE TANKS FOR
LIQUIDS,
J. 0. Curtis
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. C1-C6.2 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Liquid wastes, Design.
Identifiers: Manure storage tank.
In recent years, a fairly large number of manure
storage tanks for liquids have been constructed on
farms with many more anticipated to be constructed
in the future. Most of these tanks are located either
outside the livestock building but nearby or under the
floor of the building. The objective of this report is to
discuss the available basic information that is related
to tank design, illustrate its use, point out reasons for
recommended variations, and to review some aspects
of the Midwest Plan Service (MWPS) tank design.
Available basic design information is given with re-
spect to design loads, and the designing of manure
storage tanks to resist loads. The report concludes
that MWPS Plan 74303 is probably the best generally
available plan for liquid manure tanks. It is a fairly
conservative design with respect to the amounts of
temperature and shrinkage, steel required, and the
soil pressures assumed. In the future, the promotion
of less conservative designs than the MWPS Plan may
more safely be undertaken as more experience is
gained with manure tanks and as more follow-up in-
formation is obtained on any tank failures. (Penrod-
East Central)
2436 - B2, D4, E2, E3 200
MANURE-HANDLING BY HYD-
RAULIC FLUSHING
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
T. E. Hazen
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. D1-D11. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Design, Liquid wastes, Recycling, Con-
finement pens, Waste storage. Waste treatment,
Pumping.
Identifiers: Hydraulic flushing, Dosing syphon, Tip-
ping basket, Land disposal.
This report describes the design and application of
systems that use a flowing liquid to dislodge and
transport livestock manure from the point of deposit
to the place of disposal. Enclosed confinement makes
hydraulic collection and transport of manure a feasi-
ble method. There is some means for manure collec-
tion, transport, treatment, storage and disposal in
any waste-handling system. In hydraulic flushing, it
should be recognized that this method magnifies by 10
to 100 the amount of material put into motion. That a
uniform flow is established along the entire length of
the channel is assured by the flushing duration being
long enough. There are several flushing devices.
Among them is the dosing syphon which is a highly
reliable and almost maintenance free means of
rapidly discharging large volumes of stored liquid at
a controlled rate and for a desired duration. Recycl-
ing requires no extra storage in a system other than to
assure that the needed quantity and quality of liquid
for the flushing devices is always available. Aerobi-
cally stabilized liquids can be handled by most of the
conventional commonly available pumps, if properly
screened. Some liquid will need to be removed period-
ically from any manure-handling system unless
evaporation, seepage, or other losses are unusually
high. Three major concerns still exist in the recycling
system:(1) Ingest ion and flushing liquid by livestock
could aggravate transmission and prolongation of
disease, (2) potential odor production, and (3) Repair
or replacement of a return pump. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2437 - B2, D4 200
OXYGENATION AND FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANI-
CAL AERATORS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana-Champaign
J. K. Mitchell and D. L. Day
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. E1-E13. 7 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Aeration, Oxygenation, Equipment,
Flow characteristics.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Mechanical aerators.
Increased interest in aerobically treating livestock
wastes has led to a proliferation of aerobic methods
and devices. Studies were conducted at the University
of Illinois with two main objectives: (1) to determine
the relative efficiency of three types of aerators with
respect to oxygenation and liquid flow, and (2) to de-
termine if some modification could be made to elimi-
nate the areas of solids deposition by studying flow
patterns in an oxidation ditch. The report data showed
that some type of standardization by manufacturers
and researchers in reporting the oxygenation and
flow efficiency of various aerators is needed. The
most useful index for comparing oxygenation ef-
feciencies between aerators is the common parame-
ter of oxygenation rate in pounds of oxygen per
kilowatt hour. A flow'ppwer parameter, in c.f.s/kw.,
may be a useful index if the liquid flow velocity is of
concern for a particular oxidation ditch design. That
the areas of low velocity, and hence, areas of potential
settlement can be reduced with some form of center-
wall and end section modification was shown by the
flow pattern study. Before choosing a particular
aerator device for a particular system, the different
installation, maintenance, and operation advantages
and disadvantages of each device should be consi-
dered. (Penrod-East Central)
2438 - A5, B2, Dl, El 200
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
HOLDING PONDS AND LAGOONS,
Soil Conservation Service, Champaign, Illinois
P. Christensen
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. F1-F9.1 tab.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Lagoons, Agricultural
runoff, Design criteria, Settling basins.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
Waste management facilities must be designed,
planned, and constructed to permit the operator to
efficiently manage waste production and effectively
minimize potential pollution hazards. The major
components of waste management systems are man-
ure storage structures, holding ponds, and disposal
lagoons. This report discusses the design and con-
struction of holding ponds and disposal lagoons. A
holding pond is an impoundment for the collection and
temporary storage of contaminated runoff from
areas having concentrated animal waste. These
ponds should be located as near the source as feasible,
giving due consideration to odor and wind patterns.
They should be located on watertight soils or on soils
that seal easily. Settling basins are installed between
the feedlot and holding pond to minimize frequent
245
-------
hauling of solids from holding ponds, to lengthen their
life and to facilitate removal of stored contaminated
runoff. The mean velocities of channels used for settl-
ing basins should be approximately 1 foot per second
to permit settling of solids. The design and manage-
ment of holding ponds are discussed. Disposal lagoons
are defined as being impoundments made by con-
structing embankments or excavating areas to create
a reservoir for biological stabilization and storage of
organic waste. Lagoon design must consider all state
and local regulations. Lagoon sight conditions are
discussed. For design purposes, lagoons are com-
monly grouped according to their predominant
biological characteristics: anaerobic, aerobic, or
facultative. Each type of lagoon is examined indi-
vidually. Lagoon design, operation and maintenance
is discussed. Recommendations for holding pond and
lagoon operation and maintenance are listed.
(Penrod-East Central)
2439 - A8, D2, D3 200
MOSQUITO CONTROL IN LIVESTOCK
WASTE LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS, 1972,
Professor of Agricultural Entomology and En-
tomologist, Illinois Natural History Survey; Re-
search Assistant, Illinois Natural History Survey
S. Moore III and J. Tranquilli
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. G1-G3.1 tab.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Mosquitoes, Larvicides, Vec-
tors.
Identifiers: Chemical control, Vegetation removal.
During recent years heavy populations of the north-
ern house mosquito, Culex pipiens pipjens, have been
observed breeding in livestock waste lagoons. This
insect's presence is of great concern as it is a vector of
the virus causing human encephalitis. This study's
objective was the devising of effective and yet practi-
cal methods of control of the vector in animal waste
lagoons. Both chemical and cultural controls were
utilized. For the study, seven livestock waste lagoons
on the animal science research farms at Urbana-
Champaign were used. A heavy growth of marginal
vegetation conducive to mosquito breeding was
around each of the lagoons. Two lagoons (OSF and
MA) were selected for the cultural control method,
involving the removal of the marginal vegetation and
floating debris. Three of the lagoons were selected for
the chemical treatment method of control of mosquito
larvae. The remaining two lagoons (Physiology and
MD) were left untreated as controls. The study
showed that the cultural control method reduced
house mosquito larval populations to near zero. Until
the marginal vegetation became flooded, significant
mosquito larval populations did not appear in the un-
treated MD lagoon. An increase in larval populations
was noted for OSF and MA when a regrowth of vegeta-
tion occurred. Flit MLO treatments and Malathion
both effectively suppressed mosquito larval popula-
tions for about one week. Recommendations for la-
goon design, vegetation removal, and chemical
treatments for suppressing mosquito larval popula-
tions are listed. (Penrod-East Central)
2440 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 200
REVIEW OF LIVESTOCK WASTE
RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS-ANNUAL REPORT OF
COOPERATIVE REGIONAL PRO-
JECT,
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. H1-H11.
Descriptors: Research and development, Livestock,
Swine, Proteins, Feedlots, Cattle, Rain, Anaerobic
conditions, Aerobic conditions, Equipment, Sheep,
Nitrogen, Fish, Mosquitoes, Gases, Dusts.
Identifiers: Illinois University, Waste management,
Pollution control, Refeeding, Erodibility, factor,
Odor control, Municipal digester sludge, Oxidation
ditch.
All of the projects reviewed concern animal waste
management with pollution control. The various pro-
jects are described briefly and the progress of work
and principal accomplishments of each are discus-
sed. The projects are: (1) Refeeding of aerobically-
processed swine waste, (2) Optimum rate of harvest-
ing protein from aerobically processed swine wastes,
(3) Erodibility factor for beef cattle feedlots exposed
to rain, (4) Odor control and degradation of swine
manure under anaerobic conditions by adding munic-
ipal digester sludge, and (5) Testing of aeration
equipment for livestock oxidation ditches. Related
research projects include: (1) The nutritive value of
sheep feces. (2) Nitrogen as an environmental quality
factor, (3) Fish culture and mosquito control in lives-
tock waste ponds, and (4) Effect of gases and dust on
swine. Work planned for the following year of 1973 is
listed. (Penrod-East Central)
2441 - Al, B2, E2 200
SELECTION OF PUMPS, PIPING
AND WASTE DISTRIBUTION
EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID MANURE
DISPOSAL,
President, Sprinkler Irrigation Corporation, East
Peoria, Illinois
R. Schneider
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. 11-112. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Equipment, Liquid wastes, Waste dis-
posal, Pumps, Pipes, Clogging, Irrigation, Erosion,
Compaction, Temperature.
Identifiers: Selection criteria, Nozzles, Sprinklers,
Gated pipe.
Pumping of animal waste on open land is fairly new in
the United States, although this method of animal
waste disposal has been used for many parts of the
world. The objective of this report is to discuss the
selection of pumps, piping, and waste distribution
equipment for liquid manure disposal. Two primary
types of pumps are described. The first type, low
head, is designed to move a mixture of liquids and
solids from the sump pit to the settling basin. The
kinds, sizes and selection of this type of pump are
discussed. The second type of pump, the high head,
moves large volumes of liquid over long distances at
high pressures. The two primary considerations in
pipe size selection are: (1) the amount of liquid to be
pumped, and (2) the horizontal distance the liquid
must be pumped. The understanding of nozzle size
and nozzle pressure relationship is important in order
to properly select sprinklers and nozzles for effluent
distribution. The primary limitations on nozzle size
selection are compaction, erosion, crop damage, and
wash. The pros and cons of gated pipe are discussed.
If pumping is done in freezing temperatures, the main
objective is to keep the water moving to avoid freezing
of the effluent. The report concludes with a compari-
son of hauling and pumping as far as adaptability to
different needs. (Penrod-East Central)
2442 - Al, A3, A4, E2 200
DETERMINING APPLICATION
RATES OF LIVESTOCK WASTES TO
THE LAND,
Soil Fertility Extension, Illinois University,
Urbana-Champaign.
S. R. Aldrich
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. J1-J12.1 fig, 1 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Livestock, Poultry, Nit-
rates, Water pollution, Groundwater pollution, Phos-
phorus, Salts, Ammonia, Denitrification, Agricul-
tural runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Yields.
Much trial and error has occurred in trying to deter-
mine the application rates of livestock wastes to the
land. The objective of this report is to examine the
disposal on agricultural land of collected animal
wastes. The study showed that the safest program for
manure disposal consists of 10-20 tons of large-animal
waste or 5-10 tons of poultry waste per acre per year
applied for the purpose of efficient utilization by re-
sponsive crops. In the immediate future, the permiss-
able manure loading on agricultural land will be de-
termined by the amount of nitrogen. Between 150 and
250 pounds is the amount of nitrogen that can be intro-
duced into the soil annually without substantial buil-
dup in NOs- Poorly drained, fine-textured soils are
sites that maximize denitrification and will tolerate
heavier rates than well-drained, coarse-textured
soils. The permissible rate of manure may be in-
creased if the receiving water is low in nitrate and is
large in volume relative to the water from the man-
ured area. Where the water is discharged to a lake or
reservoir directly or via a stream, the amount of
phosphorus in drainage water may be the limiting
factor in waste application. Ammonia concentration
or salt concentration or both may limit the amount of
manure that can be applied at one time without injur-
ing germination and plant growth. On sloping land
where runoff into surface waters is likely with normal
rainfall, large surface applications are not accepta-
ble. Future designing of large livestock operations
must include proper waste disposal in the planning.
(Penrod-East Central)
2443 - Bl, E2, 200
OUR WASTE-HANDLING SYSTEM
FOR HOGS,
Gehlbach Pork Farms, Inc., Lincoln, Illinois
G. D. Gehlbach
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. K1-K2.
Descriptors: Lagoons.
Identifiers: Swine, Land application, Slotted floors,
Application rates.
Gerald Gehlbach traces the waste handling measures
utilized on Gehlbach Pork Farms from 1961 to the
present time. At present, Gehlbach farms produces
over 8,000 hogs annually in a farrow-to-finish
production-line type of operation. All market produc-
tion is housed in environmentally controlled, totally
slotted floor buildings with liquid manure pits below
the slats. For waste disposal, a 7.5 acre waste lagoon
is used in combination with hauling to cropland and
injection into the soil. Acreage utilized for corn pro-
duction has increased over the years as amount of
animal wastes for disposal have increased. In the fall
of the year every attempt is made to pump empty all
of the pits below the slats and field-apply the manure
prior to the fall plowing of corn fields. The normal
application rate at this time is 20-25 tons of liquid
manure per acre. Hauling is resumed in the spring
when applications can be made on the remaining un-
plowed fields. During the summer the manure is
again knifed into the soil on the cropland set aside
from corn production in the Feed Grains Program.
Because of acreage limitations, the application rates
are usually higher here. The 7.5 acre lagoon is utilized
for collection of the wastes during the winter when
manure cannot be injected into the soil and during
rainy times during the summer. The lagoon also re-
ceives some of the more liquid portion of the waste to
reduce the volume that needs to be hauled to cropland.
Mr. Gehlbach feels that this waste handling program
is the most economical and acceptable method of dis-
posal today. (Merryman-East Central)
2444 - A2, B2, E2 200
MY WASTE-HANDLING SYSTEM
FOR BEEF,
Beef producer, Elgin, Illinois
K. H. Bartels
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, p. LI.
246
-------
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Water pollution,
Feedlots, Cost sharing.
Identifiers: Holding pond.
The report discussed the correction of a feedlot
wastes runoff problem. Runoff was going directly into
a drainage ditch approximately 100 feet from the feed-
lot. With the aid of the Soil Conservation Service a
waste control plan was devised. The only equipment
changed for the waste handling procedure was a
pump and irrigation equipment for dispensing water
from the holding pond. The approximate completion
cost of the project will be about $3,200 (excluding
pump and equipment), but cost-sharing was utilized.
The runoff now no longer pollutes the creek and the
area below the feedlot is much cleaner. (Penrod-East
Central)
2445 - Al, B2, E3, 200
MY WASTE-HANDLING SYSTEM
FOR DAIRY,
Dairy producer, Paris, Illinois
H. Boland
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8.1973, p. M1-M2.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Waste disposal, Liquid
wastes, Dairy industry, Design, Costs, Cost sharing.
Due to a road building program along his property
line, in 1971 Mr. Boland changed his waste handling
practices to a liquid manure system. Extensive
changes were required. A 105,000 gallon storage tank
for the milking barn was installed beneath a 24' x 30'
slatted floor and a 24' x 40' solid floor with three drag
holes. A 1,000-gallon septic tank servicing the milk
house and milking parlor was connected to a drain
line to the storage tank and a manure pump was in-
stalled to automatically pump waste water into the
storage tank. The storage tank is emptied by using a
PTOoperated manure pump and a 1,500-gallon liquid
spreader. The wastes are spread on fields that are not
rolling or close to an open stream. The spreading area
is approximately one-fourth mile from any residence.
Help from the SCS, the Cooperative Extension Ser-
vice, the University of Illinois, and the ASC office was
acknowledged. Aid was received under the REAP
Program. Cost was briefly discussed. (Penrod-East
Central)
2446 - Al, Bl, El 200
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Cooperative Ex-
tension Service, Illinois University, Urbana-
Champaign
D. G. Jedele, Editor
Presented at Proceedings of 1973 Livestock Waste
Management Conference, Champaign, Illinois,
March 7-8,1973, Circular 1074, p. 1-15. 8 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Livestock, Agricultural
runoff, Liquid wastes, Lagoons, Confinement pens,
Identifiers: Waste management, Hauling, Gutter
flushing, Oxidation ditch, Odor control, Dead animal
This circular was prepared to assist the livestock pro-
ducer in assessing the pollution potential of livestock
operations and to provide a systematic approach to
resolving problems. The circular does not incorporate
^tensive technical data on buildings, manure collec-
tion and handling facilities, or equipment. It does de-
lineate the parts of a waste management system, list-
ing alternatives that may be used. Systems for reduc-
ing water pollution are described including: (1) Feed-
tot runoff control for unrestricted space, (2) Feedlot
runoff control for restricted space, (3) Liquid manure
system—hauling, (4) Liquid manure system—
lagoomng, (5) Liquid manure system—hauling and
lagooning, (6) Gutter flushing in a confinement build-
ing, (7) Oxidation ditch in a confinement building and
(8) Solid and liquid system for dairy facilities.
Suggestions are given for reducing odor. Options for
dead animal disposal are discussed. (Merryman-
East Central)
2447 - A2, A4, Bl 100
SOIL WATER NITRATE BENEATH A
BROAD-BASIN TERRACED FEED-
LOTS,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Nebraska Univer-
sity, Lincoln
L. F. Elliott, T. M. McCalla, N. P. Swanson, L. N.
Mielke, T. A. Travis
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 285-286,
293, March-April, 1973.10 ret.
Descriptors: Soil water, Nitrates, Feedlots, Agricul-
tural runoff, Nebraska, Denitrification.
Identifiers: Broad-basin terraced feedlot.
Nitrate accumulations occur beneath some feedlots
but not others. Some recent studies indicate the possi-
ble role of management in nitrate accumulation be-
neath feedlots. More recent reports indicate continu-
ous stocking of feedlots may preclude nitrate accumu-
lations beneath them. Further investigation is war-
ranted as runoff-control systems may complicate the
situation. Swanson (1973) described a broad-basin
terrace system that meets Nebraska runoff-
regulatory requirements. The objective of this study
was to determine if excessive nitrate accumulations
in the feedlot soil profile would be caused by this sys-
tem. Initiated in an 8-month-old, broad-basin terraced
feedlot, caisson studies showed that soil water nitrate
values rose initially. When the study was terminated,
after 13 months, NOj-N at 2,4, and 5 ft. was 1.4,10, and
12.5 ppm, respectively. Oxygen decreased and CC>2
increased during the latter part of the test period,
indicating reducing conditions were occurring. The
establishment of reducing conditions and the de-
crease in nitrate are indications of denitrification.
Test results indicated that nitrate did not percolate
below 5 ft. (Penrod-East Central)
2448 - Al, D4, E2 700
TRANSFORMATION, MOVEMENT,
AND DISPOSAL OF NITROGEN
FROM ANIMAL MANURE WASTES
APPLIED TO SOILS,
B. L. Carlile
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington State
University, Pullman, 1972, 70 p. 7 fig, 14 tab, 59 ref..
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Slurries, denitrification,
Temperature, Carbon.
Identifiers: Land application, Anaerobic filters.
The objectives of this investigation were: (1) the de-
termination of the transformation, movement, and
disposal of nitrogen from animal manure wastes
applied as a slurry at various rates to soils; and (2)
the evaluation of the effectiveness of anaerobic filters
for denitrification of nitrate-rich water. Soils receiv-
ing lower rates of manure applications had a greater
initial rate of nitrification than did those receiving the
highest rates, probably because of the ammonium
inhibition of nitrifiers at higher manure application
rates. Unless some measures for removing nitrates
from the drainage water were implemented, all man-
ure treatments resulted in nitrate concentrations suf-
ficiently high to become a potential pollution hazard.
The anaerobic filter may be practical for "on farm"
treatment of soil drainage waters as it was shown to
be effective for removing nitrate from nitrate-rich
waters through the denitrification process. Using
methanol as the source of carbon, nitrogen removal
efficiencies of over 90 per cent were achieved at hyd-
raulic detention times of under one hour in the treat-
ment filter. In order to achieve satisfactory nitrogen
removal, a readily biodegradable source of carbon
must be added along with the soluble manure compo-
nents. Milk was found to be such a source. With a
reduction in temperature, no clear pattern of changes
in nitrate removal efficiencies was observed, but
when milk was utilized as the sole energy source,
nitrate removal efficiency appeared to have been in-
creased at lower temperatures. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2449 - B2, D2, Fl 100
ENHANCED TREATMENT OF
LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER. I.
SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION-
-ESTIMATION OF VIBRATORY SC-
REEN PERFORMANCES ON SWINE
WASTEWATER,
Agricultural Pollution Control Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing 48823
P. 0. Ngoddy, J. P. Harper, and J. B. Gerrish
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
19, p. 313-326,1974.
Descriptors: Waste water treatment, Separation
techniques, Livestock, Dimensional analysis, Costs,
Screens.
Identifiers: Swine.
The number of experimental studies on performance
evaluation of a variety of sludge de-watering devices
for solid-liquid separation of livestock wastes is in-
creasing. The promise of minimizing capital invest-
ment costs on livestock wastewater management sys-
tems by substantially reducing the total bulk of water
polluted and subsequently stored and-or processed is
offered by the recycling of reclaimed wastewater.
This study examines the vibrating screen separator
for solid-liquid separation of livestock wastewater.
Dimensional analysis is used as a rational basis for
quantitatively evaluating the vibratory screen per-
formance. Tests were run on swine waste-water and
on one type of vibrating screen machine—the kind
which derives its basic vibrational motion from the
interaction of suspension drive springs and rotating
weights driven at known angular velocity. Graphs of
optimization plots (swine wastewater) and perfor-
mance curves for swine wastewater are given. Tables
are provided on the variables affecting the perfor-
mance of vibrating screen separator, on sieve
analysis and the removal percentage estimates of
swine wastewater solids and on the results of vibrat-
ing screen separator test on swine wastewater.
(Kehl-East Central)
2450 - Al, Bl, Dl, E3 100
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG
WASTES
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
E. P. Taiganides, E. R. Bauman, H. P. Johnson, and
T. E. Hazen
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 8,
No. 4, p. 327-333,1963. 5 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Design, Hogs,
Temperature, Methane, Nitrogen, Costs.
Identifiers: Liquefaction, Gasification.
The anaerobic sludge digestion process was
evaluated and the results of a laboratory study on the
application of sludge digestion for the treatment of
swine wastes was reported. Several advantages and
limitations of the digester process were discussed.
The process can be carried out within a wide range of
temperatures, provided that the temperature is
maintained at a constant level. The rate of digestion
increases with temperature from 32 to 104 degrees F,
though the nature of the process changes and evolu-
tion of methane is much less at the lower and upper
limit of the range. Two phases of decomposition occur
in the digestion of organic matter: the liquefaction
247
-------
stage and tile gasification stage. Results revealed
that the fertilizer value of manure as measured by the
nitrogen content was increased through digestion.
The organic matter of the raw manure and, thus, its
potential pollutional strength was reduced by 60-70
per cent through digestion. Considerations for the de-
sign of a digester were discussed. Although the initial
investment for a digester is high, profit may be
realized by operations producing over 10,000 hogs per
year through the utilization of the excess combustible
gas produced during digestion of the wastes.
(Cameron-East Central)
2451 - Al, Bl, El 300
LIVESTOCK FEEDLOTS ARE POL-
LUTION SOURCE,
Health Officer, Lyon County, Minnesota
P. Bpsley
Medical Bulletin of the University of Minnesota, p.
3-6, March-April, 1971. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Water pollution, Minnesota,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Nitrates, Sewage, Col-
iforms.
The discharge of animal and human waste into Min-
nesota lakes and rivers is a serious pollution hazard.
Many farmers have dug a direct connection to rivers,
streams, and lakes, piled excess manure on the edge
of lakes, allowed their animals to defecate on frozen
lakes, and left dead animals on riverbanks and in
lakes. Several reports indicate that those practices
are health hazards. Lake Yankton is used as a
cesspool for the community of Balaton. County
ditches, which collect wastes and run into rivers, are
ubiquitous. County Ditch 29 had a massive B Coli
count, and a toxic nitrate level of 17 at its start. The
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (PCA) is taking
no action on this, and has forgotten the January, 1971,
deadline imposed on the community of Ruthton to
submit detailed plans for a sewage treatment system.
The Redwood River (before the community of Mar-
shall with a population of 10,000 empties its untreated
sewage into it) has a B Coli count of 110,000 per 100 ml,
while the accepted norm is 1,000 per ml. The BOD is
over 30. Enforcement of regulations must be stricter,
farmers must improve their feedlots, and sewage
treatment facilities must be built. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
2452 - A9, A10, E3 300
RECYCLING ANIMAL WASTES,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
K. C. Moellers and R. L. Vetter
The Iowa State University Veterinarian, Vol. 36, No.
3, p.88-90,92-94 1974.
Descriptors: Recycling, Farm wastes, Poultry, Cat-
tle, Feeds, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Swine, Composition.
The field of recycling animal wastes has become alive
in the last five years. The main advantage of recycl-
ing would be the potential conservation of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and essential mineral elements. Recy-
cled wastes would be of limited value as an energy
source; however, they may be of some value in a
situation of roughage replacement. Dehydrated poul-
try waste can be used in rations for laying hens at
levels up to 25 per cent of the total diet without de-
creasing egg production. There are many different
processing methods being developed to improve cat-
tle wastes as a feed. It has been demonstrated that
cattle will readily consume processed manure up to 40
per cent of a basal ration. Dried swine feces have been
added to swine diets up to 15 per cent while sustaining
performance. Among present disadvantages in re-
feeding of wastes are the following: (1) inability to
make content of wastes consistent, (2) need for re-
search concerning disease transmission through re-
feeding of wastes, (3) need for more research con-
cerning lexicological and drug residue problems as-
sociated with refeeding, and (4) aesthetics. It is hoped
that with further research and experience, recycling
of wastes will prove to be of economic value.
(Cameron-East Central)
2453 - Al, Bl 200
AGRICULTURAL WASTES IN ARID
ZONES,
Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State
University, University Park
J. W. Hernandez
Health Related Problems in Arid Lands, American
Association for the Advancement of Science Commit-
tee on Desert and Arid Zone Research Symposium,
Arizona State University, Tempe, April 21-24,1971, p.
37-43.1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Farm wastes, Domestic wastes, Water
pollution sources, Water quality, Consumptive use,
Economic efficiency, Environmental effects, Waste
water (Pollution), Ethics, Agriculture, Drainage wa-
ter, Irrigation water, Arid lands, Return flow, Feed-
lots, Cattle, Poisons, Economics, Political aspects,
Social aspects, Irrigation practices, Pesticides.
Three current agricultural waste disposal problems
are common to much of the arid and semiarid regions
of the United States, namely, return flows from irri-
gation, cattle feed-lot wastes and economic poisons.
Characteristics of each are given and discussed. Reg-
ulation of existing irrigation projects by the imposi-
tion of water quality standards is unlikely in arid reg-
ions. As long as the attitude prevails that unused
water is wasted and that it is in the national interest to
make arid lands productive through irrigation, there
will be continued pressure to import additional water
supplies for arid-land irrigation. (Black-Arizona)
2454 - Dl, E3 400
WHY WASTE ANIMAL WASTES?
American Beef Producer, November, 1971, p. 10-11.1
fig-
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Recycling, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Animal wastes, Ecolite, Aerobic diges-
tion, Oxidation ditch, Composting, Building mate-
rials.
Disposing of animal waste is a problem which is being
tackled anew each day by agricultural scientists
John D. Mackenzie, University of California, de-
veloped Ecolite, a combination of treated cow dung
(made by putting feedlot manure through a high
temperature kiln) and melted glass. In addition to
being lightweight, Ecolite is versatile and can be
made into blocks, boards, panels, tiles or shingles. It
can even be used as an air or water filter. In Iowa, cow
dung is being recycled and refed to steers. Effluent is
circulated beneath slotted floors in an oxidation ditch.
Oxygen and water are added for "aerobic digestion",
or breakdown. Tests indicate there are no DES or
antibiotic residues. Test animals averaged 3.42
pounds gain per day while the control steers gained
3.36 pounds. Cost of gain was 22 cents a pound. La-
goons where wastes are dumped to allow aerobic de-
composition provide another method of disposal.
Composting reduces raw organic material to a loose
workable, odorless nutritive soil additive.
(Cameron-East Central)
2455 - A4, E2 700
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOIL PERCOLATES FROM
LYSIMETERS TREATED WITH MA-
NURE,
D. G. S. Bielby
M. S. Thesis, University of Guelph, 1970,123 p. 5 fig, 16
tab.
Descriptors: Chemical properties, Percolation,
Lysimeters, Nutrients, Soil profiles, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution, Corn.
An attempt was made to establish the qualitative and
quantitative contributions of different rates of man-
ure to ground water contamination. A lysimeter study
was conducted from February, 1968 to September,
1969. Specific objectives were: (1) To evaluate the
lysimeters used in this study of nutrient percolation
through a natural soil profile. (2) To determine the
effects of high rates of liquid manure on a Guelph
loam growing corn as a cover crop. (3) To determine
the effects on ground water quality of different rates of
manure applied to a Guelph loam. (4) To account for
the nitrogen applied in the manure. The following
conclusions were drawn: (1) The natural soil profile
lysimeters were adequate for obtaining leachate
samples. On a seasonal basis, there was no difference
in the volume of percolates between treatments. (2)
The experimental design was not adequate to detect
significant treatment differences when total nitrogen
was measured. (3) Before fall data was included, 81.8
to 87.8 per cent of the added nitrogen could not be
accounted for. When the October and November, 1969,
data was added, the per cent of the added nitrogen not
recovered was 38.3 to 61.5. (4) At least 20 per cent of
the added nitrogen was in nitrate form and was
leached out of the lysimeters by the flushing treat-
ment. (5) Although corn has a high nutrient require-
ment, the period during which the plant takes up nut-
rients doesn't coincide with nitrogen movement
downward and into the groundwater. Either some
other crop should be grown to intercept the nitrogen
moving into the groundwater during the spring and
fall; or, the manure should be applied nearer to the
time of maximum uptake by the corn. (6) Addition of
manurial phosphorus and manorial potassium to the
soil had very little effect on levels in the soil perco-
lates. (Merryman-East Central)
2456 - A8, Bl 100
WINTER INOCULATIVE RELEASES
OF PARASITOIDS TO REDUCE
HOUSEFLIES IN POULTRY MAN-
URE,
Division of Biological Control, Department of En-
tomology, California University, Riverside 92502
G. S. Olton and E. F. Legner
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 68, No. 1, p.
35-38, February 17,1975. 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Vectors, Winter, Pest control, Tempera-
ture.
Identifiers: Poultry, Parasitoids, Houseflies.
The objective of this study was to determine the effec-
tiveness of parasitoids on the reduction of houseflies
in poultry manure. A poultry ranch was selected in the
interior area of southern California for periodic in-
oculative releases of fly parasitoids to evaluate their
colonization and relative activity on winter fly popu-
lations. The study was conducted during the period,
December-April, 1969-1970. Three parasitoids were
used: Tachinaephaeus zealandicus Ashmead,
Sphalangia endius Walker, and Muscicifurax ppjoj
Girault and Sanders. M. domestica parasitization in-
creased from a low of 3 per cent in January to a high of
46 per cent by mid-April. When host densities were
increasing in later March and April, Fanma spp.
parasitization increased to 16 per cent. The apparent
superiority of T. zealandicus activity during colder
weather may be related to the innate preferences of
this parasitoid for lower temperatures and to the in-
creases in the developmental time of the hosts, mak-
ing them available for a longer period of time. These
conditions favor both a numerical and functional re-
sponse of the parasitoids. (Penrod-East Central)
2457 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 200
PROCEEDING OF SYMPOSIUM ON
THE CONVERSION OF POULTRY
248
-------
WASTE TO ENERGY, FEED, OR
FERTILIZER,
Pennsylvania State University
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974,32 p. 2 fig, 1
tab, 90 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Solid wastes, Energy, Feeds,
Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Conversion, Manure.
This symposium is devoted to the exploration of suc-
cessful methods of converting solid poultry waste into
energy, feed or fertilizer. When converted through
chemical, physical, biological or aesthetic processes,
this by-product can become useful, marketable, or
harmless to us or our environment. The most common
use of poultry manure is in land spreading and as a
fertilizer. (Cameron-East Central)
2458 - A5, B3, D2 200
THE MECHANICS OF AIR DRYING,
Instructor and Assistant Manager, Penn State Poul-
try Operation.
T. Burr
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 1-3.
Descriptors: Poultry, Moisture content, Costs, De-
hydration, Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions,
Ventilation, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Air drying, Agitation, Manure.
Researchers at Penn State are trying to solve the
problem of handling poultry waste by utilizing the
ventilation in the poultry house and body heat from
the birds to dry the manure and then take this product
and run it through a commercial dehydrator. In order
to prevent anaerobic bacterial action and thus de-
crease odors, the manure must be dried from its 70-80
per cent moisture level to under 10 per cent moisture.
The Sloping Wire Floor System, developed by Penn
State for housing birds, lent itself readily to inhouse
manure drying. The first step in manure drying was
agitation of the manure to keep it in an aerobic state.
Penn State built their own manure rakes, using the
spike-toothed harrow arrangement as a manure rake.
Together with agitation, air movement over the ex-
posed surface of the manure is necessary to remove
moisture. House ventilation Is also very important for
drying poultry manure. Electric heat cables were in-
stalled in the concrete floors beneath the manure.
This aided in the drying of the manure butthecostwas
prohibitive. In stage-one drying system, the moisture
content is reduced from 75-80 per cent to 25-30 per cent
moisture and the cost would be $17.16 per ton. The
stage-two drying system reduced moisture content
from 25-30 per cent moisture to 10 per cent moisture
and it cost $23.11 per ton. (Cameron-East Central)
2459 - D4, E3 200
FERMENTATION AS A FEED PRO-
DUCTION METHOD,
Poultry Science Extension, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity
0. D. Keene
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 4-8. 14
1*61.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Feeds, Recycling, Bac-
teria, Algae, Yeasts, Proteins, Cellulose.
Identifiers: Feed ingredients, Animal wastes, Hyd-
rocarbons, Single cell protein, Conversion.
Fermentation has potential in producing food for man
and animals. Research is now generally geared to
study microbial fermentation on industrial wastes
which contain organic compounds such as acetic acid,
butanols, acetaldehyde, etc. Converting hydrocarbon
wastes to single cell protein has been done with
yeasts, bacteria and algae. These microorganisms
have potential as animal feed ingredients. Ruminants
utilize cellulosic wastes by rumen fermentation
where microorganisms convert carbohydrates to
microbial proteins, fatty acids, COo and Cfy. Low
quality cellulosic wastes have to be changed if they
are to be used as feed ingredients. Anaerobic fermen-
tation systems are usually less expensive than
aerobic systems because oxygen doesn't have to be
pumped into the system. Systems utilizing yeasts,
bacteria, or algae all appear to have some promise in
converting animal waste into feed ingredients par-
ticularly for single stomached animals. (Cameron-
East Central)
2460 - Al, D2, E3 200
MARKETING CONVERTED MAN-
URE,
Pennfield Farms Inc., Ephrata, Pennsylvania
G. H. Hen-
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 9-12.
Descriptors: Marketing, Fertilizers, Feeds, Costs,
California, Iowa, Legal aspects, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste, Anaphage, Shud,
Food and Drug Administration.
The author feels that the prime areas for marketing
the finished dried poultry waste product is in the fer-
tilizer and feed industries. The author states that the
feeding opportunities have the most potential and that
every day's delay of approval hi F.D.A. is a crime and
a waste of beneficial resource that should be helping
us fight the battle of feed price inflation and world
wide starvation. All tests of manure as a feed ingre-
dient have been favorable to date. Many different
people are testing samples of DP W. From some of the
tests conducted in ruminant animals, it would appear
that "quality DPW" should carry a value of two-
thirds that of soy meal or 70 per cent that of corn. The
protein in DPW is about 60 per cent uric acid and it
takes a ruminant to convert this to energy and meat.
Some tests showed results that veterinary bills were
cut 50 per cent in a feedlot situation. Proper dehydra-
tion and fair marketing or usage could add conserva-
tively 50-60 cents additional income per layer. There
is an opportunity here to help solve two problems-
environment and starvation—while the possibility
exists to also turn a profit. (Cameron-East Central)
2461 - Al, Bl, E2, E3 200
BROILER LITTER FOR CROP PRO-
DUCTION,
Extension Agronomist, Delaware University
W. H. Mitchell
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 13-16. 2
fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Fertilizers, Costs, Crop pro-
duction, Delaware.
Identifiers: Broiler litter, Application rates.
Large amounts of poultry litter are available in areas
of the Delmarva Peninsula. On the average, the mois-
ture content of the manure will be about 25 per cent
but may range from 10-60 per cent. Litter produced in
Delaware also contains about 2 per cent nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium and important amounts of
micronutrients. Assuming current fertilizer pnces,
each ton of broiler litter would contain N-P^Os-K^
worth $23 20. Current fertilizer economics have
stimulated a renewed interest in the product for crop
production purposes. The best corn yields are ob-
tained when broiler litter is applied at relatively low
rates. Several tests are underway involving possible
uses for the solid waste-poultry manure product.
These include soil modification utilizing chiseling and
the deep placement of broiler litter. (Cameron-East
Central)
2462 - Bl, Dl, E3 200
PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM
POULTRY MANURE,
Poultry Science Extension, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity
H. C. Jordon
Proceedings of Symposium on the Conversion of Poul-
try Waste to Energy, Feed, or Fertilizer, Pennsyl-
vania State University, November 6,1974, p. 17-25.
Descriptors: Methane, Research and development,
Chemical properties, Physical properties,
Economics.
Identifiers: Production, Poultry manure, Digester.
Few managers have been successful at using poultry
manure to generate methane. The methods need
more research and field testing. This paper is a collec-
tion of what has been published by others and should
be used as a guide to begin a discovery in methane
production. The different items discussed in this
paper are (1) properties of methane, (2) conditions
inside the digester, (3) methods and management, (4)
physical data, (5) chemical data, and (6) economics.
(Cameron-East Central)
2463 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 200
BEEF IN CONFINEMENT WORK-
SHOP,
National Feed Ingredients Association
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974,60
P-
Descriptors: Feedlots, Confinement pens, Cattle,
Legal aspects, Design, Costs, Recycling.
Identifiers: Waste management, Pollution control,
Deep pit system, Flush flume system, Refeeding.
Legislation has made proper design and management
of feedlots a must. Various aspects of beef confine-
ment and waste management were considered hi this
workshop. Particular attention was given to opera-
tion design, costs, and performance. The deep pit sys-
tem and the flush flume system were considered in
detail. The value of recycling and refeeding was also
discussed. (CartmeU-East Central)
2464 - Al, Bl, E2 200
OUR DEEP PIT SYSTEM,
Pampered Beef Aurelia, Iowa
R. Bryant
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4, 1974,
p.6-8,1 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Costs, Cattle, La-
goons, Water pollution control, Odor, Ammonia, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal, Deep
pit system, Scrapers.
Dr. Bryant's presentation describes livestock opera-
tions in several states, which basically use similar
waste management methods for handling cattle ma-
nure. A typical system utilizes 3' deep pits beneath
slatted floors. These wastes are removed by a scraper
system and stored in aerobic lagoons. The manure is
then pumped for irrigation of nearby farmland. The
scraper system shuts down each year during the 3-4
months of cold weather, but the storage capacity of
the pits is designed to handle the waste load during
249
-------
these months. Then as the spring thaw begins, the
scraping starts again. It is important to get the man-
ure out from under the cattle during warm weather
because ammonia coming up out of the pits has a
direct relationship on performance. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2465 - Al, Bl 200
NEW FLUSH FLUME SYSTEM WITH
DEEP LAGOON,
Estherville, Iowa
J. Greig
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
9-13.1 fig.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Odor, Feedlots, Confinement
pens, Performance, Costs, Irrigation, Water re-
quirement.
Identifiers: Flush flume system, Pollution control,
Wind position.
This flush flume system is a mile and a half from town
and not in a very good wind position. Because of this it
would have presented a problem if the manure was
spread on top of the ground. The building is a conven-
tional type confinement and a pollution control struc-
ture was installed to catch the runoff water from the
outside lots. There is about twenty feet of fall from the
creek to a hill where the feedlot sits, and it all drains
toward a settling basin and lagoon lot. The water hold-
ing capacity is an advantage because in the flush sys-
tem you have a high water requirement. The advan-
tages of this waste management system are that the
cattle are not wet, there hasn't been any trouble with
the cattle slipping, and the cost of the entire operation
is $80 per head. The only real disadvantage is the
problem of steam. (Cartmell-East Central)
2466 - Al, Bl 200
HOW CONFINEMENT FEEDING CAN
BE SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE.
Cattle Feeder—Engineer, Fairfield, Nebraska
R. Kissinger, Jr.
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
16-19.1 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Design, Cattle, Ven-
tilation, Temperature, Humidity, Construction,
Costs, Flume, Odor, Water requirement.
Identifiers: Flushing, Slats.
This confinement building is 510 ft. x 52 ft. with a
feeding area width of 37 ft. 10 inches. There are six
pens graduated in size with a total capacity of 1,110
steers at an average weight of 950 Ib. Alternate 10 ft.
bays on the north side are sliding doors to provide
ventilation in the summer. There is a gate on the south
side of each pen for removal of any sick cattle. New
cattle are loaded through this gate in the east end and
fat cattle are shipped from the west end. The ridge
opening is 12 inches; a lesser width might lead to
difficulty under certain temperature and humidity
conditions. In order to reduce construction costs and
to utilize the flushing concept without installing divid-
ing walls in a deep pit, a series of inclined cement
slabs were used in conjunction with two longitudinal 8
foot wide pits with slats. The anaerobic lagoon is 200
ft. x 200 ft. x 30 ft. maximum depth and holds about 3.5
million gallons of liquid. The mat on the surface var-
ies from zero to four or five feet thick. It is helpful in
reducing odors. Flushing is accomplished by throw-
ing a switch. The pit slope varies from 25 per cent to .4
per cent and works quite well. (Cartmell-East Cent-
ral)
Kansas Livestock Association Topeka, Kansas
V. Huseman
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
27-29.1 fig.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Feedlots, Water pollu-
tion.
Identifiers: Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972, Zero discharge, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.
The 92nd Congress has passed a Public Law 92-500,
better known as the Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972. This represented the first time
that the Federal Government got into the business of
regulating feedlots as they relate to the environment.
Feedlots are specifically defined in the act as a "point
sources" of water pollution. The Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act Amendments made some unpre-
cedented demands on the livestock industry. It states
"... it is the national goal that the discharge of pollut-
ants into navigable water be eliminated by 1985".
That section seems to imply zero discharge. It is im-
possible to guarantee zero discharge. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency has not developed a set of
rules or guidelines for the disposal of wastes, except to
recognize that application on agricultural land ap-
pears to be the most practical method. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency recommends that
operators fill out a Short Form B so that they will be on
record with them. (Cartmell-East Central)
2468 - A5, A9, Bl, Dl, E3 200
RECYCLING, ITS PROBLEM AND
OPPORTUNITIES,
Iowa State University, Ames
R. Vetter
Beef In Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
30-35.1 fig, 7 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Methane, Lagoons, Nut-
rients, Proteins, Confinement pens, Safety.
Identifiers: Ref ceding, Health, Food and Drug Ad-
ministration
The objective of this review was to relate some of the
technologies developed in the area of recycling and to
discuss the nutritive value or quality of animal ex-
cretory wastes as supplemental nutrients. It is only
under conditions where the animals are housed in
confined or semiconfined areas that excreta can be
effectively utilized for refeeding. The advantages of
ref ceding lie in the potential conservation of nitrogen,
phosphorus and essential mineral elements. As an
energy source excreta is of limited value for finishing
cattle except for roughage substitution, in which case
considerable processing is needed. A disadvantage of
refeeding is that variation in waste handling condi-
tions and nutrient content would make ration control
difficult. The author feels that smaller midwest farm
feedlots will utilize confinement feeding and move in
the direction of a total concept of conservation recycl-
ing, utilizing a natural harmony of animal, plant, soil,
and microbial systems. (Cartmell-East Central)
2469 - B2, Dl, E2, E3 200
ANIMAL WASTE HANDLING AND
"CAN THE TAIL WAG THE DOG?",
President, Corral Industries, Phoenix, Arizona
R. E. Hunger
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
40-50.12 fig, 5 tab.
Ten thousand head of 800-pound average weight cattle
confined in a feedlot will produce 233,600,000 pounds of
urine and feces yearly. The cost of removing manure
from feed pens to a nearby stockpile will currently run
to approximately $1.50 per wet ton under optimum
operating conditions, and may run to considerably
more in adverse weather conditions. A brief outline of
the "Closed Ecological Cycle" under development by
Corral Industries of Phoenix is shown. This test indi-
cated a very substantial daily gain average for both
groups of cattle—2.88 pounds per day for the control
group, and 2.76 pounds per day for the treated (25 per
cent recycled solids; 75 per cent grain) group. After
the test was completed, the animals were killed and
the carcasses were analyzed for grade and yield. The
control group had a dressing percentage, or yield, of
60.8 per cent and the treated group had 60.6 per cent.
This feed trial was extremely encouraging, and the
results have proven the acceptability and efficacy of
recycling high levels of recovered solids. It was esti-
mated that this separation system would cost not over
$125,000 for 10,000 head of cattle, and would require no
more than $200 per day to operate. (Cartmell-East
Central)
2470 - Bl 200
WASTE HANDLING AND LAGOON
MANAGEMENT,
Minnesota University St. Paul
J. A. Moore
Beef in Confinement Workshop, National Feed Ingre-
dients Association, Des Moines, Iowa, April 4,1974, p.
51-55.1 fig.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Feedlots, Design, Chemical
properties, Physical properties, Biological proper-
ties.
Identifiers: Waste management.
Any beef operator who is considering expanding, re-
designing, or rebuilding new facilities should have
certain objectives in mind. It is important that these
objectives be formalized and listed so that each prop-
osed system can be evaluated as to its potential of
successfully meeting the objectives. Considerations
that should be evaluated include climate, weather, lot
location, nearness to surface and groundwater, soil
type and slope, animal numbers and density, pollution
control regulations, and nearness to neighbors. Once
the objectives of the system have been established, it
is important to determine and calculate the proper-
ties and characteristics of the material to be handled.
The properties and characteristics of animal waste
can be broken down into three categories: physical,
chemical, and biological. Those aspects of animal
waste which may influence design include: collection,
storage, treatment and utilization. Advantages and
disadvantages are given for the following waste hand-
ling operations: liquid collection, storage lagoon,
mechanical treatment, and biological treatment.
There is no one best system for all operators.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2471 - B2 300
MANURE DISPOSAL LAGOONS,
Agricultural Engineering Research Division, Ag-
ricultural Research Service, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, College Park, Maryland
H. J. Eby
Bulletin ARS 42-75, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, June, 19(3,
12 p. 1 fig, 1 tab, 34 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Lagoons, Aerobic condi-
tions, Anaerobic conditions, Design criteria.
Identifiers: Oxidation pond, Lagoon management,
Stabilization pond.
2467 - Al, Bl, F2 200
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE POL-
LUTION LAWS,
Descriptors: Costs, Feedlots, Fertilizers, Nutrients,
Irrigation, Liquid wastes.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Ref ceding. Closed
Ecological Cycle, Composting, Land disposal.
The purpose of this study is to observe manure dis-
posal lagoons in several Eastern and Midwestern
States and in Canada and to review the available lit-
erature on the subject. There are three types of man-
250
-------
ure disposal lagoons: anaerobic, aerobic, or a combi-
nation of the two. The first type is an open pit or trench
and is entirely anaerobic in action. The second type of
manure lagoon is also known as an' 'oxidation pond".
The third type of lagoon is referred to as a' 'stabiliza-
tion pond" and it produces the least odor of the three
types. Explanation is given as to how lagoons work.
Factors that need to be considered in constructing a
manure disposal lagoon are: (1) Availability of land;
(2) Possibility of objectionable runoff that would de-
grade downstream water; (3) Choice between a
stabilization pond or a true oxidation pond; and (4)
Enough water being available to maintain the lagoon.
Alternatives or modifications of the manure lagoon
are discussed. For best results in lagoon manage-
ment, the following procedures should be followed:
(1) Floating material should not be permitted to enter
the lagoon; (2) Lagoon loading should be regular and
uniform; (3) Constant water depth should be main-
tained; (4) Weeds should be mowed around the edges
of the lagoon; (5) The lagoons should be filled before
running manures into it; (6) If algae mats form on the
lagoon surface, the surface should be agitated; (7)
Petroleum products or other floating products should
not be allowed to enter the lagoon. (Penrod-East
Central)
2472 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, Fl 200
MIDWEST LIVESTOCK WASTE
MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE,
Iowa State University
Midwest Livestock Waste Management Conference,
Iowa State University, Ames, November 27-28,1973,
184 p. 31 fig, 24 tab, 125 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Hydrology, Design, Confine-
ment pens, Separation techniques, Anaerobic diges-
tion, Methane, Aerobic treatment, Livestock, Costs.
Identifiers: Waste management, Flushing, Land
Hie purpose of the conference was to bring together
Hydrology was discussed by several papers. The hyd-
rologic characteristics of animal waste, design
criteria for gutter flushing systems and recirculation
equipment design were areas covered in the discus-
sion. Three papers covered livestock waste treatment
tor both confinement pens and outdoor feedlots.
Criteria for the selection of a treatment and handling
system for wastes were given. Various building types
for confinement housing and their manure handling
systems were also discussed. Recommended man-
agement practices for the control of waste from out-
door, unpaved feedlots were examined. The effects of
waste management systems on the animals involved
were presented. Solids separation; aerobic treat-
ment, and the anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes
with methane production were discussed thoroughly.
Land disposal was examined through the aspects of
equipment considerations; agronomic considera-
tions; and the pollution potential of liquid wastes.
(Penrod-East Central)
2473 - A2, A4, Bl 200
HYDROLOGY OF OPEN FEEDLOTS
IN THE CORNBELT,
United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln,
Nebraska
N. P. Swanson
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
«-28,1973, lip. 1 fig, 21 ref.
Descriptors: Hydrology, Feedlots, Corn Belt, Rain-
fall, Snow, Evaporation, Agricultural runoff, Snow-
melt, Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Solids losses
P>e purpose of this study is to examine the hydrologic
Motors of open feedlots in the corn belt. The factors
•"Scussed are: temperature, snow, evaporation and
rainfall. Since the hydrologic impact of feedlots is on
the immediate watershed, hydrology should be consi-
dered in feedlot design and management. Rapid
drainage of a feedlot is very desirable and is improved
by the utilization of mounds and drainways, terraces
and basins, and inlet risers with underground drains.
Runoff control facilities should be designed for
periods of probable high-intensity and maximum in-
tensity precipitation without opportunity for runoff
disposal. The study showed that underground water
pollution from livestock feeding installations appears
to be mostly a local problem with widespread con-
tamination of aquifers not appearing probable.
Runoff will be greater and start sooner from a feedlot
than from adjacent cropland. There can be appreci-
able water storage in the soil-manure mixture. The
study also indicated that snowmelt runoff may con-
tain 10 to 12 times the chemical oxygen demand and
solids content of a rainfall-runoff from the same lots.
It was noted that similar runoff facility design
capacities can be expected in the Com Belt states,
except in western Kansas, Nebraska, and South
Dakota. (Penrod-East Central)
2474 - Al, D4, E2 200
CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF
A LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT
AND HANDLING SYSTEM,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana-Champaign
A. J. Muehling
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames,
November, 27-28,1973. 8 p.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Livestock, Confinement pens, Locating, Costs, La-
goons, Odor.
Identifiers: Solid floors, Slotted floors, Pit storage,
Hauling, Flushing.
Numerous restricting federal and state regulations
covering the treatment and handling of livestock
wastes are being enacted. Selection and planning for
the waste handling and treatment system must be an
integral part of the planning for any confinement op-
eration. This report provides criteria for the selection
of a treatment and handling system for livestock
waste. There are several factors to consider. Among
them are: investment and operational costs; opera-
tion size; location of facility with regard to neighbors,
the operator's family, soil type and topography; type
of facility; existing facilities and equipment; and per-
sonal preference. The major systems presently being
used are discussed examining the advantages and
disadvantages of each. They are: (1) solid floors, ma-
nure handled as a solid, (2) slotted floors, pit storage,
liquids hauled to the fields, (3) lagoons, (4) slotted
floors, pit storage, manure hauled to the fields, an
overflow lagoon, (5) slotted floors, a pit with an oxida-
tion ditch and (6) flush system. A comparison table
was developed and provided to help the producer rate
the systems and decide which one is best suited to his
operation. (Penrod-East Central)
2475 - A2, Bl, E2 200
OUTDOOR, UNPAVED FEEDLOT
MANAGEMENT,
Agricultural Research Service, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, Nebraska University, Lin-
coln
J. A. Nienaber and G. B. Gilbertson
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,19 p. 2 fig, 4 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Design, Agricultural runoff,
Drainage, Mud, Snowmelt, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Unpaved feedlots, Waste management,
Holding pond, Debris basin, Mounding.
This report summarizes recommended management
practices for control of waste from outdoor, unpaved
feedlots. Area requirements for cattle, mound con-
struction, and drainage are discussed in terms of
basic requirements for satisfactory feedlot perfor-
mance. Mud problems must also be considered in the
design and management of the feedlot. The three
basic components of a runoff control system are:
holding pond, debris basin, and disposal area. Sugges-
tions for the design and management of the feedlot,
debris basin, holding pond and disposal area are gi-
ven. Facilities should be planned which provide for a
reduction of cattle density to 500 ft2-head during
winter operations. Mounds should be constructed
parallel to the lot slope and should be connected with
the feedbunk and waterer. A minimum of 1.25 ac-in-
acre volume should be provided if overflow is col-
lected by the holding pond. If the overflow cannot be
collected by the holding pond, 70 per cent of the 10
year, 24-hour storm should be provided for. An exces-
sive snowmelt should be anticipated every 2-3 years;
although reduced cattle density will relieve the result-
ing muddy conditions. There should be a minimum
holding pond storage volume of 100 per cent of the
10-year, 24-hour storm. An existing irrigation system
should be used if possible; otherwise, the minimum
area for liquid disposal is M> acre of pasture per acre of
feedlot. (Penrod-East Central)
2476 - Bl 200
CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS AND MA-
NURE MANAGEMENT: STATE OF
THE ART
V. M. Meyer
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,10 p. 17 fig.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Livestock, Design.
Identifiers: Waste management, Solid floors, Slotted
floors, Stall barn, Free stall, Pits.
This report lists various building types and their ma-
nure handling systems for swine, beef, dairy, poultry,
and sheep. The building types for swine were divided
in three categories: farrowing, nursery and finishing.
For farrowing, buildings housing solid floor with or
without bedding, and slotted floor, both total and par-
tial, were listed along with their manure handling
systems. A similar setup was provided for the nurse-
ry. For finishing swine, outside concrete and cold and
warm building were given with their systems. The
building types listed for beef were solid and slotted
floors. Dairy livestock buildings included stall barn
and free stall. For poultry, three building types were
listed: deep pit, liquid, and shallow pit. Sheep were
listed only with solid building types. (Penrod-East
Central)
2477 - Al, Bl 200
EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEMS ON THE ANIMAL'S
ENVIRONMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Nebraska
University, Lincoln
J. A. DeShazer
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973, 5 p. 1 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Farm management,
Waste storage, Ventilation, Odor, Humidity, Temp-
erature, Hydrogen sulfide, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Waste removal, Aerobic pit, Anaerobic
pit, Slotted floor.
A major concern of the livestock environmental en-
gineer about waste handling techniques is how these
systems affect the gaseous and bacterial environ-
ment of livestock. The objective of this study is to
describe the effects of such techniques on the animal.
Two systems under consideration are the storage of
the waste within the building and the frequent re-
251
-------
raoval of wastes from the building. A comparison of
the hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations of
an open-front swine building and an enclosed swine
building was made in the summer of 1971 at the Uni-
versity of Nebraska. Results showed that the level of
both gases was approximately the same. A study of pit
ventilation in swine confinement buildings versus
side wall ventilation with no pit ventilation during the
spring showed that there was no difference in hog
performance. More sneezing and coughing occurred
among pigs kept over anaerobic pits than among
those Kept over aerobic pits, according to a Purdue
University study. Hog management for proper dung-
ing habits is important in odor control of the hog's
environment. The waste handling system can affect
the thermal environment of the animals, with humid-
ity probably being the major concern. The study
showed that the performance of livestock seems not to
be affected by either the treatment of waste within the
building or frequent removal of waste from the build-
ing. (Penrod-East Central)
2478 - Bl, D2 200
SOLIDS SEPARATION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Wisconsin
University, Madison
R. E. Graves
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973, 8 p. 7 ref.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Solid wastes,
Slurries, Settling basin, Flotation, Centrifugation,
Moisture content.
Identifiers: Screening, Settling pond, Vacuum filtra-
tion.
Manure and water slurries resulting from hydraulic
cleaning or transport must be handled and-or treated.
The solid material in such slurries ranges from dis-
solved salts and soluble organic matter to hair, feath-
ers, unused feed, and stones. Since solids can be sepa-
rated from manure and water slurries, this can be a
useful step in an overall animal waste treatment sys-
tem. Solids separation may be achieved through use
of one of the following systems: settling, screens, vib-
rating screens, stationary sloping screens, other sc-
reens, flotation, centrifugation, and vacuum filtra-
tion. Each of these methods is explained. When using
solids separation and concentration for waste handl-
ing and treatment systems, the livestock owner must
keep in mind the cost, complexity, and the overall
goal of the waste management system. (Penrod-East
Central)
2479 - D4, Fl 200
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTES AND THE PROS-
PECTS FOR METHANE PRODUC-
TION,
R. J. Smith
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28 1973, 30 p. 2 fig, 5 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Livestock,
Methane, Costs, Toxicity, Temperature.
This paper describes the processes involved in
anaerobically digesting livestock wastes to produce
methane. Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes for
methane production is technically quite feasible, but
at present it is not economically feasible. Besides the
high capital investment for the methane production
itself (which is only a partial waste stabilization pro-
cess), any realistic anaerobic digester must be fol-
lowed by further processes of waste stabilization and
these may be expensive, or they may consume power,
thus reducing the amount available for sale. The au-
thor feels that a resurgence of interest in methane
production will occur on the part of the utilities (as
opposed to individual producers) if and when natural
gas becomes a scarce commodity. It should then be
possible to consider funding, using tax money since
the gas production would have some aspects of social
service. (Penrod-East Central)
2480 - A6, B3, D4 200
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIVES-
TOCK WASTES,
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,11 p. 2 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Livestock, Design,
Organic acids, Nitrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Oxidation
reduction potential, pH.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Mechanically aerated
lagoon, Oxidation pond, Aerators.
The purpose of this report is to provide a brief descrip-
tion of design procedures for aerobic treatment
facilities which can be used in consultations with indi-
vidual livestock producers. Basically, there are three
approaches to aerobic treatment. They are: (1) oxi-
dation ditch, (2) mechanically aerated lagoon, and
(3) oxidation pond. Each of these methods is discus-
sed. A major problem with an aerobic treatment pro-
cess is the breakdown or overloading of the aeration
system. When this happens, the aerobic bacteria may
have competition from other organisms which utilize
other compounds in their metabolic processes. If the
aeration equipment fails to operate and the aerobic
process becomes anaerobic, the organisms will first
use nitrate as an electron acceptor in their
metabolism. Sulfate may also be utilized releasing
hydrogen sulfide gas which can kill livestock. A final
substitute for oxygen may be an organic compound
which can result in methane production. The terminal
product of the oxidation-reduction process is control-
led by the ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential) of
the liquid. This means that when aerators break
down, it is important that they be repaired or replaced
as soon as possible to prevent ORP from dropping to
the level where odorous gases are given off. A shift in
pH may also result during these anaerobic conditions
from the production of organic acids. This shift may
cause flaming when the aerators are restarted. A
final decision on equipment should be based on av-
ailability of replacement parts and reliability.
(Penrod-East Central)
2481 - B2 200
FLUSH GUTTER SYSTEMS-
-CURRENT IOWA INSTALLATIONS,
S. W. Melvin, J. C. Lorimor, D. O. Hull
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,10 p. 3 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Iowa, Hydraulic systems, Anaerobic di-
gestion, Lagoons, Confinement pens.
Identifiers: Flush gutter systems, Pits, Slotted floors,
Flumes.
Several different types of hydraulic flush confine-
ment beef buildings have been, or are being con-
structed in Iowa. Many questions concerning their
operation remain unanswered. All of these systems
are utilizing lagoons, for treatment and storage prior
to recycling or disposal. Anaerobic lagoons could well
be the limiting component of these systems. Only time
will answer some of the questions concerning man-
agement and operation of each of these systems. En-
gineers will be required to develop some of these con-
cepts even further as confinement feeding of beef cat-
tle continues. (Melvin)
2482 - B2 200
HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANIMAL WASTE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minnesota
University, St. Paul
J. A. Moore
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,18 p. 2 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Hydraulic systems, Animal wastes, De-
sign, Moisture content, Viscosity, Pumping, Waste
storage, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Solids content, Flushing, Settling Agita-
tion, Collection, Utilization, Total solids.
Hydraulic characteristics must be considered when
planning or managing an animal waste system. The
four system components are collection, storage,
treatment, and utilization. Not all of these compo-
nents are included in every system. The purpose of
this report is to examine the hydraulic characteristics
of animal waste and their application to the engineer-
ing properties of materials as applied to designing
and-or managing livestock wastes. Hydraulic charac-
teristics discussed are: moisture content and its mea-
surement, flushing, solids content and viscosity, settl-
ing, agitation, and pumping. In the measurement of
moisture content, calculated total solids must be re-
lated to the fluid characteristics. Other factors be-
sides particle size need to be considered in settling
evaluation. They include precipitation, amount of sol-
ids and removal, and water-manure ratio. Study data
indicate that as the quantity of waste hay, silage and
green shop entering' increases, agitation becomes
more difficult. Hydraulic characteristics and many
other factors combine to determine the design and
management of a livestock waste system. (Penrod-
East Central)
2483 - B2 200
DESIGNING GUTTER FLUSHING
SYSTEMS,
Missouri University Columbia
R. M. George
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,14 p. 5 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Design criteria, Hydraulic transporta-
tion, Missouri, Mannings Equation, Flow, Slope, Vel-
ocity.
Identifiers: Gutter flushing, Instant lagoon concept,
s, Swine.
Gutter flushing systems seem to work well with the
components of animal waste management systems
using anaerobic lagooning and irrigation disposal of
the effluent. Such systems have minimum odors, low
cost, and the flushing is most consistent with good
lagoon management. The purpose of this report is to
provide parameters for designing gutter flushing sys-
tems. The report provides a procedure for designing
open gutter and gutter under slats flushing systems
for swine. The method also works well for Beef
Slope-Slot Systems. A new variation of hydraulic
transport called "Instant Lagoon Concept" is de-
scribed. This concept says if .0027123 of the lagoon
design volume is circulated daily through a smaller
pit or basin, the biological activity would be the same
if the same amount of manure were placed continu-
ously in the larger lagoon. Supporting design data
derived from operating Missouri systems are pre-
sented. The selection of design parameters is
examined and the depth of flow, width of channel and
hydraulic radius are discussed. Design philosophy
and procedures are given. Some systems and their
application are explained. (Penrod-East Central)
2484 - B2 200
RECIRCULATION EQUIPMENT DE-
SIGN AND SELECTION,
University, Ames
G. B. Parker
252
-------
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,7 p.
Descriptors: Equipment, Design, Hydraulic trans-
portation, Recycling, Lagoons, Pumps.
Identifiers: Flushing, Channel design, Piping.
Large quantities of a relatively "clean" pumpable
liquid are needed for hydraulic transport of animal
wastes from a confinement system. Although the cost
of great quantities of fresh water is high, the main
problem is the hauling and disposal of the resultant
contaminated liquor. The purpose of this study is to
investigate recycling as a means of supplying the
quantities of fluid required without increasing the
volume of waste to be disposed of. So far only two
economically feasible waste handling systems
applicable to hydraulic transport have been de-
veloped. They are the aerobic lagoon or basin and the
anaerobic lagoon. The anaerobic lagoon eliminates
most of the solids because nearly all solids settle to the
bottom where they are anaerobically digested at var-
ying rates. However high chemical instability has
been encountered as a significant problem with this
system. In designing a hydraulic transport system,
channel design, method of flushing, pipes, and the
type of recycle pump to be used must be decided upon.
The author's experience with various brands and
models of pumps is given. (Penrod-East Central)
2485 - Al, Bl, E2 200
AGRONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF
ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL,
Extension Agronomist, Iowa State University, Ames
R. D. Voss
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973, 7 p. 5 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Agronomy, Crop re-
sponse, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Nutrients, Salts.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
In this paper the assumption is made that the soil's
usefulness for crop production is to be maintained.
The primary concern is if land disposal of animal
wastes is the ultimate goal, how much can be applied
without causing short or long term problems. Short
term effects would include: salt and toxic effects on
germination and growth of plants, loss of nitrate in
drainage water, crop quality, crop yields, and surface
runoff. Long term effects would include: crop produc-
tivity, accumulative salt effect on crops, dispersal of
soils by accumulation of sodium, and nutrient imba-
lance due to phosphorus or other element buildup.
Suggested optimum rates of application of animal
wastes for efficient utilization of the nutrients by har-
vested crops are 10 to 20 tons per acre on a fresh
weight basis according to several authorities. Plans
for any animal waste handling system should include
provision for waste disposal. The plans should be ac-
cording to guidelines which, hopefully, will include
agronomic considerations. (Penrod-East Central)
2486 - Al, B2, E2 200
SUMMARY OF KANSAS' EXPERI-
ENCE WITH LIQUID WASTE
SPREADING,
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Ag-
ronomy, Kansas State University
H. L. Manges, L. S. Murphy, and W. L. Powers
"esented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
inference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
»-28,1873, 9 p. 2 fig, 3 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Kansas, Agricultural runoff, Lagoons,
Jertuizers, Nutrients, Crop response, Salt tolerance,
Chemical properties.
identifiers: Land disposal, Guidelines.
The cattle feeders of Kansas are controlling surface
water pollution by catching and storing teedlot runoff
in lagoons. In Western Kansas, collected runoff is
evaporated since evaporation greatly exceeds rain-
fall. Remaining feedlots resort to land disposal of the
runoff. Since land application of runoff hasn't been
practiced very much, little is known about application
rates. The purpose of this report is to examine and
determine the pollution potential from high applica-
tion rates of f eedlot wastes to land. The study showed
that snowmelt runoff pollutants concentration is 2 to
2% times that of rainfall. Runoff storage in lagoons
results in pollutants concentration increasing with the
evaporation of pure water. Recommendations for
runoff analyses are given. If runoff is applied as a
fertilizer it should be applied at rates necessary to
supply the nutrients required by the crop growth. Fer-
tilizer recommendation for the area could be used as
one criteria. Guidelines and recommendations were
given for feedlot runoff application onto land. Aver-
age annual application rates of 5, 5 and 9 inches in
1971,1972, and 1973, respectively resulted in top corn
forage yields in Kansas. Salt buildup in the soil will
eventually determine application rates. (Penrod-
East Central)
2487 - B2, E2 200
RETURNING ANIMAL WASTES TO
THE LAND-EQUIPMENT CONSID-
ERATIONS,
Missouri University, Columbia
M. Peterson
Presented at Midwest Livestock Waste Management
Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, November
27-28,1973,11 p. 2 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: Equipment, Design criteria, Pumps,
Pipes, Irrigation, Slurries, Lagoons, Volume.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Consistency.
Large waste disposal and potential pollution prob-
lems are created by the concentration of livestock in
small areas. The purpose of this report is to describe
developments in animal waste systems including:
collection, pumping, and distribution systems. The
initial considerations of planning a livestock opera-
tion are location and good design and management.
Design considerations include: (1) Volume of wastes
produced, (2) Consistency of wastes, (3) Pump mate-
rials and seals, (4) Pumping unit controls, (5) Piping
systems, and (6) Choosing an irrigation disposal sys-
tem. Lagoon effluent, or other fluid wastes containing
less than 5 per cent solids can be handled by most
irrigation systems: ditches with spile tubes, gated
pipe, hand-carry sprinkler systems, traveling gun
systems, side-roll sprinkler systems and center pivot
sprinklers. Liquid slurries, having up to 14 per cent
solids, may be handled only by a hand carry gun
sprinkler, liquid manure tankwagon, or a traveling
gun sprinkler. Alternative ownership schemes for
livestock producers reluctant to invest large amount
of money in irrigation disposal equipment initially are
provided. Management is the key to making
designed system work. (Penrod-East Central
a well-
)
2488 - A5, B2, F2 200
PERSONAL SIDELIGHTS AND OB-
SERVATIONS OF THE HBI TRIAL,
L. Harper
Missouri Ruralist, Vol. 110, No. 7, p. 38-39, April 12,
Descriptors: Odor, Lagoons, Zoning.
Identifiers: Lawsuits, Swine industry.
This report examines the Bower vs. Hog Builders In-
corporated (HBI) trial and its impact on livestock
producers. The plantiffs claimed that their lives had
been made miserable either by intent or willful negli-
gence on the part of HBI. The point was made that
anaerobic lagoons were never intended to be waste
disposal structures and that odor was a natural
characteristic of anaerobic lagoons. An important
question that the trial raised was: "Who does the
livestock man turn to for advice and recommenda-
tions with some assurance of protection against a
lawsuit?" Another point that needed to be clarified
was whether or not a hog operation—even a large hog
operation—can be classified as a heavy industry when
zoning regulations are being applied. These and sev-
eral other questions were brought out by the HBI trial
which awarded the plaintiff's damages. This trial
points to need for livestock producers to be aware of
and to control pollution from their facilities so that
environmental quality can be preserved and lawsuits
can be avoided. (Penrod-East Central)
2489 - Bl 600
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR
CONFINEMENT SWINE FACILITIES.
