904/9-77-026
          PREIMPOUNDMENT  STUDY
    LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE 'BASIN
                        if'.-'
          BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
         BULLOCH COUNTY, GEORGIA
                 AUGUST 1977
                UNITED STATES
         ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
        SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
                ATHENS, GEORGIA

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       PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
 LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
       BLACK CREEK WATERSHED.
      BULLOCH COUNTY, GEORGIA
                BY
           HUGH C. VICK
          . DAVID W. HILL.
          HOWARD A. TRUE
       RUFUS J. BRUNER, III
      THOMAS  0.  BARNWELL,  JR.
  Environmental Protection Agency
             Region IV
Surveillance and Analysis Division
          Athens, Georgia

           August 1977

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                                                                        Page. NoA

INTRODUCTION..  ...........  ^ .,.....»..	.-  .     1

SUMMARY	»  .  . .  .	     2

    GENERAL	     2

    STUDY FINDINGS	     2

CONCLUSIONS	>...-.-.-...	     8

RECOMMENDATIONS	*	. .....  .-.--.  .  ,--	  .     9

STUDY METHODS	   10

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA  ......  	   18

STUDY FINDINGS	.--.	-	   25

    RANGES OF DATA	 -.•-.  .  .  -.  .-	   25

        General	•-••,-•.:•.-.••»-. -.	25

        Physical Parameters	25

        Chemical Parameters	27

        Bacteriological Parameters 	  28

    ANIMAL POPULATION-DISTRIBUTION. .	   28

    HIGH VALUES AND MONTHLY rMEANS	   29

    LONG TERM BOD	   39

    TIME-OF-TRAVEL STUDIES	   40

    DIURNAL STUDIES	   40

    ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL NON-POINT  SOURCE RUNOFF LOADS FROM
        LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE AREAS	48

    HYDROCOMP WATER QUALITY PREDICTIONS  	   49

        General	49

        Temperature	50

        Dissolved Oxygen	50

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                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                    (Continued)

                                                                      Page No.

        Fecal Coliform	  50
                                                             . 4-.
        Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODs). ..........  51

        Nitrogen and Phosphorus Species.	  51

        Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 	 .....  54

     PROBLEM AREAS 	 ......  54

     SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS	 . .  69

REFERENCES	........  73

APPENDICES 	 ..... 	

     A - Cooperative Agreement between the Environmental Protection
         Agency and the Soil Conservation Service	a-1

     B - Water Quality Data-Preimpoundment Study-Little Black Creek
         Drainage Basin	 b-1

     C - A Gross Assessment of Little Black Creek, Georgia, Watershed
         Rural Runoff Annually, Wet Season, and Under Selected Storm
         Conditions.	c-1

     D - Sampling Station Locations	d-1

   E-l - Study Area Map	e-1
   E-2 - Location Map	e-2

     F - Project Personnel and Special Acknowledgements	f-1
                                    ii

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                                 LIST OF TABLES

                                                                      Page No.

 Us  Sampling  Schedule ........  .................    11
2.  Location Where Analyses Were Conducted ..............   12

3.  Identification Scheme for Salmonella Suspects ...........   14

A.  Soil Characteristics of the Little Black Creek Drainage Basin.  .  .   20

5.  Comparison of Ranges ............. ..........   26

6.  :Animal Population'-JVistriFutfon. •«  .................   30

7.  Comparison of High Values and  Means ................   31

8.  Sources of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on a National and a
    Watershed Scale ........... ...........  ....   33

9.  Time of Travel Data .......  .................   42

.0.  Sub-basin Loadings Comparisons ..................   56

.1.  Fractional Comparison of BC-6  Sub-basin Loadings Values
    With Other Sub-basins .......................   57
                                     iii

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                                   LIST OF FIGURES

                                                                         Page No..

  1.  Annual Precipitation and Hydrographs	.16

  2.  Precipitation and Hydrographs - August and September, 1974	21

  3.  Precipitation and Hydrographs - May, 1974	22

  4.  Precipitation and Hydrographs - November and December, 1974 .... 23

  5.  Long Term BOD, Station BC-1	41

  6.  Time of Travel - Station BC-2A to BC-2, August 8,  1974.	43

  7.  Time of Travel - Station BC-3 to BC-2, August 13,  1974	44

  8.  Time of Travel - Station BC-2 to BC-1, August 13,  1974.	45

  9.  Time of Travel - Station BC-3A to BC-3, August 28-29, 1974	46

.10.  Time of Travel - Station BC-2A to BC-2, August 28, 1974	47

 11.  Frequency Distribution of Nutrient Values - With Impoundment.  ... 52

 12.  Frequency Distribution of Nutrient Values - Without Impoundment .  . 53

 13..  TOC  Profile	58

 14.  BOD5 Profile	59

 15.  Total-P Profile	60

 16.  Organic-N Profile 	 61

 17.  Ammonia-N Profile 	 62

 18.  Fecal Coliform Profile.  ...  	 63

 19.  Flow Characteristics  of  the Area Surrounding the BC-6 Sub-basin .  . 67

 20.  Frequency Distribution - Average Daily Dissolved Oxygen,  June-
      September Seasonal Analysis 	 70
                                        iv

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                                  INTRODUCTION






 *   The U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS),




plans to construct a multipurpose impoundment in southeastern Georgia near




the city of Statesboro.  At the request of and in support of SCS, water quality




studies were performed in the drainage basin of the proposed impoundment by




personnel of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Surveillance




and Analysis Division (SAD).  The studies were conducted under a cooperative,




cost reimbursable agreement between SAD and SCS (see Appendix A).






PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY




     These studies were conducted to:




     (1)  Determine and record preimpoundment water quality conditions




          within the drainage basin of the proposed impoundment;




     (2)  Provide a basis for predicting the quality of the impounded




          waters upon completion of the project;




     (3)  Provide data for the calibration and verification of the




          Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP) model, which could




          possibly be used to predict future water quality in other




          proposed impoundments.  (It was anticipated that these pre-




          dictions could then be made with a minimal amount of additional




          data for model calibration and only for impoundments in areas




          with similar climate, soil type and land usage.  Local variations




          however, proved too great to make this a reliable procedure.)




     Authority for these studies is section 104(b)(6) of the Federal Water




Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL92-500).

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                                      SUMMARY






GENERAL




     The proposed Little  Black  Creek  Impoundment will be located In a primarily




rural agricultural section of southeast Georgia.  The multipurpose impoundment




will have a normal pool area of 300 acres and a 9,895 acre drainage basin.




