904/9-77-026
PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE 'BASIN
if'.-'
BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
BULLOCH COUNTY, GEORGIA
AUGUST 1977
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
ATHENS, GEORGIA
-------
PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BLACK CREEK WATERSHED.
BULLOCH COUNTY, GEORGIA
BY
HUGH C. VICK
. DAVID W. HILL.
HOWARD A. TRUE
RUFUS J. BRUNER, III
THOMAS 0. BARNWELL, JR.
Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Athens, Georgia
August 1977
-------
Page. NoA
INTRODUCTION.. ........... ^ .,.....».. .- . 1
SUMMARY » . . . . 2
GENERAL 2
STUDY FINDINGS 2
CONCLUSIONS >...-.-.-... 8
RECOMMENDATIONS * . ..... .-.--. . ,-- . 9
STUDY METHODS 10
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ...... 18
STUDY FINDINGS .--. - 25
RANGES OF DATA -.•-. . . -. .- 25
General •-••,-•.:•.-.••»-. -. 25
Physical Parameters 25
Chemical Parameters 27
Bacteriological Parameters 28
ANIMAL POPULATION-DISTRIBUTION. . 28
HIGH VALUES AND MONTHLY rMEANS 29
LONG TERM BOD 39
TIME-OF-TRAVEL STUDIES 40
DIURNAL STUDIES 40
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL NON-POINT SOURCE RUNOFF LOADS FROM
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE AREAS 48
HYDROCOMP WATER QUALITY PREDICTIONS 49
General 49
Temperature 50
Dissolved Oxygen 50
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page No.
Fecal Coliform 50
. 4-.
Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODs). .......... 51
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Species. 51
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ..... 54
PROBLEM AREAS ...... 54
SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS . . 69
REFERENCES ........ 73
APPENDICES .....
A - Cooperative Agreement between the Environmental Protection
Agency and the Soil Conservation Service a-1
B - Water Quality Data-Preimpoundment Study-Little Black Creek
Drainage Basin b-1
C - A Gross Assessment of Little Black Creek, Georgia, Watershed
Rural Runoff Annually, Wet Season, and Under Selected Storm
Conditions. c-1
D - Sampling Station Locations d-1
E-l - Study Area Map e-1
E-2 - Location Map e-2
F - Project Personnel and Special Acknowledgements f-1
ii
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Us Sampling Schedule ........ ................. 11
2. Location Where Analyses Were Conducted .............. 12
3. Identification Scheme for Salmonella Suspects ........... 14
A. Soil Characteristics of the Little Black Creek Drainage Basin. . . 20
5. Comparison of Ranges ............. .......... 26
6. :Animal Population'-JVistriFutfon. •« ................. 30
7. Comparison of High Values and Means ................ 31
8. Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on a National and a
Watershed Scale ........... ........... .... 33
9. Time of Travel Data ....... ................. 42
.0. Sub-basin Loadings Comparisons .................. 56
.1. Fractional Comparison of BC-6 Sub-basin Loadings Values
With Other Sub-basins ....................... 57
iii
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No..
1. Annual Precipitation and Hydrographs .16
2. Precipitation and Hydrographs - August and September, 1974 21
3. Precipitation and Hydrographs - May, 1974 22
4. Precipitation and Hydrographs - November and December, 1974 .... 23
5. Long Term BOD, Station BC-1 41
6. Time of Travel - Station BC-2A to BC-2, August 8, 1974. 43
7. Time of Travel - Station BC-3 to BC-2, August 13, 1974 44
8. Time of Travel - Station BC-2 to BC-1, August 13, 1974. 45
9. Time of Travel - Station BC-3A to BC-3, August 28-29, 1974 46
.10. Time of Travel - Station BC-2A to BC-2, August 28, 1974 47
11. Frequency Distribution of Nutrient Values - With Impoundment. ... 52
12. Frequency Distribution of Nutrient Values - Without Impoundment . . 53
13.. TOC Profile 58
14. BOD5 Profile 59
15. Total-P Profile 60
16. Organic-N Profile 61
17. Ammonia-N Profile 62
18. Fecal Coliform Profile. ... 63
19. Flow Characteristics of the Area Surrounding the BC-6 Sub-basin . . 67
20. Frequency Distribution - Average Daily Dissolved Oxygen, June-
September Seasonal Analysis 70
iv
-------
INTRODUCTION
* The U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS),
plans to construct a multipurpose impoundment in southeastern Georgia near
the city of Statesboro. At the request of and in support of SCS, water quality
studies were performed in the drainage basin of the proposed impoundment by
personnel of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Surveillance
and Analysis Division (SAD). The studies were conducted under a cooperative,
cost reimbursable agreement between SAD and SCS (see Appendix A).
PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY
These studies were conducted to:
(1) Determine and record preimpoundment water quality conditions
within the drainage basin of the proposed impoundment;
(2) Provide a basis for predicting the quality of the impounded
waters upon completion of the project;
(3) Provide data for the calibration and verification of the
Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP) model, which could
possibly be used to predict future water quality in other
proposed impoundments. (It was anticipated that these pre-
dictions could then be made with a minimal amount of additional
data for model calibration and only for impoundments in areas
with similar climate, soil type and land usage. Local variations
however, proved too great to make this a reliable procedure.)
Authority for these studies is section 104(b)(6) of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL92-500).
-------
SUMMARY
GENERAL
The proposed Little Black Creek Impoundment will be located In a primarily
rural agricultural section of southeast Georgia. The multipurpose impoundment
will have a normal pool area of 300 acres and a 9,895 acre drainage basin.
Waste load input can be attributed to natural conditions, agricultural and
animal husbandry practices, a small domestic waste source, and possibly polluted
ground water.
Six routine water quality sampling stations were established on Little
Black Creek and its tributaries. (See foldouf map in Appendix.*-! for locations 2J
Daily samples for physical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses were collected
for five days each during May and August, 1974 at all flowing stations. Diurnal
studies were conducted at one station during November, 1974 and January, 1975.
A river stage recorder was installed at the farthest downstream station.
From this data and also from a recording rain gauge, complete river discharge and
precipitation plots were prepared for the entire study period.
A variety of recording climatological equipment was utilized during the
study period. Data from this equipment, five years of historical climatological
and hydrological data, and the chemical, physical, and bacteriological data result
ing from this study were computer-coded for calibration of the HSP model.
STUDY FINDINGS
The following discussions of "Ranges of Data" and "High Values and Monthly
Means" are based on comparisons between May and August, 1974. These two periods
represent major differences in both the hydrologic and agricultural cycles,
emphasizing data differences caused by variations in either cycle.
-------
May was a relatively dry month. However, intensive rainfall fell on
freshly tilled and fertilized fields the day before the sampling program started.
Although rainfall during August was typically much higher than in May, it fell
on "crusted over" fields which were covered by full grown plants or harvest
• : *.
residue.
Ranges* of Data
Chemical Parameters
Dissolved oxygen was generally low, although a few high values were measured
occasionally. All data (from individual samples) ranged from 1.5 to 7.1 mg/1 in
May and 2.2 to 5.2 mg/1 in August. Station means were noticeably higher in May.
Station mean values tanged from 2.1 to 6.1 mg/1 in May and from 2.4 to 4.5 mg/1
in August.
All values for five-day biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 110 to S.5
mg/1 in May and 0.9 to 3.6 mg/1 in August. Station means ranged from 1.6 to
3.5 mg/g in May and from 1.3 to 3.2 mg/1 in August. Typical values for slow
\ flowing swamp streams are 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1.
Nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorus species) varied during
v
the May and August sampling periods. The following paragraphs examine the
individual nutrient parameters on the basis of ranges of individual sample datum
and ranges of station means. Except for a few isolated cases in May, all nitrate
plus nitrite nitrogen concentrations were below detectable limits.
The ranges of all data and the ranges of station means remained fairly
constant during both May and August for organic nitrogen (Org-N) and total
Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The following table shows these comparisons.
*Monthly data were compared on She basis of (1) monthly ranges of all data (from
each individual sample), for the entire drainage basin and (2) mofithly ranges of the
station means for six stations. The monthly means are for all values at a given
station.
-------
Range of Range of
Parameter All Data (mg/1) Station Means (mg/1)
May August May August
Org-N 0.10-0.78 0.18-0.85 0.18-0.53 0.25-0.57
TKN 0.19-0.94 0.22-0.90 0.23-0.62 0.25-0.64
For ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) and total phosphorus (Total-P), the ranges of
all data during August were nearly double those for May. The range of station
means for NH -N was nearly the same for both months while the range of station
means for Total-P was noticably higher in August. The following table shows
these comparisons.
Range of Range of
Parameter All Data (mg/.l) Station Means (mg/1)
May August May August
NH^-N 0.01-0.28 0.01-0.47 0.03-0.14 0.04-0.13
Total-P 0.01-0.28 0.01-0.47 0.01-0.23 0.01-0.35
For total organic carbon, the range of all data during May was from 9 to
11 mg/1 as compared to an August range of from 7 to 33 mg/1. Station means for
May ranged from 9.6 to 16.5 mg/1 while those for August ranged from 10.0 to
26.4 mg/1
Bacteriological Parameters
Ranges for fecal coliform densities were high and variable during both months.
Some densities were slightly higher in August (110-7,600 fecal coliforms/100 ml
compared to 10-8,400 fecal coliforms/100 ml). The range of station means was much
higher in May (236-4,700 fecal coliforms/100 ml compared to 59-1,400 fecal coliforms/
100 ml). No Salmonella bacteria were detected at either of the two stations sampled
during May and no Salmonella determinations were performed in August.
Physical Parameters
Water temperature ranges reflected seasonal air temperature variations.
Ranges of all data for May and August, respectively, were 18 to 22°C and 21 to 26°C.
-------
Ranges of station means were 20.1 to 21.5°C and 21.8 to 24.0°C for May and
August, respectively.
„ Dissolved solids values were variable during both comparison periods.
All values ranged from 24 to 84 mg/1 in May and from 8 to 307 mg/1 in August.
*
Station means ranged from 46 to 57 mg/1 in May and from 59 to 152 mg/1 in
August.
Low suspended solids values indicate that very little sediment is washed
from the flat sandy fields to the streams. All values for May ranged from 4
to 28 mg/1 while the August range was from 3 to 22 mg/1. Station means during
May ranged from 5.5 to 12.4 mg/1 while the August range was from 6.3 to 11.5
mg/1.
Low pH values encountered during this study are typical for coastal plains
streams in this part of the country. All values for May ranged from 5.3 to
6.2 units while those for August ranged from 4.1 to 5.9 units. Although.mean
pE is a questionable parameter, it is included here for comparison purposes.
Station means ranged from 5.5 to 6.1 units in May and from 4.8 to 5.6 units In August.
High Values and Monthly Means
High May values for most pollutional parameters occurred at Station BC-2.
August high values for BODij, Org-N, TKN, and Total-P occurred at Station BC-5.
High values for other parameters (lows for D.O.) occurred at a variety of stations.
The highest fecal coliform densities during both months occurred at Station BC-2.
Slightly higher monthly mean values for water temperature and Total-P
occurred during August, and for S.S., pH, BOD5, and NH^-N during May. Monthly
*.
nean D.O. values were the same during both months. Much higher monthly mean
yalues for D.S., Org-N, TKN, and TOG occurred in August, and for fecal coli-
corm densities during May.
-------
Much of this apparent data inconsistency is clarified through consideration
of the hydrogeological characteristics of area, precipitation-hydrograph plots
for the study period, local farming practices and possible nutrient sources and
pathways.
Problem Areas
A combination of elevated nutrients, TOC and higher BOD^ values resulted in
lowered D.O. values. The major input of nutrients, TOC and BODj for the entire
drainage basin probably results from forest litter and fertilizer washout. Although
it is not economically feasible to control the input from forest litter, the impact
of fertilizer washout can be greatly reduced by good management practices. Minor
but significant controllable sources were identified in the BC-6, BC-3, BC-2. and BC-1
sub-basin. Possible causes and solutions regarding these problems are offered in
the body of this report.
Supplimental Oxygen Requirements
A possible but expensive solution to satisfaction of the oxygen deficit in the
proposed impoundment would involve a diffuser system supplied with molecular oxygen.
The minimum yearly cost for this would be $3,700 for oxygen, plus the capital cost
of an oxygen storage and diffuser system in addition to operating and maintenance
cost.
Hydrocomp Predictions
Postimpoundment water quality was predicted by the Hydrocomp Simulation
Programming Model. The predicted water quality was compared to Georgia water
quality standards. The model predicted that discharge waters from the impoundment
would not meet state standards for dissolved oxygen.
-------
Long Term BOD
During May, a long term BOD analysis was.performed for Station BC-1 to
determine rate coefficients for mathematical modeling efforts. This anlaysis
yielded typical rate coefficients.(see discussion of STUDY FINDINGS for values).
Time of Travel Studies
A dye tracer study was attempted during May. Extended time of travel
caused by low flow conditions made this attempt unsuccessful. The study was
repeated in August, under both high and medium flow conditions, with the following
discharge averages and corresponding stream velocity averages: 25.6 cubic feet/sec.
0.16 mph; 4.8 cubic feet/sec. - 0.08 mph.
Diurnal Studies
These studies (November 1974 and January 1975) revealed no significant
variations.
Assessment of Potential Non-Point Source Loads
A gross non-point source assessment (see Appendix C) established potential
loads for typical conditions and evaluated the attenuation effects of control
practices. Results of this assessment are too voluminous to present in summarized
form.
-------
CONCLUSIONS
(1) A dissolved oxygen deficiency will exist in the proposed impoundment.
(2) Supplemental aeration in the impoundment or other corrective action will
be required to correct the oxygen deficiency.
(3) The dissolved oxygen deficiency will result from an oxygen demand exerted
by .the unoxidized nutrients (ammonia-N and organic-N).
(4) The major nutrient inputs into the proposed impoundment will result from
forest and pasture litter and from fertilizer washout. Runoff from confined
animal feeding operations, discharge from a small domestic oxidation pond and
from polluted groundwater entering the upper end of the drainage basin will
contribute to minor but still significant inputs.
(5) Most of the minor inputs can be partially eliminated by improved waste
handling practices, thus reducing the supplemental aeration requirements.
(6) The degree of eutrophication experienced by this impoundment will depend
on control of nutrient sources. This control includes the capacity of intermit-
tant swampy areas upstream of the impoundment to assimilate nutrients. The
quantitative aspects of such a capacity are not clearly understood. Qualitative
aspects, however, are reflected by the data within this report.
(7) The high fecal coliform densities encountered represent stormwater runoff
under free flowing stream conditions. After project completion, retention time
in the impoundment should cause decreases in fecal coliform densities. These
decreases should be sufficient to make the waters acceptable for body contact
recreation. However, isolated shoreline areas which receive direct washoff
from nearby animal waste sources still might not be acceptable for body contact
recreation.
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
(1) Provide supplemental aeration in the proposed impoundment.
«
(2) Reduce nutrient inputs into the proposed impoundment by encouraging:
• (a) Connection of all homes in the Statesboro, Georgia area to an
expanding sewerage system (discharging into another drainage
basin) which would eliminate septic tank usage upstream of the
proposed impoundment;
(b) local farmers to contain and treat runoff from confined animal
feeding operations;
(c) local farmers to avoid possible over application of chemical
fertilizer, and
(d) upgrading of treatment at the mobile home park oxidation pond
by the addition of mechanical aerators or complete elimination
of the pond by connection with the Statesboro, Georgia municipal
sewerage system.
(3) Initially, primary contact recreation in the impoundment, should be
»
restricted, especially during heavy runoff periods. Further fecal coliform
nonitoring should be conducted after the impoundment has stabilized. The
•epeated absence of high fecal coliform densities would warrant a removal of
:his restriction.;-)
-------
STUDY METHODS
Six routine water quality sampling stations were established on Little Black
Creek and its tributaries. The stations were located from the proposed dam site
near the small community of Denmark, Georgia to its headwaters near Statesboro,
Georgia. These locations are described in Appendix D and shown on the-foldout map in
Appendix E-l. The general location of the study area is shown on the map in
Appendix E-2.