Hog Product Manager, Big Dutchman, Zeeland,
Michigan
B. Engle
Presented at the 1972 Winter Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, De-
cember 11-15,1972, Paper No. 72-919,12 p. 4 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Planning, Design,
Ventilation, Temperature.
Identifiers: Swine, Comfort zone.
The purpose of this report is to present management
tools developed by Big Dutchman for commercial hog
producers that may be utilized in planning hog
facilities. The author stresses the necessity of having
better managers in order to obtain the best results
from facilities improved by technology. Since hogs
are very sensitive to temperature, the facilities dis-
cussed are designed to maintain the temperature
within the range of 50 degrees to 80 degrees. The
major factor holding back acceptance of confinement
facilities is poor ventilation. One difficulty in properly
ventilating a building is that hogs do not all require the
same temperature and air movement. Negative air
systems are favored by the author and his company
for maintaining the air patterns that provide oxygen,
clean out foul air, promote good dunging habits, and
keep temperature variations at a minimum. These
systems are discussed. The various side issues to ven-
tilation that affect environmental control are: pig
brooding, type of penning, long narrow pens, comfort
zone, per cent of slats, and evaporative cooling.
Proper planning is essential in keeping labor at a
minimum and in promoting proper production flow.
Methods of grouping sows for breeding and continu-
ous farrowing are examined. Clean up in the farrow-
ing units is also discussed. A simple method of plan-
ning a hog facility so that expansion is possible by
simply adding on necessary buildings is given.
(Penrod-East Central)
2490 - Al, E2 100
EFFECTS OF BEEF-FEEDLOT MA-
NURE AND LAGOON WATER ON
IRON, ZINC, MANGANESE AND
COPPER CONTENT IN CORN AND IN
DTPA SOIL EXTRACTS.
Departments of Agronomy and Agricultural En-
gineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan
G. W. Wallingford, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Powers, and
H. L. Manges
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 39,
No. 3, p. 482-487, May-June, 1975. 6 fig, 4 tab, 25 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Crop response, Cop-
per, Iron, Zinc, Manganese.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Manure, Lagoon water,
DTPA, Soil Extracts, Nutrient availability.
The effects of beef-feedlot manure and lagoon water
on DTPA-extractable iron, zinc, manganese, and
copper of a silty clay loam soil, concentrations of
these elements in com (Zea mays L.) forage and leaf
tissue, and their uptake by corn forage were studied in
253
-------
the field. The pH of the soil studied was not appreci-
ably changed by the manure applications during the
two years of the study. However, the soil availability
(as measured by the DTPA extraction) of Zn, Fe, Mn,
and to a lesser extent, Cu was increased. Manure
applications enhanced corn-leaf and forage concent-
rations of Zn, and Mn and corn-forage uptake of Mn.
There was a consistently high correlation of the Mn
plant data with the cumulative manure applied. Man-
ure applications were shown to increase the availabil-
ity of Zn and Mn in the soil studied but did not consis-
tently affect corn concentrations of Fe and Cu and
uptake of Fe, Zn, and Cu. Increased DTPA-
extractable Fe, Zn, and Mn were found in soil cores
taken from plots that had received two years of beef-
feedlot lagoon water; Cu was unaffected. This study
showed that lagoon water effectively increased the
availability of Fe and Mn. The study also indicated
that f eedlot wastes were sources of the trace elements
Fe, Zn, and Mn. Annual applications of either manure
or lagoon water could correct the soil deficiencies of
these micronutrients. (Penrod-East Central)
2491 - Al, B2, E2 100
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF-
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT APPLIED TO
FORAGE SORGHUM GROWN ON A
COLO SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL,
Former Research Assistant, Nebraska University,
Lincoln
J. E. Sukovaty, L. F. Elliott, and N. P. Swanson
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 3, No. 4, p.
381-388, October-December, 1974. 6 fig, 6 tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Effluent, Agricultural runoff,
Crop response, Forage sorghum, Nutrients, Cations,
Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Application rates, Soil solution, pH.
The effects of beef feedlot effluent and water addi-
tions to a forage sorghum were compared during two
consecutive growing seasons. Increased forage pro-
duction in both years of the study resulted from the
addition of beef-feedlot effluent. The highest yield for
both years was obtained from an application rate of 25
cm-year (2.5 cm-week) and this was significantly
higher than yields from other treatments during the
second year. The above application rate may be near
the optimum for maximum production. Yields were
not increased by a higher application rate of 50 cm-
year (5 cm-week). However, no major forage yield
reductions were observed from the higher application
rates. There was a slight additive result noted on the
N03--N content of the plant material as a result of the
effluent addition. No appreciable change in soil
NOj-N concentrations, as affected by effluent addi-
tion, was indicated. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, and
Na, and K in the forage sorghum were not affected by
the application of beef-feedlot effluent. During the
2-year study, phosphorus increased in the surface 10
cm of the soil as the effluent application was in-
creased. A slight increase of Ca, Na, and K was noted
in the soil solution as a result of effluent addition. Few
problems in crop production should be offered by
feedlot-effluent disposal at the crop nutrient require-
ments. It was indicated that phosphorus would be the
limiting factor in effluent application. (Penrod-East
Central)
2492 - Al, B2, E2 600
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
THROUGH CONTINUOUS SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins
R. C. Ward, J. L. Smith, and D. B. McWhorter
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, June 22-25,1975,15 p. 3 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Equipment, Costs, En-
vironmental effects, Odor, Aesthetics, Insects.
Identifiers: Subsurface injection.
This paper describes an animal waste management
program for liquid manure systems which overcomes
many economic problems and which satisfies en-
vironmental constraints. The described program
utilizes a conventional liquid manure system from the
feedlot to the storage pit, with a continuous subsur-
face injection system being used for actual disposal.
This continuous system overcomes many of the limi-
tations associated with a batch (tank wagon) opera-
tion. The main purpose of subsurface injection is to
thoroughly mix the manure with the soil, utilize
minimum power, and not have the manure exposed
directly to the air. Such disposal permits rapid drying
and repeated applications at frequent intervals. The
manure is covered by the soil at such a depth that
aerobic conditions prevail, which greatly reduces the
odors and insects normally associated with land dis-
posal of manure. The waste management operations
aesthetics are greatly improved for the nearby
neighbors and the dairy farmer. An economic com-
parison of the system with other systems is given and
environmental constraints on the system are briefly
discussed. It was concluded that the continuous sub-
surface injection system offers an environmentally
sound method of disposing of animal wastes and re-
duces labor costs. (Penrod-East Central)
2493 - D4, E3 400
FUEL FOR THOUGHT: IS
STOCKPILED ENERGY GOING TO
WASTE?,
J. L. Parker
Western Livestock Journal, Vol. 52, No. 26, April 1974,
p.66-68, April, 1974. 4 fig.
Descriptors: Methane, Fertilizers, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Bio-gas digester.
This report examines the production of methane and
ammonium type fertilizers from controlled natural
digesters. The process of gas production is one of
anaerobic decay. Utilizing this process for reclaiming
concentrations of animal waste is becoming more
economically feasible since natural gas shortages are
affecting fertilizer production. This form of natural
bacterial digestion is a biological process which
achieves maximum results when the waste material
is maintained at a temperature range of 75 to 90 de-
grees F. If managed properly, it can be free of air
pollution. The use of feedlot manure in this process is
logical since in terms of purity, feedlot manure is an
unadulterated product of uniform consistency in both
gas and fertilizer values. From one pound of dry feed-
lot manure, approximately one cubic foot of gas av-
eraging 70 per cent methane can be generated. The
heat value of the gas produced is about 650-700 B.T.U.s
per cubic foot. This compares with 454 B.T.U.s per
cubic foot of coal gas generated in English gas plants.
The digested sludge contains nitrogen mainly in the
form of ammonium. By drying the digested sludge as
a filter cake, a concentrated fertilizer is produced.
The most successful continuous cycle bio-gas diges-
ters have been in the form of horizontal tanks divided
by a half wall down the center. This type seems to
yield maximum production of gas while achieving
maximum reduction of the wastes and consequent
increase in concentrated fertilizer values. (Penrod-
East Central)
2494 - Al, A3^ E2 300
TREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DIS-
POSAL OF CATTLE FEEDLOT
WASTES,
Kansas State university, Manhattan
H. L. Manges, R. I. Lipper, L. S. Murphy, W. L. Pow-
ers, and L. A. Schmid
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
660-2-754)13, June, 1975,136 p. 44 fig, 26 tab, 78 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Waste treatment, Waste dis-
posal, Anaerobic lagoon, Water pollution, Rainfall,
Soil chemistry, Soils.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Water pollutants, Great
Plains, Environment.
A study was conducted to determine the characteris-
tics of beef feedlot wastes, both runoff and manure,
and the optimum application rate of these wastes to
land. The project was located at a commercial beef
feedlot in southcentral Kansas. Characteristics of
beef feedlot wastes varied widely with season. Near
maximum corn forage yields, without excessive ac-
cumulation of salt in die soil, were obtained from
waste application rates necessary to meet nitrogen
fertilizer recommendations. At these waste applica-
tion rates, basic intake rate of water into the soil was
increased. Net income from irrigated corn production
was sufficient to make application of feedlot manure
with disposal as the main objective unprofitable.
Land application rates of beef feedlot wastes should
be based upon the results of laboratory analyses of
wastes from each feedlot. Feedlot wastes should be
applied at rates necessary to meet nitrogen fertilizer
recommendations. A salt-alkali test should be made
annually on the surface soil to monitor changes in soil
salinity levels. (Manges-Kansas State University)
2495 - Al, E3 300
RESEARCH STATUS ON EFFECTS
OF LAND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL
WASTES,
Kansas State University, Manhattan
W. L. Powers, G. W. Wallingford, and L. S. Murphy
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-
660-2-75-010, June, 1975,96 p. 5 fig, 13 tab, 233 ref.
Descriptors: Soil disposal fields, Agricultural runoff,
Research and development.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution, Soil contamina-
tion, Soil properties, Application rates.
The primary purpose of this report was to review the
literature and analyze research needs on the effects of
land application of animal waste. An additional pur-
pose was to assemble published information on appli-
cation guidelines for animal waste. Included in this
report are information on the characteristics of
waste, effects of waste on soil and water near applica-
tion sites, application rates, application techniques,
and research needs. This report is organized into six
main topics: (1) climate, waste, and soil classifica-
tion; (2), waste composition; (3), effect of waste on
the environment; (4), application rates based on
waste constituents; (5), application techniques; and
(6), research needs. The climate, waste, and soil clas-
sification systems were developed to allow compari-
son of the effects of animal waste applications on land
in various parts of the country. The composition of the
waste in each climate was tabulated and values com-
pared. Comparisons between climatic regions were
not possible because of the large variability within
regions. Because of this variability no average com-
position for a given waste in a given climatic region
was possible. The effect of the waste on the environ-
ment was measured in terms of the possible final
disposition of the waste constituents. These con-
stituents could accumulate in the soil, move to the
ground water, run off the soil surface, or be taken up
by plants. Attempts were made to assemble applica-
tion guidelines from the various parts of the country.
(Powers-EPA)
2496 - A5, A8, B2, D3, D4, E2 300
K.S.U. AEROBIC SWINE WASTE
HANDLING SYSTEM (6 YEARS OF
PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS),
Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas
State University, Manhattan
B. A. Koch, R. H. Hines, G. L. Allee, and R. I. Upper
Unpublished Paper No. 20-15, Kansas State Univer-
sity, Manhattan, 15 p. 3 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Kansas, Aerobic conditions, Dusts,
Costs, Odor.
Identifiers: Swine, Oxidation waste disposal system,
Flies, Foam control.
254
-------
The purpose of this report was to evaluate the use of
an aerobic waste-oxidation system for handling swine
wastes. The main operational problem of this unit was
a layer of foam that did not circulate and which, there
fore, dried into a thick crusty layer on the surface of
the liquid in the pits. The majority of the additives
used to successfully break up the foam alleviated the
immediate problem but none seemed to prevent the
formation of more foam. By accident, two effective
foam dispensers were found. They were Foremost-
Soweena (a milk replacer for baby pigs) and
Ferma-Grow (a fermentation feed additive).
Poloxalene (active ingredient in Bloat Guard) was
also found to be an effective foam-control agent. A
noticeable odor problem (probably H2S) was not
overcome by the foam dispersers. It was controlled
and eliminated by regularly adding small amounts of
Puritan Liquid Live Microorganisms to each pit. A
dust problem was also solved. Overall, the unit is
functioning satisfactorily with minimum mainte-
nance and supervision. There are low labor require-
ments and no odor problems. The application of waste
fluid to fields can be done any time die soil isn't too wet
(no complaints from neighbors regardless of wind
direction or humidity conditions). Pigs are perform-
ing satisfactorily in the unit, flies are easily controlled
and suitable sanitation is easily maintained. How-
ever, operational costs have been higher than desired.
(Penrod-East Central)
2497 - Al, Bl, Fl, F2 300
AGRICULTURE AND THE POLLU-
TION PROBLEM,
J. C. Street
Utah Law Review, p. 395403, June, 1970. 16 ref.
Descriptors: Agriculture, Water pollution control,
Water pollution sources, Organic wastes, Economics,
Regulation.
Identifiers: Pollution.
Agricultural practices are contributing significantly
to environmental pollution. Animal and domestic
wastes have a pronounced pollutive effect, especially
when discharged directly into rivers and streams.
Such discharges raise the nitrogen and phosphorus
levels of the water and may result in increased con-
centrations of disease organisms and in undesirable
eutrophication of ponds and lakes. In addition, there is
the problem of domestic wastes from rural homes,
most of which are not equipped with advanced septic
systems. The discharge of organic waste matter from
the industrial processing of agricultural commodities
raises the biochemical oxygen demand of the water
into which it is discharged. Over-application of fer-
tilizer and consequent excessive nutrient leaching or
loss by runoff is another problem. A small increase in
the concentration of phosphorus from fertilizers may
result in an algae-bloom and eventually a fouled,
oxygen-deficient, stagnant system. Regulations have
been put forth in attempts to maintain the quality of
the country's waters, but the small producer has not
yet been compelled to comply because of lack of re-
sources for enforcement and because of the small
farmer's inability to absorb the added costs.
(Johnson-Florida)
- D2, E3, Fl 300
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM FEEDLOT
MANURE: A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
STUDY,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State
University, Manhattan
C. R. Engler, W. P. Walawender, and L. T. Fan
Untribution No. 37, Department of Chemical En-
gneering, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Manhattan, December 1,1973,34 p. 7 fig, 7 tab, 51 ref.
Descriptors: Design, Equipment, Feedlots, Costs,
uiemical properties, Moisture content, Transporta-
tion.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis.
This study presents the development of a conceptual
plant design to process 1000 T-D (tons-day) of raw
manure (50 per cent moisture) toyieldasynthesisgas
composed of CO, HZ, and CH4. Estimated capital in-
vestment and operating costs for the plant are pre-
sented along with the results of sensitivity analysis,
i.e. studies of the effects of variations in the size of the
plant, raw manure moisture content, manure com-
position, and transportation costs on the cost of the
synthesis gas. The capital investment required for the
plant was estimated at $6.07 MM (million), with an-
nual operating costs at $2.54 MM. It was determined
that for a 16 per cent return of investment at current
gas prices, the 1000 T-D plant would have to receive a
credit of approximately $3.65-ton. To make manure
pyrolysis economically feasible, improvements in the
process or significant changes in the cost for produc-
ing synthesis gas by conventional methods would be
needed. (Penrod-East Central)
2499 - D2, D3, E3 400
PAUNCH FEEDING NOW PROFITA-
BLE,
Calf News, Vol. 13, No. 8, p. 14-15, 30, August, 1975. 6
fig.
Descriptors: Economics, Cattle.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Paunch manure, Blood,
Chemical treatment, Corral industries.
The economic feasibility of paunch feeding is being
investigated in Phoenix, Arizona where Corral Indus-
tries has developed a new two-phase system for re-
covering the liquids and solids from paunch and mak-
ing an acceptable cattle feed. Preliminary trials have
indicated acceptance of up to 70 per cent of the total
diet. The paunch is collected and extruded. Tramp
metals are magnetically removed from the solids and
then the material is chemically treated to kill enteric
bacteria, to mask odor, to create a residual kill of
bacteria, and to add food value. The treatment also
degrades the fiber to make the material more availa-
ble the second time around. Although the initial oper-
ation was a mobile unit, a full-scale model is now
operating to get some of the bugs out of the designing
and handling aspects of the operation. Through the
process, blood from the packing house becomes a val-
uable feed supplement along with the roughage. Basic
equipment for recovery is briefly discussed. Accord-
ing to test results, a 1,000 head kill should feed 1,000
head in the f eedlot. The pay back period of the opera-
tion would be a little over two years. However, if the
blood recovery system were added it would take only
a year. (Penrod-East Central)
2500 - D4, E3 100
THE BIO-GAS PLANT: GENERATING
METHANE FROM ORGANIC
WASTES,
R. B. Singh
Compost Science, Vol. 13, No. 1, P. 20-25,1972. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Recycling, Organic wastes, Methane,
Design, Slurries, Fermentation.
Identifiers: Bio-gas plant.
Bio-gas plants can be designed to work efficiently and
to meet energy needs effectively in nearly any in-
stance where natural gas can be used. Bio-gas is very
similar to natural gas in composition and can be pro-
duced from farm wastes. The size of a bio-gas plant
depends upon the production requirement and the
amount of raw material available. Other considera-
tions are the suitability of the raw material, the temp-
erature of the operating cycle and the length of the
operating cycle. Small gas plants can produce up to
500 cu. ft. of gas per day, and large plants can produce
up to 9,000 cu. ft. per day. Materials used are usually
cow dung and vegetable wastes with a carbon to nit-
rogen ratio of optimally 25:1. The operating cycle
works best when warm and should be insulated if
installed in colder climates. Agitation is not always
required for small plants but is usually mandatory for
large plants. The bio-gas is collected by a metal drum
inverted over the fermenting slurry. The pressure
keeps the gas from escaping, and the gas collects in
the drum for storage. Bio-gas plants can be built
above ground or under ground. Above ground design
provides for a radiant heat source from the sun, while
under ground design assists the gravity feed system
for slurry to enter the plant. (Sanders-East Central)
2501 - Dl, E3, E4, Fl 400
MANURE PROCESSING YIELDS
PRODUCT USED IN PLASTICS,
J. D. Kendall, Editor
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 32, p. 12-13, August 11,1975.
Descriptors: Recycling, By-products, Feedlots,
Texas, Fertilizers, Gases, Plastics, Pipelines, Cattle,
Economics.
Identifiers: Ethylene.
In research with the objective of showing that f eedlot
waste could be converted to synthetic gas for produc-
ing fertilizer, Dr. James G. Halligan, Texas Tech
chemical engineer, found that cattle manure yields
ethylene which is used in plastics manufacturing. R.
Douglas Kreis, project officer of the EPA agricultural
waste research program at Ada, Oklahoma, stated
that, on the basis of the Texas Tech research, ethylene
could be recovered at the rate of 180 Ibs. per dry ton of
beef cattle manure. The process seems to be econom-
ically feasible with the use of pipelines to transport
the gas, and it appears to be a constructive solution to
the disposal of the 2-4 million tons of manure produced
annually on the Texas plains. Other experimentation
is continuing to determine uses for other products
yielded from this process—other gases, tars, waste-
water, and an inert residue containing ash. It is felt
that the ash might be used for playa lake fills, road
fills, or in construction. (Sanders-East Central)
2502 - A2, A3, Bl, 100
A SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF ANIMAL
WASTES ON STREAM POLLUTION
FROM SELECTED DAIRY FARMS,,
Department of Dairy Science, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina
J. J. Janzen, A. B. Bodine, and L. J. Luszcz
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 57, No. 2, p. 260-263,
February, 1974. 3 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Dairy industry, Sampl-
ing, Coliforms, South Carolina, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Chemical oxygen demand, pH, Nutrients.
A study was conducted in South Carolina in which
water was sampled from streams adjacent to selected
dairy farms. The waste management systems utilized
by these farms were lagooning, dry disposal, and
liquid manure handling. Stream samplings were
taken above, adjacent to, and below the major animal
waste drainage areas. It was determined that 42 per
cent of the selected farms contributed in varying
amounts to a reduction in stream water quality.
Twenty-six per cent of these farms contributed to sig-
nificant increases in fecal conform concentrations.
Studies are underway to determine the effects of
depth, site, and frequency of sampling on measures of
stream water quality. Water quality data is also being
collected for streams draining virgin lands that are
free of domesticated animals. (Penrod-East Central)
2503 - D4, E3, Fl 500
THE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC
WASTE: INTENSIVE CATTLE PRO-
DUCTION,
Asia Research Pte. Ltd.
Asia Research Pte. Ltd., Stamford House, Stamford
Road, Singapore 6,1974,36 p. 40 fig, 24 tab, 62 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Organic wastes, Technolo-
255
-------
gy, Fermentation, Cattle, Poultry, Costs, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Microbial contamination.
The recycling system is bound to be widely adopted in
order for the cattle industry to meet future pollution
control and food shortage problems. Technology for
recycling animal wastes for beef cattle consumption
has been developed by Dr. Z. Muller of Asia Research
(Pte.) Ltd. The technology is based on lactic fermen-
tation which converts organic waste (including ani-
mal waste, industrial and agricultural by-products
and municipal garbage) into inexpensive but highly
efficient animal feed. The fermentation process has
eliminated the problem of microbial contamination
and thus cancels the need for any costly drying of the
organic waste. Dr. Muller emphasizes the intrinsic
value of poultry litter as the most valuable source for
conversion into cattle feed when compared to poultry
manure, cattle litter, and feedlot waste. Advantages
of organic waste recycling techniques are: (1) in-
creased production of beef of a higher quality, (2)
more economical beef production, (3) beef produc-
tion, without arable or agricultural land, (4) the re-
lease of cereals and vegetable protein for human and
monogastric consumption and (5) abatement of a pol-
lution problem. Consultancy is offered by Asia Re-
search (Pte.) Ltd. for those who may be interested in
conversion of organic waste for a feedlot operation or
those who wish to consider the processing of organic
waste as a commercial feed ingredient. (Battles-East
Central)
2504 - Al, Bl, El
STRIP-MINE FEEDLOTS,
B. McElroy
The Furrow, Vol. 78, p. 15, April, 1973.1 fig.
400
Descriptors: Strip mines, Feedlots, Cattle, Perfor-
mance, Runoff, Ohio.
Identifiers: Waste management.
growing chicks instigated a study of the microflora of
the litter and droppings of these test chicks to deter-
mine the possible relationships to vitamin 812 con-
tent. The Utter that was analyzed was used by chicks
during the first 8 weeks of brooding. Results are pre-
sented for the microflora analyses of 85 litter samples
and 60 droppings samples. The litter varied from un-
used litter to litter which had been used more than a
year. Corn cob litter was predominantly studied, but
shavings and bark were also analyzed. Bacteria,
molds, and yeasts showed definite increase in poultry
which had aged up to at least 6 weeks. Built-up litter
(over 1 year old) contained fewer yeasts, molds and
coliforms than either weekly changed of unchanged
litter (1-8 weeks of use) and fewer lactobacilli and
enterococci than unchanged Utter. Liming built-up
litter at a rate of 10-15 Ibs. per 100 sq. ft. of floor space
as needed for conditioning the lifter reduced notice-
ably all classes of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. Feed
and water appeared to be major factors affecting the
microflora of the intestinal tract of chickens. The total
count for both aerobes and anaerobes plus aerobes
was highest at 30 degrees C storage, corresponding to
the higher vitamin BIZ content reported at this temp-
erature. The pH of poultry Utter increased from 6.3 for
new cob litter to 7.0 for unchanged litter after 1-8
weeks for use, and 8.0 for built-up litter. Limed built-
up shavings litter showed a pH of 8.6 as compared to
7.5 for unlimed litter. The change in pH of litter as it
ages probably explains the decrease in yeasts and
molds present. (Penrod-East Central)
2506 - Al, Bl 200
AGRICULTURE AND NATURE'S
NUTRIENT CYCLES,
The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C.
W. H. Carman
In' 'Relationship of Agriculture to Soil and Water Pol-
lution," Cornell University Conference on Agricul-
tural Waste Management, Rochester, New York,
1970, p. 11-20. 2 tab, 12 ref.
College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Wisconsin
University, Madison
L. M. Walsh, R. F. Hensler and E. E. Schulte
Circular A1672, Wisconsin Agricultural Extension
Service, Madison, May, 1975,6 p. 5 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Crop re-
sponse, Odor, Lagoons, Agricultural runoff, Leach-
Identifiers: Nutrient conservation, Land disposal,
Volatilization.
Although manure is a valuable by-product of the lives-
tock industry, only a fraction of its potential crop-
producing value is realized. Some of the reasons are:
poor distribution when applied; runoff losses; leach-
ing ; and volatilization. The purpose of this report is to
discuss the fertilizing value of manure, the quantity
and composition of manure produced by Wisconsin
livestock, and the methods of conserving and handl-
ing manure. Manure adds nitrogen, phosphorus, or-
ganic matter, potassium and other elements such as
magnesium, boron, copper, calcium, sulfur, man-
ganese and zinc to the soil. Factors affecting manure
composition are the kind and amount of litter, the kind
of animal, digestibility of the feed consumed, and
handling and storage procedures. The distribution of
nutrients in liquid and solid manure is discussed. Of
the crops which can utilize nitrogen and other nut-
rients from the manure, corn responds best. Several
methods of conserving nutrients are: (1) reduce
liquid losses, (2) consider chemical preservatives,
and (3) reduce volatilization losses. Methods for solid
manure handling that are discussed are: (1) daily-
spread manure, (2) stacked manure, and (3) loose
housing manure. Liquid systems of manure handling
include: (1) aerobic lagoons, and (2) anaerobic la-
goons. Chlorine and hydrated lime are important
chemicals in the control of odor. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
Ohio State University has found an abandoned strip
mine to be a practical feedlot for cattle. An initial cost
of $125 was required to build a barbed-wire fence
around a couple of acres of abandoned strip pit and to
pipe water to the lot from a pond in a field above the
pit. Many benefits were found to be gained by this sort
of an arrangement. The first group of steers tested in
the lot actually gained more efficiently than another
group fed in a total-confinement unit. Even though the
animals in the strip-mine feedlot didn't have shelter,
they were not stressed by bad weather because the
vertical high wall left by the mining operation made
an excellent weather break. Manure removal was not
found to be necessary. The steers trampled their ma-
nure down into the stony subsoil. Soil conservation
experts say that this action will eventually leach the
mine acids out of the soil and permit grass to grow.
Evaluation of a bigger strip-mine lot was similar,
with average daily gain of the steers being better than
two pounds per head. The study concludes that now
the scars left by strip-mining can be put to good use
and at the same time make the cattle business a little
better than the sometimes-marginal business it is.
(Penrod-East Central)
2505 - Al, Bl 100
THE MICROFLORA OF
POULTRY HOUSE LITTER
AND DROPPINGS,
Department of Poultry Husbandry, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus
E. R. Halbrook, A. R. Winter, and T. S. Button
Poultry Science, Vol. 30, p. 381-388,1961. 5 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Bacteria, Molds, Yeasts, Litter,
Analyses, pH, Lime, Temperature.
Identifiers: Microflora, Vitamin B-12, Corn cobs,
Shavings, Bark.
Tests conducted concerning the relationship of litter
management to the vitamin Bj2 requirements of
Descriptors: Agriculture, Water pollution, Nitrogen
fixation, Photosynthesis, Eutrophication, Ammonia,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Nutrient cycles, Nitrogen oxides.
Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are the two most
important processes going on today in nature. Animal
life would soon disappear without them, even though
neither is characteristic of the animal kingdom. The
objective of this report is to determine the effect ag-
riculture has on nature's nutrient cycles. One way
that agriculture affects the nutrient cycles is its pos-
sible contribution to the pollution of streams and riv-
ers. Because of the large number of variables in-
volved and some unknown factors, it is much more
difficult to determine the contribution of farms than a
city or factory to the pollution load of a stream. There
is a considerably larger amount of nitrogen in such
forms as nitrogen oxides and ammonia that occur in
the rain, near livestock feedlots, cities, and certain
types of industrial plants. Nitrogen oxides going into
the atmosphere in the USA from automobile exhausts
alone, and being returned to land, probably exceed
two million tons of nitrogen a year. Too often these
natural and artificial atmospheric inputs are almost
completely overlooked and may end up being as-
signed to the agricultural sector. Agriculturalists now
realize that to determine agriculture's exact con-
tribution to pollution, sufficient information is lack-
ing. Several years of tedious work in numerous water-
sheds by skilled individuals is required to obtain this
information. Regarding the agricultural sector, ag-
ronomists have compared major streams in non-
agricultural regions with similar ones in various ag-
ricultural regions which they have studied. This com-
parison will probably show us that agricultural land
adds no more nutrients to water than does nature
herself. (Penrod-East Central)
2507 - A3, A5, E2 300
MANAGE MANURE FOR ITS
VALUE,
2508 - A2, A5, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 400
EMERGING ISSUES IN FEEDLOT
WASTE MANAGEMENT,
J. M. Sweeten
Feedlot Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, p 16,18, 23,26,
May, 1975.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Re-
cycling.
Identifiers: Waste management, Application rates,
Refeeding, Sediment management.
This report discusses areas of needed improvement
that are emerging in feedlot waste management.
Since many feedlots have invested from $.50 to $7.00
per head of capacity for runoff control systems, care
needs to be taken to protect these investments. One
common problem is failure to dewater the retention
structures within a prescribed time period following a
major storm. Another problem is the proper determi-
nation of the right runoff application rates on crop or
pasture land. Sediment management in retention
ponds must also be dealt with. Possible solutions for
these problems are projected. The quality of manure
used in crop disposal has recently become a pressing
issue. Attempts are being made to improve manure
quality through better handling techniques. Animal
wastes have been found to have value when recycled
as gas or as feeds, but there are still problems to be
worked out. Although all of the above are Important
aspects of feedlot management, the area with the
greatest need of research is odor control. Because of
the legal aspects of the odor problem, there is a great
need for more research on odor measurement, odor
control techniques, and prediction of odor transport
phenomena. (Penrod-East Central)
2509 - A5, A9, E3 100
DEHYDRATED POULTRY WASTE IN
POULTRY RATIONS,
256
-------
Department of Poultry Science, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver 8, British Columbia,
Canada
J. Biely, R. Soong, L. Seier and W. H. Pope
Poultry Science, Vol. 51, p. 1502-1511,1972.15 tab, 10
ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Health, Economics,
Odor.
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry waste, Rations.
Dehydrated poultry waste, with less than ten per cent
moisture content, was fed at levels of five to thirty
percent to chicks, broiler stock, and laying hens in
rations calculated to be approximately isonitrogen-
ous (total N) and isocaloric. When the DPW was in-
cluded in a well-balanced ration, no detrimental ef-
fect was observed on the health of the birds. Growth
and feed efficiency decreased when the DPW content
was increased beyond ten per cent. The economics of
the over-all operation will require much study. "Even
if the poultry industry had to subsidize the production
of DP W to make it competitive with other ingredients,
it would be justified, since it would allow the poultry
men to stay in business with fairly odor-free premises
and at the same time contribute to the improvement
of the 'quality' of the environment." (Whetstone,
Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech University)
2510 - E3 400
SECOND THOUGHTS ABOUT
RECYCLING POULTRY WASTES,
Cornell University
M. L. Scott
Egg Industry, Vol. 5, p. 52,54, May, 1972.3 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Poultry, Phosphorus,
Economics.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Dried poultry waste has a low energy content. When
used in a poultry ration its value is primarily for phos-
phorus. Viewed as a manure disposal method it may
be uneconomical since only a decreasing percentage
af the total manure produced can be refed to the same
flock. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech
University)
2511 - Bl, Fl 400
SHOULD SUPERPHOSPHATE BE
USED ON MANURE?,
Poultry Digest, Vol. 31, p. 42,1972.
Descriptors: Poultry, Drying, Fertilizers,
Economics.
Identifiers: Superphosphate.
Superphosphate has been used on manure accumula-
tions below cages as a water absorbent for some
years. After a four- to six-inch layer accumulates,
natural drying renders the superphosphate relatively
ineffective. Since superphosphate is frequently used
as fertilizer, however, it becomes a question of the
economics of adding it before or after field spreading:
(Whetsone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Universi-
ty)
2512 - A9, D2, E3 400
INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DEHYD-
RATED POULTRY WASTE ON
BROILER GROWTH, AND MEAT
FLAVOR, AND COMPOSITION,
Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kansas State
University, Manhattan
F. E. Cunningham and G. A. Lillich
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 3, p. 860-865, May, 1975.4
tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Feeds, Taste.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry wastes.
Three levels (9.6, 19.1, and 38.2 per cent) of dehyd-
rated poultry waste were fed to broilers to determine:
(1) the resulting flavor of the flesh, (2) growth and
feed efficiency, and (3) certain parameters of carcass
composition and quality. Flavor differences were
studied by use of the triangle taste test. Panel mem-
bers were unable to detect flavor differences between
the 0 per cent and the 38.2 per cent DPW treatments.
Dark meat was analyzed for protein, ether extract,
calcium, phosphorus and TEA value. No significant
differences were found between the DPW fed meat
and the control meat. Poultry fed 38.2 per cent DPW
had the poorest performance, as evidenced by lower
average live weight, lower average eviscerated
weight, and poorer feed conversion. It was deter-
mined that dried poultry waste may be fed to broilers
at a level below 20 per cent without serious consequ-
ences. (Penrod-East Central)
2513 - A5, Dl 100
THAT ODOR!,
A. T. Sobel
Compost Science, Vol. 7, p. 19-21, Spring-Summer,
1966. 3 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Control, Ventilation, Absorption,
Adsorption, Chemical reaction.
Identifiers: Detection, Combustion, Masking, Coun-
teraction.
Odor is defined as a substance that has the property of
affecting the sense of smell. Since smell means the
perceiving of a substance by the excitation of the ol-
factory nerves, the author states that odor cannot
exist if people are not present to detect it. There are
two general categories of odors—source odors and
ambient odors. Source odors are defined as odors at
the point of origin. Ambient odors are those that are
distributed in the atmosphere. Several odor charac-
teristics are important in considering the source, de-
tection, and control of these odors. They are quality,
strength, and occurrence. Each of these are defined
and the feasibility of using each in odor detection is
examined. Odor control is discussed from the view-
point of eliminating either the source or the odor it-
self. The methods used to control gaseous odor are
ventilation, combustion, absorption, adsorption,
masking, counteraction and chemical reaction. Odor
control depends on the nature of the odor, good house-
keeping, and a working management program. The
study concluded that source elimination is a more
realistic approach than odor elimination. (Penrod-
East Central)
2514 - A5, Bl, E2 100
DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEMS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul
JournaUf Dairy Science, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 495-499,
April, 1973. 6 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Minnesota, Confine-
ment pens, Waste storage, Waste disposal, Odor, Ven-
tilation.
Identifiers: Housing, Stall barns, Free stall barns,
Land disposal.
Waste handling systems may range from a gutter
cleaner and daily hauling with a manure spreader to
extended storage in concrete tanks whose contents
are pumped and spread periodically. Two general
classes of dairy housing in Minnesota, conventional
stall barn and free-stall barn, are discussed in rela-
tion to manure handling. Free-stall barns can be
either cold (open, uninsulated buildings where
natural air movement provides ventilation and the
barn temperature approximates the outside tempera-
ture) or warm (completely insulated and mechani-
cally ventilated). The cost variation between the two
free-stall systems stems from the manure handling
system and the housing structure. Manure storage
capacity is usually limited to a few months because of
the cost. How the manure is to be disposed of or
utilized is essential in deciding on how much storage
should be provided. The effects of cold weather, deep
snow, soft fields hi the spring, and fields planted to
crops must be considered. Stall barns with grated
gutters or free-stall barns with slatted floors, both
with under-the-building manure storage, offer a suit-
able system with minimum labor. Ventilation sys-
tems of high capacity must be provided for all con-
fined units. Waste heat from the dairy barn ventila-
tion system will prevent freezing. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2515 - Al, E2 100
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH
HEAVY APPLICATIONS OF MAN-
URE FROM CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station
A. E. Tiarks, A. P. Mazurak, and L. Chesnin
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 38,
p. 826-830,1974. 5 fig, 3 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Soils, Feedlots, Cattle, Hydraulic conductivity,
Electrical conductance.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Organic carbon, Particle
density, Modulus of rupture.
The objectivies of this study were: (1) to determine
the effects of heavy manure applications on the physi-
cal properties of soil; (2) to determine the amount of
manure, if any, that would deteriorate these physical
properties; and (3) to determine the effects of the
tillage depth in mixing manure into the soil. Cattle
feedlot manure was applied to Sharpsburg silty clay
loam at 0, 90,180, and 369 metric tons ha-1 year-1 at
depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm. At 10 cm depths, the
heaviest applications increased soil organic carbon
2-5 per cent after 2 years. It was found that organic
carbon content increased linearly with increasing
amounts of manure. Increasing the tillage depth re-
sulted in smaller increase in the organic carbon con-
tent of the soil. Particle density decreased linearly as
a result of higher amounts of organic matter in the
soil. Increasing application of manure significantly
reduced bulk density. Heavy application of manure
increased the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of
water-stable aggregates in the surface 10 cm. of the
soil. Modulus of rupture decreased with increasing
amounts of manure because the increase in organic
matter allowed less cohesion of soil particles. Hyd-
raulic conductivity of the soils was extremely vari-
able. Hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed soil cores
increased five fold. However, manure applications
reduced the hydraulic conductivity of disturbed soils
sampled in the fall; there was no effect on spring
samples. The heaviest application of manure in-
creased the electrical conductivity of the hydraulic
conductivity leachates in both the fall samples and the
spring samples. Manure application had decreased
effects on soil properties with increased depth of til-
lage. (Penrod-East Central)
2516 - A2, A3, A5, Bl, E2 300
IMPACTS OF IMPOSING SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROLS,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Cooperative
Extension Service, Michigan State University, East
Lansing
D. Good, L. J. Connor, J. B. Johnson, and C. R. Hog-
lund
Michigan Farm Economics Report No. 360, Coopera-
tive Extension Service, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, January, 1973,4 p. 2 tab.
Descriptors: Michigan, Dairy industry, Legal as-
pects, Costs, Agricultural runoff, Odor, Waste stor-
age.
257
-------
Identifiers: Pollution control, Land disposal, Subsur-
face disposal.
Three selected pollution control measures are
analyzed which might conceivably be applied to
Michigan dairy farms. The measures are based on
recent actions taken by the Michigan Water Re-
sources Commission and Air Pollution Control Divi-
sion and on statutes relative to dairy waste manage-
ment that have been enacted or proposed in adjoining
states. The first control measure requires control of
surface water runoff at the production site. The sec-
ond measure, designed to control runoff from fields to
which wastes are applied, prohibits winter spreading
of dairy wastes. The last measure, designed to reduce
odors and field runoff associated with land applica-
tion of dairy wastes, requires immediate plow-down
of solid dairy wastes and-or soil injection of liquid
dairy wastes. Twelve "representative" farms were
chosen for the study. Adjustments necessary to com-
ply with the control measures were identified. These
control measures will cause increased cost of opera-
tion which will inevitably be passed on to the con-
sumer. Projections of increased costs are given.
(Penrod-East Central)
2517 - A4, Bl 300
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER: ES-
TIMATING THE EFFECTS OF MAN'S
ACTIVITIES,
General Electric-TEMPO, Center for Advanced
Studies, P. 0. Drawer QQ, Santa Barbara, California
J. F. Karubian
EPA Report No. 6804-74-002, July, 1974,99 p. 6 fig, 36
tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Industrial wastes, Fertilizers,
Methodology.
Identifiers: Groundwater pollution.
This report presents a method for estimating kinds,
amounts, and trends of groundwater pollution caused
by man's activities. It describes preliminary re-
search for a number of examples: unlined earthen
basins and lagoons used by the pulp and paper indus-
try, petroleum refining, and primary metals indus-
tries; phosphate mining wastewater ponds; agricul-
tural fertilizer use; and beef cattle feedlots. It was
compiled by use of census data, other statistical data,
and descriptions of production processes used. Past
and projected volumes and areas covered by potential
pollutants are estimated so that geohydrological
analysis can be used to estimate the infiltration poten-
tial of pollutants. Results are not definitive but intend
only to illustrate use of the methodology for geog-
raphical areas of interest. (W. E. Rogers-TEMPO)
2518 - C3 100
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAJOR
NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS AND
AMINO ACIDS IN CHICKEN URINE,
Departments of Agricultural Chemistry and Poultry
Husbandry, Missouri University, Columbia
B. L. O'Dell, W. D. Woods, 0. A. Laerdal, A. M. Jeffay,
and J. E. Savage
Poultry Science, Vol. 39, p. 426-432,1960.1 fig, 3 tab, 17
ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen compounds, Urine, Poultry,
Amino acids, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Creatine, Uric Acid, Arginine.
Urine from male White Leghorn chicks, 5-6 weeks of
age, was analyzed for uric acid, ammonia, urea,
creatine and creatinine, and amino acids. Diets fed to
these chicks were either (1) a corn-soya diet or (2)
purified diets containing as the source of protein, ca-
sein, casein and gelatin, casein and supplemental ar-
ginine, and liver protein. Uric acid constituted about
81 per cent of the total nitrogen and ammonia about 10
per cent. Amino acid nitrogen made up approxi-
mately 2 per cent of the total urinary nitrogen. The
proportion of urea increased with the addition of free
arginine to the diet, but the creatine-creatinine nitro-
gen and the distribution of amino acids were unaf-
fected by the diet. (Penrod-East Central)
2519 - Al, Bl, F2 400
KEEPING THE FEEDER IN BUSI-
NESS,
Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska
L. G. Jackson
Soil Conservation, Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 10-11, September,
1973. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Nebraska, Feedlots, Regulation, Water
pollution, Design.
Identifiers: Soil Conservation Service.
The 17,000 feedlots in Nebraska cause a great many
waste management problems. The Soil Conservation
Service engineered a system to prevent runoff at the
request of a 1000-head Adams County feedlpt. A
bypass system was devised that involved keeping a
farm pond from discharging into the feedlot. A debris
basin and holding pond were then designed that would
control a 10-year, 24 hour storm that could cause
runoff from the lot. The lot was sold before the system
was implemented, and the new owners doubled the
feedlot capacity, making it necessary for a new debris
basin to be installed. The farm pond was changed to a
tailwater recovery pit to which all liquid waste was
carried. A pipeline was installed to carry liquid waste
to the high point in the disposal area for distribution to
the croplands by irrigation. Costs of the system were
$3700. At the time of this publication, about 650 waste
control systems had been installed on Nebraska feed-
lots, and more were in the design stage. All these
feedlots are carefully inspected by the Department of
Environmental Control in order to assure that owners
do not violate water quality standards. (Sanders-East
Central)
2520 - A8, A9, Bl, D3 100
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE-
INSECTICIDE PELLETS FED TO
CATTLE TO CONTROL FACE FLY
LARVAE IN MANURE,
Entomology Section, Wyoming University, Laramie
J. E. Lloyd, and J. G. Matthysse
Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 63, p. 1271-
1281, August, 1970. 2 fig, 7 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: Insecticides, Cattle, Toxicity.
Identifiers: Fly control, Feed additives, Larval Mor-
tality, Manure.
The objective of this study was to determine the ef-
fects of feeding PVC-insecticide pellets to cattle for
the control of face fly larvae and pupae. Determina-
tions were made of larval and pupal mortality as a
result of insecticide dosage, polymer pellet size and
the concentration of insecticide in the polymer. The
length of time that toxic manure was passed after
feeding was discontinued, was also studied. Of the
systems tested, PVC-diazinon and PVC-dichlorvos
were the most promising feed additive larvicides.
Larval control was unexpectedly poor in most of the
manure samples from cows fed Product V-13 at 0.25
mg dichlorvos kg per day. When XP-515 dosage was
increased to 0.5 mg kg per day, larval mortality was
complete in all except one of the field-collected man-
ure patties. Smaller fly populations in the barn of the
insecticide treated herd indicated that the feed addi-
tive may have had some effect in reducing the num-
bers of these flies. Treated cows showed no symptoms
of toxicity. No indication of inhibition of cholines-
terase activity in whole blood of cattle was noted when
they were fed Shell formula XP-515 at 0.25 and 0.5 mg
kg per day. There was no detectable dichlorvos re-
sidue in the milk of these cows. (Penrod-East Central)
2521 - Al, E2 100
SOME EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS
AND FARMYARD MANURE ON THE
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS,
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Herts
0. G. Oniani, M. Chater, and G. E. G. Mattingly
Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 1-9,1973.6 tab,
41 ref.
Descriptors: Soils, Fertilizers, Environmental ef-
fects, Carbon, Nitrogen, pH.
Identifiers: Manure, Organic phosphorus.
This report describes the effects of phosphate fertiliz-
ers alone, or with farmyard manure, on the total car-
bon, nitrogen, and organic phosphorus contents of a
range of acid and neutral soils of known history. Or-
ganic phosphorus estimated by extraction was less
than that estimated by ignition except in soils from
Ceylon. Differences in the organic phosphorus esti-
mated by the two methods appeared to increase with
the per cent of carbon in the soils. Organic phosphorus
amounts averaged 129 ugP/g less by ignition than by
extraction in the 3 acid soils from Ceylon which con-
tained the most dithionite-soluble iron. The carbon
and nitrogen contents of the Barnfield soils was al-
most trebled by farmyard manure while the carbon-
nitrogen ratios only slightly increased. Little organic
phosphorus was accumulated in these soils and the
carbon-organic phosphorus ratios were about 190 with
farmyard manure, 100 with superphosphate, and 72
without phosphate. In Park Grass soils, nitrogen-
9.7 to 15.7 and 11.5 to 13.0, respectively in the surface
layer and 8.5 to 15.4 and 10.3 to 11.0 in the sub-surface
soil. The carbon content of Barnfield soils (0-23 cm)
was approximately trebled when farmyard manure
was applied for 100 years; whereas, organic phos-
phorus increased on average by one-third. The sur-
face soils of Park Grass had about 6 per cent of the
phosphorus remaining from superphosphate accumu-
lated as organic phosphorus at pH 4.5 and only 1 per
cent at pH 6.2-6.5. The inositol phosphate contents
(iPj-iPe) of the Rothamsted soils and Georgia soils
ranged from 17 to 45 per cent of the total organic
phosphorus by extraction. The proportions of inositol
phosphates in these soils which were least (17 to 22 per
cent) in the surface soils from Park Grass were not
significantly changed by either farmyard manure or
superphosphate. (Penrod-East Central)
2522 - Al, C3, E2 300
THE USE AND VALUE OF ANIMAL
WASTE AS FERTILIZER FOR CROP
PRODUCTION.
Extension Agronomist, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater
B. B. Tucker, C. H. Burton, and J. M. Baker
Circular E-815, Oklahoma State University Exten-
sion, Stillwater, March, 1972, 6 p. £ tab.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Fertilizers, Crop re-
sponse. Nutrients, Cattle, Poultry, Feedlots.
Identifiers: Swine.
Because animal wastes contain certain elements
needed for high levels of crop production, the most
feasible procedure for disposing of them is by spread-
ing on crop land. There are certain problems, how-
ever, associated with this disposal method. The most
obvious problems are: (1) the wastes are low
analyses, (2) all the nutrients in manure are not al-
ways needed for crop production, (3) the application
of manure rarely eliminates the need for supplemen-
tal fertilizer use, and (4) too much manure can cause
burning. Frequent soil tests to monitor the soil chemi-
cal constituents are especially desirable whenever
manure is being applied to land. Also, soil tests prior
to application can serve as a useful guide in ascertain-
ing amounts of fertilizer needed to supplement the
manure. This study was undertaken to give a clearer
understanding of animal manure value. (Cameron-
East Central)
258
-------
2523 - A2, A4, B2, D4, E2 300
FEEDLOT WASTE DISPOSAL AND
WATER POLLUTION,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins
R. Hansen
Publication AE70-71RWH1, Colorado State Univer-
sity Livestock Days, January, 1971, 5 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Water
pollution, Lagoons, Settling basins.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Detention ponds, Settling
channels.
The principle sources of pollution from feedlot wastes
are organic substances, volatile substances, inor-
ganic substances, pathogens, and insects harbored by
the waste material. While the constituents of manure
are especially a problem if allowed to reach bodies of
water, the nutrient content of manure makes it a val-
uable fertilizer material. One of the major pollution
problems of feedlot wastes is agricultural runoff.
Studies have indicated that the runoff water can be
collected and disposed of by several methods. Options
include retention ponds, lagoons, settling basins,
settling channels, and land disposal. Biological
treatment systems can be used, but it is difficult to
operate them satisfactorily with the intermittent
flows usually encountered in runoff collection sys-
tems. Although the likelihood of groundwater pollu-
tion from feedlots seems small, there really is very
little information available on this subject. (Penrod-
East Central)
2524 - Al, Bl, F2 500
POLLUTION—CONTROL
TECHNIQUES AND REQUIRE-
MENTS,
A. J. Muehling and D. L. Day
Vertical Coordination in the Pork Industry: Proceed-
ings, AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, Con-
necticut, 1971, p. 127-138.4 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Regulation, Illinois, Agricultural
runoff, Odor, Permits.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Swine, Waste handling,
Guidelines.
The main objectives of this report are: (1) examine
the regulations governing pork producers in Illinois;
(2) provide guidelines for producers to use in planning
swine installations; and (3) discuss systems for hand-
ling swine manure. In order to carry out the objec-
tives of the 1970 Illinois Environmental Protection
Act, three agencies were created: the Pollution Con-
trol board, the Environmental Protection Agency,
and the Institute for Environmental Quality. These
agencies and their functions are briefly discussed.
Possible regulations governing registration, runoff,
odor, handling and disposal of swine wastes are
examined. Suggestions for pork producer guidelines
are: (1) plan an approved method of swine waste
handling; (2) consider odor nuisances in locating the
facility; (3) control runoff and manure overflow; (4)
be considerate of neighbors; and (5) practice good
housekeeping. Systems for handling swine manure
including simple, complex and combined systems are
examined. They include: (1) solid floors—scrape
floors and haul; (2) slotted floors—store and haul; (3)
slotted floors—lagooning and hauling; (4) slotted
floor-oxidation ditch with lagoon; and (5) flushing
gutter—lagoon and irrigation. Future waste man-
agement possibilities are given which have the com-
mon objective of utilizing wastes, instead of creating
a disposal problem. Pollution control regulations
should result in a concern for uniformity in the regula-
tions, stronger pork producers' organizations, and
cooperation with agencies on regulations governing
pork installations. (Penrod-East Central)
2525 - B2, D3 100
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL FROM
DUCK FARM WASTES,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr and K. J. Johanson
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation Vol 46
No. 7, p. 1692-1714, July, 1974.10 fig, 7 tab, 6 ref. '
Descriptors: Waste water (pollution), Waste water
treatment, Ducks (domestic), Lagoons, Lime, Costs.
Identifiers: Phosphate removal, Alum, Ferric
chloride, Orthophosphate.
The importance of phosphorus in eutrophication is
widely recognized, and high phosphate removals are
being required before wastewaters are discharged to
surface waters. This report examines the results of
detailed studies of phosphate removal from was-
tewaters from the production of ducks for slaughter.
These tests were conducted over a two-year period. In
the 1970 study, alum, lime, and ferric chloride were
evaluated as capable of achieving high orthophos-
phate removals and low residual orthophosphate con-
centrations. Higher chemical quantities were re-
quired for the processing wastewaters to accomplish
a specific removal than did the duck farm wastewat-
ers. Lime, followed by alum and ferric chloride, was
found to be the least-cost chemical involved in phos-
phate removal. The study showed the economic ad-
vantage of matching chemical dosage to wastewater
characteristics to obtain a specific orthophosphate
removal. The 1971 study showed the orthophosphate
concentration in both untreated duck wastewater and
aerated lagoon effluent varied considerably through-
out the production season. The highest concentrations
were in the summer and early fall. The experiment
showed that phosphate control equipment should be
added between the aerated lagoon and the settling
lagoons whenever it is used. Based on Tuttle farm
results, phosphate removal increased the operating
cost of the existing waste treatment facilities from
$0.022 to $0.032-season-bird marketed over a phos-
phate removal range of SO to 90 per cent. It was also
found that the addition of chemicals increased the
amount of sludge to be disposed of, probably doubling
the sludge disposal problem. (Penrod-East Central)
2526 - E3 300
COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBILITY
OF CATTLE FECAL WASTE,
D. M. Lucas, J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
1973-74 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blackburg, July, 1974, p. 110-118.6
tab.
Descriptors: Cattle, Chemical properties, Physical
properties.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Digestibility, Dried steer
feces.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the com-
position and digestibility of cattle manure produced
by steers fed a ration containing approximately 50 per
cent roughage. Three metabolism trials were con-
ducted using six yearly steers. The composition of the
dried steer feces fed was approximately 38.8 per cent
NFE, 13.2 per cent crude protein and 71 per cent cell
walls, dry basis. Low digestibilities were noted for
components of dried steer feces—16.6 per cent for dry
matter, 26 per cent for crude protein and 16 per cent
for energy. The study showed that dried feces from
steers fed a 50 per cent roughage ration has little value
for refeeding to steers. Tables are provided showing
the composition of the rations for each trial, the chem-
ical composition of dried steer feces, the apparent
digestibility and TON and Metabolizable energy con-
tent of basal and feces containing rations, the appa-
rent digestibility and TDN and metabolizable energy
content of dried steer feces, and the utilization of nit-
rogen in basal and dried steer feces containing ra-
tions. (Penrod-East Central)
2527 - A9, D4, E3
FERMENTATION
BROILER LITTER,
OF
300
ENSILED
L. F. Caswell, J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
1973-74 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, July, 1974, p. 100-109.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Litter, Pathogens, Dry-
ing, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Ensiling, Broilers, Drugs, Refeeding.
The possible presence of medicinal drugs and
pathogenic organisms is the main problem confront-
ing the approval of broiler litter for use as a livestock
feed. EnsUing litter as it comes from the broiler house
or following water addition may make it a more de-
sirable product for several reasons; among them re-
duction of drugs and pathogens. The purpose of this
study was to determine the level of moisture neces-
sary for optimum fermentation of ensiled broiler lit-
ter and to evaluate the effect of ensiling on bacterial
content. The general purpose of the study was to de-
termine the feasibility of ensiling broiler litter alone
in an attempt to obtain guidelines for similar ensiling
studies on a larger scale. Study results indicated that
broiler litter will sustain fermentation when ensiled if
water is added. The moisture level of litter must be
increased to at least 30 per cent to initiate active fer-
mentation. The nutrient content of the litter was not
harmed by ensiling. Enteric bacteria were destroyed
through ensiling, thus rendering the material free of
pathogens capable of inducing intestinal or urogeni tal
tract disorders. However, the total bacteria counts of
fermented litter may not be as low as desired.
(Penrod-East Central)
2528 - A4, B2 300
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO
GROUND WATER FROM SWINE
WASTE LAGOONS,
Department of Agronomy, Virginia Polytechnic Insti-
tute and State University, Blacksburg
T. G. Ciravolo, K. L. Hallock, H. R. Thomas, E. R.
Collins, Jr., D. C. Martens and E. T. Kornegay
1973-74 Livestock Research Report, Research Divi-
sion Report 158, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, July, 1974, p. 5-10.4 tab.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Lagoons,
Anaerobic conditions, Coliforms, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Swine.
Flushing swine wastes into an anaerobic lagoon is a
relatively inexpensive waste disposal method. Infor-
mation from a literature search indicates that there
may be seepage from such a lagoon. The purpose of
this study is to monitor the effect of seepage from
anaerobic swine lagoons on ground water quality. The
two lagoons studied are located in high water table
soils in the Coastal Plain Region of Virginia at the
Tidewater Research and Continuing Education
Center and at the Virginia Swine Evaluation Station.
The wells, consisting of 2 inch PVC pipe, were water
jetted at distances of 10, 50 and 100 ft. from the two
anaerobic swine lagoons to depths of 10,15, and 20 ft.
At the 20 ft. depth that was 50 ft. from the lagoon at the
Swine Evaluation Station in August and at the 10 ft.
depth located 50 ft. from the lagoon in November, the
0.1 ppm Cu recommended limit was exceeded.
Chemical-oxygen-demand, coliform bacteria, and
concentration of C1T NOj", NH4^ soluble phosphate,
Mg , K , Na , Cu , Zn , and Mn were the constituents
being determined in ground water samples. Prelimi-
nary analyses summary shows that U. S. Public
Health Department drinking water standards were
not exceeded for Cl~ CuVNOs and Zri^Fluctuations
in the chemical constituents concentrations indicated
that ground water contamination occurred only at 10
ft. distances. A study is continuing with chemical
oxygen demand and fecal coliform bacteria being de-
termined. (Penrod-East Central)
2529 - A9, B2, E3 200
POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING SWINE
WASTE,
259
-------
Illinois University
B. G. Harmon
Presented at Symposium on Utilization of Plant and
Animal By-Products, University of Georgia, Athens,
December 18, 1973,10 p.2 fig, 11 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Performance, Illinois, Nit-
rates, Animal parasites.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Oxidation ditch, Swine.
The purpose of this report is to discuss experiments of
the author and other researchers in the potential for
recycling swine waste. In initial studies animal waste
was simply collected, dried and mixed in the diet
(Diggsetal., 1965). At Illinois, the recycling research
has all been conducted with products of the oxidation
ditch (Day et al., 1969). The initial studies are discus-
sed by the author. In following studies, no attempt was
made to isolate solids from the liquid of oxidation
ditch mixed liquor (ODML), as it was considered as a
source of water. In five replications a total of 76 finish-
ing swine were fed twice each day in open troughs
(Harmon et al., 1973a). Both gain and efficiency val-
ues were significantly greater for pigs receiving
ODML even though the differences between treat-
ments were small. The author advises that precau-
tions are essential in the successful use of ODML since
under certain conditions, nitrate increases to very
high levels. The author also states that parasites must
be rigidly controlled in the feeding program. In con-
clusion, Mr. Harmon says that recycled swine waste
provides an available source of nutrients for swine.
An oxidation ditch is a system which provides a
source of nutrients while minimizing any potential for
pollution. (Penrod-East Central)
2530 - Al, Bl, F2 600
REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RE-
COMMENDATIONS ON ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTROL
MEASURES FOR MONTANA WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Montana
State University, Bozeman
C. M. Milne
Special Report AE-101, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Montana State University, November
10,1970, 36 p. 3 tab, 29 ref.
Descriptors: Montana, Feedlots, Cattle, Regulation.
Identifiers: Waste management, Pollution control,
Guidelines
Definite steps are underway in Montana toward de-
veloping a State animal waste control policy. The
purpose of this report is to provide guidance for the
development of a suitable State policy and adminis-
trative mechanism for preventing pollution from
livestock operations in Montana. In doing this, the
author lists and describes four categories of potential
pollution. They are: organic pollution, inorganic pol-
lution, bacteriological pollution and esthetic pollution
(nuisance). The major factors contributing to feedlot
pollution potential are location, hydrology, feedlot
concentration and feed supply. Waste management
alternatives for both solid and liquid wastes are dis-
cussed. They include: biological stabilization, land
disposal for crop growth, high rate land disposal,
composting, vacuum filtration, trickling filters, etc.
Five procedures are discussed on how to deal with
feedlot runoff—(1) Uncontrolled release to a stream,
(2) controlled release to a stream, (3) evaporation,
(4) controlled release to land, and (5) biological
treatment. The author believes, however, that return-
ing the waste to the land for crop production is the
most economically feasible system for Montana. A
list of recommendations for regulations governing
feed lots and a possible outline of feedlot design
criteria are given. (Penrod-East Central)
2531 - Al, Bl, E2 600
GUIDELINES FOR CATTLE FEED-
LOT DESIGN,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Montana
State University, Bozeman
C. M. Milne
Special Report AE-102, Presented at 1971 Montana
Nutrition Conference, February 8-9,1971,18 p. 5 tab.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Design criteria, Montana,
Engineering, Locating, Confinement pens.
Identifiers: Animal health, Unpaved lots, Paved lots,
Runoff control, Waste management.
Montana already has the feed and cattle resources on
which a feedlot industry can be based. The main ob-
jective of this study is to set engineering guidelines for
establishment of feedlots. The general functional re-
quirement for a feedlot is to produce a pound of beef at
the lowest possible cost, subject to a possible quality
constraint. The main materials handled in a feedlot
are water, animal wastes, feed, and cattle. Feedlot
functional requirements and criteria are related to
the following factors: (1) Materials handling, (2)
Utilization of equipment and labor, (3) Production
and efficiency, (4) Animal health, and (5) Water and
air pollution control. Design criteria are grouped into
two categories: (1) Location and site requirements,
and (2) Facilities design. Each category is individu-
ally discussed. The physical requirements of feedlot
alternatives are given. Waste management alterna-
tives for various production methods are discussed
and a simplified table is also supplied. Housed feed-
lots have, in general, eliminated the "runoff" prob-
lem from the feedlot itself. A general procedure is
outlined for the development of a major feedlot instal-
lation. (Penrod-East Central)
2532 - B2, D4, E3 700
ALGAL GROWTH POTENTIAL OF
SWINE WASTE,
Fulhage, C. D.
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Mis-
souri, Columbia, May, 1973, % p. 24 fig, 2 tab, 37 ref.
Descriptors: Algae, Growth rates, Nutrients, Chemi-
cal analysis, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Chemi-
cal oxygen demand, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine, Oxidation ditch.
Research was undertaken to determine the amount of
algae which can be grown from the nutrients con-
tained in swine waste after it has undergone aerobic
treatment such as that accomplished by an oxidation
ditch. Under laboratory conditions, the primary algal
nutrients carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were
monitored along with pH, alkalinity, and chemical
oxygen demand. It was concluded that aerobic oxida-
tion is effective in converting organic carbon and nit-
rogen into inorganic forms available to algae. The
loss of nitrogen as ammonia and carbon as carbon
dioxide was evident during aeration. Because of this
loss, these nutrients became unavailable to algae. In
relation to algal growth requirements, phosphorus is
by far the nutrient in excess in swine waste. This
indicates that carbon and nitrogen must be
supplemented to achieve phosphorus fixation. Swine
waste offers an algal growth potential of about .2
grams of algae per gram of raw waste. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2533 - A2, A5, A10, B2, E2 300
DAIRY WASTE STORAGE PONDS
FOR SOIL-PLANT RECYCLING,
Agricultural Extension, California University,
Riverside
W. C. Fairbank, E. H. Olson, and G. A. Button, Jr.
University of California Agricultural Extension Pub-
lication No. AXT-n88, November, 1972, 6 p. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Waste storage, Irriga-
tion, Design, Liquid wastes, Storm runoff, Odor,
Cleaning.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Pond management.
Along with the ultimate beneficial return to the land,
waste storage ponds provide a system for collecting,
settling, and storing liquified dairy manure and
washwater for re-use in barn cleaning and manure
transport. The things to consider when ascertaining
the desirability of the liquid-waste ponding system
are: how it relates to the cow confinement system,
manure transport, work simplification, waste man-
agement, neighborhood acceptance and expected
performance in all weather conditions. The ways in
which the dairy waste storage ponds may meet the
requirements for storm runoff control are outlined.
Design of a waste management facility should be
based on cost, safety and performance. The aspects of
the liquid-waste ponding system that are examined
are: (1) pond layout, (2) pond volume calculation, (3)
pond depth, (4) levees and slopes, (5) pond sealing,
(6) pipes, (7) pumps, and (8) fencing. Pond manage-
ment includes the practice of emptying and flushing
the ponds at each irrigation. Manure waste water
should not exceed 30 per cent of the irrigation volume.
The necessary equipment for such management is
listed. Odor control and cleaning of the pond are also
discussed. (Penrod-East Central)
2534 - B3, C3, D2, D3, E2, E3 100
WHAT IS POULTRY MANURE
WORTH?,
Associate Specialist in Poultry Husbandry, Hawaii
University, Honolulu
S. McHenry
Compost Science, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 13-15, Autumn, 1961.
Descriptors: Poultry, Fertilizers, Waste treatment,
Recycling, Litters, Phosphate, Nitrogen, Lime, Odor,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Besides being a good plant food, the organic matter in
poultry manure has other important advantages.
These include soil-conditioning effect, moisture-
holding capacity, and resistance to leaching, which
permits a gradual release of plant nutrients. Poultry
manure must be treated and stored in order to pre-
serve its nitrogen value. Phosphate is the most effec-
tive agent for achieving this. The rate of application
should be at least 100 pounds of phosphate for each ton
of fresh manure, or 5 per cent of the weight of fresh
droppings (20 per cent of the dry weight of manure).
Hydrated lime is the most effective deodorizer of
poultry manure. Poultry manure removal methods
are determined by size of operation, type of housing,
and availability of labor. Manure removal methods
range from a wheelbarrow and shovel to use of vari-
ous mechanical cleaners that have been devised.
Methods of disposing of poultry manure vary. The
manure can be broadcast on the ground and plowed
under before planting crops; it may be used in the
potting mixture of many potted plants; it may be used
on lawns or in flower beds; it may be dried, ground
and packaged for farmers and home gardeners; or it
may be processed for floor litter. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2535 - A9, E3 100
FEEDING POTENTIAL OF RE-
CLAIMED FECAL RESIDUE,
Animal Science Department, Auburn University, Au-
burn, Alabama
W. B. Anthony and R. Nix
Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 45, p. 1538-1539,1962.2
tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Feeds, Cattle, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
Feces from full-fed cattle contain appreciable
amounts of undigested feed residue. Not only does
fecal grain represent an appreciable loss of feeding
value but fecal matter creates a serious disposal prob-
lem. Research was done to (1) recover some of the
fecal feed, and (2) develop an effective means of dis-
posing of organic residues voided by confined cattle.
260
-------
Cattle consumed a feed mixture containing washed
wet fecal residue in amount equal to approximately 40
per cent by weight of the mixture. Cattle fed the fecal
residue mixture gained over 3 Ib daily and required
less than 700 Ib of dry matter per 100 Ib of gain. For
both dairy and beef herds, the relevance of this study
is in the potential to derive more than manure value
for undigested feed and microbial residues.
(Cameron-East Central)
2536 - A9, C3, E3 100
EFFECTS OF RECYCLING DRIED
POULTRY WASTE ON YOUNG
CHICKS,
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State Universi-
ty, Ames
N. Trakulchang and S. L. Balloun
Poultry Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, p. 615-618, March, 1975.
5 tab, 4 ret.
Descriptors: Diets, Poultry, Performance, Proteins.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Refceding, Miner-
An experiment was conducted to investigate the ef-
fects of refeeding dried poultry waste (DPW) in the
diets of young chicks. Three experimental diets con-
taining 0, 10, and 20 per cent recycled DPW were
formulated isocaloric (2950 Kcal-kg) and equivalent
in percentage of true protein (16 per cent), calcium,
and phosphorus. The experiment was a randomized
complete-block arrangement of treatments in a
split-plot design, with numbers of recyclings as sub-
plots. Feed and water were available to the chicks ad
libitum throughout the 4-week test period. Weight
gain of 4-8 week old birds was significantly depressed
by diets containing 10 and 20 per cent DPW; however,
feed efficiency was depressed by 20 per cent dietary
DPW only. Calcium and magnesium contents of
excreta decreased linearly as the number of recycl-
ings increased, while potassium and zinc tended to
increase and other minerals remained constant. In-
creasing DPW in the diet significantly decreased cal-
cium, phosphorus, and iron in excreta and signific-
antly increased sodium, potassium, copper, mag-
nesium, manganese, and zinc. The results indicated
that recycled DPW cannot be used successfully unless
the calcium to phosphorus ratio (and content) of the
diet is adjusted for each recycling. (Cameron-East
Central)
2537 - A2, B2 600
MODEL TO PREDICT THE PER-
FORMANCE OF FEEDLOT CONTROL
FACILITIES AT SPECIFIC OREGON
LOCATIONS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
R. B. Wensink and J. R. Miner
Presented at the 1975 Annual Meeting, American Soc-
iety of Agricultural Engineers, University of Califor-
nia, Davis, June 22-25,1975,23 p. 1 fig, 10 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Performance, Feedlots, Oregon, Waste
storage, Design.
Identifiers: Model, Retention basins.
The objectives of this study were to develop a cattle
feedlot runoff control model, and to utilize the simula-
tion model to determine relationships between histor-
ical climatological data and performance of various
runoff retention system designs. The sufficient design
method was used to determine the minimum storage
volume required to prevent illegal discharges as de-
fined by the DPW Effluent Guidelines. In some loca-
tions the use of high capacity irrigation equipment
allowed reduction of the storage capacity by over 45
per cent when a larger pumping system was
specified. In other locations, due to the precipitation
pattern, no benefit was obtained by the use of pump-
ing equipment with capacity in excess of 0.10 (10
year-24 house storms). Utilization of the sufficient
design technique requires the compilation of weather
data for a unique climatological region under consid-
eration. The model is relatively inexpensive to oper-
ate and a complete climatological region can be
analyzed for less than $20, once the regions climatic
data are computerized. (Cameron-East Central)
2538 - A9, E3 400
FRESH WASTES HAVE MORE NUT-
RIENTS,
Egg Industry, Vol. 5, May, 1972, p. 54-55
Descriptors: Poultry, Performance, Diets, Proteins,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Dried poultry wastes, Storage
time, Production.