Waste load input can be attributed to natural conditions, agricultural and




animal husbandry practices, a small domestic waste source, and possibly polluted




ground water.




     Six routine water quality  sampling stations were established on Little




Black Creek and its tributaries.  (See  foldouf map in Appendix.*-! for locations 2J




Daily samples for physical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses were collected




for five days each during May and August, 1974 at all flowing stations.  Diurnal




studies were conducted at one station during November, 1974 and January, 1975.




     A river stage recorder was  installed at the farthest downstream station.




From this data and also from a  recording rain gauge, complete river discharge and




precipitation plots were prepared for the entire study period.




     A variety of recording climatological equipment was utilized during the




study period.  Data from this equipment, five years of historical climatological




and hydrological data, and the  chemical, physical, and bacteriological data result




ing from this study were computer-coded for calibration of the HSP model.






STUDY FINDINGS




     The following discussions  of "Ranges of Data" and "High Values and Monthly




Means" are based on comparisons between May and August, 1974.  These two periods




represent major differences in both the hydrologic and agricultural cycles,




emphasizing data differences caused by variations in either cycle.

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          May was a  relatively dry month.  However,  intensive rainfall  fell on


      freshly tilled  and  fertilized fields  the day before  the sampling program started.


      Although rainfall during August was typically much higher than  in  May, it  fell


      on  "crusted over" fields which were covered by  full  grown plants or harvest
         • :  *.

      residue.

      Ranges* of Data


      Chemical Parameters


          Dissolved  oxygen was generally low, although a  few high values were measured


      occasionally.   All data (from individual samples) ranged from 1.5  to  7.1 mg/1  in


      May and 2.2 to  5.2 mg/1 in August.  Station means were noticeably  higher in  May.


      Station mean values tanged from 2.1 to 6.1 mg/1 in May and  from 2.4 to 4.5 mg/1


      in  August.


          All values for five-day biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 110 to  S.5


      mg/1 in May and 0.9 to 3.6 mg/1 in August.  Station  means ranged from 1.6  to


      3.5 mg/g in May and from 1.3 to 3.2 mg/1 in August.   Typical values for slow


\     flowing swamp streams are 2.0 to 3.0  mg/1.


          Nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorus species)  varied during
v

      the May and August sampling periods.  The following  paragraphs  examine the


      individual nutrient parameters on the basis of  ranges of individual sample datum


      and ranges of station means.  Except  for a few  isolated cases in May, all  nitrate


      plus nitrite nitrogen concentrations  were below detectable  limits.


          The ranges of all data and the ranges of station means remained  fairly


      constant during both May and August for organic nitrogen (Org-N) and  total


      Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN).  The following table shows  these comparisons.
     *Monthly data were compared on She basis of  (1) monthly  ranges  of  all  data (from


     each individual sample), for the entire drainage basin  and  (2) mofithly  ranges of the


     station means for six stations.  The monthly means  are for all  values  at  a given


     station.

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                                   Range of                     Range of
          Parameter              All Data (mg/1)          Station Means (mg/1)
                               May           August       May           August

           Org-N            0.10-0.78       0.18-0.85  0.18-0.53      0.25-0.57

           TKN              0.19-0.94       0.22-0.90  0.23-0.62      0.25-0.64
     For ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) and total phosphorus (Total-P), the ranges of

all data during August were nearly double those for May.  The range of station

means for NH -N was nearly the same for both months while the range of station

means for Total-P was noticably higher in August.  The following table shows

these comparisons.

                                  Range of                      Range of
          Parameter             All Data (mg/.l)           Station Means (mg/1)
                              May           August        May           August

           NH^-N            0.01-0.28      0.01-0.47   0.03-0.14      0.04-0.13

           Total-P          0.01-0.28      0.01-0.47   0.01-0.23      0.01-0.35
     For total organic carbon, the range of all data during May was from 9 to

11 mg/1 as compared to an August range of from 7 to 33 mg/1.  Station means for

May ranged from 9.6 to 16.5 mg/1 while those for August ranged from 10.0 to

26.4 mg/1

Bacteriological Parameters

     Ranges for fecal coliform densities were high and variable during both months.

Some densities were slightly higher in August (110-7,600 fecal coliforms/100 ml

compared to 10-8,400 fecal coliforms/100 ml).  The range of station means was much

higher in May (236-4,700 fecal coliforms/100 ml compared to 59-1,400 fecal coliforms/

100 ml).  No Salmonella bacteria were detected at either of the two stations sampled

during May and no Salmonella determinations were performed in August.

Physical Parameters

     Water temperature ranges reflected seasonal air temperature variations.

Ranges of all data for May and August, respectively, were 18 to 22°C and 21 to 26°C.

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Ranges of  station  means  were 20.1 to 21.5°C and 21.8 to 24.0°C for May  and

August, respectively.

 „    Dissolved  solids  values were variable during both comparison periods.

All values ranged  from 24  to 84 mg/1 in May and from 8 to 307  mg/1 in August.
 *
Station means ranged from  46 to 57 mg/1 in May and from 59 to  152 mg/1  in

August.

     Low suspended solids  values indicate that very little sediment  is washed

from the flat sandy fields to the streams.   All values for May ranged from  4

to 28 mg/1 while the August range was from 3 to 22 mg/1.   Station means during

May ranged from 5.5 to 12.4 mg/1 while the August range was from 6.3  to 11.5

mg/1.

     Low pH values encountered during this study are typical for coastal plains

streams in this part of  the country.   All values for May ranged from  5.3 to

6.2 units  while those  for  August ranged from 4.1 to 5.9 units.   Although.mean

pE is a questionable parameter,  it is included here for comparison purposes.

Station means ranged from  5.5 to 6.1 units in May and from 4.8 to 5.6 units In August.

High Values and Monthly  Means

     High  May values for most pollutional parameters occurred  at Station BC-2.

August high values for BODij,  Org-N,  TKN,  and Total-P occurred  at Station BC-5.

High values for other  parameters (lows for D.O.)  occurred at a variety  of stations.

The highest fecal  coliform densities  during both months occurred at Station BC-2.

     Slightly higher monthly mean values  for water temperature and Total-P

occurred during August,  and for  S.S.,  pH, BOD5, and NH^-N during May.  Monthly
                                   *.
nean D.O.  values were  the  same during both months.  Much higher monthly mean

yalues for D.S., Org-N,  TKN,  and TOG occurred in August,  and for fecal  coli-

corm densities  during  May.