A stage recorder and staff gauge were installed and cross referenced at
Station BC-1. Staff gauges were installed at all other stations except BC-2,
where stream channel characteristics precluded stream gaugings. Initial stream
gaugings were performed prior to initiation of the sampling program at each
statioh except BC-2. Due to vandalism, it was impossible to maintain a staff
gauge at BC-5. A wide crested, rectangular weir at a pond discharge immediately
upstream of this station was utilized to approximate flow for this station.
All stations were sampled from bridges at one foot below the surface or
less, as dictated by stream depth. Stream surface elevations, as indicated
by staff gauge readings, (or depth of discharge over the weir at Station BC-5)
were recorded each time a sample was collected. Daily samples for physical,
chemical, and bacteriological analyses were collected for five days each during
May and August, 1974 at all flowing stations. Some non-flowing stations were
sampled during the first part of the May sampling period. All stations were
not sampled during the November 1974 and January 1975 visits. (See Table 1
for a complete sampling schedule.)
Measurements and analyses of samples for the physical and chemical parameters
were performed either immediately upon collection at the sampling site, within a
few hours of collection at the SAD mobile laboratory in Claxton, Georgia, or at
the SAD Regional Laboratory in Athens, Georgia. The parameter coverage and
location of analysis are presented in Table 2.
10
-------
TABLE 1
SAMPLING SCHEDULE
Station
Number
BC-1
BC-2
BC-2A
BC-3
BC-3A
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
Key: //
N/F
N/V
Month and Day
May, 1974
13 14 15
13 ' 14 15
N/V 14_ N/V
13 14 15
N/V 14 N/V
13 14. N/F
N/V 14_ N/F
N/V 14 15
16
16
N/V
16
N/V
N/F
N/F
16
17
17
N/F
N/F
N/V
N/V
N/V
17
August,
7 8 15
7 8 15
N/V N/V N/V
7 N/V 15
N/V N/V N/V.
7 N/V 15
N/V 8 15
N/V N/V 15
1974
29
29
N/V
29
N/V
29
29
29
November,
30
30
N/V
30
N/V
30
30
30
18
N/V
N/V
18
N/V
N/F
N/V
N/V
20
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
1974
21
N/V
N/V
N/V-
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
January, 1975
13.
13
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
14 25
14 25
N/V N/V
N/V 25
N/V N/V
N/V 25
14 N/V
14 N/V
= Day of month
= No flow, not sampled
= Not visited
Sampled under zero flow conditions
-------
TABLE 2
LOCATION WHERE. ANALTSES - T^ERE CONDUCTED
A. On-Site
1. Dissolved oxygen
2. pH
3. Temperature (degrees centigrade)
4. Flow
B. Mobile Laboratory (SAD Laboratory, Athens, GA, after 8/30/74)
1. Biochemical oxygen demand (5 day)
2. Bacteriological-fecal coliform (MF Procedure)
C. SAD Laboratory, Athens, Georgia
1. Total phosphate
2. Total KJeldahl flitfogen (TKN)
3. Ammonia nitrogen (NH~-N)
4; Organic nitrogen (TKN minus NH3-N)
5. Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen
6. Total dissolved solids
7. Suspended solids
8. Total organic carbon
9. Long term BOD
12
-------
Bacteriological samples were also collected at a depth of approximately
one foot or less, as dictated by stream depth using a grab technique. Samples
were placed on ice and analyses were initiated within six hours after collection.
Fecal coliform densities were determined using the membrane filter technique
as outlined in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
13th Edition.1*
Qualitative determinations for the presence of Salmonella bacteria were attempted
at selected stations by filtering 200 ml of sample through a 0.45y membrane filter.
The filters were then placed in single strength Dulcitol Selenite Broth. The
inoculated enrichment broth was incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 41.5°C according
to Spino's procedure.^
After primary enrichment, an inoculum was streaked onto Taylor XLD Agar(XLD)
and Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE) plates and incubated for 18-24 hours. Suspected
Salmonella colonies were picked from the respective plates and identified by
the scheme outlined in Table 3.
With the exception of the cytochrome oxidase and lysine decarboxylase methods,
o
the methods and media outlined in Table 3 are described by Ewing. Oxidase and
decarboxylase activity was determined using Patho-Tec-CO and Patho-Tec-LD**
reagent impregnated paper strips, respectively.
Serological identifications of suspected Salmonella isolates were made at the
SAD-Athens laboratory using the standard serological procedures descrbied by Edwards
and Ewing.
During the May and August study periods, attempts were made at gauging stream
discharges at a variety of different stream levels at all stations with staff
* References 1 through 29 appear on pages 73 and 74.
** Does not imply endorsement of this product by EPA.
13
-------
TABLE 3
IDENTIFICATION SCHEME FOR SALMONELLA SUSPECTS
Suspect Colony (picked from differential plate)
Lysine Iron Agar
\
Alkaline slant and butt
with or without H2S
Urease Production
Acid slant and butt; Alkaline slant
and acid butt - DISCARDED
Positive
DISCARDED
I
Negative
Cytochrome Oxidase
Negative
Positive
DISCARDED
1
J
Lactose; Sodium Halonate; Potassium Cyanide, Indole
Positive
DISCARDED
Nega
Lysine decarboxy
ive
ase; Citrate, I^S, Motility
I
Negative
DISCARDED
I
Positive
Polyvalent 0 Antisera
I. .1
PosJLtive
Negative
DISCARDED
Serological Identification
14
-------
gauges. This was done in order to '• prepare-a-tage-^ is charge curves for each
station. From these curves and the individual staff gauge readings acquired during
.daily sampling visits, corresponding discharge data were obtained for most
samples. For Station BC-5, rectangular veir tables were utilized.
Recording climatological equipment, listed below with the indicated data
collection function(s), was installed at the indicated locations in support of
both the sampling program outlined in Table 1 and for calibration of the Hydro-
comp Simulation Programming (HSP) model.
Data Collection
Equipment Function Location*
Rain Gauge Precipitation Akin's Farm and
Powell's house
Pyrheliograph Incident solar radiation Sapp's Farm**
Hygrothermograph Air temperature and relative Sapp's Farm**
humidity
Evaporation Pan and Rate of evaporation Sapp's Farm**
Level Recorder
Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the data obtained from the stage
recorder at Station BC-1 and the rain gauge at the upper end of the drainage
basin.
As additional support for calibration of the HSP model, five years of
historical climatological and hydrological data were tabulated and computer
coded for the indicated locations:
* Refer to Appendix E-l for exact' locations.
** Equipment installed at this site was utilized for two preimpoundment
studies conducted concurrently. Refer to Appendix E-2 for exact location.
15
-------
UJ
o
tr.
<
5 -
cr
0
o:
<
Q
Ul
O
.. a. jg.
FIGURE J
ANUAL PRECIPITATION
AND HYDROGRAPHS
15 20 2S. , . .& 10. IS .20 23
SAMPLING DATES
© © = "0" FLOW
-------
Parameter
Precipitation
Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature
Evaporation Rate
Wind Speed
Percent Cloud Cover
Discharge (avg. daily cfs)
Location (Georgia)
Bellville
Brooklet
Metter
Swainsboro
Metter
Brooklet
Ailey
Savannah
Augusta
Canoochee River near Claxton
17
-------
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The heart of Black Creek Watershed project is the proposed impoundment on
Little Black Creek. The Little Black Creek drainage basin is located on the
gently rolling Pleistocene shoreline of the Altanama Upland Division of the coastal
plain near Statesboro in southeast Georgia. Both the impoundment and it's 9,895
acre drainage basin are located entirely in Bulloch County. The impoundment will
cover 300 acres at normal (irrigation)-pool level. Of these 300 acres, 241 acres
will be available for recreation usage. Maximum flood storage pool will be 485
acres.
Land usage is 32.5% cropland, 13.4% pasture, 47.7% forest, and 6.5% idle or
miscellaneous. Only a few concentrated sources of pollution exist; these consist
primarily of runoff from cattle pastures, swine feedlots, and layer hen operations.
Natural conditions and agricultural practices create three possible non-point
sources of pollution:
(1) Stormwater and possibly irrigation runoff from a land surface
characterized by dendritic drainage patterns;
(2) Subsurface discharge into stream channels from both the shallow
groundwater table and interflow, and
(3) Benthic decomposition of forest, pasture, and cropland litter
deposited in the streams, and from both living and dead bottom-
dwelling organisms.
Land elevation in the study area ranges from approximately 110 to 230 feet
above mean sea level (MSL). Normal surface elevation of the impoundment will
be 131 feet MSL and maximum surface elevation will be 142.7 feet MSL.
9
SCS classifies different areas as to soil associations, which are landscapes
with a distinctive proportional pattern of different soils. They normally consist
of one or more major soils and at least one minor soil, and are classified according
to the major soils.
18
-------
The Little Black Creek drainage basin is located in a portion of Bulloch
County which, according to the above classification scheme, is part of the
q
Tifton-Fuquay-Pelham Association. .This association averages 35% Tifton,
25% Fuquay, 15% Pelham, and 25% minor sorts. Table 4 lists the characteristics
«f the different soil types.
The soil type percentages in the Little Black Creek drainage basin vary
markedly from the overall association averages. When the drainage basin is divided
into six-Tareas Osee foldout majt in Appendix.K.-ll^ jnucfi more variability as to
percentage soil type in a given area is apparent. The estimated percentages
of soil types for each of the six areas are presented in the following table.
Soil Type
Area
BC-1
BC-2
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
Tifton
25
35
50
50
45
69
Fuquay
23
15
10
3
5
3
Pelham
10
15
24
15
20
15
Minor
42
35
16
32
30
13
According to the hydrographical analysis terminology of Thorn, Figures
2, 3 and 4 are good examples of the three basic components of river flow which
include: (1) base (groundwater) flow, (2) runoff (stormwater) flow, and (3)
interflow.* All three figures show the rapidly changing runoff flow as temporary
*Interflow is that portion of precipitation which falls in the catchment basin
and reaches the streams independently of either surface runoff or groundwater
discharge. It percolates through the soil and moves laterally toward the stream
without reaching the groundwater table. The rate of this movement is intermediate
between surface runoff and groundwater discharge and is governed by the slope of
the terrain and porosity of the soil.
19
-------
TABLE 4
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
K)
O
Soil
Type
Tifton
Fuquay
Pelham
Minor Soils
% of
Drainage Baa-in
44
10
17
Water Table
10
15
Deoth
*^ ^* \f W Lm
""
A / Alt
>48
>60"
<15"
Approx. 30"
15-30"
<15
>pj_..
lime
Span
—
2 mos/yr*
Prolonged
Wet Periods
2-6 mos/yr
>6 mos/yr*
oojj. uescrip
U.S.D.A;
Texture
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
Sand & Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
tion
Depth From
Surface
1 •—•i*™ •_ _•
0-14"
14-16"
0-30"
30-70"
0-21"
21-62"
0-22"
22-65"
0-40"
10-62"
48-65"
0-21"
21-62"
pH
_ Range
4.5-5.5
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0
* Water stands on surface 2 to 6 months per year.
-------
AUGUST, 1974
SEPTEMBER, 1974
PRECIPITATION AND HYDROGRAPHS
(AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1974)
•0.25
•0.5
-0.75
• 1.0
I.Z5
•1.30
-1.78
•2.00
•2..2S
•2.50
27 28 2930 31 ! I ' 2 ' 3 ' 41 5 ' 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 I 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
AUGUST, 1974
I
SEPTEMBER, 1974
21
-------
MAY J974
' .2. 3. 4.8.6., 7.6. 9.10, II ,12 .13.14 ,15,16,17.16,
28.29.30,31.
Fig S
Precipitation and Hydrograph
Way IS74
•O.Z8
-0.30
-a??.
- -1.00
•1.25
•1.90
•1.78
-2.00
"i ' i i i i i i—r~i—r—i—i—i—i—i——i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i~i—t—i—r—i—i r
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 K It iG (7 16 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031
i MAY 1974
22
-------
NOVEMBER 1974 DECEMBER 1974
IS 16 17 18 19 2021 22232425 3627282930 12 3 4 9 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
7.0-
to
c
o
0>
6.0
fO
3.0
u
I
•o
to
o
Ul
u
2.0-
1.0-
FIG. 4
PRECIPITATION AND HYDROGRAPHS
(NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER, 1974)
a.
o
u
cr
a.
15 16 17 I8JI9 2021 22 23 2425 26 27 282930
NOVEMBER 1974
-0.23
"-0.50
r 0.73
.00
I 234 5 6 7 6 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19
DECEMBER 1974
23
-------
fluctuations of the more slowly changing base flow. Figures 3 and 4, due to their
smaller scales, demonstrate the. influence of interflow by tfie long trailing
edges of each hydrographic maxima.
During wet portions of the year, the water table in this area is near the
surface, causing soil moisture values to approach, saturation.. At these times,
even small amounts of rainfall cause immediate runoff (either surface or sub-
surface) plus corresponding but slower increases in stream flow.
After extended dry periods, the water table is lowered sufficiently to
cause the smaller tributaries to become dry. The sandy soil becomes very dry
and capable of absorbing large quantities of rainfall without corresponding
increases in runoff and stream flow.
As an example of wet period flow, a 1.28 inch rainfall on August 5-6 caused
a stream flow increase of 48 cfs (Figure 2) . During the dry periods of May
11-12 (Figure 3) and November 18-20 (Figure 4) rainfalls of 1.75 and 1.09 inches
respectively, caused stream flow increases of approximately 2 cfs each. Figures
2, 3 and 4 are expansions of sections of Figure 1
Due to the small size of this drainage basin (9,895 acres), each stream flow
increase Is of a "flash flood" nature and appears to travel down the basin as a
wave. The hydrographs on Figures 2, 3 and 4 are all examples of this phenomenon.
24
-------
STUDY FINDINGS
RANGES OF DATA
General
Under low stream-flow conditions which prevailed during May, high values
for most parameters (lows for dissolved oxygen) usually occurred at Station BC-2.
During August under high flow conditions most extreme values occurred at Stations
BC-4, BC-5 and BC-6. Analysis of the-data (Table 5) included two modes of com-
parison; (1) ranges of all data for the drainage basin and (2) monthly ranges .
of station means for six stations. Only data for May and August, 1974 were
included; data for samples which were collected under zero flow conditions
were excluded. Data collected in November, 1974 and January, 1975 were only
from a few selected stations. The following discussion is based on the analysis
presented in Table 5 and the complete listing of analytical data presented in
Appendix B.
Physical Parameters
Water temperature ranges reflect seasonal air temperatures. Exclusion of
data from Station BC-5* lowers the maximum August value to 24°C and the high
station mean for August to 22.8°C.
Dissolved solids were low during both the May and August periods of comparison.
Station means ranged from 46 to 57 mg/1 and from 59 to 152 mg/1, respectively.
Suspended solids (S.S.) remained low throughout the year even after heavy areawide
rains (5.5 to 12.4 mg/1 and 6.3 to 11.5 mg/1 for May and August, respectively).
*Station BC-5 is located immediately downstream of the discharge from a large,
shallow pond. The normally slow flow through the pond combined with a surface
overflow allows extensive solar heating before discharge. The very low flow
usually encountered at this station negates any effect which the elevated tem-
peratures would have on the waters of the proposed impoundment.
25
-------
TABLE 5
COMPARISON OF RANGES
All Stations
All Data* Station Means**
Parameter May August May August
Physical
Temp. °C 18.0-22.0 21.0-26.0 20.1-21.5 21.8-24.0
Dissolved Solids - mg/1 24-84 8-307 46-57 59-152
Suspended Solids - mg/1 4-28 3-22 5.5-12.4 6.3-11.5
Chemical
pH units 5.3-6.2 4.1-5.9 5.5-6.1 4.8-5.6
D.O. - mg/1 1.5-7.1 2.2-5.2 2.1-6.1 2.4-4.5
BOD5 - mg/1 1.0-5.5 0.9-3.6 1.6-3.5 1.3-3.2
Org-N - mg/1 0.10-0.78 0.18-0.85 0.18-0.53 0.25-0.57
NH3-N - mg/1 0.01-0.28 0.01-0.47 0.03-0.14 0.04-0.13
TKN - mg/1 0.19-0.94 0.22-0.90 0.23-0.62 0.25-0.64
N02 + NO^-N - mg/1 Less than detectable limits in most cases.
