EPA-600/2-77-023S
February 1977
Environmental Protection Technology Series
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL USE: Chapter 19.
The Clay Industry
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-77-023S
February 1977
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PROFILES
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL USE
CHAPTER 19
THE CLAY INDUSTRY
by
J. T. Reding, K. E. Bishop, P. E. Muehlberg
and B. P. Shepherd
Dow Chemical
Freeport, Texas 77451
Terry Parsons and Glynda E. Wilkins
Radian Corporation
Austin, Texas 78766
Contract No. 68-02-1319
Project Officer
Alfred B. Craig
Metals and Inorganic Chemicals Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory - Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 19
Page
INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 1
Raw Materials 2
Products 3
Companies 4
Environmental Impact 7
Bibliography 8
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 9
Clay Production Segment 11
Process No. 1. Mining 13
Process No. 2. Crushing 15
Process No. 3. Drying 17
Process No. 4. Dry Grinding 19
Process No. 5. Wet Concentrating 21
Process No. 6. Final Drying 23
Brick Manufacture Segment 25
Process No. 7. Extruding 27
Process No. 8. Brick Drying 28
Process No. 9. Firing 29
Appendix A - Raw Material List 33
Appendix B - Products List 35
Appendix C - Companies and Products 39
iii
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LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 19
Figure Page
1 Clay Industry Chemical Tree 10
2 Clay Industry Flowsheet 12
3 Brick Manufacture Flowsheet 26
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 19
Table Page
1 Clay Production Statistics for 1973 3
2 Uses of Products of the Clay Industry 4
A-l Raw Materials Used in 1973 34
B-l Primary Uses of Clay Products 36
C-l Kaolin, Ball Clay, Fire Clay, Bentonite,
and Fuller's Earth Producers 40
C-2 Common Clay, Brick, and Structural
Clay Producers 51
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared for EPA by Dow Chemical, U.S.A., Texas Division
under contract number 68-02-1329, Task 8. The authors were J. T. Reding,
K. E. Bishop, P. E. Muehlberg, and B. P. Shepherd. Their contributions
are gratefully acknowledged.
Helpful review comments from G. C. Robinson were received and incorporated
into this chapter.
vi
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CLAY
INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION
For the purpose of this study the clay industry consists of companies
involved in mining of clay minerals, beneficiating of clay minerals, and
brickmaking. The minerals vary in chemical composition and physical pro-
perties and are difficult to define. Usually clays are natural, earthy,
fine-grained, hydrated aluminum silicates which are plastic when wet,
rigid when dry, and vitreous when fired.
Imprecise definitions and liberal usage and interpretation of terms
make attempted classification and organization of the clay industry very
difficult. The U.S. Bureau of Mines segregates the clay industry into
six categories, according to clay type. The six clays are ball clay,
bentonite, fire clay, fuller's earth, kaolin, and common clay plus shale.
This chapter treats the clay industry in two segments: Clay Production
and Brick Manufacture.
The flowsheets of Figure 2 and 3 show processes included in the
industry. The first processes are mining and crushing of the clay ore.
The crushed clay can be sold, or it can be extruded, dried, and fired
to form bricks; or it can be dried and ground to desired fineness, or
it can be separated from wastes using wet methods and then dried.
The clay industry is very fragmented. There are over 500 mining
or manufacturing operations in the United States. In 1974, individual
plant production capacities of finished clay product ranged from 20 to
500 metric tons per day. Approximately 60,000 persons are employed in
the industry.
In 1973 approximately 58.9 x 106 metric tons of domestic clays
valued at $355 x 106 were sold or used by producers.
Clay suitable for commercial use is found in all 50 states, and in
1973 it was mined in every state except Alaska, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Leading states in clay production were Georgia with 7.0 x 10°
metric tons, Texas with 5.2 x 106 metric tons, Ohio with 4.3 x 106
metric tons, North Carolina, Alabama, and California. Most clay
mining operations are located in rural areas. Brick processing is
often located in metropolitan areas.
Various types of clay are obtained from different parts of the
country. Tennessee produced 63.7 percent of the total domestic ball
clay in 1973. Total ball clay production in the 8 producing states
was 697,000 metric tons. Bentonite totaling 2,790,000 metric tons
was produced in 15 states, and the leading producer was Wyoming with
68.7 percent of the total. Fire clay totaling 3,700,000 metric tons
was produced in 20 states with Ohio, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and
Alabama accounting for approximately 78 percent of the total. Fuller's
earth totaling 1,030,000 metric tons was produced in 9 states with
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Georgia and Florida accounting for approximately 76 percent of the
total. Kaolin totaling 5,450,000 metric tons was produced in 16 states
with Georgia and South Carolina accounting for approximately 88 per-
cent of the total. Common clay totaling 45,300,000 metric tons was
produced in 47 states with Texas, North Carolina, Ohio, Georgia,
California, Alabama, Michigan, and Pennsylvania accounting for
approximately 50 percent of the total.
The clay industry is expected to grow at an annual rate of 4
percent between now and the year 2000. The demand for clay should be
155 + 30 x 106 metric tons in the year 2000. Present reserves are
sufficient to meet the projected demand.
No information was available concerning on-site power or steam
generation. It is believed that electricity is purchased from power
companies.
Raw Materials
A clay is a naturally occurring sediment or sedimentary rock
composed of one or more minerals and accessory compounds. The sediment
is usually rich in hydrated silicates of aluminum, iron, or magnesium;
hydrated alumina; or iron oxide. Most particles are of colloidal or
near-colloidal size and the material commonly develops plasticity when
pulverized and wetted. Further information on clay minerals is found
in Appendix A.
Clay minerals are non-toxic; moreover, one of the uses of clay is in
medicines and Pharmaceuticals.
A serious environmental problem in the clay industry is the poor
condition of abandoned or unused open-pit mines. It is believed that
little effort has been made in the past to return old mines to a usable
condition. In recent years, however, some states have enacted laws
that require open pits to be backfilled and covered with vegetation to
restore the mined-out areas. Some abandoned pits have been converted to
recreational facilities: fishing lakes and at least one golf course.
Another environmental problem is waste water from processing plants
that is high in suspended solids. Most states require clay producers to
install settling ponds to prevent contamination of the streams.
Dust emissions in clay mining generally are not of major concern
because clay is usually one-fourth water by weight. Dust emissions
from stockpiled clay may occur as moisture evaporates from the clay.
A few plants in or near metropolitan areas have air-pollution problems.
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Products
1973.
Table 1 is a presentation of the various types of clays produced in
Table 1. CLAY PRODUCTION STATISTICS FOR 1973
en
P
o
3
O
s-
Cu
Common
Clay and
Shale
Kaolin
Fire Clay
Bentonite
Fuller's
Earth
Ball Clay
C
4-*
u
C 'I-
o s_
I- -p
P Ol
U E
3
00 TJW3
r>> o o
O"i 5- r~*
r- OL ^ '
45.2
5.45
3.70
2.79
1.03
0.70
ro
^~
O
i C
to O
-P !-
0 -P
1 O
3
O O
i.
^^ ex
76.8
9.3
6.3
4.7
1.8
1.2
C f*~ "*
1--OO-
cvo
0 0
o 43^3-
u
CU 3 *
3 -O CM
i~ O r*v
as i~
> O_ i
74.0
136.9
29.2
29.3
22.8
10.8
CU C
-P O
3 "P"" *O
cr> -P +J co
c u c r^
>r-
-O -P T3 O
us ns o s-
OJ -P S- O) C
_l OO Q. D_ -r-
Texas
North Carolina
Ohio
Georgia
California
Alabama
Michigan
Pennsylvania
Georgia
South Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Missouri
Al abama
Wyomi ng
Mississippi
Montana
Georgia
Florida
Tennessee
(10.7%)
(8.3%)
(7.3%)
(5.6%)
(5.1%)
(4.9%)
(4.3%)
(4.2%)
(75.4%)
(12.6%)
(26.9%)
(21.9%)
(20.4%)
(8.8%)
(68.7%)
(9.3%)
(5.8%)
(39.0%)
(36.8%)
(63.7%)
Table 2 lists some of the uses of products from the clay industry.
A more complete duscussion of products is found in Appendix B.
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Table 2. USES OF PRODUCTS OF THE CLAY INDUSTRY
PRODUCT USES
Common Clay and Shale brick, portland cement, lightweight
aggregate, sewer pipe, tile
Kaolin paper coating/filling, brick, rubber,
firebrick, ceramics
Fire Clay firebrick, refractory mortar/cement,
high-alumina refractories, foundry
sand
Bentonite foundry sand, iron ore pelletizing,
drilling mud, filtering, clarifying,
decolorizing
Fuller's Earth oil/grease absorbents, pet absorbent,
pesticides
Ball Clay sanitary ware, pottery, tile, china/
dinnerware
It should be noted that the term "common" when used in describing a type
of clay is not meant to imply mediocrity or baseness. Common clay is
defined by the U.S. Bureau of Mines as "a clay or claylike material
which is sufficiently plastic to permit ready mold and vitrification
below 1,100°C."
Companies
The clay industry is highly fragmented. Over 500 companies are
included in the industry company lists of Appendix C. Most companies
in the industry are primarily clay or brick producing companies.
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Companies producing 85 percent of the total ball clay in 1974
were as follows.
Bell Clay Company
Cyprus Industrial Minerals
Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co.