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     Much of this apparent data inconsistency  is  clarified  through consideration




of  the hydrogeological characteristics of area, precipitation-hydrograph plots




for the study period, local farming practices  and possible nutrient sources and




pathways.




Problem Areas




     A combination of elevated nutrients, TOC  and higher BOD^ values resulted in




lowered D.O. values.  The major input of nutrients, TOC and BODj for the entire




drainage basin probably results from forest litter and fertilizer washout.  Although




it  is not economically feasible to control the input from forest litter, the impact




of  fertilizer washout can be greatly reduced by good management practices.  Minor




but significant controllable sources were identified in the BC-6, BC-3, BC-2. and BC-1




sub-basin.  Possible causes and solutions regarding these problems are offered in




the body of this report.




Supplimental Oxygen Requirements




     A possible but expensive solution to satisfaction of the oxygen deficit in the




proposed impoundment would involve a diffuser  system supplied with molecular oxygen.




The minimum yearly cost for this would be $3,700 for oxygen, plus the capital cost




of an oxygen storage and  diffuser system in addition to operating and maintenance




cost.




Hydrocomp Predictions




     Postimpoundment water quality was predicted by the Hydrocomp Simulation




Programming Model.   The predicted water quality was compared to Georgia water




quality standards.   The model predicted that discharge waters from the impoundment




would not meet state standards for dissolved oxygen.

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Long Term BOD




     During May, a long term BOD analysis was.performed for Station BC-1 to




determine rate coefficients for mathematical modeling efforts.  This anlaysis




yielded typical rate coefficients.(see discussion of STUDY FINDINGS for values).




Time of Travel Studies




     A dye tracer study was attempted during May.  Extended time of travel




caused by low flow conditions made this attempt unsuccessful.  The study was




repeated in August, under both high and medium flow conditions, with the following




discharge averages and corresponding stream velocity averages:  25.6 cubic feet/sec.




0.16 mph; 4.8 cubic feet/sec. - 0.08 mph.




Diurnal Studies




     These studies (November 1974 and January 1975) revealed no significant




variations.




Assessment of Potential Non-Point Source Loads




     A gross non-point source assessment (see Appendix C) established potential




loads for typical conditions and evaluated the attenuation effects of control




practices.   Results of this assessment are too voluminous to present in summarized




form.

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                                 CONCLUSIONS






 (1)  A dissolved oxygen deficiency will exist in the proposed impoundment.




 (2)  Supplemental aeration in the impoundment or other corrective action will




 be required to correct the oxygen deficiency.




 (3)  The dissolved oxygen deficiency will result from an oxygen demand exerted




 by .the unoxidized nutrients (ammonia-N and organic-N).




 (4)  The major nutrient inputs into the proposed impoundment will result from




 forest and pasture litter and from fertilizer washout.  Runoff from confined




 animal feeding operations, discharge from a small domestic oxidation pond and




 from polluted groundwater entering the upper end of the drainage basin will




 contribute to minor but still significant inputs.




 (5)  Most of the minor inputs can be partially eliminated by improved waste




 handling practices, thus reducing the supplemental aeration requirements.




 (6)  The degree of eutrophication experienced by this impoundment will depend




 on control of nutrient sources.   This control includes the capacity of intermit-




 tant swampy areas upstream of the impoundment to assimilate nutrients.  The




 quantitative aspects of such a capacity are not clearly understood.  Qualitative




 aspects, however, are reflected by the data within this report.




 (7)  The high fecal coliform densities encountered represent stormwater runoff




under free flowing stream conditions.  After project completion, retention time




 in the impoundment should cause decreases in fecal coliform densities.  These




decreases should be sufficient to make the waters acceptable for body contact




recreation.   However, isolated shoreline areas which receive direct washoff




from nearby animal waste sources still might not be acceptable for body contact




recreation.

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                                 RECOMMENDATIONS



(1)   Provide supplemental aeration in the proposed impoundment.
«
(2)   Reduce nutrient inputs into the proposed impoundment by encouraging:


 •    (a)   Connection of all homes in the Statesboro, Georgia area to an


          expanding sewerage system (discharging into another drainage


          basin) which would eliminate septic tank usage upstream of the


          proposed impoundment;


     (b)   local farmers to contain and treat runoff from confined animal


          feeding operations;


     (c)   local farmers to avoid possible over application of chemical


          fertilizer, and


     (d)   upgrading of treatment at the mobile home park oxidation pond


          by the addition of mechanical aerators or complete elimination


          of the pond by connection with the Statesboro, Georgia municipal


          sewerage system.


(3)   Initially, primary contact recreation in the impoundment, should be
»

restricted, especially during heavy runoff periods.  Further fecal coliform


nonitoring should be conducted after the impoundment has stabilized.  The


•epeated   absence of high fecal coliform densities would warrant a removal of


:his restriction.;-)

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                                   STUDY METHODS









      Six  routine water quality sampling stations were established on Little Black




 Creek and its  tributaries.  The stations were located from the proposed dam site




 near  the  small community of Denmark,  Georgia to its headwaters near Statesboro,




 Georgia.   These locations are  described in Appendix D and shown on the-foldout map in




 Appendix  E-l.  The general location of  the study area is shown on the map  in




 Appendix  E-2.




      A stage recorder and staff gauge were installed and cross referenced  at




 Station BC-1.  Staff gauges were installed at all other stations except BC-2,




 where stream channel characteristics  precluded stream gaugings.  Initial stream




 gaugings were  performed prior  to initiation of the sampling program at each




 statioh except BC-2.  Due to vandalism,  it was impossible to maintain a staff




 gauge at BC-5.  A wide crested,  rectangular weir at a pond discharge immediately




 upstream of this station was utilized to approximate flow for this station.




      All stations were sampled  from bridges at one foot below the surface  or




 less, as dictated by stream depth.  Stream surface elevations, as indicated




 by staff gauge readings, (or depth of discharge over the weir at Station BC-5)




were  recorded each time a sample was collected.   Daily samples for physical,




 chemical,  and bacteriological analyses were collected for five days each during




May and August, 1974 at all flowing stations.   Some non-flowing stations were




 sampled during the first part of the May sampling period.  All stations were




not sampled during the November  1974 and January 1975 visits.  (See Table  1




 for a complete sampling schedule.)