Total-P - mg/1 0.01-0.28 0.01-0.47 0.01-0.23 0.01-0.35
TOC - mg/1 9-11 7-33 9.6-16.5 10-26.4
Bacteriological
Fecal Coliform - 110-7,600 10T8,400 240-4,700 59-1,400
counts/100 ml
* No values for BC-4 and BC-5 during May ("0" flow conditions precluded sampling)
** Geometric mean for Fecal Coliform.
26
-------
This indicates that very little sediment is transported from the relatively
flat sandy fields to the. streams.,
Chemical Parameters
All pH_ values were on the acidic side of the. pH scale, which is typical
for black water streams in this area. These low values could be caused by the
buildup of humates, tannins and other refractory organic acids from decaying
plant matter. They could also originate from drainage of acid soils. According
to Reid, pH values in sluggish marshy streams of the southern United States
may range as low as 4.0 units. Soils in the study area range from 4.5 to 5.5 pH
units.9
Dissolved oxygen concentrations were variable. The decreasing May concentra-
tions (Appendix B) demonstrate the effects of the decreasing flow conditions which
prevailed during that period. Flows often fell to zero.
Some of the five day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations were relatively
high when compared with typical values for free flowing upland streams of 1-2 mg/1
and with slow flowing swamp streams of 2-3 mg/1.
Concentrations of all the nitrogen species studied plus the concentrations of
total phosphorus varied widely, even within a given month.
Examination of the individual nitrogen parameters for May shows a relatively
large contribution from organic nitrogen to the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
values and a smaller yet significant contribution from ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) .
Total phosphorus (Total-P) values ranged from 0.01 to 0.28 mg/1 and nitrate-nitrite
nitrogen values were less than detectable limits except in a few isolated cases.
Examination of the same parameters for August shows a nearly unchanged TKN,
vith. a significantly higher contribution from NILj-N. Total-P concentrations were
approximately twice those for May. NOvKNC^-N concentrations were all less than
detectable limits during August.
27
-------
Total organic carbon values ranged from 9 to 11 mg/1 in May and from
7 to 33 mg/1 in August. These values are typical for coastal plain swampy
areas.
Bacteriological Parameters
Fecal collform densities were high and variable during both study periods
with August having the highest value (8,400 fecal coliforms/100'ml) and May having
the highest station mean (4,700 fecal coliforms/100 ml).
The high, fecal coliform densities represent stormwater runoff under free
flowing stream conditions. After project completion, retention time in the
impoundment will result in greatly reduced fecal coliform densities. No water
should be considered completely safe for body contact recreation, regardless
of its fecal coliform density. Some health risks will be involved for the
water user. However, these risks are greatly reduced in waters where such
densities are low.
Qualitative determinations to detect Salmonella bacteria were made at two
stations (BC-1 and BC-2) during May. Salmonella is a large serologically-related
genus comprised of over 1,300 serotypes. Salmonella is probably the easiest enteric
pathogen to isolate from water. All Salmonella are considered pathogenic to
man and animals.
The presence of Salmonella is proof of fecal contamination from either
ipap or animals, and establishes the potential of disease contraction resulting
from water ingestion. It is important to note that the inverse of this state-
mment is not true. Failure to isolate Salmonella does not establish that the
water is free of pathogenic organisms. No serotypes were isolated from either
station. No Salmonella determinations were made during the August study.
ANIMAL POPULATION - DISTRIBUTION
During the week of May 13 through 17, 1974, animal population - distribution
data were gathered by a combined team of SAD and SCS personnel by interviewing
28
-------
the major farmers in the area. The results are presented in Table 6. During
January, 1970, a complete aerial mapping of the study area was performed by
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. A complete
waste source interpretation of the resulting photographs was performed by the '••
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Photographic Interpretation
Center (EPA-EPIC), Vint Hills Farm Station, Warrenton, Virginia. Results of
the interpretation are shown on the map in Appendix E-l, along with the approxi-
mate locations of the animal populations listed on Table 6. It should be noted,
that since the interpretations were made on 1970 photographs, some of the identi-
fied points may no longer exist. However, many of the smaller operations listed
in the photographic interpretation would not have been listed in the SAD-SCS
survey of major farmers during May of 1974.
HIGH VALUES AND MEANS
Discussion of Data
Table 7 shows that the high values (lows for D.O.) for most parameters,
during May occurred at Station BC-2. The domestic animal population which most
influenced* data for this report is located upstream of Stations BC-2 and BC-5.
Seepage from the area upstream of Station BC-2 would strongly influence the May,
low-flow values but would be greatly diluted by the much higher August flows.
Waste from the animal population upstream of Station BC-5 was not reflected in
the May data due to the zero flow conditions which prevailed at that station.
* A single channel was assumed at Station BC-1 for all except flood conditions.
A second channel was discovered toward the end of the study. This channel contains
flow only under extremely high runoff conditions. Any runoff from the large hog
feeding operation upstream of this station would occur only after heavy rains'-and
would travel downstream via the second channel. Therefore, the data of this report
does not reflect any effect of this waste source.
29
-------
TABLE 6
ANIMAL POPULATION - DISTRIBUTION
Station
Number
BC-1
BC-2
Cows Swine
300*
165**
100***
Miles Upstream
Stream
1.5
1.7
0.6
of Station
Tributary
0.3
0.4
BC-5
60
165****
* Pens are located just above the swampy area which will be impounded
(capacity of pens is much greater than 300 animals). Runoff caused
by heavy rains would be directly into the proposed impoundment.
** These animals were located in woods adjacent to creek.
*** These animals were located on pastures which drain to a pond. Any
runoff entering the creek would be through the pond.
**** Any runoff from these animal pens is to a self contained lagoon.
Discharge from this lagoon is directly to a large lake located
immediately upstream of Station BC-5.
30
-------
u
O-
COMPARISON OF HIOH VALUES AND MONTHLt MEANS
{Excluding high values (lows for D.O.) which occurred under "0" flow conditions}
Parameter
Basin Highs*
{Sta. // (Value)}
May August
Means**(All data) Monthly
Comparative
May August Meana (August/May^ratio)
Physical
Temp. °C
Dissolved
Suspended
Solids - mg/1
Solids - mg/1
BC-2(22)
BC-6(84)
BC-1(28)
BC-5(26)
BC-2(307)
BC-1(22)
20.2
51.7
10.2
22.8
96.1
8.8
1.13
1.86
0.86
Chemical
pH - units
D.O. - mg/1
BOD - mg/1
Org-N - mg/1
NH3-N - mg/1
TKN - mg/1
N02+N03-N - mg/1
Total P - mg/1
TOC - mg/1
Bacteriological
Fecal Coliform -
counts/100 ml
Lows for D.O.
**Oometric mean for
BC-K6.2) BC-4(5.9) 5.7 5.2
BC-2U.5) BC-6(2.2) 3.6 3.6
BC-2(5.5) BC-5(3.6) 2.2 2.0
BC-2(0.78) BC-5(0.85) 0.29 0.47
BC-2(0.28) BC-K0.47) 0.09 0.08
BC-2(0.94) BC-5(0.90) 0.37 0.52
Less than detectable limits in most cases.
BC-K0.28) BC-5(0.47) 0.10 0.11
BC-2(17) BC-K33) 12.2 20.3
BC-2(7£00) BC-2(8,400) 804
316
0.91
1.00
0.91
1.62
0.89
1.41
1.10
1.66
0.39
coin form.
-------
The August data in Table 7, however, does reflect the influence of the
waste sources upstream of Station BC-5. August basin highs for WV$, Org-N,
TKN, and Total-P all occurred at this station. Basin high fecal coliform
densities occurred at Station BC-2 during both months.
The monthly comparative means column on Table 7 is a comparison of the
mean values of all data for a given parameter. The water temperatures were
slightly higher in August. Suspended solids, pH, BOD^, and NHj-N were all
slightly higher in May. Mean D.O. values were the same during both months.
Mean values for dissolved solids, Org-N, TKN and TOC were all much higher
in August. Most of the May values and all of the August values for NOjfNC^-N
were less than detectable limits. Geometric mean fecal coliform densities were
all much higher in May.
Much of this apparently inconsistent data may be clarified by considering
some of the many factors which can affect the data (e.g. hydrogeological char-
acteristics of the area, precipitation-hydrographs for the study period, local
farming practices and possible nutrient sources and pathways).
Factors Affecting Data
Nutrients can enter the soil from many sources. The two major sources in
the study area are through applied fertilizer and organic detritus. A third
source which is not fully understood but may be of major importance is the ammonia
produced by leguminous crops. Except for the discharge from a small oxidation.pond
serving a mobile home court downstream of Station BC-6, there are no municipal or
industrial point sources of pollution in the study area.
Fertilizers applied to the croplands and pastures, cow manure dropped on
pastures and in feedlots, swine droppings in feedlots, leaf litter in the extensive
forests and swampy areas, and possible ammonia liberated by leguminous crops would
all decompose or otherwise be transformed. Table 8 is a listing of possible sources
of nitrogen and phosphorus (excluding municipal and industrial point sources) on
32
-------
(jj
TABLE 8
SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON A NATIONAL AND A WATERSHED SCALE
Source
National
Wisconsin watersheds
Nitrogen
Million Tons
Fertilizer
Fixation
Manure
Plant residues
Precipitation
Total
6.8
3.0
1.0
2.5
liS
14.8
Phosphorus
Percent Million Tons
45.9
20.3
6.8
16.9
10.1
2.2
0
0.4
0.3
0.01
2.9
Percent
76
0
14
10
0
Nitrogen
Ibs/acre
10
12
42
45
8
117
Percent
8.5
10.3
35.9
38.5
6.8
Phosphorus
Ibs/acre
8
0
12
5
0
25
Percent
32
0
48
20
0
-------
both a national and a watershed scale. Except for manure, yalues for the Little
Black Creek drainage basin should be close, to those for the Wisconsin watersheds.
Manure values in Table 8 are for manure Incorporated into the soil as a fertilizer.
In the Little Black Creek drainage basin, no manure is applied to the cropland.^
Any nutrients entering the streams from manure would come from seepage and runoff
from pastures and feedlots. The number of these type operations in the study area
is small. Only 13.4 percent of the entire drainage basin is pasture land and 6.5
Q
percent is classified as idle or miscellaneous.
Of the 32.5 percent of the basin utilized as cropland, 12.4 percent contains
corn, 9»4 percent peanuts, and 9.4 percent soybeans. Local farmers till the soil
approximately five to six inches deep in early spring (March 1-15) and apply
approximately 500 Ibs/acre of 5-10-5 fertilizer. During late April and early
May, approximately 100 Ibs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is added to the soil for
the growing corn crops. Fifty percent of this fertilizer is injected directly into
the soil as anhydrous ammonia. The remainder is broadcast as ammonium nitrate
and plowed into the soil. No nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the peanut
14
or soybean crops, since both are leguminous crops.
The flat fields and pastures in the study area are composed of a very
permeable, sandy soil with a shallow groundwater table below (see description
of study area). According to Davis and DeWeist-*- and Thorn, surface water
runoff does not begin until the rainfall exceeds the soils infiltration capacity.
A portion of the infiltrating water flows slowly and laterally above the ground-
water table to nearby streams (interflow).The remainder will reach the watertable
and also flow slowly toward the streams (groundwater flow) .
The rate of infiltration and resulting interflow and groundwater flow, will
depend on the grade of the terrain. Additional factors affecting.this rate
include soil permeability as well as the slope and gradient of the groundwater
table.
34
-------
Nitrate from applied fertilizers can follow two pathways through the soil.
It can be leached through the soil or immobilized in the soil organic matter.
Small amounts of rainfall and a low groundwater table present conditions
TO
favorable for immobilization.
Nitrate which is immobilized can undergo ammonification (conversion of
organic nitrogen into the ammonium ion). The rate of this process is pro-
portional to the pool of ammoniziable nitrogen. Two mechanisms by which
ammonification take place are: (1) bacterial decomposition of soluable
organic nitrogen, and (2) direct autolysis after both microbial and plant cell
death.16
Large amounts of rainfall and a high groundwater table are favorable condi-
tions for nitrate leaching. Relatively nonreactive solutes such as nitrates
can move through the soil with approximately the same velocity as does the soil
water. Before peak leachate nutrient concentrations can appear in sub-surface
drainage water, Infiltrating rain or irrigation water must flow through the
surface soil and displace the nutrient rich solution through the soil profile.1^
Nitrates which do leach through the soil can undergo denitrification before
reaching sub-surface drainage water. The nitrate is used by anaerobic soil
organisms as a source of oxygen and in the process is converted to nitrogen gas.
A few bacteria can carry this reaction all the way to ammonia.13 The denitrification
1 ft
process requires both an adequate supply of carbon as an energy source and anaerobic
soil conditions.-1-^ Anaerobic conditions usually occur in water saturated soil.
However, they can also occur in4 anaerobic micro-environments in an otherwise well
drained soil. If added water is sufficient to cause continuous movement of nitrate
through the soil, the residence time required for denitrification to occur in any
/
significant amounts might not be met.^
35
-------
The ammonium ion can enter the soil from three additional sources; (1) the
ammonium portion of the ammonium nitrate fertilizer, (2) injected anhydrous
ammonia, and (3) ammonia liberated by leguminous crops. Anhydrous ammonia which
is injected into the soil is converted almost immediately to the ammonium ion
by the most minute quantities of soil moisture.
Leguminous crops (soybeans and peanuts), which cover approximately nineteen
percent of the total area of the Little Black Creek drainage basin, * biologically
fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. In this process, the bacterium Rhizobium enters
the root hairs of the legume root. The cell wall of the root hair invaginates to
form an infection thread. A few of the threads grow back to the base of the hair
and enter the root. The ends of the infection threads rupture and release the
bacteria into the root cells. The infected cells grow into nodules in which the
bacteria produce ammonia.
This ammonia is immediately utilized by the plant. However, most of the
infective thread growths abort through rupture and subsequent death before reaching
the root.. The ammonia which is produced during the abortive growth is liberated
into the surrounding soil and converted to the ammonium ion. This hypothesis
is supported by observations of farmers concerning weed growth in soybean rows.
When certain weeds are physically pulled up, their root masses are asymetrical.
The side near the soybean plants are very thick and well developed. The other
side is usually very sparse and underdeveloped. This shows that the weed is
gaining nutrients from the area of the legume roots.
Reactive solutes such as the phosphate and ammonium ions and organic carbon
are firmly, yet not absolutely secured by the soil matrix. Consequently, they
will move through the soil profile, but at a much slower rate than the percolating
water. The rate of their movement is governed by soil type, microbiological
transformations and syntheses, precipitation, adsorption-desorption, and other
13
physical-chemical reactions with the matrix. Sandy soils exhibit a much smaller
affinity for reactive solutes than do clayey soils. '
36
-------
Both the availability of phosphate for plant use and its freedom of movement
through the soil column decreases exponentially with time after application.
Recent research work indicates that chemical reactions immobilize more than
fifty percent of added soluable phosphate in a few hours after application
and an additional ten percent in approximately one month or so. However, the
phosphate conversion rate again depends on the soil type or chemical reactivity
of the soil. The amount of biological immobilization which occurs simultaneously
1 *^
with the chemical reactions depends upon the amount of biological activity.
Some small amounts of material will reach the streams by surface water
runoff after intensive rains. The rate and volume of runoff from the cultivated
fields will be reduced drastically by the flat terrain, the soil permeability,
and the forests which border the streams in the study area. Any surface water
runoff from shallow tilled sandy soils carries only negligible amounts of
nitrate and phosphate.^
; Organic detritus, the other major nutrient source in the study area, results
primarily from forest litter in the extensive forests and swampy areas. Nearly
fifty percent of the entire drainage basin is forest. Leaves significantly
affect water quality in small streams.20 According to Ruttner * and Reid11
nitrogen, in the form of ammonia and ammonium compounds, is released into streams
mainly through the decomposition of organic debris. The work of many researchers22
indicates that the phosphorus load from pastures, orchards and forests are higher
than from cropland. Both the nitrogen and phosphorus present in agricultural
runoff was estimated by sampling small streams which did not receive any municipal
or industrial discharges. The sampling program of these researchers indicated
that higher nutrient values usually occurred in streams which drained forests
and slightly marshy type areas.