Old Hickory Clay Co.
Southern Clay Products, Inc.
H. C. Spinks Clay Co.
Companies producing 75 percent of the total bentonite clay in
1974 were as follows.
Americal Colloid Co.
Benton Clay Co.
Cal-Min Co.
Dresser Minerals
Filtrol Corp.
International Minerals & Chemical Corp.
McKittrick Mud Co.
NL Industries, Inc.
Western Clay Co.
Wyo-Ben Products, Inc.
Companies accounting for 50 percent of the total fire clay
production in 1974 were as follows.
Cedar Heights Clay Co.
Combustion Engineering Co.
Coosa Clay Co.
Frederick J. Dando Co.
Dixie Clay Co.
Eberhart Coal, Inc.
Freeport Brick Co.
A. P. Green Refractories Co.
Harbison-Walker Refractories Co.
Kaiser Refractories
Kimble Coal Co.
Reese Bros.
Thomas Bros. Coal Co.
Union Clay Co., Inc.
Wellsvilie Firebrick Co,
Companies producing 75 percent of the fuller's earth clay in 1974
were as follows.
Engelhard Minerals & Chemical Corp.
Floridin Co.
Georgia-Tennessee Mining Co.
Medusa Cement Co.
Mid-Florida Mining Co.
Milwhite Co., Inc.
Oil Dri Corp. of Georgia
Thor Mining Co.
Waver!y Mineral Products Co.
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Companies producing 65 percent of the total kaolin in 1974 were
as follows.
American Industrial Co.
Anglo-American Clays Corp.
Carolina Ceramics, Inc.
Cyprus Mines Corp.
Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corp.
Freeport Kaolin Co.
Georgia Kaolin Co.
J. M. Huber Corp.
National Kaolin Products Co.
Richtex Corp.
Southeastern Clay Co.
Taylor Clay Products Co.
Thiele Kaolin Co.
Companies producing approximately 20 percent of the common clay
and shale in 1974 were as follows.
Barrett Industries
Bay Prairie Aggregate Corp.
Belden Brick Co.
Boren Clay Products Co.
Carolina Solite Corp.
The Claycraft Co.
The Feather!ite Corp.
The Feather!ite Co. of San Antonio
General Wadsworth Brick Co.'
Hydraulic Press Brick Co.
Marion Brick Corp.
Pine Hal! Brick and Pipe Co.
The Rich!and Brick Co.
Sanford Brick Co.
Solite Corp.
Strawn Materials
Superock, Inc.
Texas Industries, Inc.
Trotti & Thomson
More complete lists of producers of clays and brick are found in
Appendix C.
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Environmental Impact
Dust emissions in the clay industry are considered to be a minor
problem. Clay usually contains 20 to 30 percent moisture and dust
emissions from mining and beneficiation are minimal. Dust is released
from stockpiled clay, especially bentonite, which is stockpiled for
weathering. A few plants in or near metropolitan areas have air-
pollution problems.
Approximately 98.percent of clay ore is mined by the open-pit
method. This results in unusable land unless efforts are made to
landscape the mined out areas. Unused or abandoned open-pit mines are
probably the major environmental problem of the industry.
Another major environmental problem is water pollution. As
overburden is removed and clay is mined, water percolates through the
soil. It becomes high in suspended solids and is usually allowed to
run'off to streams. This problem can be alleviated if a sump or
settling basin is provided for the percolating water.
Common clay has an average waste-to-clay ratio of 0.25 to 1.
Kaolin has the highest waste-to-clay ratio, 7 to 1. In 1973 kaolin
clay mining generated approximately 30 to 40 x 106 metric tons of waste
while common clay mining generated approximately 10 to 15 x 10$ metric
tons of waste. It is assumed that these wastes are largely used for
landfill.
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Bibliography
Ampian, S. 6. Clays. In: Minerals Yearbook, 1972, Volume I.
Schreck, A. E. (ed.). Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of the Interior.
Washington, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1972. p. 301-326.
Ampian, S. 6. Clays in 1973. In: Mineral Industry Surveys.
Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Washington, D. C.,
U. S. Government Printing Office, 1974. 5p.
Grim, R. E. Applied Clay Mineralogy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1962. 405p.
Grim, R. E. Clays (uses). In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology. Standen, A. (ed.). New York, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 1967. 5^:580-586.
Hosterman, J. W. Clays. In: United States Mineral Resources,
Geological Survey Professional Paper 820. Brobst, D. A., and
W. P. Pratt (eds.). Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973.
p. 129.
Kaolin Clays and Their Industrial Uses. New York, J. M. Huber
Corporation, 1949. p. 15-34.
Keller, W. D. Clays (survey). In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology. Standen, A. (ed.). New York, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 1967. 5^:541-560.
Murray, H. H. Clay. In: Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 3rd
Edition. Gill son, J. L. (ed.). New York, The American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 1960. p. 259-284.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
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INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
Many data relating to the clay industry are available and are
considered accurate. Variations .in operating parameters occur because
of the variety of raw materials used. Companies are believed to use
the same type of equipment for mining and crushing. Only kaolin and
fuller's earth are beneficiated to any appreciable extent, Beneficia-
ting equipment for these clay minerals is believed to be basically
similar.
The chemical tree of Figure 1 gives a qualitative overview of the
clay industry from a raw material-end product-use standpoint. The
basic products are the clays of the six basic,categories - ball clay,
bentonite, fire clay, fuller's earth, kaolin, and common clay plus
shale. End uses as shown on the figure are many.
The process flowsheets, Figures 2 and 3, show the processes used in
manufacturing beneficiated clays and bricks. The interior of each of the
rectangular "process blocks" appearing on the flowsheet represents at
least one of the sequential, real processes of the clay industry. A
number and title have been placed within each of the process blocks.
These identifying symbols are used,in the process descriptions later
in this report.
Flag symbols at the upper right-hand corner of the process block
indicate the nature of the waste streams, if any, discharged from the
process. A circle is used for atmospheric emissions, a triangle for
liquid wastes, and a rhombus for solid wastes. The flags do not
differentiate between inadvertent (fugitive) and designed wastes.
A verbal process description has been written to characterize each
process further, to relate it to other processes, and to quantify its
operating parameters.
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Raw
Materials
Products
Applications
Beneficiated-
01 ays
Clay
Ores
Crushed
Common
Clay
Adhesives
Alum
Animal Feed
Animal Litter
Face Brick
Catalysts
China/Dinnerware
Drilling Mud
Porcelain
Fertilizers
Filters
Firebrick
Floor Absorbents
Foundry Sand
Gypsum Products
Cosmetics
Medicines
Pharmaceuticals
Mortar and Cement
Paint
Paper Coating/Filling
Pelletizing
Pesticides
Plastics
Pottery
Rubber
Sanitary Ware
Tile
Tile
Face Brick
Common Brick
Portland Cement
Lightweight Aggregate
Crockery
Drilling Mud
Brakes and Clutches
Flower Pots
Flue Linings
Linoleum
Pottery
Sewer Pipe
Figure 1. CLAY INDUSTRY CHEMICAL TREE
10
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CLAY PRODUCTION
The Clay Production Segment of the clay industry includes operations
involved in mining the clay, beneficiating the clay, and preparing a
commercial product. The processes considered are Mining, Crushing,
Drying, Dry Grinding, Wet Concentrating, and Final Drying.
Figure 2 is a process flowsheet which characterizes further this
segment of the industry.
11
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Zn or Na
salts
Na silicate
t
ro
Mining
1
Wet
concentrating
Heat-
Crushing
2
Drying
3
.To sales.
Fig. 3
Figure 2. CLAY PRODUCTION FLOWSHEET
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CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS NO. 1
MINING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 2) removes clay ore from open-pit mines and
forwards it to crushing, Process 2. Overburden is removed and ore
extracted using drag lines, mechanical shovels, graders, loaders,
and similar equipment. The clay is transported by trucks, conveyor
belts, or rail to plant bins or stockpiles. In a few instances
other types of mining processes may be used. These processes
include underground mining and hydraulic mining. Blasting is
occasionally necessary in fire clay mines. Shale planers are some-
times used.
2. Input Materials
1 to 10 metric ton clay ore per metric ton clay product.
3. Operating Parameters
Overburden depth - 1 to 30 meters
Overburden-to-day ratios as high as 15:1
Clay depth - 2 to 15 meters
Recoverable clay content in ore - 10 to 99 percent
4. Utilities
Fuel for equipment - 2000 to 15000 kcal per metric ton clay
product.
5. Waste Streams
Dust emissions are estimated to be less than 0.01 metric ton per
metric ton clay product.
Stripped overburden ranges from 1 to 15 metric tons per metric
ton clay product.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
None
13
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References
Cooper, J. D. Clays. In: Mineral Facts and Problems, Bulletin 630.
Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Washington, D. C.,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965. p. 227-240.
Kaolin Clays and Their Industrial Uses. New York, J. M. Huber
Corporation, 1949. p. 15-34.
14
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CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS NO. 2
CRUSHING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 2) crushes ore from Process 1 into small
lumps and forwards the lumps to Process 3 (drying), Process 5 (wet
concentrating), or Process 7, Figure 3 (extruding). Some crushed
clay is marketed as a product without further processing.