The longer poultry manure is stored before dehydra-
tion, the less the nutrient value of the dried poultry
waste (DPW) will be. A study revealed that protein in
DPW produced from manure stored four weeks or less
was 30.2 per cent or higher, while DPW produced from
the manure stored five weeks or longer ranged from
18.3 to 27.4 per cent. In a second trial, a slight increase
in phosphorus was noted (from 2.4 to 2.8 per cent for
birds on 12.5 per cent DPW diet, from 2.6 to 3.2 per cent
for birds fed 25 per cent DPW diet). Calcium went
from 10 per cent in the first week to 7 per cent after the
31st cycle for birds fed 12.5 per cent DPW. Hen-housed
production on the 12.5 per cent diet was 62.4 per cent,
compared to 59.2 per cent for the 25 per cent diet and
59.6 per cent for the controls. (Cameron-East Central)
2539 - Al, Dl, E3 400
MANURE DISPOSAL POSES PROB-
LEM,
Feedstuffs, October 8,1960, p. 24
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste disposal, Fertilizers,
Costs, Economics, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Processing, Composting, Pelleting.
Disposal of manure seems to be increasing despite its
value. Satisfactory disposal is important to many
poultrymen who do not grow crops because of the
relation of the manure to general sanitation and con-
trol of disease and parasites on the farm. An apparent
answer is the development of practical and economi-
cal machinery which will handle and transport the
bulk at costs which will allow a profit. Increased use of
poultry manure can be secured only through success-
fully meeting the competition of manufactured fer-
tilizers. This requires a processing operation with the
following phases: (1) dehydration of the manure, (2)
composting, and (3) pelleting or crumbling. Pelleting
and crumbling increase the cost of the final product.
Only where special efforts have been made to prom-
ote the sale of the product can anyone hope to cover
these processing costs and secure a profit.
(Cameron-East Central)
2540 - Al, E2 400
APPLY MORE, NOT LESS, POULTRY
LITTER TO REDUCE POLLUTION,
USDA and University of Georgia
A P. Barnett, W. A. Jackson, and W. E. Adams
Crops and Soils reprint, 1969,1 p. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Ammonia, Water
pollution, Poultry, Litters, Georgia.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
Spreading poultry litter on cropland can cause pollu-
tion if large amounts of ammonia nitrogen enter sur-
face water runoff. Results from tests utilizing a rain-
fall simulator have revealed that ammonia runoff
may be reduced by applying heavy rates of litter
With heavy rates of litter the combination of initial
infiltration of rainfall into the soil, and water held on
the surface and in the litter itself is greater than with
lower rates, thus less water runs off. It was found that
the most practical application rate is 10 tons an acre
because with less than 2 inches of rainfall, runoff is
very low and because rainfall of more than two inches
is rare. (Merryman-East Central)
2541 - Bl, D2, D4, E3 100
RECOVERING PROTEIN FROM
DAIRY CATTLE WASTES,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue Uni-
versity, West Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye, A. C. Dale, T. W. Perry, R. B. Harrington,
and E. J. Kirsch
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 1155-1160,
November-December, 1974.1 fig, 6 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Proteins, Dairy industry, Separation
techniques, Microorganisms, Substrate, Feeds.
If the growing World's population is to be fed, a
technique for hastening the passage of nutrients
through the food cycle is needed. The objectives of this
study were: (1) determine the optimum particle size
limit and dilution level for separation of usable feed
and feed residue from dairy cattle manure; and (2)
evaluate the feasibility of growing microorganisms
on manure and then harvesting them as a source of
protein for animal feed. The significance and limita-
tions of the study were briefly examined. The resear-
chers harvested a protein product which appeared to
be chemically sound as demonstrated by the amino
acid analysis. The microbial product was an adequate
feed supplement as 20 per cent of the ration. However,
the inability of rats to use this product as their only
protein source indicated that more work is needed for
process refinement. This study did not determine the
ability of animals other than rats to utilize the micro-
bial protein. The study showed that separation of
dairy cattle feces through a 595 micron opening re-
moves a low quality roughage material from the re-
maining liquid waste. The liquid waste that was re-
moved provided a suitable substrate for bacterial
growth. The bacteria grown were a satisfactory pro-
tein supplement when containing 30 per cent crude
bacteria. Such a system was found to be economically
feasible for livestock operations. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2542 - A4, A5, B2, E2, E3 100
DEVELOPMENTS IN HOG MANURE
DISPOSAL,
Editor, Hog Extra Edition, Farm Journal, Ames,
Iowa
D. C. Wolf
Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 107-109,
1965.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Lagoons, Cleaning, De-
sign, Sprinkler irrigation, Energy.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal, Settling tank.
The ideas for manure disposal are appearing in two
phases: (1) cleaning pens, and (b) disposing of the
manure on fields. The problem of cleaning has fairly
well been solved with three types of self-cleaning
pens. They are: (1) solid floor with a deep, narrow
gutter at one end of the pen, (2) partially slotted floor,
usually with a four-foot section of the pen floor slotted,
and (3) completely slotted floors with a liquid-manure
storage pit underneath that is the same size as the
building. Factors which determine how clean pigs
keep their pens are: (1) size and shape of pen, (2)
number of pigs per pen, (3) arrangement of pen, (4)
method of feeding, and (5) temperature control. Op-
timal conditions are described. The first decision a
farmer has to make when considering a liquid manure
system is whether or not he wants to spread it on his
fields to utilize its fertilizer value in crop production.
He must weigh the factors of costs, time, labor and
nuisance in making this decision. An option to manure
spreading is lagooning, but this disposal method has
drawbacks too. Groundwater pollution and odor may
become problems. Faced with this situation some hog
producers are trying a four stage system in which
manure from a settling tank is disposed of on the land,
but the liquid is disposed of in a lagoon. Other methods
being tried are sprinkler irrigation and gas recovery
for the purpose of generating electricity. (Penrod-
East Central)
261
-------
2543 - A5 100
METHODS FOR MEASURING
SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND
AMMONIA FROM ANIMAL WASTES,
Microbiologist and Biological Sciences Technician,
respectively, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lin-
coln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott and T. A. Travis
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 39,
No. 3, p. 4WM82, May-June, 1975. 1 fig, 2 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Gas chromatography, Nitrogen
compounds.
Identifiers: Fatty acids, Flame-ionization detector,
Amines.
Since it is extremely difficult to identify all odorous
compounds that evolve from confined animal areas, a
possible alternative would be to identify some specific
compounds and/or groups of compounds that may be
key contributors to odors. The objective of this report
is to describe methods suitable for concentrating and
measuring short-chain fatty acids and for separating
NHa from the other volatile N compounds that may be
trapped from air. The limit for the flame-ionization
detector used in the study was determined to be 10
gi4nl with a 1-uliter injection. The per cent recovery
generally increased as the fatty acid level increased.
Acetic acid was an exception. Study data indicated
that short-chain fatty acids can be partially purified
and recovered with reasonable accuracy from an
NaOH trapping solution. Steam distillation recovery
ranged from 61 to 95 per cent. Although light-chain
amines interfered slightly with the Nessler's method
of NH4-N measurement, the interference was much
less than with the other methods tested. Methylamine
and ethylamine N interference was much less than
with the other methods tested. Methylamine and
ethylamine N interference was only about 6 per cent
of the equivalent NH^N. (Penrod-East Central)
2544 - A9, E2 100
LAND DISPOSAL OF BROILER LIT-
TER— CHANGES IN SOIL POTAS-
SIUM, CALCIUM, AND MAGNESIUM,
Soil Scientists, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wat-
kinsville, Georgia
W. A. Jackson, R. A. Leonard, and S. R. Wilkinson
Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 4, No. 2, p.
202-206, March-April, 1975. 5 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Soil
profile, Cattle.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Broiler Utter, Grass
tetany.
The objective of this study was to provide a descrip-
tion of the effects of heavy broiler litter applications
on the calcium, magnesium, and potassium content in
Cecil soil and the increased potential for causing
grass tetany in fescue grass. Small plots of Cecil soil
established in Kentucky-31 tall fescue were surface
applied semi-annually for 2 years with 0, 22.4, 44.8,
89.6, and 134.4 metric tons/ha of broiler litter. Calcium
wasn't leached as completely as were potassium and
magnesium from the litter, even at the 134.4 metric
tons/ha rate. At the highest application rate, 80 per
cent of the applied calcium remained in the litter after
2 years. However, at the same rate, 99 per cent potas-
sium and 88 per cent magnesium had been leached
from the litter and presumably moved into the soil.
Perhaps the most Important observation made was
the exchangeable calcium depletion in the profile with
increased rates and between years. At the highest
application rate, exchangeable calcium is evidently
depleted faster than magnesium, and potassium re-
mains the predominant cation. Imbalances in potas-
sium, calcium, and magnesium could occur in the
grass and soil under long term relatively heavy appli-
cation of poultry litter to fescue pasture. These condi-
tions may contribute to the potential grass tetany
hazard in cattle grazing fescue fertilized in this man-
ner. (Penrod-East Central)
2545 - A8, Bl 300
INTEGRATED FLY CONTROL ON
POULTRY RANCHES,
Division of Biological Control, California University,
Riverside.
E. F. Legner, W. R. Bowen, W. F. Rooney, W. D.
McKeen, and G. W. Johnston
California Agriculture, Vol. 29, No. 5, p. 8-10, May
1975. 2 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Predators, Scavengers, Poultry,
California.
Identifiers: Fly control, Parasites, Manure height,
Manure stability.
Twelve ranches in th San Bernadino-Chino area of
California were randomly selected for the study of fly
control. Six of the ranches served as test ranches for
supervised fly control and the other six served as
controls. All twelve ranches were roofed, had no
walls, and contained laying hens in suspended wire
cages along concrete aisles. Routine fly control prac-
tices were already being employed on all ranches.
Additionally, supervised ranches utilized a careful
manure removal plan in which a minimum residual
deposit of at least 6.5 inches was retained following
cleaning operation in order to sustain a maximum fly
predator and scavenger population and also to hasten
manure decomposition. The minimum manure height
that was determined to be essential for minimum fly
production was 8-12 inches. Stability of the manure
was found to be an important factor in integrated fly
control. Seven species of flies breeding in poultry ma-
nure were significantly reduced over a twenty month
period through procedures that favored the natural
increase of predatory and scavenger arthropods and
periodic innoculative releases of four parasitic
Hymenoptera. The study indicated that there ap-
peared to be some merit in parasitic releases that
occurred during the springtime, when fly reproduc-
tion is favored through lower area density of pre-
dators and native parasites. (Penrod-East Central)
2546 - Al, Bl, D4, E2, E3 600
NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Clemson Uni-
versity, Clemson, South Carolina
D. T. Hill and C. L. Earth
Presented at 1975 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of California,
Davis, June 22-25,1975,17 5 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Technology, Nutrients, Nitrogen,
Biological treatment.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal
techniques, Ensiling.
This paper discussed common waste management
processes, their technological complexity, and their
nutrient management characteristics. Particular
emphasis is given to nitrogen control. The methods
are discussed from the points of view of "existing
technology" and "developing technology". Nitrogen
can be managed within certain limits with existing
technology. Such technology includes: ponds, la-
goons, pit storage systems, oxidation ditches, and
anaerobic digestion. Newly developing technology is
more costly and complex to construct and operate;
therefore, it can probably be justified only where
large scale operation makes it economically feasible.
Developing technology offers more control over nit-
rogen form and nitrogen loss. However, it is not possi-
ble to conserve 100 per cent of the nitrogen. Develop-
ing technology includes physical processes (such as
screening), ensiling, controlled liquid biological pro-
cesses, and land application techniques. (Penrod-
East Central)
2547 - Al, Bl, E2, E3, Fl, F2, 400
ON THE HORNS OF THE DIARY
WASTE DILEMMA,
Farm advisors for LA, Orange, Riverside, and San
Bernadino counties, California
F. F. Smith, S. E. Bishop, J. C. Oliver, W. C. Fairbank,
W. W. Wood, Jr., and C. L. Senn
Western Dairy Journal, Vol. 31, No. 9, p. 10-13, July,
1975.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, California, Regulation,
Costs.
Identifiers: Earth corrals, Recycled Aerated Manure
(RAM), Pollution control.
The impact of new requirements on the Southern
California Dairy industry is examined. At least eight
factors have been found to influence the choice of
waste management alternatives—land values (in-
vestment costs); land taxes; cow density (or manure
application) limitations imposed by water control
agencies; cow density limitations imposed by local
governmental planning authorities; production re-
sponses attributable to the side effects of waste man-
agement facilities (heat, cold, mud, rain, etc.);
operating costs; and net revenue realized from crop-
land used for waste disposal. A method is presented
for assessing these variables. The profitability of
dairying in Southern California is determined mainly
by land values and pollution prevention require-
ments. A comparison is made of two management
systems—(1) the earth corral and (2) the Recycled
Aerated Manure System (RAM), in which cows are
maintained in roofed, open-sided structures, with
air-dried manure used as absorbent bedding. Waste
management investment costs are $167 per cow and
$38.50 per cow for RAM and earth corral systems,
respectively. "All other costs" for the year are $760
and $775 for RAM and the earth corral, respectively.
RAM provides (1) conditions for cleaner cows, (2) a
more compact layout, (3) a more convenient site for
examining and treating cows, (4) better udder health,
(5) fewer foot or leg injuries, and (6) reduction in fly
control costs. It is concluded that the RAM system
offers a viable and competitive solution for waste
management. (Penrod-East Central)
2548 - A9, E3 200
EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED
POULTRY WASTE AS A FEED IN-
GREDIENT FOR POULTRY,
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M Univer-
sity, College Station
J. R. Couch
Presented at Proceedings of the 28th Annual Texas
Nutrition Conference, October 3-4,1973, p. 121-126.17
ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Feeds, Calcium, Phosphorus,
Amino acids, Proteins.
Identifiers: Dehydrated poultry wastes, Ref ceding,
Energy content, Feed conversion.
The following tentative definition was adopted at the
annual meeting of the Association of American Feed
Control Officials, Inc.: "Dried Poultry Waste
(D.P.W.) is a product composed of freshly collected
feces from commercial laying or broiler flocks not
receiving medicants ... terminally dehydrated to a
moisture content of not more than 15 per cent. It shall
not contain any substances at harmful levels ... be
free of extraneous materials such as wire, glass,
nails, etc. The product shall be labeled to show the
minimum per cent protein, minimum per cent fat and
per cent fiber. It may be used as an ingredient in
sheep, lamb, beef and dairy cattle, broiler and layer
chick feeds. Broiler and laying rations shall belimited
to 20 per cent and 25 per cent D.P.W. respectively."
The FDA has not yet passed approval of this product.
Fecal material collected from caged poultry and not
contaminated with litter can be fed to laying hens at a
level of up to 25 per cent without detrimental effects.
While D.P.W. has value as a source of calcium, phos-
phorus, and amino acids, it is low in energy and pro-
tein. D.P.W. affects feed conversion adversely on a
linear basis as the level in the diet increases. While it
is felt that D.P.W. will be used in feed formulations of
262
-------
the future, it appears to have no value for broilers.
(Penrod-East Central)
2549 - Al, D4, E3 100
SLUDGE DIGESTION OF FARM
ANIMAL WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
E P. Taiganides, E. R. Baumann, and T. E. Hazen
Compost Science, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 26-28,1963. 2 fig, 1
tab,12ref.
Descriptors: Sludge digestion, Economics, Feasibil-
ity, Costs, Stabilization, Temperature, Methane.
Advantages of the digestion process for treating farm
animal wastes are: (1) Organic matter is reduced
50-70 per cent, (2) Raw waste is stabilized, (3) Di-
gested waste is thick, free-flowing, and odor-free, (4)
Rodents and flies are not attracted to the end products
of digestion, (5) Fertilizing constituents of the di-
gested solids are higher than that of raw waste, (6)
Commercially valuable combustible gases are pro-
duced when sufficiently high rates of digestion are
maintained. Disadvantages are: (1) High initial in-
vestment, (2) Residue disposal, (3) Need for supervi-
sion of feeding the digester, and (4) Necessity of pre-
venting intrusion of atmospheric air into the digester.
Optimum digestion is obtained at 95 degrees F. The
practical range of solids concentration of wastes en-
tering the digester is 7-10 per cent. Capacity of the
digester must be 10-30 times as large as the daily
volume of waste digested. Sudden drops in tempera-
ture, overfeeding, and formation of a thick hard scum
layer must be avoided. The value of digestion of ani-
mal wastes lies in the utilization of the methane gas
and in the production of an end product that is more
desirable than the raw manure. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2550 - Al, B2, Fl 100
TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTES BY
MECHANISED BIOLOGICAL
METHODS,
Scientists, CPHERI, Nagpur, India
S. R. Alagarsamy and B. B. Bhalerao
Indian Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 14, No.
3, p. 225-235,1972. 3 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Dairy industry, Aer-
ated lagoons, Design, Costs.
Identifiers: India, Oxidation ditch, Mechanised
biological treatment.
Because wastes from dairy plants are rich in degrad-
able organic matter and exert a high oxygen demand,
adequate treatment is necessary. The degree of
treatment depends on its mode of disposal either into
water courses or on to land for irrigation. Among the
mechanized biological methods available, the aer-
ated lagoon and the oxidation ditch are relatively
easier to install and operate. Only partial treatment
fay aerated lagoon with 1.15 days detention time is
sufficient for disposing the final effluent on to land for
irrigation. An oxidation ditch should be used where
the treated effluent is intended to be discharged into
water courses. The waste treatment problem of a
dairy with large capacity has been considered as a
case study and detailed designs and cost studies for
aerated lagoon and oxidation ditch methods have
been worked out. (Cameron-East Central)
2551 - C2, C3 100
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF
SOME TECHNIQUES USED IN DE-
TERMINATIONS OF NITROGEN AND
ENERGY CONTENT OF FECES
FROM PIGS,
Department of Animal Science, Alberta University
Edmonton 7, Alberta Canada
H. S. Saben and J. P. Bowland
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 51, p 793-
799, December 1971. 4 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Analytical techniques, Nitrogen,
Energy.
Identifiers: Swine, Feces.
Studies were undertaken to evaluate some techniques
used in swine digestibility studies: (1) comparison of
N content as determined on wet or dry feces from pigs
fed either high or low protein diets; (2) comparison of
energy content as determined on wet and dry feces;
and (3) effect of length of digestion time, using the
Kjeldahl method, on the determined N content of fecal
material. Analysis of variance indicated no signific-
ant difference between the mean values for N content,
whether determined from wet or dry fecal material
from diets containing 39 or 18 per cent crude protein.
The mean N loss between wet and dry determinations
was .87 g/pig over the 3 day sampling period, which
represents a nonsignificant 3.7 per cent N loss. No
significant difference was observed between the fecal
energy excreted, when analyzed in the wet or dry
form. The mean energy loss was 5.0 per cent between
the wet and dry material. The difference between the
duplicate sample determinations never exceeded 3
per cent for N or 2 per cent for energy, but N and
energy determinations on wet fecal material gave
consistently greater standard errors than those on
dry fecal material. These results suggest that either
wet or dry fecal material may be used for N and
energy determinations in pig digestion trials, without
significantly influencing results obtained.
(Cartmell-East Central)
2552 - Al, B2, E2 400
MOST PIG WASTE DISPOSAL SYS-
TEMS SATISFACTORY,
Soil and Water, Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 46, December 1973.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Design, Waste disposal,
Pumps.
Identifiers: New Zealand, Swine, Tanker systems.
A recent Pork Industry Council survey indicated that
about 70 per cent of New Zealand's pig farms have
satisfactory waste disposal systems. Areas having
waste disposal problems were the Northland and the
Bay of Plenty. Overloaded lagoons and inadequate
pumping equipment appeared to be among major
complaints. It was observed that in the future the
local pig advisory officer or regional water board en-
gineer should be involved at the design stage of a
lagoon installation. It was also felt that larger pumps
should be used to combat blockage problems. (Kehl-
East Central)
2553 - B2, D4 700
THE USE OF INDOOR LAGOONS FOR
MANURE DISPOSAL IN HIGH DE-
NSITY SYSTEMS OF POULTRY
MANAGEMENT,
A. A. Al-Timimi
M.S. Thesis, Department of Poultry Husbandry, Uni-
versity of Nebraska, Lincoln, June, 1963,51 p. 5 fig, 14
tab.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Poultry, Design, Sampling,
Performance, Bacteria, Temperature.
Identifiers: Indoor lagoons, pH, Dry matter.
Two experiments were conducted to test and evaluate
the indoor lagoon system for manure disposal under
laboratory conditions. It was concluded that the
primary consideration in calculating the duration of
function of indoor lagoons between cleanouts is the
cubage involved. It does not appear practical to aer-
ate because no beneficial effects of aeration on dry
matter accumulation were observed using 57 cc of air
per minute per cu. ft. of water. Surface may be impor-
tant in balancing evaporation with accumulation of
solids to hold a constant level to the pit. A formula was
calculated to be used where pit temperatures averag-
ing 78.4 F are encountered. Further work is needed to
relate pH, changes, nature of gases produced, and
effects of other variables to details of design neces-
sary to improve this system. (Cartmell-East Central)
2554 - A2, A8, A9, Bl 400
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND
ANIMAL WASTES,
Texas University, Houston
J. H. Steele
Modern Veterinary Practice, Vol. 53, No. 11, p. 25-29,
October, 1972.3 fig.
Descriptors: Environmental effects, Animal wastes,
Zoonoses, Vectors, E. Coli, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Anthrax, tuberculosis, leptospirosis,
salmonellosis, brucellosis.
Over 100 animal diseases can be transmitted to man
and many of these may be transmitted through ani-
mal wastes. This report examines the modes of
transmission of several zoonoses and the effects that
waste management has on their presence in livestock
production units. Among the diseases discussed are:
anthrax, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, lep-
tospirosis and E. coll. Possible pollution of waterways
with these diseases compounded by the encroach-
ment of urban areas on agricultural zones makes
livestock waste management very important in en-
vironmental health. New methods of waste manage-
ment should be evaluated to ensure that they will not
permit multiplication of insect and rodent vectors of
disease, nor increase the animal reservoir of zoonotic
diseases. Other factors to be considered in evaluating
a waste management method are: (1) does it allow
drainage or leaching of materials containing patho-
gens to a groundwater source; (2) does it constitute a
means for transmitting disease from animals to man;
(3) does it allow a building up, in an animal popula-
tion, of levels of potentially toxic chemicals; and (4)
does it support added sources of fungal contamination
of the environment. Since feedlots are increasing,
new methods should be developed to ensure animal
health and chemical conversion to fuel oil and by-
products. (Penrod-East Central)
2555 - A5, A8, Bl, D4, E3 300
TWO TYPES OF DIGESTERS UNDER
STUDY AT MSU . . .ANIMAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana
State University, Bozeman
J. Boyd and C. Milne
Now, Spring, 1974, p. 10-11. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic diges-
tion, Animal wastes, Montana, Fermentation, Odor,
Nutrients, Recycling.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Flies, Gas production,
Refeeding, Germination cups.
The objectives of animal waste management studies
carried out at the Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station are: (a) study methods of odor elimination,
(b) eliminate animal waste as breeding area for flies,
(c) conserve the maximum nutrient content of the
waste, and (d) find new ways of processed material
utilization besides land application. Two systems
were studied as to the effectiveness in odor elimina-
tion and conservation of waste nutrient content. The
first one involved aerobic fermentation of the waste
material by incorporating air into an animal waste
slurry of about 10 per cent solids (oxidation ditch).
The second system was an anaerobic digestion pro-
cess for fermenting the waste. Because this process
produced a methane-carbon dioxide gas mixture, the
263
-------
gas produced by one such digester was used to stir or
agitate another digester, recycling the sludge in order
to conserve the maximum number of digestion or-
ganisms. Through various studies, additional uses
have been found for the processed waste material.
They are: (1) refeeding, and (2) manure germination
pots. Additional research is needed, in order to per-
fect the processes and make them economically feas-
ible. (Penrod-East Central)
2556 - Al, E2 300
WATER QUALITY AND SOIL ERO-
SION FROM SURFACE APPLICA-
TION OF TREATED LIQUID SWINE
WASTE,
R. W. Gunther
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1974,82 p.
5 fig, 31 tab, 23 ref
Descriptors: Water quality, Soil erosion, Agricultural
runoff, Liquid wastes, Waste disposal, Percolating
water.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Swine, Soil solids, Univer-
sal soil loss equation.
Waste products disposal is a problem faced by both
rural and urban people. Because of stricter regulation
and the limited technology and capital available to
meet these standards, these groups are giving more
consideration to land application of wastes. This
study's objectives were: (1) study the quality of
runoff and percolate from a rainfall event on soil
which has received various applications of treated
liquid waste; (2) investigate waste application effects
on soil erosion; (3) develop a manure erodibility fac-
tor and a soil erodibility factor to use in the universal
soil-loss equation, for a soil that has had treated liquid
waste applied on the surface. The procedures for the
study are given. The following conclusions were
drawn: (1) Although the percolate had high nitrate
concentrations, the percolate from manured soils was
of better quality than the runoff; (2) the application of
liquid swine waste on soil caused an increase in perco-
lation through the soil that corresponded to the de-
crease in runoff from a rainfall event; (3) volatile
solids were more easily eroded than non-volatile sol-
ids; (4) becauseof the decreased volume of runoff and
the surface stabilization effect of waste, and there-
fore, the decreased COD load placed on the stream,
runoff from soils that have had liquid wastes applied
to them may be less of a pollution hazard to streams
than runoff from bare soil; (5) a new slope length
factor was determined for a three foot slope length for
the universal soil-loss equation; and (6) as compared
to runoff from bare soil, runoff from soils where liquid
waste had been applied contained fewer soil solids.
(Kehl-East Central)
2557 - Al, E3 600
LAND AND CROP UTILIZATION OF
ANIMAL MANURE AT FIVE MIN-
NESOTA LOCATIONS,
North Central Experiment Station, Minnesota Uni-
versity, Grand Rapids
P. R. Goodrich, J. J. Boedicker, E. C. Miller, J. D.
Evans, and G. W. Randall
Presented at 1973 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, June 17-20,1973, Paper No. 73-430,16 p. 16
tab.
Descriptors: Minnesota, Crop response, Chemical
analysis, Soil analysis, Nutrients, Salts.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
Manure was used as fertilizer on various experimen-
tal plots in Minnesota in an attempt to investigate the
problems associated with the application of manure.
The investigation was aimed at lowering hauling
costs and protecting soil productivity, groundwater
quality, and crop yields. Extensive soil and manure
samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, ammonia
nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, conductiv-
ity, chlorides, potassium, sodium, and pH. Emission
spectograph analyses were performed on manure
samples for phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
aluminum, sodium, iron, magnesium, zinc, copper,
molybdenum, manganese, and boron contents. Three
types of manure were applied in the fall of 1970 and
again in the fall of 1971: solid beef manure at 100
tons-acre, liquid beef manure at 284 tons/acre, and
liquid hog manure at 284 tons/acre; the fertilized plots
were planted with corn in 1971, 1972, and 1973. The
following observations were drawn from this study:
(1) Although there were some mechanical problems,
it was found that manure can be successfully applied
at these rates. (2) At these rates of manure applica-
tion, the plant food application rate was quite high. (3)
The high salt content in the manure increased soil
conductivity, but only damaged plants receiving the
liquid beef manure. (4) Yields from plots receiving
manure were not statistically different from plots re-
ceiving inorganic fertilizer. (5) Though manure ap-
plications increased nitrate-nitrogen and chloride
levels in the soil, there was no apparent movement of
nitrate-nitrogen below three feet. (Sanders-East
Central)
2558 - A9, Bl, E3 300
CHICKEN LITTER AS A SUPPLE-
MENT IN WINTERING BEEF COWS
AND CALVES ON PASTURE,
M. L. Ray and R. D. Child
Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. 14, No. 4, p. 5, July-
August, 1965. 3 tab.
Descriptors: Litters, Feeds, Cattle, Performance.
In 1964, a cooperative experiment was initiated to
study methods of feeding chicken litter to lactating
beef cows. 120 brood cows were divided into four unite
of 30 head each. The rations fed were: Group I-Litter
free choice plus all the hay that would be cleaned up
before the following day; Group II-Free choice hay
only; Group Ill-Litter that cows and calves would
clean up in two hours plus all the hay they would clean
up in 24 hours; Group IV-Free choice litter only. All
the calves were creep fed. Each group was kept on a
high quality stand of tall fescue which furnished con-
siderable grazing throughout the wintering period.
Weights, grades, and condition scores were recorded
for the cows and their calves on December 1, 1964,
when the test started and again on April 15,1965, when
the test ended. Daily feed intake was recorded by
groups. Groups ranked by weight loss (from greatest
to smallest) were II, I, IV, and III. Groups ranked by
weight gains of calves (from greatest to smallest)
were III, IV, I, and II. The calves in group IV were as
bloomy as those in the other groups and the cows
evidently produced as much milk as cows in the other
groups. Study results indicate that cow herds can be
wintered economically on Kentucky 31 fescue pas-
tures supplemented with broiler house litter and an
energy source without any expectation of harmful ef-
fects on the cows or calves. (Merryman-East Central)
2559 -Al, Bl, E2 600
COMPARISON OF DESIGN
CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF
WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Michigan
State University.
T. L. Loudon, R. L. Maddex, and C. H. Shubert
Presented at 1975 Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of California,
Davis, June 22-25,1975,14 p. 2 tab, 1 ref.
Descriptors: Design criteria, Michigan, Perfor-
mance, Dairy industry, Cattle, Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Waste handling systems, Swine, Land
disposal.
A research study is under way in Michigan to evaluate
animal waste handling systems on 24 dairy, beef, and
swine farms. In some instances the complete system
is being studied, while in other instances only a
specific component of the system is under study. Data
collection is performed by both the fanner and the
project personnel using basic instrumentation for
measurement of precipitation, manure level in stor-
age facilities and temperatures in selected manure
storage facilities. Manure storage facilities and
runoff retention ponds are receiving particular atten-
tion, comparing design expectations with actual land
application, and handling method. Observations that
have been made may be summarized as follows: (1)
Few manure storage facilities function exactly as
planned. A common area of discrepancy between de-
sign and performance is the storage period achieved.
(2) A storage facility designed for both manure and
runoff is difficult to manage if the only land applica-
tion method is a liquid manure spreader. (3) Hauling
manure from a concrete bunker storage facility
which doesn't provide for draining liquids away is not
feasible with a conventional loader and spreader. (4)
Total waste production in a farrowing building includ-
ing washdown waste water averages 1.17 fl&sow/lay.
(5) The best times to empty manure storages in
Michigan are during winter or after hay harvest. (6)
Peak labor demands for waste handling may be con-
sidered second priority if cropping programs labor
demands are high. (7) Michigan farmers apparently
consider management of runoff ponds as a low prior-
ity item. (Penrod-East Central)!
2560 - Bl, D2, E3 400
COLORADO DPW PROCESSING
FIRM FINDS READY MARKET AS
BOTH FEED, FERTILIZER,
B. M. Wilkinson
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 33, p. 7, August 18,1975.3 fig.
Descriptors: Colorado, Poultry, Feeds, Fertilizers,
Dehydration.
Identifiers: Dried poultry waste.
A new dried poultry waste (DPW) processing plant in
Colorado began operations in March and since has
been having difficulties just keeping up with demand
for DPW. Tie waste is being sold to feed manufactur-
ers for as high as $72 a ton, according to Stanley K.
Hill, Vice-president of Organic Products, Inc., the
DPW firm. Sunnymead, the poultry farm supplying
this plant, is expected to make $18,000 to $20,000 annu-
ally from the DPW. The cost of establishing the DPW
plant was under $200,000. The DPW is also being mar-
keted as fertilizer under the brand name TIARA in
order to keep the plant operating in slack feeding
periods. The cattle don't seem to mind DPW in their
feeds, although one feedlot reported rejectance when
DPW was abruptly added in place of a familiar ingre-
dient for 6 per cent of the total ration. Hill advises that
DPW be added gradually to the ration. The biggest
problem with DPW is drying it; the fresh manure is
about 75 per cent moisture, and needs to be around 40
per cent moisture before dehydration is economical
and efficient. Fans are used to aerate the DPW before
dehydration. The temperature in the drying chamber
is kept at about 275 degrees. This is high enough to kill
pathogens yet low enough to save nitrogen and micro
elements. (Sanders-East Central)
2561 - Al, Bl, F2 300
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
AND SYSTEMS ON MICHIGAN DAIRY
FARMS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
C. R. Hoglund, J. S. Boyd, L. J. Connor, and J. B.
Johnson
Agricultural Economics Report No. 208, Department
of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State Univer-
sity, January, 1972.15 p. 6 tab.
Descriptors: Michigan, Regulation, Dairy industry,
Water pollution, Air pollution, Costs.
Identifiers: Waste management.
264
-------
A survey was conducted in Southern Michigan to col-
lect information concerning manure handling sys-
tems, practices, and costs on dairy farms having dif-
ferent herd sizes and housing systems. The informa-
tion was collected in order to provide a basis for de-
veloping investment and cost data for alternative
manure handling systems which would take into ac-
count varying degrees of air and water pollution con-
trol mat would be required by the Michigan Water
Resources Commission andAtr the Michigan Air Pol-
lution Control Commission. The following conclusions
were drawn from the 314 surveys that were completed
and returned. Dairy housing and manure handling
systems were related to herd size, which ranged from
46 cows on farms with stanchion housing and a gutter
cleaner-spreader manure handling system to 135
cows on farms with a covered housing/liquid manure
handling system. The largest herds, averaging 158
cows, used open-lot housing and liquid manure sys-
tems. Acres of cropland on which manure was spread
ranged from 4 acres per cow on those farms with
stanchion housing to 3 acres per cow on farms with
covered housing-liquid manure systems. Most
dairymen stated that they had received no strong ob-
jections from neighbors about odors from their man-
ure handling systems even though approximately half
of them reported a neighbor within one-half mile. In-
vestments in the complete waste management sys-
tems ranged from $80 to over $190 per cow, depending
on the sophistication of the system. (Sanders-East
Central)
2562 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 100
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN ANI-
MAL WASTES TREATMENT,
Tippecanoe Laboratories of Eli Lilly and Co.,
Lafayette, Indiana
R. H. L. Howe
Water & Wastes Engineering, Vol. 6, p. A14-A18,1969.
4 fig, 7 tab, 6 ret.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Waste treatment, Regu-
lation, Research and development, Coagulation,
Stabilization, Activated sludge, Lagoons, Oxidation.
Because of stricter pollution regulations and the need
of producing more food to meet the needs of a growing
population, the problem of animal and dairy wastes
has been intensified. The purpose of this study is to
present research and developmental work conducted
by the author and his colleagues. In the feeding indus-
try, animal wastes are defined as including: waste
feed, excreta, bedding material, washings, and spills.
Among research in wastes disposal methods, the In-
stitute of Advanced Sanitation Research, Interna-
tional has initiated a cooperative project, involving
several member-scientists, primarily for the investi-
gation of the characteristics of various animal wastes
before and after treatment. The author states that it is
their finding that solid wastes and liquid wastes must
be separated and handled differently for reasons of
economy. Also being investigated are physical and
chemical methods of animal wastes treatment. The
search for an economical coagulant has led the author
and his colleagues to develop a very promising inor-
ganic polymeric coagulant which has been tested in
plant-scale operation. Animal processing wastes vary
in terms of their characteristics. The main problems
in treating these wastes are caused by: blood, color,
solids, BOD, grease, hairs, and proteinaceous parti-
cles. In treating animal processing wastes, effective
and proper methods of stabilization are needed. Sev-
eral methods of stabilizing biological sludge and dairy
wastes are given. The author discusses various re-
search needs. Mr. Howe says that it is believed that
segregation of strong wastes from weak would be ap-
propriate. (Penrod-East Central)
2563 - Al, E2 700
SOME EFFECTS OF BEEF FEEDLOT
EFFLUENT APPLIED TO A FORAGE
SORGHUM,
J. E. Sukovaty
Unpublished MS Thesis, University of Nebraska,
May, 1973, 61 p. 13 fig, 13 tab, 41 ref.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Crop re-
sponse, Sorghum, Nutrients, Effluent, Waste dispos-
al, Legislation.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Detrimental effects.
An increased food need has caused increased beef
production, resulting in an increase in feedlots. The
animal wastes from these facilities present potential
runoff, groundwater and air pollution problems.
Legislation has stated that runoff must be collected.
Once this is done, it must be disposed of properly.
Before effluent disposal on cropland is recommended,
several questions should be answered. Such questions
encompass nutrient value, detrimental effects of the
effluent, and possible soil pollution problems. Data
analysis obtained for a two year effluent disposal
study revealed definite treatment differences bet- '
ween effluent and water applications. High rates of
effluent application were observed to have an addi-
tive effect on NOs-N concentrations in harvested
plants for 1972. Such an effect was not observed for
1971. The addition of phosphorus to the surface four
inches of soil was linearly related to increasing
effluent application over the two year period. Effluent
addition to cropland showed an increase in soil solu-
tion of Na, Ca, and K. Data from the two year study
indicate the 1-inch effluent application appeared to
have the most beneficial results. Other than an in-
crease in P accumulation, the addition of 2-inches of
effluent per week did not show beneficial results over
the 1-inch effluent application. The study concluded
that negative yield response may be offset by the in-
crease efficiency of waste disposal. Points that should
be considered if this type of disposal is used are: (1)
nutrient and salt concentrations in effluent, (2) soil
texture and area of available land, (3) local precipita-
tion and climatic factors, and (4) size of operation.
(Penrod-East Central)
2564 - A4, Bl 700
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE
LAYERS OF A LEVEL BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT,
L. N. Mielke
PhD Dissertation, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Ap-
ril, 1974, 166 p. 14 fig, 49 tab, 77 ref.
Descriptors: Cattle, Permeability, Sampling, Soil
profiles, Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Feedlot surface, Interface layer, Organic
materials, Inorganic materials, Soil cores.
The object of this study was to measure the physical
changes that occur in soil under the influence of a beef
cattle feedlot. Special emphasis was given to the in-
terface zone formed between the inorganic and or-
ganic material near the soil surface. A soil sampling
technique was developed using heat-shrink plastic
tubing to encase undisturbed cores. The cores ob-
tained were very adequate for laboratory study of the
soil conditions beneath the feedlots. Water movement
into the profile was greatly restricted by the combina-
tion of animal wastes and cattle tramping. This action
also increased the bulk density of the top 15 to 20 cm of
the profile and caused the formation of a boundary or
interface layer between the organic and inorganic
materials .Mixing of soil and organic matter occurred
below and above interface boundary that was formed.
The interface layer influenced the movement of air,
water and nutrients into the soil profile and into the
groundwater. Other soil cores from the cropland and
feedlot were segmented into sections about 10 cm
long. Observations of these sections are given. Chem-
ical analysis of percolate from the soil sections
showed the highest concentration of Na and K in the
interface layer. The dispersing effect of Na and K in
the soil together with the compaction by hoof action
resulted in a very poor physical condition at the feed-
lot soil surface that limited the movement of water
and air. (Penrod-East Central)
2565 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2, E3 200
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN AG-
RICULTURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, California
University, Davis
S. A. Hart
Transactions of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on
Sanitary Engineering, The Bulletin of Engineering
and Architecture No. 52, The University of Kansas,
Lawrence, 1974, p. 5-10. 8 fig, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Drying, Odor, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Agricultural wastes, Waste manage-
ment, Composting, Land disposal.
Depending on the definition used, there are four or
five kinds of agricultural wastes: (1) livestock man-
ures, (2) crop residues, (3) dead animals, (4) agricul-
tural chemicals, and (5) runoff water and eroded soil.
Livestock manure is the agricultural waste that
creates the greatest problem today. Manure cannot
usually be allowed to accumulate in a confinement
area until use, because of the sanitation hazards of
odors, dust, animal health, fly breeding, or potential
water pollution. Therefore, four steps need to be con-
sidered in manure management—collection, proces-
sing, storing, and utilization. The form of the waste
(liquid or solid) determines the type of waste man-
agement practices utilized. Manure processing is
based on the stabilization of a waste organic matter
which is contaminated with water. Drying and com-
posting as stabilizing processes are examined. Pro-
cessing methods for liquid-carried manure include:
digestion, anaerobic lagooning, and possibly aerobic
treatment akin to the activated sludge process. The
main emphasis on storing manure is that it must be
sanitary. Stabilization is very important in prepara-
tion for storage. Manure may be disposed of or
utilized in several ways, the main method being land
application. Other uses are in experimental stages
and include (1) recovery of drugs, vitamins, and hor-
mones from the wastes, and (2) use of livestock
wastes as a source of fuel. (Penrod-East Central)
2566 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2 200
NEWER ASPECTS IN TREATMENT
OF PACKING HOUSE AND FEEDLOT
WASTES,
Oscar Mayer and Co., Madison, Wisconsin
A. S. Johnson
Transactions of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on
Sanitary Engineering, The Bulletin of Engineering
and Architecture No. 52, The University of Kansas,
Lawrence, 1964, p. 10-18. 7 fig, 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Wis-
consin, Feedlots, Farm wastes, Trickling filters, La-
goons, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: Packing house wastes, Anaerobic stabili-
zation ponds, Composting.
Attempts are being made in Wisconsin to improve the
efficiencies of processes utilized in treating packing
house wastes. Primary treatment usually includes
various combinations of screens, flocculators,
sedimentation tanks and dissolved air flotation tanks.
Some plants operate trickling filters of packing house
waters, for secondary treatment. Other plants use
anaerobic stabilization ponds, sometimes in conjunc-
tion with trickling filters. The problem of feedlot
waste disposal has not to date been subject to review
by the Wisconsin Water Pollution Commission, al-
though feedlots are becoming a larger industry in the
state. Although return of manure to the soil is still the
principal disposal method, improvements in handling
facilities and attempts to apply anaerobic ponds to
treatment of the wastes appear to be the primary
trends in this area. (Penrod-East Central)
2567 - A2, Bl 200
STREAM POLLUTION FROM FEED-
LOT RUNOFF,
Environmental Health Services, Kansas State De-
partment of Health, Topeka
S. M. Smith and J. R. Miner
Transactions of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on
265
-------
Sanitary Engineering, The Bulletin of Engineering
and Architecture No. 52, The University of Kansas,
Lawrence, 1964, p. 18-25. 7 fig, 8 tab.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Agricultural runoff,
Feedlots, Kansas, Atmospheric precipitation, Am-
monia.
The objective of this report is to indicate that the
authors' findings show animal feedlot runoff to be a
significant source of water pollution, and to present
data which have been collected indicating the nature
of the pollution and the behavior of streams after
being subjected to this type of pollution. The limited
amount of information that seems to be available de-
scribing stream pollution may be partly accounted for
by the problem of collecting stream samples during or
shortly after runoff. The principal data for this Kan-
sas study came from water samples collected from
three streams—the Whitewater River near Potwin,
the Cottonwood River near Emporia, and Fox Creek
near Strong City. The nature of such runoff pollution is
described as follows: (a) runoff imposes a slug load
on the stream, (b) feedlot runoff is high in ammonia
and the resulting stream pollution shows characteris-
tic high ammonia concentration, and (c) a high bacte-
rial population is produced by the runoff. Serious dis-
solved oxygen content depletion may occur in the
stream if the stream is small and the waste load is
large. The degree of stream pollution is dependent on
a variety of factors: feedlot size, lot cleanliness at
time of runoff, area topography and lot location with
respect to receiving waters, rainfall intensity,
amount and pattern, stream size, and the pollution
control measures used. (Penrod-East Central)
2568 - C3, D2 700
THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION ON
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MANURE,
C. W. Berg
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Department,
North Dakota State University, Fargo, September,
1972, 77 p. 25 fig, 11 tab.
Descriptors: Dehydration, Chemical properties, Nut-
rition, Dairy industry, Cattle, Moisture content,
Temperature.
Identifiers: Manure.
An investigation was conducted to determine the ef-
fects of drying air temperature, final moisture con-
tent and accumulation time on the chemical composi-
tion of the dried manure product. Investigators hoped
to establish any trends on the chemical composition
and nutritive value of the dried manure product that
might be caused by the various treatment effects.
Manure was collected from dairy steers and consisted
of samples which had accumulated for different time
periods. The manure was dried down to three diffe-
rent final moisture contents at four temperature
levels. The chemical composition of the manure was
then determined to obtain the nutritive value of the
dried manure product. It was concluded that: (1) Ash,
acid determent fiber, lignin, cell wall constituents,
silica, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and mag-
nesium revealed higher dry weight percentages in the
manure than in the feed consumed; (2) An increase in
manure accumulation time revealed an increase in
dry weight percentages of ash and silica and a de-
crease in protein;(3) Cell wall constituents increased
with increase in final moisture content; (4) General-
ly, increase in temperature caused an increase in dry
weight percentages of silica, fiber lignin, and phos-
phorus. However, as temperatures increased the
amount of cell wall constituents and digestible dry
matter decreased; (5) Drying to 1 per cent final mois-
ture content at 200 degrees C gave the highest dry
weight percentages and contributed greatly to sig-
nificant differences of the temperature by final mois-
ture content interaction of ash, silica, fiber, lignin,
phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium; (6) Op-
timum drying conditions would call for collection of
manure daily and, if possible, drying it at 100 degrees
C to a final moisture content of 8 per cent.
(Cameron-East Central)
2569 - Al, E2 700
RATE OF MANURE DECOMPOSI-
TION IN SOIL AND EFFECTS OF
SPRINKLER APPLICATION OF LA-
GOON EFFLUENT ON CORN AND
GRAIN SORGHUM,
T. E. Loynachan
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State
University, 1972, 81 p. 7 fig, 23 tab, 84 ref.
Descriptors: Crop response, Sprinkler irrigation,
Carbon dioxide, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Potassium,
Salinity.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Decomposition,
Anaerobic lagoons, Swine.
The main objective of this study was to consider soil
as the ultimate medium for manure disposal. Two
methods were investigated: (1) application of the
complete manure to the soil, and (2) the anaerobic
lagooning of the fresh manure followed by application
of the effluent to land. In experiment I, hog manure
was applied to Webster clay loam soil at the rates of 0,
10, SO, 100, and 200 parts wet manure per thousand
parts dry soil. The relative rates of manure decom-
position were found to be inversely related to quantity
added, while the absolute rates were found to be di-
rectly related to the quantity added. Carbon dioxide
production rate increased to a peak within two days
and then gradually decreased. Rate of and total car-
bon dioxide evolution were more closely related to
amount of carbon added than to moisture level. Re-
sults indicated that no more than 100 tons per acre of
manure should be applied at any one application to
similar soils. In experiment II, swine-lagoon effluent
was applied to land growing corn and grain sorghum.
Effluent was sprinkler irrigated at rates of 0-17.09
inches from June 21 to August 27,1971. The effluent
had no significant effect on corn yield; however,
grain-sorghum decreased up to S3 bushels per acre.
Higher rates of effluent application induced lodging of
the grain-sorghum heads. Protein in the grain in-
creased with increasing rates of effluent on grain sor-
ghum, but this trend was not observed in corn. In-
creasing amounts of applied effluent caused in-
creased values of extractable phosphorus and ex-
changeable potassium in the surface two inches of
soil. Salinity also increased. (Penrod-East Central)
2570 - A8, A9 100
BIOCONCENTRATION AND BIOT-
RANSFER OF AFLATOXIN,
Department of Microbiology, Colorado State Univer-
sity, Ft. Collins
M. P. Nevins and D. W. Grant
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and To-
xicology, Vol. 6, No. 6, p. S52-558, November-
December, 1971.17 ref.
Descriptors: Microorganisms, Toxicity, Feedlots,
Cattle, Fish, Health.
Identifiers: Bioconcentration,Biotransfer,Aflatoxin,
Substrate, Flies.
Research was undertaken to isolate aflatoxin-
producing strains of Aspergillus flavus from manure
and to demonstrate a potential path for the biotrans-
fer and biomagnification of the aflatoxins in a simu-
lated food chain. It was found that toxigenic strains of
A, flavus can be readily recovered from stockpiled
feedlot manure and that, under certain conditions,
aflatoxin production within the manure can occur.
Since the manure is attractive to several species of
ovipositing flies, notably Musca domestica. ample
opportunity exists for the biotransfer of the aflatoxin
from the manure into the insect larvae. Maggots can
convert the manure substrate into their biomass with
an efficiency of 71 per cent, after which the toxicity of
the substrate increases. When this maggot-
bioconcentrated crude aflatoxin was ingested by tr-
out, severe af latoxicosis was evident in the fish within
10 days. It is likely that, although trout would have
little access to toxic maggots, the fish could receive
carcinogenic doses via ingestion of the flies developed
from toxic larvae. Based on the results of this study, it
appears that serious environmental health problems
could develop from the biotransfer and bioconcentra-
tion of aflatoxins originating in stockpiled manure.
The problem is probably most prevalent in agricul-
tural areas with favorable high temperatures and
humidities. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2571 - Al, Bl, F2 300
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF FEED-
LOT POLLUTION IN NEBRASKA,
Nebraska University-Lincoln College of Agriculture,
The Agricultural Experiment Station.
D. C. Nelson
Publication SB 529, Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 24 p.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Feedlots, Nebraska,
Nuisance, Negligence, Trespass, Common Law,
Odor, Dust, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Noise, Pests.
The common law and statutory legal implications of
feedlot pollution in Nebraska are examined. The fun-
damental inquiry in Nebraska is to determine
whether the feedlot operation violates the accepted
rule of decency and substantially depreciates the
value of the nearby property. The judicial precedents
of such inquiry are discussed in terms of odor, dust,
noise, water contamination and pests. The common
law theories of nuisance, negligence and trespass are
examined. Statutory measures are also discussed and
suggestions are made for ways to reduce the chances
of legal suits against feedlots due to pollution.
(Penrod-East Central)
2572 - Al, Bl, El 400
THE DRY DEEP PIT SYSTEM,
Purdue University
R. L. Adams
Poultry Tribune, Vol. 77, p. 26,28, April, 1971. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Poultry, Odor, Water pollution, Ventila-
tion.
Identifiers: Deep pits, Flies.
Odors, flies, and nutrients in water courses are the
typical pollution problems associated with poultry.
All can be eliminated by use of a deep (8 to 10 ft.) pit
under the poultry house if it is kept dry. Install and
maintain a proper watering system. Mechanical ven-
tilation will be required for high-density chicken
populations. The pit may never require cleaning.
(Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech)
2573 - Al, Bl, F2 400
A LIVESTOCKMAN'S GUIDE TO
POLLUTION LAWS,
Special Features Editor, Successful Fanning
R. Lutz
Successful Farming, Vol. 70, p. 42-43, 50, October,
1972. 1 fig.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Regulation, Feedlots,
Water pollution, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Laws are outlined for the states of Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Neb-
raska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wis-
consin. Addresses of Agencies charged with supervi-
sion of agricultural pollution in the 12 states are in-
cluded. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
266
-------
2574 - Al, El, F2 600
METHODS AND PROBLEMS RELAT-
ING TO DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM
LIVESTOCK MARKETS,
H. F. Mayes
Presented at 66th Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, June 17-20,1973, Paper No. 73-401,11 p. 6
fig.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Livestock, Regulation,
Identifiers: Hydraulic cleaning, Sanitation require-
ments.
Livestock markets have experienced problems in
disposing of waste materials since the late 1940's. The
two main species of livestock handled by most mar-
kets are cattle and swine. Design engineers need data
on waste produced by each of these species. The
amount of water used in hydraulic cleaning of wastes
at market facilities is also needed. This data is essen-
tial If efficient waste treatment systems are to be
designed for livestock markets. Research must sup-
ply this information since reference literature is not
available. All of the market facilities are under the
regulations of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the
respective State Veterinary's office. These animal
health requirements specify daily cleaning of specific
facilities. (Cartmell-East Central)
2575 - A2, B2, E2 400
HE USES VALUABLE RUNOFF,
Successful Farming, Vol. 73, No. 8, p. H10, June-July,
1975.1 fig.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Drainage, Feed-
lots, Fertilizers, Costs.
Identifiers: Waste collection, Land disposal.
Bob Atherton's Earlville, Illinois feedlot has under-
gone a number of low-cost alterations over the years
in order to eliminate muck and runoff problems on his
cement feedlot. Atherton's feedlot is 95' x 110' with a
capacity of 350-375 head of cattle. The lot has an 8-10"
slope toward the middle. From here, liquids drain into
a center outlet and buried tile and are carried to a 6' x
8' x 110' pit along the front of the lot. This pit collects
nearly all the liquid runoff, including some loose ma-
nure. Atherton empties the pit about six times a year
by means of a liquid spreader with a vacuum pump. A
conventional loader handles the remaining solids.
During winter months, Atherton tries to keep the pit
about two-thirds full to prevent damage to the pit that
might be caused by freezing and thawing if left empty.
The system seems to work very well. A drier lot, drier
bedding, and less required labor have resulted in an
economic savings over Atherton's original system.
Final alterations for this lot cost $2,500, only about $7
per head capacity. (Cameron-East Central)
2576 - A4 300
POLLUTED GROUNDWATER: A RE-
VIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANT LITER-
ATURE,
TEMPO, General Electric Company Center for Ad-
vanced Studies, Santa Barbara, California
D. K. Todd and D. E. McNulty
Environmental Protection Agency Report Number
EPA-600-4-001, March, 1974,215 p. 661 ref.
Descriptors: Groundwater pollution, Bibliographies,
Water pollution sources, Underground waste dispos-
al, Aquifer Management, Waste disposal wells, Saline
water intrusion, Path of pollutants.
A selective review is presented of the literature on
man-caused groundwater pollution, including causes
and occurrence, procedures for control, and methods
for monitoring. No attempt was made to develop a
comprehensive bibliography on the subject. Rather,
references were selected for inclusion on the basis of
their significance and relevance. Bibliographies, im-
portant general references, abstracts, and European
references are discussed separately. Thereafter the
literature is described in essay form on a subject
basis. References cited by number in the text are
listed in complete bibliographic form at the end of the
report together with an author index. With few excep-
tions, the material reviewed is limited to relatively
recent published items in the United States. Adminis-
trative regulations, legal reports, and unpublished
materials such as theses have been omitted. (En-
vironmental Protection Agency)
2577 - Al, E2 700
RATE AND EXTENT OF NITROGEN
AND PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT
THROUGH GLACIALLY DE-
POSITIED SOILS TREATED WITH
POULTRY MANURE,
R. A. Hoffman
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of
Maine, Orono, June, 1973,169 p. 9 fig, 42 tab, 111 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Soils, Infiltra-
tion, Poultry.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The objective of this study was to monitor the move-
ment of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate ions in the
soil water solution as influenced by the incorporation
of poultry manure into the plow layer. Soil samples
were collected for analysis of selected chemical prop-
erties. There was some variability in the results be-
cause of missing samples and seasonal fluctuations.
Provided available soil moisture was present and the
vacuum was applied within 48 hours prior to water
sample collection, the porous ceramic cup technique
was an adequate means of extracting soil water from
a soil profile. The soil water solution collected in-
creased in NH4-N and N02*IOj-N concentration, pre-
sumably due to the manure applied. The level of
NHd-N, N02+N03-N and P04-P in the ground water
table in the Windsor loamy sand was not significantly
increased by manure applications during the study
period. There was a significant increase in the Nfy-N
and NOjfNOs-N concentration on top of the fragipan
within the treatment plots on the Charlton fine sandy
loam. During the study the total soil nitrogen and the
organic matter analyses indicated little change re-
sulting from manure application. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2578 - Al, E2 700
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION
AND MOVEMENT IN A MARINE SED-
IMENT SOIL FOLLOWING TREAT-
MENT WITH VARYING RATES OF
POULTRY MANURE,
R. F. Jeffrey . .
MS Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of
Maine, June, 1972,124 p. 17 fig, 29 tab, 84 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Leachates, pH.
Identifiers: Nitrogen transformation, Nitrogen
movement, Marine sediment soil, Land disposal, Ap-
plication rates.
The purpose of this study was to determine the trans-
formations and movement of nitrogen through a
marine sediment soil following application of poultry
manure at rates of 0,200,400,800, and 1600 pounds of
nitrogen per acre per year. A Scantic soil was treated
three times over a nine-month period with five levels
of nitrogen in the form of poultry manure. The result-
ing leachate and soil were analyzed for selected mic-
robiological and chemical properties. Soil microor-
ganisms, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and the demt-
rif iers tended to increase under all treated plots in
comparison to the control. The population levels for
the two nitrifiers were greatest in the A horizon while
the denitrifiers were greatest in the B horizon. Grea-
ter than 90 per cent of the original or applied nitrogen
was accounted for upon evaluation of all incoming and
outgoing sources of nitrogen. The greatest treatment,
1600 pounds nitrogen per acre per year, lost the
greatest amount. In the A horizon, total soil nitrogen
increased as treatment rate increased. Also as treat-
ment of nitrogen increased, the easily oxidizable or-
ganic matter showed an increase in the upper two
horizons. Under the two highest treatments, 800 and
1600 pounds of nitrogen per acre, a considerable de-
crease in pH took place at all depths. (Penrod-East
Central)
2579 - Cl, Dl 100
MICROBIOLOGY IN THE AEROBIC
TREATMENT OF FARM WASTES,
J. M. Grainger
Process Biochemistry, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 28-30, March
1973. 28 ref.
Descriptors: Microbiology, Aerobic treatment, Re-
search and development, Sampling, Microor-
ganisms, Design, Waste treatment.
Microbiology is making an increasing contribution to
research work on farm waste problems in relation to
treatment systems and the consequences of disposal
of treated and untreated slurry to land. A necessary
contribution is the study of factors which influence
growth and activities of microorganisms, the results
of which can be valuable in designing and operating
treatment systems. It is essential that studies be done
with cultures that are adequately representative of
those microorganisms whose activities are important
in the treatment process. Consequently this article
examines some procedures for the enumeration and
isolation of heterotrophic microorganisms, of aerobic
systems for treatment of farm slurry. The projects
being studied concern cattle slurry treatment by an
oxidation ditch, treatment of poultry manure by a
biological filter, and the disposal of heavy dressings of
cattle slurry to grassland. The microscope may be
used for observing the colony and its isolates. Accu-
rate isolation of bacteria representative of that in the
treatment system is dependent on (a) handling of
sample before examination in the laboratory, (b) di-
lution and homogenization, (c) composition of isola-
tion medium, (d) method of inoculating the isolation
medium, and (e) temperature and period of incuba-
tion. Each of these procedures is examined in detail.
(Merryman-East Central)
2580 - Al, Bl, Cl, D4, E2 100
THE TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK
Farm Buildings Investigation Unit, Aber-
deen
A. M. Robertson
Process Biochemistry, Vol. 7, p. 21-25, June 1972.7 fig,
6 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Livestock, Waste treatment, Feedlpts,
Confinement pens, Physical properties, Chemical
properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Scotland, Loading rates,
Oxidation ditch, Anaerobic lagoons, Liquids solids
separation, Surface aerator.
Because in the future livestock will be produced in
feedlots and confinement pens of increasing size, in-
creased technology and knowledge will be needed for
animal waste management. Factors influencing
animal waste properties are species, feeding, envi-
ronment, and liveweight. While land disposal is still a
desired means of animal waste disposal, overfertili-
zation due to excessive nutrients in the soil is making
researchers take a long hard look at land disposal.
Land spreading should be avoided when soil tempera-
tures are less than 4.4 degrees C. Spreading rate
should at times be lower than the instantaneous infill-
267
-------
ration capacity of the soils and should never be so
heavy that it forms an impermeable cap. Maximum
amounts to be spread should be determined by per-
missible hydraulic and chemical soil loading rates. In
addition, it may be necessary to improve waste handl-
ing qualities before land disposal through biological
treatment. Examples of such treatment may be found
in the examination of Aberdeen's experiment utilizing
oxidation ditches, surface aerators, and anaerobic
lagoons. A theoretical assessment of the likely appli-
cation of the waste treatment systems described is
given along with suggested theoretical relationships
between investment costs in the treatment plant, etc.,
and the level of treatment achieved. (Merryman-East
Central)
2581 - D4 100
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF HOG
WASTES,
Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment
Station, Ames, Iowa
E. P. Taiganides, E. R. Baumann, H. P. Johnson, & T.
E. Hazen
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 8,
No. 4, p. 327-333,1963. 5 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Sludge digestion,
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Design criteria.
Identifiers: Swine, Detention period, Volatile solids,
Gas yield, Fertilizer value.
From the viewpoint of aesthetics, economics and pub-
lic health, farm wastes should be given a treatment
that will stabilize the manure, remove its nuisance
characteristics, sustain its fertilizer value and reduce
the pollution properties of the manure to a safe level
before final disposal. Although there are a number of
such treatments, the objective of this study was to
examine the anaerobic sludge digestion process and
report the results of a laboratory study on the applica-
tion of sludge digestion for the treatment of swine
wastes. The laboratory study showed that at 95 de-
grees F, hog wastes were digested satisfactorily at a
daily volatile solids loading rate of 0:20 U>ft3 and a
detention period of less than ten days. This showed
that 1 ft3 of digester volume is required for each pig
produced within one year. A range of 7.8 to 10.3 ft3 was
the average gas yield per day per pound of volatile
solids fed. Gas content was approximately 59 per cent
methane, 40 per cent COj, with most of the remaining
gas being free nitrogen. Based on research data and a
average hog manure composition, about 3600 B.t.u.-
day can be produced from the daily wastes of a pig.
Digested manure characteristics were greatly im-
proved through digestion. Also digestion reduced the
organic matter of the raw manure and, thus, its poten-
tial pollutional strength by 60-70 per cent. Digester
design and cost considerations are also discussed.
(Penrod-East Central)!
2582 - Al, E3 100
THE LONG TERM MANAGEMENT
OF ANIMAL MANURES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Newcastle upon Tyne
J. R. O'Callaghan, V. A. Dodd, and K. A. Pollock
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
18, p. 1-12,1973. 3 fig, 5 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Odor, Water pollution, Crop
response.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, United
Kingdom.
Disposal problems have caused some farmers to re-
sort to spreading manures on land at what could be
considered as "dumping" rates of application. The
purpose of this study is to examine the second order
effects of indiscriminate dumping of animal waste
and to provide guidelines for the rationalization of the
management and disposal of manure by land spread-
ing. Manure management is discussed in terms of a
model, based on the mass balance of nutrients within
a control area. In the steady state, application rate
must be balanced by removal rate. This model takes
into account imports of nutrients in the form of chem-
ical fertilizers and feedstuffs. Animal manures can be
utilized with chemical fertilizers for crop production
with considerable benefit. Because excess nutrients
are a pollution hazard and because land disposal often
is accompanied by an odor problem, some form of
treatment of manures prior to land disposal may be
necessary. Consequently, more research needs to be
done in these areas. (Penrod-East Central)
2583 - Al, Bl 700
CLOSED CONFINEMENT BEEF
BUILDING CALORIMETRY AND IN-
FLUENCES OF THE MANURE
STORAGE TANK,
P. G. Remmele
MS Thesis, South Dakota State University, Brook-
ings, May, 1973, 83 p. 15 fig, 6 tab, 40 ref.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Cattle, Storage tank,
Latent heat, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Calorimetry, Heat production, Moisture
production, Dry bulb temperature.
To successfully design a confinement livestock venti-
lation system, heat and moisture production data are
necessary. The objective of this study was to deter-
mine the heat and moisture produced under actual
conditions from a closed confinement beef building
housing 47 Hereford steers, to determine the heat and
moisture contributions to the environment from the
manure storage tank located under the slotted floor,
and to determine sensible and latent heat production
from a closed confinement building. The study was
done at the Farmer's Union Grain Terminal Associa-
tion's modern and well designed beef research facility
near Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The average daily
total heat production of the building ranged from 1530
to 4070 Btu/hr/head and averaged 2870 Btu/hrAiead.
The sensible heat production of the building was gen-
erally negative above inlet dry bulb temperatures of
70 degrees F and building latent heat production in-
creased for inlet dry bulb temperatures above 40 de-
grees F. Sensible heat production from the manure
storage tank was inversely related to animal density.
The removal of sensible heat from and the addition of
latent heat to the animal area of the building was the
overall effect of the manure storage tank. Significant
prediction equations were determined for latent, sen-
sible and total heat production of the building and
building corrected for manure storage tank contribu-
tions and for sensible heat production of the manure
storage tank. (Penrod-East Central)
2584 - A4, D4, E2 700
MINIMAL TREATMENT OF SWINE
MANURE FOR IRRIGATION: EF-
FECT ON NITROGEN,
A. M. A. Shady
MS Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May,
1973,124 p. \9 fig, 20 tab, 37 ref.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Nitrogen com-
pounds, Irrigation, Effluent.
Identifiers: Swine, Groundwater pollution, Soil col-
umn, Leachate analysis, Nitrogen removal.
Continuous-flow aerobic treatment was applied to
swine manure as a minimal treatment. The various
levels of different nitrogen compounds were studied
to determine the reduction of such compounds. Short-
term aeration was found to reduce nitrogen content by
as much as 40 per cent. Most of the nitrogen losses
were as free ammonia stripped out of the reactor.
Nitrate formation was very low due to limited oxygen
supply. Changes in flow rate andA>r detention time did
not affect the amount of reduction of total Kjeldahl
nitrogen or ammonium. The manure was applied in
one application of one inch, two applications of one-
half inch at 18 day intervals, and four applications of
one-fourth inch at nine day intervals. Treatment ap-
plications of one inch gave the highest value of reco-
vered nitrogen, which leads to the conclusion that the
more waste added in one application the more im-
mediate the effect; however, odor was most offensive
in this application, even though previous aerobic
treatment eliminated much of the odor. From this
evidence it appears that applying the same amounts
of nitrogen to the soil column in different applications
will dilute the effect and spread it over a longer
period. (Sanders-East Central)
2585 - Al 100
POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SURFACE
AND GROUND WATERS.
Department of Civil Engineering, Hawaii, Honolulu
R.H.F. Young
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 46,
No. 6, p. 1419-1429, June, 1974.103 ref.
Descriptors: Water pollution sources, Nutrients,
Heavy metals, Chemicals, Runoff.
Identifiers: Ground water pollution, Agricultural
wastes, Radionuclides, Biological contamination,
Soil contamination.
This report reviews literature concerning the pollu-
tion effects of various substances on surface and
groundwater. Among the substances covered are:
nutrients, agricultural wastes, chemicals, heavy
metals and radionuclides, and biological contamina-
tion. Nutrient enrichment sources cited were sewage
treatment effluents, industrial wastes, urban runoff,
and agricultural runoff. Documented sources of ag-
ricultural pollution were: (1) percolates from surface
irrigated dairy manure slurries, (2) storm runoff
from cattle feedlots, (3) runoff from agricultural
watersheds, and (4) seepage from wastewater irriga-
tion. Chemical pollution sources cited were: oil field
brine disposal; salt-water intrusion in coastal areas;
irrigation-return flow; contaminants from outboard
motor fuel; herbicides; use of deicing salts on high-
ways ; and the mobilization of the constituents in con-
taminated snow, such as heavy metals, oils, greases,
phenols, and BOD from decaying organic matter.
Heavy metal and radionuclide contamination sources
that were discussed were discharges from gold re-
covery operations, use of nuclear reactors, and nuc-
lear weapons tests. Sources of biological contamina-
tion that were cited included:(1) slime outbreaks due
to industrial or domestic wastewater effluents, (2)
coliforms due to discharges from boats and a faulty
septic tank, and (3) viruses from septage filtrates.
Reclamation by groundwater recharge, soil pollution,
and modeling and analytical research methods were
also reviewed. (Penrod-East Central)
2586 - A6, A9, Bl, E2 200
AIRBORNE HEALTH HAZARDS
GENERATED WHILE TREATING
AND LAND DISPOSING WASTE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University
of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
P. R. Goodrich, S. L. Diesch, and L. D. Jacobson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 7-10.
Descriptors: Bacteria, Microorganisms, Air pollu-
tion, Health, Sampling, Waste treatment, Wind veloc-
ity-
Identifiers: Land disposal, Oxidation ditch, Wind di-
rection, Spray disposal, Fecal coliforms, Fecal Strep-
tococci.
Airborne micro organisms were monitored in several
animal housing facilities. They were also monitored
during spray disposal applications using irrigation
equipment. All glass impingers were used for sampl-
ing. The all glass impinger (AGI) is designed to simu-
late the human respiratory system with respect to
268
-------
sampling rate (12.5 liters per minute) and particle
size retention (1-10 microns). The AGI uses a vacuum
to draw the air sample into a collecting fluid for
scrubbing and then, through a critical orifice for vol-
ume measurement. Bacterial plate techniques were
used to identify total bacteria, fecal coliforms and
fecal Streptococci per liter of sampled air. The field
sampling during waste disposal operation resulted in
erratic information, due largely to the uncontrolled
nature of the events. However, elevated levels of
bioaerosols are definitely generated in the spray dis-
posal process. These are carried beyond the wetted
area and have the potential to travel many miles be-
fore settling. Care in selecting proper wind speed and
direction conditions is needed. The results from Beef
and Dairy barn sampling at three levels show that the
oxidation ditch itself does not increase the hazard to
man or animals in the housing environment or the
nearby exterior environment. However, certain ac-
tivities, such as cleaning, sweeping and facilities re-
pair caused conditions hazardous to human respirat-
ory system. Protective masks were indicated for per-
sons engaged in these tasks. Higher counts were as-
sociated with the presence of animals in the facility
and the relative activity of the animal. (Goodrich, et
^-University of Minnesota)
2587 - A9, B2 200
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLAE,
TOTAL COLIFORMS AND FECAL
COLIFORMS IN SWINE WASTE LA-
GOON EFFLUENTS,
Department of Microbiology, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina
D. J. Krieger, J. H. Bond, and C. L. Earth
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 11-14.
Descriptors: Salmonellae, Lagoons.
Identifiers: Fecal coliforms, Swine, Survival.