37
-------
Another source of phosphorus to be considered is atmospheric input from
dust and precipitation. These inputs may be more significant than those from
detergent, industrial or agricultural runoff, especially in low population
areas.^° There are no incorporated towns within the Little Black Creek drainage
basin.
The above discussions plus a 10-hour rain period totaling 1.75 inches the
day before commencement of May sampling suggest very plausible explanations
for the apparently inconsistent data.
Intensive rainfall in May, within two weeks after fresh tillage of
approximately six percent of the entire drainage basin, led to the slight elevatic
in suspended solids. In August, heavier rains fell on plowed fields on which
crust had formed and which were covered by either full grown plants or harvest
residue.
The low groundwater table and lack of precipitation which occurred in early
May would have been conducive to immobilization and ammonification of the nitrate_
portion of the freshly applied ammonium nitrate fertilizer. These ammonium ions
would join with those from the same fertilizer, those from the injected anhydrous
ammonia, and possibly those liberated by the leguminous crops. A large, drainage
basin pool of ammonium ions would then be formed, in the dry, sandy soil column.
Intensive rains could then rapidly move them toward the streams via interflow.
Aerobic bacteria in the stream would oxadize the ammonium ion to nitrates
and nitrites. This would explain the few occurrances of nitrates and nitrites
above detectable limits during May. This conversion would exert an increased
oxygen demand and explain the slightly elevated BOD5 values for May. The "flash
flood" nature of the May 12-15 hydrograph on Figure 3 and the consequently
reduced reaction time explains why an even greater oxygen demand did not occur.
38
-------
Increased washout of the woods and increased swampy areas, and increased
atmospheric contributions resulted in higher total phosphorus during August.
The extended low flow conditions which existed during June and July (Figure
1) immediately preceeding the August high flow sampling period caused many stag-
nant pools of water which were rich in detritus. This would have allowed ample
opportunity and time for decay of forest litter, and concentration of dissolved
solids, organic carbon, and organic nitrogen before flushing by the high August
flows. These flows, in addition to the resulting decrease in wasteload time,
explain why an elevated oxygen demand was not measured in August.
Fecal coliforms reach the streams mainly by surface water runoff. Both
increases and maxima for this parameter usually lag behind hydrographic increases
^o •
and maxima. , The high mean fecal coliform densities encountered in May and the
steady five day decrease in mean daily values (1,670; 1,350; 1,050; 625 and 500)
should, according to this argument, represent the declining slope of a hydrograph.
Reference to the May sampling period on Figure 3 shows this to indeed be the
case. Figure 1 shows that all August sampling was performed either during hydro-
graphic maxima or during low flows following hydrographic maxima. This should
and does indicate lower fecal coliform densities than occurred immediately after
the peak discharge.
LONG TERM BOD
Long term BOD (1,4,5,7,10,12,14,16,18 and 20 day) analyses were performed
on a single sample collected from Station BC-1 on May 17, 1974. A least squares
analysis24 of this data produced the following results:
La = Ultimate Carbonaceous Demand = 2.33 mg/1
k-L = Carbonaceous Rate Coefficient* = 0.20/day
Na - Ultimate Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand = 3.2 mg/1
* Both rate coefficients are to the base e at 20°C.
39
-------
k. = Nitrogenous Rate Coefficient* = 0.035/day
tn = Lag time to initiation of nitrogenous
(2nd stage) oxygen demand = 11.5 days
Figure 5 is a plot of both the observed values and those predicted by the
following equations:
Y=La(1.0-e ) when ttn
Y = oxygen demand at time t
These values are typical and are included for use in any future modeling efforts
with this data.
TIME OF TRAVEL STUDIES
Throughout the week of May 13-17, time of travel studies were performed by
the use of dye tracer techniques. Because of the low flow conditions, no dye
was detected at any of the downstream sampling stations. These studies were
repeated during August under the indicated flow conditions.
Station
Number Date Flow Conditions
BC-2A August 7 High
BC-3 August 13 High
BC-2 August 13 High
BC-2A August 28 Medium
• BC-3A August 28 Medium
Results of these studies are presented in Table 9 and in Figures 6-10.
DIURNAL STUDIES
Diurnal studies were performed at Station BC-1 under ultra-16w>flow conditions
during November, 1974 and under peaking flood conditions during January, 1975
* Both rate coefficients are to the base e at 20°C.
40
-------
LONG TERM BOD
STATION E-l
PREDICTED
• OBSERVED
10
DAYS
-------
TABLE 9
TIME OF TRAVEL DATA
"FROM"
STA. //
BC-2A
BC-3
BC-2
BC-3A
^
BC-2A
"TO"
STA. //
BC-2
BC-2
BC-1
BC-3
BC-2
DATE /TIME
OF DYE
DUMP
8/7/74
1740
8/13/74
1300
8/13/74
1330
8/28/74
0740
8/28/74
0815
DATE /TIME
OF PEAK
ARRIVAL
8/7/74
2030
8/14/74
0700
8/14/74
0300
8/29/74
0500
8/28/74
1400
LENGTH
OF REACH
MILES
0.555
2.208
2.000
1.556
0.556
VELOCITY
IN Rt,Aui
MILES/HR
0.196
0.123
0.148
0.073
0.097
AVG. DISCHARGE
FROM DUMP TIME *«
(CFS)
TO
PEAK ARRIVAL TIME
50.4
12.1
14.3
4.5
5.1
-------
130-
120-
110-
LJ
O
100-
•0-
t .OH
CO
o:
ro-
60-
so-
40-
30-
20-
10-
TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC- 2
DYE DUMPED AT STATION BC-2A
AT 1740 hrs. ON SEPTEMBER 8,
1974 DYE TRAVELED 0.56 mlU«
ISOO 1830 I90O 1930 2000 203O 2100 2130 220O 223O 23OO 2330 2400 003O OHO 0130 0200
SEPTEMBER 7,1974 SEPTEMBER 8,1974
-------
FIG. 7
UJ
o
3-
CO
<
3-
2-
TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-2
DYE DUMPED AT STATION BC-3
AT 1300 hr*. ON SEPTEMBER 13,
1974 DYE TRAVELED 2.21 mll««.
-t-
1600 1900 20OO 21OO 22OO 23OO 24OO 0100 020O 05OO 04OO OSOO MOO 0700 08OO 0900
SEPTEMBER 13,1974 SEPTEMBER 14,1974
IOOO MOO I2OO I3OO
-------
UJ
o
< 3
o:
2-
TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-I
DYE DUMPED AT STATION BC-2
AT 1330 hrs ON SEPTEMBER 13,
1974 DYE TRAVELED 2.00 mile*.
1800 1900 2000 2IOO 2200 2300 240O
SEPTEMBER 13,1974
0100 0200 0300 04OO OSOO 0600 0700 0800 09OO
SEPTEMBER, 14, (974
1000 1100 1200 1300
-------
a:
9-
6 i
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-3
DYE DUMPED AT STATION BC-3A
AT 0740 hrs ON SEPTEMBER 28,1974
DYE TRAVELED 1.56 milts.
2100 2200 2300 24OO OtOO
SEPTEMBER 28,1974
0200 03OO
i i i i
OTOO 0600 O9OO 1000
04 OO 0800 0600
SEPTEMBER 29,1974
ITT II \
1100 1200 1300 I4OO ISOO 1600
-------
Lul
O
I-
t /o-
Z 60~
<
H 5°-
55
40 -
30-
20-
10-
TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-2
DYE DUMPED AT STATION- BC-2A
AT 0615 hrs ON SEPTEMBER 28,
1974 DYE TRAVELED 0.56 miles.
0900 WOO IIOO I20O 1300 I40O I50O I6OO I7OO 1800 I90O 20 2IOO 22OO 23'oO 24OO OIOO 020O OSOO 040O
SEPTEMBER 25,1974 SEPTEMBER 29,1974
-------
(Figure 1). Results of these studies are presented in Appendix B. No
significant diurnal variations were noted during either period.
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL NON-POINT SOURCE RUNOFF LOADS
The gross assessment performed in this watershed was accomplished by applying
loading factors to six drainages which were fully described according to land use,
soil type, topographic features, livestock/poultry counts and historic climatic
conditions. A detailed report is given in Appendix C with applicable loading
factors stated. A brief summary of the results on an annual basis, a seasonal
wet period (June to August) basis and for selected storms follows:
- * *- •' ";'* ' - '•.'
• The Little Black 'Creek drainage basin contains 9,985 acres and is
broken into 6 drainages ranging in size from 954 to 2,355 acres.
• It undergoes an annual erosion of 17,672 tons and a wet period
erosion (June-August) of 7,952 tons.
• It has an annual sediment delivery of 1,633 tons and a wet period
sediment delivery of 735 tons.
• A one inch per hour rain storm produces seven percent of the average
annual sediment load.*
• A two inch per hour rain storm produces thirty-two percent of the
average annual sediment load.*
• Livestock and poultry produce about five percent of the N, six
percent of the P, and fifteen percent of the BOD.
• Forest and pasture litter provides about thirty-one percent of
the N, seven percent of the P, and eighty-five percent of the
BOD.
• Sediment produces about sixty-four percent of the N, eighty-seven
percent of "the "P,'plus negligible BOD. This includes dissolved N and P.
* Under average soil moisture.antecedant conditions.
48
-------
The analysis was performed to establish, potential loads for typical
.conditions according to relationships stated on page Mc" of the report.
Attenuation effect of control/practices can Be determined using these cal-
*
culations; however, it is unlikely that a valid comparison can Be made Between
stream loads Based on sampling and these gross assessment loads.
HYDROCOMP WATER QUALITY PREDICTIONS
General
The postimpoundment water quality of the Little Black Creek drainage
basin was simulated using the combined hydrologic and water quality models
known as the Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP) model. The models
were calibrated (or adapted) to local conditions using observed hydrometeorologic
and water quality data collected by the Environmental Protection Agency. In
calibrating the model, it was assumed that the animal population of a hog farm
upstream from Station BC-1 was reflected in the water quality data at BC-1.
Later it was determined that this was not the case. Flow at BC-1 was multi-
channel rather than single channel as originally assumed and the hog farm waste
was Being carried By a channel which was not sampled. Inclusion of the hog
population would have increased the BOD5, NH -N and organic N loadings, and
the fecal coliforn densities';atv.Statiori BC~l'aB~ove, those used for model calibration.
The net effect of this error would Be to increase rate coefficients above BC-1
since in calibrating the model, this would force the waste to degrade before
reading BC-1.
Water quality in the basin was simulated for a five year period, both with
and without the proposed impoundment. The resulting time series of water quality
^constituents were analyzed to determine the percentage of time that various
concentration levels would be exceeded both. with, and without the impoundment.
The result of these analyses were compared with Georgia Water Quality Standards.
-------
Temperature
The HSP model predicts that the impoundment will dampen out extreme tempera-
tures, both on an annual and on a seasonal basis. Predicted peak temperatures
with the impoundment were less than 28°C at all times, well below the Georgia
water quality standard of 32.2°C. Without the impoundment, predicted peak
temperatures exceeded 30 C and may exceed the state standard a small percentage
of the time in the summer.
Dissolved Oxygen
The HSP model predicts that on an annual basis instantaneous minimum standard
of 4.0 mg/1 D.O. would be violated 12 percent of the time without the impoundment
and 40 percent of the time with the impoundment. During July and August the
predictions indicate that the instantaneous standard would be violated 100 per-
cent of the time with the impoundment and 14 percent of the time without the
impoundment. Predictions also indicated that the daily average D.O. standard
of 5.0 mg/1 would be violated 100 percent of the time with the impoundment and
28 percent of the time without the impoundment for the period June through
September.
Hydrocomp used a very high, possibly unrealistic, NH_ nitrification rate
coefficient of 0.1 per hour, rather than a more typical value such as 0.0185
per hour. Consequently, the simulated D.O. concentrations represent the worst
likely conditions; and actual D.O. concentrations may be considerably higher
than simulated.
Fecal Coliform
The last Georgia water quality standard of concern was the fecal coliform
standard for body contact recreation*. It is difficult to compare the HSP model
* Measured values not to exceed 200 fecal colif orms/lOO.. ml based, on a.geometric mean
of four or more samples taken at least 24 hours apart.
50
-------
predictions with the standards since the predicted data do not fit the
criteria of discrete samples collected at least 24 Hours apart. However,
the probability of violations with, and without the impoundment can Be
addressed in relative terms. The predictions on an annual basis indicated
that fecal coliform counts greater than 200/100 ml would occur 2 percent of
the time with the impoundment and 83 percent of the time without the impound-
ment thus indicating a -much, higher probability of standards violations without
the impoundment. Results on a seasonal basis (June-September) were similar
(3% >. 200/100 ml with the impoundment and 87% > 200/100 ml without the impound-
ment) .
Five Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODc)
The HSP predictions of BODc concentrations indicate that the impoundment
will have a dampening effect. Predicted concentrations on an annual basis indi-
cated that the BODc would be less than 3.0 mg/1 99 percent of the time with
the impoundment but only 53 percent of the time without the impoundment. Seasonal
predictions indicate that the highest BODij concentrations would occur during the
high flow period from December through March with the impoundment since the high
flows would reduce the dampening effect. Without the impoundment consistently
high BODr's occur throughout the spring and summer (i.e., BOD5 concentration
grater than 3.0 mg/1 69 percent of the time from April through September).
The maximum predicted BOD<- concentration with the impoundment was 7.0 mg/1
while concentrations in excess of 15.0 mg/1 were predicted without the impoundment.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Species
Predicted concentration frequencies for the various species are presented
on Figures 11 and 12. HSP made no predictions as to the eutrophication potential
which would exist at the various nutrient concentrations.
51
-------
FIG. II
Ul
K>
I.OO-i
FRENQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF NUTRIENT VALUES
WITH THE IMPOUNDMENT
ON AN ANNUAL BASIS
20 40 tO 80 100
CUMULATIVE-PERCENT OCCURENCE
A N03-M
• NHj-N
• ORGANIC N
-------
l-n
CO
1.00
O»
E
h-
z
UJ
o
o
o
FRENQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF NUTRIENT VALUES
WITHOUT THE IMPOUNDMENT
ON AN ANNUAL BASIS
NH3 -N
ORGANIC N
P04-P
NOTE:
II % OP NUTRIENT VALUES
WERE UNDEFINED
20 40
CUMULATIVE PERCENT 'OCCURENCE
too-
-------
This representation appears to be oversimplified especially vith regard
to the conversion of organic-N and NHL^N to NO-.. The high nitrification rate
coefficient referenced to earlier in the section on dissolved oxygen would
account for this high conversion, but the basis for the problem appears to
be the assumption of a one-way conversion for a naturally cyclic process.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Hydrocomp predicted that the impoundment would increase the TDS concen-
trations slightly above those of the uncontrolled stream (greater than 50 mg/1
100 percent of the time with the impoundment and 89 percent of the time without
the impoundment). However, peak concentrations would occur ir the free flowing
environment (greater than 90 mg/1 one percent of the time without the impoundment
and never exceeding 70 mg/1 with the impoundment).
PROBLEM AREAS
General
o c
Both the Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP) Model and the data of
this report point out problems with the discharge waters of the proposed impound-
ment meeting the Georgia Water Quality Standards for dissolved oxygen (D.O).
The D.O. of waters in rural streams can be depressed by both carbonaceous and
nitrogenous oxygen demands. Water entering streams from springs, subterranean
channels, or groundwater seepage is typically low in D.O.
In an attempt to better define problem areas, loadings comparisons were
made on both a Ibs/acre/day and a Ibs/day basis. These comparisons were made
between the different sub-basins in the overall Little Black Creek drainage
basin (see foldout map in Appendix E-l). For purposes of these comparisons,
a sub-basin is defined as the drainage area upstream of a given station, but
not included in an upstream sub-basin.
-------
These modes of comparison require both analytical and discharge data.
During the entire study period, these two pieces of data were available con-
currently for most stations during only two days (August 29 and 30). Since
no discharge determinations were performed at Station BC-2, discussion of
problems in the BC-2 sub-basin will be based on concentrations only. Flows
during these two days were medium to low (Figures 1 and 2) .