Primary crushing of fire clay, common clay, and shale is usually
done with jaw or gyratory crushers, single roll crusher, or hammer
mills. If needed, secondary crushing and grinding are generally
by hammer mills, by dry pan, or by wet pan. Secondary crushing is
usually followed by screening. Ball clay is usually processed in a
shredder. Often bentonite does not require crushing, but goes di-
rectly to Process 3. Single-roll crushers are usually used to crush
fuller's earth and kaolin. Crushing is followed by screening.
2. Input Materials
1 to 10 metric tons clay ore per metric ton clay product,
3. Operating Parameters
Primary crushing product size - 5 cm maximum
Secondary crushing product size - 2 cm maximum
Typical roll size for roll crusher - 1 meter diameter x 0.5
meter length
4. Utilities
Electrical energy - 1 to 5 kWh per metric ton clay product.
5. Waste Streams
Dust emissions from crushing are estimated to be less than 0.01
metric ton per metric ton clay product.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
None
7. References
Cooper, J. D. Clays. In: Minerals Facts and Problems, Bulletin 630.
Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Washington, D. C.,
U. S. Government Printing Office, 1965. p. 227-240.
15
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Grim, R. E. Applied Clay Mineralogy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1962. p. 333-405.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
Taggart, A. F. In: Handbook of Mineral Dressing. New York,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 4-55 to 4-77.
16
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CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS NO. 3
DRYING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 2) receives crushed clay from Process 2
and evaporates water from the clay. The dry clay then goes to dry
grinding, Process 4. Bentonite and fuller's earth are often
processed in this manner while other clays are often processed
in other ways. Clay usually containing 20 to 30 percent water is
dried in a rotary dryer. Heated combustion products passing through
the dryer evaporate water from the clay. Water content of the
exiting clay is 1 to 15 percent. Additional drying usually occurs
in Process 4, grinding.
2. Input Materials
1.3 to 2 metric tons crushed clay per metric ton clay product.
3. Operating Parameters
Dryer size - 2.5 meter diameter x 18 meter length
. Dryer thermal efficiency -50 percent
Feed rate - 9 metric tons per hour
4. Utilities
Electrical energy - 1 to 5 kWh per metric ton clay product.
Dryer fuel - 100,000 to 300,000 kcal per metric ton clay
product.
5. Waste Streams
. Combustion products may contain hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, or
nitrogen oxides, depending on combustion practices and fuel.
With efficient combustion practices and low sulfur fuel the
major constituents should be water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
3-05-008-01 Drying
17
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7. References
Grim, R. E. Applied Clay Mineralogy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1962. p. 381.
Kaolin Clays and Their Industrial Uses. New York, J. M. Huber
Corporation, 1949. p. 15-34.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976)
Taggart, A. F. Handbook of Mineral Dressing. New York, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 17-08 to 17-12.
18
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CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS NO. 4
DRY GRINDING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 2) grinds dry or partially dried clay from
Process 3 to desired sizes. Bentonite and fuller's earth are
usually processed in this manner.
Ball, rod, or roller mills are generally used to grind partially
dried clay to specific sizes. Typically a ring-roller mill with
an internal Whizzer classifier is used. Hot gases are often
introduced to the mill to complete the drying of the clay. The
mills are equipped with automatic throwout devices to eliminate
oversize impurities such as silica sand. Screening is used to
obtain desired size fractions. The resulting products are primarily
used as fillers in rubber and paint. They are shipped in bulk or
in muHi-walled paper bags.
2. Input Materials
1.1 - 1.2 metric tons dry or partially dried clay per metric ton
clay product .
3. Operating Parameters
Typical grinding capacity - 3 to 8 metric tons per hour
Whizzer classifier size - 3 meters diameter
Typical feed moisture content - 8 to 10 percent
Typical outlet moisture content - 1 percent
Product size
Bentonite fractions ranging from 20-mesh to minus 1500-mesh.
Fuller's earth fractions ranging from minus 15-mesh, plus
30-mesh to minus 90-mesh.
4. Utilities
Electrical energy - 25 kWh per metric ton clay product.
Fuel - 0 to 100,000 kcal per metric ton clay product.
5. Haste Streams
Dust - 0.05 metric ton dust per metric ton dry product escapes
to the air without control. If a cyclone dust collector is used,
emissions are reduced to 0.01 metric tons dust per metric ton
clay product.
19
-------
Solids - 0.05 to 0.2 metric tons coarse impurities per metric
ton clay product may be rejected from the clay.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
3-05-008-02 Grinding
7. References
Cooper, J. D. Clays. In: Minerals Facts and Problems, Bulletin
630. Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Washington,
D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1965. p. 227-240.
Grim, R. E. Applied Clay Mineralogy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc. 1962.
Kaolin Clays and Their Industrial Uses. New York, J. M. Huber
Corporation, 1949. p. 15-34.
Taggart, A. F. Handbook of Mineral Dressing. New York, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 6-08, 9-07 to 9-13, 9-34.
Snow, R. H. Size Reduction and Size Enlargement. In: Chemical
Engineers' Handbook, 5^ Edition. Perry, R. H., and C. H. Chilton
(ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. p. 8-46.
20
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CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS NO. 5
MET CONCENTRATING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 2) removes impurities from clay coming
from Process 2. The purified clay is forwarded to final drying,
Process 6. Most kaolin clay is processed in this manner; however,
some kaolin is processed by dry processing methods.
Crushed clay (or in some cases hydraulically mined clay) is mixed
(blunged) with water in the presence of a dispersing agent such
as sodium silicate. The slurry is then purified by letting sand,
mica, and other impurities settle in a sedimentation tank. Two
size fractions are usually obtained from the purified water-clay
suspension using a Hydrosettler or a continuous Sharpies or Bird
centrifuge. The fine fraction (<1 micron diameter) is used as
a pigment and for paper coating while the coarser fraction is used
as paper filler. The sized clay may be bleached using zinc or
sodium salts to reduce insoluble iron oxides to the ferrous form.
Finally, the clay particles may be pumped as a slurry to drying,
Process 6, or they may be collected on piate-and-frame filters or
drum filters before drying.
2. Input Materials
1.3 to 7 metric tons crushed clay per metric ton clay product.
3. Operating Parameters
Settling tanks - 200 cubic meters in volume
Water suspensions carry 5 to 25 percent clay
Mixer (blunger) size - 2 meters x 3 meters x 6 meters
Centrifuge size - 2 meters diameter x 2 meters long
Plate-and-frame filter size - 1 meter x 1 meter
Filter pressures - start at 0.35 kg per cm^ and end at 4.2 kg
per cm^
4. Utilities
Electrical energy - 1 to 3 kWh per metric ton clay product.
Water - 4 to 20 metric tons per metric ton clay product.
5. Waste Streams
Solids - 0.1 to 7 metric tons per metric ton clay product.
Water - 4 to 20 metric tons water per metric ton clay product.
This water may contain up to 1 percent suspended clay.
21
-------
6. EPA Source Classification Code
None
7. References
Grim, R. E. Applied Clay Mineralogy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1962. p. 381.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
Taggart, A. F. Handbook of Mineral Dressing. New York, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 8-58 to 8-60, 16-19 to 16-20.
22
-------
CLAY PRODUCTION PROCESS NO. 6
FINAL DRYING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 2) dries wet beneficiated clay from
Process 5, The dry clay is then ready for shipment.
Filter cake from Process 5 contains approximately 30 percent
moisture. It is dried in tunnel or rotary dryers. If heated
above 540°C, the clay can be calcined. Clay slurry from Process 5
is dried using spray dryers.
2. Input Materials
1.3 metric tons filter cake per metric ton clay product or 2
metric tons clay slurry per metric ton clay product.
3. Operating Parameters^
Rotary dryer size - 2.5 meter diameter x 18 meter length
Thermal efficiency ~50 percent
Feed rate - 9 metric tons per hour
4. Utilities
Electrical energy - 5 kWh per metric ton clay product.
Fuel - 300,000 to 600,000 kcal per metric ton clay product.
5. Waste Streams
Combusion product gases may contain hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides
or nitrogen oxides» depending on combustion practices and fuel.
With efficient combustion practices and low sulfur fuel the major
constituents of the combustion gases should be water vapor,
nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
3-05-008-01 Drying
7. References
Cooper, J. D. Clays. In: Minerals Facts and Problems, Bulletin 630.
Bureau of Mines, U. S. Dept. of the Interior. Washington, D. C.,
U. S. Government Printing Office, 1965. p. 227-240.
Grim, R. E. Applied Clay Mineralogy. New York, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1962. p, 381.
23
-------
Kaolin Clays and Their Industrial Uses. New York, J. M. Huber
Corporation, 1949. p. 15-34.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
Taggart, A. F. Handbook of Mineral Dressing. New York, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 8-58 to 8-60, 16-19 to 16-20.
Porter, H. F. Gas-Solid Systems. In: Chemical Engineers' Handbook,
5th_ Edition. Perry, R. H., and C. H. Chilton (ed.). New York,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. p. 20-60.
24
-------
BRICK MANUFACTURE
The Brick Manufacture Segment of the Clay Industry is very fragmented
with over 500 manufacturing plants in operation producing common brick
and face brick. The segment is old with well established manufacturing
processes. Emissions are not a serious problem in this segment of the
Clay Industry.
The process flowsheet of Figure 3 shows brick manufacturing processes.
The symbols used in the flowsheet are described in the Industry Analysis
section of this report.