A study was undertaken to determine the survival
characteristics of Salmonella cholerae-suis. Sal-
llla typhimuriurn, total coliforms and fecal"col-
s in swine waste lagoon materials. Columns of
swine waste lagoon material were loaded with vari-
ous population densities of S. cholerae-suis and S.
typhimurium. Enumeration of total and fecal col-
iforms employed MPN methods utilizing lactose
broth and E C. medium, respectively. Enumeration of
Salmonella was determined by MPN methods using
Tetrathionate Broth, and confirmed by plating on
Brilliant Green agar and agglutination with Sal-
monella 0 antiserum poly A-l. Initial population
counts of 2.5 x 103 organisms-mi of & cholerae-suis
and 7 x 10* organisms-mi of Sj tvnhimurium de-
creased to non-recoverable levels in 24 days. Initial
natural populations of 20 organisms/ml of fecal col-
iforms showed complete die-off after 10 days, and
natural populations of 3.3 xlO3 organisms-mi of total
coliforms died off in 21 days. Survival times were also
determined in columns which were loaded with high
and low initial Salmonella populations. In all cases,
the survival time of the organisms observed was de-
termined by the initial numbers, whereas, the death
rate of Salmonella was independent of the numbers in
the original population. Efforts to recover bac-
teriophage from lagoon materials and loaded col-
umns against coliforms and Salmonella were nega-
tive. Antagonisms were not responsible for die-off
rates. Results indicated that depletion of an essential
growth factor was probably the cause of death.
(Krieger, et al-Clemson University)
2588 - A8, B2, D3 200
MOSQUITO PRODUCTION AND CON-
TROL IN ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONS,
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
R. C. Axtell, D. A. Rutz, M. R. Overcash, and F. J.
Humenik.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 15-18.
Descriptors: Mosquitoes, Lagoons, Insecticides
Simulation analysis.
Identifiers: Mosquito control, Swine.
Simulated waste lagoons (55 gal. drums) were oper-
ated for 6 months at different manure loading rates,
which resulted in several organic pollution levels, and
the numbers of mosquito larvae and pupae were de-
termined weekly. The abundance of mosquitoes
(mostly Culex quinquefasciatusl was correlated with
the degree of pollution ( measured as COD and TOC) .
With swine waste, mosquito production was optimal
at about 320 cu. ft. of lagoon volume per 100 Ib. hog
with very little production at and below 80 cu. ft. per
hog and at or above 1280 cu. ft. per hog. Similar mos-
quito production data for poultry waste loading rates
are given. Also, mosquito production versus degree of
pollution was determined weekly for 6 months at 5
on-farm operating swine lagoons. The effectiveness
for mosquito control in simulated lagoons and in on-
farm swine lagoons was determined for the following
insecticides: malathion, chloropyrifos, Abate and
Flit MLO. Also, the insect growth regulators TH6040
and Altosid were evaluated. No impaired lagoon per-
formance was evident with the addition of these
chemicals at the dosage rates used. The numbers of
mosquito larvae were determined by a standard dip-
ping method at frequent intervals before and after
treatment. Mosquito control was obtained for periods
of 7 days to 2 months depending upon the chemical and
dosage rate. (Axtell, et al-North Carolina State Uni-
versity)
2589 - A9, Bl 200
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health In-
spection Service, Agricultural Research Center East,
BeltsvUle, Maryland 20705.
G. B. Van Ness
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 19-21.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria, Animal wastes,
Livestock, Health, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Parasites.
Infectious diseases of livestock which are spread
through manure and urine are the problems of herd
management, unless the infectious agent also sur-
vives ui the environment, and becomes a pollutant of
other premises. Experience suggests spread to other
premises depends on biological properties inherent in
the pathogenic organisms. In pollution control, there
is need to give attention to some organisms, while
others may be of little concern. Pathogens which can
grow and multiply in the environment are very impor-
tant pollutants. Some pathogens persist in the envi-
ronment. Some virus pathogens are able to survive
longer in the environment than do others, and can be
dangerous water pollutants. Current information is
gathered regarding the differences, as a guide to
further epidemiological and laboratory studies of pol-
luting organisms. (Van Ness-Agricultural Research
Center East, Beltsville, Maryland)
2590 - Bl, Dl, E2, E3, 200
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC
OVERVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE
LIVESTOCK WASTE UTILIZATION
TECHNIQUES,
Departments of Agricultural Engineering and
Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523.
J. M. Harper and D. W. Seckler
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 22-25.
Descriptors: Economics, Recycling, Energy,
Methane, Fertilizer.
Identifiers: Manure, Wastelage, Refeeding,
Pyrolysis, Land spreading.
Beef manure may be utilized as follows: (1)
Refeeding—dried manure, wastelage, fractionated
manure, and fermented manure; (2) Energy-
Anaerobic fermentation-methane, Anaerobic
fermentation-some methane with refeeding of
biomass, pyrolysis; (3) Fertilizers—land spreading
(dry), land spreading (irrigation). To compare these
alternatives accurately, an engineering evaluation of
the capital requirements and operating costs as-
sociated with each alternative is developed using a
10,000 head confinement feedlot as the basis of com-
parison. Common to all these systems is a manure
collection system. Each then requires various addi-
tional capital costs to allow utilization in the manners
outlined. An economic analysis was run using the cap-
ital and operating cost estimates to determine the
production costs of the products of each of the utiliza-
tion methods. These production costs were then com-
pared to current and projected prices for feed, energy
and fertilizer to determine the economic viability of
the alternatives. It appears that processes producing
ref eedable products show considerable economic po-
tential. Unless anaerobic fermentation processes can
be sped up, thereby reducing capital requirements
and the value of methane increases substantially,
methane production appears to be a poor alternative
to refeeding manure as a method of utilization. Utili-
zation of manure as fertilizer depends extensively on
circumstances such as distance and availability of
disposal sites. Costs increase rapidly as distances in-
crease. (Harper & Seckler-Colorado State Universi-
ty; Merryman, ed.)
2591 - Bl, D4, E3 200
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
METHANE GENERATION FEASI-
BILITY ON COMMERCIAL EGG
FARMS,
Department of Agricultural and Food Economics,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
T. C. Slane, R. L. Christensen, C. E. Willis, and R. G.
Light
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 26-29.
Descriptors: Methane, Feasibility studies, Poultry,
Economics, Costs, Energy.
The study focused on determination of net costs as-
sociated with adoption of a methane generation sys-
tem by commercial egg production units of 20,000,
40,000 and 80,000 birds in a cage housing system. Only
costs and returns attributable to the methane
generating system were considered. A model
methane generation system was developed that satis-
fied the technical requirements for the anaerobic pro-
cess. The system was specified in terms of size and
operating characteristics as determined by the waste
production of each flock size. Daily loading of the
digester was assumed. The methane generated was
used to fuel an engine-generator (s). The engine-
generator was assumed to run continuously and pro-
vide supplementary electrical power. Specifically,
the electricity generated would be sufficient to fulfill
the requirements for lighting and ventilating fans in
the production operation as well as those associated
with operation of the digester itself. Thus, the prim-
ary or commercial power sources could be considered
as "stand by" for those electrical requirements. The
fixed and variable costs of the system were estimated
for the three benchmaker operations by identifying
the fixed and variable factors associated with the sys-
tem, estimating input requirements, and budgeting
269
-------
costs for each unit. The results indicate that the sys-
tem studied was not economically feasible at present.
This conclusion is directly related to the assumed cost
of commercial power. For the smallest flock size a
commercial electrical cost of nearly 10 cents per
kilowatt-hour would be a "breakeven" while for the
largest size the "breakeven" is about 6 cents per
kilowatt-hour. It is conceivable that commercial elec-
tricity prices might reach such levels within the next
decade. (Slane, et al-University of Massachusetts;
Merryman, ed.)
2592 - Al, E2, Fl 200
ECONOMICS OF SUBSTITUTION AND
THE DEMAND FOR BEEF FEEDLOT
WASTES: ONE ALTERNATIVE FOR
SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUAL-
ITY PROBLEMS,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
D. D. Badger
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 30-32.
Descriptors: Economics, Fertilizers, Feedlots, Cat-
tle.
Identifiers: Manure, Environmental quality.
Three years ago, when manufactured fertilizer was
abundant and prices were relatively low, it was in-
creasingly difficult to convince farmers to buy and
use manure on their cropland. Since 1972, crop pro-
ducers have been encouraged to plant all acres that
previously were in set-aside programs. Demand for
fertilizers to bring these 40 million acres of land back
into production, as well as price controls imposed on
domestic fertilizer prices in 1972 and early 1973,
caused fertilizer shortages. Lifting of the price con-
trols in 1973 caused sky-rocketing prices for fertiliz-
ers. Consequently, alternative nutrient sources for
crop lands have been in demand. Thus, cropland far-
mers have been willing to pay for beef feedlot wastes,
as well as for higher transportation costs. A survey of
60 beef cattle feedlots in the Oklahoma and Texas
panhandle is underway to determine the supply and
demand situation for beef feedlot wastes and result-
ing environmental quality implications. (Badger-
Oklahoma State University; Merryman, ed.)
2593 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, Fl, 200
ECONOMIC RESEARCH PERTAIN-
ING TO PROBLEMS OF LIVESTOCK
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POL-
LUTION CONTROL,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
L. J. Connor and J. B. Johnson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 33-36.
Descriptors: Livestock.
Identifiers: Economic research, Waste management,
Pollution control, Literature review, State of the art.
This paper presents a literature review on the state of
the art in the economic analysis of livestock waste
management and pollution control problems, a dis-
cussion of major economic research findings, and
suggestions for future research. Past economic re-
search pertaining to problems of livestock waste
management and pollution control are summarized
by the following categories: (1) least-cost livestock
waste management systems; (2) industry structure
studies pertaining to the distribution of firms by size,
housing type, and waste management system; (3)
nonmarket control measures for effectuating pollu-
tion control; (4) economic impact studies (static and
dynamic) of nonmarket control measures; (5)
economic analyses of recycling animal waste; (6)
energy costs associated with alternative waste man-
agement systems; and (7) miscellaneous studies. Re-
search studies on these problems are appraised rela-
tive to the major conclusions which can be drawn,
inconsistencies in major conclusions and
methodologies employed in the research studies re-
viewed, and apparent research voids. The impacts of
alternative pollution control measures are analyzed
with respect to the likely effects upon individual lives-
tock producers, the size and technology distribution of
livestock production units within each industry, con-
sumer prices, and implications for pollution control
agencies. Conclusions relative to least-cost waste
management systems (with and without pollution
control measures assumed) are drawn wherever data
are available. Research voids and areas where vari-
ous research studies show conflicting results are
noted. (Connor & Johnson-East Lansing; Merryman,
ed.)
2594 - Al, Bl, El, Fl 200
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE
BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEMS,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln
M. Baker
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 37-40.
Descriptors: Economics, Cattle, Feedlots, Confine-
ment pens.
Identifiers: Waste management.
Livestock producers who are installing waste man-
agement systems want to know the least cost system
that will meet EPA and state pollution regulations.
Three waste management systems for unpaved feed-
lots and three systems for confined feeding facilities
were studied in Nebraska. Initial investment and
operating costs of disposal systems were included in
the study. This provides a total picture of cost of hand-
ling waste associated with beef cattle feeding. Data
were obtained from owners and operators of opera-
tional systems on initial investment, amount of mate-
rials required and disposal systems to be used. Costs
for disposal equipment were obtained from manufac-
turers, dealers and suppliers of this equipment. Rec-
ognition of microbial decomposition on the feedlots
was included in the study. Initial investment in beef
feedlot waste management systems is substantial and
provides no additional revenues to the feeder. Annual
operating costs are minimal; however, even this rep-
resents an increased cost of feeding cattle. With a
large fixed investment, there are considerable reduc-
tions in cost per head capacity as the size of feedlot
increases, but most of these reductions are realized
by feedlots with capacities of approximately 500 head.
Thus, the annual cost per head for extremely large
management systems for confined feeding facilities
are considerably more expensive to construct than
are those for unpaved feedlots. This largely reflects
the additional materials required for such systems.
(Baker-University of Nebraska; Merryman, ed.)
2595 - Bl, Fl, F2 200
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ALTERNA-
TIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RULES ON BEEF FEEDLOTS OF
LESS THAN 1000 HEAD CAPACITY,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Ohio State
University
D. L. Forster, L. J. Connor, and J. B. Johnson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 41-44.
Descriptors: Legislation, Water pollution control,
Feedlots, Cattle, Economic impact, Agricultural
runoff.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency.
Estimates are made of the economic impacts of four
alternative water pollution rules on the behavior of
beef feedlots over the 1975-1985 period. The four alter-
native water pollution control rules applied to beef
feedlots of all capacity levels were: (1) current EPA
guidelines requiring control of feedlot runoff from the
local 10-year, 24-hour rainfall and process generated
waste waters by 1977 and runoff from the local 25-
year, 24-hour rainfall and process generated waste
waters by 1983; (2) the construction of control
facilities for control of the local 25-year, 24-hour storm
and process generated waste waters by 1983; (3) the
control of all runoff from rainfall occurring in any
six-month interval by 1977; and (4) the control of all
runoff from rainfall occurring in a six-month interval
and no winter spreading of feedlot solid wastes. A
simulation model was used to represent the produc-
tion behavior of beef feedlots typical of the Lake
States and Corn Belt over the 1975-1985 period. Impos-
ition of rule 1 on feedlots of less than 1,000 head would
result in an average feedlot firm equity loss of $3,720
over the 1975-1985 period. Rule 2 would result in aver-
age equity loss of $3,911 over the 1975-1985 period. Rule
3 would result in average equity loss of $4,800 per
feedlot. Rule 4 would result in an average equity loss
of nearly $6,000 per feedlot over the 1975-85 period. The
decline in marketings would range from one-half to
one per cent under the four rules over the 1975-1985
period, resulting in only nominal price increases for
fed beef. Economic effects at the feedlot level would
not be uniform, placing the greatest burden on the
smaller feedlots. (Forster, et. al.-Ohio State Univer-
sity; Merryman, ed.)
2596 - Bl, Fl, F2 200
EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION ON CATTLE FEED-
LOT LOCATION,
Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus
D. L. Byrkett, E. P. Taiganides, and R. A. Miller
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 45-48.
Descriptors: Model studies, Locating, Costs,
Economics.
Identifers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, Cattle feeding.
The paper discusses the development of a cost
minimization linear programming model which was
used to study the effect of the 1972 Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments on the location of
cattle feeding in the continental United States. Fac-
tors affecting feedlot location which were included in
the model are feeder, grain and roughage availabili-
ty; slaughter capacity, demand requirements, non-
feed costs, and transportation costs. The United
States was divided into sixteen cattle feeding regions;
all data were developed for the year 1972. This model
has two unique features. One is the separate definition
of regions for cattle feeding, feeders, grain, roughage,
slaughter, and demand. The other is that the model
considers the competition between cattle feeding and
other uses for available land. This competition is
modelled by increasing nonf eed costs as production in
a given region increases. In regions where competi-
tion for available land is great, nonf eed costs increase
more rapidly; nonf eed costs increase less rapidly
where competition is small. The model was then used
to determine the minimum cost equilibrium location
of cattle feeding. These results indicated continued
growth in the southern plains and continued declines
in the corn belt, eastern United States, and California.
To model the effect of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972, the nonfeed costs
were adjusted to describe the impact of this legisla-
tion on each cattle feeding region. Equilibrium loca-
270
-------
lions were then calculated using the adjusted nonf eed
costs and were compared with the equilibrium loca-
tions calculated without the legislation in effect
(Byrkett, et. al.-Ohio State University)
2597 - A2, Bl, Fl, F2 200
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IMPLE-
MENTING EPA WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL RULES ON THE UNITED
STATES BEEF FEEDING INDUS-
TRY,
Agricultural Economists, Economic Research Ser-
vice, USDA, East Lansing, Michigan
J. B. Johnson and G. A. Davis
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 4*52.
Descriptors: Economic impact, Feedlots, Agricul-
tural runoff, Effluent.
Identifiers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972, Environmental Protection
Agency, Point source discharges.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972 provide a mandate for the EPA to
achieve improvements in the quality of navigable
waters. EPA announced effluent limitations for beef
feedlots in February, 1974. By July 1,1977, feedlots
with point source discharges will be required to have
in use the "best practicable control technology cur-
rently available." The guidelines require no dis-
charge of waste waters from feedlots except those in
excess of control systems designed to accommodate
runoff from local 10-year, 24-hour rainfalls and pro-
cess generated waste waters. These guidelines are to
be administered through National Pollutant Dis-
charge Elimination System permits for beef feedlots
of 1,000 head or more capacity. (However, beef feed-
lots of smaller capacity may be expected to comply
through NPDES or State permit programs.) The ob-
jectives of this paper are:(1) to estimate the number
of beef feedlots which could be subject to effluent
guidelines and (2) to estimate the economic impacts
on the beef feeding industry. It is estimated that an
additional $133 million capital outlay would be neces-
sary to allow the 49,000 beef feedlots of all capacity
levels with problems to be in compliance with EPA
rules by 1977. This level of industry investment would
be needed to provide feedlots with control systems
consisting of diversion terraces, a settling basin, a
retention pond, and pump irrigation equipment for
distributing runoff to farmland. As things now stand,
95 per cent of the investment would be imposed on
feedlots with less than 1,000 head capacity. Invest-
ments could range from $8 to over $100 per head for
feedlots of less than 1,000 head capacity adopting
runoff control systems. For larger feedlots, per head
investment would average $1.40 to $3.20 per head.
(Johnson and Davis-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2598 - A3, Bl, Fl 200
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS OF DAILY AND ANNUAL
DAIRY MANURE SPREADING SYS-
TEMS IN A SMALL WATERSHED,
Pennsylvania State University Extension Service,
Heading, Pennsylvania
W. H. Schaffer, G. L. Casler, and J. J. Jacobs
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 53-56.
Descriptors: Economics, Dairy industry, Water-
sheds, New York, Model studies, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Soil loss.
This paper reports the simulated nitrogen, phos-
phorus and soil loss from a 7,000 acre watershed
where daily manure spreading is practiced. It also
reports the simulated results when the system is
changed to 12 months storage combined with direct
incorporation of manure within 24 hours. The simu-
lated nitrogen, phosphorus and soil losses from the
two systems are incorporated into an analysis to de-
termine the economic and environmental impact of
controlling nutrients losses from the watershed under
various policies. The physical model was constructed
from published laboratory and field data and had
sub-components for soil moisture, soil temperature,
soil movement, nitrogen and phosphorus. The basic
economic model was structured to be representative
of the kinds, amounts and intensities of agriculture
found by survey in a small central New York
watershed. The modeling suggests that farm costs of
reducing nutrient losses to water are substantial. In
addition to the loss of nutrients to water, there are
other environmental factors, such as odor, flies and
appearance, to consider when evaluating dairy man-
ure handling systems. A summary of the cost and
environmental impact, which is a combination of 7
environmental characteristics, of alternative dairy
manure handling systems is included. Above results
indicate that manure handling systems need to be
carefully evaluated for theii- economic and environ-
mental impact. (Schaffer-Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity Extension Service; Merryman, ed.)
2599 - Al, Bl, F2 200
IMPLICATIONS OF SELECTED
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
REGULATIONS FOR U.S. DAIRY
FARMS,
Agricultural Economist, USDA, University of Min-
nesota
B. M. Buxton and S. J. Ziegler
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 57-80. ,
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Dairy industry, Costs,
Waste storage.
Identifiers: Non-point Source Pollution Control Regu-
lations, Land disposal.
Federal regulations governing the land disposal of
animal wastes may be forthcoming. Some states have
enacted regulations or guidelines which restrict ma-
nure disposal. This study focuses on possible non-
point source pollution control regulations; the
number of U.S. dairy fanners affected by alternative
disposal restrictions; and, where applicable, the costs
of compliance with these regulations. Alternative
non-point regulations are selected from existing or
proposed state guidelines and these regulations are
imposed on U.S. Dairy farms. The following criteria
are considered: restricting dairy cows, animal units,
manure tonnage, and nitrogen applied per acre, and
manure disposal on rolling or steeply sloping ground.
The number and proportion of producers exceeding
alternative restrictions are estimated based on a re-
cent survey of U.S. dairy producers. The number of
producers in the northern United States who spread
manure during winter months are estimated and the
aggregate cost of manure storage calculated. In addi-
tion, the location of individual U.S. dairy farms with
respect to the nearest farm residence, nearest com-
munity, and public recreational area is estimated.
(Buxton and Ziegler-University of Minnesota)
2600 - Al, Bl, Dl, El, F2 200
FEEDLOT EFFLUENT LIMITA-
TIONS BASED UPON EXEMPLARY
OPERATIONS,
Chief, Impact Analysis Section, Technical Analysis
and Information Branch, Effluent Guidelines Divi-
sion, Environmental Protection Agency, 401M Street,
S. W., Washington, D.C.
J. D. Denit
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 61-63.
Descriptors: Legislation, Feedlots, Water pollution.
Effluent, Poultry, Costs, Geography, Climates.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act.
As one of the specifically enumerated industrial point
sources of pollution, feedlots are required to comply
with certain pollution control standards as stipulated
in Sections 301,304, and 306 of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act, as amended, 1972, (The Act). In
response to requirements in the Sections, a regulation
which sets forth the specific effluent limitations for
feedlots was promulgated on February 14,1974. The
substance of the limitations thus established was "no
discharge of pollutants to navigable water," Subject
to an exception for discharges due to unusual rainfall
conditions. The limitations impact existing feedlots
with effluent limitations for 1977 and 1983, and new
feedlot sources (as of September 7,1973) with stan-
dards of performance and pretreatment standards. A
general survey of exemplary feedlot operations is
given with emphasis on the following: (1) A brief de-
scription to identify the salient features of the
exemplary control concepts for a variety of livestock
and poultry operations (with slides of actual
facilities). (2) An illustration of applicability of the
exemplary concepts to existing facilities with pollu-
tion problems, including geographic and climatic var-
iability. (3) Areview of the courses of action available
to feedlot operations and responsible governmental
and institutional officials. (4) An assessment of the
general costs of achieving the effluent limitations for
farms using current data estimates. The exemplary
operations to be discussed include facilities involving
open lot production of beef cattle, swine, and sheep;
and, housed lot production for poultry, dairy cattle,
swine, and beef cattle. Tables of associated costs for
various sizes and types of facilities are presented.
(Denit-EPA; Merryman, ed.)
2601 - A5, A6, Bl, F2 200
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ODOR POLLU-
TION CONTROL,
Attorney, Director of Legal Division, Texas Air Con-
trol Board, Austin, Texas
P. M. Giblin
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 6445.
Descriptors: Air pollution, Legislation, Feedlots,
Livestock.
Identifiers: Odor abatement, Public hearings, Litiga-
tion.
Most legally recognized definitions of air pollution are
written in nuisance terms. That is, they include some
reference to "adverse effects on human health or wel-
fare" or "interference with the normal use and en-
joyment of animal life, vegetation or property." The
Texas Air Control Board has been active in various
enforcement actions involving odors from livestock
feedlots. One successful lawsuit resulted in court-
ordered relocation of the feedlot. Other suits have
produced court-ordered nuisance abatement proce-
dures. The proposed paper deals with the issues in-
volved in determining a feedlot's compliance with air
quality requirements. Also discussed are
mechanisms for legal resolution of problems as-
sociated with feedlots. Public hearings are often held
by air quality control agencies to review nuisance
problems and examine possible corrective measures.
If litigation is not warranted, an administrative en-
forcement order may be issued. In the drafting of such
an order, technical and legal personnel work together
to outline odor abatement steps and timetables for
compliance. (Giblin-Texas Air Control Board)
271
-------
2602 - Al, Bl, E2 200
PARTNERSHIP IN POLLUTION
CONTROL,
Illinois Pollution Control Board, Chicago, Illinois
R. T. Odell
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on lifestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1875, p. 66-67.
Descriptors: Water pollution, Legislation, Feedlots,
Illinois.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Waste management,
Permits.
The 1970 Illinois Environmental Protection Act estab-
lished the following 3 organizations for environmental
protection: (1) The Pollution Control Board, which
establishes regulations to protect the environment
and sits as a quasi-judicial body that rules on cases of
alleged violation of regulations; (2) The Illinois En-
vironmental Protection Agency which monitors the
environment and which, along with citizens, brings
alleged polluters before the Pollution Control Board;
and (3) The Illinois Institute for Environmental Qual-
ity, which collates environmental information. The
current Illinois Livestock Waste Regulations are in-
tended to meet requirements of the National Pollution
Discharge Elimination System, established by the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972. The most important provisions provide for the
handling, storage, and field application of livestock
wastes; for existing and new livestock facilities to be
constructed to prevent excessive outside surface wat-
ers from flowing through the feedlot and to direct
feedlot runoff to an appropriate disposal or storage
area; and the location of new livestock facilities with
regard to surface waters, flood plains, unsatisfactory
soil conditions, and population centers. Procedures
were established for inspecting feedlots under inves-
tigation. Permits are required of livestock operations
with a total of more than 1000 animal units, and other
livestock operations with 999 to 100 animal units that
are causing significant pollution to obtain a permit.
(OdeU-Illinois Pollution Control Board; Merryman,
ed.)
2603 - Al, Bl, F2 200
THE NPDES DISCHARGE PERMIT
PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTURAL
POINT SOURCES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana
J. C. Nye
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 68-70.
Descriptors: Regulation, Feedlots, Permits,
Effluent, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin.
Identifiers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
Point sources.
Congress passed the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments on October 18,1972. This Act has had
far reaching impact on the agricultural community.
Section 306(b) (1) (A) specifically identified "feed-
lots" as one of the point sources for which a "Federal
Standard of Performance for New Sources" has had
to be prepared. Concentrated animal feeding opera-
tions were identified as "point sources" of pollution in
the Act, and therefore were required to apply for a
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit. This paper presents an explanation
of how the agricultural portion of the NPDES prog-
ram was implemented in Region V of the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, for the states of Il-
linois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wis-
consin. The methods employed to obtain applications
from the large feedlots are described. The interpreta-
tion of the "Feedlot Point Source Category, Effluent
Guidelines and Standards" as published in the Feb-
ruary 14,1974, Federal Register and the subsequent
development of an agricultural permit form is discus-
sed. The paper also discusses the interfacing of the
Federal program with existing and proposed State
programs for controlling pollution from feedlots. A
brief review of the total NPDES program is pre-
sented. (Nye-Purdue University)
2604 - Al, Bl, Dl, El 200
TECHNIQUES THAT ARE SOLVING
POLLUTION PROBLEMS FOR
POULTRYMEN
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sci-
ences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
C. E. Ostrander
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 71-73.
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste treatment, Waste dis-
posal, Odor, Water pollution, Aeration, Dehydration,
Economics.
Identifiers: Soil injection, Oxidation ditch, Refeed-
ing.
Poultrymen, who have struggled in the past with the
pollution problem, are now accepting research in-
formation and putting it into practice. Some
techniques are not economically feasible at the pre-
sent tune but many are. Some of the more applicable
and successful are: (i) The "High Rise" poultry
house, when constructed and managed properly, has
aided in preventing pollution and provides maximum
flexibility. Site selection and preparation as well as
proper drainage and management are key factors for
success. (2) Soil injection has proven very successful
where odors from spreading anaerobic material is the
primary problem. This does not prevent "house
odors" or odor from storage. Closed storages are re-
quired because soil injection may have to be a sea-
sonal operation in many instances. (3) Dehydration
can prevent odors if fresh material is used with proper
equipment and adequate afterburners. Adequate
markets are necessary if this is to be economically
feasible. If the dehydrated product is approved for use
as an animal protein supplement this will aid large
producers with little land, tremendously. (4) The oxi-
dation ditch, which has a higher investment cost, can
aid producers located in populated areas. This can be
operated practically odor free and the effluent and-or
sludge can be spread almost anyplace, at any time,
without offending anyone. Effluent cannot be admit-
ted to waterways without further treatment. (5) Sur-
face aeration, much like the oxidation ditch, reduces
odors. Being outside it does not function as efficiently
during cold weather, in northern climates. There may
be some odors during the spring when microbial
activity increases. It is subject to "slug loading"
which may produce some odor and foaming. Suffi-
cient volume and aeration are essential and it is prob-
ably more applicable in warm climate areas.
(Ostrander-Cornell Univ.)
2605 - A5, Bl 200
MODIFICATIONS OF THE MICHIGAN
STATE POULTRY IN-HOUSE DRY-
ING SYSTEM,
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State Univer-
sity
C. C. Sheppard, C. J. Flegal, H. C. Zindel, T. S. Chang,
J. B. Gerrish, M. L. Esmay, and F. Walton.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 74-77.
Descriptors: Design, Michigan, Dehydration, Poul-
try, Measurement.
Identifiers: In-house-drying system.
Recent reports at the Cornell Waste Conference
(1974) and XIV World's Poultry Congress (1974) have
given progress reports of the Michigan State In-
House-Drying System. Recent modifications have
been made: (1) to improve the in-house drying capa-
bility, (2) to decrease or even eliminate the pollution
emissions from the house, (3) to eliminate the need for
the afterburner on the manure dehydrator. Recent
modifications include change from a V type trough
waterer (that dripped or overflowed regularly) to a
four inch continuous (formed in place) aluminum
eave trough. A second change has been the modifica-
tion of a stirring device to stir the manure being in-
house-dried. A third recent change has been the addi-
tion of a recirculating in-house air system. The fourth
change has been the addition of hydro-filter chamber
(tower) to lessen or eliminate the emissions coming
from the 5,000 bird house and the manure dryer. Mea-
surements are being made on: (1) Moisture content of
in-house dried manure with the new stirring device.
(2) Moisture content of in-house dried manure with
the addition of the recirculating air. (3) The emissions
from the house before and after the hydro-filter.
(Sheppard, et. al.-Michigan State University)
2606 - Bl, D2, E3 200
DESIGN OF A POULTRY MANURE
DRYING SYSTEM FOR A 155,000
LAYERS EGG FACTORY,
Engineering Consultant, P.O. Box 195, Prague,
Czechoslovakia.
K. Koskuba
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 78-82.
Descriptors: Design, Poultry, Drying, Cattle, Cost
analysis.
Identifiers: Czechoslovakia, Refeeding.
This paper presents technical information and
operating experience on a poultry manure drying sys-
tem based on an industrial flash dryer-pulverizer
(ATRITOR, produced by Herbert Assn., Coventry,
England) for the confined housing with the capacity of
155,000 layers at one of the most advanced Czechos-
lovak poultry farm. The farm yearly output makes 31
mills of eggs, 240 metric tons of meat, and 1300 metric
tons of high quality dehydrated poultry manure used
for feeding cattle. The manure processing system
contains automatic manure scraping and its instant
conveying into a trailer with each house of capacity of
10,500 layers. The fresh manure is transported to the
drying plant, moisture is removed, and the dried
material is conveyed to a cyclone and bagged with a
capacity of 300-400 kgs per hour depending on the
fresh manure moisture content. The system compo-
nents and system parameters are described. The
reason for the selection of the type of dryer and de-
scription of ATRITOR dryer-pulverizer. Scrubbing of
the flue gas. Cost analysis and evaluation are made of
the plant performance along with discussion of exist-
ing problems. (Koskuba-Czechoslovakia)
2607 - A5, A8, Bl, C3, D4 200
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING-THE
SLAT SYSTEM,
Agricultural Development and Advisory Service,
Shardlow Hall, Shardlow, Derby DE7 2GN, England
H. A. Elson and A. W. M. King
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 83-84.
Descriptors: Design, Poultry, Drying, Odor, Ventila-
tion.
Identifiers: United Kingdom, Slat system, Fully-
stepped cages, Flat-deck cages.
In-house manure drying systems are of benefit in
272
-------
deep-pit poultry buildings for several reasons: (a)
They reduce manure moisture content, thus reducing
its weight, rendering it easier to handle, and enhanc-
ing its value, (b) Problems associated with wet pits
(ammonia, odors, flies) are avoided, (c) A more
amenable environment is provided for staff and
stock, (d) Odor emission from buildings is reduced.
The slat system, developed in the United Kingdom, is
an efficient and economical method of achieving
these objectives—drying manure to 10-15 per cent
moisture. The system has been used in deep-pit
houses having downward flow ventilation systems,
with fully-stepped or flat-deck cages. It may also be
possible to develop a similar system for semi-stepped
cage configurations. The technique is to collect man-
ure falling from laying stock directly on slats which
retain it in columns subjected to continuous drying.
The system operates efficiently because: (1) Fresh
manure adheres continuously, producing tall col-
umns with high surface area. (2) The warm ventila-
tion air passes over these columns before being
exhausted below the slats. (3) Heat is provided by
stock as they metabolise the energy of the food, and
air movement by the existing ventilation. It was found
that slats 4-6 inches wide gave best results; that rapid
initial drying results in excellent nitrogen retention;
and that, at a low ventilation rate (0.5 c.f .m. per bird)
atmospheric ammonia was 13 p.p.m. in a slatted bay
and 26 p.p.m. without slats. (Elson and King-
Agricultural Development and Advisory Service;
Merryman, ed.)
2608 - A2, Bl, F2 200
CONTROL, COLLECTION, AND DIS-
POSAL OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF,
USDA, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
N. P. Swanspn, L. N. Mielke, and C. L. Linderman
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 8547.
Descriptors: Regulation, Engineering, Design, Feed-
lots, Water pollution, Nebraska.
Identifiers: Runoff control.
As a result of pollution control regulations, many
feedlots have instigated pollution control measures;
but often they have done so utilizing fallacious con-
cepts and without sufficient knowledge and
background of engineering principles. The applica-
tion of proven soil and water engineering principles
has provided adaptation of practices and facilities to
abate the water pollution hazard. Collection of hyd-
rologic data from feedlots and interpretation of
meteorological records has provided values for the
parameters and variables involved in designs. Appli-
cations include diversions to eliminate surface runoff
into feedlots, terraces to control overland flow within
feedlots, basins and solids traps for the collection of
runoff transported solids, riser inlets and under-
ground conduit for conveyance of collected runoff,
sumps and pumps to provide lift for feedlot drainage
where gravity flow is not possible, holding ponds for
storage of runoff effluent, pumping and distribution
equipment for applying the effluent to the land, and
management of effluent on crops, and soils for nut-
rient utilization and control of pollution hazards. Full
consideration of applicable practices and techniques
and avoidance of stereotyped concepts is necessary in
engineering for pollution abatement of outdoor feed-
lots. Even then, failures can occur. The design of
runoff controls on a feedlot must also provide for ani-
mal comfort, minimize management requirements,
and keep investment and maintenance costs com-
mensurate to potential income and benefits to the en-
vironment. (Swanson-USDA: Merryman, ed.)
2609 - A2, B2, E2 200
MANAGEMENT OF RUNOFF WATER
IN RELATION TO FEEDLOT OPER-
ATIONS,
Hydraulic Engineer, USDA-Soil Conservation Ser-
vice, Temple, Texas 76501
H. N. Mcdill and G. C. Vittetoe
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 88-92.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff,
Economics, Lagoons, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Feedlots,
Presently, the most practical and economical system
for cattle feedlot runoff control is one where (1) as
much outside drainage as possible is diverted from
the feedlot, and (2) the runoff water from the feedlot
proper is intercepted and impounded in holding
ponds, and later disposed of on agricultural crops.
Disposal lagoons designed to treat solid and liquid
wastes from feedlots have very limited application in
cattle feedlot pollution abatement systems due to the
size of the surface areas required for such lagoons.
Therefore, systems of retention and irrigation which
result in a "no-effluent" condition are the type best
suited for cattle feedlots. In planning and designing
the retention-and-irrigation-type abatement systems,
the size of irrigated area in relation to the area of the
feedlot must be considered for the varied conditions
that can be encountered. This paper illustrates the
development of cattle feedlot runoff management
tools that can be used for a wide range of climatic and
management conditions. These tools relate annual
precipitation to feedlot storage requirements and ir-
rigation area-feedlot area ratios needed to prevent
spills for specific frequencies. These can be used to
(1) determine the size of area to prepare for disposal
of runoff from a specific feedlot, (2) plan for the use of
feedlot runoff as a source of irrigation water, (3) pre-
dict the climatic or moisture conditions at times when
holding ponds must be dewatered and (4) evaluate the
influence which storage capacity of holding ponds has
on frequency of spillage from the ponds and the timing
of irrigations with the runoff water. (McGill and
Vittetoe-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2610 - A2, B2, Dl, E2 200
AN ILLINOIS FEEDLOT RUNOFF
CONTROL PROJECT,
Dairy Farm Owner, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
R. Lawfer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 93-95
Descriptors: Illinois, Feedlots, Design, Sprinkler ir-
rigation.
Identifiers: Runoff control, Settling basin, Land
spreading.
A report is given on the experiences and observations
of a farm owner-operator concerning the operation of
a livestock waste management system installed on
his farm in northwestern Illinois in the summer of
1973. This project was designed to prevent possible
point source pollution from this feedlot, and to provide
needed research on water quality, engineering design
standards, and on disposition of livestock wastes. A
continuing study by the University of Illinois involves
collection and analysis of samples of water, plants
and soil, to monitor the levels of chemical substances
from manure in nearby wells and streams, and in soil.
An up-to-date summary of results from this study is in
this paper. This "zero runoff" system includes a di-
version, earthen dikes, a concrete basin for settling
out waste solids, and a holding pond for temporary
storage of liquids. Solids from the feedlot and settling
basin are moved with solid manure handling equip-
ment and spread on pasture or cropland. All contami-
nated runoff and liquid wastes from the feedlot are
stored until they can be applied to the soil. A small
solid set and movable irrigation system is used to
empty the holding pond. Liquid from the pond can be
applied through sprinklers to seven (7) acres of crop-
land. Alternatively, a drain pipe allows pond liquid to
be applied by gravity to a small area of permanent
pasture by use of perforated pipe. The paper includes
the author's evaluation of the system's performance
during eighteen (18) months of operation. Manage-
ment skills and minor changes in design standards
are recommended in his conclusions. (Lawfer-
Illinois; Merryman, ed.)
2611 - Al, B2, E2 200
FEEDLOT WASTE RECYCLING
WITH A FLUSH CLEANING SYSTEM,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
C. L. Earth and R. W. Goethe
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 96-97.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Waste storage, Waste dispos-
al, South Carolina, Design, Lagoons, Sprinkler irriga-
tion, Southeast. U. S.
Identifiers: Flush waste handling system, Land dis-
Feedlots in the Southeast United States, due to high
rainfall, require large amounts of labor and equip-
ment to handle animal waste in solid form. Adverse
weather conditions and cropping systems prevent
continuous operation of solid waste handling equip-
ment on cropland and interrupt work schedules. To
combat the waste handling problem, odors and to re-
claim plant nutrients by recycling, Walworth Planta-
tion near Eutawville, South Carolina, constructed in
1973 a 5,000-head capacity feedlot with a (water) flush
waste handling system. This type system is not new to
the animal industry but is unique in the beef feedlot
industry. The feeding layout is constructed in a "V"
shape with 20 pens on each slope. The pens have a
uniform slope of 2 and one half per cent to a central
collection canal. Each pen is 30 feet wide, 120 feet long
with a capacity of 125 head of cattle. The pens are
constructed back to back with an unpaved working
alley between the rows of pens. The central collection
ditch diverts all runoff waste and water into a large
concrete holding tank equipped with an agitator. The
waste is agitated and pumped with a manure pump to
a sprinkler irrigation system. The waste is applied on
forage crops and pastures. As a back-up system in
case of mechanical failure or prolonged adverse
weather conditions, a 2 and one half acre excavated
lagoon and a 15-acre natural lagoon can be used to
prevent discharge to streams and to comply with
effluent guidelines for the feedlot industry. Walworth
Plantation has approximately 1,900 acres in culti-
vated crops and pasture that can be used for waste
application. Presently, the waste is being utilized on
300 acres and 600 acres and can be covered with
equipment on hand. (Barth-Clemson University)
2612 - B2, E3 200
OPERATION OF BEEF MANURE
FLUSHING SYSTEM IN A COLD CLI-
MATE,
Beef producer in Ada, Minnesota; Assistant Profes-
sor of Agricultural Engineering, University of Min-
nesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.
H. A. Natwick and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 98-100.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Minnesota, Design,
Lagoons, Waste treatment, Aeration, Recycling.
Identifiers: Flushing gutter, Waste water reuse.
An open beef housing unit for 100 animals was con-
structed to use a flushing gutter waste management
system. Operation through two winters in Northern
Minnesota show that the system will work satisfactor-
ily in cold climate conditions. The owner had previ-
ously observed from his conventional solid floor cold
confinement units that the manure remained pliable
273
-------
on the floors in below zero weather. Extreme condi-
tions of -35 degrees F caused the manure to solidify,
then again, became pliable when the temperature
moderated to zero or above. The new complete sys-
tem consists of a south facing open cold confinement
building, three flushing gutters, a lagoon and neces-
sary pumps and piping. The open front pole frame
building is SO feet wide with 36 feet of pen area and 416
feet long. Flushing more frequently during the winter
months minimizes the possibility of freezing in the 12
inch flumes beneath the 2 inch slats in the floor. The
290 feet by 500 feet lagoon with an aerator treats the
waste for recycling into the flushing system. Some
difficulties were overcome in starting the system in
early winter when bacterial population in the lagoon
were minimal and the weather cold. Animal density
has been the key factor in keeping the manure moving
on the floor to the flushing slat. Low cattle densities
allow manure to build up and subsequently freeze to a
depth of a foot over the slat whereas, higher cattle
densities keep the floor clear. This case study shows
that flushing systems are feasible, even in cold temp-
erature regions of Minnesota when managed proper-
ly. (Natwick and Goodrich-Minnesota)
2613 - Al, B2, E2 200
UTILIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE
WASTE FROM A SLOTTED-FLOOR
DEEP-PIT BARN,
Manager, Larson and Taylor Feedlot, Maple Park,
Illinois; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Il-
linois University at Urbana-Champaign
R. Larson, D. G. Jedele
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 101-103.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Illinois, Waste stor-
age, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Slotted floor deep pit barn, Tanks, Land
disposal, Application rates.
Three thousand headof cattle are marketed and 1500
acres of crops are grown annually by 2 and one half
full-time workers on the Larson and Taylor farm near
Maple Park, Illinois. Manure from the cattle is col-
lected in 8-ft. deep tanks beneath slotted floors. The
tanks are partially emptied in late August after pea
harvest, completely emptied after corn silage harvest
and completely emptied again in the Spring. Pump-
ing, hauling, and spreading this manure requires
about forty man days, but is usually accomplished in
twenty actual days. This leaves 345 days per year
when the waste management system needs little or no
attention. Two men using two 3200 gallon tank wagons
and one pump can empty two of the seventeen 80,000
gallon manure tanks in a day with an average two-
mile round trip to the crop land. The maximum length
of haul is three miles round trip. Applications to the
soil have been at the rates of 3,000, 6,000 and 10,000
gallons per acre. Soil testing has been done to deter-
mine the value of the manure as a replacement for
commercial fertilizer. The 1974 crops are to be
weighed at harvest time to compare the effectiveness
of the nutrients in manure with the nutrients in com-
mercial fertilizer. Experience from prior years and
calculations based on current commercial fertilizer
prices indicate that the manure may return as much
as ten dollars per head of cattlemarketed. This return
could quickly pay for the higher construction cost of a
deep-pit barn compared to other beef confinement
barns that have waste management systems that do
not utilize the nutrients in the manure. (Larson and
Jedele-IUinois)
2614 - Bl 200
EVALUATION OF DAIRY, BEEF AND
SWINE WASTE HANDLING SYS-
TEMS,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Michigan State
University
R. L. Maddex, T. L. Loudon, L. R. Prewitt, and C. H.
Shubert
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 104-106.
Descriptors: Livestock, Dairy industry, Confinement
pens, Waste storage, Design, Agricultural runoff,
Nutrients, Labor, Maintenance.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Waste accumulation
rates.
A variety of systems for handling and storage of ani-
mal waste have been constructed in the last few
years. Some of these have been designed by Soil Con-
servation Service personnel or Extension Agricul-
tural Engineers, but others have been planned and
built by farmers themselves often patterned after
systems they have observed on other farms. A study
to evaluate the design criteria, labor requirements,
mechanical maintenance, and level of management
associated with these systems has been initiated.
Seven dairy farms were initially selected for waste
management studies. Two of the farms are total con-
finement operations with the remaining five having a
combination of free-stall and outside payed lots. All
but one farm have manure storage facilities. Runoff
collection ponds are in operation on each of the farms
that have outside lots. The present project is being
expanded to include additional dairy farms with dif-
ferent waste handling techniques as well as beef and
swine facilities. The paper describes the waste handl-
ing techniques on each of the farms under study. In-
formation will be reported on measurements of the
rate of waste accumulation in storage facilities, nut-
rient content of the stored manure, and the relation-
ship between precipitation and runoff from the vari-
ous lots. The labor requirements and management
techniques associated with the waste handling opera-
tions will be discussed. (Maddex, et. al-Michigan
State University)
2615 - B2, Fl 200
LARGE PISTON MANURE PUMPS
AND OUTSIDE MANURE STORAGES
(EARTHEN BASINS),
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Wisconsin
University, Madison
R. E. Graves
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 107-111.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Pumped storage, La-
goons, Wisconsin, Equipment, Costs, Design.
Identifiers: Midwest U.S., Solid piston pump, Hollow
piston pump.
Because storage tanks under dairy barns of bar-
nyards have such problems as high construction
costs, gases and odors, and ventilation problems,
some midwest dairymen are turning to storage ponds
and lagoons. In the past conveying manure to these
structures by means of tractor scrapers of conven-
tional manure handling equipment has had its inhe-
rent problems. In 1972, large piston manure pumps
became commercially available in Wisconsin. These
pumps provide an automatic method for manure re-
moval from a barn to an outside storage structure.
Manure may be conveyed through up to 200' of 10" or
12" pipe to the bottom of a storage area. The two
variations in pumps are a "solid piston pump" which
handles manure with or without long fibrous mate-
rial, and a "hollow piston pump" which handles man-
ure without long fibrous material. The hollow piston
pump is cheaper and more readily available and is
presently the most popular with free stall barns. This
paper reports on experiences with these systems, par-
ticularly agitation and emptying of these rather large
(100' to 200') earthen storage units. Various designs,
pumping units and management methods are used.
(Graves-Wisconsin University; Merryman, ed.)
2616 - Al, Bl, E2, E3 200
MILKING CENTER WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Pennsyl-
vania State University, University Park
H. D. Bartlett, A. E. Branding, L. F. Marriott, and M.
D.Shaw.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 112-113.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Recycling, Irrigation,
Effluent, Nitrates, Nutrients, Odor.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal, Ma-
nure separation bed, Flushing, Groundwater quality.
A system was developed to manage the total waste
from a 150 cow milking center (holding area, milking
parlor and milk house). Pipeline cleaning water is
recycled for parlor cleaning and parlor cleaning
water is recycled for flushing the holding area. The
manure is removed by an automatically controlled
separation chamber which has been developed and
the effluent is distributed by an automatically control-
led irrigation system to agronomic land. The soil and
crops were analyzed for nitrate-N build-up and nitro-
gen level, respectively, to determine maximum
effluent application rates consistent with maintaining
groundwater quality and safe nitrogen levels of for-
age grown on the effluent disposal area. A major in-
novative feature of the system is the manure separa-
tion bed that utilizes a combination of settling and
screening principles which removes the fibrous com-
ponents of the manure to render an effluent that will
allow completely clog-free pump operation for au-
tomatic control. Manure is removed from the separa-
tion bed with a front-end-loader at three month inter-
vals. The respective components (manure and
effluent) were analyzed for crop nutrient value and
odor quality. (Bartlett, et. al.-Pennsylvania State
University)
2617 - Bl, Dl, El 200
WASTE MANAGEMENT AT HALL
BROTHERS DAIRY,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Auburn Universi-
ty, Auburn, Alabama
H. Watson, H. E. Hamilton, D. Hall and T. McCabe
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 114-116.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Confinement pens, Sep-
aration techniques, Recycling, Lagoons, Aerobic
condition, Anaerobic conditions, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Flushing, Screening, Solids removal.
Hall Brothers Dairy, located near Snowdoun,
Alabama, is a 1200-cow total confinement system. Au-
tomated flush type manure handling is an integral
part of the operation. Manure is removed from the
milking parlor, holding lot area, and feed and housing
areas by flushing with high volumes of water during
each milking period. The estimated water require-
ment for the system is approximately 125,000 gallons
per day. Manure laden flush-water from the system is
collected in two 8000-gal. underground collection
tanks. A 10-hprsepower agitator stirs the material
while it is being pumped over a gravity flow type
screen. Solids removed by the screen are collected in
a concrete pit located below the machine. Prelimi-
nary analysis of the solids removed by the screen
indicate that the solids have a moisture content of
approximately 60 per cent and contain approximately
3 per cent protein. These separated solids have many
potential uses. Recycling as feed for cattle, bedding
for the free stalls, and field spreading have all been
tried on an experimental basis at Hall Brothers Dairy.
Additional tests and analyses are being conducted to
determine the value of this material as a feed ingre-
dient, as bedding and as fertilizer. Water leaving the
screen is processed through a 3-cell lagoon system
where both anaerobic and aerobic processes further
reduce its pollution potential. Overflow from the la-
274
-------
goai system is controlled through the use of an irriga-
tion system installed between the second and third
cells. Effluent in the lagoons is used for irrigation
during periods of low rainfall, allowing the lagoons to
collect runoff and flush water during the winter
months. Further study is under way. (Watson, et.
al.-AJabama; Merryman, ed.)
2618 - B2 200
ADAPTATION OF A BRITISH WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENT,
Howard Harvestore, Ltd. Saxham, Bury St. Ed-
munds, Suffolk, England
P. Jensen, G. Newman, and A. J. Peters
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 117-120.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Slurries, Design, Test-
ing.
Identifiers: Waste management, United Kingdom,
Harvestore.
In the United Kingdom extensive and increasing use
is being made of livestock waste management sys-
tems which feature above ground storage of liquid
manure during seasons of the year when spreading on
fields is either impossible because of bad weather or
impractical because of poor timing for fertilizer ap-
plication. Two factors have stimulated this
activity—anti pollution legislation and the rapidly in-
creasing cost of chemical fertilizers. Howard Harves-
tore, Ltd., joint venture partner of A. 0. Smith Har-
vestore Products, Inc., has been notably successful in
the application of open top, above ground liquid man-
ure storage vessels, called slurrystores, made of
glass-coated steel Harvestore sheets. Their success in
the U.K. environment has prompted much interest on
the part of U.S. Harvestore dealers who want to apply
the same kind of equipment to livestock pollution con-
trol in the U.S. Therefore a product design and de-
velopment project, reported here, was set up with the
purpose of testing the suitability of the slurrystore
system in the U.S. environment, where seasonal
temperatures both far above and far below the norm
in England might make direct adaptation of the En-
glish system difficult. During the winter and spring of
1S74, operational testing was conducted with four pro-
totype systems, including two in Wisconsin, one in
Missouri and one in Texas, with a variety of types and
makes of pumps for loading, recirculating (agitating)
and unloading the Slurrystore structures. Some un-
expected problems did arise but have been success-
fully resolved and the general conclusion of this work
is that the above ground Slurrystore system, properly
equipped and managed, can solve the fanner's waste
management problem, prevent pollution of streams,
and provide a significant new application of Harves-
tore equipment to America's animal agriculture.
(Jensen, et. al.-England and Illinois; Merryman, ed.)
2619 - B2, E2 200
A LIQUID MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM IN A TIE STALL DAIRY
BARN,
Dairyman, Rolling Hills Farm, Watkins, Minnesota;
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minnesota
University, St. Paul, respectively
G. S. Meierhofer, and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 121-122.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Design,
Waste storage.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Tie stall dairy barn.
Joining a tie stall dairy barn to a liquid manure sys-
tem was the objective of the Meierhofer dairy facility.
Efficient and timely collection, storage and utiliza-
tion of the dairy manure, milking house waste, and
exercise lot runoff was needed. For a total pollution
control system two separate pits were used. A 30 foot
by 32 foot pit beneath a pole barn is covered with a
slotted floor. Manure from the young stock housed in
the pole barn and runoff mixed with manure from the
exercise lot are scraped into this pit. During suitable
field spreading conditions, this tank is agitated,
pumped and spread using a liquid manure tank. The
bulk of the waste is handled in the pit beneath a two
year old tie stall barn. Four compartments allow for
agitation by sections when pumping out. The pit is
offset 6 feet, so that there is no pit under 6 feet of feed
alley in front of the cows on one side, but the pit ex-
tends 6 feet beyond the building on the other side. This
offset allows easy access for agitating and pumping.
Ventilation fans are permanently located on the offset
and may be used during agitation to reduce the hazard
of noxious gasses in the building. Most pumping ports
require the fans to be removed to put the pump in.
Gutters behind the cows in the tie stalls are equipped
with grates so the manure will drop into the pit, yet
protect the animal. The system has been in operation
two years with excellent results. The four day pit
cleaning process can be done when the land is not
frozen. For a dairyman who prefers tie stalls to slot-
ted floor and free stalls, this system has worked well.
(Meierhofer and Goodrich-Minnesota; Merryman,
ed.)
2620 -B2 200
A COMPLETE DAIRY LIQUID MAN-
URE SYSTEM,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jer-
W. J. Roberts, M. E. Singley, and D. R. Mears
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 123-125.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Liquid wastes, Waste
storage, Ventilation, Odor.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
A complete liquid manure handling system was one
objective of a 40-cow innovative dairy research facil-
ity. Liquid manure handling, free choice stalls and
self feeding of silage create a relatively labor-free
system with minimum energy and machinery re-
quirements. All equipment operations occur outside
the area of freedom given to the animals. The liquid
manure collection and storage system includes a cir-
cular slotted manure trench 4 feet deep, a pump and a
large external holding tank with the pumping port and
ventilation equipment located on the tank top. The
manure system forms part of the ventilation system
which controls moisture, temperature and odors and
gases produced in the trench. The trench is located
between the circular feeding platform and the outer
ring of free stalls. The trench is flushed by recirculat-
ing material from the holding tank. Manure pumped
into a closed transport is incorporated directly into
the soil in one operation by using the plow-furrow-
cover technique. The performance of the ventilation
system in conjunction with the manure system is out-
standing. Malodors are only present at the ventilation
outlet during the flushing operation pumpout.
Methods have been evaluated for treating the exhaust
air at these times with oxidizing agents. Corrosion of
the ventilation equipment, louvers, and fans, is a se-
vere problem. The liquid manure system has worked
well for an extended period of time. (Roberts, et. al.-
Rutgers Univ.; Merryman, ed.)
2621 - A5, B2, D4, E2 200
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR A 150-COW DAIRY—A 10-YEAR
CASE STUDY,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, West Layfayette, Indiana
A. C. Dale, J. L. Albright, J. C. Nye, and A. L. Button
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Lagoons, Irrigation,
Clogging, Pumping.
Identifiers: Waste handling.
Some of the problems and successes of the waste
handling facilities at the 150-cow Purdue Dairy Farm
Center are described. Odor complaints and large
labor load caused the farm to modify their solid waste
handling facilities so that all wastes could be handled
as a liquid. Two 34,000 gallon circular concrete hold-
ing pits were constructed. The manure was scraped to
these holding pits, diluted with water, mixed and
pumped with an impeller manure pump and hauled to
nearby fields for disposal. However, odor was still a
problem. Further measures were taken through the
years. A small sedimentation lagoon was constructed
to control excess runoff. An aerator was placed in it to
control odors. Later, a large anaerobic lagoon was
constructed which received all the wastes. It was de-
watered annually by conventional irrigation equip-
ment. However rapid increase in solids level caused
clogging problems in the nozzles. In 1973, a large 40 hp
pump was employed to drive the irrigation system. It
also developed clogging problems. The final solution
for dewatering the lagoon was two pumps in series.
The first pump was a large capacity trash pump; the
second was the 40 hp unit already discussed. Experi-
ence with this system led to several conclusions.
Material which will not decompose should not be
added to lagoons to be used with irrigation systems. If
mechanical and hydraulic devices are to be
employed, some method of keeping the large non-
biodegradable particles out of the waste is necessary.
A solid waste handling should still be used for handl-
ing the lot scrapings particularly if bedding is used
with large particles in it. If these large solid materials
are removed, the lagoon system with irrigation de-
watering works well for handling the dairy lot runoff.
(Dale, et. al.-Purdue University; Merryman, ed.)
2622 - B2, D4, E3 200
SELF UNLOADING PITS IN A DAIRY
MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM,
Dairymen, Litchf ield, Minnesota; Department of Ag-
ricultural Engineering, Minnesota University, St.
Paul
W. R. E. Euerle, G. 0. Euerle, and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 130-131.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Waste disposal, Dairy
industry, Lagoons, Costs, Labor, Sprinkler irrigation.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Short term storage of daily manure beneath slats
coupled with pull gates on the pits for emptying into a
lagoon minimize cost and labor in this system. A high
capacity sprinkler system removes the waste from
the lagoon at infrequent intervals for recycling onto
land. Brothers, William and Gerald Euerle find that
the system is easy to operate and effectively controls
the waste from a 75 cow freestall operation. Utilizing
an elevated location for the barn about 50 feet from a
detention pond, they collect the manure and milking
parlor waste in a pit beneath the barn. The pit has
storage capacity for about 2 months. Cleaning is done
by lifting a wooden gate at the end of the north portion
of the 3 section pit. This forces the fairly liquid portion
of the waste in the section beneath the feed bunk to
flush first, the south section and then, the north sec-
tion. The flowing material clears the solids well and
moves to the lagoon down a channel in the hill slope.
Anaerobic action in the lagoon has not forced ducks to
leave and has not given off objectionable odors. Solids
have not filled the lagoons to an extent to require
cleaning. The self-powered moving big gun sprinkler
and centrifugal pump move the liquids to final dis-
275
-------
posal on nearby fields very quickly. The total system
recycles the manure with low labor cost and without
excessive investment cost. Daily winter spreading
and its environmental hazards have been eliminated.
(Euerle, et. al.-Minnesota)
2623 - Al, A4, Bl, D4, E2, F2 200
A PLANNING STUDY ON DAIRY
WASTES MANAGEMENT,
Vice President, Albert A. Webb Associates, 3788
McCray Street, Riverside, California 92506
S. I. Gershon, S. A. Hart, A. C. Chang, and J. W.
Branch, Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 132-135.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, California, Water pollu-
tion, Groundwater pollution, Salts, Regulation.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Compost, Evaluation.
The major milkshed for Los Angeles, California is in
the Chino Basin of the Santa Ana River Watershed, 25
miles east of Los Angeles. Approximately 165,000
dairy cows are located within a 120 square mile area.
The manure from these animals is either applied to
nearby farm fields or exported as "compost."
Nevertheless, mismanagement of waste storage and
disposal contributes to surface and groundwater pol-
lution problems. Concern about water pollution
prompted the Santa Ana Watershed Planning Agency
to retain consultants to study and recommend various
management plans, including waste handling from
various pollutant contributors. In one such study, the.
consultants hoped to determine economically feasible
methods by which the dairy industry could reduce the
amount of "salts added" (about 50,000 tons of salt-
total dissolved solids—per year) to the groundwater
basin from the dairy industry by 90 per cent. An ex-
tensive data-gathering program was initiated. The
extent of the salt problem was determined. Alterna-
tive means of collection, treatment, and disposal of
the waste streams were evaluated. An economic
analysis of the feasible alternative methods was
made along with recommending a plan. Study results
are given in detail. (Gershon-Albert A. Webb As-
sociates; Merryman, ed.)
2624 - Al, Bl, C5, D2, E4, Fl 200
DAIRY WASTE FIBER—A BYP-
RODUCT WITH A FUTURE?,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, California Univer-
sity, Riverside
W. C. Fairbank, S. E. Bishop, and A. C. Chang
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 136-138.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Separation techniques,
Recycling, Litter, Soil amendments.
Identifiers: Dairy waste fiber, Hydromulching, Re-
feeding.
The dairy industry of California has for years enjoyed
labor saving benefits of flush cleaning of manured
concrete areas. In 1967 mechanical separators to sc-
reen coarse suspended particles and fiber from the
liquid waste entered the scene. By 1972 large volumes
of dairy waste fiber (DWF) were in neat storage piles
throughout our dairy regions. Potential values in
DWF were sought by two routes of investigation: (1)
Consider the natural fibrous products in agricultural
use, and compare by cursory evaluation the gross
similarities and differences of DWF; (2) Examine
DWF in sundried, sanitized, size fractionated form,
and ascribe component values based on competitive
materials. Related production techniques for handl-
ing, processing, packaging and merchandizing were
concurrently developed in light of increasing energy
costs and greater socio-environmental regard. Solar
drying of wastewater saturated DWF in a thin bed and
with daily tractor stirring was confirmed. Decompos-
ition was arrested and an innocuous product resulted.
Dry classification by mechanical screen into three
particle sizes produced material of remarkable un-
iformity and appearance. The course grade appears
suitable for any common agricultural use of wood
shavings such as livestock litter. The middle size frac-
tion appears of interest to the hydromulching industry
as a low cost substitute for wood pulp fiber. The fine
grade contains most of the residual and secondary
digestible protein which suggests it be directed to feed
ingredient use. All grades have been blended into
commercial manure-based planter mixes and have
been substituted for peat moss or wood shavings for
general horticultural use. Environmental impact is
nil, energy balance positive, economics and public
acceptance favorable. (Fairbank, et. al.-Riverside,
California; Merryman, ed.)
2625 - Al, B2, E2 200
THE DAKOTA SYSTEM—A METHOD
OF COLLECTING, STORING, AND
HANDLING ANIMAL WASTE,
USDA, SCS, Box 878, Bismarck, North Dakota
D. F. Meyer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 139-140.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Liquid wastes, Slurries,
Waste storage, Design, Pumped storage.
Identifiers: Dakota System, Land disposal.
The Dakota System is a slurry or liquid manure handl-
ing system. By definition, waste having more than 96
per cent water is liquid manure, 80-95 per cent water is
slurry (after proper agitation), and less than 80 per
cent water is semi-solid. The Dakota System is
primarily used in free stall dairies. The system in-
cludes a concrete tank with a capacity of seven days
storage. A chopper pump requiring sixty horse-power
or more connected to a ten or twelve inch P.V.C.
pipeline conveys the waste to an earth holding pit
which has a storage capacity of 180 days. Side slopes
are one to one and end slopes are four to one. The
Dakota System enables the dairy man to maintain
sanitary conditions in all but the most severe weather.
Odor is minimal because the seven day storage does
not allow substantial biodegradation. A single chop-
per type pump enables the operator to empty the con-
crete pit, agitate the outside pit and load honey wa-
gons for removal to the field. Surface of the earth
holding pit generally freezes during winter. It re-
mains frozen for a period of several days to a few
weeks after spring break-up, helping keep the manure
in good condition. Installation costs are kept low by
utilizing a single pump. Waste water from the milking
parlor is discharged directly into the concrete tank.
This eliminates a waste problem and increases liquid
content during periods of high evaporation to improve
pumpability of the slurry. A recent pump trailer de-
sign eliminates pumping port, reducing costs and in-
creasing flexibility for agitation. (Meyer, USDA;
Merryman, ed.)
2626 - Al, Bl, E2 200
MANURE PONDS FOR MINIMIZING
POLLUTION,
District Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service,
Kewaunee, Wisconsin 54216
A. C. Marini, 0. J. Berry, and M. L. Knabach
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 141-143.
Descriptors: Wisconsin, Dairy industry, Costs, De-
sign, Waste storage, Equipment, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Waste handling, Land disposal.
Wisconsin has long been noted for the production of
dairy products. Throughout the years, the size of the
dairy farms has steadily increased. However, the
proximity of many of the livestock yards to perennial
streams, many of which are trout streams, has not
changed. As a result, the larger herds have increased
the problem of handling the large volumes of manure
produced each day. One method of handling these
livestock wastes which has become very popular in
some sections of the state involves the use of manure
pumps. Although the number of companies which
fabricate manure pumps are few, a considerable
number of these types of installations have been
made. Many of these systems have been very success-
ful. The manure has been removed from the buildings
and successfully stored for the desired period of time
while greatly reducing surface water pollution. This
paper describes the design and operation of a com-
plete manure handling system for a farm located in
Kewaunee County. Although the total cost of this sys-
tem was relatively inexpensive, the capacity is suffi-
ciently large to store the total manure accumulation
of 100 cattle for the entire winter season. The paper
covers three major items: (1) the design of the overall
waste management system, (2) the operation of the
system including the application of the animal wastes
onto the land in a manner which eliminates pollution,
and (3) the equipment used and a description of the
storage facilities which effectively use earth em-
bankments to store the waste. (Marini, et. al.-
Wisconsin; Merryman, ed.)
2627 - Al, B2, D2, D4, E3 200
A TOTAL RECYCLE UNIT SYSTEM
FOR DAIRY MANURE MANAGE-
MENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana
A. C. Dale and R. Swanson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 144-146.
Descriptors: Recycling, Dairy industry, Waste
treatment, Slurries, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Pollution control, Bedding, Soil con-
ditioner, Refeeding.
This paper describes the Total Recycle Unit (TRU)
System, developed by Babson Bros. Co., Oak Brook,
Illinois, to mechanically handle and treat dairy cow
manure. With the TRU System, part of the manure is
converted to readily reusable products and the re-
mainder is converted into non-pollutional end pro-
ducts. A field trial unit is undergoing final observa-
tions and monitoring prior to tooling up for production
in the near future. The complete TRU System proces-
ses raw dairy cow manure as follows: (1)
homogenizes the manure into a slurry in a primary
collection tank, (2) pumps the slurry through a
solids-liquid separator, (3) washes the first separated
solids with "clean" water to further remove mucous
and dissolved solids, (4) ejects washed and final sepa-
rated solids to a storage for use as bedding, as a soil
conditioner, or for refceding to beef cattle, (5) returns
some liquids to the mixing tank to dilute the incoming
manure, (6) pumps the remaining liquid to the follow-
ing: (a.) a storage for holding until irrigated onto
cropland, (b.) an aerator and thence to an el ectrofloc-
culator for removal of minerals, (7) pumps the col-
ored water through a clarif ier producing a clear reus-
able or dischargeable water. In summary, the com-
plete TRU System produces "clean" solids, concen-
trated fertilizer and clarified water from dairy cow
manure. However, only part of the system may be
selected. For example, the electroflocculator could be
eliminated with the liquid going directly to the holding
unit for eventual use as a fertilizer or a substrate for
bacteria for synthesize into proteins. (Dale and
Swanson-Purdue University)
2628 - Al, B2, E2 200
SUCCESSFUL MANURE MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE COM-
MERCIAL HOG OPERATION,
276
-------
Gehlbach Pork Farm, Lincoln, Illinois; Extension
Agricultural Engineer, University of Illinois, Urbana
G. D. Gehlbach and A. J. Muehling
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 147-149.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Lagoons, Fertilizers,
Phosphorus, Crop response.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Land dis-
posal, Slotted floors.
Gehlbach Pork Farm in Logan County, Illinois, mar-
kets approximately 8,500 hogs per year. As this hog
operation has increased, a major concern has been to
develop an acceptable waste handling system. All
hogs except the breeding herd are raised In confine-
ment under roof. Most buildings are fully slotted with
storage pits underneath which provide 3-5 months
storage. Manure is disposed of in two ways: (1) haul-
ing from the pits with a vacuum tank wagon with
soil-injection attachment and chiseled in the ground
for fertilizer, and (2) lagooning. This results in almost
odor-free disposal of the manure. The pits are
emptied completely in the fall before freezing. As
much manure as possible is hauled in the spring be-
fore the corn is planted, occasionally resulting in
some late planting. A small amount of land is left idle
through the summer for manure disposal. The scar-
city and price of commercial fertilizer is encouraging
better distribution, and application is being made on
the most nutrient deficient soils. A 7 and one half acre
lagoon is a backup and used for overflow only when
the pits fill up. The lagoon is pumped down when
necessary to keep it from overflowing. Comparisons
of land receiving commercial fertilizers with land re-
ceiving manure indicate that in the latter extremely
high values of phosphorus occur, but yields don't
seem to be affected. This could be classified as one
successful method of handling swine wastes on a large
commercial farm. (Gehlbach and Muehling-Illinois;
Merryman, ed.)
2629 - Al, B2, E2, E3 200
EXPERIENCE WITH OPEN GUTTER
FLUSH SYSTEMS FOR SWINE MAN-
URE MANAGEMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maryland
University, College Park
H.L.Brodie
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 150-153.
Descriptors: Confinement pens, Maryland,
Economics, Design, Lagoons, Recycling, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Open gutter
flush system.
Several swine producers in Maryland have con-
structed new confinement facilities for swine utilizing
the open gutter flush system for manure collection
and transport. Two different farms are examined to
determine the overall economic, management, labor
and production efficiencies of this waste management
system. The experiences of construction, operation,
and management are reviewed. On one farm a 250 foot
long swine finishing building and a 120 foot long gesta-
tion building are flushed. The gutters are four feet
wide by four inches deep with floor slopes of one and
two per cent. Waste water enters a three-fourth acre
lagoon from which water is recycled for flushing. All
structures were constructed with farm labor. The
second farm flushes a 250 foot long finishing house
utilizing a four foot wide by four inch deep gutter.
Waste water is collected in a liquid manure tank and
spray irrigated on nearby grassland. Well water is
used for flushing. The structure was completely con-
structed with contracted labor. Two different designs
of automatic dumping hopper type flush tanks are in
use. The development of water use practices is de-
pendent on the disposal method. Strict conservation is
observed for the spray irrigation system. However,
the lagoon system uses a great volume of recycled
water. Both systems work satisfactorily. The labor
and management input into the waste handling sys-
tem is significantly reduced without an excessive in-
vestment cost. (Brodie-Maryland University Mer-
ryman, ed.)
2630 - Al, Bl, Dl, E2, F4 200
SWINE PRODUCTION AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT: STATE-OF-THE-
ART,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
M. R. Overcash, F. J. Humenik, and L. B. Driggers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 154-159.
Descriptors: Swine, Economics.
Identifiers: State of the an, Waste management,
Pork production.