     Measurements and analyses of samples for the physical and chemical parameters




were  performed either immediately upon  collection at the sampling site, within a




 few hours  of collection at the SAD mobile laboratory in Claxton,  Georgia,  or at




 the SAD Regional Laboratory in Athens, Georgia.   The parameter coverage and




location of analysis are presented in Table 2.




                                      10

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                                           TABLE  1




                                      SAMPLING SCHEDULE
Station
Number
BC-1
BC-2
BC-2A
BC-3
BC-3A
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
Key: //
N/F
N/V
Month and Day
May, 1974
13 14 15
13 ' 14 15
N/V 14_ N/V
13 14 15
N/V 14 N/V
13 14. N/F
N/V 14_ N/F
N/V 14 15
16
16
N/V
16
N/V
N/F
N/F
16
17
17
N/F
N/F
N/V
N/V
N/V
17
August,
7 8 15
7 8 15
N/V N/V N/V
7 N/V 15
N/V N/V N/V.
7 N/V 15
N/V 8 15
N/V N/V 15
1974
29
29
N/V
29
N/V
29
29
29
November,
30
30
N/V
30
N/V
30
30
30
18
N/V
N/V
18
N/V
N/F
N/V
N/V
20
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
1974
21
N/V
N/V
N/V-
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
January, 1975
13.
13
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
N/V
14 25
14 25
N/V N/V
N/V 25
N/V N/V
N/V 25
14 N/V
14 N/V
= Day of month
= No flow, not sampled
= Not visited
Sampled under zero flow conditions

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                                       TABLE 2



                       LOCATION WHERE. ANALTSES - T^ERE CONDUCTED







A.  On-Site




    1.  Dissolved  oxygen




    2.  pH




    3.  Temperature  (degrees  centigrade)




    4.  Flow




B.  Mobile Laboratory  (SAD Laboratory, Athens, GA,  after 8/30/74)




    1.  Biochemical  oxygen demand  (5 day)




    2.  Bacteriological-fecal coliform (MF Procedure)




C.  SAD Laboratory, Athens, Georgia




    1.  Total phosphate




    2.  Total KJeldahl flitfogen (TKN)




    3.  Ammonia nitrogen (NH~-N)




    4;  Organic nitrogen (TKN minus NH3-N)




    5.  Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen




    6.  Total dissolved solids




    7.  Suspended solids




    8.  Total organic carbon




    9.  Long term BOD
                                     12

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     Bacteriological samples were also collected at a depth of approximately


one foot or less, as dictated by stream depth using a grab technique.  Samples


were placed on ice and analyses were initiated  within six hours after collection.


     Fecal coliform densities were determined using the membrane filter technique


as outlined in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,


13th Edition.1*


     Qualitative determinations for the presence of Salmonella bacteria were attempted


at selected stations by filtering 200 ml of sample through a 0.45y membrane filter.


The filters were then placed in single strength Dulcitol Selenite Broth.  The


inoculated enrichment broth was incubated for 18 to 24 hours at 41.5°C according


to Spino's procedure.^


     After primary enrichment, an inoculum was streaked onto Taylor XLD Agar(XLD)


and Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE) plates and incubated for 18-24 hours.  Suspected


Salmonella colonies were picked from the respective plates and identified by


the scheme outlined in Table 3.


     With the exception of the cytochrome oxidase and lysine decarboxylase methods,

                                                                 o
the methods and media outlined in Table 3 are described by Ewing.   Oxidase and


decarboxylase activity was determined using Patho-Tec-CO and Patho-Tec-LD**


reagent impregnated paper strips, respectively.


     Serological identifications of suspected Salmonella isolates were made at the


SAD-Athens laboratory using the standard serological procedures descrbied by Edwards


and Ewing.


     During the May and August study periods, attempts were made at gauging stream


discharges at a variety of different stream levels at all stations with staff
*   References 1 through 29 appear on pages  73  and  74.


**  Does not imply endorsement of this product by EPA.
                                     13

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                              TABLE 3

           IDENTIFICATION SCHEME FOR SALMONELLA SUSPECTS
                             Suspect  Colony  (picked from differential  plate)
                     Lysine Iron Agar
\
Alkaline slant and butt
with or without H2S

       Urease Production
                                  Acid slant and butt; Alkaline  slant
                                  and acid butt - DISCARDED
   Positive
   DISCARDED
                I
                             Negative


                          Cytochrome Oxidase


                                      Negative
             Positive
             DISCARDED
1
 J
      Lactose; Sodium Halonate; Potassium Cyanide, Indole
           Positive
           DISCARDED
                                     Nega
                         Lysine decarboxy
        ive
                                                  ase; Citrate, I^S, Motility
                         I
                     Negative
                     DISCARDED
                                                                I
                                                            Positive

                                                   Polyvalent 0 Antisera

                                                   I.               .1
                                               PosJLtive

                                                            Negative
                                                            DISCARDED
                             Serological Identification
                             14

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 gauges.  This was done in order to '• prepare-a-tage-^ is charge curves for each

 station.  From these curves and the individual staff gauge readings acquired  during

 .daily  sampling visits, corresponding discharge data were obtained for most

 samples.  For Station BC-5, rectangular veir tables were utilized.

      Recording climatological equipment, listed below with the indicated data

 collection function(s), was installed at the indicated locations in support of

 both the sampling program outlined in Table 1 and for calibration of the Hydro-

 comp Simulation Programming (HSP)  model.


                               Data Collection
      Equipment                   Function	                   Location*

 Rain Gauge                     Precipitation                     Akin's Farm and
                                                                 Powell's house

 Pyrheliograph                  Incident  solar radiation           Sapp's Farm**

 Hygrothermograph               Air  temperature  and relative      Sapp's Farm**
                               humidity

 Evaporation Pan and            Rate of evaporation                Sapp's Farm**
 Level Recorder

      Figure 1 is a graphical representation of  the data  obtained from  the stage

 recorder at Station BC-1 and the rain gauge at  the upper end of  the drainage

 basin.

     As additional support for calibration  of the  HSP model, five years  of

 historical climatological  and hydrological data  were tabulated  and computer

 coded for the indicated locations:
*  Refer to Appendix E-l for exact' locations.