25
-------
ro
Heat
Extruding
Fig. 2
Heat-
Drying
8
F1Hng
9
Figure 3. BRICK MANUFACTURE FLOWSHEET
-------
BRICK MANUFACTURE PROCESS NO. 7
EXTRUDING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 3) extrudes crushed common clay from
Process 2, Figure 2, cuts the extrusion into bricks, and forwards
the wet, unfired bricks to brick drying, Process 8. If the natural
mined clay does not contain enough water for extrusion, crushed
common clay is mixed with water in a pug mill and extruded by
auger under vacuum to remove air. As the clay is extruded into a
ribbon, it is cut into brick sizes, usually with a wire.
2. Input jjaterials
. 1.2 to 1.3 metric tons wet, crushed common clay per metric ton
dried, unfired brick.
3. Operating Parameters
Vacuum - 6 to 11 cm Hg
Up to 100 x 106 bricks per year per plant
4. Utilities
Electrical energy - 2 to 5 kWh per metric ton brick product.
Water - 0.1 metric tons per metric ton brick product.
5. Waste Streams
None
6. EPA Source Classification Code
None
7. References
Norton, F. H. Refractories. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1968. p. 108-152.
Plummer, H. C. Brick and Tile Engineering Handbook of Design.
Washington, D.C., Structural Clay Products Institute, 1950.
p. 13-22.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
Taggart, A. F. Handbook of Mineral Dressing. New York, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 3-13 to 3-18.
27
-------
BRICK MANUFACTURE PROCESS NO. 8
BRICK DRYING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 3) dries wet, unfired bricks from Process
7 and forwards the dry, unfired bricks to firing, Process 9.
Waste heat from the cooling section of the kiln is generally used
to dry the bricks. This heated, ambient air is introduced into the
dryer. Make-up heat, if needed, may be provided by combustion of
fuel. Bricks pass through the dryer on a conveyor and emerge ready
for firing, Process 9.
2. Input Materials
1.2 to 1.3 metric tons wet, unfired bricks per metric ton dried,
unfired brick.
3. Operating Parameters
Temperature - 100 to 175°C
Thermal efficiency -35 percent
4. Utilities
Fuel - 300,000 kcal per metric ton brick product.
5. Waste Streams
If make-up heat is provided by fuel combustion, the combustion gases
may contain sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, de-
pending on combustion practices and fuel used. The use of low-sulfur
fuels and efficient combustion practices result in mostly water vapor,
nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the gases. The dryer exhaust contains
about 0.2 kg water vapor per kg dry material.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
None
7. References
Norton, F.H. Refractories. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968.
p. 108-152.
Plummer, H.C. Brick and Tile Engineering Handbook of Design. Washington,
D.C., Structural Clay Products Institute, 1950. p. 13-22.
28
-------
Handbook of Mineral Dressing. Taggart, A. F. (ed.). New York,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 17-04 to 17-07.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
29
-------
BRICK MANUFACTURE PROCESS NO. 9
FIRING
1. Function
This process (See Figure 3) vitrifies dried bricks from Process 8
to produce a final product.
Dried, unfired bricks are fed through a continuous tunnel kiln or
a batch kiln. Refractory-topped cars are used to transport the
brick through tunnel kilns. In the continuous process the combustion
gases are drawn from the hot section toward the charging section
where they are exhausted through the kiln stack. Proper regulation
of draft and pressure prevents mixing of combustion gases with the
ambient air in the cooling section. In batch kilns the brick are
placed in the kiln, fired, cooled, and then removed.
2. Input Materials
1 metric ton dried, unfired bricks per 0.92 metric ton brick product.
3. Operating Parameters
Temperature - 900 to 1430°C
Firing time - 40 to 250 hours
4. Utilities
Fuel - 250,000 to 3,000,000 kcal per metric ton brick product.
5. Waste Streams
. Exhaust from the kiln stack contains combustion gases, water, and
excess air. The combustion gases may contain sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and hydrocarbons, depending on combustion practices and fuel
source. With efficient combustion and low-sulfur fuel the main con-
stituents of the combustion gases should be carbon dioxide, water,
and nitrogen.
. Fluorides and sulfur oxides may be exhausted from the clay. The
concentrations exhausted vary widely depending on the type of clay
being fired.
6. EPA Source Classification Code
None
30
-------
7. References
Norton, F. H. Refractories. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1968. p. 192-221.
Plummer, H. C. Brick and Tile Engineering Handbook of Design.
Washington, D. C., Structural Clay Products Institute, 1950.
p. 13-22.
Handbook of Mineral Dressing. Taggart, A. F. (ed.). New York,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1945. p. 17-04 to 17-07.
Robinson, C. G. Clemson University, Personal Communication
(August, 1976).
31
-------
APPENDIX A
RAW MATERIAL LIST
33
-------
RAW MATERIAL LIST
Ball clay, fire clay, and kaolin are chiefly composed of kaolinite
whose structural formula is Al4Si40lO (OH)o or Al203-2Si02-2H20.
Kaolinite is 45 percent Si02, 39 percent Al203, and 13.6 percent H20
with lesser amounts (<1 percent) of iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium,
and potassium oxides. In addition to kaolinite, ball clay may contain
sericite micas and fire clay usually contains other materials such as
diaspore, ball clay, bauxite clay, and shale.
Bentonite is chiefly composed of montmorillonite which has a
theoretical formula of (OH)4Si8Al4020nH20- In reality it always
differs from the formula because of substitutions within the lattice
of magnesium, iron, zinc, nickel, lithium, and others for aluminum.
In addition aluminum or phosphorous sometimes substitutes for silicon.
Most fuller's earth is chiefly composed of attapulgite (MgsSisOoQ-
(OH2)4-4H20). Attapulgite is 55 percent Si02, 10 percent A^, 10.5
percent MgO, 3.5 percent Fe203, 0.5 percent K20, and 20 percent H20.
Common clay/shale is chiefly composed of the mineral illite which
has the structural formula of ^(SieAl2^14020(0^4.
Brick clays must meet fairly stringent standards relating to
manufacturing quality and fired product properties. Illite, kaolinite,
or montmorillinite may be the predominant minerals in brick raw materials
Other minerals present are mica, quartz, and feldspar.
Mining and benefidating of clay minerals produces varying amounts
of wastes. Table A-l contains estimates of raw material usage in 1973.
Table A-l. RAW MATERIALS USED IN 1973
Product
Common Clay/Shale
Kaoli n
Fire Clay
Bentonite
Fuller's Earth
Ball Clay
Total
1973
Production
(IP6 metric tons)
45.2
.45
.70
,79
.03
0.70
58.9
Typical
Waste- to-
Clay Ratio
1:4
7:1
1:1
Estimated Total
Mined Material
(IP6 metric tons)
55 to 60
35 to 45
to 10
to 9
2.5 to 3.5
1.2 to 1.8
7
7
108 to 130
34
-------
APPENDIX B
PRODUCT LIST
35
-------
PRODUCT LIST
Ball clay is defined as a plastic, white-firing clay used
principally for bonding in ceramic ware.
Bentonites are composed mainly of the clay mineral montmorillonite.
High-swelling or sodium bentonites are produced chiefly in Wyoming,
Montana, and South Dakota. Calcium or low-swelling bentonites are
produced in other states.
Fire clay is defined as detrital material, either plastic or rock-
like, containing low percentages of iron oxide, lime, magnesia, and
alkalies to enable the material to withstand temperatures to 1500°C or
higher.
Fuller's earth is defined as a nonplastic clay or claylike
material, usually high in magnesia, which has adequate decolorizing and
pijrifying properties.
Kaolin is defined as a white claylike material approximating the
mineral kaolinite. It has a specific gravity of 2.2-2.6 and a fusion
point of 1785°C. The other kaolin-group minerals, such as halloysite
and dickite, are encompassed.
Common clay is defined as a clay or claylike material which is
sufficiently plastic to permit ready molding and vitrification below
1100°C. Shale is a consolidated sedimentary rock composed chiefly of
clay minerals which has been both laminated and indurated during
burying under other sediments.
Table B-l lists the primary uses for products of the clay industry.
Table B-l. PRIMARY USES OF CLAY PRODUCTS
(% of Product Used in the
Product and Uses of Clay in 1973 Application Shown)
Common Clay and Shale
Brick 45.1
Portland Cement 25.4
Lightweight Aggregate 23.4
Sewer Pipe 3.7
Tile 1.6
Other 0.8
Kaoli n
Paper Coating and Filling 40.6
Brick 6.4
Rubber 6.1
Fire Brick 5.2
36
-------
Table B-l (Cont'd). PRIMARY USES OF CLAY PRODUCTS
(% of Product Used in the
Product and Uses of Clay in 1973 Application Shown)
Aluminum Sulfate and Other Chemicals 3.8
Fiberglass 3.2
Sanitary Ware 3.0
Refractory Grogs and Crudes 2.6
Paint 2.2
Portland Cement 1.8
Oil Refining Catalysts 1.5
Fertilizers 1.2
Adhesives 1.1
Plastics 1.0
Exports 14.6
Other 5.7
Bentonite
Foundry Sand 25.7
Iron Ore Pelletizing 25.3
Drilling Mud 18.6
Filtering, Clarifying, Decolorizing 5.5
Animal Feed 4.5
Waterproofing and Sealing 1.9
Pesticides and Related Products 1.2
Exports 14-3
Other 3.0
Fuller's Earth
Oil and Grease Absorbents 31.3
Pet Absorbent 29.3
Pesticides and Related Products 15.4
Drilling Mud 5.8
Fertilizers 3.4
Filtering, Clarifying, Decolorizing 2.6
Exports 9-7
Other 2-5
Ball Clay
Sanitary Ware £*.4
Pottery 22-2
Tile 16.2
China/Dinnerware 5.8
Electrical Porcelain 2-2
Brick }-'
Exports JJ-J
Other 16-5
37
-------
Table B-l (Cont'd). PRIMARY USES OF CLAY PRODUCTS
(% of product Used in the
Product and Uses of Clay 1n 1973 Application Shown)
Fire Clay
Firebrick 60.1
Refractory Mortar and Cement 12.7
High-Alumina Refractories 6.2
Foundry Sand 5.6
Refractory Srogs and Crudes 4.4
Sewer Pipe 2.5
Flue Linings 2.2
Tile 1.2
Brick 1.1
Exports 1.0
Other 3.0
38
-------
APPENDIX C
COMPANIES AND PRODUCTS
39
-------
Table C-l. KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND FULLER'S
EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
American Colloid Corp. Skokie, 111
Anglo-American Clays
Corp. Atlanta, Ga.