An exhaustive review of over 100 pertinent articles
has been compiled in association with an EPA grant to
critically evaluate the composite production-waste
management strategies in the United States. A com-
prehensive systematic survey of the pork production
industry was also conducted to add dimension to as-
sessment of actual producer operations andproblems
relative to waste management options. This com-
bined literature review and survey as a state-of-the-
art review can provide excellent direction for future
regulations and pork industry growth patterns. In-
formation from literature references, extensive data
retrievals and calculations have put the available
waste characterization data on a uniform and thus
more useable basis. The raw waste load and waste
stream from various composite production-
pretreatment systems are included for such
parameters as liquid volume, COD, TOC, TKN,
NHs-N, P04-P, solids, K and trace elements. Finally a
regrouping of traditional production systems to re-
flect waste management considerations and
economic costs for final application to plant-soil re-
ceiver systems is included. Such unit definition
ranges from those with large volumes of wastewater
or high nitrogen contents to those with minimal water
and nitrogen in the waste stream. A discussion of the
minimum cost effective parameters which could be
monitored to evaluate or regulate performance of a
waste management system with a terminal plant soil
receiver system is included. (Overcash, et. al.-North
Carolina State Univ.)
2631 - A5, B2, D4, E3 200
SWINE WASTE NUTRIENT RECOV-
ERY SYSTEM BASED ON THE USE
OF THERMAL DISCHARGES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. R. Miner, L. Boersma, J. E. Oldfield and H. K.
Phinney
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 160-163.
Descriptors: Recycling, Anaerobic digestion, Algae,
Methane, Design.
Identifiers: Swine, Nutrient recovery system, Ther-
mal discharges, Single cell protein, Waste water
reuse.
The feasibility of using waste heat from steam elec-
tric plants to sustain a food producing complex in
which nutrients are recycled is being analyzed. Mic-
roorganisms are being used to convert animal man-
ures into a high protein livestock feed and a methane
rich fuel gas. Waste heat from the steam electric
plants is used as a low cost source of energy for main-
taining stable, elevated temperatures in anaerobic
digestion and single cell protein production units.
Much of the technology of the individual units is cur-
rently available. The objective of this project was to
develop a system utilizing these units together and to
establish design and operating criteria. The system
consists of anaerobic digestion for liquif action of solid
material and soluble nutrient recovery by growing
algae in basins heated with waste heat. The compo-
nents of the system include: hydraulic manure trans-
port, a solid-liquid separator, an anaerobic digester,
aerobic basins for growing algae, harvesting equip-
ment, and a soil-bed filter system for final removal of
nutrients. The nutrient requirements of algae cul-
tures are similar to the waste characteristics from
swine. The design of the facility is based on the waste
production of fifty swine. The facility is a livestock
confinement building where the manure is flushed
from the animal pens and routed to the nutrient re-
covery system. Flushing is done with sufficient fre-
quency to prevent anaerobic decomposition and as-
sociated odors within the building. Clarified liquid
from the nutrient recovery system is re-used in the
process to flush wastes from the building. (Miner, et.
al.-Oregon St. Univ.; Merryman, ed.)
2632 - Al, B2, D4, E2 200
MANAGING A SUCCESSFUL LIQUID
SWINE MANURE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM,
President, Leanco Corporation, P.O. Box 879,
Brownwood, Texas 76801
P. R. George, J. M. Sweeten, and S. J. Buchanan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 164-167.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment, La-
goons.
Identifiers: Swine, Storage pits, Land disposal.
A modern 600-sow farrow to finish operation in Cent-
ral Texas employs a three-phase system of efficiently
managing liquid swine manure. This system has
proven itself through legal battles and serves as a
model for the swine industry in Texas. The feeding
system consists of two enclosed farrowing houses;
two adjoining nurseries and eleven partially-covered
finishing buildings. The two enclosed slatted-floor
farrowing houses are underlain by ventilated 4' deep
liquid manure storage pits. Separate storage pits are
provided for each Sff-sow room within the farrowing
house to facilitate clean-out and enhance disease con-
trol. In all other buildings, liquid manure pits (be-
neath fully and partially-slatted floors) extend the
length of the buildings. Anaerobic treatment is pro-
vided in these continuous flow storage pits, which
have a theoretical manure storage capacity (deten-
tion time) of 70 days. Through experience, the
operators have arrived at a program of withdrawing
settled solids from the storage pits without agitation
at two to three week intervals using honey wagons.
This method of sludge handling was compared with
chemical treatment of the pits from the standpoint of
odor control; results will be reported. Sludge is hauled
to adjacent fields and disposed of through plow-
furrow-cover. Odors and flies are effectively control-
led. No additional fertilizer is needed on the 100 acres
of Coastal Bermudagrass pasture. Finally, liquid
overflow from the manure storage pits is conveyed
one half mile into a facultative-anaerobic lagoon for
further treatment and eventual land disposal. This
lagoon also receives runoff from the 100-acre solids
disposal area and is designed to contain the 25 year
frequency, 24 hour duration storm. Besides meeting
the zero-discharge standard for both the feeding area
and manure disposal area, the operation has been
monitored for possible groundwater pollution prob-
lems. To date, piezometers have indicated no evi-
dence of seepage from either the lagoons or from the
liquid manure storage pits. (George, et. al.-Texas;
Merryman, ed.)
277
-------
2633 - Al, B2, D4, E2 200
TOTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR
A LARGE SWINE PRODUCTION
FACILITY,
Manager, Lexington Swine Breeder, North Carolina
F. J. Humenik, R. E. Sneed, M. R. Overcash, J. C.
Barker, and G. D. Wetherill
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 168-171.
Descriptors: Costs, Sprinkler irrigation, Ammonia.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Land dis-
posal, Zero discharge, Volatilization, Aerated basin,
Anaerobic lagoon.
Consistent with developing animal waste manage-
ment technology, this total system is centered around
nitrogen and the pretreatment processes prior to
terminal land application for the most feasible ap-
proach to a zero discharge system. The maximum
production capacity of this breeder facility is about
200,000 Ib on-farm liveweight. Facilities have been
developed to minimize wastewater generation in the
totally enclosed buildings with manure storage pits
under partially slatted floors. Site alterations in-
cluded creek rerouting to optimize the production-
waste management system. Wastewater pretreat-
ment processes are a surface aerated basin (87,000
ft3) followed by an unaerated anaerobic lagoon. In
addition, liquid from the unaerated lagoon is applied
to a 1.5 acre site in which overland flow pretreatment
is accomplished with this wastewater returning to the
unaerated lagoon. Piping in conjunction with the
overland flow and terminal irrigation system also al-
lows use of secondary lagoon water for pit precharge
and positive cleaning after pit emptying. These pre-
treatment processes effect nitrogen losses by am-
monia volatilization and nitrification-denitrification
as well as some degree of odor control. Final treat-
ment or disposal of lagoon effluent is accomplished by
a permanent set sprinkler system with manual con-
trol of laterals. The operational strategy, installation
costs, and on-going costs are included. (Humenik, et.
al.-North Carolina)
2634 - Al, B2 200
SIMPLIFYING MANURE HANDLING
IN A SOLID-FLOOR SWINE HOUSING
SYSTEM,
Farmer, R. R. 1, Monona, Iowa 52159
D. J. Meyer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 172-173.
Descriptors: Design, Costs, Labor.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management.
There are basically three types of liquid wastes sys-
tems being used in swine operations: (1) long-term pit
storage, (2) inside treatment systems, and (3) sys-
tems that flush manure outside. Although these sys-
tems keep labor input low, there are drawbacks de-
pending on the system chosen. The purpose of this
paper is to present a building design which eliminates
most of these drawbacks and yet has a low labor input.
Specifically, the objectives were to: (1) minimize dis-
ease build-up, (2) minimize odor and flies, and (3)
keep the costs low. The building design follows: The
building is bounded by a generally-circular upright
wall covered by a roof. Centrally located is a pit for
receiving liquid and solid wastes. An annular imper-
forated floor extends outward from the pit toward the
wall and is exposed for direct access to and walking
upon, by the hogs. An elongated sweep means radially
extends from a pivotal mount at the pit center for
lateral movement around and over the floor in order
to engage the solid wastes on the floor and propel them
towards and into the pit. Surrounding the swept floor,
but still within the enclosure, is a nesting region. For
inducing the hogs to defecate only on the swept floor,
(1) the nesting region is raised above the level of the
swept floor, and (2) air circulation occurs so as to
encourage the livestock to respect their nesting reg-
ion. The building and waste system described were
constructed and are currently in operation. (Meyer-
Iowa; Merryman, ed.)
2635 - B2 200
DOUBLE E. FARMS—SWINE IN-
STALLATION,
Owner and Operator of Double E Farms, 37 North
Sylvan Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43204
T. W. Eisenman and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 174-176.
Descriptors: Design, Lagoons, Costs, Equipment,
Maintenance costs, Ohio.
Identifiers: Swine production.
The swine installation of the Double E Farm is located
approximately 18 miles Southwest of Columbus, Ohio.
The installation consists of the following: (1) Six out-
door breeding pens, each 145' x 35', (2) Gestation
building, 292' x 23', (3) Farrowing and nursery build-
ing, 267' x 21', (4) Finishing building, 271' x 37', (5)
Liquid waste lagoon, with a water area of 4.63 acre
and a depth of 5'. Some of the major difficulties en-
countered since the system was put into operation
are: (1) Unsatisfactory voltage conditions and high
cost of electric energy due to physical location of in-
stallation with relation to electric energy supply
source, (2) Aerator wheels were constructed of light
gage material which resulted in a great deal of break-
age. All wheels were rebuilt of heavy gage material,
(3) Hog hair collected in wheel bearings causing
many shut downs, (4) It was necessary to dilute liquid
in building trenches by recirculating water from the
lagoon, (5) Undigested oat husks built up a residue in
the trench bottoms, (6) Sand from pre-mixed feed
caused a build up in the trenches, (7) Over current
relays were installed to protect the wheel motors from
burn outs, (8) There were numerous belt breakages
on the wheels. Under current relays were installed in
the wheel motor circuits to sound an alarm when this
condition occurred, (9) A buildup on the wheels of
ammonium magnesium sulfate, (10) Aerob-A-Jet
units were tested in lieu of aerator wheels but did not
seem to do a satisfactory job, (11) Maintenance of
equipment and inside of buildings is very costly.
(Eisenman and White-Ohio; Merryman, ed.)
2636 - B2, D4, E2 200
A WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR A 2500-HEAD SWINE
OPERATION-A CASE STUDY,
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University,
West Lafayette
A. L. Button, D. H. Bache, J. T. Nye, A. C. Dale, D. D.
Jones, et. al.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 177-180.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Design, Costs, Lagoons,
Anaerobic conditions, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Swine, Waste management, Oxidation
ditch, Slatted floors, Land disposal.
This study (1) describes the design and (2) reports on
the performance of a liquid waste management sys-
tem for a 2500-head swine operation at the Baker-
Purdue Animal Sciences Center, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, Indiana. The farrow-to-finish opera-
tion includes two 800-head environmentally regulated
confinement growing-finishing houses, two 48-crate
environmentally regulated confinement farrowing
houses, and two 120-head open-front confinement ges-
tation nouses. Four-foot deep race track-shaped oxi-
dation ditches are located in the finishing and farrow-
ing houses to collect, store and treat wastes. A four-
foot anaerobic pit beneath a partially slatted floor
collects and stores waste from sows in the gestation
houses. Waste from all pits beneath the slatted floors
is transported by gravity to a 2000-gallon sump tank
system. The liquid waste is automatically pumped
from the sump into an anaerobic lagoon with a sub-
mersible 3-hp electric vertical cantUiver high solids
pump. Lagoon effluent is irrigated on adjacent land
cropped to continuous corn. Investment and operat-
ing costs and labor requirements of the lagoon-
irrigation system (tiling, sump, lagoon, irrigation)
were compared to the liquid tanker wagon hauling
system. Initial investment costs were higher for the
lagoon-irrigation system. However, the lagoon-
irrigation system required much less labor. Yearly
operating and labor costs for the liquid hauling sys-
tem were higher than the lagoon-irrigation system. It
was concluded from this study that the lagoon-
irrigation waste disposal system can be an attractive
alternative for a large swine waste operation. (Sut-
ton, et. al.-Purdue University; Merryman, ed.)
2637 - A5, B2, D4, E2 200
KSU AEROBIC SWINE WASTE
HANDLING SYSTEM (SEX YEARS OF
PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS),
Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas
State University, Manhattan 66506
B. A. Koch, R. H. Hines, G. L. Allee, and R. I. Lipper
Managing Livestock wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 181-183.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment.
Identifiers: Swine, Foaming, Maintenance, Aerob-
A-Jets, Land disposal, Holding tanks.
Aerobic oxidation was the method of waste disposal
built into new swine production facilities at K.S.U. in
1968. The system has been used continuously and is
functioning successfully. A 29-stall farrowing house
sits over a racetrack pit 80 feet long (one side) by 8
feet wide and 4 feet deep (the septic tank from the
headquarters building drains directly into this pit).
The nursery sits over two similar pits each 80 feet by 4
feet wide and 4 feet deep. Each of two finishing bams
sits over a racetrack pit 104 feet long (one wide) by 8
feet wide and 4 feet deep. Liquid level is maintained
constant in each pit by a standpipe which drains into
an outside holding tank. Holding tank fluid is hauled to
farm fields with a tractor and a liquid manure wagon.
The pits were originally equipped with paddle wheels,
but foaming and maintenance problems led to the
installation in late 1971 and early 1972 of Fail-field
Aerob-A-Jets. At that time pits in the finishing barns
were drained and cleaned because of excessive
build-up of solids. Pits in the farrowing house and
nursery have never been cleaned except for fluid that
overflows from the standpipe. Data collected since
the installation of the "Jets" includes: power con-
sumption, fluid temperature, fluid pH, fluid dry mat-
ter, dry matter composition, and amounts of fluid
overflowing from the pits. Records show that mainte-
nance of "Jets" has been minimal. Observations indi-
cate that odor levels were low and recently have been
reduced almost to zero by daily use of small quantities
of a commercial product (Puritan Live Microor-
ganisms) in each pit. (Koch, et. al.-Kansas State Uni-
versity; Merryman, ed.)
2638 - Al, Bl, D4 200
TWO-STAGE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT FROM
INDUSTRIAL HOG BREEDING
FARMS,
Institute for Water Management, Bucharest, Spl. In-
dependentei 294, Romania
C. A. L. Negulescu
278
-------
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 184-185.
Descriptors: Activated sludge, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Swine, Romania.
One of the problems which may be solved by the
activated-sludge process is the treatment of effluents
from industrial hog breeding farms. During the last
years, Romania has applied the system to breed hogs
on a large number of capita on a very limited area
(structures of agro-industrial type amounting 100-150
thousands hogs). Since the waste disposal by land-
spreading requires a large agricultural area, the pos-
sibility to treat and dispose the waste has been taken
into consideration. Our studies started with the
characterization of wastes; the results obtained have
been given as specific load (per capita). After few
treatment plants built on mechanical and natural-
biological treatment, the severe discharge conditions
in some parts of the country obliged us to try more
efficient methods of treatment. The conventional
methods used in sewage treatment have been tried
with good results. On laboratory scale (1970) and on
full-scale (1972-73) we tried the hog waste settling
followed by two stage activiated-sludge treatment.
The results were very hopeful (more than 95 per cent
efficiency) and upgrading these first plants, we hope
to improve them. (Negulescu-Romania)
2639 -Al, Bl, C5, D3, D4, E2 200
A PIG SLURRY TREATMENT SYS-
TEM BASED ON SEPARATION BE-
FORE AEROBIC TREATMENT AND
SLUDGE DE-WATERING,
Farm Buildings Department, National Institute of
Agricultural Engineering, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bed-
ford, England
R. Q. Hepherd and L. E. Osborne
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 186-189.
Descriptors: Slurries, Separation techniques,
Aerobic treatment, Dewatering.
Identifiers: Swine, England, Land disposal, Floccul-
The aim of the research was to convert pig slurry into
liquids or solids that were easy and cheap to store and
to apply efficiently to land without causing air or
water pollution problems. The stages of treatment
were: separation to produce a fibrous solid and a
free-flowing liquid; treatment by high-rate biological
filtration; settlement to produce a wet sludge; grav-
ity filtration of the wet sludge after addition of a floc-
culant to produce a stackable sludge and a relatively
clean filtrate. A continuously-operated pilot plant was
developed, all inputs to and outputs from the treat-
ment stages being automatically controlled. Only the
separator and surplus filtrate disposal system were
manually controlled. For a 6-month period, the plant
was fed with 1800 liters of slurry from slatted-floor
musing. The plant proved simple to operate, very
reliable, and required about 1 man-hour day for ser-
vicing and removal of products to store. The filtrate
was a straw coloured liquid containing less than 10g-l
BOD; and 1.5g-l suspended solids. A mathematical
model of the system incorporated into a 500-pig slat-
ted floored fattening house suggested that the quan-
tity of filtrate for disposal to land would be substan-
tially less than for the pilot plant. There were no ob-
jectionable smells from the end products. A design for
a mechanically-ventilated piggery in which the venti-
lation and waste treatment systems are integrated
has been completed, the objectives being to scrub the
exhaust ventilating air and at the same time keep the
liquid warm. Apart from removal of the end products,
we system will be fully-automatic. (Herpherd-
England; Merryman, ed.)
2640 - B2, D4, E3 200
OXIDATION DITCH WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A LARGE
CONFINEMENT SWINE FARM,
Farm owner, Box 26, Lawrence, Kansas 66044
P. Smart, F. McCain, D. L. Day, and B. G. Harmon
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 190-191.
Descriptors: Kansas.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Swine, Evaporation
ponds, Slatted floors.
This is a case study of the complete waste manage-
ment system of the Paul Smart confinement swine
farm near Lawrence, Kansas. The intensive confine-
ment enterprise is located on only 24 acres. All feed is
brought in pre-prepared from an off-farm commer-
cial feed processing center. At present, the farrow-
to-finish enterprise has 150 farrowing stalls producing
15,000 market hogs per year. There are 5 full-time
people involved in the husbandry-management of the
total enterprise. Oxidation ditches beneath slotted
floors have been used since the farm began. Surplus
waste materials overflow from the oxidation ditches
into evaporation ponds. There is no other waste man-
agement used, such as scraping, scooping, hauling,
etc. The 11 buildings and 37 rotors are distributed as
follows: 3 sow housing—8 rotors; 3 farrowing—3
rotors; 2 nursery—4 rotors; 1 growing—2 rotors; 2
finishing—20 rotors. The rotors, developed under
cooperation with Ross E. McKinney of the University
of Kansas Civil Engineering Department, are 36 in-
ches wide by 60 inches in diameter and are powered by
5-hp motors. They are performing well with a low
level of maintainance problems. The total electricity
bill including that for rotors, feeders, and lights has
been about $1.00 per hog marketed. The farm man-
agement is pleased with the low-odor low-labor
method of swine waste management. A method of
refeeding aerobically processed wastes is being
tested. (Smart, et. al.-Kansas; Merryman, ed.)
2641 - B3, C3, Dl, E3 200
RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS FROM
ANIMAL WASTES-AN OVERVIEW
OF EXISTING OPTIONS AND PO-
TENTIALS FOR USE IN FEED,
USDA, Beltsville, Maryland
R. G. Yeck, L. W. Smith, and C. C. Calvert
Managing Livestock Waste, Proceedings 3rd Interna-
tional Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Univer-
sity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,1975,
p. 192-194.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Animal wastes, Feeds, Re-
cycling, Costs, Economics, Constraints, Fermenta-
tion, Separation, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Refeeding, ControUed storage.
Processes for the recovery of nutrients from animal
wastes can contribute to reduction of solid waste dis-
posal problems, reduction of livestock production and
consumer product costs, increase feed supplies and
conserve natural resources. The economics of lives-
tock production today provides the greatest im-
mediate incentive for adoption of such processes by
livestock producers. Several systems have been re-
searched for recovering nutrients from wastes. A sys-
tem is composed of resource material, process, and
intended use. The resource-animal wastes contain
varying quantities of nutrients including protein,
energy, phosphorus and other nutrients. Processes
include aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, physical
separation, dehydration and heat treatment, and con-
trolled storage. Resulting products have been tested
in diets of animals for maintenance and various pro-
ductive functions performance. Several systems are
now in successful use. There are constraints to im-
plementation of the various systems. These con-
straints include animal acceptibility, utility, animal
product safety and consumer acceptance. It is antici-
pated that this review will provide livestock produc-
ers information to assist in identifying those systems
most applicable to their needs. (Yeck, et. al-USDA)
2642 - Bl, Cl, D4, E3 200
ENSILING POULTRY FLOOR LIT-
TER AND CAGE LAYER MANURE,
Georgia University, Athens
S. A. Vezey and C. N. Dobbins, Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24, p.
195-196.
Descriptors: Poultry, Litter, Analysis, Waste treat-
ment, Recycling.
Identifiers: Ensiling, Cage layer manure, Lactobacil-
lus acidophilus.
The objective of this project was to develop a method
of ensiling cage layer manure as an alternate to dry-
ing. The physical characteristics of the raw waste
product prohibits mechanical handling by the usual
methods of processing ensilage. Exploratory trials
using varying mixtures of floor litter, corn, cage layer
manure, dried molasses, and Lactobacillus
philus culture (to accelerate fermentation)
were conducted for ensiling and physical characteris-
tics. These trials indicated that the ratio of these in-
gredients which provided a method for ensiling cage
layer manure as a feed for ruminants was: 50 Ibs.
ground corn, 20 Ibs. floor litter, 30 Ibs. cage layer
manure, 7.5 Ibs. dried molasses (absorbed on soybean
mill feed), and Ibs. Lactobacillus acidophilus culture
titering 10-6 to 10-8, and water q.s. to bring total mois-
ture to 40-45 per cent. The results indicate that the
addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus and molasses
reduced the ensiling time to 4 weeks or less. Analyses
for crude fiber, protein, fat, and moisture were repli-
cated on three lots. The data obtained varied less than
0.5 per cent except moisture which ranged from 44.10
per cent to 45.73 per cent. Values for the above were;
CF 11.0 per cent, protein 15.56 per cent 1, fat 1.40 per
cent. Analyses to delineate mineral and amino acid
compositions were also done. Aerobic anaerobic cul-
tures were negative for pathogenic bacteria. Control-
led feeding trials have not been conducted, but uncon-
trolled studies have demonstrated acceptable palata-
bility of the ensilage for ruminants. To make a com-
plete and balanced ration, appropriate vitamin and
mineral supplements are necessary. Energy levels
can be adjusted by additives to meet desired specifi-
cations. (Vezey and Dobbins-Georgia University;
Merryman, ed.)
2643 - Bl, D4, E3 200
RECYCLING SOLIDS FROM AN
AERATED BEEF SLURRY FOR
FEED,
Minnesota University, St. Paul
R. 0. Hegg, R. E. Larson, J. A. Moore, R. D. Goodrich,
and J. C. Meiske
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 197-198.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Slurries, Cattle, Re-
cycling, Feeds, Performance, Energy.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Oxidation ditch, Finishing ra-
tions.
Reclaimed solids from an oxidation ditch receiving
beef wastes were fed at three rates, 5,15, and 25 per
cent of the ration on a dry matter basis to finishing
steers to evaluate this material as a ration compo-
nent. The 3 reclaimed solids rations plus a high energy
control ration were fed to four pens of steers in the 4
month feeding trial. The animals over the oxidation
ditch were receiving a ration containing 90 per cent
corn plus supplement and were a different group of
steers than those on the refeeding study. The conclu-
sions were: (1) The reclaimed solids, collected on a 22
279
-------
mesh screen, had approximately SO per cent the feed-
ing value of corn on a dry matter basis. (2) Feed
consumption decreased as the percentage of re-
claimed solids in the ration increased. (3) The cattle
needed a period of several days to adjust to the ration
before they would readily consume the animal waste
solids. Perhaps some processing of the material
would decrease or eliminate this period. (4) The lower
energy of the reclaimed solids, would probably make
it more suitable in maintenance rations than in finish-
ing rations. (Hegg, et. al.-Minnesota University)
2644 B2, C5, D4, E3 200
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FROM
OXIDATION DITCHES,
Department of Animal Science and Department of
Agricultural Engineering, respectively, University of
Illinois, Urbana.
B. G. Harmon and D. L. Day
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 199-202.
Descriptors: Nutrients, Aerobic treatment, Farm
wastes, Proteins, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Refeeding, State of the
art.
This is a state of the art paper that discusses the
nutrient content of products of aerobically treated
waste and the results of feeding this nutrient source to
swine as well as laboratory animals. The paper sum-
marizes publications by the authors and other resear-
chers spanning the past six years. In addition, on-the-
farm experiences of swine producers in the midwest
United States that have refed the bioenhanced swine
waste will be included. The objective of the paper is to
discuss the potential and limitations of producing
single-cell protein for animal feeding from the con-
tents and in the environment of oxidation ditches and
other methods of aerobic treatment. The nitrogen ex-
cretory products are incorporated into amino acids
and thus become the more important nutrients con-
tributed by the nutrient solution. The oxidation ditch
mixed liquor is also rich in minerals and water soluble
vitamins. The topics discussed include: (1) Essential-
ity of maintaining a highly aerobic environment. (2)
Amino acid concentration changes occurring in con-
tents of the oxidation ditch. (3) Increase in total nut-
rient contribution by enhancement of fresh waste to
oxidation ditch mixed liquor. (4) Increase with time in
ash, the only nonbiodegradable component in the oxi-
dation ditch. (5) Performance of swine fed products of
the oxidation ditch. (6) Discussion of practical sys-
tems for feeding liquor from the ditches currently in
use on swine farms. (7) Discussion of liquids balance
demonstrating waste usage by the pigs in excess of
liquid available from the oxidation ditch. (8) Poten-
tial for establishing a waste treatment system with no
overflow. (Harmon and Day-Illinois Univ.)
2645 - A9, E3 200
NUTRITIONAL, PATHOLOGICAL
AND PARASITOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF FEEDING FEEDLOT WASTE TOO
BEEF CATTLE,
Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State Uni-
versity, Stillwater
R. R. Johnson, R. Panciera, H. Jordon, and L. R.
Shuyler
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 203-205.
Descriptors: Nutrition, Pathology, Parasitism, Per-
formance, Cattle, Feeds.
Identifiers: Dried beef feedlot waste, Refeeding.
Twenty-four beef calves were randomly allotted by
weight and sex to 8 pens. Two pens were fed rations
containing 85 per cent concentrate plus (1) 15 per cent
cottonseed hulls (CSH), (2) 15 per cent dried beef
feedlot waste (FLW), (3) 5 per cent CSHHO per cent
FLW or (4) 5 per cent CSH«5 per cent FLW (without
protein supplement). Animals were weighed
semimonthly. After 91 days on feed, average daily
gains in kg. per day were 1.2,0.7,1.0 and 0.8 for treat-
ments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Kg. feed required
per kg. gain were 7,2,11.2,7.9, and 9.6, respectively.
Daily feed consumption at the beginning of the trial
was very poor for the groups fed FLW rations but
recovered by the end of the trial. Although, FLW did
not appear to be a satisfactory substitute for CSH as a
roughage source or for the protein supplement, the
data were confounded by feed consumption differ-
ences. After 91 days on feed, all animals were sac-
rificed for pathological and parasitological observa-
tions. No significant effects due to FLW consumption
were observed in the gross or histological pathology of
the rumen wall, abdominal wall, intestinal wall, lung,
kidney, liver, spleen, trachea, or adrenals. Bile sam-
ples from all animals were negative for salmonella.
The internal parasite burden (stomach and intestinal
worms) was extremely low and not different due to
FLW consumption. (Johnson, et. al.-Oklahoma)
2646 - A9, C5, D2 200
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMI-
CAL ANALYSES OF ANAPHAGE IN A
COMPLETE LAYER EXCRETA IN-
HOUSE DRYING SYSTEM,
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing 48824
T. S. Chang, J. E. Dixon, M. L. Esmay, C. J. Flegal, J.
B. Gerrish, et. al.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 206-207.
Descriptors: Analysis, Microbiology, Moisture con-
tent, Chemical properties, Proteins, Calcium, Phos-
phorus.
Identifiers: Anaphage, Dehydrated cage layer
excreta, In-house drying system, Ash, Fiber, Ether
extract.
Anaphage (dehydrated cage layer excreta), from a
complete in-house drying system, was analyzed mic-
robiologically to determine the microbial population
and surviving species. The results indicated that the
microbial population was closely related to the mois-
ture content of the anaphage. Only a few species of
microorganisms survived the dehydration process.
Chemical analyses were also performed on the
anaphage from this drying system. Crude protein of
the anaphage was measured at 36.59 per cent and
corrected protein at 16.41 per cent. The results of the
chemical analyses of anaphage on calcium, phos-
phorus, ash, fiber and ether extract will be reported.
(Chang, et. al.-Michigan State University)
2647 - Al, Dl, E3 200
NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF
FEEDLOT MANURE FRACTION-
ATED BY CERECO PROCESS,
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State Uni-
versity, Fort Collins 80523
G. M. Ward, D. E. Johnson, and E. W. Kienholz
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 208-210
Descriptors: Nutrition, Recycling, Feeds, Feedlots,
Cattle, Poultry, Rainbow trout, Performance.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Cereco protein product, Frac-
tionated manure.
Ceres Ecology Corporation has developed equipment
which produces three feedlot manure fractions: high
fiber silage, dried protein product, and high ash re-
sidue. Nutritional studies of the first two products
were conducted with cattle and poultry. The Cereco
protein product (C-II) was first fed as 0,5,10, or 15 per
cent of the ration to day-old broiler chicks. Five per-
cent increased gains slightly. Ten and fifteen per cent
depressed gains and feed conversion slightly. This
C-II contained 21.0 per cent protein but 40.4 per cent
ash which diluted the energy density of the ration. In a
second trial C-II containing 21.6 per cent protein and
28.6 per cent ash was compared at the 5,10, or 20 per
cent level of the broiler ration. C-II at the 5 or 10 per
cent level produced greater weight gains. Equal gains
resulted at 20 per cent. A C-II product containing 23
per cent protein and 33 per cent ash was fed as 0,15, or
30 per cent of the ration for laying hens for six weeks.
Both 15 or 30 per cent substitution maintained the
same egg production, egg quality, and body weight.
The energy value was determined to be 500 kcal of
metabolizable energy per kg. The replacement value
of C-II in these rations was calculated to be almost
$150 per ton. C-II was fed as 14 per cent of the diet of
young rainbow trout and gains were essentially the
same as the control diet. Older trout received C-II as
14 per cent of diet and had gains of 1 or 2 per cent less
than controls. In no case was mortality or morbidity
increased. C-II fed to steers resulted in digestibility
and nitrogen retention of about 80 per cent of the value
obtained with a soybean meal supplement. Cereco
silage was fed to 10 Hereford steers to determine di-
gestibility and feed energy value, and compared with
corn silage. The composition of Cereco silage and di-
gestibility respectively was dry matter 34.4,59.3; pro-
tein 9.0,55.5; crude fiber 27.5,65.3; ether extract 1.8,
90.6, and nitrogen-free extract 50.4,67.1 per cent. The
total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was 60.2 per
cent compared to 65.2 per cent for the corn silage used
for comparison. The net energy value for mainte-
nance and gain were respectively 1.78 and 1.51 m call
kg. (Ward, et. al.-Colorado State University; Merry-
man, ed.)
2648 - Bl, E3 200
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CATTLE
FEEDLOT WASTE FOR GROWING-
FINISHING BEEF CATTLE,
Department of Animal Science, Texas Tech Univer-
sity, Lubbock
R. C. Albin and L. B. Sherrod
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 211-213.
Descriptors: Nutrition, Feedlots, Cattle, Southwest
U.S., Digestibility, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Composting, Ground beef feedlot waste,
Refeeding.
An attempt was made to determine the nutritive value
of feedlot wastes from cattle in the Southwestern Un-
ited States. Specific objectives were to determine the
effect of feeding different levels of beef feedlot waste
(FLW) to growing-finishing beef cattle upon accepta-
bility and digestibility; and to determine the effect of
the physical form of FLW upon its nutritive value for
growing-finishing cattle (composted waste versus
dry, ground waste). A one-month collection of FLW
was ground through a hammer mill. Rations contain-
ing FLW were offered to feeder steers in 3 total collec-
tion, digestion trials for 28 days each. Trial I substi-
tuted ground FLW at 0, 20,40 and 60 per cent levels
into high-energy finishing ration with adequate pro-
tein. Trial II involved composting the FLW, then
using similar amounts as in Trial I. Trial III involved
the feeding of raw and composted FLW at a 40 per cent
level in a low-energy, low-protein ration, resembling
a high-roughage growing ration. Each ration was of-
fered to 5 steers. Steers readily consumed rations con-
taining as much as 60 per cent ground FLW, but with a
significant linear reduction in ration digestibility.
FLW in a low energy-low protein ration significantly
decreased ration digestibility. Little difference was
observed between raw and composted waste. Nutri-
tional advantage would not be gained by feeding
ground FLW to growing-finishing beef cattle, nor
280
-------
would it appreciably improve the waste disposal prob-
lem of commercial cattle feedlots. (Albin and
Sherrod-Texas Tech; Merryman, ed.)
2649 - E3 200
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SWINE
FECES FOR SWINE,
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University, Blacksburg
M. R. Holland, E. T. Kornegay, and J. D. Hedges
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 214-217.
Descriptors: Nutrients.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Swine, Absorbed dry matter,
Crude protein, Crude fiber, Ash, Ether extract, Nitro-
gen free extract.
Twenty-four cross bred gilts weighing about 125 kg
were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments in an
experiment for determining the nutritive value of
swine manure fed to swine. Rations containing 0, 24,
and 34 per cent (dry basis) were made by substituting
fresh manure for equal parts of a 15 per cent corn-
soybean meal ration. The rations were fed at either 1.4
or 1.8 kg per gilt per day. The absorbed dry matter
(ADMPI), crude protein (ACPPI), crude fiber
(ACFPI), ash (AAPI), ether extract (AEEPI), and
nitrogen free extract (ANFWPI) as a per cent of in-
take significantly decreased as manure intake in-
creased. Retained N as a per cent of intake (RNPI)
was significantly decreased as manure intake in-
creased; however, retained N as a per cent of ab-
sorbed (RNPA) was not significantly decreased. In-
creased manure intake caused a significant decrease
in absorbed (ACaPI) and retained Ca (RCaPI) as a
per cent of intake, retained P as a percent of absorbed
RPPA, and absorbed K as a per cent of intake AKPI.
There were no significant changes in retained CA as a
per cent of absorbed (RCaPA), absorbed (APPI) and
retained P (RPPI) as a per cent of intake, absorbed
Mg as a per cent of intake (RMgPI), retained Mg as a
per cent of absorbed (RMgPA), absorbed Cu (CuPI)
and absorbed Zn (AZnPI) as a per cent of intake.
Based on regression analysis, the extrapolated values
of the following criteria for manure were (per cent):
ADMPI 52.7, ACPPI 62.9, ACFPI 52.6, AAPI 36.9,
AEEPI 63.4, ANFEPI 77.9, RNPI 18.8 and RNPA 31.1
The extrapolated values for the mineral criteria for
manure were (per cent) ACaPI 24.8, RCaPI 24.6,
RCaPA 99.3, APPI 31.0, RPPI 29.8, RPPA 95.8,
AMgPI 25.0, RMgPI 24.6, RMgPA 96.1, ACuPI 15.2,
AKPI 70.9 and AZnPI 20.5. Substitution of a basal corn
soybean meal ration with fresh swine manure de-
creased the quality of the ration. (Holland, et. al.-
Virginia; Merryman, ed.)
2650 - C3, D2, E3 200
THE INCLUSION OF PIG MANURE IN
RUMINANT DIETS,
School of Agriculture and Forestry, Melbourne Uni-
versity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
G. R. Pearce
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1»75, p. 218-219.
Descriptors: Diets, Cattle, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Swine, Dried pig manure, Au-
stralia, Digestibility, Nitrogen retention, Copper ba-
lance.
The potential for recycling livestock waste with re-
spect to Australian conditions are discussed briefly.
In many areas the economic disposal of wastes from
intensive piggeries poses the greatest problem. The
results of experiments conducted by the University of
Melbourne, Victoria, using pig manure are de-
scribed: (1) The composition of pig manure from dif-
ferent sources (including contents of a number of
mineral elements). (2) The utilization of dried pig
manure by cattle when fed at 0,15,30 and 45 per cent of
the diet (digestibility, nitrogen retention, copper ba-
lance). (3) Some effects of feeding dried pig manure,
at 30 per cent of the diet, continuously to cattle over a
period of about 8 weeks. (4) The utilization of dried pig
manure by sheep when fed at 0,15 and 30 per cent of
the diet; attempts to prevent copper toxicity by addi-
tions of molybdenum. (Pearce-Melbourne Universi-
ty)
2651 - A9, B3, D2, E3 200
A SUMMARY OF REFEEDING OF
POULTRY ANAPHAGE, MORTAL-
LJTY, RECYCLING HENS, AND EGG
PRODUCTION,
Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State Uni-
versity, East Lansing 48824
C. J. Flegal, H. C. Zindei, C. C. Sheppard, T. S. Chang
et. al.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 220-221.
Descriptors: Mortality, Recycling, Dehydration,
Health, Diseases.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Poultry anaphage, Egg pro-
duction, Waste management, Marek's Disease, Lym-
phoid Leukosis.
The Environmental Protection Agency project at
Michigan State University, entitled "Demonstration
of the Handling, Dehydrating, and Utilization of Poul-
try Excreta" involved the purchase of 5000 twenty-
week old, ready-to-lay, pullets. The birds came into
production at the normal rate but soon displayed
symptoms of several diseases, including Marek's and
Lymphoid Leukosis. Inasmuch as production of
excreta was the key criteria, normal egg production
was assumed to be satisfactory. However, as the pro-
ject progressed, the death loss mounted and health
treatments as recommended by personnel of the Col-
lege of Veterinary Medicine had no effect. Additional
birds were bought to bring the population back to 5000
birds but these additions had little or no effect on
production figures. Recycling birds (molting) had no
positive effect on egg production. Fecal production
continued at a normal rate. Poultry anaphage was fed
to one-half the bird population at the rate of 10 per
cent. (Flegal-Michigan State University)
2652 - A9, C4, D4, E3 200
ENSILING BROILER LITTER WITH
CORN FORAGE, CORN GRAIN AND
WATER,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
J P Fontenot, L. F. Caswell, B. W. Harmon, and K.
E. Webb, Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 222-226
Descriptors: Poultry, Litters, Feeds, Bacteria, Col-
iforms, Fermentation.
Identifiers: Ensiling, Refeeding.
Ensiling is a potentially valuable processing method
for destruction of pathogens in animal waste. Exper-
iments were conducted to study the feasibility of ensil-
ine broiler litter with corn forage, high-moisture corn
grain and added water. All ensiling was in sealed
polyethylene bags. Broiler litter was ensiled with corn
forage harvested when it contained 30-40 per cent dry
matter The levels of litter were 0,15, 30 and 45 per
cent dry basis in small laboratory silos (2 kg) snf 0,15
and 30 per cent in larger silos. Small silo silages were
studied for fermentation characteristics. Large suo
silages were studied for metabolism and palatability
as well. All mixtures preserved well and showed
favorable fermentation characteristics. High levels
of broiler litter increased total bacteria in silage,
though coliforms were lower. Addition of litter in-
creased crude protein in silages. Silage pH varied
from 3.6 to 4.7 and tended to be higher in silages con-
taining broiler litter. Apparent digestibility of crude
protein was increased by addition of litter to corn
forage. Nitrogen retention was greater for sheep fed
silages containing broiler litter, indicating that the
litter nitrogen was utilized. Addition of litter to corn
forage increased dry matter intake by ruminants.
(Fontenot, et. al.-Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University; Merryman, ed.)
2653 - Al, A7, C5, D3, E3 200
CONVERSION OF ANIMAL WASTES
TO FEED SUPPLEMENTS VIA THE
ORGANIFORM PROCESS.
Orgonics, Inc., Slatersville, Rhode Island
C. K. Davies, G. A. Varga, and R. S. Hinkson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 227-229.
Descriptors: Organic wastes, Fertilizers, Feeds, Cat-
tle, Performance, Research and development.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Organiform.
Since the Organiform process is already being suc-
cessfully applied commercially, its application to the
animal waste problem and other organic wastes is
timely and does not require massive research and
development to meet the EPA feedlot waste dead-
lines. Organiform, a process developed by Orgonics,
Inc. of Slaterville, Rhode Island, is a trade name
given to a series of products resulting from reaction of
and the proteinaceous constituents of many organic
wastes. The Organiform process is based on the reac-
tion of urea and formaldehyde to form methylol
ureas. These highly biocidal compounds effect sterili-
zation of Organic waste and after addition of a
catalyst, a methylenization reaction brings about
conversion of the waste material to an entirely new
entity, which is sterile, stable, and in most cases,
odorless. Since the resulting Organiform products
showed such excellent fertilizer properties, and the
chemical nature of the products were well assimi-
lated by soil bacteria, the Organiform process
seemed applicable to cattle manure, and the resulting
product (Organiform CM) was evaluated as a high
nitrogen feed supplement. The cattle manure was
processed in the form of a slurry and resulting Or-
ganiform CM was added to ground corn and dried to
form a pre-mix which was incorporated into a total
diet. Preliminary data obtained with dairy heifers
and two rumen-f istulated Holstein steers indicate that
feed containing Organiform CM, at a level to provide
31 per cent of the crude protein, was readily accepta-
ble and palatable. All animals made respectable body
weight gains. (Davies, et. al.-Rhode Island; Merry-
man, ed.)
2654 - A9, C5, D4, E3 200
HEALTH ASPECTS OF FEEDING
ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVED IN
SILAGE,
Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Auburn
University, Auburn, Alabama
T. A. McCaskey and W. B. Anthony
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 230-233.
Descriptors: Performance, Salmonella, Silage, Col-
iforms.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Health, Cattle manure, Ensil-
ing.
Animal waste harvested from the feeding floor of con-
281
-------
fined reared cattle has been blended with various feed
ingredients and stored as silage prior to feeding. Ex-
tensive tests show that common feed ingredients con-
taining sufficient carbohydrates to support an acid
microbial fermentation can be blended with manure
to make an effective animal feed. A balanced com-
plete feed mixture (basal) was blended 1.5:1 with wet
animal waste, stored in a silo, and fed to yearling
cattle to produce the same rate of animal perfor-
mance as obtained when the basal ration was fed
alone. In all tests, animal waste had appreciable feed
replacement value. A study was conducted with 27
Salmonella cultures inoculated (66x 106 cells/g) into
manure-containing feed and into the manure used to
prepare the feed. None of the cultures were recovered
from the feed mixture after 3-day ensiling at 25 de-
grees C; whereas, 25 of theSalmonellae cultures were
recovered from the inoculated manure under similar
conditions. Manure with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5 prior to
inoculation permitted 25 cultures to survive 3 days;
'whereas, no cultures survived in manure with an ini-
tial pH of 4.0 to 4.5 The ensiling temperature had a
pronounced effect on Salmonellae survival. With an
improved recovery technique, 21 of the 27 Salmonel-
lae were recovered from feed ensiled 4 days at 5 de-
grees C, 25 from feed ensiled at 15 degrees C, one at 25
degrees C, and none at 35 degrees C. The pH of the feed
ensiled at 25 degrees or 35 degrees was lower than for
ensiled feed held at 5 degrees or 15 degrees C. The
coliform count decreased from approximately 1 x
106/g at 5 degrees C. (McCaskey and Anthony-
Auburn University; Merryman, ed.)
2655 - Al, Bl, D4, E3, Fl 200
START-UP OF PILOT SCALE SWINE
MANURE DIGESTERS FOR
METHANE PRODUCTION,
Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
H. M. Lapp, D. D. Schulte, E. J. Kroeker, A. B. Sparl-
ing, and B. H. Topnik
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 234-237.
, Descriptors: Research and development, Canada,
Methane, Anaerobic treatment, Design criteria,
Economics.
Identifiers: Swine, Environmental impact.
A three-phase program including bench-scale
studies, pilot plant operation and full farm scale
anaerobic treatment of swine waste was initiated in
1971 to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility
of the process in Manitoba, particularly during cold
winter temperatures. Specific objectives of the pro-
ject were to: (1) complete a preliminary evaluation of
the economics of anaerobic digestion as a process for
recovering energy from livestock wastes; (2) deter-
mine the design parameters for methane gas produc-
tion from animal wastes in cold climate regions rep-
resentative of Manitoba and Canada; (3) develop
simple, safe and economical methods of collecting,
purifying, storing and utilizing methane on livestock
farms; (4) analyze the effluent and assess its value as
a fertilizer and (5) assess the environmental impact,
if any, of the anaerobic digestion process. Results of
bench-scale, initial and recent winter operation of the
pilot plant are discussed in relation to project objec-
tives. Problems associated with purification, handl-
ing, and storage of methane together with experience
gained in the operation of a one-half ton pick-up truck
equipped to operate on methane are outlined. (Lapp,
et. al.-Canada; Merryman, ed.)
2656 - Bl, D4, E3 200
SMALL METHANE GENERATOR
FOR WASTE DISPOSAL,
Specialist, Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruc-
tion, Taipei, Taiwan
C. Po, H. H. Wang, S. K. Chen, C. M. Hung, and C. I.
Chang
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 238-240.
Descriptors: Methane, Recycling, Design, Fertiliz-
ers, Energy.
Identifiers: Swine, Taiwan, Construction materials.
Taiwan produces 6 million pigs a year, most of which
are kept in small "family" units, and frequently
"Manure Credit" is the only profit in pig raising. In
the traditional way of compost making, much of the
nitrogen is lost in the form of ammonia. In an effort to
improve the fertilizing value of the manure and, at the
same time, to produce some fuel gas therefrom, small
simple methane generators costing $300 each have
been developed and widely extended in Taiwan. The
generator consists of an excavated brick digester of 5'
x 5' x 6' and an inverted steel gas holder of 6' x 6' x 3'
resting in the water seal. The digester is connected to
the pigsty by a cement pipe through which the wastes
and sewage of 10-15 hogs are fed daily, and the produc-
tion of gas is continuous. The gas contains 63-67 per
cent CH* ,27-33 per cent C02 and 1.7 per cent H2S. The
hydraulic retention time is estimated at 5-10 days.
Under the subtropical conditions, the gas produced is
about 3,000 liters a day, which is enough for cooking
three meals for a family. When used for the genera-
tion of electrical power, the gas is enough to run a
4-HP Kohler engine for operating a 2-KW generator
for 3 hours a day. Experiments are underway to find
alternative construction materials, such as rubber
bag, PVC-impregnated mud plate and fiber glass gas
holder to lower the cost so that the digesters can be
commercialized. Oxidation ditches are also built be-
side the digester for further disposal of swine wastes.
(Po-Taiwan)
2657 - D2, E3, E4 200
PRODUCT APPLICATIONS OF
TREATED LIVESTOCK WASTE,
Materials Department, School of Engineering and
Applied Science, California University, Los Angeles
C. Corvino, B. Dunn, E. Tseng, and J. D. Mackenzie
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 241-243.
Descriptors: Recycling, Pigments, Feedlots, Cattle.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis, Swine, Carbon content, Filler,
Building materials.
Cattle and hog manures have been pyrolyzed at fairly
low temperatures yielding solid and gaseous by-
products. The volatile fraction is condensed in two
stages. An aqueous portion is collected at lower temp-
eratures (100 degrees C or so). The nitrogen-rich
liquid holds promise as a fertilizer. At greater temp-
eratures, a low sulfur crude oil is condensed for cattle
manure. The sulfur and nitrogen contents are fairly
low. Chemical analyses of these liquids are presented
for manure samples of different feedlots. Uncon-
densed vapors are combustible. Hog manure yields a
wax-like product rather than oil. The pyrolyzed pro-
duct is a black carbonaceous aluminosilicate solid.
The material has been successfully substituted for
carbon black in such products as printing ink, paint
and rubber where the treated manure serves as a
pigment and filler. The properties of these materials
are described. The carbon content is controllable
from temperature and rate of pyrolysis. One very
promising application of the pyrolyzed solid is in
combination with glass. High quality tiles have been
made whose properties, in many cases, are superior
to currently marketed products. The fabrication pro-
cess and resulting properties are presented.
Economic analyses for the production of treated ma-
nure and the manufacture of certain products are
given. (Corvino, et. al.-Califomia University; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
2658 - D4, E3 200
CHARACTERIZATION OF METHANE
PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY MA-
NURE,
Department of Microbiology, Maine University,
Orono
H. M. Hassan, D. A. Belyea, and A. E. Hassan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 224-247.
Descriptors: Methane, Anaerobic digestion, Energy,
Feed, Poultry.
Laboratory scale digesters of different sizes were de-
signed to study the optimum conditions and the kine-
tics for methane production. Fresh manure (28-35 per
cent solids) from caged layers was used. The results
indicated that solids content of 6.5-6.75 per cent pro-
vided the highest gas production, and the methane
content reached 87 per cent for a retention period of 30
days. 130 liters of methane per kilogram of dry man-
ure solids were produced at 6.74 per cent solids con-
centration. A relationship between sludge solid con-
tent and retention period was established. 50-70 per
cent reduction in solids contents of the completely
digested effluents was achieved. The presence of
exogenous carbon (2-8 per cent) in general increased
the total production of methane gas. The rate of gas
production was to the size of inoculum used. The vol-
atile acid content of the effluent increased, then de-
clined as the percentage of methane in the evolved gas
reached maximum. The gas produced contained 6
PPM hydrogen sulfide, sufficient to give a distinct
odor. The methanogenic bacteria predominately pre-
sented in the system were Methanobacterium
sohngenii and Methanobacterium omelianskii. A 600
gallonaemonstration unit was designed and operated
on a batch basis, using the results of the laboratory
scale digesters, in order to test the control and feed
mechanisms for a future full scale system applica-
tion. The daily gas production from the 500 gallon
sludge increased from 8 ft after mixing to 40 ft3 with
the gas methane content approaching 82 per cent,
then declined indicating that partial recharging with
predigested manure was required. (Hassan, et. al.-
California University; Merryman, ed.)
2659 - D3, 200
SEPARATING NUTRIENTS TO EN-
HANCE SWINE-WASTE DIGESTION,
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University,
Manhattan
L. A. Schmid. R. I. Upper, J. K. Koelliker, C. A. Cate,
and J. W. Daber
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 248-251.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Methane, Fertiliz-
ers.
Identifiers: Swine, Nutrient separation, Ammonium
phosphate.
Total confined feeding of livestock results in the cap-
ture of all wastes, urine, and feces, resulting in a very
high nitrogen waste. Anaerobic digestion and biologi-
cal stabilization is often hampered due to toxicity
caused by ammonium buildup. This has resulted in
the need to add dilution water, increasing the waste
volume and consequently the disposal costs. This pro-
ject was designed to explore a novel method of waste
treatment that would reduce the toxic ammonium,
increase waste stabilization and methane gas produc-
tion, eliminate need for dilution water, reduce volume
for ultimate disposal to land and produce a clean
liquid ammonium phosphate fertilizer. The test facil-
ity consists of an eight foot cubed anaerobic digester
serving 120 swine. Sealed gas blowers collect the gas
from the digester and pass it through a phosphoric
282
-------
acid column for removal of ammonia and conversion
to ammonium phosphate. It then passes through a
potassium hydroxide column for removal of carbon
dioxide. The cleaned methane gas is recycled to the
digester for further mixing and gas stripping with the
excess clean gas burned and used for digester heat-
ing. Carbon dioxide must be removed to maintain the
digester equilibrium pH near 8. Because of digester
detention times of 15 to 20 days ammonia can be re-
duced at these pH values. Gas recirculation rate is
approximately 50 cfm. per 1000 cu. ft. of digester vol-
ume. Design and operational recommendations, with
seven months of field data, are presented along with
the proposed economics of a large scale system.
(Schmid, et. al.-Kansas State University)
2660 - Al, E2 200
RESIDUAL AND ANNUAL RATE EF-
FECTS OF MANURE ON GRAIN SOR-
GHUM YIELDS
Soil Scientist, USDA Southwestern Great Plains Re-
search Center, Bushland, Texas 79012
A. C. Mathers, B. A. Stewart, and J. D. Thomas
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 252-254.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Crop response, Grain sor-
ghum, Feedlots, Nitrates, Salts, Soil profiles.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates.
The effect of varying rates of feedlot manure on irri-
gated grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) production
has been studied for 5 years. The treatments were 0,
22,67,134, and 268 tons per hectare (T/ha wet weight,
approximately 50 per cent water) applied annually.
Other treatments were 538 T/ha applied the initial
year only and 538 t*a for the initial three years.
Commercial fertilizer plots were also included for
comparison. All treatments were replicated three
times in level borders and irrigated equally as neces-
sary to support good crop growth. Soil analyses were
made at seeding time to determine the soil salinity
and nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium contents of the
seed-zone. Following harvest, soil samples were
taken to 6 meters to determine the concentration and
distribution of nitrate and total salts in the profile.
Grain yields were similar for plots receiving 22, 67,
and 134 T/ha of manure annually. The check treat-
ment yielded less because of nitrogen deficiency and
the plots receiving 268 and 538 T/ha yielded substan-
tially less because of high concentrations of salts,
ammonium, and nitrite in the soil at seeding time. The
detrimental effects of these compounds decreased
with time, rainfall, and continued irrigation. The pro-
ductivity of plots receiving 568 T/ha manure was fully
recovered within two years after the applications
were stopped. Soil on plots receiving 67 TOia or more
manure annually contained excess nitrate. Some of
this nitrate moved as deep as six meters with the
irrigation water. However, most of the nitrate ac-
cumulated in the top two meters of soil. Manure
applied at 22 T/ha was adequate to produce near
maximum yields of grain sorghum without causing
appreciable accumulations of nitrate or salt in the
sofl. Where large amounts of manure were applied,
concentrations of salts and ammonium decreased
within two years to levels that were no longer detri-
mental to the production or irrigated grain sorghum.
(Mathers-USDA)
2661 - Al, B2, E2 200
DIRECT LAND DISPOSAL OF FEED-
LOT RUNOFF,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re-
search Service, University of Nebraska, Agricultural
Engineering Building, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503
N. P. Swanson, C. L. Linderman, and L. N. Mielke
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 255-257.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Nutrients, Irriga-
tion, Design.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Field sink, Serpentine
waterway.
Land disposal of collected feedlot runoff permits utili-
zation of nutrients and of the water as irrigation.
Runoff supplies, however, are not dependable, and
facilities and equipment for storage and irrigation
distribution require a minimum investment and
periodic management irrespective of the size of the
feedlot enterprise. Distant overland flow of feedlot
runoff, under natural topographic conditions, prior to
ultimate discharge into a stream has been judged not
to be an environmental hazard i» ftany states! Many
feeders would prefer to assume some soil and crop
management problems for direct disposal of runoff in
lieu of storage and later distribution. This alternative
is possible with the use of a field sink on a reasonably
level disposal area or a serpentine waterway on a
sloping site. Both are described in detail. Direct ap-
plication on the land can save both investment and
time for the many feeders with smaller facilities, and
provide adequate protection for the environment.
(Swanson-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2662 - Al, Bl E2 200
LAND DISPOSAL OF BEEF WASTES:
CLIMATE, RATES, SALINITY, AND
SOIL
South Dakota State University, Brookings, South
Dakota 57006
M. L. Horton, J. L. Halbeisen, J. L. Wiersma, A. C.
Dittman, and R. M. Luther
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 258-260.
Descriptors: Cattle, Crop response, Nutrients, Salin-
ity, Performance, Agricultural runoff, Leaching,
Soils.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Northern Great Plains,
Management guidelines.
Disposal of wastes in cold regions with insufficient
rainfall for leaching presents some unique problems
in waste management. The purpose of this study was
to develop management guidelines for the disposal of
beef wastes on the land in the Northern Great Plains.
The region is characterized by soils with a generally
high clay content and a high natural salinity. With
generally insufficient leaching water available from
natural rainfall, the nutrients and salts added in the
wastes accumulate and affect crop growth. The ob-
jectives were (1) to evaluate the influence of saltlevel
In the ration upon the wastes produced, (2) to deter-
mine the maximum waste application rate for land
subsequently cropped and (3) to determine the ac-
cumulation and redistribution of waste components
applied to the soil. Much of the salt added in the ration
is excreted and appears in the manure. The dispers-
ing characteristic of sodium affects waste properties
and may be detrimental to soils which already have
considerable quantities of sodium present in the pro-
file. Beef wastes were applied to field plots at rates
approximating 0,20,40,60, and 80 tons of dry matter
per acre. Applications were completed in May, 1974,
and corn was planted for silage shortly after field
application. The 80 ton per acre rate generally caused
poor corn growth, However, for similar application
rates, the wastes produced by animals receiving a
higher added salt level gave an added detrimental
effect on corn growth. Results will be reported for
waste characteristics, first year crop yields and ani-
mal performance. Results are preliminary for soil
effects, runoff and leaching. (Horton-South Dakota
State University)
2663 - Al, Bl, E2 200
DISPOSAL OF BEEF FEEDLOT
WASTES ONTO LAND,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kansas
State University, Manhattan
H. L. Manges, R. V. Upper, L. S. Murphy, and W. L.
Powers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 261-263.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Kansas, Crop re-
sponse, Salts, Nitrogen, Equations, Agricultural
runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Soil
cores.
The objectives of the reported research were to de-
termine the optimum feedlot waste application rates
onto land with a minimum of pollution to land and the
ground water. The research was conducted in cooper-
ation with the Pratt Feedlot, Inc., a 35,000 head com-
mercial feedlot in Southcentral Kansas. Feedlot
runoff and feedlot manure were spread onto different
land areas at varying application rates for five years.
Corn was grown on the waste disposal area. The corn
was furrow irrigated from a well as needed for high
corn yields. Feedlot runoff application rates were de-
termined from inflow-outflow measurements in the
irrigated furrows. Feedlot manure application rates
were determined from the weight of manure caught
on strips of plastic during spreading. Corn forage
yields were measured by weighing forage mechani-
cally harvested from test rows. Soil cores were taken
annually and analyzed to determine changes in chem-
ical composition. Highest corn forage yields were ob-
tained at waste application rates in excess of those
necessary to supply the recommended nitrogen fer-
tilization rates. However, there was a buildup of salts
and nitrogen in the soil. At waste application rates
necessary to supply the recommended nitrogen fer-
tilization, corn forage yields were near maximum and
salt and nitrogen buildup in the soil were not signific-
ant. Corn forage yield prediction equations have been
developed from yield data from the waste disposal
studies. These equations will be used in determining
the most economical waste application rate, both
feedlot runoff and manure. (Manges-Kansas State
University)
2664 - Al, A9, E2 200
LONG-TERM BROILER LITTER
FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUE
PASTURES AND HEALTH AND PER-
FORMANCE OF BEEF COWS,
USDA, ARS, Watkinsvffle, Georgia
J. A. Stuedemann, S. R. Wilkinson, D. J. Williams, H.
Ciordia, J. V. Ernst, W. A. Jackson, and J. B. Jones,
Jr.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 264-268.
Descriptors: Litters, Fertilizers, Crop response,
Health, Performance, Cattle, Fescues.
Identifiers: Grass tetany, Land disposal, Application
rates.
Abundance of poultry litter in some areas of the
Southeast has resulted in heavy rates of pasture fer-
tilization with poultry litter. Heavy fertilization of tall
fescue pastures may be accompanied by an increased
incidence of grass tetany ana hard fat deposits. An
experiment was performed to determine the long-
term effects of heavy broiler litter fertilization of
Kentucky-31 tall fescue pastures on beef cow health
and performance. Three fescue pasture systems re-
ceiving three different application rates were
utilized. Mean cow weight patterns and the quantities
of available forage were directly related to the level of
N fertilization. However, there were little differences
in adjusted 205-day weaning weights. Conception
rates were generally acceptable on all pastures. The
occurrence of fat necrosis was related to the level of N
fertilization. No appreciable differences in strongyle
eggs and coccidia oocysts were observed among cows
grazing pastures at the three levels of fertilization.
283
-------
Broiler litter fertilization resulted in elevated nitrate
in soil and herbage, increased arsenic content of cow
hair, a trend toward lower grass and blood serum Se
levels, and greatly increased size and numbers of ear-
thworms. Intermittent analyses of pond water de-
rived from runoff from the broiler littered pasture
indicated a maximum NO
-------
ABSTRACTS
monia volatilization from feedlot surfaces, ammonia
losses during pit storage and spreading operations,
denitrification at or near the soil surface, and phos-
phate precipitation in anaerobic lagoons. The data is
presented in summarized form for reference pur-
poses and examples are presented for estimating
total nutrient losses on a system basis.
(Vanderholm-University of Illinois; Merryman, ed.)
2670 - A4, B2 200
DAIRY LAGOON SYSTEM AND
GROUNDWATER QUALITY,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville
J. I. Sewell, J. A. Mullins, and H. 0. Vaigneur
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 286-288.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Dairy industry, Tennessee,
Sampling, Seepage, Coliforms, Streptococcus,
Chloride, Nitrates.
Identifiers: Groundwater quality.
In June, 1973, a manure lagoon and holding pond were
constructed for a new 125-cow dairy at the West Ten-
nessee Experiment Station. Research was instigated
for determining lagoon seepage rates and the effects
of lagoon operation on shallow groundwater quality.
The lagoon was constructed in a terrace formation of
fine sandy loam of low permeability to a depth of
about 6 feet and sands with high permeability at
depths from 6-20 feet. The normal water table depth
varies from 8-20 feet and has a moderate gradient
toward a bottom land. Seven test wells located near
the lagoon and holding pond and extending into the
groundwater table were installed in June, 1973. From
mat date until lagoon startup in April, 1974,
background levels of groundwater quality paramet-
ers were evaluated monthly. At startup, lagoon seep-
age was about one foot per week with full lagoon. A
water balance is being maintained by daily recording
the operation of four flush tanks of known volumes. By
August, 1974, lagoon seepage had decreased mar-
kedly. To date, water-table levels have shown little
change due to system operation. Weekly determina-
tions of fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, chloride,
and nitrate nitrogen are made for each well. Nitrate-
nitrogen and chloride levels have shown little change.
However, fecal coliform and streptococci have, in Hie
wells near the holding pond where the groundwater
fable is about 8 feet below the ground surface, tended
to increase. Analysis of available data suggests that
the lagoon system operation may have little effect on
chemical levels but may increase bacterial concent-
rations on the downslope side. A system for recir-
eulating lagoon effluent from the holding pond for
flushing alleys is under construction. Quality
parameters will be determined for the recirculated
flush water. (Sewell, et. al.-University of Tennessee;
Merryman, ed.)
2671 - A4, B2 200
SEEPAGE BENEATH FEEDYARD
RUNOFF CATCHMENTS,
USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Center,
Bushland, Texas
8. N.Clark
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
Descriptors: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Ground-
water pollution, Texas, Seepage, Nitrates, Nitrites,
Chloride, Soil water.
identifiers: Catchments, Playas, Soil sealing treat-
ments, Clay liner, Incorporated bentonite.
Recent laws require collection and storage of all
feedyard runoff for control of surface water pollution ;
however, seepage from these catchments offer a po-
tential for ground water pollution. Research studies
were begun in 1969 at Bushland, Texas, to evaluate the
seepage and sealing effects of impounded feedyard
runoff. This paper presents results from two types of
runoff catchments, one naturally occurring and one
man-made. Some f eedlots in the area are located near
shallow, saucer-type natural lakes called "playas "
while holding ponds have been constructed near
others to impound the runoff. Soil chemical data have
been obtained for samples taken to a depth of 12 feet
beneath a playa which has caught feedyard runoff
since 1967. These data have been compared to those
from an adjacent non-feedyard playa. Nitrate, nitrite,
chloride, and soil water were similar in both playas in
1969 and 1974; changes in the feedyard playa were
slight from 1969 to 1974. Three soil sealing treatments
were compared in three newly constructed holding
ponds. The treatments were a clay liner, incorporated
bentonite, and check. After the initial impoundment
of runoff, water loss rates were similar for all basins.
After 45 days from initial filling, the water loss rate
approximated the evaporation rate. These studies
show that seepage rates beneath feedyard runoff
catchments are low and seepage from runoff catch-
ments presents little danger of ground water con-
tamination. (Clark-USDA Southwestern Great Plains
Research Center)
2672 - A3, E2 200
NUTRIENT LOSSES FROM MANURE
UNDER SIMULATED WINTER CON-
DITIONS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Wisconsin, Madison
T. S. Steenhuis, G. D. Bubenzer, and J. S. Converse
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 291-295.
Descriptors: Winter, Agricultural runoff, Tempera-
ture, Precipitation, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Nutrient losses.
Pollution caused by winter spreading of manure has
received wide publicity. Research information neces-
sary to quantify the effects of climatic factors on the
rate of nutrient losses under winter conditions is
needed. This research was undertaken to determine
the effects of temperature and precipitation on the
rate of nutrient transformation from winter spread
manure and the surface transport mechanisms that
take place during the runoff cycle. To examine the
pollution potential of winter spread manure with and
without the effect of underlying soil layer, sample
plots were covered with 20 cm of snow. Manure was
applied as a urine-straw mixture or faeces at three
depths within the snow layer. Plots were subjected to
four cyclic temperature variations ranging from -8
degrees C to 12 degrees C in an environmental
chamber. Radiation conditions equivalent to a cloudy
late January day were simulated. At the end of the
snow melt period, plots were subjected to simulated
rainfall. Eighty to ninety per cent of the nitrogen was
lost in the runoff from the snow with a water equiva-
lent of 3 cm, when the urine-straw mixture was placed
at the base or midpoint of the snow. Placement at the
top resulted in only 10 to 15 per cent of the originally
applied N in the meltwater. Losses in runoff from
simulated rain were inversely related to the amount
lost in the snow melt. Five to twenty-five per cent of
the nitrogen of the faeces was lost in the snow melt
process. The higher percentages were obtained for
placement at the center and on top of the snow pack
and subjected to a daily freezeUhaw cycle. Nitrogen
losses from faeces were approximately 10 to 15 per
cent of the initial load when subjected to the simulated
rain. (Steenhuis, et. al.-University of Wisconsin;
Merryman, ed.)
2673 - A4, B2, E2 200
ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTION TO
NITRATE NITROGEN IN SOIL,
The Pennsylvania State University, 218 Tyson Build-
ing, University Park, Pa. 16802
L. F. Marriott and H. D. Bartlett
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 296-298.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Crop re-
sponse, Soil water, Groundwater pollution, Nitrogen,
Sampling, Lysimeters, Nitrates.
Identifiers: Soil injection, Application rates.
Liquid dairy manure was injected on plots of or-
chardgrass at rates to supply 700-3500 pounds of nitro-
gen per acre per year for three successive years, and
on orchardgrass, bluegrass and corn at rates to sup-
ply 200-600 pounds of nitrogen per acre. The concent-
ration of nitrate nitrogen in soil water was determined
on samples from suction lysimeters installed at
depths of 1,2,3 and 4 feet. Crop yields were recorded
and samples analyzed to measure nitrogen uptake.
Soil samples to a depth of 4 feet were analyzed for
nitrate and Kjeldahl nitrogen. The subsurface injec-
tion method provided complete control of malodors at
the disposal site. Repeated applications of the high
rates of manure resulted in increasing concentration
of nitrate nitrogen in soil water at all depths of sampl-
ing. After applications were discontinued, there was a
gradual reduction in nitrate nitrogen concentration
with depth from 1 to 4 feet and with rate. The disap-
pearance of the nitrate nitrogen from depths below
the root zone indicates the potential for movement
into ground water supplies. Manure rates supplying
300400 pounds nitrogen per acre on bluegrass and
orchardgrass increased the concentration of nitrate
nitrogen in soil water at 3-4 feet to approximately two
times the limit for potable water as set by the Public
Health Service. The nitrate nitrogen level decreased
50 per cent in the next growing season. These results
are further evidence that the rate of application of
animal waste must be adjusted to the crop require-
ments f or N and to soil conditions to minimize the loss
of nitrate nitrogen from the root zone. (Marriott &
Bartlett-Pennsylvania State University; Merryman,
ed.)
2674 - A3, E2 200
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOREST BUF-
FER STRIPS IN IMPROVING THE
WATER QUALITY OF MANURE
POLLUTED RUNOFF,
Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland,
College Park
R. C. Doyle, D. C. Wolf, and D. F. Bezdicek
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 299-302.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Coliforms, Strep-
tococcus, Nutrients, Water quality, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Forest buffer zones,
Dairy manure.
With today's environmental concerns, it is necessary
to carefully evaluate the pollution potential of land
spreading of manure. The objectives of this experi-
ment were to determine the movement of fecal col-
iform, fecal streptococcus, total soluble P, K, Na,
NOs-N, NH4-N, and organic-N in runoff water from
manured land and establish the effectiveness of forest
buffer zones in improving the water quality of manure
polluted runoff. Dairy manure was applied at the rate
of 90 metric tons per hectare, 69 per cent moisture, on
0.19 hectare of a Chester gravelly silt loam soil (Typic
Hapludult; fine loamy, mixed, mesic) having a 4 per
cent slope and planted in alfalfa. The experimental
site was located in the Piedmont physiographic pro-
vince of Maryland. Runoff was collected from a 35-40
per cent slope forest by means of dust pan lysimeters
at 0.0,3.8,7.6,15.2, and 30.5 meter intervals from the
manured area. Runoff samples were taken for four
natural rainfall events after an initial August, 1973
285
-------
manure application. A second 90 metric tons per hec-
tare of manure was spread in November, 1973 and
runoff from three subsequent rains was collected.
Runoff at 0.0 meters displayed high concentrations of
P, K, Na, and total N, but fecal coliform and fecal
streptococci densities were not significantly higher
than background levels. Runoff from the manured
area was most highly contaminated in the first rain
after manure application, and the runoff water qual-
ity showed a tendency to improve with each additional
rain. The degree of pollution in the runoff collected at
0.0 meters increased during the winter. Fecal pollut-
ants in runoff water or soil collected at distances of 3.8
meters or greater could not be substantiated by either
the biological or chemical parameters measured.