** Equipment installed at this site was utilized for two preimpoundment

   studies conducted concurrently.  Refer to Appendix E-2 for exact location.
                                     15

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UJ
o
tr.
<

5 -
cr

0

o:
<
Q
Ul
O
        .. a. jg.
                                                  FIGURE  J

                                          ANUAL  PRECIPITATION

                                            AND  HYDROGRAPHS
                                                                    15 20 2S. , . .& 10. IS .20 23
        SAMPLING DATES


©	© = "0" FLOW

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     Parameter

Precipitation




Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature


Evaporation Rate

Wind Speed

Percent Cloud Cover

Discharge (avg. daily cfs)
Location (Georgia)

   Bellville
   Brooklet
   Metter
   Swainsboro

   Metter
   Brooklet

   Ailey

   Savannah

   Augusta

   Canoochee River near Claxton
                                     17

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                            DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA



     The heart of Black Creek Watershed project is the proposed impoundment on


Little Black Creek.  The Little Black Creek drainage basin is located on the


gently rolling Pleistocene shoreline of the Altanama Upland Division of the coastal


plain near Statesboro in southeast Georgia.  Both the impoundment and it's 9,895


acre drainage basin are located entirely in Bulloch County.  The impoundment will


cover 300 acres at normal (irrigation)-pool level.  Of these 300 acres, 241 acres


will be available for recreation usage.  Maximum flood storage pool will be 485


acres.


     Land usage is 32.5% cropland, 13.4% pasture, 47.7% forest, and 6.5% idle or


miscellaneous.  Only a few concentrated sources of pollution exist; these consist


primarily of runoff from cattle pastures, swine feedlots, and layer hen operations.


Natural conditions and agricultural practices create three possible non-point


sources of pollution:


     (1)  Stormwater and possibly irrigation runoff from a land surface


          characterized by dendritic drainage patterns;


     (2)  Subsurface discharge into stream channels from both the shallow


          groundwater table and interflow, and


     (3)  Benthic decomposition of forest, pasture, and cropland litter


          deposited in the streams, and from both living and dead bottom-


          dwelling organisms.


     Land elevation in the study area ranges from approximately 110 to 230 feet


above mean sea level (MSL).  Normal surface elevation of the impoundment will


be 131 feet MSL and maximum surface elevation will be 142.7 feet MSL.

                                                            9
     SCS classifies different areas as to soil associations,  which are landscapes


with a distinctive proportional pattern of different soils.  They normally consist


of one or more major soils and at least one minor soil, and are classified according


to the major soils.



                                     18

-------
     The Little Black Creek drainage basin is located in a portion of Bulloch


County which, according to the above classification scheme, is part of the

                                 q
Tifton-Fuquay-Pelham Association.   .This association averages 35% Tifton,


25% Fuquay, 15% Pelham, and 25% minor sorts.  Table 4 lists the characteristics


«f the different soil types.


     The soil type percentages in the Little Black Creek drainage basin vary


markedly from the overall association averages.  When the drainage basin is divided


into six-Tareas Osee foldout majt in Appendix.K.-ll^ jnucfi more variability as to


percentage soil type in a given area is apparent.  The estimated percentages


of soil types for each of the six areas are presented in the following table.



                                        Soil Type
Area
BC-1
BC-2
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
Tifton
25
35
50
50
45
69
Fuquay
23
15
10
3
5
3
Pelham
10
15
24
15
20
15
Minor
42
35
16
32
30
13
     According to the hydrographical analysis terminology of Thorn,   Figures


2, 3 and 4 are good examples of the three basic components of river flow which


include:  (1) base (groundwater) flow,  (2) runoff (stormwater) flow, and (3)


interflow.*  All three figures show the rapidly changing runoff flow as temporary
*Interflow is that portion of precipitation which falls in the catchment basin


 and reaches the streams independently of either surface runoff or groundwater


 discharge.  It percolates through the soil and moves laterally toward the  stream


 without reaching the groundwater table.  The rate of this movement is intermediate


 between surface runoff and groundwater discharge and is governed by  the slope  of


 the terrain  and porosity of the soil.


                                      19

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                                                            TABLE 4

                                                SOIL CHARACTERISTICS  OF THE
                                             LITTLE BLACK CREEK  DRAINAGE BASIN
K)
O
       Soil
       Type

       Tifton


       Fuquay


       Pelham


      Minor  Soils
    % of
Drainage Baa-in

     44
     10
     17
                                         Water Table
                       10
                       15
Deoth
*^ ^* \f W Lm
""
A / Alt
>48
>60"
<15"
Approx. 30"
15-30"

<15
>pj_..
lime
Span

—
2 mos/yr*
Prolonged
Wet Periods
2-6 mos/yr

>6 mos/yr*
oojj. uescrip
U.S.D.A;
Texture
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
Sand & Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
Sandy Clay Loam
tion
Depth From
Surface
1 •—•i*™ •_ _•
0-14"
14-16"
0-30"
30-70"
0-21"
21-62"
0-22"
22-65"
0-40"
10-62"
48-65"
0-21"
21-62"

pH
_ Range
4.5-5.5
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0
4.5-5.0

4.5-5.0
      * Water stands on surface 2 to 6 months per year.

-------
  AUGUST, 1974
SEPTEMBER,  1974
      PRECIPITATION  AND  HYDROGRAPHS
      (AUGUST AND  SEPTEMBER, 1974)
                                                                      •0.25
                                                                      •0.5
                                                                      -0.75
                                                                      • 1.0
                                                                      I.Z5
                                                                      •1.30
                                                                      -1.78
                                                                      •2.00
                                                                      •2..2S
                                                                      •2.50
 27 28 2930 31 ! I ' 2 ' 3 ' 41 5 ' 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 I 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
AUGUST, 1974
           I
        SEPTEMBER,  1974

       21

-------
                          MAY  J974


' .2. 3. 4.8.6., 7.6. 9.10, II ,12 .13.14 ,15,16,17.16,
28.29.30,31.
                                                  Fig  S

                                     Precipitation  and Hydrograph

                                               Way  IS74
                                                                                  •O.Z8
                                                                                  -0.30
                                                                                  -a??.
                                                                               -  -1.00
                                                                                 •1.25
                  •1.90
                                                                                  •1.78
                                                                                 -2.00
  "i ' i   i  i  i   i  i—r~i—r—i—i—i—i—i——i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i~i—t—i—r—i—i  r
    3 4  5  6 7  8  9 10 II 12 13 K It iG (7 16 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031

    i          MAY    1974
                                   22

-------
              NOVEMBER  1974                      DECEMBER  1974

       IS 16 17 18 19 2021 22232425 3627282930 12 3 4 9 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
   7.0-
 to
 c
 o
 0>
   6.0
 fO
   3.0
 u
 I
•o
 to

 o
 Ul
 u
   2.0-
   1.0-
                FIG.  4


 PRECIPITATION  AND  HYDROGRAPHS

(NOVEMBER  AND DECEMBER, 1974)
                                                                         a.