Ashburg Graphite
Mills, Inc.
Ashland Ch. Co., Cleveland,
Foundry Prod. Div. Ohio
Archer, Daniels, Midland Cleveland,
Co., Foundry Prod. Div. Ohio
Alexandria Fire Clay Alexandria,
Co. Pa.
American Clay Tyler,
Forming Plant Texas
Alsey Refractories Alsey, 111.
ACF Corp. Canfield, Ohio
American Industrial Sandersville,
Clay Co. Ga.
Product
c
1
*o
X
X
to
o
r
to
CO
1C
;_>
i_
r-
X
X
X
X
Bentom'te
1
X
X
X
X
to
S-
0) .C
mttm t_
3 «3
J_ 1 ' f
40
-------
Table C-l (cont'd)
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Company (City and State)
Babcock & Wilcox Augusta,
Refractory Div. Ga.
Baker, J. T.
Chem. Co.
Burgess Pigment Sandersville,
Co. Ga.
Bell Clay Co. (TAM Gleason,
Div., NL Industries) Tenn.
Benton Clay Co. Mills, Wyo.
Black Hills
Bentonite Co. Mills, Wyo.
Cedar Heights Oak Hill,
Clay Co. Ohio
Chemical Heights
Clay Co.
Charles B. Crystal
Co., Inc. New York, N.Y.
C-E Minerals, Div.
Comb. Engr.
Cyprus Industrial
Minerals Co.
Product
£
"o
X
X
X
X
X
X
to
o
r
to
co
X
X
X
o
U-
X
X
X
Bentonite
X
X
X
X
X
i/)
i.
i -4J
"3 to
U_ LlJ
X
41
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd)
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
Can-Tex Industries Mineral Wells,
Div. Harsco Corp. Tex.
Crescent Brick New Cumberland,
Co. W. Va.
Carolina Ceramics,
Inc. Columbia, S.C.
Clay City Uhrichsv.il le,
Pipe Co. Ohio
Corundite Mass ill on,
Refractors Co. Ohio
Cairo Production
Co. Thomas, Ga.
Grossman Co. Sayreville, N.J.
Chicago Fire
Brick Co. Chicago, 111.
Ceramic Color & New Brighton,
Color Mfg. Co. Pa.
Chromalloy American
Corp. New York, N.Y.
Dresser Minerals, Div.
Dresser Ind. Houston, Tex.
Product
c
g--
"o
3
X
>>
CO
i"
CJ
r
r*
>
tO
r
CJ
i.
i i~.
3 re
Lu UJ
X
42
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd). KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
Dickey, W. S., Clay Kansas City,
Mfg. Co. Mo.
Dando, Frederick Irondale,
J., Co. Ohio
Davis Firebrick Co. Oak Hill, Ohio
Delhi Foundary Cincinnati,
Sand Co. Ohio
Edgar Plastic
Kaolin Co. Edgar, Fla.
Engelhard Minerals Decatur, Ga.
Entrada Industries Salt Lake City,
Interstate Brick Div. Utah
El Paso Brick Co. El Paso, Tex.
Elgin-Butler Brick Co. Austin, Tex.
Eureka Fire Brick Mt. Braddock,
Works Pa-
Freeport Kaolin Co. Twiggs, Ga.
Floridin Co.
Product
c
T
O
to
2*:
X
X
>>
01
O
t
f~
m
ect
X
>>
«
o
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd)
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
Freeport Minerals Co.
France, J. H. Snoe Shoe,
Refractories Pa.
Georgia Kaolin Co. Twiggs, Ga.
Ga.-Tenn. Mining
& Chem. Co. Jefferson, Ga.
Great Lakes Detroit,
Foundry Sand Co. Mich.
Green, A. P. Refractories
Refractories Pueblo, Colo.
Garfield Refractories Co. Bolivar, Pa.
Harbison-Walker
Refractories
Harris Mining Co.
Haber, J. M. Twiggs &
Corp. Warren, Ga.
Hamrnill &
Gillespie, Inc.
Harrison & Crossfield
(Pacific, Inc.)
Product
c
1
o
2
X
X
X
X
X
X
>>
re
r
O
1
IB
CD
X
>J
US
O
-------
Table. C-l (Cont'd). KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
Hickman, Williams
& Co. Chicago, 111.
Haws Refractories Co. Johnstown, Pa.
Hyzer & Southampton,
Lewellen Co. Pa.
I
International Minerals Libertyville,
& Chem. Corp. Ill,
Industrial Minerals
Corp.
Inland Refractories Co. Cleveland, Ohio
Keener Sand & Clay Co. Columbus, Ohio
Kaiser Refractories Oakland, Cal .
Kentucky Tennessee
Clay Co. Mayfield, Ky.
Kaul Clay Co. Toronto, Ohio
Lawrence Refractories
Co. Pedro, Ohio
Louisville Fire
Brick Works Louisville, Ky.
Product
c
1
"a
2
>>
«3
O
r
1C
ca
X
X
$
o
ai
r
U_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bentonite
X
X
X
X
X
l/»
i_
o
U. UJ
45
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd).
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
Massillon Massillon,
Refractories Co. Ohio
Mid-Florida
Mining Co.
Meridan Petroleum Co.
Milwhite Co., Inc.
Mallinckrodt, Inc.
Mutchler Chem.
Co. Inc.
Materials for
Industry, Inc. Ambler, Pa.
Mt. Savage Pittsburg,
Refractories Co. Pa.
McCrody, Inc. Pittsburg, Pa.
Metropol i tan Canton ,
Ind., Inc. Ohio
NL Industries, Inc.
Baroid Div.
f-
Northern Chem. Inc.
Product
c
r~
"a
s
X
X
>>
,
fd
r
O
CD
$_
r
u.
X
X
X
X
Bentonlte
X
X
X
X
C/l
S-
o> .£:
r- 4.*
r i,
=5
-------
Table C-1 (Cont'd). KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
Location
Company (City and State)
NL Industries, Inc.
Tarn Div.
Navron Mining &
Chem. Co.
New Castle New Castle,
Refractories Co. Pa.
North American Cleveland,
Refractories Ohio
N. J. Silican Sand Millville, N.J.
Old Hickory Clay Co. Paducah, Ky.
Oswald Refractories Co. St. Louis, Mo.
Ohio Fire Brick Co. Oak Hill, Ohio
Pfizer Minerals,
Pigment & Met. Div.
Porth Warner
Industries, Inc.
Pacific Clay Products Los Angeles, Cal .
Preskrey Refractories
Corp. Taunton, Mass.
Product
c
i
r
O
2
>>
03
CJl
*
03
X
X
X
X
>>
O)
i_
*T*"
u.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bentonite
X
i.
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd). KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
Location
Company (City and State)
Peerless Mineral
Products Co. Conneaut, Ohio
Pyro Dlv. Oak Hill, Ohio
Petti nos, Geo. Bala Cynwyd,
F., Inc. Pa.
t
Pembring Mountain
Clays Co.
Porter Hk. Co., Inc. Pittsburg, Pa.
Rowley, Geo. A. & Co. Philadelphia, Pa.
Royal, H. M., Inc. Trenton, N.J.
i
Remmey, Div. Philadelphia,, Pa.
Spinks, H. C.
Clay Co.
Southeastern Clay Co.
Superior Material Co., Inc.
Solomon, L. A. &
Bros., Inc.
Sinclair Mineral &
Chem. Co.
Product
c
r
T
o
CO
1£
X
>>
(O
o
(O
CD
X
>>
0}
t "
O
c~ i-
T3 td
Lu U.J
X
X
X
48
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd),
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company _ (City and State)
Swank Refractories Johnstown,
Co. Pa.
Stevens, Div. Macon, Ga.
Superior Clay Uhrichsville,
Corp. Ohio
Thompson Hayward
Chem. Co.
Thiele Kaolin Co.
Thompson-Weinman
& Co.
Trans-Oceanic Huntington
Minerals Pk., Cal.
Thor Mining Co. Thomas, Ga.
United Materials & Richmond,
Richmond Brick Co. Calif.
Vanderbilt, R. T.
Co., Inc.
Waverly Mining Products Thomas, Ga.