Similarly, no effect on the stream adjacent to the plot
area was observed during the experiment. (Doyle, et.
al.-University of Maryland)
2675 - A4, B2 200
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC SWINE
LAGOONS ON GROUNDWATER
QUALITY IN HIGH WATER TABLE
SOILS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
E. R. Collins, Jr., T. G. Ciravolo, D. L. Hallock, D. C.
Martens, H. R. Thomas, and E. T. Kornegay
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 303-305.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions, Coastal
Plains, Sampling, Chemical properties, Biological
properties, Nutrients, Coliforms.
Identifiers: Swine, Groundwater quality, High water
table soils.
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 306-308.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Bacteria, Analysis, Sedi-
ments, Water, Coliforms, Pathogens.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Bacterial populations in lagoon water and subsequent
disposal of these waters were studied for one year.
The objectives of the study were: To establish rela-
tionships between the lagoon sediments and the over-
lying water of certain groups of bacteria, the isolation
of pathogenic organisms from the lagoon sediment
and water, the survival of certain indicator bacteria,
and the effect of land disposal of lagoon waste water.
The fecal coliform populations were found to be 10
times greater in the sediments than in overlying wa-
ter. Aerobic spore-forming bacillus populations were
found to be 10 to 100 times greater in the sediments
than the overlying water. Fecal streptococcal popula-
tions did not vary appreciably during the whiter
months; however, a 1 to 3 fold increase in the sedi-
ment was noted during the summer months. Fecal
streptococcal populations were found to survive
longer in lagoon water than the fecal coliform popula-
tions. Pathogenic organisms, such as Salmonella and
coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were more fre-
quently isolated from the sediments than from the
overlying waters, indicating that sediments should
not be disturbed when disposing of lagoon water. A
steady increase in fecal coliform and fecal strep-
tococci populations occurred on the land designated
for disposal. The fecal streptococci were found to sur-
vive longer in the soil than the fecal coliforms. The
results indicate that fecal bacteria are able to survive
competition from soil organisms for extended periods
of tune. (Lorimor, et. al.-Iowa State University; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
fer; equilibrium data were used to size a full-scale
system. An equation to predict the excess quantities
of HNOs required for regeneration was derived and
tested against the data. The buffering capacity of
wastewater was found to sufficient for complete recy-
cle of the treated (low pH) column effluent.
(Mulkey-EPA)
2678 - Bl, C5, D3, D4, El 200
OXIDATION-NITRIFICATION AND
DENITRIFICATION OF VEAL CALF
MANURE,
Institute for Soil Fertility; Hasen, The Netherlands
H. G. Van Faassen, H. Van Dijk
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 314-317.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Nitrification, Nitrites,
Nitrates, Economics, Cattle.
Identifiers: Phosphate removal.
Experiments were done utilizing laboratory f ermen-
tors (2 to 20 liters). Information about COD and
NOD of manure was presented. Until now, for com-
plete denitnfication a minimum C/N ratio of 6 was
supposed to be necessary. In these experiments, aC/N
of 1.7 proved to be sufficient. Nitrification to nitrite is
more economical than nitrification to nitrate. In the
experiment, removal of more than 95 per cent of the
nitrogen was possible. Adding certain amounts of Ca
(OH)2 did not harm the biological process and re-
sulted in a phosphate removal of about 90 per cent.
(Van Faassen-Netherlands)
The effect of anaerobic swine lagoons on the quality of
ground water in the Coastal Plains was investigated at
the Virginia Swine Evaluation Station (VSES) and at
the Tidewater Research and Continuing Education
Center (TRACEC). The lagoons are located on soils
with high water tables near Suffolk, Virginia. Chemi-
cal and biological tests were conducted on groundwa-
ter sampled at various depths and distances from the
lagoons. Constituents determined were nitrates,
ammonia, soluble orthophosphates, chlorides, chem-
ical oxygen demand, manganese, copper, zinc, cal-
cium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and fecal col-
iform. Wells were water-jetted to 10-, 15-, and 20-foot
depths at 10-, 50-, and 100-foot distances from the la-
goons. Groundwater samples were taken monthly
since August, 1973. The wells were purged one day
before sampling. Samples for chemical analysis were
stored under ice and dry ice in the field and transfer-
red to a freezer in the laboratory. Before chemical
analysis, the samples were filtered through a 0.45
micron filter. The biological determinations were in-
itiated shortly after sampling. Data from the wells at
TRACEC indicated influences other than the lagoon
on groundwater quality. For this reason, these wells
have been abandoned. A new lagoon has since been
constructed at this location. Future work will entail
monthly monitoring of the groundwater around the
new lagoon at TRACEC, monitoring of groundwater
around a lagoon on a private farm, and more intensive
monitoring of groundwater at VSES with the estab-
lishment of more wells. (Collins, Jr. et. al.-Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University; Merry-
man, ed.)
2676 - Al, B2, E2 200
NUTRIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF
WASTES FROM DEEP PITS AND
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Iowa State
University.
J. C. Lorimor, S. W. Melvin, and B. M. Leu
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
2677 - B2, Cl, D3, E3 200
NITROGEN REMOVAL AND RECOV-
ERY FROM POULTRY WASTEWA-
TER BY ION EXCHANGE,
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, College Station
Road, Athens, Georgia 30601
L. A. Mulkey
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 309-313.
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste water treatment, Ion ex-
change, Recycling, Effluents, Aerobic treatment,
Equations.
Identifiers: Nitrogen recovery.
An ion exchange process to remove and recover nit-
rogen from poultry waste-water was investigated.
Wastewaters were characterized to determine the
feasibility of ion exchange treatment in a close-loop
aerobic treatment system and exchange isotherms
were generated in laboratory studies. A strong acid
cationic H-form macroreticular resin was chosen to
investigate removal of N^-K HNOj) was chosen as a
regenerant to yield a mixed nitrate salt solution by-
product of Nfyf, K+, Ca++,and MgvMn excess acid.
Flow direction, wastewater concentrations, and acid
strengths were varied to determine optimum operat-
ing conditions. Ion exchange columns operated in an
up-flow fluid-bed mode resulted in essentially com-
plete resin utilization. No NH^Ieakage was detected
until breakthrough at near saturation values. Mass
transfer and equilibrium constants for wastewater
feed were independent of NH4-fconcentrations over a
range of 400-2200 mg/1. Similar constants were de-
termined for regeneration and were found to vary
over a HNOs concentration range of 0.5-4N. Design
equations and the laboratory determined mass trans-
2679 - Al, B2, E2 200
BACTERIAL ANALYSIS AND LAND
DISPOSAL OF FARM WASTE LA-
GOON WATERS,
Department of Bacteriology, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, North Dakota
D. R. Smallbeck, M. C. Bromel
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 318-321.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Bacteria, Analysis, Sedi-
ments, Land disposal, Water, Coliforms, Pathogens.
Bacterial populations hi lagoon water and subsequent
disposal of these waters were studied for one year.
The objectives of the study were: To establish rela-
tionships between the lagoon sediments and the over-
lying water of certain groups of bacteria, the isolation
of pathogenic organisms from the lagoon sediment
and water, the survival of certain indicator bacteria,
and the effect of land disposal of lagoon waste water.
The fecal coliform populations were found to be 10
times greater in the sediments than in overlying wa-
ter. Aerobic spore-forming bacillus populations were
found to be 10 to 100 times greater in the sediments
than the overlying water. Fecal streptococcal popula-
tions did not vary appreciably during the winter
months; however, a 1 to 3 fold increase in the sedi-
ment was noted during the summer months. Fecal
streptococcal populations were found to survive
longer in lagoon water than the fecal coliform popula-
tions. Pathogenic organisms, such as Salmonella and
coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were more fre-
quently isolated from the sediments than from the
286
-------
overlying waters, indicating that sediments should
not be disturbed when disposing of lagoon water. A
steady increase in fecal coliform and fecal strep-
tococci populations occurred on the land designated
for disposal. The fecal streptococci were found to sur-
vive longer in the soil than the fecal coliforms. The
results indicate that fecal bacteria are able to survive
competition from soil organisms for extended periods
of time. (Smallbeck-North Dakota State University)
2680 - A9, Bl, C2, C4 200
A MYCOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
OF BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE IN A
SEMIARID TEMPERATE CLIMATE,
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
R. G. Bell
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 322-324.
Descriptors: Fungi, Decomposing organic matter.
Identifiers: Unpaved feedlots, Dilution plate
technique.
An investigation was undertaken to determine the
magnitude, composition, origin, and ecological sig-
nificance of the fungi present in manure on the sur-
face of an unpaved beef feedlot. Enumeration and
isolation were accomplished using the dilution plate
technique at incubation temperatures of 25,37, and 55
degrees C on Rose Bengal-streptomycin-
supplemented Sabourard's, Czapek-Dox, and Manure
Extract agars. The only thermophilic fungi isolated
go.., a Mucor sg., and Chaetomium
t var. £gprspjul$. With the exception of the
n, all were also present in the feed. The
. hiles remained almost constant
throughout the investigation, which probably indi-
cates their presence as spores. The dominant fungi
isolated at 25 degrees C were members of the
Mucorales. typical of early stages of organic matter
decomposition. A direct relationship between mois-
ture content and fungal population was observed; the
extremes were 500 and 21,000 propagules-g dry man-
ure at 10.5 and 55.2 per cent moisture content, respec-
tively. This numerical change was accompanied by
redistribution of population from a 100:1 predomi-
nance of Mucorales over Moniliales at high moisture
content to a 1:1 ratio at low moisture content. At 10.5
per cent moisture content, the Moniliales (25
-------
would seem to be especially hazardous. Two groups of
3 pigs each were deprived of fresh water but were fed
anaerobic lagoon effluent from gutter-flush tanks on a
farm with a history of swine dysentery and salmonel-
losis. Two similar groups were held as controls with
free access to clean water. This study revealed that
effluent used to flush gutters was capable of initiating
5>. at. oaul infections and clinical swine dysentery.
Salmonella sf. paul was also isolated from the lagoon
effluent. T. hvodvsenteriae-like organisms were ob-
served in low numbers but isolation attempts failed.
Further surveys of swine waste lagoons and pits re-
sulted in isolation of Salmonella from 4 to 13 anaerobic
lagoons and from 1 of 3 sub-floor pits. Serotypes iso-
lated included S. molade. g. st. paul. S. typhimurium.
S. manhattan. ahd£. agnna.'Pathogenicitv of the var-
ious serotypes isolated is not known but it seemed
significant that, in 2 instances, the same serotypes
were isolated both from lagoon effluent and from rec-
tal swabs of swine on the same premises. There was
some indication that isolations of Salmonella were
more frequently accomplished during the colder sea-
sons. These findings do not suggest that anaerobic
lagoons are undesirable but that more study is needed
to determine specific disease transmission hazards.
The potential of swine wastes as Salmonella reser-
voirs also needs further clarification. (Clock &
Schwartz-Iowa State University; Merryman, ed.)
2685 - Al, Bl, E2 200
EXCRETION OF SALTS BY FEED-
LOT CATTLE IN RESPONSE TO VAR-
IATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF
SODIUM CHLORIDE ADDED TO
THEIR RATION,
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
EPA, P. 0. Box 1198, Ada, Oklahoma
L. R. Shuyler, D. A. Clark, J. Earth, and D. D. Smith.
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 336-338.
Descriptors: Salts, Feedlots, Diets, Cattle, Perfor-
mance, Soil contamination.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory (RSKERL) and the National Environ-
mental Research Center, Las Vegas (NERC-LV),
with the concurrence of the Nevada Operations Office
of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), jointly
conducted a study of feedlot cattle maintained on an
experimental farm at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) to
determine the effect of different salt supplementation
regimes on the production of beef and on the total
excretion of salt in the animal wastes. The practice of
including sodium chloride (NaCl) in the diet of feedlot
cattle at levels greater than 0.5 per cent has caused
salt accumulations in soils used for animal waste dis-
posal in arid regions of the U.S. In this study, a feedlot
diet of ground alfalfa, ground grain sorghum, cotton-
seed meal, and limestone was supplemented with dif-
ferent NaCl levels (0.5 per cent, p. 25 per cent, and 0
per cent). Urine and fecal samples were collected
from cattle being fed controlled amounts of NaCl and
analyzed for NaCl and other important parameters.
Samples of feed and water were also analyzed for the
same parameters. The animals used in this study
were sacrificed, and grade and yield of the carcasses
were determined. The rate of gain and conversion
efficiency were also measured. The study indicated
that salt content in feedlot ration was reduced below
the 0.5 per cent level without affecting beef produc-
tion. The NaCl content in the waste decreased as the
NaCl content of the feed was reduced. These results
indicated that land loading rates for animal waste
disposal in areas where salt is the limiting factor may
be increased by lowering the salt content of the feed.
(Shuyler-Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Center)
2686 - A9, Bl, C3, E3 200
PARTICLE-SIZED DISTRIBUTION
OF LIVESTOCK WASTES,
Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science,
California University, Riverside
A. C. Chang, and J. M. Rible
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 339-343.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Feeds, Value.
Identifiers: Refeeding.
In recent years, animal wastes from confine feeding
operations have often been considered as a source of
feed or feed supplements. There were many feed
trials to determine the response of animals with
mixed results. In general, it is recognized that small
amount of manure additive in feed is not harmful to
the animal. However, there are also serious draw-
backs of such feeds due to certain unfavorable con-
stituents in the waste. It is the belief of the authors
that certain portion of the waste could become valu-
able feed to the livestock animals. The purpose of this
study is to physically separate the waste into various
fractions according to particle size and determine the
feed value of each fraction. For this purpose, various
aged and freshly collected animal waste samples
were collected from confine feeding beef feedlots,
dairies and poultry ranches for the analysis. A vibrat-
ing sieve shaker was used to separate the aged dry
waste samples. The freshly collected wastes were
separated by a wet sieving technique. Crude fiber,
protein, fat, nitrogen free extracts, ashes, and mois-
ture contents were determined to calculate the total
digestible nutrient. Amino acid and organic acid
compositions are also determined to assess their po-
tential as feedstuff. (Chang-California University)
2687 - Bl, C2, C3, E3 200
DECOMPOSITION RATES OF BEEF
CATTLE WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins
M. L. Stone, J. M. Harper, R. W. Hansen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 344-346.
Descriptors: Organic wastes, Cattle, Recycling,
Chemical properties, Physical properties, Odor,
Feedlots.
Identifiers: Decomposition rates, pH.
Manure has gained importance as a source of feed,
fertilizer, and energy. This study describes the physi-
cal and chemical changes that occur in manure from
the time it is deposited to the time it is picked up for
utilization. The major objective of this study is to
evaluate the waste of this resource due to decomposi-
tion. A controlled temperature-humidity chamber
was used to incubate manure at constant temperature
and moisture levels. During incubation the manures
were monitored. Chemical properties monitored
were total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, NHaN, acid de-
tergent fiber, ash, and pH. Physical properties moni-
tored were odor, bulk density, particle size, viscosity,
and squeezability. The effect of manure decomposi-
tion was greatest on its viscosity and squeezability.
The viscosity of a slurry of manure incubated at 70 per
cent moisture content and 120 degrees F doubled in a
ten day period. The manure's squeezability de-
creased 6 per cent in the same period. In contrast,
bulk density and particle size remained the same.
Change in odor closely corresponded to pH change.
The pH decreased the first two days and then in-
creased the rest of the 10 day incubation period. Other
chemical properties excluding ammonia showed little
change in high moisture (70 per cent) manure incu-
bated at high temperature (120 degrees F). At low
temperatures, neither physical or chemical proper-
ties changed as would be expected. Data indicate that
chemical changes of manure are relatively slow com-
pared to some of the changes in physical properties.
This may have a profound impact on manure slurry
handling systems and on collection frequency neces-
sary to obtain optimum benefit from manure.
(Stone-Colorado State University; Merryman, ed.)
2688 - Al, Bl, C3, E2 200
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BEEF FEEDLOT MANURES AS IN-
FLUENCED BY HOUSING TYPE,
Assistant Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sci-
ences, Michigan State University, East Lansing
D. C. Adriano
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 347-350.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Chemical properties, Cli-
mates, Michigan, Cattle, Nutrients, Salts.
Identifiers: Housing types.
Climate influences decomposition of manure and
transformation of its constituents. Housing types in
feedlots modify climatic influence, and thus, could
affect decomposition and composition of manures.
There are three major feedlot housing types in Michi-
gan: open-lot, dry-lot, and the total-confinement sys-
tems. Six feedlots in southern Michigan, with one or
more housing type, were chosen to evaluate: (1)
chemical composition, with emphasis on N, P, and K,
of fed beef cattle manures as affected by various hous-
ing types, and (2) NOa and salt status of farms receiv-
ing these manures. These feedlots had various man-
ure scraping frequency and a wide range of animal
density and size. Manure and fresh fecal samples
were collected four times at bimonthly intervals from
spring to fall of 1973. Soil samples to 2 ft. deep from
manured and unmanured areas were collected four
times during the corn growing season. The organic
matter contents of manures indicate its degree of ex-
posure to climate. In lots with more favorable
evaporative conditions, organic matter was high, on
gravimetric basis. This was true in open-lots, fol-
lowed by dry-lots. But in total-confinement with slot-
ted floor, organic matter was low. The N contents of
manures from open-lots were generally low, with an
average of 1.1 per cent (dry-basis). Manures from
dry-lot and total-confinement systems had more than
twice the N of open-lot manures. This pattern
suggests that greater amounts of N were lost from
open-lots, possibly largely by NH3 volatilization. In
open-lots P tended to be lower in manure than in fresh
feces, probably caused by runoff or leaching losses.
However, in dry-lot and total-confinement systems, P
in fresh feces and manures was about equal. Potas-
sium was generally low in open-lot manures. On the
average, fresh feces had lower K than manures. Data
for Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu is also discussed.
Field data show generally higher levels of NOs and Cl
in soils in manured than control areas. However, no
significant salt buildup was detected. (Adriano-
Michigan State Unlv; Merryman, ed.)
2689 - A5 200
IDENTIFICATION AND MEASURE-
MENT OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
WITHIN A SWINE BUILDING AND
MEASUREMENT OF AMMONIA
EVOLUTION RATES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
J. R. Miner, M. D. Kelly, and A. W. Anderson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 351-353.
Descriptors: Odor, Confinement pens, Ammonia,
Measurement.
Identifiers: Swine, Volatile compounds.
This project was initiated to find a practical way of
identifying and monitoring odorous volatiles. Volatile
288
-------
compounds produced in a swine confinement building
were trapped by porous polymers and identified by
combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spec-
trometry. Gas-liquid chromatograph outputs were
used as the basis for estimating concentrations. Air
from a swine center was drawn through traps contain-
ing either Tenax GC or Poropak Z. The traps were
first heated to 55 degrees C for one hour to remove
water and then reversed and reheated at 150-200 de-
grees C to remove trapped volatiles. The entrained
volatiles were transferred to an open tubular stainless
steel trap immersed hi dry ice. The small cold traps
were then connected to the gas chromatograph and-or
mass spectrometer by modified inlet systems. About
25 compounds were identified by this method, includ-
ing organic acids: acetic, propionic, butyric, and val-
eric. Their concentrations were determined by using
an integrator attached to the chromatograph. They
were all found to be in the 10-6 ug-1 range. This
technique was then used to measure the evolution rate
of ammonia as well as the transport properties of
these compounds upon release. Native grasses, soil
and surface water were all demonstrated to have sig-
nificant ammonia absorption properties. Values for
dairy barn floors, feedlot surfaces, manured fields
and lagoon surfaces are reported. (Miner, et. al.-
Oregon State University; Merryman, ed.)
2690 - A5 200
QUANTATIVE MEASUREMENT AND
SENSORY EVALUATION OF DAIRY
WASTE ODOR,
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue,
Columbus, Ohio 43201
C. N. Ifeadi, E. P. Taiganides, and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 354-357.
Descriptors: Odor, Measurement.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes, Volatile compounds,
Diethyl sulfide, Dimethyl sulfide.
Instrumentation for the quantitative measurement
and sensory evaluation of odor is developed. The sys-
tem comprises (1) a sample collector, (2) a sample
injection system, (3) gas chromatograph (GC), and
(4) dilution system consisting of a diffusion cell,
series of rotameters, and a sniffing hood. Dairy waste
odorous compounds are collected with the sample col-
lector at ambient conditions. The injection system is a
specially designed apparatus for transferring the
samples from the collector into the GC for identifica-
tion and quantification. The diffusion cell which was
placed in a constant temperature medium is used to
diffuse calibrated amounts of odorants into the dilu-
tion system. Rotameters are used to dilute the odor-
ants with odor free air so that different concentrations
of the odorants may be analyzed by GC and evaluated
organoleptically at the sniffing hood. Volatiles from
dairy waste stored in a diluted and undiluted state are
analyzed. Dimethyl sulfide and diethyl sulfide are
quantified. Average concentration for analyses of the
diluted manure volatiles are 0.3 ppm for diethyl sul-
fide, and 65.4 ppm for dimethyl sulfide; while the vol-
atiles from the undiluted are 2.7 ppm for diethyl sul-
fide and 34.9 ppm for dimethyl sulfide. Sensory evalu-
ation showed that the odor threshold of the diluted
dairy waste was lower than the undiluted waste by a
factor of ten. (Ifeadi, et. al.-Battelle's Columbus
Laboratories, etc.)
2691 - A5 200
EVALUATION OF ODOR INTEN-
SITIES AT LIVESTOCK FEEDING
OPERATIONS IN TEXAS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M
University, College Station 77843
D. L. Reddell and J. M. Sweeten
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 358-361.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Texas, Cattle.
Identifiers: Odor measurement, Odor intensity stan-
dards, Vapor dilution, Liquid dilution, Scentometer
Swine.
An experiment was conducted to correlate results
from two odor measurement techniques—vapor dilu-
tion and liquid dilution. A scentometer was used to
measure odors at both a cattle feedlot and a swine
operation. Manure samples from these operations
were brought into the laboratory and the odor inten-
sity was measured using a liquid dilution technique
The odor readings determined by each panel member
for several months were plotted as probability dis-
tribution functions. Using Monte Carlo simulation
techniques, a composite probability distribution of
odor intensity for the entire panel was predicted and
shown to correlate with the field and laboratory mea-
surements. Using probability distributions, a correla-
tion between the field readings obtained with a Scen-
tometer and the laboratory readings using the liquid
dilution method was explored. Odors were measured
using a Scentometer at three Texas cattle feedlots
(400,12,000 and 30,000 head capacities). Within each
feedyard, odors were also monitored along side the
runoff retention ponds at one feedlot. Diverse condi-
tions of weather, drainage, and manure management
were encountered. Odor intensity frequency distribu-
tions were developed for each feeding operation.
These revealed that the feedlots would have exceeded
odor intensity standards of 7 to 8 Dt (in effect in four
states) from 40 to 85 per cent of the time. However, the
127Dt standard for two states would have been ex-
ceeded no more than 5 per cent of the time. The au-
thors concluded that the minimum odor level that can
reasonably be expected at cattle and swine feeding
operations is 7 Dt. (Reddeli & Sweeten-Texas A&M;
Merryman, ed.)
2692 - A6, Bl 200
MANURE GASES AND AIR CUR-
RENTS IN LIVESTOCK HOUSING,
Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, S-750
07 Uppsala 7, Sweden
Sven-Uno Skarp
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 362-365.
Descriptors: Livestock, Ventilation, Hydrogen sul-
fide.
Identifiers: Sweden, Manure gases, Confinement
buildings.
In Sweden, liquid handling of livestock wastes from
confinement buildings developed during the early
1960's. It gradually became clear that gas formation
from the liquid manure could be a problem. Several
serious gas poisoning accidents among pigs and cattle
drew attention to this fact. Studies were made by the
Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering into the
presence and distribution of manure gases under dif-
ferent conditions. The following conclusions were de-
rived from these studies. The main factors for the
distribution of gases were temperatures and air cur-
rents. Solid manure did not release gases hi quantities
injurious to animals or humans. Liquid manure re-
leased gases, of which hydrogen sulfide sometimes
appeared in toxic concentrations. Static liquid man-
ure released hydrogen sulfide in measurable quan-
tities only if the manure originated from pigs. Liquid
manure handled or set in motion by pumping, mixing,
spreading or cleaning-out released large amounts of
gases, particularly hydrogen sulfide. The normal
ventilation design was found to have a great influence
on the distribution of manure gases. The largest prob-
lems were caused by currents of cold air at low
heights due to ineffective mixing and distribution of
the incoming fresh air from the air inlets. The design
and location of air inlets and the way the air was
distributed determined the climate in the livestock
building. The design and location of the exhaust fans
were of minor importance for the correct control of
incoming fresh air. Balanced ventilation system gave
the best conditions compared with systems of slight
negative and positive pressure. (Skarp-Sweden)
2693 - A5, A6, B2 200
EXHAUST SYSTEMS FOR UNDER-
FLOOR LIQUID MANURE PITS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maryland
University, College Park
D. S. Ross, R. A. Aldrich, D. E. Younkin, G. W. Sher-
ritt, and J. A. McCurdy
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 366-368.
Descriptors: Odor, Air pollution, Design, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Storage pits, Slotted floors, Exhaust sys-
tems.
Liquid manure storage pits in enclosed buildings with
partially slotted floors can produce unpleasant and
injurious odors for people and animals within the
buildings. A method for removing such odors from a
manure pit is to exhaust air from beneath the slotted
floor directly to the outside of the building. Continuous
ventilation should prevent gases from moving outside
the pit area. Laboratory and field studies were made
to find satisfactory exhaust systems which would
provide effective odor control and acceptable air dis-
tribution and temperature. Laboratory studies of 100
ft. each of 6- and 8-inch diameter perforated plastic
pipe were made. With a design flow of 4 cfm per ft. for
the 6-and 8-inch diameter pipes with holes spaced 1 ft.
apart. The standard deviations wereO.52 and 0.59 cfm,
respectively, with the test values generally decreas-
ing with distance from the exhaust fan. In the field
installation, the odor control was satisfactory. Since it
is not possible to install a perforated pipe system in all
barns, an alternative was developed. A tapered duct
was designed according to ASHRAE Guide Proce-
dures which would permit all ventilation air to pass
through the pit. Such as system was installed at the
PSU Swine Research Center and monitored. Air dis-
tribution and temperature control were acceptable
thoughout the winter period; however, odor control
was not satisfactory because airflow through the pits
during cold periods was not sufficient to prevent odors
from entering the occupied zone. Providing a higher
airflow by lowering the minimum temperature to 45
degrees F improved the odor control. (Ross, et. al.-
Maryland and Pennsylvania; Merryman, ed.)
2694 - A5, Bl, D3 200
MALODOR REDUCTION IN BEEF
CATTLE FEEDLOTS,
Professor and Instructor, respectively, Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Texas Tech University,
Lubbock
W. L. Ulich and J. P. Ford
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 369-371.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle.
Identifiers: Odor control, Chemical treatment, Man-
ure pack.
An investigation was conducted in order to: (1)
thoroughly review current odor control technology,
(2) investigate various control treatments, and (3)
provide practical odor control guidelines for confined
beef cattle feedlots. Seven control materials were
selected for detailed investigation. Preliminary
laboratory tests consisted of one hundred grams of
solid or one hundred milliliters of liquid samples to
which various amounts of control materials were ad-
ded. Sulfureous compounds, amines, and possibly
ammonia were found to be common important com-
ponents of cattle feedlot odors. Organoleptic tests or
digestive deodorants were not found to prevent the
release of any of the malodorous gases for which the
tests were conducted. Digestive deodorants did effect
time of release. Chemical treatments using hydrogen
peroxide, paraformaldehyde, potassium nitrate, and
various commercial formulas were found to provide
some control at relatively high concentrations. These
chemicals, however, were later judged to be more
expensive at the required concentrations than other
289
-------
chemical control applications. Potassium perman-
ganate and orthodichlorobenzine were estimated to
significantly reduce malodors when sprayed in a 1 per
cent water solution at rates of 20 pounds and 6 gallons
per acre of feedlot respectively. In any odor control
system good housekeeping cannot be over-stressed.
Moisture control of the manure pack is much more
important than the frequency of pen cleaning. A shal-
low porous, aerobic blanket of loose manure should be
maintained over a 25-40 per cent moisture manure
pack, where possible, for odor and dust control. Cur-
rent recommendations consist of a critically control-
led manure pack and a chemical spray plan as an
emergency standby. (Ulich and Ford-Texas Tech;
Merryman, ed.)
2695 - A5, A8, Bl, C5, D4 200
THE USE OF DRIED BACTERIA
CULTURES AND ENZYMES TO CON-
TROL ODOR AND LIQUEFY OR-
GANIC WASTE FOUND IN HOG,
DAIRY, AND POULTRY PRODUCING
UNITS AS WELL AS LAGOONS,
Big Dutchman, Division of U.S. Industries, Inc. 200
Franklin, Zeeland, Michigan
J. F. Bergdoll
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 372-373.
Descriptors: Liquidation, Organic wastes, Lagoons,
Enzymes, Additives, Dairy industry, Poultry.
Identifiers: Odor control, Dried bacteria cultures,
Swine, Fly control.
Our object was to find cultured bacteria and enzymes
that safely control ammonia and odors, reduce mass,
and/or liquify organic waste. Different strains and
levels of bacteria and enzymes were used on waste
beneath cages, on feeding floors, in hog pits, and la-
goons. Several oxidizing and neutralizing agents were
added. Materials were applied as a spray or as a dust
on liquid pits and lagoons. The treatments result in up
to 50 per cent reduction of the BOD count in all cases;
solids were liquified; and odors were reduced. In ad-
dition, drain-lines were kept clear of all organic waste
build-up. Different products were used for general
odor control and where manure or waste was being
handled as a liquid. Proper utilization of products
containing a minimum of 1% billion anaerobic and 4
billion aerobic bacteria per gram plus enzymes and
other additives; most effectively controlled odors,
aided in fly control, reduced volume, and liquified
organic waste. (Bergdoll-Michigan; Merryman, ed.)
2696 - A5, B2, D3, D4 200
ODOR CONTROL OF LIQUID DAIRY
AND SWINE MANURE USING CHEM-
ICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENTS,
The Pennsylvania State University, Department of
Agricultural Engineering, University Park
C. A. Cole, H. D. Bartlett, D. H. Buckner, and D. E.
Younkin
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 374-377.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Chemi-
cal treatment, Biological treatment.
Identifiers: Odor control, Swine.
Dairy and swine wastes stored in liquid manure pits
produce foul smells due to such components as sul-
fide, mercaptans, indole, ska tele and ammonia. Work
has nearly been completed on evaluation of chemical
and biological treatment methods to eliminate these
odors at the time of agitating and spreading (short-
term control) or prevent their formation during stor-
age (long-term control). Procedures were developed
to measure odor levels subjectively, using an odor
panel, and to measure HjS and NHs levels, using
specific ion electrodes in order to evaluate the treat-
ment methods. The chemical oxidants NaOCl, H202,
C102 and KMn04 at doses of 500 mgfl were shown to be
effective for odor control of swine waste on bench
scale experiments. All these oxidizing compounds re-
duced the H2S from levels near 100 mgfl to near or
below 10 mg/1 at the 500 mg/1 dosage rate for waste of
5-7 per cent total solids. The most economical mate-
rials, H202 and KMn04. were found to cost $2.58 and
$3.12 per thousand gallons of waste treated, respec-
tively. Full scale tests on swine waste verified that
they reduced odor substantially. Commercial prop-
rietary materials utilizing enzymes, specific bacteria
and disinfectants were compared with lime treatment
for high pH adjustment and NHjNOs and NaN03
treatment for oxygen supply to prevent odor forma-
tion in swine pit contents. None of the materials
studied during the long-term trials, carried out in 208
liter drums over an eight-week period, significantly
reduced odor of the swine manure. In addition, no
noticeable reduction in NHs or ffeS levels was found.
Trials are currently being conducted with the com-
mercial odor control materials and the best short-
term chemicals on dairy pit contents. (Cole, et. al.-
Pennsylvania State University; Merryman, ed.)
2697 - A5, Bl 200
MANAGEMENT OF ODORS AS-
SOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK PRO-
DUCTION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. R. Miner
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 378-380.
Descriptors: Livestock, Poultry, Economics, Design.
Identifiers: Odor control.
This paper reviews and organizes existing research
knowledge in livestock waste odors technology and
attempts to draw from it a set of usable techniques for
the concerned livestock producer or consulting en-
gineer. Although difficult to quantify, certain prac-
tices and design choices have advantages in odor con-
trol. Among the techniques usable to minimize the
potential of odor complaints are proper site selection,
site modification, inhibition or modification of man-
ure decomposition, odor making, odor absorption,
and public relations. All of these techniques can be
incorporated into an overall odor control program
with a reasonable probability of success. The
economics of odor control, unlike the economics of
other livestock production costs are highly site de-
pendent. The value of a specific site for animal feed-
ing must be adjusted according to the anticipated cost
of odor management. The chemistry of animal waste
odor control suggests a use of several physical and
chemical modifications to existing feedlots and con-
finement facilities. A combination of techniques has
the potential of making odors less intense and less
frequent. An analysis of livestock odor problems must
include both intensity and frequency descriptions if
rational decisions are to be made. (Miner-Oregon
State University; Merryman, ed.)
2698 - A5, B2, D3 200
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF LIQUID
DAIRY MANURE TO REDUCE
MALODORS,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Delaware
University, Newark
W. F. Hitter, N. E. Collins, and R. P. Eastburn
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 381-384.
Descriptors: Chemical treatment, Liquid wastes,
Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Odor control, Hydrogen peroxide,
Alamask 518, Alamask 151A.
The research to be reported in the paper evaluates the
effectiveness of chemical agents to control odors
emanating from liquid manure. Liquid dairy manure
is being treated with hydrogen peroxide and other
chemicals that are available to the farmer. The chem-
icals are being added to liquid manure stored under
anaerobic conditions in 5 and 55 gallon drums. The
effectiveness of the odor control agents are evaluated
by test panels on a 0 to 10 scale for presence of odor
and offensiveness of the odor. Results of treating
liquid manure with 6.5, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 ppm of
hydrogen peroxide show that 12.5 ppm of hydrogen
peroxide suppressed hydrogen sulfide for one hour.
Alamask 518 and 151A were the most effective in re-
ducing odors in the liquid manure of the chemical
agents tested to date. None of the chemical agents
tested to date have completely eliminated malodors.
The tests now in progress will evaluate the effective-
ness of the additional compounds in controlling odors
and also the loading rates required for odor control.
These chemical agents will also be compared with
hydrogen peroxide and Alamask 518 and 151A to de-
termine which compound would be the most effective
in controlling odors. Cost analysis for all the chemical
agents tested is presented. Preliminary cost esti-
mates on hydrogen peroxide and Alamask 518 and
151A indicate that chemical treatment is comparable
or less than the cost of odor control by an oxidation
ditch. (Hitter, et. al.-Delaware University)
2699 - Al, Bl, E2 200
LAND APPLICATION OF
MANURES—WISCONSIN'S MANURE
MANAGEMENT PLAN,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Wisconsin Univer-
sity, 460 Henry Mall, Madison
L. R. Massie, R. D. Powell, R. E. Graves
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 385-388.
Identifiers: Waste management program, Land ap-
plication, Application rates.
The production and related need to dispose of manure
from a farm's livestock operation often is not compat-
ible with the crop production schedule. A manage-
ment plan has been developed to coordinate produc-
tion and handling of manure with maximum utiliza-
tion and minimum potential pollution. This paper de-
scribes, with examples, the manure production and
utilization situation based on collectible i data from
each farm's records. The three major segments of
data are: (1) Production of manure as related to kind,
size, and number of animals, types of housing, and
handling facilities, (2) Land use related to soils, con-
servation practices, crop rotations, acreages, and to-
pography, and (3) Application rates of manure to the
land related to kind of crop, nutrient removal by the
crop, internal soil drainage, and timing of the applica-
tion. Assessing the farm's manure handling situation
in this way points up conflicts between livestock and
crop production operations. However, these conflicts
are overcome by this individualized farm plan. Each
fanner can have a complete manure management
program which determines the number of animals the
farm can support based on the imposed limitations.
Essentially, the farm has a manure management
plan similar to a soil conserving or livestock produc-
tion plan. Farmer acceptance was good. Farmers
suggested ideas that were incorporated into the plan.
Many described the plan as an assessment of the im-
pact of their operation on the environment.
(Massie-Wisconsin University; Merryman, ed.)
2700 - Al, Bl, D2, D4, E2, Fl 200
IF YOU CANNOT SPREAD IT, TREAT
IT!,
290
-------
Babtie Shaw and Morton, 95 Bothwell Street, Glas-
gow, G27HX, Scotland
P. M. Wilson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 389-390.
Descriptors: Slurries, Waste treatment, Separation
techniques, Effluent, Sludge, Aeration, Costs.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Swine.
Land spreading of pig slurry is by far the most com-
mon means of disposal in the United Kingdom as well
as being the cheapest form of disposal and providing a
financial saving with respect to fertilizer require-
ments. However, it is unlikely that this practice will
be allowed to continue because of the serious organic
pollution and inorganic enrichment of rivers and
lakes resulting from runoff, danger of cross infection
by pathogenic organisms and the ever-increasing
number of complaints of smell. Thus alternative
means of disposal or utilization must be found. The
nature and extent of the processes required are de-
termined by the degree of treatment needed and to
some extent by the size of the piggery. A system has
been recommended where an effluent of about 50 mg-
HtreSSandSOmg-litreBOD (50:50 standard) could be
produced. More complete treatment to a standard
less than 30:20 would necessitate costly tertiary
methods and unless substantial financial assistance
were available these costs may be difficult to meet.
The system involves separation of fibrous solids by
using vibrating screens, followed by extended aera-
tion of the liquor and final settlement. By-products of
treatment include manageable, stable solids and
sludges which can be spread on the land. Final
effluent can be used for irrigation or washwater. Al-
ternatively the local sewage authority may handle the
final disposal step. An approximate guide to the order
of cost of treatment by this scheme is given. Other
treatment methods are discussed but many of these
have been investigated only as far as the laboratory
and pilot scale stage and insufficient information has
been obtained in order to assess their performance
and cost at the full scale level. (Wilson-Scotland;
Merryman, ed.)
2701 - Bl, C2, C3, El 200
EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM
HOLDING PONDS,
Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
North Dakota State University, Fargo
G. L. Pratt, A. W. Wieczorek, R. W. Schottman, and
M. L. Buchanan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 391-394.
Descriptors: Evaporation, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: Holding ponds.
The potential for using evaporation ponds as a method
of disposing of animal wastes has been evaluated. The
goal was to develop a method for sizing ponds so all
water from a waste disposal system can be disposed
of by evaporation. Liquid wastes, from approxi-
mately 20 head of cattle, were drained away from the
solid wastes by gravity over a concrete floor. Solids
were scraped from the floor at intervals and disposed
of separately. The liquid was pumped to a pond. The
pond was lined with a 10 ml vinyl liner to eliminate the
parameter of seepage. The flow into the pond aver-
aged 92.1 galAiay over a 4% month period. The evap-
oration rate from a floating pan was 0.3" higher than
the recorded pond evaporation. The evaporation rate
from a Class "A" pan containing unpolluted water
was 1.39" higher than the pond evaporation. Gener-
ally all temperature values were similar. Various fac-
tors, such as total solids, suspended solids, volatile
solids, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand of the water
were measured in the laboratory. Evaporation from
Class "A" evaporation pans generally has been found
to run higher than from open bodies of water. Several
variables, such as lake size, temperature, wind, and
solar energy will influence this. A coefficient of 0 70 is
commonly multiplied times the data recorded from
the Class "A" evaporating pans to estimate evapora-
tion from lakes. Experience has shown that these
coefficients may range from 0.70 to 0.80. An average
figure of about 0.75 is given for Fargo. Using the aver-
age evaporation figures from the tests carried out on
the experimental pond from May 1 to September 15,
1973, it was found that a coefficient of 0.78 times the
evaporation rate of the Class "A" evaporation pan
located in Fargo gave a suitable design figure for the
evaporation rate From a livestock waste disposal pond
in this area. (Pratt-North Dakota State University)
2702 - B2, D4, E2 200
AN ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL
EVALUATION OF MANURE FLUM-
ING AND LAND APPLICATION SYS-
TEMS,
Agricultural Marketing Manager, Gorman-Hupp Co.
Box 1217, Mansfield, Ohio 44901
P. B. Bohley, C. R. Near, D. Rasmussen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 395-397.
Descriptors: Flumes, Lagoons, Costs, Iowa, Neb-
raska, Design.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The objectives of this project are to compare and
evaluate the fluming, lagoon, land application system
with other types of manure management programs
extant. During the summer of 1974, several beef con-
finement lots in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska
were observed and evaluated. Attention was directed
towards cost of installation—including land, con-
struction of buildings and lagoons, equipment, and
personnel needed for operation. Management re-
quirements and techniques were observed and com-
pared. Feedlots ranged in size from 1,200-10,000 head
capacity and optimum size was a factor in the evalua-
tion of the various liquid manure systems in use. Most
lots were in rural locations, only three being close to
suburban areas. All confinement installations were
less than three years old although most of the
operators had been in business for a much longer
period of time. For purposes of evaluation, these ma-
nure systems are examined by component activities,
i.e. production-collection-holding-transfer-storage-
land application. Systems with single and multiple
flumes were observed. Building lengths varied from
500-1200 feet and lagoons, from l%-4 acres surface
area, ranged from immediately adjacent to several
hundred feet distant. Sequence of flushing is based on
size and number of cattle, and on climate as well.
Some systems are on automatic operation and others
on manual. Automatic systems are evaluated for re-
liability but most operators prefer manual operation.
Lagoons are examined for accessibility, size, loading
rate, build-up, and other pertinent factors. Two land
applications systems using lagoon supply are listed in
the report—one using gated pipe and the other a vol-
ume gun sprinkler. The paper appraises effluent re-
turn and the land use aspect from a mechanical and
hydraulic standpoint. (Bohley-Gorman-Rupp Co.;
Merryman, ed.)
2703 - Bl, Dl, E2, E3, Fl 200
ENERGETICS OF ALTERNATIVE
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS,
Research Assistant, Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, Illinois University, Urbana
H. C. Kim and D. L. Day
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock'Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 398-401.
Descriptors: Recycling, Costs, Liquid wastes, Fer-
tilizers, Anaerobic digestion, Methane.
Identifiers: Energy'expense evaluations, Waste
management systems, Oxidation ditch, Refeeding.
The objective of this study was to evaluate and com-
pare major systems of livestock waste management
on an energetic as well as monetary budget basis. It is
a literature and computational research study using a
model to simulate swine enterprises marketing 4,000
hogs per year including farrow-to-finish production
facilities. The major waste management systems
considered are: anaerobic storage of liquid manure
using the manure as crop fertilizers; oxidation ditch
treatment of liquid manure with refeeding of pro-
teinaceous liquor; anaerobic digestion to produce
methane gas and fertilizer; and drying with refeeding
of dried manure. The energy expense evaluations in-
clude all man-controlled inputs such as energy in
materials and equipment appropriately amortized as
well as the operating energy. An energy input-output
matrix developed by the University of Illinois Center
for Advanced Computation is used to determine
energy required for manufacturing processes.
Energy credits would account for energy in utilization
methods such as for fertilizer, protein, methane, etc.
The analysis yields a net energy evaluation (profit or
loss) for each system studied. Tentative results rank
the systems as follows for energetics and monetary
economics (the lowest number is assigned to the best
results, etc.). All methods gave a net energy loss ex-
cept for anaerobic storage and spreading on land,
which gave a slight net energy profit. (1) Anaerobic
storage and spreading: Btu-1; $-1. (2) Anaerobic di-
gestion for mathane: Btu-2; $-3. (3) Oxidation ditch
with refeeding: Btu-3; $-2. (4) Drying and refeeding:
Btu-4; $-4. (Kim-IllinoisUniversity; Merryman,ed.)
2704 - Bl, C2, C3, D2, E2 200
FIELD EVALUATION OF A SETTL-
ING CHAMBER FOR SWINE WASTES,
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Province of Man-
itoba
E. T. Oatway, D. D. Schulte, and L. Shwaluk
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 402-404.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Swine, Settling chamber, Land disposal.
The swine facility studied is a 50 sow farrow-to-finish
enterprise consisting of 4 units (farrow, weaners,
feeders, dry sows) constructed in 1970. The units have
partial slotted floors with pits 2 feet deep for the col-
lection of wastes. Each pit is fitted with a liquid-tight
gate to control the flow of wastes. Each pit is emptied
by gravity flow into a main trench which conducts the
wastes into two storage pits. The storage pits consist
of a concrete tank and an earthen pit in series. The
concrete tank functions as a settling chamber and
storage for solids, and the earthen pit as a storage for
liquids The system provides a low cost method of
storing swine wastes for 6 months or longer. The settl-
ing chamber requires clean out every six months. The
earthen liquid pit can be emptied by pump and irriga-
tion or tank wagon. Total and suspended solids, total
and ammonia nitrogen, and phosphorus data has been
collected and used to study the effectiveness of the pit
arrangement as a solids separation method.
(Oatway-Canada)
2705 - Al, Bl, D4, El, Fl 200
LIVESTOCK AGRICULTURE IN THE
STATE OF HAWAII-A REGIONAL
APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of
Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii University, Honolulu
G. M Wong-Chong, W. I. Hugh, J. H. Koshi.T. Tanaka,
C. Schlottfeldt
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
291
-------
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 405-407.
Descriptors: Hawaii, Economics, Farm manage-
ment.
Identifiers: Regional Wastes Management, Compost-
ing.
Livestock agriculture in the State of Hawaii is influ-
enced by several factors: (a) importation of almost
all feed stuffs from mainland, (b) concentration of the
state's population (about 75 per cent) in Honolulu, (c)
high cost of inter-island transportation, and (dj in-
creasing urban development encroaching on agricul-
tural land. Because of the population density in Hon-
olulu, a major fraction of the livestock agriculture is
on Oahu; in fact, some 50-70 per cent of the State's
livestock activities is in the Waianae-Mikilua-
Lualualei (3500 acres) area. Unfortunately, this area
is presently experiencing increasing pressures from
urban developers and the resulting demands for more
rigid wastes management. The farms in the parcels of
land (2-15 acres). In many cases land disposal of
wastes is not an effective alternative and other treat-
ment processes are too expensive. In the Waianae-
Mikilua-Lualualei area, the feasibility of a regional
wastes management scheme was examined. This reg-
ional approach was to collect all the animal wastes at
a centralized composting site. The paper discusses
(a) The waste collection system, (b) The composting
process alternatives-^windrow vs. forced aeration.
(c) The market potential for compost in the State, (d)
The economics of the proposed system, (e) The prob-
lems of disease transmission control, (f) The institu-
tional problems of getting such a scheme to work.
(Wong-Chong—Hawaii University)
2706 - A2, Bl, F2 200
ESTIMATING QUANTITY AND
QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM EAST-
ERN BEEF BARNLOTS,
Soil Scientist and Statistician, North Appalachian
Experimental Watershed, USDA, ARS, NCR, Coshoc-
ton, Ohio
W. M. Edwards and J. L. McGuinness
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 408-411.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Cattle,
Ohio.
Identifiers: Prediction equation, Runoff quantity,
Runoff quality.
Proposed EPA guidelines for feedlot effluent require
that by 1983 all feedlot operations have the capacity to
store runoff from 25-year, 24-hour rainfall. In view of
these requirements, an analysis was made of runoff
volume and quality from a typical unpaved beef
barnlot in eastern Ohio. The measurements were
made over a 4-year period on a 0.4 acre, 60 head
barnlot watershed at the North Appalachian Experi-
mental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio. A prediction
equation for daily runoff volume was developed by a
multiple regression analysis of 181 runoff events.
Rainfall amount and antecedent moisture content of
the surface layer accounted for 75 per cent of the
storm runoff variability. Joint probabilities of various
amounts of rainfall occurring with different antece-
dent soil moisture conditions were used to define
maximum, minimum and mean daily runoff volumes
at different times of the year. Inclusion of a rainfall
intensity variable in the multiple regression did not
improve the runoff volume prediction. The presence
or absence of cattle in the lot at the time of the event
also had no effect upon prediction of runoff volume.
The seasonal distribution of N, P, K and BOD concent-
rations in runoff were determined. Using long-term
weather records, water quality data, and the runoff
prediction equation, runoff volume and associated
nutrient transport for 10- and 25-year frequency
storms occurring at different times of the year were
also estimated. The rainfall prediction was also used
to extend runoff relations to paved lots. (Edwards and
McGuinness-USDA)
2707 - Al, Bl, E2 200
A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF
STORAGE AND LAND DISPOSAL OF
SWINE WASTE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Arkansas
University, Fayetteville
C. R. Mote and E. P. Taiganides
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 412-415.
Descriptors: Waste storage, Waste disposal, Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: Swine, Computer simulation, Land dis-
posal, Cropping systems.
Crop production cycles, soil trafficability conditions,
and variations in the animal population determine the
performance of storage and land disposal systems for
wastes from confinement swine production units. A
computer simulation program was developed which
simulates these factors and their interactions. Studies
made with the program indicate that: (1) a given
capacity storage tank can provide storage capacity
for more of the waste produced over a period of time if
emptying operations are initiated well before the tank
is completely full, (2) the types of crops being grown
on the land available for waste disposal affect the
storage capacity required to prevent overflow, and
(3) the net annual cost of waste storage and land dis-
posal systems may be reduced by modifying the crop-
ping pattern for a given acreage. A total of 63 different
waste storage and land disposal situations was
studied with the computer simulation program. The
study included combinations of seven storage
capacities, three cropping programs, and three
criteria for initiating the removal of waste from stor-
age. For each of the 63 different conditions the be-
havior of the system was simulated for a five-year
operating period. The performance of the system for
each of the 63 five-year operating periods was com-
pared in order to observe the effect of variations in
storage capacity, cropping program, and hauling in-
itiation criteria. (Mote and Taiganides-Arkansas and
Ohio; Merryman, ed.)
2708 - A2, B2, E2 200
MANAGEMENT OF IRRIGATION
FOR DISPOSAL OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF IN COLD CLIMATES,
Assistant Professor, North Dakota State University,
Fargo
R. W. Schottman, C. W. Thoreson and J. K. Koelliker
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 416-420.
Descriptors: Irrigation, Agricultural runoff, Feed-
lots, North Dakota, Model studies, Design, Climates,
Pumping.
Identifiers: Detention pond.
Management of the pumping of livestock runoff to be
used for irrigation is considered for several locations
in North Dakota. Pumping durations, pumping rates
and detention pond size and shape are simulated for
stations having contrasting climatological condi-
tions. Runoff events are predicted and are compared
to the 10-year and 25-year, 24 hour storms for each
station. All stations are characterized by at least a 90
day period of continuously frozen conditions and by a
growing season of approximately 120-130 days. Runoff
is predicted using a model similar to that developed
by Larson at the University of Minnesota. The model
has been expanded to allow specification of pumping
rates and duration as well as pond size and shape. At
least 30 years of daily precipitation and temperature
records were used as input data for each station. The
SCS runoff model is used as the basis for predicting
the size of each runoff event. Runoff and pumping
programs for two commercial feedlot operations
were monitored and the observed water levels and
runoff events were compared with predicted values.
Design recommendations are proposed for the rather
unique climatological conditions encountered in
North Dakota. The model's applicability to other
climatological conditions is also demonstrated.
(Schottman, et. al.-North Dakota and Kansas)
2709 - A2, Bl 200
RUNOFF CONTROL FACILITIES
FOR BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS IN
EASTERN NEBRASKA,
Agricultural Engineering Department, University of
Nebraska
J. A. Nienaber, C. B. Gilbertson, T. E. Bond, and J. L.
Garbing
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 421-425.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Cattle,
Nebraska, Research and development, Design, Per-
formance.
Identifiers: Runoff control.
This paper is a final report of five years research on
feedlot runoff control facilities on eight Eastern Neb-
raska research, and cooperator sites. Runoff quantity
and quality, solids transported and solids removal
efficiencies are discussed in terms of system design,
performance, and management. Research demonst-
ration site for a 4000 head feedlot was installed in 1973
based on the 5 year results. The design of this EPA
sponsored project will also be reported. (Nienaber, et.
al.-Nebraska University)
2710 - A2, B2, El 200
DESIGN RUNOFF VOLUME FROM
FEEDLOTS IN THE SOUTHWEST-
ERN GREAT PLAINS,
Agricultural Engineer, USDA, ARS, Water Quality,
Management Laboratory, Route 2, Box 322A, Durant,
Oklahoma.
V. L. Hauser
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 426-428.
Descriptors: Design, Agricultural runoff, Feedlots,
Texas, Economics.
Identifiers: Southwestern Great Plains, Runoff con-
trol, Soil Conservation Service runoff equation.
The design of feedlot pollution control systems re-
quired an estimate of the runoff volume to be control-
led. Federal and State regulations presently rely on
the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) equation for
runoff estimation. They also rely on the Weather
Bureau Technical Publication No. 40 (TP 40) for esti-
mates of the design storm, which, in Texas, is 24-hour
rainfall expected once in 25 years. This paper
examines the accuracy of these present design proce-
dures. A recently published equation for runoff de-
rived from runoff measurements on a feedlot at Bush-
land, Texas (near Amarillo) was tested against the
more widely used SCS equation. Runoff was com-
puted by each equation for each day with rain in a
35-year rainfall record from Bushland and in an 82-
year rainfall record for Amarillo. These computed
runoff amounts were analyzed to derive return fre-
quency of runoff amount for the new Bushland equa-
tion and for the SCS equation. The results show that
the presently used design method may compute up to
3 times as much runoff as the new Bushland equation.
In addition, significant differences were found bet-
ween 24-hour, 25-year return frequency rainfall found
in TP 40 and the actual record from the two stations
analyzed. Over estimation of the design runoff
amount from feedlots causes wasteful expenditure in
both runoff reservoir construction and the purchase of
292
-------
a disposal system. This research indicates the need
for revision of design methods and requirements of
law. (Hauser-Oklahoma; Merryman, ed.)
2711 - A2, Bl 200
• QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF
FEEDYARD RUNOFF IN THE
GREAT PLAINS,
Agricultural Engineer, ARS, USDA, Southwestern
Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas
R. N. Clark, C. B. Gilbertson and H. R. Duke
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 42»431.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Cattle, Great
Plains.
Identifiers: Runoff quantity, Runoff quality.
The Great Plains Region has become the world's
largest confined cattle feeding area during the last 10
years. The region increased fed cattle production
from 6 million in 1963 to over 14 million in 1973. Also,
during the last decade, water quality control regula-
tions have been established requiring the impound-
ment of runoff and waste water from these f eedyards.
Runoff studies were begun about 1967 at several loca-
tions throughout the Great Plains in order to charac-
terize feedyard runoff as to quantity and quality. The
objective of this paper is to combine these data and
present them in a uniform format. Rainfall-runoff re-
lationships are presented from seven f eedyards from
eastern Nebraska and eastern Colorado to South
Texas. In all cases, the rainfall-runoff relationship
was linear; however, the slopes varied from 0.36 to
0.86. Runoff did not begin until at least 1 cm (0.4 inch)
of rainfall had occurred. The quality of runoff was
quite variable at each location depending on rainfall
intensity and duration, time since last runoff, and
stocking rate. However, noticeable differences were
found between the various research locations. The
concentration of salts was less in eastern Nebraska
and increased inversely with total rainfall to highest
concentration in West Texas. (Clark, et. al.-Texas,
Nebraska, and Colorado)
2712 - Al, Bl, C2, C3 200
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS FROM
STACKED MANURE,
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Wisconsin University, Madison
J. C. Converse, C. 0. Cramer, G. H. Tenpas, and D. A.
Schlough
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 432-436.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Separation
techniques, Waste storage, Chemical properties,
Physical properties, Land application.
Identifiers: Manure stacking, Detention ponds, Fly
control.
Over winter storage of manure is receiving much em-
phasis because of concern for environmental quality
and desire of the livestock operator to reduce
drudgery of daily hauling. Stacking manure is most
appropriate for stanchion type dairy facilities. This
paper summarizes three years of data from three
different stacking systems. The three systems in-
clude a covered bunker type storage for 32 cows, a
platform type storage with swinging slide elevator for
28 cows and a platform type storage with a manure
blower for 26 cows. Separation of liquids from solids
was used in all three systems using drains and porous
media. Liquids were stored in a detention pond for
later application to crop land. Stacking was done year
around with removal during spring and fall. Each
system was evaluated for both winter and summer
periods for solid and liquid volumes, physical and
chemical characteristics of solids and liquids, stack-
ability of manure and fly problems. Liquid runoff
from stacks has high pollution potential and must be
kept out of bodies of water. Liquid volumes varied
with rainfall, amount of manure in storage and ability
of liquid to separate from solids. A porous media is
required between the manure and concrete floor of
storage unit. Solid storage volume requirements were
about 1.6 cu. ft.-lOOO Ib. of live weight. Chemical fly
control is ineffective and uneconomical for summer-
time stacking, but biological fly control is effective
and economical. Stackability is dependent upon quan-
tity of straw used and time of year stored, with winter-
time stacking superior to summertime stacking. This
information will provide the design engineer with
tools to adequately design solid manure storage
facilities. (Converse-Wisconsin University)
2713 - A6, B2, C2, C3, D4, E2 200
MANAGEMENT OF A FLUSHING-
GUTTER MANURE-REMOVAL SYS-
TEM TO IMPROVE ATMOSPHERIC
QUALITY IN HOUSING FOR LAYING
HENS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State
University, Ames
R. L. Fehr, and R. J. Smith
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 437-440.
Descriptors: Waste water treatment, Lagoons, Re-
cycling, Poultry, Air pollution.
Identifiers: Air quality.
An 1100-bird layer house at Iowa State University has
been remodeled by installing a flushing-gutter
manure-removal system. There are three ranks of
cages in the building with sloping metal trays under
the outer ranks of cages and a central wastewater
holding pit. Wastewater is pumped from holding pit to
dosing-syphon tanks for flushing metal trays. Waste-
water in the central holding pit is periodically pumped
2000ft. (610m) to an anaerobic lagoon. Overflow from
the anaerobic lagoon enters an aerobic lagoon; liquid
from this second lagoon is recycled to the central
holding pit. Because frequent manure removal aids in
odor control, ammonia and hydrogen-sulfide-gas
levels are being monitored to determine optimum
system management. The management consists of
varying the interval between emptying of the central
holding pit, and varying the interval between the
flushings of the metal trays. With reduced odor levels
in the house, it is feasible to reduce ventilation rates.
Winter ventilation rates are being lowered below the
recommended W2 cfm to 1/8/1/4 cfm (p.014 m3,min to
0.0035-0.007m3-min) per bird. Temperature, humidity
and dust levels are also being recorded at various
points in the house. Wastewater pumped to the la-
goons and recycled is being monitored to determine
the effectiveness of the treatment system. COD, total
solids, dissolved solids, and ammonia-nitrogen levels
are being measured. These measurements are also
being made on wastewater in the house to determine
interaction between these parameters and atmos-
pheric environment. Success of the system is related
both to improved environmental control around the
birds and to mechanization of manure handling.
(Fehr-Iowa State University)
2714 - Bl, E2 200
PERFORMANCE OF SCREW CON-
VEYORS FOR UNLOADING
SLUDGES FROM FIELD TRANS-
PORTS,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering Depart-
ment, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey,
New Brunswick
M. Weil and A. Higgins
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 441-443.
Descriptors: Equipment, Performance, Economics.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Screw conveyors, Field
transports.
Equipment has been developed to incorporate a wide
range of biodegradable wastes directly into the upper
8 inches of the soil by Plow-Furrow-Cover, Sub-Sod-
Injection, and Ridge and Furrow. Physical properties
of wastes unloaded from this equipment may vary
from thin slurries to caked materials with up to 75 per
cent solids (wet basis). There are economic advan-
tages to handling materials with a solids content of 15
per cent or greater. A field transport for such mate-
rial must be water tight and readily unload sludge
with a wide range of physical properties. A review of
literature indicates the difficulty of describing the
physical properties of sewage sludges. Per cent solids
does not adequately indicate the handling charac-
teristics of this material. Field tests of equipment
have shown that screw conveyors are well suited for
unloading sludges from field transports. Very little
has been published about actual performance of
screw conveyors for conveying sewage sludge. Ex-
tensive tests using sewage sludges with varying phys-
ical properties were made on 9-inch-diameter helicoid
flight and 9-inch-diameter ribbon flight screw con-
veyors. Mass flow rate and horsepower requirements
were determined with varied screw conveyor slope
and rotational speed. Less extensive performance
tests were conducted on 6-inch-diameter helicoid
flight and 12-inch-diameter ribbon flight screw con-
veyors. The performance data collected were com-
pared to handbook performance data. (Weil-Rutgers)
2715 - E2 200
EQUIPMENT FOR INCORPORATING
ANIMAL MANURES AND SEWAGE
SLUDGES INTO THE SOIL,
Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Biological
and Agricultural Engineering Department, Rutgers
State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
C.H. Reed
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 444-445.
Descriptors: Equipment, Animal wastes, Sludges,
Physical properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Plow-Furrow-Cover,
Sub-Sod-Injection, Ridge and Furrow.
Soil, land, and environment can be improved when
biodegradable wastes are recycled by incorporation
directly into the aerobic layer of the soil. During the
last 9 years, equipment has been designed, assem-
bled, or adapted from commercially available com-
ponents, and field tested. Techniques for incorporat-
ing animal wastes and sewage sludges directly into
the soil in one or two passes over the ground are
Plow-Furrow-Cover, Sub-Sod-Injection, and Ridge
and Furrow. The physical properties of these wastes
have varied from thin slurries of animal manures and
septic tank pumpouts (2 per cent solids), to to
semisolid sludges (15 to 25 per cent solids), animal
manure with bedding; and sand-bed-dried sewage
cake with up to 75 per cent solids, which is the most
difficult of all to unload. The equipment has incorpo-
rated up to 200 tons per acre at a ground speed of 3
mph. Two types of trailer chassis have been de-
veloped to be used with a standard 50 hp farm tractor.
The first has a gooseneck tongue which provides
space for mounting the plow, injector or ridge-and
furrow opener on the 3-point-hitch of the tractor. The
most recently developed unit has these components
mounted on the trailer chassis. Preliminary field test-
ing of this unit has indicated some advantages over
the excellent performance of the chassis with the
gooseneck tongue. As a result of extensive field test-
ing, a water-tight tank with appropriate accessories
has been designed and is being assembled. This
equipment is designed to unload any of the aforemen-
tioned materials at a minimum rate of 60 cfm. This
tank may be either trailer or truck mounted. (Reed-
Rutgers)
293
-------
2716 - Bl 200
SHORTEST PATH NETWORK
ANALYSIS OF MANURE HANDLING
SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE LEAST
COST-DAIRY AND SWINE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, McGill
University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3M1,
Canada
J. R. Ogilvie, P. A. Phillips and K. W. Lievers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 446-451.
Descriptors: Structures, Swine, Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Canada, Network analysis techniques,
Costs, Equipment.
Network analysis techniques were used to assess al-
ternatives in manure management systems. The
shortest path network analysis (SPNA) was adopted.
This modification of CPM and PERT techniques
yields the least cost when the duractions of activities
are expressed as capital, operating or energy costs.
The objective was to evaluate certain existing prac-
tices to determine least cost to the farmer using
SPNA. Equipment and structures for manure handl-
ing comprising 250-300 elements (such as gutter
cleaners, tractor loaders, manure tanks and tankers)
were analyzed and data is presented in graphical and
tabular form. These results show least cost among the
various complete systems utilizing these components
for particular conditions and scale of operations. The
components for dairy cattle are based on the elements
found in the plans recommended for the Canada Plan
Service. Most cost inputs were obtained by field ob-
servations. Similarly swine systems are based on
existing Plan Service recommendations but various
processing systems have also been included.
(Ogilvie-McGill University)
2717 - Bl, D2 200
APPLICATION OF THE ROTATING
FLIGHTED CYLINDER TO LIVES-
TOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis
J. R. Miner and W. E. Verley
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 452-455.
Descriptors: Biological treatment. Livestock, Sep-
aration techniques, Aeration, Sedimentation, Slur-
ries, Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Rotating flighted cylinder, Swine, Oxy-
gen transfer.
A solid-liquid separator has been devised which
utilizes sedimentation in a unique physical arrange-
ment. The device consists of a tube mounted on a
slight incline. On the interior surface of the tube, a
spiral fin, similar to a deep screw thread, is attached,
forming a series of small sedimentation basins within
the tube. Solid-bearing water is introduced into the
tube approximately one-third the tube length from the
upper end. As the water flows over the fin and through
the sedimentation basins, settleable solids are depo-
sited. As the tube is slowly rotated, the solid fraction is
transported out the upper end. The nature of the solid
stream depends upon the design of the upper wraps of
the fin. In addition to solid-liquid separation, the fin on
this device performs an aeration and biological
treatment function similar to the disks of a rotating
biological contactor. Oxygen transfer rates for the
rotating flighted cylinder have been measured and
are a function of flow rate and rotational speed. In this
paper, operating data are included for the separation
of solids from both swine and dairy manure slurries
using 8 and 24 inch diameter metal tubes. Oxygen
transfer studies were conducted using an 8 inch
diameter tube of PVC plastic with fiberglass fins.
Data are also provided from biological waste treat-
ment studies using this latter tube treating a dairy
manure slurry. (Miner and Verley-Oregon and Kan-
sas)
2718 - Al, Bl, D2, D4 200
SETTLING CHARACTERISTICS OF
SWINE MANURES AS RELATED TO
DIGESTER LOADING,
North Central Region, Agricultural Research Ser-
vice, USDA, Columbia, Missouri
J. R. Fischer, D. M. Sievers, and C. D. Fulhage
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 456-458.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Anaerobic di-
gestion, Phosphorus, Potassium, Slurries, Nitrogen,
Sedimentation, Design.
Identifiers: Settling characteristics, Swine, Gutter-
flush system.
Loading of an anaerobic digester is critical for its
successful operation. When a gutter-flush system is
used to collect swine waste, much of the flush water
must be wasted and the solids concentrated before
allowing the waste slurry to enter the digester. One of
the simplest and most economical means of concen-
trating solids is sedimentation. For proper digester
loading, it is desirable to know the fraction of removal
of volatile solids, organic nitrogen and total solids that
can be achieved by settling. From a potential fer-
tilizer value, it is desirable to know the fraction of
phosphorus and potassium. A 3 x 4 x 4 factorial in a
split-split plot design with 3 replications was utilized
using a 6-foot deep, 5V ID settling chamber. Slurries
of .05, .5 and 5 per cent solids were used. Samples were
taken at 1,10,100 and 1000 minutes and analyzed for
total solids, volatile solids, organic nitrogen, total
phosphorus and potassium. Samples were taken at
depths of 0,2,4 and 6 foot from the top of the settling
chamber. After one hour of settling at the 6-foot depth,
40 per cent of the total solids were removed for the .5
per cent solid slurry and 29 per cent of the total solids
removed for the .05 per cent slurry. The thicker slur-
ries exhibited better settling. An average total phos-
phorus removal of 47 per cent and 32 per cent at 100
minutes was achieved for the .05 and .5 per cent slur-
ries respectively. For the .05per cent slurry, an aver-
age removal of organic nitrogen for the 0,2 and 4-foot
depths at 100 and 1000 minutes was 32 and 44 per cent
respectively. Little settling of organic nitrogen occur-
red after 100 minutes for all slurries. Potassium being
largely dissolved was not readily removed from the
slurry. Less than 5 per cent removal was achieved at
any depth for the 1000 minute time period. (Fischer,
et. al.-Missouri; Merryman, ed.)
2719 - Bl, D2, E3 200
A ROTATING CONICAL SCREEN
SEPARATOR FOR LIQUID-SOLID
SEPARATION OF BEEF WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater
R. Shirley and A. Butchbaker
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 459-462.
Descriptors: Separation techniques. Design, Slur-
ries, Cattle.
Identifiers: Rotating conical screen separator,
Liquid-solid separation, Refeeding, Oxidation ditch.
The objective of this research was to remove the un-
digestible and coarse material from aerated beef
waste slurries. Removal of hair and undigested corn
particles was desired in order to improve the pumpa-
bility of the slurry and to concentrate the finer and
more protein rich particles Into one medium for re-
feeding studies. A rotating conical screen separator
was designed, constructed, and tested. The separator
had a conical screen sloped at a 45 degree angle below
the horizontal. The screen was rotated about a verti-
cal axis at a low RPM. Influent from an oxidation
ditch was introduced at the top of the screen. The
course solids remained on the screen and slid down
the screen until slung off by centrifugal forces. The
liquid fraction penetrated the screen and was col-
lected by a funnel attached to the screen. The screen
mesh had an opening of 0.10 inches and screened
about 10.37 per cent of the solids (mainly hair and
coarse grain particles). The collected slurry was rich
in protein matter and very pumpable. The theoretical
maximum power required at a flow rate of 142 Ib-min
(64.5 kg-min) was 0.4 watts. A peripheral screen
speed of 168 f t-min (51 m-min) gave optimum separa-
tion of the waste. (Shirley and Butchbaker-Oklahoma
State University)
2720 - Bl, D2 200
EVALUATION OF SOLIDS SEPARA-
TION DEVICES,
The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center, Wooster, Ohio
J. W. Shutt, R. K. White, E. P. Taiganides and C. R.
Mote
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 463-467.
Descriptors: Separation techniques, Screens, Settl-
ing tanks, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand.
Identifiers: Liquid cyclone, Solids removal, Total sol-
ids, Total volatile solids, Total suspended solids.
Stationary and vibrating screens, a liquid cyclone, a
circular settling tank, and laboratory scale devices
were evaluated for their efficiency of solids removal
from a stream of untreated and treated wastewater.