                                                                         o
                                                                         u
                                                                         cr
                                                                         a.
      15 16 17 I8JI9 2021  22 23 2425 26 27 282930


            NOVEMBER   1974
                                                                           -0.23
                                                                           "-0.50
                                                                           r 0.73
                                                       .00
                I 234 5 6  7  6 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19


                     DECEMBER  1974
                                     23

-------
 fluctuations  of  the more  slowly changing base  flow.   Figures  3  and 4,  due to their




 smaller  scales,  demonstrate  the. influence of interflow by  tfie long trailing




 edges  of each hydrographic maxima.




     During wet  portions  of  the year, the water table in this area is  near the




 surface,  causing soil moisture values to approach, saturation..   At  these times,




 even small amounts of rainfall cause immediate runoff (either surface  or sub-




 surface)  plus corresponding  but slower increases in stream flow.




     After extended dry periods, the water table is lowered sufficiently to




 cause  the smaller tributaries to become dry.  The sandy soil  becomes very dry




 and capable of absorbing large quantities of rainfall without corresponding




 increases in  runoff and stream flow.




     As  an example of wet period flow, a 1.28 inch rainfall on  August  5-6 caused




 a stream flow increase of 48 cfs (Figure 2) .  During  the dry  periods of May




 11-12  (Figure  3) and November 18-20 (Figure 4) rainfalls of 1.75 and 1.09 inches




 respectively,  caused stream  flow increases of approximately 2 cfs  each.   Figures




 2, 3 and  4 are expansions of sections of Figure 1




     Due  to the  small size of this drainage basin (9,895 acres), each  stream flow




 increase  Is of a "flash flood" nature and appears to  travel down the basin as a




wave.  The hydrographs on Figures 2, 3 and 4 are all  examples of this  phenomenon.
                                      24

-------
                                  STUDY FINDINGS






RANGES OF DATA




General




     Under low stream-flow conditions which prevailed during May, high values




for most parameters  (lows for dissolved oxygen) usually occurred at Station BC-2.




During August under  high flow conditions most extreme values occurred at Stations




BC-4, BC-5 and BC-6.  Analysis of the-data (Table 5) included two modes of com-




parison; (1) ranges  of all data for the drainage basin and (2) monthly ranges .




of station means for six stations.  Only data for May and August, 1974 were




included; data for samples which were collected under zero flow conditions




were excluded.  Data collected in November, 1974 and January, 1975 were only




from a few selected  stations.  The following discussion is based on the analysis




presented in Table 5 and the complete listing of analytical data presented in




Appendix B.




Physical Parameters




     Water temperature ranges reflect seasonal air temperatures.  Exclusion of




data from Station BC-5* lowers the maximum August value to 24°C and the high




station mean for August to 22.8°C.




     Dissolved solids were low during both the May and August periods of comparison.




Station means ranged from 46 to 57 mg/1 and from 59 to 152 mg/1, respectively.




Suspended solids (S.S.) remained low throughout the year even after heavy areawide




rains (5.5 to 12.4 mg/1 and 6.3 to 11.5 mg/1 for May and August, respectively).
*Station BC-5 is located immediately downstream of the discharge from a large,




 shallow pond.  The normally slow flow through the pond combined with a surface




 overflow allows extensive solar heating before discharge.  The very low  flow




 usually encountered at this station negates any effect which the elevated  tem-




 peratures would have on the waters of the proposed impoundment.





                                     25

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                                      TABLE  5

                                   COMPARISON OF RANGES

                                          All Stations
                                All Data*               Station Means**
Parameter                     May     August         May         August

Physical

  Temp. °C                 18.0-22.0  21.0-26.0    20.1-21.5    21.8-24.0

  Dissolved Solids - mg/1    24-84      8-307        46-57        59-152

  Suspended Solids - mg/1     4-28      3-22        5.5-12.4     6.3-11.5


Chemical

  pH units                  5.3-6.2    4.1-5.9      5.5-6.1      4.8-5.6

  D.O. - mg/1               1.5-7.1    2.2-5.2      2.1-6.1      2.4-4.5

  BOD5 - mg/1               1.0-5.5    0.9-3.6      1.6-3.5      1.3-3.2

  Org-N - mg/1              0.10-0.78  0.18-0.85    0.18-0.53    0.25-0.57

  NH3-N - mg/1              0.01-0.28  0.01-0.47    0.03-0.14    0.04-0.13

  TKN - mg/1                0.19-0.94  0.22-0.90    0.23-0.62    0.25-0.64

  N02 + NO^-N - mg/1        Less than detectable limits in most cases.

  Total-P - mg/1            0.01-0.28  0.01-0.47    0.01-0.23    0.01-0.35

  TOC - mg/1                  9-11        7-33      9.6-16.5      10-26.4


Bacteriological

  Fecal Coliform -          110-7,600  10T8,400     240-4,700    59-1,400
    counts/100 ml
*  No values for BC-4 and BC-5 during May ("0" flow conditions precluded sampling)

** Geometric mean for Fecal Coliform.
                                     26

-------
This indicates that very little sediment is transported from the relatively




flat sandy fields to the. streams.,




Chemical Parameters




     All pH_ values were on the acidic side of the. pH scale, which is typical




for black water streams in this area.  These low values could be caused by the




buildup of humates, tannins and other refractory organic acids from decaying




plant matter.  They could also originate from drainage of acid soils.  According




to Reid,   pH values in sluggish marshy streams of the southern United States




may range as low as 4.0 units.  Soils in the study area range from 4.5 to 5.5 pH




units.9




     Dissolved oxygen concentrations were variable.  The decreasing May concentra-




tions (Appendix B) demonstrate the effects of the decreasing flow conditions which




prevailed during that period.  Flows often fell to zero.




     Some of the five day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations were relatively




high when compared with typical values for free flowing upland streams of 1-2 mg/1




and with slow flowing swamp streams of 2-3 mg/1.




     Concentrations of all the nitrogen species studied plus the concentrations of




total phosphorus varied widely, even within a given month.




     Examination of the individual nitrogen parameters for May shows a relatively




large contribution from organic nitrogen to the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)




values and a smaller yet significant contribution from ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) .