Wyo-Ben Products
Product
c
r
"o
to
v:
X
X
X
>>
re
r
0
fO
CQ
>>
re
c_>
jc
1 ^-»
1 i.
3 re
U. LU
X
X
X
49
-------
Table C-l (Cont'd).
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, FIRE CLAY, BENTONITE, AND
FULLER'S EARTH PRODUCERS
Location
Company (City and State)
Wilber Ellis Co.
Wellsville Fire Well svi lie,
Brick Co. Mo.
Whitehead Bros. Florham Park,
Co. N.J.
Wittekind, Cincinnati,
N. J. Co. Ohio
Woodbury Hoi 1 idaysburg ,
Clay Co. Pa.
Ferro Corp. Electro
Refractories &
Abrasives
Georgia Vitrified
Brick & Clay Co. Harlem, Ga.
Product
G
1
o
2
>,
IQ
O
"(0
00
>>
to
o
cu
u_
X
X
X
X
X
X
Bentonite
X
Fuller's
Earth
50
-------
Table C-2. COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Frame Brick & Title Co., Inc.
Henry Brick Co., Inc.
Jenkins Brick Co., Inc.
Keego Clay Products Co., Inc.
Birmingham Clay Products
Stephenson Brick & Tile Co.
Stephenson Brick Co., Inc.
Watkins Brick Co., Inc.
Huntsville Brick & Tile Co.
Excelsior Brick Co., Inc.
Jenkins Brick Co., Inc.
Alabama Brick & Tile Co.
Bickerstaff Brick Co., Inc.
Glen Gery Corporation
Watco Corporation
Bickerstaff Clay Products Co.
Cordova Brick Co., Inc.
Cambell Clinton Construction, Inc.
Zenith Glazed Products
Grabe Brick Co., Inc.
Tucson Pressed Brick Co.
Wheeler Brick Co., Inc.
Hope Brick Works
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Malvern Brick & Tile Co.
Eureka Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
First Worth Corp.
First Worth Corp.
First Worth Corp.
Port Costa Clay Products
Craycroft Brick Co., Inc.
Atkinson Brick Co., Inc.
Davidson Brick Co., Inc.
Landau & Associates, Inc.
San Valle Tile Kilns
Lawrence P. McNear Co.
Cannon Brick Co., Inc.
California Clay Products
San Jose Brick & Tile Ltd.
Kraftile Company
Sumpf Hans Company
Castaic Clay Mfg. Co.
Pacific Clay Products
Selectile Corp., Inc.
Pacific Clay Products
Location
(City and State)
Piedmont, Al.
Selma, Al.
Coosada, Al.
Brewton, Al.
Birmingham, Al.
Birmingham, Al.
Lovick, Al.
Birmingham, Al.
Huntsville, Al.
Montgomery, Al.
Montgomery, Al.
Decatur, Al.
Phenix City, Al.
Cardova, Al.
Cordova, Al.
Birmingham, Al.
Cordova, Al.
Phoenix,Az.
Tempe, Az.
Tucson, Az.
Tucson, Az.
Jonesboro, Ar.
Hope, Ar.
Perl a, Ar,
Malvern, Ar.
Malvern, Ar.
Clarksville, Ar.
Fort Smith, Ar.
Malvern, Ar.
Perla, Ar.
Port Costa, Ca.
Fresno, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
San Rafael, Ca.
Sacramento, Ca.
Stockton, Ca.
San Jose, Ca.
Fremont, Ca.
Fresno, Ca.
Castaic, Ca.
Los Angeles, Ca.
La Habra, Ca.
Alberhlll, Ca.
51
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
H. C. Muddox Company
Higgins Brick & Tile Co.
Missouri Valley Brick Co., Inc.
Colorado Brick Company, Inc.
Colorado Brick Co.
Denver Brick & Pipe Co., Inc.
Robinson Brick & Tile Co.
Lakewood Brick & Tile
Summit Pressed Brie1 Tile
Kelsey Ferguson Brick
Michael Kane Brick Co., Inc.
Plasticrete Corporation
Plasticrete Corporation
Delaware Brick Co., Inc.
Deleware Brick Co., Inc.
West Brothers Brick Co., Inc.
United Brick Corporation
Alhambra Tile Co., Inc.
Bickerstaff Clay Products
Burns Brick Co., Inc.
Cherokee Brick & Tile
Merry Companies, Inc.
Chattahoochee Brick Co., Inc.
Peavy Concrete Products Div.
Plainville Brick Co., Inc.
Clay Bickerstaff Products
Georgia Carolina Brick Co.
Merry Companies, Inc.
Burns Brick Co., Inc.
Brick Designs, Inc.
American Brick Co.
Brisch Brick Co., Inc.
Illinois Brick Co.
Illinois Brick Co.
Illinois Brick Co.
Illinois Brick Co., Inc.
Structural Glazed Masonry
Clow Corporation
New Albion Brick Co.
Eastern Illinois Clay Co.
Galesburg Brick Co.
Hydraulic Press Brick
Ristokrat Clay Products Co.
Colchester Brick & Tile Co.
Richards Brick Co., Inc.
Hydraulic Press Brick Co.
Hill Brick Co., Inc.
Clay Products Co., Inc.
Location
(City and State)
Sacramento, Ca.
Chino, Ca.
San Diego, Ca.
Longmont, Co.
Denver, Co.
Denver, Co.
Denver, Co.
Lakewood, Co.
Peublo, Co.
E. Windsor Hill, Ct,
Middletown, Ct,
Hamden, Ct.
North Haven, Ct.
Wilmington, De.
New Castle, De.
Washington, D. C.
Washington, D. C.
Miami, Fl.
Barth, Fl.
Macon, Ga.
Macon, Ga.
Savannah, Ga.
Atlanta, Ga.
Atlanta, Ga.
Plainville, Ga.
Columbus, Ga.
Augusta, Ga.
Augusta, Ga.
Macon, Ga.
Lake Park, Ga.
Riverdale, II.
Chicago, II.
Maywood, II.
Franklin Park, II.
Chicago, II.
Blue Island, II.
Chicago, II.
Wheaton, II.
Albion, II.
Saint Anne, II.
E. Galesburg, II.
Streator, II.
Tonica, II.
Colchester, II.
Edwardsville, II.
Aledo, II.
E. St. Louis, 111.
Springfield, II.
52
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Illinois Brick Co.
Western Brick Co.
Silbrico Corporation
Continental Brick Co.
Streator Brick Systems, Inc.
Galesburg Brick Co., Inc.
Peoria Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Boston Bricks & Con. Products Co.
Arketex Ceramic Corporation
Bloomfield Shale, Inc.
Majenica Tile Co., Inc.
Jackson Brick & Holloware
American Precast Concrete
American Virtified Product
Adams Clay Products Co., Inc.
Martinsville Brick Co., Inc.
Colonial Brick Corporation
Marion Brick Corporation
Jackson Brick & Hollow Ware
IU Industrials, Inc.
Roll, Inc.
Redfield Brick & Tile
Rockford Brick & Tile Co.
Sheffield Brick & Tile Co.
Oskaloosa Clay Products
Adel Clay Products Co.
Des Moines Clay Co.
Roll, Inc.
Carlisle Brick & Tile Co.
Kalo Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Kalo Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Vincent Clay Products Co., Inc.
Sioux City Brick Tile Co.
Harsco Corporation
Harsco Corporation
United Brick & Tile Co.
Goodwin Tile & Brick Co.
Harsco Corporation
Harsco Corporation
Roll, Inc.
Harsco Corporation
Carlisle Brick & Tile Co.
Ballou Brick Co.
Humboldt Brick & Tile Co.
Kansas Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
General Finance, Inc.
Location
(City and State)
Danville, II.
Danville, II.
La Grange, II.
Albion, II.
Streator, II.
Alton, II.
Peoria, II.
Springfield, II.
Brazil, In.
Bloomfield, In.
Huntington, In.
Brownstown, In.
Indianapolis, In.
Crawfordsville, In.
Martinsville, In.
Martinsville, In.
Cayuga, In.
Brazil, In.
Brownstown, In.
Crawfordsville, In.
Mason City, la.
Redfield, la.
Rockford, la.
Sheffield, la.
Oskaloosa, la.
W. Des Moines, la.
Des Moines, la.
Ottumwa, la.
Carlisle, la.
Fort Dodge, la.
Fort Dodge, la.
Fort Dodge, la.
Sioux City, la.
Mason City, la.
Redfield, la.
Abel, la.
Des Moines, la,
Des Moines, la.
Grimes, la.
Des Moines, la.
Ottumwa, la.
Carlisle, la.
Sergeant Bluff, la.
Humboldt, Ks.
Hoisington, Ks.
Weir, Ks.
Concordia, Ks.
53
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Excelsior Clay Products
Big Run Coal & Clay Co., Inc.
Owensboro Brick & Tile Co.
Big Run Coal & Clay
H. P. Sipple Brick Co., Inc.
Corbin Brick Co.
General Shale Products Corp,
Bourbon Brick Co.
Athens Caddo Brick Co.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Mike Baker Brick Lafytt
Dixie Brick Inc.
St. Joe Brick Works, Inc.
Hammond Baton Rouge Brick
Kentwood Brick & Tile
Mike-Baker Brick Co. New IBR
Mike-Baker Brick Co. New IBR
La Chance Brothers Brick Co.