Separation efficiencies were measured by changes in
total volume, TS, TVS, TSS, BOD, and COD. For the
stationary screen, two different screen opening sizes
(0.040 and 0.060 inch sieves) were tested under four
different flow application rates ranging from 26 to 89
gpm. Four screen size openings (0.0047,0.0065,0.0084,
and 0.0153 inches) and three application rates (range:
9-30 gpm) were used in the tests run with a vibrating
screen. Results indicate that for each screen size
there is an optimum application rate. A 3-inch diame-
ter liquid cyclone with three different underflow noz-
zle diameters (0.125, 0.188 and 0.250 inch) was tested
at four different pressure drops (20,40,60, and 80 psi).
The tests show there is an optimum pressure drop at
which the liquid cyclone should be operated. The
liquid cyclone accomplished an 18 fold increase in TSS
concentration of solids in the influent wastewater
stream. Removal efficiencies of TSS, COD, and other
parameters with settling tanks are affected by deten-
tion time, overflow rate, suspended solids concentra-
tion in wastewater, and degree of pretreatment. Both
field installations and laboratory models were
studied. Suspended solids removal of over 90 per cent
were consistently achieved with COD removal in the
range of 60 per cent. Solids removal from wastewater
streams with TSS of 2-4 per cent occurs as a zone
settling process. As the initial TSS concentration in
the wastewater stream increased, unit area needed
for settling also increased. (Shutt, et. al.-Ohio; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
2721 - Bl, C2, D2 200
IN-HOUSE HANDLING AND DEHYD-
RATION OF POULTRY MANURE
FROM A CAGED LAYER OPERA-
TION: A PROJECT REVIEW,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan
State University, East Lansing
M. L. Esmay, C. J. Flegal, J. B. Gerrish, J. E. Dixon,
C. C. Sheppard, H. C. Zindel, and T. S. Chang
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
294
-------
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 468-472.
Descriptors: Poultry, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Flash-type dryer.
A manure drying system involving caged layers with
daily manure collection, air drying and final dehydra-
tion in a flash-type dryer has been studied at Michigan
State University. The system was a commercial-type
poultry building with four rows of wire, triple deck,
cages, 21.95 meters (72') long with dropping boards
for the top two decks. The cages were 30.48 cm by 40.64
cm (12" x 16"). One-half of the cages contained four
birds per cage. This resulted in a startling flock of
5,292 birds. Droppings from the upper two cage rows
were hand scraped daily to the pit below the bottom
cage row. A cable-blade scraper removed these drop-
pings onto a continuous conveyor belt in a drying tun-
nel. Droppings remained on the belt approximately
twenth-f our hours. Then the droppings were conveyed
into a flash-type dryer. Drying took place on dropping
boards, in the tunnel, and in the flash-type dryer. Dry-
ing on the dropping boards can reduce the moisture
content of the manure to 65 per cent (W.B.) or less.
After drying in the tunnel, moisture content can be
reduced to 50 per cent (W.B.) or less. Outside weather
conditions influence drying. The above figures are for
summer conditions. For winter conditions, respective
values of 72 per cent and 70 per cent are more rep-
resentative. Spillage from waterers, etc. can also in-
fluence these figures. The ventilating air of a poultry
house can be used to remove moisture from manure.
In-house drying removes the largest portion of water.
Drying from a belt in a tunnel is very effective under
summer conditions. (Esmay-Michigan State Univer-
sity; Merryman, ed.)
2722 - Bl, D2, E2 200
DRYING OF POULTRY MANURE-AN
ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL
FEASIBILITY STUDY,
Unilever Research Laboratory, Port Sunlight, Wir-'
ral, Merseyside, L62,4XN, UK
J. B. Akers, B. T. Harrison, and J. M. Mather
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 473-477.
Descriptors: Economics, Equipment, Poultry,
Feasibility studies, Fertilizers.
Identifiers: Dried poultry manure, Refeeding.
The current United Kingdom interest in dried poultry
manure originates from: (1) Shortage of protein in
desirable meat form, (2) Realisation of the develop-
ing animal f eedstuffs possibilities of poultry manure
in the light of inflating prices of conventional animal
feedstuffs, (3) Developing potential of poultry waste
as a fertilizer in view of the recent and continuing
escalations in compound fertilizer prices, and (4)
Continuing development of intense husbandry of poul-
try and the concomitant waste disposal problem. A
detailed analysis of the various types of dryer suitable
for manure is presented. Pneumatic conveying, rot-
ary drum and batch agitated driers were considered
technically most suitable and possible improvements
suggested. Costings are presented on a realistic basis,
i.e. current costs, which include cost of capital for
equipment and installation, maintenance, deprecia-
tion and labour. Costings show the economic advan-
tages acruing from large scale operation and illus-
trate when small scale driers can become economi-
cally viable. Results are presented for scales of oper-
ation between 10-4 and 10-6 layers. Further costings
are presented for manure which has been dewatered
before drying. Both fuel oil and natural gas have been
considered as fuels, and also the effects of variation in
fuel costs. An assessment has been made of the suita-
bility of different drying schemes to various applica-
tions and farming situations. (Akers, et. al.-United
Kingdom)
2723 - Bl, D2 200
DRYING DAIRY WASTES WITH
SOLAR ENERGY,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, California
University, Davis
B. Horsfield
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975) p. 478"480.
Descriptors: Drying, Costs, Composting, Recycling.
Identifiers: Dairy wastes, Solar energy.
The author has previously carried out a computer
simulation study to determine the feasibility of using
solar energy on a year around basis to dehydrate
animal wastes. The objective of this experiment was
to verify those computer simulation results. The ex-
perimental procedure consisted of loading, at regular
intervals, two small plastic greenhouses with fresh
dairy wastes. The loading rates, i.e., pounds of wet
manure per square foot per day, were established
from experience gained with the computer simulation
studies. The wet manure was placed in the
greenhouses and carefully mixed in with the partially
dried contents in an attempt to create a homogenous
material. In addition to mixing in the wet material,
the entire contents of each greenhouse was
thoroughly mixed on an approximately weekly basis
to insure that the contents remained in an aerobic
condition. The wet manure was weighed and sampled
for moisture content at the time of loading and the
contents of the greenhouses were periodically sam-
pled to determine moisture content. In addition,
temperatures of the drying mass were periodically
recorded because they provided an indice of aerobic
activity. The results indicate that the partially dried
dairy wastes can maintain thermophilic tempera-
tures for prolonged periods and that composting con-
tributes to dry matter loss as well as energy for evap-
oration. A comparison of the recorded solar energy
input was made to the amount of moisture loss in
order to determine the efficiency of the solar collect-
ing apparatus. The results indicate that such a solar
drying procedure is feasible if a mechanism is availa-
ble for thoroughly mixing the wet manure with the
contents and for maintaining aerobic conditions. A
projection is made of the capitol investment and
operating costs required for such a concept to be
applied to a typical dairy operation. (Horsfield-
California University; Merryman, ed.)
2724 - Bl, D2, D4 200
HIGH-RATE MECHANIZED COM-
POSTING OF DAIRY MANURE,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Maryland
University, College Park
J. W. Hummel and G. B. Willson
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 481-484.
Descriptors: Design, Model studies.
Identifiers: Composting, Dairy manure.
Research was initiated to investigate mechanized
aerobic composting. Research objectives were: (1) to
design and develop an alternative method for reduc-
tion and*>r utilization of livestock production wastes,
(2) to investigate the applicability of this method to
particular livestock production units for the control of
air and water pollution, and (3) to develop and inves-
tigate alternative uses for these "wastes." Based
upon the laboratory study of this concept, a pilotscale
mechanized composting system has been designed
and placed in operation at the University of Maryland
Dairy Barns on the College Park Campus. Wastes
(bedding, urine, and feces) from the 80-cow milking
herd housed in stanchion barns are transferred by
conveyor to the compost system on a daily schedule.
The compost channel is sized to accept and retain
these wastes for a 15
-------
to determine the potential for nitrogen conservation
through process control. A bulking material must be
added to fresh manure to develop porosity for air
movement and rapid aerobic thermophilic compost-
ing. Different levels of sawdust, straw, perlite and
compost were added as bulking materials. Results
are reported on 18 tests in bins with a capacity of 30
cubic feet and 52 tests in bench digesters with a capac-
ity of one-third cubic foot. Spot checks were made in a
pilot eomposter, composting the manure from an 80
cow dairy herd to verify laboratory results. The effect
of type and quantity of bulking material on aeration
and on loss of nitrogen will be discussed. Other prop-
erties that will be reported include, ammonia, nitrate,
chemical oxygen demand, volatile solids and pH. The
composting process can be managed to conserve nit-
rogen in dairy manure. Due to the reduction in volatile
solids during processing the nitrogen concentration
may be greater in compost than in raw manure.
(Willson-USDA; Merryman, ed.)
2727 - B3, D2, D4 200
COMPOSTING SWINE WASTE,
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineer-
ing, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey
M. E. Singley, M. Decker, and S. J. Toth
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 492-496.
Descriptors: Yields.
Identifiers: Composting, Swine, Windrow technique,
Bulking material.
Early tests of composting of swine waste using the
windrow technique demonstrated that swine waste is
a dense material that excludes air resulting in a
lengthy composting time. After turning a windrow
with the Rote-Spreader, a commercial composting
machine, the incorporated oxygen disappeared in an
hour or less. To reduce bulk density and allow air
movement in the waste, a bulking material was ad-
ded. In eleven windrow tests using different composi-
tions of bulking materials and dense wastes, compost-
ing time was reduced significantly. The bulking
material was either street refuse delivered by com-
pactor truck or discard material collected from a
shaker separator. Average composting time to reach
temperature decline and suitable granulation for
shaker separation for the last seven windrows was
four weeks and four days. Windrows requiring the
shortest time, three weeks and five days, were com-
posed of approximately 75 per cent swine waste and 25
per cent street refuse by volume. A windrow of 50 per
cent swine waste and 50 per cent bulking material
collected from the shaker separator required six
weeks. Windrows were turned twice daily on week
days using the Roto-Shredder for an average total of
45 times. No separation of non-biodegradable mate-
rial was made prior to composting. During turning,
the glass was broken into fine pieces, the metals
hammered into compact shapes, and the plastic
shredded. As a result, the usable compost was easily
separated from the material to be discarded. The
yield was roughly 50 per cent compost with a high
inert material content and 50 per cent discard.
(Singley-Rutgers)
2728 - Al, B2, D4 200
LIQUID COMPOSTING OF DAIRY
MANURE,
James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc.,
555 East Walnut Street, Pasadena, California
F. A. Grant
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 497-500.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Dairy industry, Califor-
nia, Equipment, Costs.
Identifiers: Composting.
The Santa Ana River basin of California has a total
dairy cow population of approximately 174,000. Most
of these cows are confined to a relatively small por-
tion of the basin in the vicinity of Chino and Corona
where the wastes from these cows burden the basin
groundwater resources. The dairies are confronted
with discharge requirements and expensive treat-
ment and disposal alternatives. With EPA and local
funding, a study was undertaken to determine the
technical and economic feasibility of treating dairy
manure in a liquid state by a tandem thermophilic-
mesophilic aerobic stabilization process, more com-
monly described as liquid composting. Experimental
apparatus were set up at an operating dairy. The
study showed that the liquid composting process must
successfully balance the opposing requirements of
sufficient oxygen and minimum air flow. Surplus
oxygen is required for maximum biological activity
wheras the air flow must be minimized to preclude the
need for an external heat source. Results with an
oxygen-enriched air supply pointed out the potential
advantages of a pure oxygen system. Microscopic in-
vestigation indicated a greater diversity in the
mesophilic microorganism population than in the
thermophilic population. This lack of diversity in the
thermophilic population can help to explain the find-
ing that the rate of stabilization of manure appeared
to be limited at thermophilic temperature as it is at
mesophilic temperatures. Cost estimates for a liquid
composting process to serve 500 cows were developed
within the context of costs for current dairy opera-
tions. Estimates showed that significant costs would
be added to current dairy operations. Cost of liquid
composting was compared with cost of conventional
composting. This comparison revealed that the grea-
ter costs of liquid composting can be identified with
greater capital investment of facilities and with grea-
ter energy requirements to bring oxygen, microor-
ganisms, and substrate together. Such inf ormatiion is
important in considering whether costs of liquid com-
posting could be borne by current dairy operations.
(Montgomery-Consulting Engineers, Inc.; Merry-
man, ed.)
2729 - Al, B2, D4 200
LIQUID COMPOSTING APPLIED TO
AGRICULTURAL WASTES,
Process Engineer, Chemical Research, The De Laval
Separator Company, 350 Dutchess Turnpike,
Poughkeepsie, New York
A. R. Terwilleger and L. S. Crauer
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 501-505.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Equipment, Aerations.
Identifiers: Composting, Treatment efficiency.
Aeration of agricultural wastes at elevated tempera-
tures is a treatment process with many advantageous
features. The De Laval Separator Company is pre-
sently applying this process to dairy waste, swine
waste, and confined beef feedlot waste in the United
States. The process, the equipment, and the opera-
tional mode of the systems will be described as they
treat waste products from actual field installations.
The treatment efficiency of these field systems are
described in terms of accepted parameters. Advan-
tages cited for this process include a rapid degrada-
tion rate, significant solids reduction, reduced viscos-
ity during aeration, significant coliform reductions,
odor reduction, and flexibility to meet requirements
of varied situations and desired treatment efficiency.
(Terwilleger-DeLaval Separator Company)
2730 - Al, B2, D4 200
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROCE-
DURE AND THE TURN-OVER OF
ORGANIC MATTER BY HOT FER-
MENTATION OF LIQUID CATTLE
MANURE,
Institut fur Bodenbiologie der Forschungsanstalt fur
Landwirtschaft (FAL)
K. Grabbe, R. Thaer, and R. Ahlers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 506-509.
Descriptors: Fermentation, Liquid wastes, Dairy in-
dustry, Organic wastes, Ammonia, Pathogens, Nit-
rogen, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Turn-over.
Hot fermentation of liquid manure, caused by self-
heating through aeration, took place in a tank with a
diameter of 3.25 m, which was equipped with a so-
called Fuchs-aerator, or other devices. Dry matter
content was increased from near zero to 12 per cent.
After intervals of some days, different amounts of
fermented material were replaced by fresh manure.
Data are given for the temperature course and the
turn-over of the organic components. Loss of organic
material, nitrogen, and total volume was measured.
Balances of energy were made. During the process,
ammonia was a source of odor. Its emission increased
with temperature and was different with different
equipment. Since higher temperatures stimulate the
turn-over of organic matter, and trials with salmonel-
lae and different parasites showed that a temperature
of about 45 degrees C is necessary to kill the
pathogenic agents, a combination of both processes
was tested with success. The treated liquid manure's
stability varied between two weeks and some months.
Experiments in a laboratory fermentor were con-
ducted with the goal of retaining nitrogen. In these
studies, in which silage effluent and liquid dairy cattle
manure were used, data were obtained on the forma-
tion of biomass, its composition, and its fate during
the fermentation process and during storage. Dis-
tribution of nitrogen in different fractions such as lig-
nin and humic acids was analyzed. Further data are
given on investigation on the influence of temperature
on pH changes, the problem of alkalinity caused by a
resin effect of the organic material, and the pos-
sibilities of stabilizing highly concentrated biomass
production according to the different aspects of its
utilization. (Grabbe-Germany; Merryman, ed.)
2731 - B2, C5, D4 200
OXIDATION DITCHES FOR LIVES-
TOCK WASTES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Illinois
University, Urbana
D. L. Day, D. D. Jones, A. C. Dale and D. Simons
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 510-513.
Descriptors: Livestock, Aerobic treatment, Design
criteria, Nutrients, Economics.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditches.
This is a state-of-the-art paper proposal on the design
and development of oxidation ditches used for aerobic
treatment of livestock wastes. The paper summarizes
information from several publications that the au-
thors have helped with, such as Illinois Agricultural
Experiment Station Bulletin 737 "Aerobic Treatment
of Livestock Wastes," the "Aerobic Treatment"
chapter of the North Central Regional Publication
206, and the proposed recommendation for the ASAE
yearbook "Oxidation ditches for Livestock Wastes."
In addition, current practices are included that result
from practical as well as research installations. The
objective of this paper is to consolidate and sum-
marize literature and recommendations on the use of
oxidation ditches for aerobic treatment of livestock
wastes beneath slotted floors in confinement livestock
buildings. The paper covers such major topics as: (1)
Purpose and scope, (2) Description and basic princi-
ples, (3) Design criteria, (4) Start-up, (5) Operation,
(6) Bath discharge system versus continuous dis-
charge system, (7) Nutritive value of aerobically
treated mixed liquor, and (8) Economic and energetic
considerations. Types of aerators, circulation pat-
terns, and power efficiencies are discussed. An up-
296
-------
date of pertinent literature references is included
covering projects and installations around the world.
(Day, et. al.-Illinois, Indiana, and West Germany;
Merryman, ed.)
2732 - B2, C5, D4 200
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN
AERATED BEEF SLURRIES,
Agricultural Engineer, USDA-ARS-NCR, Minnesota
University, St. Paul
R. 0. Hegg and E. R. Allred
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24
1975, p. 514-516.
Descriptors: Nitrogen compounds, Slurries, Aerobic
treatment, Cattle.
Identifiers: Nitrogen transformations.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted to de-
termine the changes in the organic nitrogen in aer-
ated beef slurries under temperatures from 2 to 20
degrees C. Variables measured included pH, dissol-
ved oxygen, organic-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen,
nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total solids, nitrify-
ing bacteria populations of Nitrosomonas and Nit-
robacter, and the heterotrophic population. Three
batch operated, laboratory experiments, one of 15
weeks duration and two of 20 weeks duration, were
conducted in six, 20 liter containers, with duplicates at
temperatures of 1.7, 7.2, and 12.8 degrees C under
controlled aerated rates and constant mixing to pre-
vent anaerobic zones. The field studies were con-
ducted in a pilot-scale beef oxidation ditch that re-
ceived waste from 36 animals over a 14 month period.
The conclusions were (1) Laboratory, batch operated,
continuously fed aerobic digesters produced nitrogen
transformations similar to a pilot-scale oxidation
ditch. (2) Nitrite-N and nitrate-N concentrations
reached several hundred mg/1 at temperatures from
2 to 20degrees C. (3) Nitrifying populations were 1/100
the heterotrophic population. Liquid temperatures
from 2 to 13 degrees C did not seem to affect the
maximum bacteria population. (4) The nitrifying
population appeared to be quite stable even under
oxygen limiting conditions. (5) Overall nitrogen ba-
lances on the 15 to 20 week experiments resulted in
50-75 per cent nitrogen losses. (6) Nitrite buildups are
not due to ammonia toxicity of Nitrobacter bacteria.
(Hegg and Allred-Minnesota)
2733 - B2, C5, D4 200
A DESIGN APPROACH FOR THE USE
OF AN OXIDATION DITCH FOR
LIVESTOCK WASTE TREATMENT,
Research Specialist, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Manitoba University, Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T2N2
E. J. Kroeker and R. C. Loehr
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,p. 517-521.
Descriptors: Design, Aerobic treatment, Livestock,
Poultry, Model studies.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Waste management.
Information is now available for the rational design
procedure of the oxidation ditch based upon know-
ledge of waste characteristics, desired stabilization
objectives, and biological waste treatment funda-
mentals. This paper presents: (1) the development of
the design procedure, (2) results of the verification,
(3) potential application to other livestock waste situ-
ations, and (4) the value of the approach as a man-
agement as well as design tool. A mathematical
model was developed which includes relevant design
and operating parameters for a continuous flow oxi-
dation ditch treatment process . The model serves as a
design and management tool for any of the following
objectives: (1) odor control, (2) nitrogenremoval, (3)
nitrogen conservation. The model and resulting de-
sign procedure were applied to the design of an oxida-
tion ditch for the treatment of caged-layer poultry
wastes. Treatability data were used to establish em-
pirical equations to calculate oxygen requirements,
removal of nitrogen by nitrification-dentrification,
and the removal of raw waste total solids. The model
was verified by utilization of independent data from
two large scale treatment systems. Model predicted
design parameters were compared to actual operat-
ing parameters for two independent systems which
are treating the wastes from 4,000 and 15,000 caged
layers respectively. The verification indicated that
the model could be used as a rational design proce-
dure. In addition, several areas of needed research
were identified. (Kroeker and Loehr-Manitoba and
New York; Merryman, ed.)
2734 - C5, D4 200
A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF
AEROBIC TREATMENT,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Uni-
versity of Newcastle upon Tyne, England
J. L. Woods and J. R. O'Callaghan
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 522-525.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Poultry, Model
studies, Chemical oxygen demand, Equations.
Identifiers: Swine, Monod theory.
The paper describes a mathematical interpretation of
aerobic treatment results for pig and poultry man-
ures. The analysis is based on a theory first postulated
by Monod (1942) for single strain cultures and since
applied extensively by microbiologists for single st-
rain and mixed microbial populations. The Monod
description has been used successfully for sewage and
industrial wastes and this particularly recommends it
to the animal waste treatment field. The model is
applied to laboratory results for pig and poultry
wastes. The main features of the resulting equation
are: (i) The biological fraction of C.O.D. remaining in
the output supernatant is inversely proportional to the
micro-organism retention time, (ii) The biological
fraction of C.O.D. remaining in the output supernat-
ant is independent of the feed concentration. The
micro-organism population adjusts to consume the
substrate available, (iii) The treatment characteris-
tics of poultry and pig waste are very similar. The
prediction equation for C.O.D. is compared with field
treatment plants currently operating in Britain. The
agreement is good and these results form a basis for
the extension of the model to describe solid and solate •
biodegradation simultaneously. However, it is impor-
tant to check these results with the data of other work-
ers for pig and poultry wastes and to extend them to
other animal manures. (Woods & O'Callaghan-
University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Merryman, ed.)
2735 - A5, B2, C5, D4, Fl 200
AN EVALUATION OF AERATION
SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY WASTES
UNDER COMMERCIAL CONDI-
TIONS,
Research Specialist, Department of Agricultural En-
gineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
J. H. Martin, Jr. and R. C. Loehr
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 526-529.
Descriptors: Biological treatment, Design criteria,
Costs, Poultry.
Identifiers: Odor control, Oxidation ditch, Waste
stabilization, Settling tanks.
Cornell Agricultural Waste Management Program is
engaged in studying the viability of aerobic, biologi-
cal treatment of poultry wastes for odor control and
waste stabilization. The wastes from 8200 laying hens
at Manorcrest Farms, Camillus, New York, are being
treated with two oxidation ditches which differ with
respect to levels of oxygen transfer. Aeration equip-
ment was sized to meet the total oxygen demand of the
wastes in one ditch and only a portion of the total
oxygen demand in the other. The result is odor control
and nitrogen management in one ditch and only odor
control in the other. This study also includes separa-
tion of the residual solids following biological degra-
dation by means of settling tanks. This permits low
solids concentrations in the mixed liquor which im-
proves oxygen transfer and concentrates solids prior
to ultimate disposal. Specific objectives of the study
are: (1) Evaluation of available design parameters
for oxidation ditches treating poultry wastes, (2)
Economic assessment of the process in terms of both
capital and operating costs, (3) Identification of prob-
lem areas not recognized in smaller scale studies. The
paper discusses the study results in terms of: (1)
Oxygen requirements for management objectives
such as odor control or odor control and nitrogen
management. (2) Waste stabilization efficiency in
terms of levels of oxygen input. (3) Oxidation ditch
channel design which optimizes the aerators capacity
of oxygen transfer and mixing. (4) Capital and operat-
ing costs in terms of total egg production costs. (5)
Performance of the settling tanks in solids removal
and concentration. The paper also includes suggested
methods of management and alternatives for integ-
rating the oxidation ditch into a total waste manage-
ment system. (Martin and Loehr-Cornell University;
Merryman, ed.)
2736 - A5, B2, C5, D4, Fl 200
TURBINE-AIR AERATION SYSTEM
FOR POULTRY WASTES,
Research Leader, ARS, USDA, Agricultural En-
gineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York
A. G. Hashimoto and Y. R. Chen
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 530-534.
Descriptors: Poultry, Costs, Design criteria.
Identifiers: Turbine-Air Aeration, Odor control,
Waste stabilization.
The successful application of aeration systems to con-
trol odors and stabilize wastes from livestock opera-
tions has been documented. Aeration systems are
currently being used commercially and are also being
actively investigated under experimental conditions.
One of the most serious liabilities of available aera-
tion systems is the relatively high operating costs
associated with these systems. This study was under-
taken to evaluate the Turbine-Air Aeration (TAA)
system in terms of: oxygenation capacity, power re-
quirements, operating costs, and feasibility of treat-
ing poultry wastes. Studies were conducted using tap
water, and batch and continuous feeding of poultry
manure. The TAA system consists of a 54 inch diame-
ter by 10 foot deep tank, with four 4 inch baffles along
the circumference parallel to the tank center axis.
Two air diff users are located at the tank bottom below
an 18 inch diameter turbine. The major advantage of
this system over mechanical (oxidation ditches, sur-
face aerators) or pneumatic (diffused air) aeration
systems is the flexibility to obtain optimum mixing
and aeration simultaneously, which would result in a
more efficient aeration system. Parameters neces-
sary to design Turbine-Air Aeration systems are
summarized and design procedures discussed.
(Hashimoto and Chen-Cornell University; Merry-
man, ed.)
2737 - Al, Bl, E2 200
SLUDGE MANAGEMENT FOR
ANAEROBIC DAIRY WASTE LA-
GOONS,
297
-------
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Florida
University, Gainesville
R. A. Nordstedt and L. B. Baldwin
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 535-536.
Descriptors: Sludge, Anaerobic lagoons, Dairy indus-
try, Chemical properties, Nitrogen, Economics.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Ruminant wastes, Hyd-
raulic removal, Application rates.
Sludge accumulation rate and sludge composition
must be evaluated with respect to the effect on lagoon
performance and to the problems associated with
sludge removal and dispersal on land. An anaerobic
lagoon system on an 800 cow commercial dairy has
been receiving wastes for nearly five years. Sludge
accumulation rate and sludge composition have been
determined. After four and one-half years, dense
sludge occupied approximately 28 per cent of the la-
goon volume and lighter sludge occupied an addi-
tional 45 per cent of the volume. Total solids in the
lagoon had increased to an average of 7.49 per cent.
Chemical analysis of sludge samples indicates a sig-
nificant accumulation of nitrogen in the anaerobic
lagoon. Total nitrogen in the lagoon averaged 2550
mg/1, representing a total of 17000 kg of nitrogen.
Approximately 82 per cent of the nitrogen was in the
ammonium form. Other sludge characteristics have
also been determined and are discussed relative to the
effects of dispersal of the sludge on cropland. Sludge
consistency is such that it may be removed hydrauli-
cally, using commercially available pumps and other
equipment. Scheduling and rate of removal from the
lagoon make the use of contract dredging services
uneconomical in most cases. A pilot scale sludge re-
moval operation, carried out at the lagoon under
study, is discussed; including rates of application on
land, effects on soil, and replanting procedures.
(Nordstedt and Baldwin-Florida University)
2738 - B2, C3, D4, E2 200
TRENDS AND VARIATIONS IN AN
ANAEROBIC LAGOON WITH RE-
CYCLING,
Agricultural Engineering Department, Georgia Uni-
versity, Tifton 31794
C. V. Booram, T. E. Hazen, and R. J. Smith
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 537-540.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Anaerobic conditions, Recycl-
ing, Chemical properties, Sludge, Water quality.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Changes that have occurred in water quality of an
anaerobic lagoon during nine years of recycling at the
Swine Nutrition Research Station, Iowa State Univer-
sity, Ames, Iowa are described. Constructed and
placed into operation in 1962, water qualiity data on
this lagoon were first collected in 1964, shortly after
recycling was begun. Since that time data have been
collected for the years 1965 and 1968 through 1973. The
basic water quality parameters of COD, ammonia
nitrogen, kjeldahl nitrogen, chlorides, phosphorus
and pH are summarized. Data analysis indicates that
ammonia nitrogen, kjeldhal nitrogen, chlorides and
COD are increasing with respect to time. Phosphorus
concentration has remained relatively constant and
pH is gradually decreasing with time. The data col-
lected provide an insight into lagoon water quality
changes under a management system of recycling
with spray irrigation disposal of the excess. Infer-
ences and an estimation of possible effects of con-
tinued recycling are presented. The nutrient content
of the sludge in the anaerobic lagoon are presented.
Accumulation of sludge is pertinent to treatment sys-
tem longevity. The lagoon stores and treats the waste
products from a 700 head swine confinement building.
Since construction in 1962, the lagoon has been sam-
pled 3 times to observe sludge accumulations. The
sludge contained 72 per cent of the nitrogen, 89 per
cent of the phosphorus and 92 per cent of the organic
matter in the lagoon contents. Sludge accumulation
occupied 19 per cent of the lagoon volume in 1966 and
30 per cent in 1973. The slower rate of increase in
sludge content since 1966 is partly due to biological
stabilization during the first few years following con-
struction, and partly because of some solids removal
along with liquid withdrawl. Prior to 1968, the lagoon
was periodically discharged to storage ponds. Since
then the level has been controlled by irrigation onto
adjacent land. With proper design initially and
reasonable management thereafter, these data indi-
cate that an anaerobic lagoon for swine wastes should
not rapidly fill with accumulated solids. (Booram, et.
al.-Georgia University, etc.; Merryman, ed.)
2739 - Al, B2, C3, D4, El 200
A LAGOON-GRASS TERRACE SYS-
TEM TO TREAT SWINE WASTE,
Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Missouri-
Columbia University, Columbia, Missouri
D. M. Sievers, G. B. Garner and E. E. Pickett
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 541-543.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Anaerobic lagoons,
Performance, Effluent.
Identifiers: Lagoon-grass terrace system. Swine,
Chemical build-up.
The waste management system for a swine finishing
unit (200 hd) was studied to determine its treatment
effectiveness and to assess the system's effect on a
nearby municipal water supply reservoir. The system
consisted of a slotted floor over an anaerobic lagoon
and an 850 ft. grassed terrace. During precipitation
events, the lagoon discharged to the terrace where
renovation and dilution of the effluent occurred. Leav-
ing the terrace, the liquid flowed an additional 800 ft.
and entered the small arm of a municipal water sup-
ply reservoir. The anaerobic lagoon was malfunction-
ing biologically due to chemical build-up. Attempts
were made to improve biological activity in the la-
goon by pumping the liquid fraction and diluting the
sludge with fresh water. Samples of the lagoon
effluent and flow in the terrace were analyzed for 14
chemical and physical parameters during a 0.9 inch
precipitation event. Over 80 per cent reductions in the
concentrations of total and volatile solids, Zn and Cu,
and over 90 per cent reductions in COD, BODs, TKN,
total P, Na and K were achieved in the terrace. Soil
samples (to 4 ft. taken along the terrace channel indi-
cated that most chemicals held by the soil were
largely removed in the first 200 ft. of terrace . . .
Controlled discharge of the lagoon coupled with the
grassed terrace proved effective in protecting the re-
servoir from pollution. Annual pumping of the lagoon
liquid and dilution of the sludge with pond water pro-
duced an average reduction of 50 per cent of all mea-
sured parameters and resulted in improved biological
activity. However, chemical concentrations built up
within one year to higher levels, suggesting that the
sludge must be removed to maintain a non-toxic envi-
ronment in the lagoon. (Sievers, Garner, & Pickett,
Missouri University; Merryman, ed.).
2740 - Bl, D4 200
BIOENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
PIGGERY WASTES,
Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit,
Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland
A. M. Robertson, G. A. Burnett, P. N. Hobson, S. Bous-
field, and R. Summers
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 544-548.
Descriptors: Anaerobic Digestion, Energy, Methane,
Equipment, Design, Sludge.
Identifiers: Swine, Scotland.
Anaerobic digestion is a method of reducing pollu-
tional load of strong farm wastes which may also
provide usable energy as methane. Laboratory
studies were used as the basis for design and 'opera-
tion of a small farm scale plant to treat waste from an
intensive piggery. Trials with 15 litre and 100 litre
continuous digesters showed methods of start-up, op-
eration and minimum turnover times in relation to
waste purification and gas production to be expected
in large scale digesters. The farm scale plant was
designed to give low maintenance, efficient continu-
ous digester of defined performance. The plant con-
sists of a 13,600 litre digester with feed and overflow
tanks, feed pump and gas holder. Temperature con-
trol (at 35 degrees C) is provided by circulating the
digester contents through an external heat exchanger
heated by a digester-gas boiler or a stand-by oil fired
boiler. After initial seeding with domestic digester
sludge, loading of piggery wastes was gradually in-
creased to 450 litre-day at approximately 4 per cent TS
and eventually a retention time of 10 days with waste
containing higher solids concentrations should be
achieved. During the first six months of running, re-
sults showed that a stable digestion had been at-
tained ; reductions in pollutional load of the whole un-
settled waste were on average BOD 91 per cent, TS, 49
per cent, VFA 92 per cent, COD 50 per cent with am-
monia generally unchanged. Stirring by heat ex-
changer flow proved inadequate over long periods; an
impermeable crust developed which reformed after
breaking. Other methods of stirring are being investi-
gated; at present a twin-disc, slow speed turbine is
being tested for optimum speed and time of intermit-
tent stirring. An input of uniform solids concentration
is desirable and is provided by a stirrer in the 1800 litre
feed tank working for a few minutes before and during
operation of the input pump. Digester loading has
been stopped with and without heating for days or
weeks during over 12 months experimentation. Diges-
tion has always returned to normal soon after loading
restarts. Ingress of small amounts of air does not
retard digestion but nitrogen appears in the gas.
Leakage of large amounts of air eventually stopped
digestion; oxygen appeared in the gas but before this
nitrogen dilution had stopped gas combustion. Gas
production has been equal to or better than the pilot
plant values and at 65-70 per cent CH4 gas burns read-
ily to provide a heat source for the digester. At full
loading surplus gas should be available for other uses.
(Robinson, et. al.-Scotland; Merryman, ed.)
2741 - Al, B2, D4 200
SIMULATION OF FUNDAMENTAL
ANAEROBIC LAGOON KINETICS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
D. T. Hill and C. N. Earth
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1974, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 549-552.
Descriptors: Model studies, Mathematical models,
Computer models, Anaerobic lagoons, Performance,
South Carolina.
Identifiers: Swine, Loading rates.
Laboratory scale models, mathematical modeling,
and computer simulation are used to predict the per-
formance of anaerobic lagoons treating swine waste
at 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C at varying loading
rates. The laboratory units consist of a simple plexig-
las reactor placed in environmental chambers
simulating typical winter and summer conditions for
South Carolina. Feeding rates for each run (at 10 de-
grees C and 25 degrees C) ranged from .5 to 64 Ibs
V.SV1000 f t3 -Day. Theoretical detention time for both
runs was 200 days. Performance is judged on the basis
of volatile matter (V.M) reduction and volatile or-
ganic acid (VOA) concentration. The mathematical
model interfaces chemical reactor theory with a
stoichiometric model of the chemistry of swine waste
and a kinetic model of microbial growth. The
298
-------
stoichiometr ic model provides the basis of conversion
of swine waste to soluble organics, VOA, and ulti-
mately to methane and carbon dioxide. The theoreti-
cal yields obtained from the stoichiometry are then
integrated into a kinetic model of microbial growth
and substrate utilization. Inhibition by high organic
acid concentration, which occurred throughout the
study is incorporated into the mathematical model as
well as suppression of the growth and substrate utili-
zation kinetics by an Arrhenius type temperature re-
lationship. The.mathematical model assumes that
two distinctly different microbial groups are active:
1) acid formers (falcultative heterotrophes) and 2)
methane formers (obligate anaerobes). Metabolic
and environmental requirements of these two groups
are significantly different. Accounting for these dif-
ferences in the simulation necessitates the use of the
two-microbial-culture model... The results of the two
runs indicate that the conventional techniques used to
simulate rapid treatment processes such as activated
sludge or trickling filters may not be adequate to
model lightly loaded-long detention tune biological
processes. (Hill & Barth-Clemson University; Mer-
ryman, ed.)
2742 - Al, B2, D4, E2 200
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PIGGERY WASTE PRIOR TO LAND
TREATMENT-A CASE STUDY,
Department of Microbiology, The West of Scotland
Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr, Scotland
M. R. Evans, R. Hissett, D. F. Ellam, and S. Baines
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 556-559.
Descriptors: Aerobic treatment, Slurries, Odor,
Water pollution.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal, Spraying, Scot-
land.
The investigation was carried out on a 100 ha farm
situated at the top of a water catchment area. 5,000-
6,000 fattening pigs, fed on a diet of whey
supplemented by barley meal and other fibrous and
carbohydrate material, where housed there. About 80
m3 of excreta (12-20 g/1 BOD5. Weft TSS) drained
daily from the piggeries into a SBOnvf slurry tank. This
slurry was sprayed onto the land using rain-guns at a
rate of 36n>3yh. At the start of the investigation both
odor and stream pollution caused considerable con-
cern. Chemical and bacteriological examinations of
the drainage water, in open ditches surrounding the
farm were carried out. Most pollutants gained access
to these ditches during the time of spraying slurry
onto adjacent fields. However, there was sufficient
residual material remaining on the land, to be washed
out following rainfall, and encourage slime growth in
the ditches. A10 kW floating surface aerator was In-
stalled on the slurry tank to evaluate the use of partial
aerobic treatment. Loading rate to this system was
0.15 g BODj/g MLTSS.d. Mean residence time varied
between 4 and 5 day s due to spraying operations. Odor
was eliminated from the tank and greatly reduced
during spraying. Contamination of the water in the
ditches adjacent to the sprayed fields with faecal bac-
teria and organic matter was reduced (maximum
BODs-360 mg/1 prior to treatment, 130 mg/1 after
treatment. To overcome the problems of oxygen limi-
tation and variable loading rate, another 400 m3 tank
equipped with three 5 kW fixed surface aerators has
been installed. The existing tank and 10 kW floating
aerator are used as a combined secondary treatment
unit and balancing tank. Continuous monitoring
equipment for effluent flow into the main tank and
dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature within the
tank have been installed. Routine analyses of the
mixed liquors and drainage waters are being carried
out during the initial operation of this new plant. The
two stage system should further reduce organic pol-
lutants without an increase in nitrate concentration
and consequent possibility of eutrophication.
(Evans-Scotland)
2743 - Bl, D4 200
BIOLOGICALLY-CONTROLLED
LOADING OF AEROBIC STABILIZA-
TION PLANTS,
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture, Aber-
deen, Scotland.
K. Robinson and D. Fenlon
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 560-563.
Descriptors: Design criteria, Variability, pH, Fer-
mentation.
Identifiers: Aerobic stabilization plants, Loading
rates, Scotland.
Although use of mean values for the BOD, COD, total
volume and solids content of raw animal wastes may
be acceptable as initial design parameters for aerobic
stabilization plants, it is important to remember that
in commercial conditions their day-to-day values
may vary considerably as a result of changes in stock-
ing density, feed quality and quantity, and a variety of
other factors. These factors plus changes in environ-
mental conditions such as pH, dissolved oxygen and
temperature make it difficult to achieve steady-state
conditions. Even an approximation to steady-state
cannot be expected unless allowance is also made
during operation for the variable response of the
treatment microflora to uncontrolled environmental
factors. It was considered that a system of loading
responding directly to metabolic activity would per-
mit more efficient operation and ultimately lead to
the development and use of an automated farm waste
stabilization plant. Feasibility of pH as a loading-
control parameter has been studied with the aid of a
continuous laboratory fermenter. The fermenter was
operated on the basis of a volume of raw waste
(supernatant liquor from an anaerobic lagoon for the
storage and anaerobic digestion of swine waste) dis-
placing an equal volume of mixed liquor from the
treatment vessel. Quantity and frequency of addition
were dependent on pH of the mixed liquor and were
controlled with the aid of a pH meter controller. Oper-
ation of the fermenters at pH values in the range
6.0-8.0 has been examined and compared. The results
have shown the ability of the method to control load-
ing rates at retention times of 2-20 days, to prevent
large variations in the pH and dissolved oxygen con-
tent of the mixed liquor, to produce a stabilized end-
product of uniform composition and to virtually
eliminate the need for frequent analysis of raw waste
quality. Developments are now in hand to test the
feasibility of the method under field conditions.
(Robinson-Scotland; Merryman, ed.)
2744 - Al, Bl, D2, D4, E3 200
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTO-
MATED WASTE TREATMENT AND
RECYCLE SYSTEM,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio State
University, Columbus 43210
E. P. Taiganides and R. K. White
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 564-567.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Recycling, Swine, De-
sign, Performance, Effluent, Aeration, Research and
development, Feasibility studies.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Settling, Clarification.
A treatment plant consisting of primary settling
(stationary screen), aeration (oxidation ditch) and
final clarification (settling tank) was constructed in
1971 to receive from a swine confinement unit wastes
being flushed out hydraulically. The treated effluent
was recycled for flushing liquid. Values used in the
design of each component of the system were pre-
sented at the 1971ISLW and were jublished in the
Proceedings of that Symposium. The total system
was monitored for 3 full years (June, 1971-May. 1974)
with weekly samples and daily supervision. The av-
erage monthly BOD removal efficiency of the plant
ranged from a minimum of 65 per cent in winter
months to a maximum of 88 per cent in summer
months with the annual mean being 78 per cent. COD
removal ranged from 51 per cent to 76 per cent.
Effluent BOD was less than 80 mg/150 per cent of the
time during the period April through October and less
than 140 mg/1 for half of the time for the 3-year testing
period. Effluent BOD's as low as 24 mg/1 were
reached during summer periods. Influent BOD aver-
aged 1400mg/l. Average monthly removal efficien-
cies for other parameters were 67 per cent for COD
(51-76 per cent), 82 per cent for TSS (42-94 per cent), 57
per cent for TVS (44-64 per cent), and 43 per cent for
maintenance and repair requirements of each of the
system components were also monitored and the re-
sults will be reported. The purpose of the plant was to
demonstrate the technical and environmental feasi-
bility of an automated system of waste removal, col-
lection, treatment and recycle without creating pollu-
tion or public nuisance. The plant performance met
fully the objectives of the demonstration project. The
system can now be considered for marketing.
(Taiganides-Ohio State University)
2745 - A5, B2, C5, D4, E2 200
SURFACE AERATION: DESIGN AND
PERFORMANCE FOR LAGOONS.
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
F. J. Humenik, M. R. Overcash, and T. Miller
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 568-571.
Descriptors: Aeration, Design, Performance, La-
goons, Costs, Effluent.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Several pilot and production scale surface aerators
both fixed and floating, were investigated to elucidate
mechanisms for organic and nitrogen removal as a
pretreatment prior to effluent land application. Po-
tential for odor control and nitrification-
denitrification were evaluated. In a pilot scale unit
(600 ft3) with a variable speed surface aerator, it was
found that the two conflicting mechanisms were oc-
curring simultaneously, i.e.: (1) improved stabiliza-
tion and volatilization, and (2) the restriction of effec-
tive settling removal and sludge resuspension. The
use of surface area, lagoon volume, aerator horse-
power, and anti-erosion plates are discussed as these
relate to design and actual field operation. In units
operating at 6000 ft3-h.p. and 3750 ft3-h.p. of aeration
the supernatant nitrogen levels were both 1200-1400
mg/1 with a loading rate of 40 ft3 of lagoon volume-100
Ib nog. Sludge depths were 30 inches and 9 inches
respectively. Gas evolution was about .11 ftWay-ft2
of surface area, and gas composition as well as poten-
tial of a nitrif ication-denitrif ication sequence are dis-
cussed. The field scale floating aeration basin is the
first stage of pre-treatment for a large swine breeder
operation and contains 1 h.p. of aeration per 6,000 ft*
of lagoon (1 h.p. per 1350ft2 of area). The supernatant
nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon concentra-
tions are given as well as rates and quantity of sludge
accumulation. Actual amount of odor control in sur-
face aeration systems is discussed with consideration
of the increased volatilization and the aerobic stabili-
zation of odorous components in the surface aerobic
zone and effect on lower anaerobic area. Estimated
cost factors for aeration and the overall purpose of
such surface aeration basins in a total waste treat-
ment system are discussed. (Humenik-North
Carolina State University)
2746 - B2, C3, Dl 200
TREATMENT OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES BY BARRIERED LAND-
SCAPE WATER RENOVATION SYS-
TEM,
299
-------
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Delaware
University, Newark
W. F. Ritter, and R. P. Eastburn
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 572-575.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Dairy industry, De-
sign criteria, Soils, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Barriered Landscape Water Renovation
System, Mid-Atlantic Region.
Data of laboratory and field studies on barriered
landscape water renovation systems to treat dairy
cattle wastes are presented. The main objectives of
the research are to evaluate the barriered landscape
water renovation system to treat dairy cattle wastes
in the Mid-Atlantic States and to develop design
criteria for barriered landscape water renovation
systems for the Mid-Atlantic region. A laboratory
study was conducted to evaluate soil types and depth
of soil through which livestock wastes percolate for a
barriered landscape water renovation system.
Laboratory experiments were also conducted to
evaluate the changes in levels of dilute acid soluble
phosphorus. Data are presented for a 900 ft? barriered
landscape water renovation system operated over a 9
month period. The data include COD, nitrogen, and
phosphorus removal rates for the 9 month period.
(Ritter-Delaware University; Merryman, ed.)
2747 - D2 200
TERTIARY TREATMENT OF ANI-
MAL WASTEWATERS BY REVERSE
OSMOSIS MEMBRANES,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio State
University, Columbus
B. S. Mehta and E. P. Taiganides
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 576-579.
Descriptors: Tertiary treatment, Waste water
treatment, Reverse osmosis, Animal wastes.
Identifiers: Membrane separation system.
Membrane systems have been employed to produce
high quality potable water from saline waters and
from a variety of supply sources. However, they have
not been applied to purification of animal wastewat-
ers. The purpose of this study was to test the efficiency
of membrane separation system for the clarification
of biologically treated animal wastewaters. An ex-
perimental apparatus was developed. The main com-
ponents of the apparatus were the membrane module,
high pressure pump, and appurtances for recording
and collecting samples. Samples tested were taken
from effluents of an anaerobic lagoon, an aerobic
pond, and from the Automated Waste Treatment and
Recycle Plant in Botkins, Ohio. Efficiency of removal
was determined by changes in the concentration of
the following parameters: TS, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD,
nitrogen, phosphorus, conductivity, pH, color and
turbidity. Removal efficiencies were measured at 5
levels of operating pressure, at 5 various influent
temperatures, and at 5 different flow rates. Opera-
tional efficiencies were also evaluated and an esti-
mate was made of the cost of tertiary treatment of
biologically treated wastewaters. Color and turbidity
removal was so high as to make the effluent look
potable. Removal efficiencies achieved in other
parameters were above 90 per cent. (Metha-Ohio
State University)
2748 - Al, Cl, E2 200
PRESENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE
EFFECTS OF LAND APPLICATION
OF ANIMAL WASTE,
Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University,
Manhattan
G. W. Wallingford, W. L. Powers, and L. S. Murphy
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 580-582.
Descriptors: Animal wastes, Soils, Physical proper-
ties, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Literature review, Land disposal, Load-
ing rates.
The purpose of this research was to review the litera-
ture and analyze research needs on the effects of land
disposal of animal waste. A secondary objective was
to assemble published information on application
guidelines for animal waste. Included is information
on characteristics of the waste, effects of waste on soil
and water near the application site, loading rates,
application techniques and research needs. Waste
characterization data in the literature were compiled
by recording all usable data and classifying them by
climatic region, species (animal), and type (liquid or
solid) of waste. The variability in composition within
a climatic region, species and type of waste was so
great that no general characterization could be made
within each classification. Factors affecting the com-
position of the waste are discussed. Effect of land
disposal on the physical, chemical and biological
properties of the soil are discussed as well as its effect
on groundwater quality below the disposal site, runoff
quality from the disposal site, and plant growth on the
disposal site. A discussion on the benefits of animal
waste disposal as well as the hazards of animal waste
disposal on land is given. Existing literature is discus-
sed with the ultimate objective in mind of developing
application guidelines for animal waste disposal.
Where insufficient literature exists to develop these
guidelines, research needs are discussed.
(Wallingford-Minnesota University; Merryman, ed.)
2749 - Al, E2 200
COMPARISON OF LINT COTTON
FIELDS FOLLOWING APPLICA-
TIONS OF BEEF CATTLE WASTES
AND COMMERCIAL NITROGEN,
Delta Branch, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry
Experiment Station, Stoneville
W. I. Spurgepn, J. M. Anderson, and J. W. Holloway
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 583-586.
Descriptors: Cattle, Cotton, Yields, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes, Soils.
Identifiers: Land application, Application rates.
The objectives of the research were to: compare
liquid vs. solid manure from beef feedlots for cotton
production; compare injections of liquid manure to
surface application; and evaluate cotton yield re-
sponse to various manure application rates on two soil
types. Lint cotton yields following application of 40,
80, 120, and 160 Ib/ac of commercial nitrogen were
compared with 4, 8, 12, and 16 tons/ac of solid and
liquid manure on a Dubbs silt loam soil in 1972. Liquid
or solid manure applied at a rate of 16 tons/ac or 120 Ib
of N/ac resulted in lint cotton yields of 926,965, and 944
Ib/ac, respectively. Injection of 24 tons/ac of liquid
manure in 1972 and 24 and 36 tons/ac in 1973 into Dubbs
silt loam soil resulted in yields of 1141,1036, and 1141 Ib
lint cotton per acre, respectively. These yields were
greater than yields of 981,883, and 987 Ib/ac following
comparable rates applied to the surface of the soil.
Liquid manure injected into the soil at 24 tons/ac of
liquid manure in 1972 and 24 and 36 tons/ac in 1973
resulted in lint cotton yields similar to those obtained
following 120 Ib of N/ac (1089 vs. 1135 and 1141 vs. 1178
Ib/ac, respectively). During 1973, 18, 24, 30, and 36
tons-ac were applied across 0,50, and 100 Ib N/ac on a
Dubbs silt loam soil. Lint cotton yields for manure
rates were 1120,1182,1187, and 1116 Ib/ac, respective-
ly. Across all rates of liquid manure, application of the
zero level of N resulted in lower lint cotton yields when
compared to 100 Ib of N/ac. There was no interaction
between rate of manure and rate of N applied. Peak
lint cotton yields occurred in the range of 24 to 30
tons/ac of liquid manure. Liquid manure was injected
into Sharkey clay soils at rates of 24,36, and 48 tons/ac
in 1973 and compared to 120 Ib of N/ac. Lint cotton
yields were 683, 725, 761, and 761 Ib/ac, respectively.
(Spurgeon-Mississippi; Merryman, ed.)
2750 - Al, E2 200
ON-THE-FARM DETERMINATION
OF ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
RATES FOR CROP PRODUCTION,
Professor of Soil Science, Washington State Univer-
sity
D. 0. Turner
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 587-590.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Pacific Northwest U.S.,
Crop response, Denitrification, Leaching, Equations,
Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Waste management, Disposal rates.
Livestock operators in the Pacific Northwest need a
means whereby they can estimate waste loading
capabilities of their soils. Seventy per cent of the
300,000 dairy cows in Washington and Oregon are west
of the Cascade mountains in areas having heavy
winter rainfall. Waste disposal poses pollution prob-
lems which are especially troublesome when alluvial
soils are saturated. Waste handling and transport sys-
tems in conjunction with field applications are under
study at three dairy locations; cattle populations
range from 130 to 350 head. Two installations receive
40 to 60 inches annual precipitation; one gets 20 inches
annual rainfall. Detention ponds for winter storage
and pumppipe distribution systems are used at all
locations. A soil injection system is also used at one
site. Tile drainage effluent from beneath lagoons is
being monitored for NOj-N and coliform bacteria at
one location. Data indicate the effluent to have less
pollution than does the stream into which discharge
occurs. Waste loading rates are being defined at all
locations under field conditions. Crop removal of nit-
rogen is being measured with silage corn, cereal rye,
and forage grasses. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations
in the forage are being determined as are N03-N con-
centrations in the soil profile to a 4-foot depth. Results
indicate large amounts of animal manure can be
applied to soils in the Northwest without accumula-
tion of toxic NO3-N in animal feed. A large amount of
nitrogen is being denitrified. Soil nitrate leaching is
minimal in the operations. These data are being used
as a base to develop equations to estimate: (1) Man-
ure nitrogen to provide for optimum crop yields with-
out excessive nitrogen losses from volatization, denit-
rification, or leaching; and (2) Amount of residual
manure nitrogen remaining for following years.
(Turner-Washington State University; Merryman,
ed)
2751 - Al, E2 200
DISPOSAL OF DAIRY CATTLE MAN-
URE ON SOIL,
Soil and Water Research, USDA, ARS, Auburn Uni-
versity, Auburn, Alabama
Z. F. Lund, F. L. Long, B. D. Doss, and F. E. Lowry
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 591-593.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Cattle, Soils, Crop re-
sponse, Forages, Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Application of dairy manure to soil is an economical
means of disposal, but high application rates may
cause problems with quality of runoff water and for-
age. Dairy cattle manure was incorporated into the
300
-------
surface 15 cm of a Norfolk sandy loam and cropped
with millet (Pennisetumamericanum (L.) K. Sebum)
and rye (Secalecereale). Applications of 45 mWha/yr
for 3 years resulted in BOD values of runoff water that
did not exceed those for nonmanured plots. The
nitrate-nitrogen content of runoff water was essen-
tially unaffected by the manure treatment; the
maximum did not exceed 3.7 mg/liter and averaged
less than 2 mg/liter. Total N lost in runoff water aver-
aged less than 3 kg/ha/yr. The same cropping system
was used on plots of Dothan loamy sand, Lucedale
sandy loam, and Decatur clay loam. Plots received
22.5,45,90,180, and 270 mt/ha/yr of manure on a dry
weight basis. The check plot received N, P, and K
fertilizers totalling 450, 220, 450 kg/ha. The 180- and
270-ton manure rates caused plant injury the first
year on both sandy soils. Millet yields were higher on
the 45- and 90-mt-ha rates than on the check plots 2 out
of 3 years. Both millet and rye forage produced on 180-
and 270-mtVha treatments had K-(Ca4Mb(ratios and
nitrate levels that were potentially hazardous to ani-
mal health. Coastal bermudagrass (Cvnodon dactv-
lon (L.) Pers.) on Dothan and Lucedale soils received
rales of 45 and 90 mt/hafyr of solid manure and 45,90,
and 135 mt/ha/yr of liquid manure. Four applications
of N, P, and K fertilizers were made to the check plots
annually for a total of 470, 225, and 470 kg/ha. The
mineral fertilizer plots yielded more forage the first
year on the Dothan soU, and the second and third
years on the Lucedale soils, than any manure treat-
ment except the 90 and 135 mMia of liquid. Nitrate
nitrogen in the forage was highly correlated with or-
ganic nitrogen in the plant tissue. Manure could be
applied at the 45 mg/ha rate, either incorporated or on
a Coastal bermudagrass sod, and produce nontoxic
forage. (Lund-Auburn University)
2752 - Al, E2 200
FERTILIZER VALUE OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES,
The Agricultural Institute, Soils Centre, Johnstown
Castle, Waxford, Ireland
H. Tunny
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 594-597.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Livestock, Nutrients, Per-
formance, Slurries, Solid wastes, Silages, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium.
Identifiers: Application rates.
Results of experiments on nutrient composition of
animal manures and the efficient use of these nut-
rients for grass production are presented. The first
experiment deals with the variation in N, P, K and dry
matter composition of manures from 70 cattle, pig
and poultry farms. Manure stored as slurry had a
wider variation between farms than manure stored as
solid. Pig slurry showed the widest variation between
farms; dry matter ranged between 1 and 21 per cent
and nutrients also snowed a wide variation. The other
manure samples showed approximately a two-fold
variation between highest and lowest farms. Results
of the second experiment compared chemical fer-
tilizer with cattle slurry and pig slurry as a source of
nutrients for grass silage in 1973 and 1974. Nutrient
levels applied, yields and results of plant and soil
analysis are presented and discussed. Nitrogen in cat-
tle slurry was approximately half and nitrogen in pig
slurry two-thirds as effective as nitrogen in chemical
fertilizers. Cattle slurry with adequate nitrogen
supplied excess potassium and inadequate phos-
phorus; whereas, pig slurry supplied inadequate
potassium and excess phosphorus. The silage from
the three treatments was fed to three groups of ani-
mals. Feed intake and liveweight gain were recorded
as an index of payability, and silage quality. There
was no significant difference in animal performance.
In addition, a third experiment studied the effect of
time of application and response of different grass
species to animal manure. Preliminary results
suggest that time of slurry application relative to time
of cutting influenced grass production. (Tunney-
Ireland; Merryman, ed.)
2753 - Al, E2 200
PLANT AND SOIL EFFECTS OF
SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT
APPLIED TO COASTAL BER-
MUDAGRASS,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
G. A. Cummings, J. C. Burns, R. E. Sneed, M. R.
Overcash, and F. J. Humenik
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 59*601. F
Descriptors: Coastal Bermudagrass, Sprinkler irri-
gation, Design, Crop response, Agricultural runoff.
Identifiers: Swine, Land application, Lagoon
effluent, disposal, Application rates.
Design, installation and operation of a completely au-
tomated permanent sprinkler irrigation system for
land application of swine lagoon effluent on coastal
bermuda grass is described. This system utilizes
part-circle impact sprinklers located on the 4 corners
of each 30 x 30 foot plot. The system is controlled by an
electrically-operated turf-type controller, and water
flow to individual sprinklers is controlled by thermal
hydraulic remote solenoid values. During the first
year of effluent application (1973) losses from runoff
were negligible for P and low for all other constituents
measured. With annual N application rates of 264,527
and 1055 pounds per acre losses were 4,9, and 17 Ibs
per acre with approximately the same K rate of appli-
cation losses were 9,17, and 38 pounds per acre. Per
cent loss from runoff of Ca, Mg and Na were approxi-
mately the same as the per cent loss of N. Crop recov-
ery of P, Ca, Mg and Na was much lower than recov-
ery of N and K. Effluent application did not have a
detrimental influence upon the forage in 1973 nor
through August in 1974. Yields in 1973 were approxi-
mately 5, 6.5 and 7 tons of dry matter per acre as
effluent application rates were increased. Nutrient
balance sheets incorporating data from crop yield
and analysis, runoff losses, soil analysis, and effluent
application rates are presented. (Cummings-North
Carolina State University; Merryman, ed.)
2754 - Al, E2, Fl 200
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF
POULTRY MANURE BY MAXI-
MIXING METHOD,
Animal Science Department, Connecticut University,
Storrs
W. A. Aho, G. F. Griffin, and A. K. Baku-
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 602-605.
Descriptors: Poultry, Costs, Waste disposal, Sampl-
ing, Nitrates, Nutrients, Anaerobic conditions, Pollu-
tion abatement.
Identifiers: Maxi-mixing, Composting.
Maxi-mixing is a term coined to describe a manure
disposal system using a maximum amount of manure
and a minimum amount of soil in a composting situa-
tion. Manure is returned to the soil system in massive
quantities at low cost. Actual mixing is accomplished
with a bulldozer or a payloader, folding manure and
soU and windrowing. Odors are quelled almost im-
mediately and under ideal temperature and aeration,
composting occurs in several weeks. In November of
1970,3,675 tons of poultry manure (59 tons nitrogen)
was mixed in an area less than 2 acres. The area was
too small to provide enough soil for a windrowed com-
post. The manure remained below ground level in a
wet anaerobic state. The area surrounding this mass
was sampled for nitrate and ammonia movement in
1971 and 1972. A brook flowing adjacent to the mix was
monitored in 9 locations; 12 holes were also drilled to
obtain ground water samples, and the farm well was
sampled. No appreciable amounts of nitrates were
found. The mix lay fallow from November, 1970 until
April, 1974, when the site was required for disposal of
another 6,300 tons of poultry manure. The site was
appraised and soil samples and analyses were made.
The analyses of soil three years following massive
manure mixtures indicated high pH values (8.1to8.2)
in manure residual zones and relatively high soluble
salts (83 to 90 mhos x UH>), very high ammonium
levels (400 ug N-g soil) and very high levels of ex-
tractable calcium, phosphorus and potassium. Only a
trace of nitrite was found in the samples. After the
second maxi-mix water samples were taken from the
adjacent brook and the farm well, neither showed
pollution from the maxi-mix. Cost of maxi-mixing
was 62 cents a ton in 1970 and 60 cents a ton in 1974.
(Aho-Connecticut University; Merryman, ed.)
2755 - Al, B2, E2, Fl 200
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID OR-
GANIC WASTES THROUGH CON-
TINUOUS SUBSURFACE INJECTION,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Colorado
State University, Ft. Collins
J. L. Smith, D. B. McWhorter, and R. C. Ward
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975,1975, p. 606-610.
Descriptors: Liquid wastes, Design, Costs, Dairy in-
dustry, Labor, Colorado.
Identifiers: Land-disposal, Subsurface injection, Ap-
plication rates.
Design, development, and utilization of a continuous
liquid manure subsurface injection system are dis-
cussed. With the system, liquid manure is pumped
from a holding tank or lagoon to a disposal field
through rigid pipe. A 660 foot flexible hose is used to
connect the pipeline to the mobile injector. The man-
ure is injected at depths of 4 to 6 inches below the soil
surface and mixed with soil thus minimizing the pos-
sibility for aesthetic pollution. The injector can be
operated with a medium sized agricultural tractor.
Disposal capacity ranges from 400 to 800 gpm of 5 per
cent solid slurry depending upon the size of the
equipment. A skilled operator can achieve applica-
tion rates in excess of 50,000 gallons per acre per pass.
The system is particularly adapted for use near popu-
lation centers. The system is presented as an econom-
ically and environmentally sound alternative to cur-
rent practices. Measurements of ground and surface
water contamination are reported from on-going re-
search where the system is being used on a dairy in
Northern Colorado. The system offers significant sav-
ings in labor while improving the aesthetics of animal
waste management. Operating costs are competitive
with present systems. (Smith-Colorado State Univer-
sity)
2756 - Al, E2 200
SOIL PROPERTIES AND FUTURE
CROP PRODUCTION AS AFFECTED
BY MAXIMUM RATES OF DAIRY
MANURE,
Minnesota University, Southern Experiment Station,
Waseca
G. W. Randall, R. H. Anderson and P. R. Goodrich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 611-613.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Chemical properties,
Nutrients.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Non-
crop areas, Pollution potential.
Conditions sometime exist in livestock operations
where acreage, time andta labor may not be suffi-
cient to allow manure application to land just prior to
crop planting or at conventional rates. An experiment
was established to determine the maximum amount
301
-------
of manure that can be applied and incorporated in a
limited non-crop area. During 1971, 1972, and 1973,
dairy manure was applied to the surface of a Webster
clay loam soil. Manure was applied to the same 0.5-
acre area in both 1971 and 1972. In 1973 this area was
split and manure was applied to one of the 0.25 acre
areas. In 1973 corn was planted on the other 0.25-acre
area and on an adjacent border area that had received
32.7TDMA in 1970 and had been fallowed since. Man-
ure application rates have totaled 103,95.7 and 144.8
T-A (dry matter basis) for 1971,1972 and 1973, respec-
tively. Nutrient application rates over the 3-year
period have totaled 20,150 Ibs. N/A (76 per cent as
organic N), 5845 Ibs P/A, 10,785 Ibs. K/A and 11,285 Ibs.
Cl/A. Soil samples taken in April, 1973, following 198.7
T/A, showed that nitrates had moved only to 5'.
Chlorides had moved to 8'. Ammonia P, K and Na had
accumulated in the0-1' layer. Following 343.5T/A, the
1974 sampling showed that some nitrates had moved
to 6'. However, nitrate concentrations in the 1-2,2-3,
and 3-4' depths were very low and indicate that denit-
rification could have occurred. Soil water samples
revealed nitrate concentrations under the manure
area to be 50 per cent less than those from the fallowed
border area until August, 1973. Since then nitrate con-
centrations under each have been similar. Chloride
concentrations were about 3 times higher under the
manure. In 1973, corn yielded 152 bu/A from the man-
ure area and 191 buA from the fallowed border area
without fertilizer. Additional crop yields and soil and
water samples must be taken annually before long-
term effects can be determined. (Randall-Minnesota
University; Merryman, ed.)
2757 - Al, Bl, C3, E2 200
COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MAN-
URE AND EFFECT OF HEAVY AP-
PLICATION ON SOIL CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES AND PLANT NUTRI-
TION, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANA-
DA,
Soil Science Department, British Columbia Univer-
sity, Vancouver, Canada
A. A. Bomke and L. M. Lavkulich
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 614-617.
Descriptors: Poultry, Chemical properties, Crop re-
sponse, Soil contamination, Waste storage.
Identifiers: Canada, Land disposal.
The lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada
has a poultry population of approximately 8.5 million
birds. This is the most densely populated area of the
province and one which supports the most intensive
agriculture. Thus waste disposal has become an acute
problem from the standpoint of environmental qual-
ity. Application of large amounts of animal wastes to
land and the subsequent growth of crops raises the
question of crop quality. A program was initiated to
determine: (1) The effect of heavy application of
poultry manure on soil chemical properties, drainage
waters, and crop composition, and (2) Plant nutrient
content of poultry manure deposited and stored in
deep pits under laying cages. Adverse effects on vege-
tation of excessive rates of manure were visually ap-
parent when soil and plant samples were collected
from several fields used as manure disposal sites.
Available P levels as high as 1100 ppm are indicative
of potential problems of excessive manure applica-
tion. Other soil parameters considered are total N,
N03-N, NH4-N, exchangeable cations, electrical con-
ductivity and pH. In addition, tissue analysis of plants
collected from disposal sites and cropped fields is
used to indicate possible plant nutrient imbalance due
to high manure application rates. Types of vegetation
sampled include primarily grasses on the disposal
sites, some cropped fields, and raspberries, a crop
receiving significant quantities of poultry manure in
B.C. Proper use of manure requires knowledge of its
composition, which is highly dependent on storage
methods. Therefore, an evaluation was made of plant
nutrient content of manure deposited and stored in
deep accumulation pits under laying cages, a system
which is used in most new laying houses in B.C. Sam-
ples were collected at 15 cm increments from manure
piles with an average depth of 90 cm. Manure from
lower increments had been stored up to one year.
Results of analysis of the manure are evaluated in
terms of changes in plant nutrient content during
storage. Application rates of poultry manure and
their ensuing effects on soils and crops are dependent
on an understanding of the type of management sys-
tem. (Bomke-Canada)
2758 - Al, B2, D4, E2, E3 200
AN OVERLAND FLOW-LAGOON RE-
CYCLE SYSTEM AS A PRETREAT-
MENT OF POULTRY WASTES,
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh
M. R. Overcash, J. W. Gilliam, and F. J. Humenik
Managing Livestock Wastes, Proceedings 3rd Inter-
national Symposium on Livestock Wastes-1975, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, April 21-24,
1975, p. 618-621.
Descriptors: Poultry, Waste treatment, Design,
Costs, Terracing, Lagoons, Denitrification.
Identifiers: Overland Flow-Lagoon-Recycle System,
Waste water recycling.
A sequential arrangement of process in this caged
layer waste management system is presented. Waste
from 1400 layers is removed from undercage collec-
tion channels once per day by flush water (2500 gal)
which is held in a storage tank and released so that
flow rates of 15-20 feet per second are obtained ini-
tially. A flow velocity of 3-5 ft-sec at the end of the
waste collection channel results in effective cleaning.
The manure slurry is then mixed in a tank and
pumped to a dilution box, from which the wastewater
is distributed at the upper end of 3 terrace systems by
means of a 4" x 4" x 40' long trough with slotted
openings at ground level. Two terrace systems are 8
per cent slope, and one is 6 per cent. At 50 foot inter-
vals the overland flow liquid is collected, measured
and sampled and then redistributed as described
above. The cover crop is predominantly Reed Canary
grass and is harvested with yields taken every week.
To evaluate the nitrifying mechanisms soil surface
samples have been taken and analysed for Nit-
rosomonas and Nitrobacter. The objective is to select
the flow distances and operational parameters which
promote nitrification without excessive carbon
stabilization in overland flow. Terrace runoff is di-
rected into an 18,000 ft" unaerated lagoon. This serves
as a denitrifying site for nitrates formed in the over-
land flow. Following this basin is a large holding-
polishing lagoon from which water is recycled to the
flush reservoir and dilution box. This recycle system
does not represent a totally closed system because
salt or other toxic elements will build with time neces-
sitating the application of the system liquid to the land
and a dilution of the system with fresh water. Design
factors, costs, and operational strategies for
typically-sized producer systems are included. Sev-
eral alternative designs for various parts of the over-
all system are included to enhance applicability to a
wider range of producer situations. (Overcash-North
Carolina State University; Merryman, ed.)
2759 - Al, Bl 100
HIGH RISE POULTRY HOUSES,
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 125, No. 3, p.
71, September, 1972. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Economics, Odor.
Identifiers: High rise poultry houses, New Zealand,
Advantages, Disadvantages.
The advantages and disadvantages of high rise poul-
try houses are discussed as applicable to New Zea-
land's poultry industry. The advantages include: only
annual manure removal is needed (sometimes ex-
tended to longer intervals); freedom from offensive
poultry odors and flies; easy servicing and cheaper
running costs; acceptability to pollution-conscious
public. The disadvantages include: higher initial cap-
ital costs; vermin control is not easy in the pits; and
keeping the pit area free of water can be difficult.
(Solid Waste Information Retrieval System) •
2760 - B3, E3 100
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVES-
TOCK FEED (PART 1),
Donne Research Institute and Bathurst Research Sta-
tion
E. J. B. Bishop, P. I. Wilke, W. J. Nash, J. A. G. Nell,
et. al.
Farming in South Africa (Pretoria), Vol. 46, No. 11, p.
34-36, February, 1971. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Refceding, Hen-laying manure, Chicken
litter, Overeating.