Table 10 is a comparison of the mean loadings for these two days. It is
apparent that the BC-6 sub-basin is the major contributor on a Ibs/acre/day
basis and one of the major contributors on a Ibs/day basis. Table 11 gives
the relative magnitude of the BC-6 sub-basin contribution when compared to
other sub-basins. The following sub-basin size comparison emphasizes the
magnitude of the BC-6 sub-basin contribution under medium to low flow conditions.
Upstream Drainage Fractional Size
Sub-basin Area (acres) Comparison with BC-6
BC-1 1210 1.27
BC-2 2355 2.47
BC-3 2099 2.20
BC-4 1536 1.61
BC-5 1741 1.82
BC-6 954
Figures 13 through 18 point out major nutrient contributions between
Stations BC-6 and BC-3. This includes the BC-3 and BC-5 sub-basins.
As pointed out earlier in the discussion of high values and means, the
highest fecal coliform densities in May or August occurred at Station BC-2.
This indicates a major bacteriological input between stations BC-2 and BC-3
(includes BC-2 and BC-4 sub-basin) .
55
-------
TABLE 10
SUB-BASIN. LOADINGS COMPARISONS
-L*
Sub-basin
BC-1
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
TOC
430
710
225
130
2,510
BOD5
'32
79
18
22
387
°Tot.-P
2.3
5.4
0.2
2.0
11.2
Mean Loadings (August
BC-1
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
423
341
34
23
239
32
38
2.7
3.8
37
2.3
2.6
0.03
0.35
1.1
Org-N
8
18
5
4
52
NH^-N
0.9
2.2
0.6
0.4
11.1
Fecal Coliform
13.2
311
1.9
0.3
1,100
29-30) -Lbs /day**
7.9
8.7
0.81
0.62
5.0
0.9
1.1
0.10
0.06
1.1
1,300
14,900
29
6
10,500
* Fecal coliform loadings are geometric mean F.C./acre/day x
** Fecal coliform loadings are geometric mean F.C./day x 10
56
-------
TABLE 11
FRACTIONAL COMPARISON OF BC-6 SUB-BASIN LOADINGS
VALUES WITH OTHES SI?B*BASIXS- (ratio of BCr<6 values. to. comparing sub-basin)
Ibs/acre/day Basis*
Comparing
Sub-basin
BC-1
BC-3
BC-A
BC-5
BC-1
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
TOC
5.8
3.5
11.2
19.3
0.55
0.70
7.03
10.60
BODs
12.1
4.9
21.5
17.6
1.16
0.97
13.70
9.70
Tot-P
4.9
2.1
56
516
0.47
0.41
35.7
3.06
Org-N
6.5
2.9
10.4
13.0
Ibs /day
0.63
0.57
6.17
8.06
NH-5-N
12.3
5.0
18.3
27.8
Basis**
1.18
0.96
10.60
17.70
Fecal
Colifonn
83.6
3.6
578
3,247
8.1
0.71
359
1,757
* Fecal coliform ratios are based on geometric mean F.C./acre/day~x
** Fecal coliform ratios are based on geometric mean F.C./day x 10'
57
-------
Ln
00
5OO-
400-
300-
200-
100-
MILES UPSTREAM
OF BC-I
STATION ••—>• BC-6
FIG. 13
TOC PROFILE
• % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION
Q TOC -Ibs/doy (mean of AUG.-29-30)
BC-3
-------
BOD5 PROFILE
% OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION
BOD5 - Ibs/doy (mean of AUG. 29-30)
MILES UPSTREAM
OF BC-I '
STATION -BC-6
J- 8
I
BC-3
Q
BC-I
-------
&U.CS UPSTREAM .
OF BC-I ' 8
STATION -*-*e-6
FIG. 15
Tot-P PROFILE
• % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATATION
0 Tot-P- lb«/doy (mean of AUG.- 29-30 )
BC-3
BC-6-
-------
FIG. 16
Org-N PROFILE
• % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION
® Org-N- Ibt/day (mtan of AUG.-29-30)
MILES UPSTREAMi
OF BC-I T
STATION^ 8C-6
BC-3
-------
FIG.17
NH3-N PROFILE
• % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STREAM
0 -NHS -w- ib« /da* (mtan of AUG. 29-3O)
MILES-UPCTREAM I,
OF BC-I •*•
STATION -*-BC-6
i
I
BC-3
?
BC-6
-------
FECAL COLIFORM PROFILE
K
o
-t
X
o
•o
• — % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION
0 J- FECAL COLIFORM - F. C./doy X I07(mto* of AUO. 29 -30)
MILES UPSTREAM
OF BC-I
STATION »-BC-6
BC-3
-------
If all of the nutrient inputs in the overall drainage basin were from
decaying vegatative matter Cforest and pasture litter), the carbon to nitrogen
ratio (C;N) in the stream would be very high. The mean C :N for trees indigenous
*)f\
to the study area is 59:1. t Since the soluble carbon in streams should remain
fairly constant for a given rural area, the C:.N should be lowered mainly by
the introduction of extraneous nitrogen. In rural areas, this is accomplished
by the introduction of nutrients from decaying vegetative matter, fertilizer,
animal manure, and domestic sewage. The mean C: N for domestic animals in the
27 9R
study area is 12:1 and for domestic sewage is 5:1.
It would not be practical to remove all forest and pasture litter or to
have farmers stop the application of fertilizers. However, good fanning manage-
ment practices can reduce nutrient inputs from fertilizer. The elimination of
nutrient inputs from animal manure and domestic sewage is the most practical
means of elevating the C:N ratio (indicative of reduction in nitrogen inputs).
The following sections examine each of the above mentioned problem areas
in detail. Possible reasons for and solutions to the problems from the view-
point of animal and domestic waste reduction are given. Also discussed is
a potential problem in the BC-1 sub-basin which was mentioned earlier in the
footnote on page
BC-6 Sub-basin
On only one day was it possible to compare the BC-6 Sub-basin with the
entire drainage basin (Station BC-1) under high runoff conditions. Under these
conditions, the loadings at Station BC-1 were much greater than at Station BC-6.
Since it is easy to see from Figure 1 that medium and low flow conditions prevail
during the major portion of the year, the continued medium and l°w flow contribu-
tion from this sub-basin will have a significant impact on the proposed impoundment.
64
-------
The many possible sources for these inordinately high loadings include:
(1) agricultural runoff; (2) forest runoff; (3) runoff from confined animal
feeding operations; (4) cross drainage from adjoining drainage basins, and
(5) polluted water from springs or groundwater seepage.
The following points invalidate the first four causes as major contributors.
(1) As discussed earlier, agricultural runoff in the study area is
negligible except under intensive rainfall-runoff conditions.
The medium to low flow conditions during the period under dis-
cussion represent low runoff conditions.
(2) Low runoff conditions and the fact that the sub-basin has only
25 percent forest cover indicates that very little forest runoff
would have occurred during the period under discussion.
(3) As far as could be determined by either the SAD-SCS animal population
survey or the EPA-EPIC waste source inventory, no point sources
of pollution (confined animal feeding operations) exist in this
sub-basin.
(A) On-site inspections by SCS personnel revealed no cross-drainage
from adjoining drainage basins.
Based on the above arguments, the most likely origin of high loadings appears
to be an underground source. This thesis is supported by both the chemical and
discharge data of this study, plus the hydrogeological characteristics of the
study area.
The consistantly low D.O. values for this sub-basin are indicative of ground-
11
water seepage.
The BC-6 Sub-basin is only 0.62 and 0.55 times as large as the BC-4 and
BC-5 Sub-basins respectively. The following discharge data, however, indicate
that the BC-6 Sub-basin should have a much larger drainage basin than either of
the other two.
65
-------
Flow-cfs
Date -cS — • BC
BC-6
May (all visits) 0 0 Flow
August 29 0.3 0.3 6-0 .
August 30 ' 0.4 0.1 1>9
This apparent discrepancy in flow can be explained with a map showing flow
characteristics of the area surrounding the BC-6 sub-basin (Figure 19). Ground-
water flow in this area roughly parallels the flow of Little Black Creek. This
contention is supported by the flow direction of the major rivers in the study
area (Appendix E-2) . Figure 19 shows that shallow groundwater flow should reach
the BC-6 sub-basin without significant interference. Shallow groundwater flow
toward the BC-5 and BC-4 sub-basins should, however, be intercepted by Little
Lotts Creek and Upper Black Creek respectively. This would reduce the ground-
water induced base flow in the two latter sub-basins.
Although Statesboro, Georgia is served by a sewage treatment plant, many
14
of the recently annexed outlying areas are serviced by septic tanks. Since
groundwater flow is apparently from Statesboro into the BC-6 Sub-basin (Figure
19 and Appendix E-2), septic tank drainage could possibly pollute the groundwater
entering the sub-basin.
If future groundwater sampling in the upper end of the BC-6 Sub-basin indicates
that this is the case, the only economically feasible solution to the problem would
be the elimination of all upgradient septic tanks.
BC-3 Sub-basin
As mentioned earlier and illustrated in Figures 13 through 18, there is a
major pollutional input in this sub-basin somewhere between Stations BC-3 and BC-6.
Contributions from the BC-5 Sub-basin can be disregarded as shown by its insignifi-
cant Ibs/day input depicted in Table 10.
Three possible sources are the two hog feeding and one poultry feeding operations
identified by EPA~EPIC and shown on the map in Appendix £-1. The status of these
66
-------
FIG.19
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE AREA
SURROUNDING THE BC-6 SUB-BASIN
N
\
LEGEND:
PERENNIAL STREAM
— INTERMITTENT
STREAM
— —— BC-6 DRAINAGE
BASIN BOUNDARY
I
\
BC-3
SUB-BASIN
67
-------
operations as to size or existance during the study period are unknown.
The other source is the mobile home court identified by EPA-EPIC and
shown on the map in Appendix E-l. This source was also identified by field
sampling personnel during the study. The court contains thirteen mobile homes
which house thirty-five to forty people. All sanitary waste from the court
is treated in a 1.5 acre oxidation pond having a normal flow of 0.6 cubic
feet per second (CFS). Maximum flow from the pond before overflow through
an emergency sluceway is 1.0 c.f.s.l^
Possible solutions to waste source problems in this area include: (1)
containment and treatment of all runoff from any animal feeding operations,
and (2) upgrading of the court's waste treatment system or connection with the
Statesboro municipal system.
BC-2 Sub-basin
The absence of discharge data for Station BC-2 precluded comparisons of its
sub-basin with the other sub-basins on a loadings basis. However, this station
is of major importance in the identification of problem areas. It exhibited
the highest concentrations for most parameters during the May sampling period.
Negligible runoff conditions and resultant low stream flow existed over the
entire drainage basin during this time. The major identifiable sources of pollu-
tion in this area are animal feeding operations. A possible solution to this
problem would be the containment and treatment of any seepage or runoff from
these operations.
BC-1 Sub-basin
The major characteristic of this sub-basin appears to be its reduction in
most cases of the pollutional loading contributed by the BC-3 Sub-basin (Table 10)
and reduction of the high concentrations exhibited by Station BC-2 (Appendix B).
This capacity is explained by the soil types described in the description of the
study area. The forty-two percent minor soils and ten percent Pelham soils are
68
-------
all subject to complete inundation for extended portions of the year. This gives
rise to an intermittent swampy environment. The capacity of swamps to effectively
remove nutrients from water is not fully understood. However, the work of many
researchers indicates that swamps are effective "treatment" systems. Some inves-
tigators estimate that swamps can remove up to fifty percent and thirty percent
9Q
of the nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, from waters flowing through.
A major
-------
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
AVERAGED DAILY DISSOLVED
OXYGEN JUNE-SEPTEMBER
SEASONAL ANALYSIS.
3-
4 -
0.8
0.9
FRACTION OF TIME D.O. LESS THAN VALUE GIVEN
-------
This figure shows that the average daily D.O. will be greater than 1.0 mg/1
99.5 percent of the time in the summer season. The summer season, as defined in
the HSP report, is June through September (122 days). It can be inferred from
the above statistic that 'D.O. concentrations of less than 1.0 mg/1 will not be
a yearly occurrance, but should occur perhaps every other year.
. i
It can be estimated, therefore, that, at least once during the year, the
•4?
difference in D.O. between 5.0 mg/1 and 1.0 mg/1 will have to be made up. Since
the lake will typically be operating near the level of the primary spillway, its'
q
volume will be approximately 2,000 acre feet (2.5 x 10 liters). Satisfaction of
the 4.0 mg/1 D.O. deficit in the lake would require 22,026 pounds {(4.0 mg/1)
(2,5 x 109 liters) (.-^am ) ( ?ounds ) } of molecular oxygen.
10J rag 454 gram
This amount of oxygen is an estimate of the minimum required if the impound-
ment were to begin the summer season at 5.0 mg/1 of D.O. and gradually decline to
a 1.0 mg/1 level at the end of the season. This situation probably will not occur.
The gradual decline will be interrupted by periods of high flow. These high flows
will replace the oxygen deficient water in the lake with oxygen rich water. Despite
this, the actual oxygen requirement is likely to be greater, possibly several
times that of the estimated amounts. An estimate of the actual amount of supple-
mental oxygen required could be made by having Hydrocomp re-run their model with
these features included.
Dissolving enough oxygen in the lake may present a problem. Mechanical surface
aerators are a possibility, but their use would not be wise. These units are very
inefficient when operated at high levels of dissolved oxygen. In addition, they
require maintenance and constant care, present a danger to the public, and are
subject to vandalism. Because of the areal extent of the lake, many such units
J
would be required to aerate the entire body of water. '
71
-------
The most reasonable possibility would involve the use of molecular oxygen
(either gaseous or liquid) and a system of diffusers. Such, a system is being
investigated by the U. S. Anny Corps of Engineers for use in clarke Hill Reservoir
on the Georgia-South Carolina border.
In a 15 foot deep lake, a diffuser might typically achieve absorption
efficiencies of twenty to forty percent. Based on thirty percent efficiency,
about 73,000 pounds or thirty-seven tons of oxygen would be required as a minium
over the summer season to satisfy the 4.0 mg/1 D.O. deficit. Since molecular
oxygen is generally available for about $100/ton, the minimum yearly requirement
for oxygen would be $3,700. Additional expenses would include the capital cost
of an oxygen storage and diffuser system plus operation and maintenance cost.
However, this estimate is only a minimum cost. The actual cost could be several
times higher.
72
-------
REFERENCES
1. American Public Health Association, 1971. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth Edition.
2. Spino, D. F., 1966. "Elevated Temperature Technique for the Isolation
of Salmonella from Streams", Applied Microbiology, 14, pp. 591-596.
3. Ewing, W. H., 1962. Enterobacteriaceae Biochemical Methods for Group
Differentiation, Public Health Service Publication No. 734.
4. Edwards, P. R., W. H. Ewing, 1962. Isolation and Grouping of Salmonella
and Shigella Cultures, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Public Health Service.
5. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Water Measurement
Manual, Second Edition, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.,
1967.
6. Climatological Data, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Environmental Data Service, Asheville, NC.
7. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water
Resources Data for Georgia, 1969-1975.
8. Soil Conservation Service, Watershed Work Plan, Black Creek Watershed,
Byran and Bulloch Counties, Georgia, December, 1970.
9. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey—
Bulloch County, Georgia, May, 1968.
10. Thorn, R. B., 1966, River Engineering and Water Conservation Works,
University Press, Aberdeen, Great Britain.
11. Reid, G. K., 1961, Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries, New York,
Reinhold Publishing Corporation.
12. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Analysis of the Big
Cypress Swamp and Estuaries, EPA 904/9-74-002, June, 1973.
13. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service—Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Control of Water
Pollution from Cropland, Volume II—An Overview, ARS-H-5-2, EPA-600/2-75-026b,
June, 1976.
14. Personal communication-data transmitted by letter dated September 8, 1976,
and through telephone conversations on April 14, 17, and 18, 1977, from
A. B. Walden, Area Conservationist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service, Statsboro, Georgia.
73
-------
15. Davis, S. N. and R. J. DeWiest, 1966, Hydrogeolot>v. New York John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. . '
16. Allen, H. E., J. R. Kramer, 1972, Nutrients in Natural Waf^c, New York,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. " '
17. Mansell, R. S., and IX. V. Calvert et al. Fertilizer and Pesticide Movement
.from Citrus Groves in Florida Flatwood SoilsTProject No. R-800517.