Champion Brick Co., Inc.
Baltimore Brick Co., Inc.
Chestertown Brick Co., Inc.
Somerville Thomas Co.
Victor Cushwa & Sons, Inc.
Baltimore Brick Co.
Maryland Clay Products, Inc.
Westfield Clay Products Co.
Stiles & Hart Brick Co.
Dacor Mfg. Co., Inc.
K-F Brick Co., Inc.
Comfort Brick & Tile Co.
Town & Country Face
American Cement Corp.
Twin City Brick Co., Inc.
OCHS Brick & Tile Co.
Mississippi Industries
Tri State Brick & T1li Co,
Laurel Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Brookhaven Pressed Brick
Columbus Brick Co., Inc.
Clay Products, Inc.
Holly Springs Brick & Tile
Southern Brick & Tile Co.
Savery Brick & Tile Co,
Delta Brick & Tile Co,, Inc.
Louisville Brick Co., Inc.
Delta-Macon Brick & T1li Co,
Location
(City and State)
Kanopolis, Ks.
Buffalo, Ks.
Fredonia, Ks.
Ashland, Ky.
Owensboro, Ky,
Lexington, Ky.
Stanton, Ky.
Corbin, Ky.
Fairdale, Ky.
Lexington, Ky.
Mooringsport, La.
Baton Rouge, La,
Lafayette, La.
Natchitoches, La.
Slide!!, La.
Hammond, La.
Kentwood, La.
New Iberia, La.
Cade, La,
Gorham, Me.
Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore, Md.
Chestertown, Md.
Muirkirk, Md.
Williamsport, Md.
Rocky Ridge, Md.
Beltsville, Md.
Westfield, Ma.
Bridgewater, Ma.
Worchester, Ma.
Middleboro, Ma.
Tecumseh, Mi,
New Hudson, Mi
Detroit, Mi.
St. Paul, Mn.
Springfield, Mn.
Jackson, Ms.
Jackson, Ms.
Laurel, Ms.
Brookhaven, Ms.
Columbus, Ms.
Holly Springs, Ms.
Holly Springs, Ms,
Byhalia, Ms.
Baldwyn, Ms.
Indiana!a, Ms.
Louisville, Ms.
Macon, Ms.
54
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Masonite Corporation
Columbia Brick & Tile Co.
Midland Brick & Tile Co.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Midland Brick & Tile Co.
Alton Brick Co., Inc.
Hydraulic Press Brick
Endicott Clay Products Co.
Ferguson & Co., Inc.
Western Brick & Supply Co.
Endicott Clay Products Co., Inc.
Yankee Hill Brick Mfg. Co.
Densmore Brick Co.
Kane Gonic Brick Corporation
Goodrich, W. S., Inc.
Alliance Clay Products
Church Brick Co.
Alliance Clay Products
Glen Gery Corporation
Sayre & Fisher Co., Inc.
New Jersey Shale Brick
Curran-Pfeiff Corporation
Kinney Brick Co.
Power! 1 & Minnock Brick Works
Binghamton Brick Co., Inc.
Acme Shale Brick Co., Inc.
Empire Clay Products, Inc.
Nassau Brick Co., Inc.
Jova Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Terry Brick Corporation
Harder Silo Co.,
NL Industries, Inc.
Hanford Brick Co., Inc.
Sanford Brick Corporation
Ideal Brick Co., Inc.
Cunningham Brick Co., Inc.
Triangle Brick Co., Inc.
Kendrick Brick & Tile Co.
Boren Clay Products Co., Inc.
Fletcher Brick Co., Inc.
Statesville Brick Co., Inc.
Borden Brick & Tile Co.
Lee Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Sanford Brick Corporation
Kendrick Brick & Tile Co.
Location
(City and State)
Shuguolak, Ms.
Columbia, Mo.
St. Joseph, Mo.
Harrisonyille, Mo.
Kansas City, Mo.
Chillicothe, Mo.
Hazelwood, Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
Endicott, Nb.
Lincoln, Nb.
Nebraska City, Nb.
Fairburg, Nb.
Lincoln, Nb.
Leganon, NH
Gonic, NH
Epping, NH
Hammonton, NJ
Bordentown, NJ
Winslow, NJ
S. River, NJ
Sayreville, NJ
Somerville, NJ
Edison, NJ
Albuquerque, NM
Coeymans, NY
Binghamton, NY
Hamburg, NY
W. Falls, NY
Farmingdale, NY
Kingston, NY
Kingston, NY
Glens Falls, NY
Niagara Falls, NY
Burlington, NC
Gulf, NC
Linden, NC
Thomasville, NC
Durham, NC
Mount Holly NC
Pleasant Gardens, NC
Fletcher, NC
Statesville, NC
Sanford, NC
Sanford, NC
Colon, NC
Charlotte, NC
55
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Nash Brick Co., Inc.
Pine Hall Brick & Pipe
Webster Brick Co., Inc.
Isenhour Brick & Tile Co.
Taylor Clay Products, Inc
Crump!er Brick & Tile Co.
Sanford Brick Corporation
Yadkin Brick Yard Inc.
Kendrick Brick & Tile Co.
Borden Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Cherokee Brick Co. of N.C., Inc.
Bennett Brick & Tile Co.
Borden Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Heritage Brick Co.
Basic Ceramics, Inc.
Boren Clay Products Co.
Hebron Brick Co., Inc.
American Vitrified Products
Metropolitan Industries
Summitville Tiles, Inc.
Cleveland Builders Supply
Cleveland Builders Supply
Ohio Clay Co., Inc.
Galena Shale Tile & Brick
Delaware Clay Co., Inc.
Claycraft Co., Inc.
General Hocking Brick Co.
Frederick J. Dano Co.
Marion Brick Corporation
Marion Brick Corporation
Marion Brick Corporation
Belden Brick Co., Inc.
Ohio Brick & Supply Co., Inc.
Richland Shale Brick Co.
Alliance Brick Corporation
Alliance Clay Products Co.
Belden Brick Co., Inc.
Belden Brick Company
Commercial Plating Div.
Glen Gery Corporation
Metropolitan Industries
Natco Corporation
Robertsville Brick
Camp Brick Co., Inc.
Belden Brick Co., Inc.
Claycraft Co., Inc.
Cleveland Builders Supply
Location
(City and State)
Rocky Mount, NC
Madison, NC
Eden, NC
Salisbury, NC
Salisbury, NC
Roseboro, NC
Norwood, NC
New London, NC
Monroe, NC
Goldsboro, NC
Moncure, NC
Kings Mt., NC
Durham, NC
Lillington, NC
Hendersonville NC
Roseboro, NC
Hebron, ND
E. Liverpool Oh.
Negley, Oh.
Summitville, Oh.
Cleveland, Oh.
Bedford, Oh.
Cleveland, Oh.
Galena, Oh.
Delaware, Oh.
Columbus, Oh.
Logan, Oh.
Irondale, Oh.
Morral, Oh.
Caledonia, Oh.
Marion, Oh.
Somerset, Oh.
Mansfield, Oh.
Mansfield, Oh.
Alliance, Oh.
Alliance, Oh.
Canton, Oh.
Canton, Oh.
Canton, Oh.
East Canton, Oh.
Canton, Oh.
East Canton, Oh.
Robertsville, Oh.
Mogadore, Oh.
Port Washington, Oh.
Sugarcreek, Oh.
Newcomerstown, Oh.
56
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Evans Brick & Pipe Co.
Shepfer & Moomaw Brothers, Inc.
Stone Creek Brick Co., Inc.
Strasburg Brick, Inc.
Whitacre-Greer Fireproofing Co., Inc.
Whitacre-Greer Fireproofing Co.
Bel den Brick Co.
Claycraft Co., Inc.
Fairfield Brick Co.
General Clay Products Co.
Medal Brick, Inc.
Claycraft Co., Inc.
Glen Gery Corporation
Bowerston Shale Co.
General Wadsworth Brick Corp.
Claycraft Co., Inc.
Glen Gery Corporation
Stark Ceramics
Larson Clay Pipe Co.
Sapulpa Brick & Tile Corp.
Mangum Brick Co.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Superior Clay Products, Inc.
Wewoka Brick & Tile Co.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Fram Corporation
First Worth Corp.
Shawnee Concrete Block & Brick
Klamath Falls Brick & Tile
Columbia Brick Works, Inc.
Darling Brick Clay Products
Freeport Brick Co.
Mi Hi ken Brick Co., Inc.
Mil liken Brick Co., Inc.
Colonial Clay Products Co.
Eastvale Clay Products Co.
Eastvale Stnd. Clay Products
General Dynamics Corp.
Metropolitan Industries
Glen Gery Corporation
Glen Gery Corporation
McAvoy Vitrified Brick Co.
Quakertown Brick & Tile Co.
Williamsgrove Clay Products Co.
Glen Gery Shale Brick Corp.
Layton Fire Clay Co., Inc.
Hanley Co., Inc.
Location
(City and State)
Midvale, Oh.
Sugarcreek, Oh.
Stone Creek, Oh.
Strasburg, Oh.
Magnolia, Oh.
Magnolia, Oh.
Sugarcreek, Oh.
Sugarcreek, Oh.
Loarville, Oh.
Baltie, Oh.
Wooster, Oh.
Upper Sandusky, Oh.
Nelsonville, Oh.
Neward, Oh.
Ava, Oh.
Shawnee, Oh.