Total phosphorus (Total-P) values ranged from 0.01 to 0.28 mg/1 and nitrate-nitrite




nitrogen values were less than detectable limits except in a few isolated cases.




     Examination of the same parameters for August shows a nearly unchanged TKN,




vith. a significantly higher contribution from NILj-N.  Total-P concentrations were




approximately twice those for May.  NOvKNC^-N concentrations were all less than




detectable limits during August.
                                      27

-------
     Total organic carbon values ranged from 9 to 11 mg/1 in May and from




7 to 33 mg/1 in August.  These values are typical for coastal plain swampy




areas.




Bacteriological Parameters




     Fecal collform densities were high and variable during both study periods




with August having the highest value (8,400 fecal coliforms/100'ml) and May having




the highest station mean (4,700 fecal coliforms/100 ml).




     The high, fecal coliform densities represent stormwater runoff under free




flowing stream conditions.  After project completion, retention time in the




impoundment will result in greatly reduced fecal coliform densities.  No water




should be considered completely safe for body contact recreation, regardless




of its fecal coliform density.  Some health risks will be involved for the




water user.  However, these risks are greatly reduced in waters where such




densities are low.




     Qualitative determinations to detect Salmonella bacteria were made at two




stations (BC-1 and BC-2) during May.  Salmonella is a large serologically-related




genus comprised of over 1,300 serotypes.  Salmonella is probably the easiest enteric




pathogen to isolate from water.  All Salmonella are considered pathogenic to




man and animals.




     The presence of Salmonella is proof of fecal contamination from either




ipap or animals, and establishes the potential of disease contraction resulting




from water ingestion.  It is important to note that the inverse of this state-




mment is not true.  Failure to isolate Salmonella does not establish that the




water is free of pathogenic organisms.  No serotypes were isolated from either




station.  No Salmonella determinations were made during the August study.






ANIMAL POPULATION - DISTRIBUTION




     During the week of May 13 through 17, 1974, animal population - distribution




data were gathered by a combined team of SAD and SCS personnel by interviewing






                                     28

-------
the major farmers in the area.  The results are presented in Table 6.  During




January, 1970, a complete aerial mapping of the study area was performed by




the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.  A complete




waste source interpretation of the resulting photographs was performed by the '••




U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Photographic Interpretation




Center (EPA-EPIC), Vint Hills Farm Station, Warrenton, Virginia.  Results of




the interpretation are shown on the map in Appendix E-l, along with the approxi-




mate locations of the animal populations listed on Table 6.  It should be noted,




that since the interpretations were made on 1970 photographs, some of the identi-




fied points may no longer exist.  However, many of the smaller operations listed




in the photographic interpretation would not have been listed in the SAD-SCS




survey of major farmers during May of 1974.






HIGH VALUES AND MEANS




Discussion of Data




     Table 7 shows that the high values (lows for D.O.) for most parameters,




during May occurred at Station BC-2.  The domestic animal population which most




influenced* data for this report is located upstream of Stations BC-2 and BC-5.




Seepage from the area upstream of Station BC-2 would strongly influence the May,




low-flow values but would be greatly diluted by the much higher August flows.




Waste from the animal population upstream of Station BC-5 was not reflected in




the May data due to the zero flow conditions which prevailed at that station.
* A single channel was assumed at Station BC-1 for all except flood conditions.




A second channel was discovered toward the end of the study.  This channel contains




flow only under extremely high runoff conditions.  Any runoff from the large hog




feeding operation upstream of this station would occur only after heavy rains'-and




would travel downstream via the second channel.  Therefore, the data of this report




does not reflect any effect of this waste source.






                                      29

-------
                                      TABLE 6

                            ANIMAL POPULATION - DISTRIBUTION
Station
Number
BC-1
BC-2

Cows Swine
300*
165**
100***
Miles Upstream
Stream
1.5
1.7
0.6
of Station
Tributary

0.3
0.4
BC-5
60
165****
*    Pens are located just above the swampy area which will be impounded
     (capacity of pens is much greater than 300 animals).  Runoff caused
     by heavy rains would be directly into the proposed impoundment.

**   These animals were located in woods adjacent to creek.

***  These animals were located on pastures which drain to a pond.  Any
     runoff entering the creek would be through the pond.

**** Any runoff from these animal pens is to a self contained lagoon.
     Discharge from this lagoon is directly to a large lake located
     immediately upstream of Station BC-5.
                                      30

-------
                                                                                              u
                                                                                              O-
                                  COMPARISON OF HIOH VALUES AND MONTHLt MEANS
                   {Excluding high values (lows for D.O.) which occurred under "0" flow conditions}
Parameter
    Basin Highs*
  {Sta. // (Value)}
  May	August
Means**(All data)        Monthly
                      Comparative
May        August   Meana  (August/May^ratio)
Physical
Temp. °C
Dissolved
Suspended


Solids - mg/1
Solids - mg/1

BC-2(22)
BC-6(84)
BC-1(28)

BC-5(26)
BC-2(307)
BC-1(22)

20.2
51.7
10.2

22.8
96.1
8.8

1.13
1.86
0.86
Chemical

   pH - units

   D.O. - mg/1

   BOD  - mg/1

   Org-N - mg/1

   NH3-N - mg/1

   TKN - mg/1

   N02+N03-N - mg/1

   Total P - mg/1

   TOC - mg/1
Bacteriological

   Fecal Coliform -
     counts/100 ml

  Lows for D.O.
**Oometric mean for
BC-K6.2)  BC-4(5.9)       5.7       5.2

BC-2U.5)  BC-6(2.2)       3.6       3.6

BC-2(5.5)  BC-5(3.6)       2.2       2.0

BC-2(0.78) BC-5(0.85)     0.29      0.47

BC-2(0.28) BC-K0.47)     0.09      0.08

BC-2(0.94) BC-5(0.90)     0.37      0.52

Less than detectable limits in most cases.

BC-K0.28) BC-5(0.47)     0.10      0.11

BC-2(17)   BC-K33)      12.2      20.3
                                  BC-2(7£00)  BC-2(8,400)     804
                                    316
                           0.91

                           1.00

                           0.91

                           1.62

                           0.89

                           1.41



                           1.10

                           1.66
                           0.39
                           coin form.

-------
     The August data in Table 7, however, does reflect the influence of the




waste sources upstream of Station BC-5.  August basin highs for WV$, Org-N,




TKN, and Total-P all occurred at this station.  Basin high fecal coliform




densities occurred at Station BC-2 during both months.