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 1977.
18. Sawyer, C. N., 1960, Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers. New York, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, Inc.
19. Brill, W. J., 1977. "Biological Nitrogen Fixation," Scientific American,
Vol. 236, No. 3, pp. 68-81. '
20. Slack, K. V., H. R. Feitz, 1968. "Tree Leaf Control on Low Flow Water
Quality in a Small Virginia Stream," Environmental Science Technology,
2, pp. 126-131.
21. Ruttner, F., 1952, Fundamentals of Limnology, Berlin, Germany, Walter de
Gruyter and Co. (Toronto, Canada, University of Toronto Press).
22. Environmental Protection Technology Series, Quantification of Pollutants
in Agricultural Runoff, EPA-600/2-74-005; February, 1974.
23. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Study, TS-04-73-01,
Bacteriological Preimpoundment Study in the Upper Leaf River Watershed
Smith County, Mississippi, August, 1972.
24. Barnwell, Thomas 0., Nonlinear Estimation of BOD Parameters Using
Marquardt's Compramise Algorithm, PCS&A Branch, Surveillance and
Analysis Division, Region IV, EPA, Athens, GA, January, 1972.
25. Hydrocomp, Inc., July 8, 1976. Study to Predict Post-Impoundment
Water Quality in Two Proposed Reservoirs of Black Creek and Evans
County Watersheds in Southeast Georgia, Report to fulfill U. S. Soil
Conservation Service Contract No. H6-13-SCS-00238.
26. Personal communication - data transmitted through telephone conversation,
October 14, 1976, with Dr. W. Nutter, School of Forestry, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
27. Dept. of Biological and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University
Role of Animal Waste in Agricultural Land Runoff. EPA Grant 1302-DGX-
08/71. Raleigh, N.C., 1971.
28. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 1972, Wastewater Engineering: Collection,
Treatment, Disposal, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
29. Personal communication-information transmitted through telephone con-
versation, March 18, 1977, with Dr. Ray Loehr, Cornell University,
Ithica, New York.
74
-------
APPENDIX A
Contract No. AG-13-scs-00223
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
between the
WrVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-and the
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
RELATIVE TO: Pre impoundment Water Quality Studies
TECS AGREEMENT, made and entered into this 1st day of May » 197^,
by and between tho Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV
(referred to as the EPA) and the Soil Conservation Service, United States
Department of Agriculture (referred to as the Service).
AUTHORITY: (i) FoderrJ Wa ter • .l'ol iution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(86 Stat. 820) 33 U.S.C. 125U (b)(6)
(2) Section 601 of the Economy Act of June 30, 1932, as
amended (3! U.S.C. 686)
WITNESSETH
WHEREAS, the Soil Conservation Service in administering and carrying out
an effective watershed protection program tinder provisions of Public Law
566 - 83rd Congress, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1003, has a need for preim-
poundment studies of water quality conditions within the drainage basins
of proposed impoundments in Black Creek Watershed, Bulloch County, Georgia
and Evans County A'aterahed, Evans, Tattnall and Candler Counties, Georgia.
In order to determine existing stream water quality and to predict the
quality of water in the reservoirs after impoundment, the Soil Conservation
Service is desirous of entering into a financial arrangement with the
Environmental Protection Agency for a preimpoundment study.
WHEREAS, the Environmental Protection Agency has the personnel, facilities
and technical knowledge to make the desired studies and are willing to
enter into a cooperative arrangement.
NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the promises and mutual cove-
nants herein contained, the parties hereto do agree with each other as
follows:
I. THE EPA AGREES:
i
A. To commence ti comprehensive study in the current fiscal year to
achieve the below lifted objectives leading towards completion
in the folloi.-j.ng fi:-u.-:!.l year.
a-1
-------
2 - Cooperative Agreement Wo. AG-13-scs-00223
B. To conduct two studies of about one week duration each to determine
the rhynic.'ii aii-t chemical quality and the degree of bacteriological
contamination <4f: (a) tributaries which will serve as influent
water sources after the lakes are filled, (b) some main channel
points on both Cedar and Little Black Creeks within the boundaries
of the impoundments and (c) main channel points at or immediately
downstream of both dam sites. Work will be performed in accordance
with a prepared detailed study plan (Attachment A).
C. To predict the quality of the impounded waters following project
completion; especially the expected fecal colifonn concentrations
in designated recreational areas of the impoundments.
D. To provide data for the confirmation of a mathematical model which
can be used in the future, with a minimal amount of additional data,
to predict wate?' quality in other impoundments in the same general
type of area (seme uoil type and land usage).
£. To furnish SCS with a complete report giving results of studies
conducted under A, B, C and D above within nine (9) months after
effective date of this agreement.
F. To periodically furnish the Service itemized billings for work
accomplished in accordance with study plan (Attachment A).
II. THE SERVICE AGREES:
A. To assist EPA by changing charts on recording instruments at specific
locations within the watersheds.
B. To furnish maps of the study areas and design data for the proposed
impoundments.
C. To assist EPA in gathering land use data within the impoundment
drainage areas.
D. To reimburse EPA for the preimpoundment studies in an amount not to
exceed $15,000 during fiscal year 1971*. Payments will be made upon
receipt of itemized billings for work accomplished.
III. IT IS MUTUALLY AGREED:
A. This agreement shall be effective for the period May 1* 1971j. through
June 30, 1971; and may be supplemented, amended or renewed for con-
tinued work during subsequent fiscal year.
2. It is the intent of the EPA and Service to continue this agreement
during fiscal year 1975 for completion of work in the study plan.
Renewal will be contingent upon availability of appropriated funds.
a-2
-------
3 - Cooperative Agreement No. AG-13-scs-00223
C. This agreement shall be terminated upon completion of the work as
mutually determined by the parties thereto.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this agreement on the day,
month and year first above written.
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
c E. Ravan Charles W. Bartlett
Title: Regional Administrator Title: State Conservationist
Region IV
a-3
-------
ATTACHMENT A
For copies of or details concerning the study plan, contact:
Dr. David W. Hill
or
Hugh C. Vick
Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV
Surveillance and Analysis Division
College Station Road
Athens, GA 30601
a-4
-------
EPA-IAG-R5-0604
Contract No. AG-13-scs-00226
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
between the
OHMEKTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
and the
SOIL' CONSERVATION SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
RELATIVE TO: Preimpoundmeiit Water Quality Studies
THIS AGREEMENT, made and entered into this 1st day of July , 197l+»
"by and between the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV
(referred to as the EPA) and the Soil Conservation Service, United States
Department of Agriculture (referred to.as the Service).
AUTHORITY: (l) Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(86 Stat. 820) 33 U.S.C. 125k (b)(6)
(2) Section 601 of the Economy Act of June 30, 1932, as
amended (31 U.S.C. 686)
VTTNESSETH
WHEREAS, the Soil Conservation Service in administering and carrying out
an effective watershed protection program under provisions of Public Law
J>66 - 83rd Congress, as -amended, 16 U.S.C. 1003, has a need for preim-
poundment studies of water quality conditions within the drainage basins
of proposed impoundments in Black Creek Watershed, Bulloch County, Georgia
and Evans County Watershed, Evans, Tattnall and Candler Counties, Georgia.
In order to determine existing stream water quality and to predict the
quality of water in the reservoirs after impoundment, the Soil Conservation
Service is desirous of entering into a financial arrangement with the
Environmental Protection Agency for a preimpoundment study.
WHEREAS, the Environmental Protection Agency has the personnel, facilities
and technical knowledge to make the desired studies and is willing to
enter into a cooperative arrang-ement.
NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the promises and mutual cove-
nants herein contained, the parties hereto do agree with each other as
follows:
I. THE EPA AGREES:
A. To carryout a comprehensive study in the current fiscal year to
achieve the below listed objectives.
7a-5
-------
2 - Cooperative Acres-:=:->.i-?- ,:-.y. AG-I3~sc0-00226
B. To conduct two studies of about one week duration each to determine
the physical and chemical quality and the.degree of bacteriological
contamination of: (a) tributaries which will serve as influent
water sources' after the lakes are filled, (b) some main channel
points on both Cedar and Little Black Creeks within the boundaries
of the impoundments dnd (c) main channel points at or immediately
downstream of both dam sites. Work will be performed in accordance
with a prepared detailed study plan (Attachment A).
C. To predict the quality of the impounded waters following project
completion; especially the expected fecal colifonn concentrations
in designated recreational areas of the impoundments.
D. To provide data for the confirmation of a mathematical model which
can be used in the future, with a minimal amount of additional data,
to predict water quality in other impoundments in the same general
type of area (same soil type and land usage)*
E. To furnish SCS with a complete report giving results of studies
conducted under A, B, C and D above within seven (7) months after
effective date of this agreement.
P. To periodically furnish the Service itemized billings for work
accomplished in accordance with study plan (Attachment A).
II. THE SERVICE AGREES:
A. To assist EPA by changing charts on recording instruments at specific
locations within the watersheds.
B. . To furnish maps of the study areas and design data for the proposed
impoundments.
C. To assist EPA in gathering land use data within the impoundment
drainage areas.
D. To reimburse EPA for the preimpoundment studies in an amount not to
exceed $23,1+69 during fiscal year 1975- Payments will be made upon
receipt of itemized billings for work accomplished.
III. IT IS MUTUALLY AGREED:
A, This agreement shall be effective for the period July 1« Iffi^
through January 31» 1975 and may be supplemented, amended or
renewed for continued work during subsequent fiscal year.
a-6
-------
3 - Cooperative
No. AG-13-scs- 00226
B. This agreement shall be terminated upon completion of the work as
mutually determined by the parties thereto.
^N WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this agreement on the day,
month and year first above written.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Title: Regional Administrator
Region IV
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
UNITED .STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Charles W. Bartlett
Title: State Conservationist
a-7
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region IV, Surveillance & Analysis Division
College Soation Road, Athens, GA 30601
SUBJECT: Request for Extension of Cooperative Agreement DATE: ^y 20» 1975
with the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
FROM: 4ASI:David W. Hill
Chief, Special Studies
TO: AA:Jack E. Ravan
Administrator, Region IV, EPA
THRU: 4AS:John A. Little
Director, S&A Division
SUMMARY
The attached amendment to our current Cooperative Agreement
with SCS is intended to extend the agreement through the next
fiscal year. This will be adequate time to complete and termi-
nate the project and will allow us to take advantage of unused
funds (more than $11,000) committed to the project.
Approximately May 1, 1975, the SCS finalized a contract with
Hydrocomp, a private computer firm specializing in hydrology
and water quality, which will analyze and make detailed (hour-
by-hour) water quality projections from our field data. This
is to be a six-month contract, and, consequently, Hydrocomp will
not finish its work until around November 1, 1975, after whidh
time we will need to use its findings and report as the major
components of a report from EPA to SCS.
We are currently using the reimbursable funds available through
this cooperative agreement primarily to hire students on the
"Stay-in-School" program to process data. (All field work has
been completed.) An extension of this agreement will allow us
to continue to use the funds remaining in the contract for
student salaries and other project-related costs. This use of
these funds will not hinder other work in progress or assigned
and will also provide Region IV with some very useful water
quality data and projection techniques that will be valuable in
connection with similar projects which we review for SCS through
the EIS process.
ACTION
Please sign the attached amendment to allow us to continue to
use SCS-designated funds during the next fiscal year. Please
sign the original and all four copies of the amendment and return
them to me.
EPA form 1320.6 (Rev. 6-72)
a-8
-------
BACKGROUND
Cooperative Agreement No. AG-13-scs-00226 (EPA-IAG-R5-0604) and
cover letter dated May 15, 1975, from the State Conservationist,
Athens, GA.
David W. Hill
Chief, Special Studies
Enclosures
cc - Bill McBride
a-9
-------
Contract No. AG-l>-3cs-00226
EPA-IAG-.R5-060U
AMENDMENT
to
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
between the
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
and the
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATIVE TO: Preimpoundment Water Quality Studies
Section HI.A. and Amendment are hereby modified as follows:
This agreement Bha.ll be effective for the period July 1. 197$
through June 30« 1976 and may be supplemented, amended or re-
newed for continued work during subsequent fiscal year.
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Jack E. Ravan Charles W. Bartlett
Title: Regional Administrator Title: State Conservationist '
Region IV
a-10
-------
APPENDIX B
STATION -
BC-01
WATER QUALITY DATA PRE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY. GEORGIA
L BLACK CR AT OAMSITE N DENMARK OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
DATE TIME DATE
740513
740514
740515
740516
740517
740517
740806
740H07
740808
740815
740829
740830
741118
741118
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741 120
741 120
741121
750113
750113
750114
750125
DATE TIME DATE
740513
740514
7*0515
740bl6
740517
740517
740007
740«08
740815
740B29
740830
741118
741118
TIME
1840
1215
1220
1125
0840
0845
1945
1120
1115
1030
0920
0755
1020
1410
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1800
1900
1325
1730
1830
0925
1000
TIME
1840
1215
1220
1125
0840
0845
1 120
11 15
1U30
0920
0755
1020
U10
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
20.0
18.5
21.5
20.5
20.0
23.0
23.0
24.0
22.0
21.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
16.5
16.5
16.5
15.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.07
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.47
0.01
0.05
. 0.05K
O.ObK
0.10
0.01
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
127.0
131.0
175.0
155.0
3.5
3.2
1.2
1.2
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
190.0
190.0
212.0
100.0
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.65
0.68
0.65
0.40
0.48
0.20
0.24
00300
00
MG/L
5.2
4.8
4.6
4.1
4.1
5.2
4.2
4.0
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.10
0.01K
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.7
2.1
2.4
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.1
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.7
3.2
2.6
1.8
0.9
1.4
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
o.ie
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.28
0.06
0.06
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.20
0.18
00400
PH
SU
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2
4.8
4.4
4.5
5.3
5.3
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
9.0
9.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
33.0
27.0
25.0
22.0
25.0
4.0
4.0
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
34
57
56
54
29
131
89
138
102
18
41
54
34
43
45
38
47
21
74
134
159
111
63
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
400
170
520
110
190
850
180
5800
110
230
H70
830
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
4
5
18
28
9
7
11
6
22
24
3
8
14
13
9
13
11
7
12
9
5
10
3
00303
BOO
1 DAY
MG/L
0.300
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.200
0.210
0.170
0.200
0.250
, 0.180
0.670
0.600
0.400
0.480
0.100
0.230
0.160
0.070
0.130
0.190
0.170
0.100
0.160
0.760
0.480
0.490
0.460
0.290
00306
BOD
4 DAY
MG/L
1.2
-------
STATION -
BC-01
WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE HLACK CRMEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY. GEORGIA
L BLACK CH AT DAMSITE N DENMARK OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
DATE TIME DATE
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741121
750113
750113
750114
750125
DATE TIME DATE
740517
TIME
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1800
1900
1325
1730
1B30
0925
1000
TIME
0845
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
0.17
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.01
00315
BOD
7 DAY
MG/L
1.7
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.26
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.26
0.83
0.52
0.56
0.52
0.30
00322
BOD
10 DAY
MG/L
2.0
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
0.10
0.01K
0.01K
0.01K
0 „ 0 1 K
0,01K
0.02
0.01K
0.01
0.01
0.01
00328
BOD
12 DAY
MG/L
2.3
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.20
0.19
0.31
0.19
0.19
0.22
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.03
00350
BOD
14 DAY
MG/L
2.5
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
6.0
6.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
13.0
9.0
12.0
22.0
26.0
27.0
13.0
00331
BOD
16 DAY
MG/L
2.4
31616
FEC COL1
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
1320
1600
1550
1530
1300
1180
1350
425
17600
13200
12000
260
00333
BOD
18 DAY
MG/L
2.9
00303
BOD
1 DAY
MG/L
^
00324
BOD
20 DAY
MG/L
3.3
00306
BOD
4 DAY
MG/L
-------
APPENDIX B
STATION -
BC-02A
WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA
L BLACK CR NO EAST OF EMIT OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
DATE TIME
DATE TIME
DATE
740^14
DATE
740514
TIME
0950
TIME
0950
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
20.0
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.240
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.86
00300
DO
MG/L
0.5
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
1.10
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
6.6
00630
N02&.N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.01
00400
PH
SU
6.1
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.52
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
98
00600
. T ORG C
C
MG/L
25.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
28
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
300
cr
I
-------
APPENDIX B
STATION -
8C-03
WATER QUALITY DATA PRE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY. GEORGIA
L BLACK CR SW OF BROOKLET OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
OATE TIME OATfc.