Magnolia, Oh.
Canton, Oh.
Gnadenhutton, Oh.
Sapulpa, Ok.
Mangum, Ok.
Oklahoma City, Ok.
Ada, Ok.
Wewoka, Ok.
Tulsa, Ok.
Tulsa, Ok.
Oklahoma City, Ok.
Wewaka, Ok.
Klamath Falls, Or.
Portland, Or.
Pittsburg, Pa.
Creighton, Pa.
Pitcairn, Pa.
Pittsburg, Pa,
New Brighton, Pa.
Beaver Falls, Pa.
New Brighton, Pa.
Darlington, Pa.
Darlington, Pa.
Shoemakersville, Pa,
Reading, Pa.
Phoenixville, Pa.
Quakertown, Pa,
Bigler, Pa.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Layton, Oh.
Summerville, Pa.
57
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Glen Gery Shale Brick Corp.
Lancaster Brick Co., Inc.
Fenati Brick Co., Inc.
Hazelton Brick Co., Inc.
Hanley Co., Inc.
Glen Gery Corp.
Watsontown Brick Co., Inc.
Auburn Brick Co.
Otto Brick & Tile Works
Donley Brick Co., Inc.
Monroeville Brick, Inc.
Glen Gery Shale Brick Corp.
Alivene Brick Co.
Milleken Brick Co.
Continental Clay Products Co.
New Bethlehem Tile Co., Inc.
Broad River Brick Co., Inc.
Cheraw Brick Works, Inc.
J. L. Anderson Co.
Salisbury Brick Corp
Rich!and Shale Products Co.
Angus Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Southern Brick Co., Inc.
Ashe Brick Co., Inc
Guignard Brick Works, Inc.
Pee Dee Ceramics, Inc.
Rich!and Shale Products
Eastern Brick & Tile Co.
Broad River Brick Co.
Waccamaw Clay Products Co., Inc.
Carolina Ceramics, Inc.
Richtex Corp
Black Hills Clay Products Co.
Clay Gleason Products, Inc.
W. G. Bush & Co., Inc.
General Shale Products
Laird Brick Co.
General Shale Products Corp.
Old Hickory Brick Co., Inc.
General Shale Products Corp.
General Shale Products Corp.
Gleason Clay Products, Inc.
W. G. Bush & Co.
Clay Burn Mfg. Co.
Elgin Butler Brick Co.
Elgin Standard Brick Mfg.
Payne Brick Co.
Location
(City and State)
Ephrata, Pa.
Lancaster, Pa.
New Castle, Pa.
Hazelton, Pa.
Bradford, Pa.
Watsontown, Pa.
Watsontown, Pa.
Auburn, Pa.
Springs, Pa.
Washington, Pa.
Trafford, Pa.
York, Pa.
New Oxford, Pa.
Cheswick, Pa.
Kittanning, Pa.
New Bethlehem, Pa.
Gaffney, SC
Cheraw, SC
Cheraw, SC
Summerville, SC
Winnsboro, SC
Ninety Six, SC
Ninety Six, SC
Van Wyck, SC
Cayce, SC
Pee Dee, SC
Columbia, SC
Sumter, SC
Blacksburg, SC
Myrtle Beach, SC
Columbia, SC
Columbia, SC
Belle Fourche, SD
Nashville, Tn.
Nashville, Tn.
Chattanooga, Tn.
Puryear, Tn.
Knoxville, Tn.
Greenback, Tn.
Kingsport, Tn.
Johnson City, Tn.
Gleason, Tn.
Gleason, Tn.
Palestine, Tx.
Elgin, Tx.
Elgin, Tx.
Elgin, Tx.
58
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Alamo Clay Products Co., Inc.
Texas Brick Co., Inc.
Texas Granite Corp.
Saville Baker Brick Co.
Martin Brick Co., Inc.
Ferris Brick Co.
Reliance Clay Products Co.
Acme Brick Co.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Barren Brick Co., Inc.
Ferris Brick Co., Inc.
El Paso Brick Co., Inc.
Teague Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Andy Cordell Brick Co.
Houston Brick & Tile Co.
Roy Champiomont Marble
Saville Baker Brick Co.
Marshall Brick Co., Inc.
Athens Brick Co., Inc.
Texas Clay Products, Inc.
Texas Clay Tile, Inc.
Wes-Tex Clay Products
Rio Clay Products
San Jose Brick Co.
Valley Brick & Tile Co.
Barren Brick Co., Inc.
Waco Brick Mfg. Co., Inc.
D Hanis Brick & Tile Co.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Whiteselle Brick & Lumber
Mineral Wells Clay Products
Reliance Clay Products, Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Henderson Clay Products
Major Brick Co., Inc.
Reliance Clay Products, Inc.
Acme Brick Co.
Abilene Brick Co., Inc.
Laredo Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Acme Brick Co., Inc.
Wes-Tex Clay Products Corp.
Temtex Industries, Inc.
Coachman Industries, Inc.
Interstate Brick Co.
International Pipe Corp.
Densmore Brick Co.
Location
(City and State)
Elmendorf, Tx.
Brownwood, Tx.
Marble Falls, Tx.
Leesburg, Tx.
Coleman, Tx.
Mesquite, Tx.
Dallas, Tx.
Denton, Tx.
Ferris, Tx.
Palmer, Tx.
Ferris, Tx,
El Paso, Tx.
Teague, Tx.
McQueeney, Tx.
Houston, Tx.
Houston, Tx.
Barker, Tx.
Houston, Tx.
Marshall, Tx.
Athens, Tx.
Malakoff, Tx.
Malakoff, Tx.
Athens, Tx.
Mission, Tx.
McAllen, Tx.
Mission, Tx.
Groesbeck, Tx.
Waco, Tx.
D Hanis, Tx.
Garrison, Tx.
Corsicana, Tx.
Mineral Wells, Tx.
Mineral Wells, Tx.
Mill sap, Tx.
Henderson, Tx.
Henderson, Tx.
Lindale, Tx.
Fort Worth, Tx.
Abilene, Tx.
Laredo, Tx.
Bridgeport, Tx.
De Leon, Tx.
Malakoff, Tx.
Olney, Tx.
Salt Lake City, Ut.
Ogden, Ut.
Essex Junction, Vt.
59
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Table C-2 (Cont'd). COMMON CLAY, BRICK, AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCERS
Company
Brick & Tile Corp.
Daniels Brick & Tile Co.
Redford Brick Co., Inc.
General Shale Products Corp.
Webster Brick Co., Inc.
Webster Brick Co., Inc.
Old Virginia Brick Co., Inc.
Locher Brick Co., Inc.
Webster Brick Co., Inc.
General Shales Products
Woodbridge Clay Products Co.
Webster Brick Co., Inc.
International Pipe & Ceramics
Meridian Brick Co., Inc.
Mutual Materials Co.
Mutual Materials Co., Inc.
Chehalis Brick & Tile Co.
Mutual Materials Co., Inc.
Lowell Brick & Tile Co., Inc.
Lowell Brick Co.
Mutual Materials Co.
Interpace Corp.
Continental Clay Products
United Clay Products Co.
Barboursville Clay Mfg. Co.
Charleston Brick & Tile
Capitol Supply Corp.
Weston Jane Lew Brick Tile
Koser Silo Works, Inc.
Lowell Clay Products, Inc.
Location
(City and State)
Lawrenceville, Va.
Richmond, Va.
Richmond, Va.
Richmond, Va.
Suffold, Va,
Somerset, Va.
Salem, Va.
Glasgow, Va.
Webster, Va.
Richlands, Va.
Manassas, Va.
Webster, Va.
Seattle, Wa.
Seattle, Wa.
Renton, Wa.
Seattle, Wa.
Chehalis, Wa.
Eatonville, Wa.
Lowe!1, Wa.
Everett, Wa.
Seattle, Wa.
Mica, Wa.
Martinsburg, WV
Hedgesville, WV
Barboursville, WV
Charleston, WV
Weston, WV
Weston, WV
Almena, Wi.
Love!1, Wyo.
60
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-023s
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use:
Chapter 19. The Clay Industry
7. AUTHOR(S)
J.T. Reding, K.E. Bishop, P.E.Muehlberg & B. P. Shepherd
(Dow Chem. ) , & Terry Parsons & Glynda Wilkins, Editors
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME At-
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd., P.C
Austin, Texas 78766
«ID ADDRESS
). Box 99^8
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Cincinnati, Ohio ^5268
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
5. REPORT DATE
February 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB015
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1319/ Task 3^
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Initial: 8/75-11/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
)E. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The catalog of Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use was developed as an
aid in defining the environmental impacts of industrial activity in the United States.
Entries for each industry are in consistent format and farm separate chapters of the
study. The clay industry is involved in mining of clay minerals, beneficiating of
clay minerals, and brickmaking. The industry is discussed in two segments: (l) Clay
Production and (2) Brick Manufacture. One chemical tree, two process flow sheets
and nine process descriptions have been prepared to characterize the industry.
Within each process description available information has been provided on input
materials, operating parameters, utility requirements and waste streams. Data re-
lated to the subject matter, including company, product and raw material data, are
included as appendices.
17.
a. DESCRIPTORS
Pollution
Industrial Processes
Chemical Engineering
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Process Assessment 13B 11B, 13C
Environmental Impact 13H
Brickmaking 07A
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
61
6USGPO: 1979-659-510/32
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