There are two types of poultry manure which can be
used as feed for livestock. The first type is hen-laying
manure. This product is left under the laying batteries
for 4 to 12 months before being removed. It is then
dried to improve the storing ability and to eliminate
unpleasant odors. The second type of poultry manure
is chicken litter and is the result of chickens being
raised on absorbent material such as wood shavings,
chaffed hay, and straw or peanut hulls. Chicken litter
is dry and easily handled as well as clean smelling;
therefore it is the most popular livestock feed. These
two types of feed vary greatly in most instances but
compare favorably with lucerne in total digestible
nutrients (50 per cent) and crude protein (13 per
cent). Although the nutrient value is good, problems
are frequently encountered when poultry manure is
first used. Chicken litter is much more readily ac-
cepted, and in some cases, overeating may occur.
Acceptance of the manure may be increased by ad-
ding molasses to the feed for the first few days, and
overacceptance can be remedied by inclusion of 20
per cent salt. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2761 - B3, E3 100
POULTRY MANURE AS A LIVES-
TOCK FEED (PART 2),
Donne Research Institute and Bathurst Research Sta-
tion
E. J. B. Bishop, P. I. Wilke, W. J. Nash, J. A. G. Nell,
et. al.
Farming in South Africa (Pretoria), Vol. 46, No. 12, p.
49,51, 53, March, 1971. 4 tab.
Descriptors: Poultry, Livestock.
Identifiers: Ref ceding, South Africa.
Farmer utilization of poultry manure in South Africa,
which is increasing, includes the use of sun-dried
laying-hen manure in a large steer-fattening project,
the use of chicken litter to supplement the feed of
beef-breeding cows, and the use of poultry manure to
supplement the diet of sheep-stud rams, ewes, and
lambs. Though the extreme drought gave impetus to
the use of this feed supplement, experimental results
now indicate that the use of poultry manure supplies
vital protein, phosphorus, and energy cheaply. As a
winter supplement to cattle and sheep on winter sour-
veld, it is both useful and economical. Usually the
poultry manure is mixed and fed with feeds such as
molasses meal, maize meal, and milled hay. Though
molasses provides palatability and is used as a bind-
ing agent, some farmers now are using poultry man-
ure without the molasses and are processing it into
cubes. It can be made with chicken litter, or with a
mixture of 20 per cent laying-hen manure, maize
meal, and teff hay, which was found to be acceptably
palatable, durable, and fracture-free. However, the
cubed rations cost more than the uncubed feed. Where
laying-hen manure does not constitute the major
302
-------
proportion of the total diet, it can be used with safety
for the feeding of breeding stock. (Solid Waste Infor-
mation Retrieval System)
2762 - A5, Bl 100
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR
CONFINED DAIRY HOUSING,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Minnesota
University, St. Paul
D. W. Bates
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3, p.
129-132, March, 1971. 6 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry, Environmental control,
Odor, Costs, Ventilation.
Identifiers: Waste handling.
Odor and the appropriate time of disposal are two of
the most difficult waste problems facing dairymen.
Handling systems may range from a gutter cleaner
and daily hauling with a manure spreader to extend
storage in concrete tanks whose contents are pumped
and spread periodically. Daily hauling requires the
lowest investment in equipment, but has the disad-
vantage of possible higher labor costs and the hazard
of encountering unfavorable weather, soil, or crop
conditions. Slat floors in warm freestall barns, or gut-
ters with grated bottoms in conventional stall barns,
both with under-the-building manure storage, offer
suitable systems for manure handling with a
minimum of labor. Carefully planned ventilation sys-
tems of high capacity must be provided for all con-
fined units. Manure containing little bedding depo-
sited in the end of a 150,000-gal tank will distribute
itself under its own weight. Waste heat from the dairy
barn ventilation system can be used to prevent the
manure from freezing. Cost estimates of various
methods are included. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System)
2763 - Al, Bl, F3 100
ROLE OF THE DAIRY AND FEED
INDUSTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION CONTROL,
Environmental Health Technology Department,
Broome Technical Community College, Binghamton,
New York
D. F. Newton
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 33, No. 12,
p. 568-570, December, 1970.4 ref.
Descriptors: Dairy industry.
Identifiers: Food industry, Pollution control.
There are three roles which the dairy and food indus-
try assumes—the role of a potential or actual polluter,
the role of an educator, and the role of a community
leader. In St. Lawrence County, New York, the New
York State Health Department, in its initial water
pollution survey of that region conducted in 1960 cited
no less than 15 dairies as polluters. The industry also
contributes to air pollution; and produces significant
quantities of solid waste, indirectly contributing to
land pollution. Wastewater from milk houses and
milking parlors and sanitary sewage from farm
houses constitute potential pollutants on dairy farms
as does wastewater from milk and food processing
plants. Boilers and heating facilities in food proces-
sing plants are potential sources of pollutants. Dairy
and poultry farms produce enormous tonnages of
manure. Processing plants produce much solid waste
such as vegetable and fruit trimmings and spoiled
food. It is suggested that dairies can print statements
about pollution control on milk cartons. Administra-
tive and supervisory personnel from the dairy and
food industries could participate in Chamber of
Commerce programs which now include pollution
control activities. (Solid Waste Information Research
System)
2764 - Bl, D4, E2 100
THE REMOVAL OF ANIMAL
EXCREMENTS FROM MASS-STOCK
FARMS AS A WATER ECONOMY
PROBLEM,
K. Th. Rager
Wasser und Boden, Vol. 24, No. 5, p. 131-134, May, 1972.
Stab.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Calcium, Sewage
treatment, Netherlands.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
Normally the excrements from animals are removed
in agriculture by using them as manure on the fields.
However, if the number of animals passes a certain
limit it is no longer possible to use the f eces in rural
areas since there is the danger of over-fertilization
owing to the high nitrogen and calcium concentra-
tions in the excrements. For this reason mass-stock
farms have to remove the excrement by means of
biological sewage treatment plants. From 1968 to
1969,27 such biological sewage plants have been con-
structed in the Netherlands, which have the longest
experience in this field. A biological sewage plant for
animal excrements furnishes about 49 per cent of
surplus sludge when treating beef dung, about 9 per
cent surplus sludge when treating calf dung, and 40
per cent when treating pork dung. The BOD values in
these plants correspond to the normal requirement of
25 me per 1. About 90 per cent of P and N are elimi-
nated at a sludge load of 0.03 kg per kg dry substance.
Another method to dispose of animal excrements
applied mostly in the USA, is the plow-furrow-cover
method. This method however does not use the
excrements as manure but disposes of them in a spe-
cial kind of sanitary landfill. (Solid Waste Informa-
tion Retrieval System)
2765 - Al, E2 700
ANIMAL WASTES: PHYTOTOXIC
EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH; IN-
FLUENCE ON THE FEEDLOT SOIL
PROFILE,
G. E. Schuman
PhD Dissertation, Department of Agronomy, Univer-
sity of Nebraska, May, 1974,56 p. 13 fig, 14 tab, 44 ref.
Descriptors: Phytotoxicity, Crop response, Feedlots,
Potassium, Soil permeability, Germination,
Groundwater pollution.
Identifiers: Seedling development, Land disposal.
Extracts were taken from beef cattle manure and
analyzed by bioassay techniques to determine the ef-
fects of such extracts on the germination and seeding
growth of wheat and sorghum. Distilled water,
acetone, methanol, ether, and 2N HC1 were used in
performing these extractions. The water extract
stimulated seed germination but reduced seedling
development due to the high salt content of the ex-
tract. Of the acids identified and quantified by the
ether extract, propionic acid was found to stimulate
However, the fatty acids, in combination, had a de-
trimental effect. Soil profile samples were taken from
a river-basin feedlot and adjacent field in order to
determine the effect of the cattle-feeding operation on
the chemical properties of the soil and their effects on
the future uses of the soils. Feedlot soil profiles re-
vealed an exchange complex in the top 15 cm. of the
soil that was saturated with potassium. This zone of
high exchangeable potassium and organic matter li-
mited water permeability. The presence of nitrate
was virtually nil beneath this impermeable layer.
Undisturbed soil columns that were obtained from the
feedlot seemed to confirm that the potassium proba-
bly plays a role in the formation of an impermeable
zone The maintenance of this impermeable layer is
necessary for prevention of pollution of groundwater
by cattle feedlots. (Penrod-East Central)
2766 - Al, B2, Dl 700
AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF SWINE
WASTE LAGOONS BEFORE AND
AFTER ARTIFICIAL AERATION,
J. A. Tranquilli
PhD. Dissertation, Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Sep-
tember, 1974,172 p. 18 fig, 31 tab, 61 ref.
Descriptors: Lagoons, Aeration, Fish, Mosquitoes,
Water quality.
Identifiers: Swine.
Studies were conducted in order to: (1) monitor water
quality parameters in three lagoons at the University
of Illinois and determine the effects of artificial aera-
tion on the parameters studied; (2) determine
whether fish could survive, grow, and reproduce
under the extreme conditions present in swine waste
lagoons; (3) determine the effects of various control
methods on mosquito populations plaguing livestock
waste lagoons. The study revealed that 13 of the water
quality parameters were significantly different bet-
ween stations. There was a significant negative corre-
lation between water temperature and both total kjel-
dahl nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen at all stations.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations at the 1-foot
level, DO concentrations at the bottom, and the depth
of the water were the only parameters which were
significantly different between aerated and unaer-
ated stations within the three lagoons. Beneficial and
detrimental effects of artificial aeration systems are
discussed. Unsuccessful reproduction by adult carp in
the aerated lagoons indicated that the adults were
severely stressed and failed to reproduce or that en-
vironmental conditions did not favor survival of the
zygotes. The survival and growth of carp fingerlings
in the MD lagoon was poor in comparison to that hi
unpolluted Illinois ponds. At present the greatest po-
tential for fish culture in concentrated swine waste
lagoons seems to be the biological control of insect
pests. Either manual or herbicide removal of flooded
vegetation from the shoreline of waste lagoons may
represent a practical method of mosquito control.
Applications of Flit MLO and malathion during 1972
suppressed mosquito larvae populations for about one
week. (Penrod-East Central)
2767 - A9 100
BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL FLORA
OF SEAGULL DROPPINGS IN JER-
SEY,
Jersey General Hospital, St. Helier (England)
J. Cragg and Y. M. Clayton
Journal of Clinical Pathology, Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 317-319,
1971.12 ref.
Descriptors: Animal wastes (Wildlife), Bacteria,
Fungi, Waste identification, E. coli, Streptococcus,
Yeasts, Salmonella, Shigella, Seashores, Sampling,
Laboratory tests, Gulls.
Identifiers: Seagull, Mycology, Jersey.
In Jersey 166 fresh and 122 dried seagull droppings
were obtained and studied locally and in London for
the presence of bacteria and fungi of potentially
pathogenic nature. There were no salmonella or
shigella bacteria isolated from the two groups but
there was a high proportion of Candida albicans ob-
tained from the fresh material (21.7 per cent) and only
1.6 per cent from the dry faeces. Cryptococcus
neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum were not
found in either dry or fresh droppings. The normal
bacterial and fungal flora of the seagull was estab-
lished and it is considered that the C. albicans in fresh
gull droppings would not materially increase albicans
infections in man. (Bundy-Iowa State)
2768 - A5, B2, Cl, D4, El 700
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN
WASTES AND DISPOSAL BY LA-
GOONING,
303
-------
C. R. Wieting
Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Civil Engineering Depart-
ment, South Dakota State College, 1964,64 p. 7 fig, IS
tab, 33 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Biological properties, Poultry, Lagoons, Waste
disposal. Odor, Sampling, Biochemical oxygen de-
mand, Chemical oxygen demand, Nitrogen.
The purpose of this research was to determine
characteristics of fresh chicken manure so that
adequate treatment and disposal systems could be
designed. Another research objective was to examine
and evaluate an existing poultry manure lagoon's
ability to stabilize organic chicken wastes. The follow-
ing conclusions were based on observations and cal-
culations made while evaluating the anaerobic lagoon
used for chicken manure disposal. (1) An anaerobic
lagoon should be designed to provide a minimum of 10
to IS cubic feet of volume per chicken. (2) The depth of
an anaerobic lagoon should be at least three feet. An
adequate water supply must be available for main-
taining this depth. (3) Offensive odors are prevalent
when uncovered manure solids project above the la-
goon's water level, but nuisance odor levels are prac-
tically non-existent during the major part of the
summer. (4) Good mixing action of chicken wastes at
the point of discharge to the lagoon is essential. (5)
Solids buildup to the extent of threatening the useful
life of a lagoon does not appear to be a major problem
with proper solids dispersion. (Merryman-East Cent-
ral)
2769 - Al, A4, Bl, El, E2 100
THE DISPOSAL OF INTRACTABLE
INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL
WASTES-CONCLUSION,
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3,
p. 147-149, March 1970.
Descriptors: Agricultural wastes, Industrial wastes,
Water pollution, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Gravel pits, Land disposal.
Past disposal of intractable wastes has been founded
on the short haul of wastes from source to the nearest
available tip site. The disposal of wastes to ground
was, still is, and will be for a considerable time in the
future, the cheapest method of disposal. Some of the
existing gravel pit sites suffer from the shortcoming
of not having impermeable bottoms, and most suffer
the disadvantage of having impermeable sides. These
pits could feasibly be rendered fit for waste disposal if
the permeable bottoms and/or sides are sealed with
clay or other impervious material. Ground disposal
methods' greatest success will be achieved when four
requirements are met. Firstly, the site used must not
result in the transfer of polluting matter into ground
or surface water. Secondly, the site should be dry.
Thirdly, circumstances must exist or be provided so
that liquid wastes disposed of can be absorbed in solid
material to prevent any significant accumulation of
waste liquor on the site. Fourthly, the site should be
remote from dwellings and public open spaces. The
best site for ground disposal is marshland area,
founded on impervious soil where domestic refuse has
been previously dumped. The second best site is the
clay pit. Another method of disposal is application on
agricultural land. (Cartmell-East Central)
2770 - Bl, Cl, Dl 700
DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF
FULLY EXPOSED FORMED POUL-
TRY EXCRETA,
T. M. Midden
MS Thesis, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of Kentucky, 1972,69p. 17fig, 10tab,32ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Drying, Moisture content,
Equations, Temperature.
Identifiers: Excreta, Crusting characteristics, Thin-
layer drying constant.
Thin-layer drying equations were used to describe the
drying characteristics of formed poultry excreta.
Tests were conducted in a range of drying air temper-
atures from 100 degrees to 220 degrees F and with
cylinders of manure from .339 to 1.0S6 inches in
diameter. The crusting characteristics of the formed
cylinders of manure were determined for drying air
temperatures from 500 degrees to 950 degrees F. It
was determined that a crust can be formed on the
surface of a cylinder of poultry manure when the cy-
linder is exposed to high temperature drying air. The
time required to form a stable cylinder increases with
increasing cylinder diameter and decreases with in-
creasing temperature. (Cartmell-East Central)
2771 - A2, Bl, Dl, El, F2 700
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY LEGISLATION
ON CONFINED ANIMAL FEEDING
OPERATIONS IN OKLAHOMA,
G. R. Cross
MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater,
July, 1971, 95 p. 3 fig, 40 tab, 37 ref.
Descriptors: Economic impact, Legislation, Con-
finement pens, Oklahoma, Costs, Legal aspects, Cat-
tle, Lagoons, Poultry, Dairy industry, Agricultural
runoff.
Identifiers: Oklahoma Feed Yards Act of 1969, En-
vironmental Quality, Technical aspects, Swine, Land
spreading.
A study was undertaken to analyze the economic im-
pact of the Oklahoma Feed Yards Act of 1969 on con-
fined animal feeding operations in Oklahoma.
Specific objectives included examination of (1) tech-
nical (2) legal, and (3) economic aspects of the pas-
sage of the Oklahoma Feed Yards Act of 1969 as re-
lated to confined feeding and waste handling. A sam-
ple of confined animal feeding operators was drawn
from a list of the registered feed yard operators of
Oklahoma. These managers were contacted for an
interview to obtain the data for this study. Maps and
other secondary sources were used to augment these
data. After analyzing the data gathered, the author
concluded that the pollution problem from confined
animal feeding is not as great as the raw numbers of
animals would indicate. Another conclusion which
this study supported is that legislators must consider
the effect of any legislation upon the group to be con-
trolled. The study revealed that most of the effect of
the Feed Yards Act was on the fixed costs of the feed
yards and that these costs probably could not be pas-
sed on to the consumer, but must be absorbed by the
feeding operation. Recommendations are given for
feeding operations, and for further research and
study. (Cartmell-East Central)
2772 - Al, Bl, E2 700
ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
COMPLYING WITH POLLUTION
CONTROL REGULATIONS ON BEEF
FEEDLOTS IN SOUTHWESTERN
MINNESOTA,
C. L. Pherson
Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Ag-
ricultural and Applied Economics, University of Min-
nesota, December, 1973,152 p. 5 fig, 37 tab, 72 ref.
Descriptors: Economics, Regulation, Legal aspects,
Feedlots, Cattle, Minnesota, Agricultural runoff,
Costs.
Identifiers: Waste management, Land disposal.
The objectives of this study were to determine the
effects of complying with pollution control regula-
tions on the cost and design of a beef feedlot. Other
factors studied were: (1) the most "profitable" beef
waste management-housing system, (2) the optimal
time schedules for beef waste handling operations,
(3) the effects of system choice on crop selection and
field operation time scheduling, and (4) the effect of
Set-Aside or rotating disposal field on farm-feedlot
profitability. Study data showed that there may be
substantial indirect costs of switching to waste handl-
ing systems which comply with pollution control regu-
lations. Both operating expenses and per head in-
vestment are greater for small lots than for large
capacity facilities. Optimum net returns were pro-
vided in most instances by liquid waste handling in
cold slotted floor confinement Bousing. Drylot, scrape
barn, and open lot rank in that order with respect to
returns to all labor. Returns to all labor will be re-
duced by using a small rotating disposal field of un-
cropped land each year, but the reduction is small.
The study presented methods for cost reduction in
relation to runoff control and other waste manage-
ment systems. (Penrod-East Central)
2773 - Al, Bl, El 400
THE EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK: ABOUT
DISCHARGE REGULATIONS,
The Catfish Farmer, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 7-8, January,
1974.
Descriptors: Catfishes, Runoff, Permits.
Identifiers: Environmental Protection Agency, Dis-
charges, Requirements.
Most catfish farming is exempted under new EPA
regulations. Those facilities not subject to NPDES
requirements are: (1) closed ponds with discharges
only during annual harvesting or during periods of
excess runoff, (2) facilities where discharges occur
less than 30 days a year, and (3) facilities where flow
is continuous but total number of pounds produced per
year is less than 20,000 pounds. (Cameron-East Cent-
ral)
2774 - Al, B2, E2 700
EFFECTS OF OVERLOADING SWINE
EFFLUENT ON TALL FESCUE,
REED CANARYGRASS, AND CORN,
P. F. Duffner
MS Thesis, Agronomy Department, University of Il-
linois, Urbana-Champaign, 1974,90 p. 26 fig, 6 tab, 60
ref.
Descriptors: Effluent, Fescues, Forages, Crop re-
sponse, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Swine, Application rates, Corn, Soil pH.
To determine the effects of overloading swine manure
on cropland, swine manure effluent was applied in
high rates to tall fescue and reed canarygrass in a
greenhouse experiment. Equivalent amounts of a
commercial fertilizer were also applied. Clippings
were taken from the plants at 30-day intervals and
analyzed. Soil samples were also taken. Factors
checked in determining the effects that rate or source
of nitrogen has on the plants were: dry yields, tissue
nitrate concentrations, soil pH, phosphorus, potas-
sium, and nitrate. As shown by the data collected,
plant growth was hindered by applications of effluent
over 672 kg N/ha; however, this appeared to diminish
with time so that yields could be maintained through
split applications. Levels of nitrate high enough to be
toxic to animals accumulated in the fescue and
canarygrass receiving effluent, although no accumu-
lation appeared in plants on which commercial fer-
tilizer was used. High rates of effluent were also
applied in a field experiment to corn. Grain produc-
tion, tissue nitrate, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium,
and nitrate were examined. As the rate of effluent
increased, the nitrate concentrations in the
cornstalks also increased. Checks were made on the
soil at depths of 0 to 15 cm, 15 to 30 cm, and 30 to 90 cm,
with no changes in soil pH. The nitrate movement
304
-------
ABSTRACTS
downward was negligible. Irreversible plant damage
was done by effluent applications of over 940 kg N/ha,
although there seemed to be no appreciable amount of
pollution potential at this rate. (Sanders-East Cent-
ral)
2775 - C2, D2 100
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL PROP-
ERTIES OF PIG MANURE,
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Newcastle Upon Tyne
J. R. Backhurst, and J. H. Barker
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
19, p. 199-207,1974. 5 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Physical properties, Evaluation, Incin-
eration, Density, Viscosity, Filtration, Slurries, Dry-
ing, Moisture content, Odor, Costs.
Identifiers: Swine, Calorific value.
The objective of this study is to evaluate, with em-
phasis on density, viscosity, and calorific value, the
physical properties of pig manure during the course of
feeding trials. The feeding trials lasted for 14 weeks.'
Over this trial period, the densities of the urine and
separated feces varied only slightly and mean values
of 1016 and 1130 kg/m3 were obtained respectively.
The calorific value of the dried feces was found to be
17.9 MJ/kg, which will contribute significantly in any
incineration operation. The mean viscosity was de-
termined to be 1.10 mNs/ta2 for the trial period. Tech-
nical scale tests on filtration and drying of slurries are
reported with mean transfer rates of 7.0x10-5 kg/hi2
and 2.2 x 10"4 kgAn2 respectively. The study indicated
that incineration of waste could be within the bounds
of a viable commercial proposition, especially taking
into account the decrease in total operation costs with
reduced moisture content resulting from the con-
tribution made by the calorific value of the dried
feces. Long term possibilities indicate that incinera-
tion as the sole complete disposal method may prove
to be the ultimate solution to the problems involved.
(Penrod-East Central)
2776 - Bl, Dl, E3 400
ENERGY CRISIS FUELS RESEARCH
TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE
POWER SOURCES,
Associate Editor of EDN
J. Bond
EDN Magazine, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 24-26, February 5,
1974. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Energy, Fuels, Cattle, Gases, Costs.
Identifiers: Manure, Gasification, High-power fuel
cell, Solar power.
The energy crunch has generated a great deal of in-
terest in more efficient methods of power production.
Three methods were considered in this report. They
are: high-power fuel cell, solar power, and cow man-
ure. The first method is eminently practical and not
far from realization. The second is a strong contender
but needs a lot of effort. The third method might ap-
pear unpractical at first, but it has been worked out
rather carefully and the economics look very goodr'
Hydrogasification of cattle manure could provide
large quantities of high-quality pipeline gas. With
feedlots containing 50,000 or more head of cattle,
reasonably large gas-production plants could be built
nearby to eliminate transportation costs. The method
selected for gasification is the Hydrane Process. Cost
projections indicate that the gas prices (based on free
manure) would be reasonable—about 41 cents/MBtu
for a plant that has a manure rate of 690,000 IbsAir.
(Cameron-East Central)
2777 - A4, Bl 600
GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION
BY DISSOLVED NITRATE,
Geology Department, Missouri University, Columbia
W. D. Keller and G. E. Smith
Presented at 164th Meeting of Geological Society of
America, Miami, Florida, 27 p. 3 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Nitrates, Fertilizers, Geochemistry,
Missouri, Surveys.
Identifiers: Groundwater contamination, Farm
wastes.
This report is concerned with a brief comment on the
geochemistry of the NOs ion and a progress survey of
high-nitrate subsurface water in Missouri. Nitrates in
Missouri subsurface waters were investigated by col-
lecting water from wells and springs. More than 5,000
water samples were collected and analyzed. Approx-
imately 42 per cent of the samples ranging from 12 to
75 per cent of the samples from individual counties,
contained over 5 ppm nitrogen. The-dominant source
of water-pollutant nitrate in Missouri water table was
found to be nitrogenous waste material from farm
feed lots. Heavy application of nitrate fertilizers on
highly permeable, alluvial soils, may contribute to
the nitrate content of water table wells. (Cartmell-
East Central)
2778 - A2, Bl 600
A HANDBOOK FOR ESTIMATING
THE POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF
BEEF, DAIRY, SHEEP AND SWINE
FEEDLOTS IN THE NORTH CENT-
RAL REGION,
Agricultural Engineer, 724 East First Street, Fair-
mont, Minnesota.
R. L. Mensch
Project Report for Consulting Work Performed for
the Farm Structures Division, Agricultural Engineer-
ing Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, June,
1971, 29 p. 18 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Livestock, Agricultural
runoff, Cattle, Dairy industry, Sheep, Climatic data.
Identifiers: North Central U.S., Pollution potential,
Swine.
The primary objectives in preparing this handbook
are: (1) present procedures so that non-engineers can
make on-site evaluation of a feedlot's pollution poten-
tial, (2) simplify mathematics so they can be per-
formed without a computer or slide rule, and (3) re-
duce the number of instruments needed in securing
field data to a minimum. A literature review was
conducted to pull together the various procedures and
equations of evaluating a feedlot's pollution potential
in various order to provide a continuous evaluation of
the system, going from one component to the next.
Selected references are cited. Evaluation of a f eedlot
must include climatic data as well as other factors
such as: number of animals, type of animals, ration,
percentage of time during the year that the f eedlot is
in use, feedlot area, lot slope and slope length, and
feedlot management. All factors are compiled into a
two page worksheet for the computation of feedlot
runoff pollution. (Penrod-East Central)
2779 - Al, B2, D4, E3 100
HIGH RATE COMPOSTING OF
MUNICIPAL REFUSE AND POUL-
TRY MANURE,
Department of Microbiology, Dunedin, New Zealand
R. G. Bell and J. Pos
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, p.
49-53, June, 1973. 7 fig, 6 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Composting, Municipal wastes, Farm
wastes, Poultry, Costs, Recycling, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Fertilizers, Ammonia, Economics.
Identifiers: Manure.
The work reported here was undertaken to de-
monstrate the feasibility of composting broiler man-
ure in association with refuse to produce a soil-
conditioning agent without the evolution of copious
quantities of ammonia. The composting facility con-
sisted of a high-rate composter housed under the
same roof as ancillary equipment for the sorting,
comminution and blending of municipal refuse with
broiler chicken manure. Municipal refuse was sorted
to remove metal, glass, plastic and rags, and then
passed through a hammer mill. The shredded refuse
was then moistened and blended with broiler manure
in the ratio of 5:4 by weight. This mixture was treated
in a high-rate composting unit for 8 days and then
discharged to a stockpile and allowed to mature. The
mature compost direct from the stockpile is being
evaluated as an aid to the restoration of vegetative
cover on a former gravel pit site and reground com-
post is being tested by the horticultural industry. The
cost of producing compost from poultry manure and
municipal refuse without presorting amounted to
$22.66 per ton. (Cartmell-East Central)
2780 - A5, Bl, Dl 700
AN INVESTIGATION OF ODOUR
CONTROL FOR SWINE BUILDINGS,
J. C. Abercrombie
MS Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada, 1971, 78 p. 15 fig, 13 tab, 31 ref.
Descriptors: Odor, Confinement pens, Filtering,
Dusts, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Odor control, Swine buildings, Air
washer.
An investigation was undertaken with the following
objectives: 1. To determine if odours in the exhaust
air of swine buildings are carried by particulate
materials. 2. To determine which size of particle is
most responsible for transporting odours from swine
buildings. 3. To examine presently accepted methods
of particulate collection and evaluate their usefulness
for removing the particulate material from the
exhaust air from swine buildings. 4. To determine
whether filtering of the exhaust air has any signific-
ant use as a method of controlling odour emissions
from swine buildings. 5. To investigate the effect of
weather conditions and distance on the dispersion of
pollutants from a swine building. The particles col-
lected by both the vacuum and electrostatic processes
were odorous. The most important fraction of the par-
ticulate material responsible for transporting obnox-
ious qualities appeared to be the fraction between 5
and 20 microns in size. It was found that odours car-
ried in an air-stream could be removed by filtering. In
descending order, the following systems were found
to be most efficient in removing odour from the air
stream: viscous impingement filter plus electrostatic
precipitator plus activated carbon filter: viscous im-
pingement filter; dry filter plus electrostatic pre-
cipitator; dry filter. (Cartmell-East Central)
2781 - A2, Bl, Cl 700
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POL-
LUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
RUNOFF FROM TWO FEEDLOTS,
P. E. Thormodsgard
M.S. Thesis, South Dakota State University, Brook-
ings, 1970, 74 p.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, South
Dakota, Sampling, Pollution, Suspended solids, Nit-
rogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Snowmelt, Rainfall.
Identifiers: Land disposal.
The trend toward larger numbers of animals in feed-
lots has resulted in the concentration of their wastes.
Consequently waste management has become a
major problem. The general objective of this investi-
gation was to explore the pollution characteristics of
runoff from two feedlots in eastern South Dakota. The
specific objectives were: (1) To determine the quan-
305
-------
tity and quality of feedlot runoff from the Animal
Nutrition unit and the Dairy Research and Production
unit at South Dakota State University, (2) To investi-
gate the spring feedlot runoff resulting from snow-
melt as well as the runoff produced by spring rainfall,
(3) To determine the poUutional characteristics at-
tributable to the suspended matter in the feedlot
runoff in order to assess the effectiveness of settling in
reducing the waste concentrations in feedlot runoff. It
was concluded from the investigation that: (1) High
concentrations of total and suspended solids, nitro-
gen, phosphorus, and oxygen-demanding material
were present in the feedlot runoff, (2) The snow re-
moval operation in the beef pens and the dairy con-
finement lot reduced the volume of snowmelt runoff
from each unit, (3) Population equivalent values of
the total animal waste load produced on the two feed-
lots were not a valid assessment of the actual pollution
attributable to the runoff from these units, (4) The
water pollution resulting from the feedlot runoff from
the two units was probably negligible during this in-
vestigation, (5) The centrifuging procedure was ef-
fective in reducing the waste concentrations of the
runoff samples, (6) Diversion of feedlot runoff onto
cropland may be a satisfactory means of handling
feedlot runoff in some situations. (Battles-East Cent-
ral)
2782 - A3, A4, E2 100
LAND SPREADING OF MANURE
FROM ANIMAL PRODUCTION UN-
ITS,
Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Uni-
versity of Newcastle upon Tyne
J. R. O'Callaghan, K. A. Pollock, and V. A. Dodd
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
16, No. 3, p. 280-300, September, 1971. 6 fig, 13 tab, 22
ref.
Descriptors: Computer models, Waste disposal, Fer-
tilizers, Cattle, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Loading rates, Manure,
Swine, Hydraulic loading, Chemical loading.
A computer simulation model has been developed to
determine manure output for a group of pigs as a
function of diet. The results of this model are incorpo-
rated into a second model designed to simulate land
spreading of the manure. One of the factors to be
considered in land spreading is the hydraulic loading
of the soil; this is assessed by comparing actual
evapotranspiration with historical rainfall figures
and allowing the manure to make up any soil moisture
deficiency. Chemical loading is determined by asses-
sing the levels of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus
that will be removed by the crop or fixed in the soil.
Any excess applied over this figure will result in
groundwater or runoff contamination. Because of in-
creased soil saturation and decreased organic activ-
ity in cold weather, spreading during winter months is
not advisable. The farmer should never apply more
slurry to the soil than can be immediately absorbed.
Crops also affect the maximum permissible chemical
loading; intensive grass production permits the
maximum loading. To plan a waste disposal system,
levels of manure output and its chemical composition
must be established. The hydraulic and chemical
loading maximums for each field and each crop will
allow the minimum acreage required for waste dis-
posal to be calculated. By avoiding the need to purch-
ase fertilizer, the farmer can realize cash value from
his manure. For example, if a farmer fattens 5,000
hogs per year, the total cash value of the nitrogen,
potassium, and phosphorus content of the manure
would be 5000 pounds sterling, with spreading costs of
about 1,700 pounds sterling. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
2783 - Al, Bl, E2 200
MANURE-HANDLING CAPACITY OF
SOILS FROM A MICROBIOLOGICAL
POINT OF VIEW,
Department of Environmental Biology, Guelph Uni-
versity, Guelph, Ontario
J. B. Robinson
Presented at Canadian Society of Agricultural En-
gineers Conference, Charlottetown P.E.I., June 27,
1972, Paper No. 72-210,18 p. 4 fig, 18 ref.
Descriptors: Soils, Microbial degradation, Nutrients,
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Pathogens.
Identifiers: Manure.
The criterion for handling capacity of a soil may be
taken to be "the ability of the soil micro-flora to as-
similate waste without permitting excessive leakage
of nutrients and other undesirable components from
the system." This ability is affected by temperature,
moisture content, degree of aeration, pH, and initial
microbial population. The components of most con-
cern are carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and
pathogenic organisms. Of these, nitrogen is usually
the most critical. Due to the complexities of microbial
conversions of nitrogen in mineralization, nitrifica-
tion, and denitrification, generalizations are fre-
quently erroneous and many contradictory results
have been reported in the literature. (Whetstone,
Parker, Wells-Texas Tech University)
2784 - Bl, E2 100
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF
ANIMAL MANURES-A MODEL FOR
COLLECTION, STORAGE LOCA-
TION AND DISTRIBUTION,
Agricultural Institute, Dublin
V. A. Dodd, D. F. Lyons, and J. R. O'Callaghan
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol.
19, p. 233-244,1974.1 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: Mathematical models, Waste storage,
Economics, Systems analysis, Poultry.
Identifiers: Land spreading, Swine, Collection.
It is proposed that a centralized storage facility
should be provided for a group of pig and/or poultry
units. The manure that is collected and brought to the
central store can be disposed of by spreading on land
in a separate operation. A mathematical, analytical
model is constructed to determine the best place to
locate the central store, and to determine the number
of tanker wagons needed to collect and spread the
manure. The model was applied to a specific region
containing 58 pig fattening units. Results showed that
the system may be economically attractive, having as
additional advantages the minimization of pollutions!
hazards and the relieving of the pig or poultry farmer
of the task of manure management. (Solid Waste In-
formation Retrieval System)
2785 - D2, D3, E3, Fl 200
AGRICULTURAL WASTES--AN
ENERGY RESOURCE OF THE
SEVENTIES,
Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.
William L. Crentz
Presented at the World Farm Foundation Sym-
posium, Anaheim, California, December, 1971,25 p. 2
fig, 8 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: Recycling, Energy, Fuels, Gases, Oils,
Autoclaves, Costs, Cellulose.
Identifiers: Pyrolysis.
The Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines has
developed two processes for utilizing the cellulose
from farm and urban wastes: pyrolysis and autoclav-
ing. In the pyrolysis process, wastes are passed
through a high temperature (200-900 degree C) retort
system. A recovery train removes tar and heavy oils,
a lighter oil, an aqueous product and tar fog and vapor
mists. The remaining gases pass through scrubbers,
an acid tower, and an alkali wash before emerging as
a usable product. Pollution from the plant is negligi-
ble. For a large plant, the costs of pyrolysis are much
less than the costs presently being paid by cities for
incineration ($8 to $12 per ton) or landfill ($6 to $8 per
ton). In the autoclavine process, the wastes are con-
verted to low-sulfur oils by treatment with carbon
monoxide and water under high pressures and temp-
eratures. The most likely end use of this fuel oil would
be for generation of electricity. (Cannon-East Cent-
ral)
2786 - D4, E2, E3 100
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
ANIMAL WASTES,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R. C. Loehr
Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 11, p: 14-18,
November 1970. 3 fig.
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Ani-
mal wastes, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic condi-
tions, Drying, Agricultural runoff, Nitrification-
denitrification.
Identifiers: Oxidation ditch, Holding tank, Compost-
ing.
Intensive livestock production methods are becoming
big pollution problems. Nine animal waste treatment
and disposal methods are discussed. System one is
daily disposal on the land without a holding tank and is
common with many dairy operations. An aerobic unit
is substituted for the holding tank in System two. In an
attempt to reduce the size of the aerobic unit, System
three incorporates an anaerobic unit which can act as
a surge tank and a repository for the heavier solids.
Systems four and five are in-house ditches. System
number four, an in-house oxidation ditch system, of-
fers the advantage of inexpensive construction since
it is a part of the confinement building. System five
incorporates a non-aerobic in-house system. System
six separates the semi-solid wastes from the
washwaters at the source. Systems seven-nine are
based on the drying and composting of animal wastes
but require a market for the product. These markets
are not yet available on a general basis. The above
systems will remove most of the organic-oxygen-
demanding material but not the inorganic nutrients.
Two engineering techniques are available to reduce
the quantity of nitrogen in the wastes at the produc-
tion site. These are nitrification-denitrification and
ammonia release. Systems to handle runoff are dis-
cussed. (Kehl-East Central)
2787 - B3, D4 100
WINTER HIGH RATE COMPOSTING
OF BROILER MANURE,
Department of Environmental Biology, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Bell, R. G. and Pos, J.
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 2, p.
6044, December, 1971.10 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Winter, Farm wastes, Waste treatment,
Poultry, Aeration, Temperature, Weather, Nitrogen,
Carbon.
Identifiers: Composting, Manure, Broilers.
An aerated horizontal silo type composter was con-
structed to test the feasibility of high rate composting
of broiler manure during the winter months. It was
concluded that high rate composting is possible out-
side during the winter when supplementary heating
equipment is used. It was hampered by snow buildups
and freezing rain which necessitates a roof for
maximum efficiency. A forced aeration system
proved to be necessary for high rate composting, and
ideally the composter should be loaded daily. The use
of ground garbage will increase the carbon to nitrogen
ratio and produce a better compost. The compost it-
self proved to be reasonably consistent, but several
modifications and adjustments are necessary before
the high rate composter could be considered success-
ful. (Russell-East Central)
306
-------
2788 - Bl, D4 100
THE FLOW OF SOLID WASTES IN
PIPELINES,
Compost Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 11, Autumn 1967-
Winter 1968.1 tab.
Descriptors: Solid wastes, Hydraulic transportation,
Pipelines, Municipal wastes.
Identifiers: Feedlot wastes, Composting.
Among the research projects now being supported
under the Solid Waste Program of the Public Health
Service is a study by Dr. Iraj Zandi of the University
of Pennsylvania who is exploring the pipeline collec-
tion and transportation of solid wastes. Despite the
potential of solid pipeline systems, the inability to
predict accurately the headlosses that will occur
under an assumed condition has been one of the fac-
tors impeding the development and widespread use of
hydraulic transportation. Experiments have shown
that ground-up municipal refuse could be mixed with
a small amount of water from the city sewer system
and pumped out of the city. Pipelines would only have
to be 2-in. in diameter to carry the wastes of a town
with a population of 10,000 to 15,000. In the future,
magnetic and centrifugal sorting devices may be used
to separate metals, glass and plastics for salvage. The
remaining organic material could be mixed with
sludge from sewage treatment plants and manure
from feedlots, and the entire mixture composted. A
slurry of 40 per cent solid wastes may be a good input
to a composting system. Industrial installations of
pipeline transportation in the U.S. and Europe are
listed. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval System)
2789 - A9, B2, E3 100
EFFLUENT SPRAY DISEASE RISK,
Senior Research Officer (Pollution), and Scientific
Liaison Officer, of the Meat Industry Research Insti-
tute, Hamilton. New Zealand
C. F. Denmead and 6. R. Bentley
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 125, No. 4, p.
23, October, 1972.1 fig.
Descriptors: Health, Diseases, Salmonella
Identifiers: Spray irrigation, Cattle manure, New
Zealand.
This article discusses the potential health hazards
involved in spraying microorganisms from cattle
dung around pastures. Salmonella is one of the
dangerous organisms which can be found in cattle
dung. In the case of spray irrigation this material is
diluted and sprayed thinly over a large area. Whether
or not an animal becomes infected depends on the
number of live organisms ingested. In the case of a
milk infection, milk production can be reduced. A
serious infection could mean complete loss of produc-
tion or the death of the animal. The following mea-
sures will assist in stopping the spread of infection:
irrigating on ploughed ground; minimizing spray
drift; and waiting a few months before using a
sprayed pasture. By careful management of cowshed
waste disposal, farmers can reduce the spread of cat-
tle diseases. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval Sys-
tem)
2790 - A9, Bl 100
TOXICITY OF NITRITE TO CHAN-
NEL CATFISH,
Fisheries Research Laboratory and Department of
Zoology, Southern Illinois, University, Carbondale.
M. Konikoff
The Progressive Fish-Culturist, Vol. 37, No. 2, p. 96-98,
April, life. 1 fig, 3 tab, 13ref.
Descriptors: Catfishes, Nitrites, Ammonia, Toxicity.
A study concerning the toxicity of nitrite, an inter-
mediate compound formed during the biological oxi-
dation (or nitrification) of ammonia (a major waste
product of fishes), is reported in terms of toxic effects
on channel catfish. Channel catfish, which had been
held for at least four weeks in raceways, were added
to five aquariums filled with 40 liters each of dechlori-
nated tapwater. The fish were added at an average
density of 264 grams per aquarium. Average fish
weight was 40 grams. The fish were acclimated for 24
hours. Then appropriate amounts of sodium nitrite
solution were added slowly to the aquariums. Groups
of 6-10 fish were exposed to concentrations of IS, 20,25,
30, and 35 mg/1 of NOz for 4 days. This was repeated
until 28 fish had been exposed to each concentration.
Other groups of fish were exposed to 5,10, 40 and 45
mgA of NOJ! with fewer replications. Dead fish were
removed at 24, 48, 72, and % hours. Temperature,
dissolved oxygen and pH were measured. The median
tolerance limit for each time period was calculated
from a regression equation which was determined for
the log of the nitrite concentration and the per cent
fish surviving. The easiest method of confirming nit-
rite toxicity is to inspect the color of the fish's blood,
which will become chocolate-brown under toxic con-
ditions. The wide range of tolerances exhibited by
fishes to nitrite poisoning indicates that nitrite might
be used as a selective fish toxin. (Merryman-East
Central)
2791 - Al, Bl, C3, D4, El 300
THE TREATMENT OF PIGGERY
WASTES,
L. Littlejohn (ed)
The Treatment of Piggery Wastes, Scottish Farm
Buildings Investigation Unit, North of Scotland Col-
lege of Agriculture, June, 1975, 66 p. 28 fig, 15 tab, 21
Descriptors: Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Anaerobic lagoon, Anaerobic digestion.
Identifiers: Swine, Scotland, Below-house oxidation
ditch, Surface aerator, Oxidation ditch.
Treatment and disposal of piggery wastes in Scotland
is not without problems. The ideal method of animal
wastes disposal is to recycle them by application to
the land. But because of the complexities of modem
agricultural production and pressures from non-
agricultural sectors of the community there are in-
creasing numbers of situations arising in which it
may be desirable to put animal wastes through some
form of treatment before disposal, whether to the land
or elsewhere. The objectives of such treatment may
range from simple deodorization to the production of
a final product acceptable by sewage authorities or
river boards. This publication describes the problems
that piggery wastes present. A description of the
physical, chemical and biological properties of
piggery wastes is given. Field scale experimentations
with (1) Below-house oxidation ditch, (2) Surface
aerator, (3) Anaerobic lagoon, (4) Independent oxida-
tion ditcht and (5) Anaerobic digester are presented.
Results of development work utilizing these treat-
ment systems is reported. (Merryman-East Central)
2792 - Al, E2 700
THE EFFECT OF INCORPORATED
ANIMAL MANURE AND pH ON THE
SOLUBILITY OF SOIL MANGANESE,
T. M. Taukobong
MS Thesis, Tuskegee Institute, May, 1973,79 p. 26 fig,
14 tab, 73 ref.
Descriptors: Manganese, pH, Plant response, Toxic-
ity, Soil analysis, Lime.
Identifiers: Manure, Land disposal, Rye, Millet.
An investigation was conducted to study the relation-
ship of pH and animal manure to the solubility of
manganese in the soil, and to determine if high appli-
cation rates of manure to the soil would result in man-
ganese toxicity in plants. Several studies were con-
ducted. In one such study, lime was added to soil
samples to give pH values from 4.2 to 6.0 and in a
second study, manure of 0 to 120 tons per acre were
added to the soil. The soils were incubated, sampled,
and analyzed for soluble, exchangeable and easily
reducible manganese. In another study, the solubility
of manganese was studied as indicated by its uptake
in rye and millet. The following conclusions were
drawn from these studies: (1) Manure addition to soil
results in drastic change of soil pH. (2) The action of
manure in causing manganese retention may be two-
fold ; partly due to the increase in pH and partly due to
the completing of the metal. (3) Exchangeable man-
ganese, and to a lesser extent water soluble man-
ganese, seems to be the fraction of soil manganese
most susceptible to changes in pH and the amount of
manure in the soil, while the easily reducible man-
ganese does not readily respond to these changes. (4)
When added to the soil in conjunction with lime, man-
ure tends to reduce the drastic effect of lime on soil
manganese. (5) There is no evidence that addition of
manure could result in production of toxic amounts of
manganese in the soil. (Sanders-East Central)
2793 - A9, B3, D2, E3 400
CHICKEN LITTER COW FEED,
R. Carmody
The Farm Quarterly, Vol. 19, p. 52-53,92,94, Fall, 1964.
Ifig.
Descriptors: Feeds, Litters, Poultry, Cattle, Maine,
Performance, Costs, Economics, Legal aspects,
Scours.
Identifiers: Ref ceding.
Under drastic cost conditions, Maine farmers are
forced to find a cheap feed so they can stay in produc-
tion. Some think that chicken litter may be the ans-
wer. Results have revealed that by incorporating
chicken litter into cattle feed, birth weights may be
increased and calf scours may be reduced. However,
care must be taken to keep the feed dry, as it becomes
extremely unpalatable when wet. Dr. Brugman of the
University of Maine is conducting tests on the utiliza-
tion of poultry litter in cow feed. Although he isn't
ready to release the data on his digestion trials, he did
state that digestibility of the material was remarka-
bly high. Feed samples made from laying-house litter
have lignin content slightly under the 4 per cent fi-
gure. The doctor also stated that two things are im-
portant in the use of the litter and they are: 11) energy
must be added to the ration, and (2) thorough mixing
is essential. He further stated that although research
data is still needed on the subject, chicken litter shows
real promise as a feed for beef cow herds and for dairy
replacements. Some conflict with Maine law may
arise in feeding litter to producing dairy cows so its
best use may be in raising replacement stock. One
other problem was noted and that was the removal of
metal trapped in the Utter. One study showed that the
primary cost in going to this feed was the purchase of
a Gehl protable hammer mill.and mixer in which the
feed may be thoroughly mixed, and which can be
hauled to the field and unloaded into the big feeders.
(Penrod-East Central)
2794 - Al, Dl, E3 100
SOLIDIFICATION OF SLUDGES
WITH PORTLAND CEMENT,
Department of Civil Engineering, Clarkson College of
Technology, Potsdam, New York
E. A. Cassell and T. W. Walker
Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceed-
ings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.
96 (SA1), p. 15-26, February, 1970.7 fig, 7 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: Poultry, Portland cements, Fly ash,
Leaching, Phosphates.
Identifiers: Sewage sludge, Solidification, Soil con-
ditioners.
A report was made on research to investigate the
solidification of sewage sludge and chicken manure in
307
-------
a matrix of Portland cement and fly ash. It was
suggested that the solidified matrix could serve as a
controlled nutrient release soil conditioner. The rate
of phosphate leaching from the matrix, the compres-
sive strength of the matrix, and the time required for
the mix to set were influenced by the fly ash to cement
ratio, the sludge (or manure) to cement ratio, and the
water to cement ratio. (McQuitty and Barber-
University of Alberta)
2795 - Al, A5, Bl, D4, E2 400
FINALLY A CREATIVE, PROFITA-
BLE SOLUTION TO AGE OLD WASTE
PROBLEM,
L. Richardson, Editor
Big Farmer, Vol. 44, March, 1972, 2 p. 5 fig.
Descriptors: Cattle, Municipal wastes, Odor, Crop
response.
Identifiers: Swine, Land disposal.
Land disposal of hog, cattle, and urban sludge in the
right proportions has eliminated odors in the opera-
tion of a project at Richmond, Illinois. Corn yields are
reported to have increased from 40 bu to over 100 in
three years. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas
Tech University.)
2796 - Al, E2 100
THE DISPOSAL OF COPPER-
ENRICHED PIG-MANURE SLURRY
ON GRASSLAND,
Department of Soil Science, University of Aberdeen
T. Batey, G. Berryman and C. Line
Journal of the British Grassland Society, Vol. 27, No.
3, p. 139-143,1972. 8 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Copper, Slurries, Toxicity, Soils, pH.
Identifiers: Swine, Herbage.
Manure slurry from swine that have been fed
copper-enriched diets was applied to land located at
the National Institute of Research in Dairying at Shin-
field. The slurry was applied in May, June, and July of
1966 at rates of 5000 gal slurry ac and 10,000 gal slurry
ac. The soil in the slurry disposal area, as well as the
herbage grown there, was analyzed for possible ef-
fects. Although copper levels increased in the soil, the
levels varied in herbage and appeared to be affected
by the rate of grass growth. It appears that there is
little risk of copper toxicity following copper-enriched
slurry applications; however, to avoid possible
hazards from copper buildups in the soil, a maximum
annual application of 8.5 Ib/ac copper is recom-
mended until more is known about the availability of
copper in slurry to crops and grass. (Penrod-East
Central)
2797 - A2, Bl, F2 300
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF
BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
0. E. Cross, and C. B. Gilbertson
Farm, Ranch, and Home Quarterly, Nebraska Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, p. 20-21,
Winter, 1969. 2 fig.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Cattle, Nebraska, Regula-
tions, Agricultural runoff, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Detention ponds, Rainfall.
Feedlot owners are being given the legal responsibil-
ity for insuring that their operation does not contami-
nate Nebraska's water. The Water Pollution Control
Council of the Nebraska State Department of Health
has been charged with setting up regulations to main-
tain Nebraska's water quality. Since information on
the most effective ways to dispose of feedlot waste
was not available, the Nebraska Livestock Feeders
Association and its Pollution Control Committee were
given two years to research and develop information
on which regulations could be based. Several projects
are underway to determine the efficiency of several
different systems of waste management. Four sys-
tems are discussed which examine several different
aspects of feedlot waste management. These systems
cover runoff collection and treatment, movement of
solids on dirt lots, and various methods of loader
cleaning. Rainfall, its duration and intensity is re-
corded for use in the analysis. (Penrod-East Central)
2798 - Al, E2 100
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND FARM
YARD MANURE ON FINGER MIL-
LET ELEUSINE CORACANA (L)
GAERTN.
Department of Botany, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore-641003, INDIA
P. Rangaswamy
Madras Agricultural Journal, Vol. 60, No. 8, p. 949-952,
August, 1973. 2 fig, 3 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Farm wastes, Crop response.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Millet, India.
This study discusses the response of early (95 days
and below) and short (95-115 days) duration finger
millet varieties to the application of graded doses of
nitrogen and farm yard manure. The trial was con-
ducted at Millets Breeding Station, Agricultural Col-
lege and Research Institute, Coimbatore during
1965-1968. The manorial trial was a failure during the
1967 monsoon season due to severe drought and inci-
dence of pests and diseases. Among the millet var-
ieties viz., CO.8, AKP.2, C0.10, and EC.4841, the strain
CO. 10 and selection EC.4841 recorded 35.3 and 50.3 per
cent higher yield than the standard strain CO.8. Early
duration varieties recorded 24.1 per cent higher grain
yield at 67.5 kg nitrogen level; beyond that there was a
decline in yield. For the early duration finger millet
varieties, the yield differences due to the application
of farm yard manure were significant during the year
1968. Application of farm yard manure at 25 tonnes-ha
caused a 9.1 per cent increase in grain yield over no
farm yard manure treatment. The short duration var-
ieties responded well to the application of graded
levels of nitrogen even up to 112.5 kg nitrogen-ha.
Interactions between different levels of nitrogen and
farm yard manure and varieties were not significant
in all the years and in combined analysis. (Penrod-
East Central)
2799 - Al, D2, E3 100
RETORTING FEEDLOT WASTES,
Science News, Vol. 102, No. 10, p. 153, September, 1972.
Descriptors: Feedlots, Organic wastes, Carbon,
Fuels, Water pollution, Air pollution.
Identifiers: Retort system, Pyrolysis, Inert ash,
Char, Water clarification, Soil conditioner, Texas
Technological University.
A particularly serious problem in the area of water
and air pollution is feedlot waste. Each steer produces
16 times the organic waste produced by a human be-
ing. If organic wastes enter waterways, they cause
high biological oxygen demand; if they are inciner-
ated, they cause air pollution. Researchers at Texas
Technological University have developed a retort
system which dries feedlot waste, then pyrolyzes it.
The product is char, carbon and inert ash which can
be used for water clarification, as fuel, or as a soil
conditioner. If the system is scaled up to commercial
size and automated, it would require only one or two
men to operate. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
2800 - Dl, E3 100
FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES FOR
TRANSPORTATION,
College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadel-
phia, Pennsylvania
C. W. Savery
Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4, p. 485499, October,
1972. 7 tab.
Descriptors: Energy, Recycling, Animal wastes,
Municipal wastes, Hydrogen, Ammonia, Sludge di-
gestion, Fermentation, Anaerobic digestion,
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Alcohols.
Identifiers: Transportation fuels, Agricultural
wastes, Pyrolysis, Hydrocarbons.
Natural energy resources are being consumed at a
terrific rate. In 1960, approximately 20 per cent of the
total energy consumed in the United States was con-
sumed in transportation—126,000 Btu per capita per
day. On one hand transportation fuel sources must be
conserved and synthetic fuels produced. Two of these
fuels would be hydrogen and ammonia. The third type
of fuel would be produced by recycling waste trash,
animal wastes, and crop residues. The pyrolysis of
municipal refuse offers a possibility of producing
fuels. It is estimated that 500 to 700 Btu per capita per
day would be produced by recovering gas from the
sludge digestion process in the United States. Another
source of hydrocarbon fuels is the digestion of animal
wastes. About 50,000 Btu per capita per day could be
produced from the annual total of animal waste pro-
duction. Another category of recycling waste is ag-
ricultural crop residues. Two processes are
possible—fermentation to make alcohol and
anaerobic digestion to produce a combustible mixture
of methane and carbon dioxide. About 25,000 Btu per
capita per day could be produced. By altering the
energy mix, recycling could thus produce 80,000 Btu
per capita per day or about two-thirds of the amount of
the transportation energy consumed in 1960. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System)
2801 - D4, E3 100
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Water Resources Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 5, p. 1-2, Oc-
tober, 1972.
Descriptors: Research and development, Recycling,
Feeds, Fuels, Methane, Cattle, Drying, Poultry.
Identifiers: General Electric, Hamilton Standard.
General Electric, in an installation at Casa Grande,
Arizona, is using one-cell microbes to digest cattle
manure. The resulting biomass, after being dried and
powdered, is a tasteless, odorless, nutritious feed for
chickens or cattle. Hamilton Standard converts man-
ure into livestock feed using bacteria already present.
Enough methane is generated in the process to supply
the heat and electricity needed for the operation.
(Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech Univer-
sity)
2802 - Al, D4, E3, Fl 100
GOBAR-GAS PLANTS PROMISES
AND PROBLEMS,
Assistant Director, G. G. S. Khadi and Village Indus-
tries Commission, 3, Irla Road, Vile Parle (West),
Bombay
H. R. Srinivasan
Indian Fanning, Vol. 23, No. 11, p. 29, 31, 33, Feb-
ruary, 1974.
Descriptors: Fuels, Anaerobic digester, Organic
wastes, Fertilizers, Fermentation, Economics,
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Nutrients, En-
vironmental sanitation.
Identifiers: India, Gobar-gas plant, Gas production.
308
-------
Because of the present shortage of fertilizer, kerosene
and petrol in India, it appears that gobar-gas plants
can play a major role in preventing the draining away
of valuable foreign exchange used for chemical fer-
tilizer and crude oil imports. The gobar-gas plant is an
anaerobic digester used for fermenting organic
wastes. The digestion is carried out submerged in
water. The end products of the anaerobic digestion
are (1) Gobar-gas (a mixture of methane, carbon
dioxide and minute quantities of HjS and other gases)
and (2) a blackish, odorless, readily drainable, in-
nocuous substance rich in nitrogen and humus. While
it is hoped that the gobar-gas can become an accepted
source of fuel, there are still problems to be worked
out. Since cattle-dung is a very slow fermentor, prob-
ably because it is poor in nutrients, some way is
needed to collect the cattle urine as well. Also, as day
temperatures go down, the gas production falls. The
manure presents storage problems. Social adjust-
ment to this new fuel source has posed a problem. It is
hoped, however that these problems can be worked
out. It is felt that the gobar-gas plant offers a mar-
kedly increased income from the farm due to more
and better manure, coupled with better living condi-
tions. The gobar-gas manure has given better yields
in all crops when compared to farm-yard manure
made from the same quantity of cattle dung.
(Penrod-East Central)
2803 - A2, Bl 400
FEEDLOT POLLUTION: A SOLVA-
BLE PROBLEM?,
South Dakota Farm & Home Research, Vol. 21, No. 2,
p. 30-31, Spring, 1970.
Descriptors: Agricultural runoff, Water pollution,
South Dakota, Feedlots, Land management, Precipi-
tation (atmospheric)
Identifiers: Retention ponds.
While he was a civil engineering graduate student at
South Dakota State University, Paul Thormodsgard
did research on snow and rainfall runoff from certain
feedlots. He deducted that good land management
could be a more feasible answer to feedlot pollution
than expensive waste treatment. He found that a
large ditch and a plowed field between the f eedlot and
a stream diminished the waste runoff. He also
suggested that waste introduced into a stream in
times of flood may be diluted by the large amounts of
water. Thormodsgard pointed out that f eedlot runoff
is related to type of precipitation and could be held in
retention ponds or possibly in a plowed field until con-
ditions are right for its release. (Sanders-East Cent-
ral)
2804 - A5, Bl, D2 100
REMOVING THE SMELL FROM MA-
NURE
Water and Waste Treatment, Vol. 15, p. 3A, March
1972.
Descriptors: Poultry, Feeds, Drying.
Identifiers: After-burner, Odor removal, Great Bri-
tain.
"Removing smells created by processing poultry
manure has saved the world's largest operator in this
field from closure." A British concern producing ag-
ricultural feed by drying the manure quickly at high
temperature to preserve its protein value has added
"after-burners" which heat the exhaust gases to 600
degrees C before releasing them to a 75-ft stack.' 'The
system has proved 100 per cent effective."
(Whetstone, Parker, & Wells-Texas Tech)
2805 - Dl, E3
FEEDLOT WASTE USABLE,
Poultry Meat, Vol. 23, p. 16, October, 1972.
400
Descriptors: Feedlots, Recycling, Feeds, Perfor-
mance.
Identifiers: Fractionation, Building materials.
A two-step fractionation process for f eedlot waste de-
veloped by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA
obtains a fibrous residue, fifty per cent of the waste,
which can be pressed into board or used as a nutrient
for fungus that produces a fiber-digesting enzyme.
Chicken feed treated with the enzyme has improved
digestibility. The fungus itself is almost half protein.
(Whetstone, Parker and Wells-Texas Tech)
2806 - Al, B2, E2 100
AN ECOLOGICAL BLUEPRINT FOR
TODAY,
Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 34, No. 1, p.
30-39, July-August, 1971. 6 fig, 3 tab, 3 ret.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Sampling, Chemical
properties, Physical properties.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Spray irrigation, Applica-
tion rates.
The recycling of human effluent and animal waste by
spray irrigation was discussed. Ten acres of cropland
and 12 acres of woodland were spray irrigated. Dis-
posal of liquid manure was at the rate of 2 in. per week
over a 10-acre tract of cropland which is equivalent to
20 acre-ill, or 544,000 gal. Weekly sampling and testing
from 32 stations in the spray irrigation area were
performed for the presence of turbidity, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, pH,
ABS, and chlorides. It was found that by taking
effluent from agricultural wastes of 200 cows and
spray irrigating the crops with this effluent, produc-
tion was tremendously improved. By utilization of the
nutrients and the water, tonnage per acre increased.
It was found that animals prefer nutrient-irrigated
crops, as the plants are more succulent and contain
more phosphorus and other minerals than crops that
are just watered. The establishment of a community
using spray irrigation for handling sewage waste was
also described. Results so far indicate that spray irri-
gation is an effective system. The waste is applied to
croplands and woodlands instead of dumping it into
streams and lakes. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System)
2807 - D4, E3 100
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF
BIOGAS FROM COWDUNG BY AD-
DING OTHER AGRICULTURAL
WASTE MATERIALS,
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi,
India.
R. D. Laura and M. A. Adnani
Journal of Scientific Food Agriculture, Vol. 22, p. 164-
167, April, 1»71. 3 fig, 4 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Gases, Methane, Fermentation,
Anaerobic conditions, Chemical properties.
Identifiers: Production rates, Agricultural wastes,
India.
"It was found that the addition of nitrogenous mate-
rials, such as casein, urea or urine, increased the
extent of decomposition of cowdung, resulting in
higher gas production. The effect appears to be to the
maintenance of pH 7 during fermentation. With the
addition of urea of CaCOs, materials such as dry
leaves and cane sugar have yielded high proportions
of methane in the gas mixtures and three additions
also increased the rate of gas production by promot-
ing anaerobic conditions in the medium. Addition of
cellulose also increased the rate but the gas mixture
obtained had a lower methane content." (McQuitty
and Barber-University of Alberta)
2808 - A9, E3 100
ABORTION IN CATTLE ASSOCIATED
WITH THE FEEDING OF POULTRY
LITTER,
Departments of Veterinary Science and Biology,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
L. C. Oriel, Jr., D. C. Kradel, andE. W. Wickereham
The Cornell Veterinarian, Vol. 59, No. 2, p. 226-235,
1969. 3 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: Litter, Cattle.
Identifiers: Refeeding, Abortion, Dienestrol-treated
feed, Estrogenic activity, Hormonal imbalance.
A study was made to determine the relationship bet-
ween the feeding of poultry litter obtained from birds
that had received dienestrol-treated feed and a series
of abortions in a breeding herd of beef cattle. During
the period in which the herd was receiving poultry
litter, all animals exhibited a great deal of estrual
behavior. Upon cessation of the feeding of the litter,
this behavior completely disappeared, abortions
ceased, and the remainder of the herd subsequently
calved normally. While the exact biochemical
mechanisms involved in the etiology of the abortions
remain unsolved, the evidence indicated that some
manner of hormonal imbalance may have been in-
volved. Further work is needed to determine the in-
teractions of all the factors present in this case in
causing abortion in cattle. (Penrod-East Central)
2809 - Al, E3 100
FLAVOUR OF BEEF FED ON DRIED
POULTRY WASTE,
Agricultural Research Council, Meat Research Insti-
tute, Langford, Bristol BS1B 7DY
D. N. Rhodes
Journal of Scientific Food Agriculture, Vol. 22, p. 436,
August, 1971.
Descriptors: Cattle, Feeds.
Identifiers: Dried poultry wastes, Flavor.
"Indirect comparisons of beef roasts from steers fed
on rations containing 25 per cent dried poultry waste
and from control animals, taste panels were unable to
distinguish between the two meats on the basis of
odour or flavour." (McQuitty and Barber-University
of Alberta)
2810 - Al, Bl, El 400
LIVESTOCK WASTE: WHY WASTE
IT?,
Agricultural Situation, October, 1971, p. 2-4.
Descriptors: Waste disposal, Livestock Economics,
Lagoons, Dehydration.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Composting, Refeeding.
Methods of utilization or disposal of manure currently
used or under investigation are described briefly.
These include land disposal, lagoons, the Pasveer
oxidation ditch, composting, dehydration, and animal
feeding. (Whetstone, Parker, and Wells-Texas Tech)
2811 - Al, C2, C3, E3 100
THE USE OF ANIMAL WASTES ON
FERTILIZER.
Armstrong, D.W.
Journal of Agriculture (South Australia), Vol. 75, p.
178-184,1972.
Descriptors: Fertilizers, Irrigation, Animal wastes,
Nutrients, Feedlots, Chemical properties, Physical
properties, Nitrogen, Odor, Agricultural runoff,
Groundwater pollution.
309
-------
Identifiers: Land disposal, Application rates, Au-
stralia.
The amounts of manure produced and its composition
are discussed. Application rates should not exceed 300
Ib of nitrogen per acre to avoid groundwater contami-
nation and other detrimental effects. Application of
more than 100 Ib per acre is useless. If manure is used
for irrigation it should be diluted with water. Odor and
runoff can create difficulties. (Whetstone, Parker,
and Wells-Texas Tech)
2812 - Al, B2, E2 100
PHOSPHORUS IN PERCOLATES
FROM MANURED LYSIMETERS,
Department of Land Resource Science, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
D. G. Bielby, D. A. Tel, and L. R. Webber
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 53, No. 3, p.
343-346, August, 1973. 3 tab.
Descriptors: Phosphorus, Percolation, Lysimeters.
Identifiers: Liquid poultry manure.
The objective of this report was to determine if phos-
phorus from heavy surface applications of liquid poul-
try manure would be retained by the soil or would
occur in the percolates. Over the 3-year study period,
the phosphorus added in the treatments was equiva-
lent to SO, 408, and 1,240 and 1,590 kg/ha. During this
period, the percolates contained the equivalent of
0.35,0.65, 0.38, and 0.35 kg of PAia for the four treat-
ments respectively. The corresponding concentra-
tions of phosphorus in the percolates were 0.029,0.057,
0.033, and 0.034 mgA. Although abnormally large
amounts of phosphorus were added, the amounts
found in the percolates were not correspondingly
large. The study confirms the general observation
that applied phosphorus tends to remain immobile in
the soil. As the water moves through the subsoil,
phosphorus attenuation occurs. (Penrod-East Cent-
ral)
2813 - Al, E2 100
CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITRO-
GEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOW-
ING VARIED APPLICATION OF
POULTRY MANURE TREATED TO
MINIMIZE ODOR,
Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture
Canada, St. Jean, Quebec J3B 6Z8
K. A. MacMillan, T. W. Scott, and T. W. Bateman
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 55, No. 1, p.
29-34, February, 1975. 4 fig, 3 tab, 14 ref.
tive and NO negative were the major N fractions
used by the plants in the acid and neutral soil, respec-
tively. Concentration of N02- toxic to corn was attri-
buted as causing the substantial yield decreases with
the higher rates of OD on the Honeoye soil. The study
concluded that the major factor thought responsible
for different N concentrations and ultimate corn yield
response in each soil was soil reaction. (Penrod-East
Central)
2814 - Bl, D2, D3, E3. Fl 400
CONVERSION OF SWINE MANURE
TO PROTEIN,
Department of Soil Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon
Larry Boersma
Feedstuffs, Vol. 47, No. 39, p. 20-21, September 22,
1975.1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Recycling, Algae, Proteins, Feeds,
Economics, Energy, Methane.
Identifiers: Swine.
Oregon State University is experimenting with the
use of swine manure as a substrate for growing algae,
which may then be used as feed. The economics of
such recycling is dependent upon such variables as
water temperature, light intensity, depth of culture
and retention time. Two harvesting methods were
employed: (1) centrifugation and (2) precipitating
the material with alum. The algal material obtained
by centrifugation was a good source of protein. Alum
precipitated algae did not give good results, strongly
suggesting that harvesting should be done by cen-
trifugation, air flotation, or some other method which
does not add toxic materials. The development of an
inexpensive method for harvesting algae has been a
major deterrent to the development of commercial
algal production. Centrifugation is expensive and
energy intensive. It is hoped that methane, which is
produced in the initial digestion of the manure, may
be used as the energy source. Current experimenta-
tion at Oregon State is focused on determining op-
timum management techniques. (Cannon-East Cent-
ral)
Descriptors: Crop response, Corn, Poultry, Waste
treatment, pH, Nitrification, Ammonification.
Identifiers: Land disposal, Nitrogen transforma-
tions.
The objective of this study was to examine the interre-
lationship between soil nitrogen transformations and
corn response,'following sofl application of manure
previously treated to minimize odor. Maximum
above-ground yields obtained on Mardin and Honeoye
silt loam were 54 and 23 g, respectively, whereas
check yields were 9 and 8 g, suggesting that N addi-
tions had a greater influence on yield response under
acid pH conditions. There were no visible signs of
nutrient deficiency in plants from either soil, suggest-
ing that nutrient supply was adequate. As a result of
more favorable conditions for nitrification and NHa
volatilization at the higher pH (Honeoye) as opposed
to the acid pH (Mardin), there were differences in
NH4 plus concentrations between the two soils. The
overall increases in NOg—(Honeoye) and NH4 plus
concentrations during the course of the experiment
indicated that the high N loading rates used were not
toxic to the soil microorganisms at each pH value. On
consideration of yield response as it related to mea-
sured soil N fractions, it was observed that NH posi-
310
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-189
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT
A Bibliography with Abstracts—Volume III
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
M. L. Rowe and Linda Merryman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
East Central Oklahoma State University
School of Environmental Science
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1HB617
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-801454-03
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Management and research information on animal wastes has expanded rapidly in
recent years. This material has appeared in such diverse sources as journal
articles, conference papers, university publications, government publications,
magazine articles, books or book chapters, and theses. This bibliography was
compiled in order to speed the flow of information on findings in one segment
of the livestock industry to other segments that could benefit from this technology.
Included in this publication are the following indexes: (1) author,
(2) keyword, (3) animal information categories. These indexes are followed
by a section of abstracts of each reference entry found in the bibliography.
Single copies of most articles can be obtained in hard copy or microfiche form
at cost from the Animal Waste Technical Information Center, School of Environmental
Science, East Central Oklahoma State University, Ada, Oklahoma 74820.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Agricultural Wastes
Animal Husbandry
Waste Disposal
Bibliographies
Abstracts
Animal Wastes Management
Animal Wastes Technical
Abstracts
02/B
02/C
02/D
02/E
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)'
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
317
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
None
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
311
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