740513
740514
740bl5
740516
740814
740H15
740829
740030
741118
750135
DATE TIME DATE
740513
740514
740bl5
740516
740807
740815
740829
740830
741118
750125
TIME
1555
1015
1100
1210
1100
0805
0700
1445
0910
TIME
1555
1015
1100
1210
1230
1100
0805
0700
1445
0910
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
24.0
18.0
20.0
20.0
23.0
21.5
21.5
14.0
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
2.000
0.230
0.250
0.220
0.460
0.500
0.400
0.590
0.290
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
2.8
0.9
0.1
6.6
3.0
4.3
0.0
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
2.50
0.04
0.01K
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.01
00300
00
MG/L
1.7
7.1
6.4
4.7
3.3
3.5
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
4.50
0.27
0.25
0.27
0.52
0.55
0.45
0.62
0.30
00310
800
5 DAY
MG/L
9.6
1.3
2.4
1.6
1.5
2.4
1.6
2.8
1.3
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.01
0.01K
0.01K
0.01K
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.01K
0.03
00400
PH
SU
6.5
5.7
5.9
5.5
5.8
5.4
5.3
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.18
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.12
0.18
0.10
0.09
0.03
00515
RESIDUE
OISS-10S
C MG/L
84
68
54
bO
76
128
27
68
49
00660
T ORG C
C
MG/L
26.0
10.0
11.0
9.0
20.0
25.0
12.0
13.0
9.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
20
8
10
4
v 14
4
15
12
3
31616
FEC COL1
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
260
9000
5600
2100
510
2600
760
3800
10
180
-------
APPENDIX 8
STATION -
8C-03A
WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA
L BLACK CR WEST OF BROOKLET OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
DATE TIME
DATE TIME
DATE
740514
DATE
740bl4
TIME
1045
TIME
1045
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
19.5
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
00300
DO
MG/L
6.8
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.27
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
1.2
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.01K
00400
PH
SU
5.6
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.01K
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
58
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
10.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
4
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
2700
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.170
I
Ln
-------
APPENDIX H
STATION -
BC-04
WATER QUALITY DATA PRE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA
L BLACK CR UNNMD TRI8 W BROOKLET OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
tr
I
DATE TIME DATE
740513
7*0514
740814
740829
740830
750125
DATE TIME DATL
740bl3
740514
740807
740829
740830
750125
TIME
1620
1025
0750
0650
0820
TIME
1620
1025
1235
0750
0650
0820
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
23.0
20.0
22.0
22.5
21.0
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.720
0.630
0.400
0.450
0.200
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.3
0.4
11.4
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.68
0.77
O.OSK
0.05K
0.02
00300
DO
MG/L
0.5
0.5
3.5
3.1
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
1.40
1.40
0.40
0.45
0.22
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/U
3.2
5.0
1.5
1.4
0.7
00630
N02S.N03
N- TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
0.06
O.OSK
O.OSK
0.11
00400
PH
SU
5.5
5.8
4.9
5.9
5.2
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.19
0.09
0.01
0.02
0.02
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
58
110
125
8
46
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
17.0
17.0
17.0
19.0
9.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
74
24
3
10
2
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
360
40
290
60
20
50
-------
STATION -
BC-05
WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA
L BLACK CR UNNMD TRIB GA HWY 67 OGEECHtE R. BASIN SLACK CREEK WATERSHED
r
DATE TIME DATE
740514
740808
740814
740815
740829
740830
750114
DATE TIME DATE
740314
740808
740815
7408,29
740830
750114
TIME
1115
1215
1105
0830
0715
0845
TIME
1115
1215
1105
0830
0715
0845
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
22.5
25.0
26.0
23.5
24.0
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.650
0.850
0.230
0.550
0.650
0.390
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
0.3
0.1
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.45
0.05
0.25
0.05K
0.05K
0.10
00300
00
MG/L
1.0
3.8
3.4
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
1.10
0.90
0.48
0.55
0.65
0.49
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.6
3.1
1.4
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
O.OS
0.05K
0.05K
O.OSK
0.05K
0.08
00400
PH
SU
5.9
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.7
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.21
0.47
0.32
0.33
0.29
0.14
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
59
63
130
94
«2
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
14.0
15.0
15.0
20.0
24.0
19.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
15
11
4
4
10
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
40
190
320
20
10
7800
-------
STATION -
BC-06
APPENDIX 8
»»»»•»*»•»»•
WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
LITTLE: BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA
L BLACK CR FAS RD1844 W PRETORIA OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
DATE TIME DATE
740514
740515
740516
740517
740815
740829
740830
750114
DATE TIME DATt
740514
740515
740516
740517
740815
740829
740830
750114
TIME
1100
0925
1250
1000
1115
0730
0630
0750
TIME
1100
0925
1250
1000
1115
0730
0630
0750
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
19.5
19.5
20.5
21.0
22.0
21.0
00605
ORG N
N
M6/L
0.140
0.250
0.240
0.100
0.220
0.200
0.340
0.540
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
1.2
6.0
1.9
6.3
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.05
0.01K
0.06
0.23
0.01K
O.OSK
0.05K
0.11
00300
DO
MG/L
2.6
2.1
1 •.*.
i:»t:
2.5
2.2
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.19
0.25
0.30
0.33
0.22
0.20
0.34
0.65
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.5
1.1
2.0
0.9
1.5
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
O.OlK
0.01K
O.OlK
0.01
O.OSK
O.OSK
O.OSK
0.02
00400
PH
SU
5.3
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.2
5.1
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
O.OlK
O.OlK
O.OlK
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.35
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-10S
C MG/L
39
49
24
84
46
115
17
86
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
11.0
13.0
12.0
15.0
7.0
11.0
12.0
19.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
5
5
8
V 4
6
3
10
4
31616
FEC COL I
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
870
930
870
730
160
2200
740
810
-------
APPENDIX C
A GROSS ASSESSMENT OF THE LITTLE BLACK CREEK, GA, WATERSHED RURAL RUNOFF
ANNUALLY, WET SEASON AND UNDER SELECTED STORM CONDITIONS.
The watershed has been subdivided into six areas (See Map - Page B) to allow
reasonably detailed information to be used on a geographic basis. This
watershed can best be represented this way while other watersheds often can
be divided into areas based on Land Use or areas of approximately equal Slope
percentages. The locally developed process EPARRB, "Erosion, Sedimentation
and Rural Runoff," is flexible enough to handle any of these area repre-
sentations. The descriptive information for each area is stated on Page C.
The summarization of total area results for five periods or conditions can
be found on Page D with detailed reports numbered 1 through 5 cross-
referenced in the summary.
A cropland is Tifton (K = .24); other upland is Fuquay (K = .20) and the
lowland soils such as Bladen and Rains were assigned a K value of .15 which
is at the low end of the SCS series. The upper part of the watershed con-
tained higher Slope percentages (up to 5%) and shorter Slope Lengths (aver-
age 300') while the lower part of the watershed had lower Slope percentages'
(<3%) and longer Slope Lengths (average AOO'). :
Sediment Delivery throughout the watershed was considered low with approximately
10% in the upper portion and 52 in the swampy lower part. The Litter fall* for
Forests was considered to be relatively light with an average of 2,900 pounds
per acre annually and ultimate delivery to waterbodies approximating 1% as
floatables or dissolved nutrients after decay. A minimal population of live-
stock exists in the area. Standard Cropping Factors (C) were used, and no
Control Practices (P) were assumed.
The calculating process for erosion is the "Universal Soil Loss Equation,"
and specific values for Slope %, Slope Length, R, K, C, & P can be input
to the system to give specific answers: however, Slope % and Slope Length
can be input as ranges or as means and R, K, C, and P can be input as values
of percentage composition based on Land Use and this results in a variety of
evaluations combining randomly selected components to more accurately repre-
sent the variable nature of actual areas.
The results given on Page D represent the best assessment obtainable with
the knowledge available to the author; the Soil Conservation Service was
very helpful in supplying localized information for this final assessment.
Howard A. True
Ambient Monitoring Section
Water Surveillance Branch
Surveillance and Analysis Division
EPA, Region IV, ERLA
Athens, GA 12/8/76
* Personal communication - data transmitted through telephone conversation,
October 14, 1976, with Dr. W. Nutter, School of Forestry, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
c-1
-------
BjuACK CHEEK ¥/A3E2SHEL
Bullock Country r^.
e-2
-------
LITTLE BLACK CREEK (GA) WATERSHED ANALYSIS
DATA USED FOR FINAL CROSS ASSESSMENT USING "EPARRB" PLANNING MODEL
Areas
Items
Area acres
Area sq. ml. .
Blowup acres (plot size)—
Land Use Z:
(1) Cropland
(2) Pasture
(3) Forest
(5) Other
Slope Z range
Slope Ing. range
K. C, P, values 6 Z
K
C
P
Sed, Del. Z range
Nutrient Z of Sed.:
N
P
K
Animal/Fowl counts:—
Total Cows
Dairy Cows
Swine
Poultry
BC-1
1210
1.89
10
25
10
60
5
0-3
400
.24-25
.15-75
.26-25
.012-75
1.0-100
5*0
.1
.08
1.25
300
BC-2
2355
3.68
5
25
10
60
5
0-3
400
.20-15
.24-25
.15-60
.26-25
.012-75
1.0-100
5*0
.1
.08
1.25
100
100
165
EC- 3
2099
3.28
3
31
13
50
6
0-5
300
. 20-69
.24-31
.26-31
.012-69
I. 0-100
10*0
.1
.08
1-25
BC-4
1536
2.40
6
31
13
50
6
0-5
300
.20-69
.24-31
.26-31
.012-69
1.0-100
10*0
.1
.08
1.25
BC-5
1741
2.72
10
43
18
30
9
0-5
300
.20-69
.24-43
.26-43
.012-57
1.0-100
10*0
.1
.08
1.25
60
60
165
BC-6
954
1.49
3
47
19
25
9
0-5
300
.20-53
.24-47
.26-47
.012-53
1.0-100
10*0
.1
.08
1.25
Totals
9895
15.48
160
160
630
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
•1,2
.18
10.0
50.2
Forest/Pasture Litter:—
Lbs/ac/yr.
Delivery Z
Composition Z:
N
P
K
BOD
TOC
j./ Each evaluation of the "Universal Soil Loss Equation", using randomly selected values from
100 value tables for land use, slope Z, slope length, K, C and P, is multiplied by the
blowup acres for accumulation of report quantities. (Note BC-1 1210 acres with blowup
factor of 10 acres = 121 evaluations).
2/ Animal/Fowl counts not used in single storm event evaluations.
JJ/ Forest/Pasture Litter was not used in single storm event evaluations since primary
objective was to obtain erosion and sediment.
C
c-3
-------
LITTLE BLACK CREEK WATERSHED RURAL RUNOFF GROSS QUANTITIES
Period/Type
Annual Totals
Daily Average
(365 Days)
Wet Period Totals
(June-August)
Daily Average
(92 days)
Erosion
El Tons
275 17,672
48.4
124 7,952
86.4
Sediment
Tons
1,633
4.5
735
8.0
Forest
Litter Tons Del.
87
.24
39
.4
N
Lbs.
5,102
14
2,243
24
P
Lbs.
3,003
8
1,315
14
K '
Lbs.
41,144
113
18,515
201
BOD
Lbs.
20,425
56
8,592
93
TOC
Lbs.
90,674
248
40,167
437
Report
Number
*Ta)
Kb)
2(a)
2(b)
Single Storm
(1" per hour)
Sed. Del. - 5-10* 19 1,221.0
^!t_ Single Storm
(2" per hour)
Sed. Del. - 5-10* 88 5,655.0
Single Storm
(2" per hour)
Sed. Del. - 23-28*
(Based on drainage area) 88
112.8
522.7
5,655.0 1,419.7
Note: Only erosion and sediment delivery was reported for single storm events.
Data information for all reports has been stated on the data sheet; however, report 05- is a special report with
sediment delivery percentages calculated from drainage area sizes (See Pg. 22 "Control of Water Pollution from
Cropland"), see S.D. percentages on top of report 5.
A 1" per hour storm event would be expected to occur 2 times in July each year and 1 time in June and August every 5 years.
A 2" per hour storm event would be expected to occur 1 time in each month of June, July and August every 5 years.
CPeriod of analysis 1970-1974 at Bellville, GA)
-------
LITTLE BLACK CHEtK wATE»Sr<£0
BULLOCK COUNTY* GA.
LAKH UNITS 1-6 AWE OWAlNAOE AREAS F(JW SAMHLlNO POINTS (3C-1 TO 8C-6.
MONTHS i - 12
ia
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.)
1 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
PER ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
2 LAND ( 5.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
PEW ACRE LOADS FOU PERIOD
3 LAND ( 3.0)
PEP ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
? 4 LAND ( 6.0)
'~n PEW ACRE LOADS FOH PERIOD
5 LAND ( 10.0)
LlVhSTOCK/FO*L
uiviT TOTALS
PER ACRE LOADS FOK PERIOD
6 LAND ( 3.U)
PEK ACflt LOADS FOW PERIOD
STATE GMUUP LAND
LI VtSTOCK/FOWL
Uk'lH'JlA
APh'A LANil
LUtSTOCK/FOWL
CiWa.MD TOTALS
ACRES
1210.00
1210.00
2355.00
2355.00
2099.00
1536. UO
1741 .00
1741 .00
9b4.00
9895.00
9o45 . uO
9895.00
<5t)v5 .00
1137
1137
0
1540
0
4390
2
3174
2
4695
4695
2
27J3
2
17671
17671
17671
17671
.57
.94
.47
.47
.65
.57
.45
.07
^70
.07
.H7
.95
.95
.95
ScD. TONS LlTTtH TONS
56.68
56.68
0.05
77.02
77.02
0.03
43*. 04
0.21
317.44
0.21
469.52
469.52
0.27
273.37
0.29
1633.27
lbJJ.27
1633.27
1633.27
12.28
12.28
0.01
23.90
23.90
0.01
19.00
0.01
13.92
0.01
11.96
11.98
o.ol
6.05
0.01
87.14
67.14
67.14
67.14
NIT. LBS PHOS.L8S LBS
335.
49.
384.
0.32
564.
89.
673.
0.29
1220.
0.58
ass.
0.58
1155.
129.
1283.
0.74
656.
0.69
4633.
267.
5102.
4635. '
26 7.
5102.
120.
27.
146.
0.12
181.
64.
245.
0.10
748.
0.36
541.
0.35
780.
69.
869.
0.50
452.
0.47
2822.
161.
3003.
181.
J003.
1466.
0.
1466.
1.21
2012.
0.
2012.
0.85
11044.
5.26
7986,,
5.20
11781.
U.
117B1.
6.77
6855.
7.19
41144.
0.
41144.
41144.
0.
41144.
BOO LBS
2456.
843.
3299.
2.73
4781.
610.
5591.
2.37
3801.
1.81
2784.
1.81
2397.
1343.
3740.
2.15
12JO.
1.27
17429.
2996.
20425.
17429.
2996.
20425.
TOC LBS AGIO LBS
12330.
854.
13184.
10.90
23997.
889.
24887.
10.57
19078.
9.09
13975.
9.10
12032.
1443.
13475.
7.74
6076.
6.37
87489.
3186.
90674.
87489.
3186.
90674.
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
-------
LITTLE BLAO CuEtK wATfc.*SHtl>
BULLOCK COUNTY* GA.
UNITS 1-6 Arft' DRAINAGE AREAS F0r> SAMPLING POINTS oC-1 TO SC-t>.
PERIOD MONTHS 1 - 12
UMIT/TYPK IPLOT «c.)
1 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
2 LAND ( b.O)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
3 LAND ( 3.0)
4 LAND ( 6.01
5 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
<~> UNIT TOTALS
OS
6 LAND ( 3.0)
STATE GKOUP LAND
LIVESTOCK/FOrtL
GEORGIA
AREA LAND
LIVtSTOCK/f-OwL
uRANfi TOTALS
ACHEb <
1210
1210
2355
2355
2099
1536
1741
17*1
954
98V5
9895
9^96
9895
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
3.12
3.12
4.22
4.22
12.03
f). 7u
12.B&
12.66
7.49
48.42
*fl.*2
40.42
"»d ,<»2
tO. TONS LITTF* TONS NIT. LBS PH
0.16 0.
0.16 0.
0.21 0.
0.21 0.
1.20 0.
0.87 0.
1.29 0.
1.2V 0.
Oo7S 0 .
4 . 4 d 0 .
4.4* 0.
*.<*8 0.
t.46 0.
03
03
07
07
05
04
03
03
02
24
24
24
2f
1.
0.
1.
2.
0.
2.
3.
2.
3.
0.
4.
2.
13.
1.
14.
13.
i.
14.
LY LOAOIN
WATEH 800
OS. LBS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
2.
1.
2.
0.
2.
1 .
(?.
0.
V.
8.
0.
0.
LBS BOO LBS
4.
0.
4.
6.
0.
6.
30.
22.
32.
0.
32.
19.
113.
0.
113.
113.
0.
113.
7.
2.
9.
V
13.
2.
15.
10.
8.
7.
4.
10.
3.
48.
8.
56.
4-6.
b.
56.
TOC LBS AC
34.
2.
36.
66.
2.
6B.
52.
3d.
33.
4.
37.
17.
240.
9.
248.
240.
9.
248.
0 O 0
ID LB:
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-------
LlTTLt BLACK C«tEK «ATt«SMEU
BULLOCK COUNTY, 6A.
i-.HOSION K SO FOR SUMMED (*f. f ) MONTHS JUN JUL <> -»UG.
LAND UNITS l-t> ARE DRAINAGE AREaS FOP SAMPLING POINTS BC-1 TO BC-6.
«<;••••« HrhlOO MONTHS 6 - B
o
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.) ACRES
1
UNIT
PER
2
UNIT
f'F.M
3
PER
4
PER
5
UN I T
PER
6
'PER
,,OR.
/.RE A
LAND ( 10.0) 1210.00
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
TOTALS 1210.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 5.0) 2355.00
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
TOTALS 2355.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 3.0) 2099.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 6.0) 153b.OO
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 10.0) 1741.00
LIvF.SIOCK/FOwL
TOTALS 1741.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 3.U) 954.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
E GmjiJ*- LAM) 9d95.00
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
IA 9693.00
LA.'i,) 9893.00
L I vESTOCK/FOwL
L) TOT At S 9«03 . OU
S.L. TONS «
511
611
0
693
693
0
1975
0
1428
0
2112
2112
1
12JO
1
7*52
7932
7*52
79b2
.90
.9u
.42
.20
.20
.29
.75
.94
.49
.93
.87
.87
.21
.13
.29
. 3<*
. J1*
.3-
SEO. TONS LITTER TONS
25.60.
23.60
0.02
34.66
o!oi
197.58
0.09
142.65
0.09
211.29
u.12
123.01
0.13
734.99
734 .vv
734.99
5.53
5.53
0.00
10.76
10.76
0.00
8.55
0.00
6.26
0.00
5.39
5.39
0.00
2.72
0.00
39.21
39.21
39.21
3V. 21
NIT. LBS PHOS.LBS LBS
151.
12.
163.
0.13
263.
22.
265.
0.12
549.
0.26
390.
0.26
320.
32.
352.
0.32
0.31
217o.
67.
2243.
6?!
2243.
54.
7.
61.
0.05
81.
16.
97.
0.04
337.
0.16
0.16
351.
22.
373.
0.21
203.
0.21
1270.
45.
1315.
1270.
45.
1315.
660.
0.
660.
0.55
905.
0.
905.
0.38
4970.
2.37
3594.
2.34
5301.
0.
5301.
3.05
3085.
3.23
18515.
0.
18515.
16515.
0.
18515.
BOO LBS
1105.
211.
1316.
1.09
2151.
203.
2354.
1.00
1710.
0.81
1253.
0.82
1079.
336.
1414.
0.81
545.
0.57
7843.
749.
8592.
7843.
749.
8592.
TOC LBS AGIO LBS
5549.
213.
5762.
4.76
10799.
222.
11021.
4.68
8585.
4.09
62B9.
4.09
5414.
361.
5775.
3.32
2734.
2.87
39370.
796.
40167.
39370.
796.
40167.
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
U.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
-------
\ LITTLE BLACK CREEK
BULLOCK COUNTY* GA.
fHOSION S. SO FOR SUMMER (WET) MONTHS JUN JUL 4. AUG.
LAND UNITS 1-6 ARE DRAINAGE AREAS Fort SAMPLING POINTS t»C-l TO BC-6.
PERIOD MONTHS 6 - d
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.)
1 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
2 LAND ( 5.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
3 LAND ( 3.0)
4 LAND ( 6.0)
5 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
,-, UNIT TOTALS
1
00 6 LAND t 3.0)
STATE GROUP LAND
LlVtSTOCK/FO*L
GEOMCilA
AREA LAND
LlVESTOCK/FOxL
GRAND TOTALS
ACRES I
1210.
1210.
2355.
2355.
2099.
Ib36.
1741.
1741.
954.
5695.
989b.
9895.
9895.
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
6.56
B.56
7.54
7.54
21.48
Ib.b3
22.5-7
22.97
13.37
66.44
86.44
86.44
66. 4*
ED. TONS LITTER TONS NIT.L.8S
0.28
0.28
0.38
0.38
2.15
l.bb
2.30
2.30
1.34
7.99
7.V9
7.99
7.99
0.06
0.06
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.07
O.Oo
0.06
O.U3
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
2.
0.
2.
3.
0.
3.
6.
4.
6.
0.
6.
3.
2*.
1.
24.
24.
1.
24.
AILY LOADIN
0 WATER BOD
PriOS.LBS
1.
0.
1.
1.
0.
1.
4.
3.
4.
0.
4.
2.
14.
0.
14.
14.
0.
14.
LBS BOO LBS
7.
0.
7.
10.
0.
10.
54.
39.
58.
0.
58.
34.
201.
U.
201.
201.
0.
201.
12.
2.
14.
23?
2.
26.
19.
14.
12.
4.
15.
6.
65.
8.
93.
85.
8.
93.
TOC LBS ACID LBS
60.
2.
63.
117.
2.
120.
93.
68.
59.
4.
63.
30.
428.
9.
437.
428.
9.
437.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-------
NO LIVESTOCK - NO LITTtH
LITTLE BLACK CrtEEK WATE.RSHEO
BULLOCK COUNTY, GA.
EHO'.-ION 6 Sli FO^ 1" Pf.R HK bTORM - ? JULY £\/tNTS/Y^ - 1 JUN S AUG EVENT/5 YftS,
LAND UNITS 1-6 AWE DRAlNAliE A^EAS FO* SAMPLlNo f'UlNTS oL-1 TU bC-to.
ACRE
GEORGIA
(PLOT AC.) ACRES
( 10. u) 1210.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 5.0) 23b5.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 3.0) 2099.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 6.0) 1536.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 10. U) 1741.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 3.0) 9S4.00
LOADS FOR PER 1 00
9M9S.OO
S.L. TONS » «
_ . ^ _ f
78
0
106
0
303
0
219
0
324
U
lae
0
1220
.f>0
. Ob
.43
.Ob
.J4
.14
.33
.14
.40
. 19
.87
.?u
.97
>LU. TONS LITTER TONS
3
0
<•>
0
30
0
21
0
32
0
16
0
11*
.93
.00
.32
.00
.JJ
.01
.93
.01
.44
.02
.89
.o2
.6.
0.0
0.0
O.D
0.0
O.U
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .U
NIT.LBS PHOS.L8S LBS
«.
o.oi
11.
0.00
61.
0.03
44.
O.OJ
65.
0.04
JB.
U. U*
22ft.
6.
0.01
9.
0.00
49.
0.02
35.
0.02
52.
0.03
30.
O.OJ
1B1.
94.
0.06
133.
O.Ob
75d.
0.36
548.
0.3b
ail.
0.47
472.
0.49
2821.
BOO LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
TOC LBS AC10 LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
TOTflLS
1220.97
112.04
0.0
181.
2B21.
0.
0.
0.
-------
!J L I v'-SUK* - NO
LITTLE BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
MULLOCK COUNTY. GA.
\ SO F0n t" PER HK STORM - 1 EVENT/3 YRi>. Fuk tACH WON JUN JUL
LANO UNITS 1-6 ARE DRAINAGE AREAS FOR SAMPLING POINTS dC-1 TO HC-6.
SINOLt' STORM WITH tl= 8.8.
AUG.
o
1
o
UNIT/TYPE
1 LANO
PER ACRE
2 LANO
PER ACRE
3 LAND
PER ACRE
4 LAND
PER ACRE
5 LAND
PER ACRE
6 LAND
PER ACRE
GEORGIA
(PLOT
1 1
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
( 1
LOADS
LOADS
AC.) ACRES
0.0) 1210.00
FOR PERIOD
5.0) 2355.00
FOR PERIOD
3.0) 2099.00
FOR PERIOD
6.0) 1536.00
FOR PERIOD
0.0) 1 741 .00
FOR PERIOD
3.0) 9b4.00
FOR PERIOD
9895. OU
364
0
492
0
14U4
0
1015
0
1502
0
8V 4
0
5634
.02
.30
.94
.21
.97
.67
.81
.66
.<»fa
.86
,7f>
.9,;
.9e
SEO. TONS LITTtR TONS
18.20
0.02
24.65
0.01
140.50
0.07
ioi.be
0.07
Ib0.25
0.09
0.09
522.65
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
NIT. LBS PriOS.LBS LBS BOO LBS
3b.
0.03
49.
0.02
261.
0.13
20J.
0.13
300.
0.17
O.ltt
104b.
29.
0.02
39.
0.02
ft
225.
0.11
163.
0.11
240.
0.14
140.
0.15
836.
455.
0.38
616.
0.26
3512.
1.67
2540.
1.65
3756.
2.16
21«7.
2.29
13066.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0 s
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
TOC LBS ACID LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
GRANO TOTALS
9695. OU
98
0.0
1043.
836.
13066.
0.
0.
0.
-------
NO LIVESTOCK - NO LITTER
LITTLE BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
bULLOCK COUNTY. GA.
SO FOR 2" PEP HH STORM - 1 EVtNT/5 YRS. FOR tACH MON JUN JUL (v AUG.
LAND UNITS 1-6 ARE DRAINAGE AREAS FQW SAMPLINC, POINTS UC-1 TO HC-6.
ifcuo SINGLE STORM WITH EI= tfft.
S.U.
K4(25%>«i>(25*)*6(28%)
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.)
1
PER
2
PER
3
PER
4
PER
? S
iL, PER
i — i
6
PER
«.OK(
'JRA!1
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
j I A
JD TOTALS
10.0)
FOR PERIOD
5.0)
FOR PERIOD
3.0)
FOR PERIOD
6.0)
FOR PERIOD
10.0)
FOR PERIOD
3.U)
FOR PERIOD
ACRES
1210.00
2355.00
2099.00
1536. 00
1741 . 00 •
954 . 00
9895. 00
9895. OU
S.L. TONS «
364.02
0.30
492.9*
0.21
1404.97
0.67
1015. Bl
0.66
1502.43
O.H6
d/4. 76
0.92
5654.98
5tob«.<;rt
SED. TONS L1TTEP TONS
94. 6b
0.08
113.38
O.Ob
337.18
0.16
253.96 '
0.17
o!22
24<« . 94
0.26
1419. TeL
14 IS. 72
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.u
0.0
0.0
u.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
NIT. LBS PHOS.L8S L8S
189.
0.16
0.10
674.
0.32
508.
0.33
7bl.
0.43
490.
O.bl
283*.
2«39.
151.
0.13
181.
0.08
539.
0.26
406.
0.26
601.
0.35
392.
0.41
2272.
2272.
2366.
1.96
2834.
1.20
8429.
4.02
6349.
4.13
9390.
5.39
6123.
6.42
35493.
35493.
BOO LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
TOC LBS AGIO LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
-------
APPENDIX D
SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
Little Black Creek Impoundment - Black Creek Watershed
Station
Number Description
BC-1 Little Black Creek at proposed dam site* - Bulloch County,
BC-2 Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.
BC-2A Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.
BC-3 Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.
BC-3A Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.
BC-4 Unnamed creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.
BC-5 Unnamed creek at Georgia Highway 67* - Bulloch County.
BC-6 Little Black Creek at FAS Route S1844 - Bulloch County.
* For exact location, refer to maps in Appendices E-l and E-2.
d-1
-------
RAIN
«*UGC
•DWELLS HOUSE)
APPENDIX E-l
STUDY AREA MAP
t
M
LEGEND:
DRAINAGE BASIN BOUANOAftY
SUB-BASIN BOUNDARY
s~^^ STREAM
®* BC-STATION NUMBERS
@ WASTE SOURCES IDENTIFIED
BY E.PA.-EPIC
II CONFINED POULTRY FEEOttM
12 CONFINED BEEF FEEDING
13 CONFINED HOG FEEDING
14 NON-IDENTIFIABLE
21 MOBILE HOME COURT
A WASTE SOURCES IDENTIFCD
BY SAD AND SCS
A 300 HOGS
8 100 COWS
C 165 HOGS
0 60 COWS
_ 165 HOGS
RAIN
GAUGE
(AKINS'FARM)
RIVER STAGE
RECORDER
e-1
-------
APPENDIX E-2
LOCATION MAP
STATESBORO
CANDLER\
COUNTY
J BULLOUCH
COUNTY
CEDAR \ CLAXTON
CREEK * EVANS
DRAINAGE \ COUNTY
BLACK
CREEK
DRAINAGE
BASIN
N
>
e-2
-------
PROJECT PERSONNEL
FIELD AND MOBILE LAB CREWS
Cindy Adams
Richard L. Baird
Larry Brannen
Tom Cavinder
Mike Chronic
Ralph E. Gentry
Margaret Hale
David W. Hill
W. F. Holsomback
Ray Lassiter
Raymond Lawless
George Leverett
Eddie Minchew
Eddie Shollenberger
Karen Smart
T. L. Vaughn
H. C. Vick
Roy Weimert
Bob Woodward
Typist
Engineer
Co-op
Engineer
Co-op
Microbiologist
Computer Technician
Engineer
Computer Specialist
Stay-in-school-student
Chemist
Co-op
Co-op
Engineering Technician
Peripheral Equipment Operator
Engineering Technician
Environmentalist
Engineering Technician
Co-op
GATHERING AND TABULATION OF HISTORICAL METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA
Bryan Green
Elizabeth Korhonen
Ray Lynch
Debora Talkington
H. C. Vick
Stay-in-school-student
Clerk typist
Stay-in-school-student
Stay-in-school-student
Environmentalist
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following people materially contributed to completion of this
study. The authors wish to acknowledge their cooperation and help
in the indicated areas. We sincerely appreciate their assistance.
Mr. R. L. Akins, Sr., Statesboro, Georgia
- for use of his land for installation of a rain guage.
Mr. Kenneth Powell, Statesboro, Georgia
- for use of his land for installation of a rain guage.
Mr. Roscoe Sapp, Soil Conservation Technician, Soil Conser-
vation Service, Claxton, Georgia
- for use of his land for installation of a variety of
meterological equipment.
- for the invaluable servicing of meteorological equipment
installed on his land.
Mr. E. T. Mullis, District Conservationist, Soil Conservation
Service, Statesboro, Georgia
- for the invaluable servicing of the rain guages installed on
the lands of Mr. Akins and Mr. Powell and the river stage
recorder installed at one of the sampling stations.
•^ for assistance in gathering animal population-distribution
data during the initial phase of the study.
f-1
-------
Mr. Arthur Walden, Area Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service,
Statesboro, Georgia
- for his follow-up in gathering data on fertilizer application
and other local farming practices and possible cross drainage from
another drainage basin after completion of the study.
Mr. Joe A. Stevens, Jr., Planning Staff Leader, Soil Conservation
Service, Athens, Georgia
- for assistance in implementing details of the cooperative agreement.
f-2
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977 - 743-506/4279
------- |