     The monthly comparative means column on Table 7 is a comparison of the




mean values of all data for a given parameter.  The water temperatures were




slightly higher in August.  Suspended solids, pH, BOD^, and NHj-N were all




slightly higher in May.  Mean D.O. values were the same during both months.




Mean values for dissolved solids, Org-N, TKN and TOC were all much higher




in August.  Most of the May values and all of the August values for NOjfNC^-N




were less than detectable limits.  Geometric mean fecal coliform densities were




all much higher in May.




     Much of this apparently inconsistent data may be clarified by considering




some of the many factors which can affect the data (e.g. hydrogeological char-




acteristics of the area, precipitation-hydrographs for the study period, local




farming practices and possible nutrient sources and pathways).




Factors Affecting Data




     Nutrients can enter the soil from many sources.  The two major sources in




the study area are through applied fertilizer and organic detritus.  A third




source which is not fully understood but may be of major importance is the ammonia




produced by leguminous crops.  Except for the discharge from a small oxidation.pond




serving a mobile home court downstream of Station BC-6, there are no municipal or




industrial point sources of pollution in the study area.




     Fertilizers applied to the croplands and pastures, cow manure dropped on




pastures and in feedlots, swine droppings in feedlots, leaf litter in the extensive




forests and swampy areas, and possible ammonia liberated by leguminous crops would




all decompose or otherwise be transformed.  Table 8   is a listing of possible sources




of nitrogen and phosphorus (excluding municipal and industrial point sources) on







                                      32

-------
(jj
                                                           TABLE 8




                              SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON A NATIONAL AND A WATERSHED SCALE
             Source
National
Wisconsin watersheds

Nitrogen
Million Tons
Fertilizer
Fixation
Manure
Plant residues
Precipitation
Total
6.8
3.0
1.0
2.5
liS
14.8
Phosphorus
Percent Million Tons
45.9
20.3
6.8
16.9
10.1
2.2
0
0.4
0.3
0.01
2.9
Percent
76
0
14
10
0
Nitrogen
Ibs/acre
10
12
42
45
8
117
Percent
8.5
10.3
35.9
38.5
6.8
Phosphorus
Ibs/acre
8
0
12
5
0
25
Percent
32
0
48
20
0

-------
both a national and a watershed scale.  Except for manure, yalues for  the  Little



Black Creek drainage basin  should be close, to those for the Wisconsin  watersheds.



Manure values in Table 8 are for manure Incorporated into the soil as  a  fertilizer.



In the Little Black Creek drainage basin, no manure is applied to the  cropland.^



Any nutrients entering the  streams from manure would come from seepage and runoff



from pastures and feedlots.  The number of these type operations in the  study area



is small.  Only 13.4 percent of the entire drainage basin is pasture land  and 6.5


                                               Q
percent is classified as idle or miscellaneous.



     Of the 32.5 percent of the basin utilized as cropland, 12.4 percent contains



corn, 9»4 percent peanuts, and 9.4 percent soybeans.   Local farmers till the soil



approximately five to six inches deep in early spring (March 1-15) and apply



approximately 500 Ibs/acre of 5-10-5 fertilizer.  During late April and early



May, approximately 100 Ibs/acre of nitrogen fertilizer is added to the soil for



the growing corn crops.  Fifty percent of this fertilizer is injected  directly into



the soil as anhydrous ammonia.  The remainder is broadcast as ammonium nitrate



and plowed into the soil.  No nitrogen fertilizers are applied to the  peanut


                                                  14
or soybean crops, since both are leguminous crops.



     The flat fields and pastures in the study area are composed of a  very



permeable, sandy soil with a shallow groundwater table below (see description



of study area).  According to Davis and DeWeist-*-  and Thorn,   surface water



runoff does not begin until the rainfall exceeds the soils infiltration capacity.



A portion of the infiltrating water flows slowly and laterally above the ground-



water table to nearby streams (interflow).The remainder will reach the watertable



and also flow slowly toward the streams (groundwater flow) .



     The rate of infiltration and resulting interflow and groundwater  flow, will



depend on the grade of the terrain.  Additional factors affecting.this rate



include soil permeability as well as the slope and gradient of the groundwater



table.
                                     34

-------
     Nitrate from applied fertilizers can follow two pathways through the soil.




It can be leached through the soil or immobilized in the soil organic matter.



Small amounts of rainfall and a low groundwater table present conditions


                             TO

favorable for immobilization.



     Nitrate which is immobilized can undergo ammonification (conversion of




organic nitrogen into the ammonium ion).    The rate of this process is pro-




portional to the pool of ammoniziable nitrogen.  Two mechanisms by which




ammonification take place are:  (1) bacterial decomposition of soluable




organic nitrogen, and (2) direct autolysis after both microbial and plant cell




death.16



     Large amounts of rainfall and a high groundwater table are favorable condi-



tions for nitrate leaching.  Relatively nonreactive solutes such as nitrates




can move through the soil with approximately the same velocity as does the soil



water.  Before peak leachate nutrient concentrations can appear in sub-surface



drainage water, Infiltrating rain or irrigation water must flow through the



surface soil and displace the nutrient rich solution through the soil profile.1^



     Nitrates which do leach through the soil can undergo denitrification before



reaching sub-surface drainage water.  The nitrate is used by anaerobic soil



organisms as a source of oxygen and in the process is converted to nitrogen gas.



A few bacteria can carry this reaction all the way to ammonia.13  The denitrification


                                                                      1 ft
process requires both an adequate supply of carbon as an energy source   and  anaerobic



soil conditions.-1-^  Anaerobic conditions usually occur in water saturated soil.



However, they can also occur in4 anaerobic micro-environments in an otherwise  well



drained soil.  If added water is sufficient to cause continuous movement of nitrate



through the soil, the residence time required for denitrification to occur in any

                                                                           /

significant amounts might not be met.^
                                     35

-------
     The ammonium  ion  can  enter the  soil  from three additional sources;  (1) the




 ammonium portion of  the  ammonium nitrate  fertilizer,  (2) injected anhydrous



 ammonia, and  (3) ammonia liberated by  leguminous crops.  Anhydrous ammonia which



 is injected into the soil  is  converted almost immediately to the ammonium ion



 by the most minute quantities of soil  moisture.



     Leguminous crops  (soybeans and  peanuts), which cover approximately nineteen



 percent of the total area  of  the Little Black Creek drainage basin, * biologically



 fix nitrogen  from the  atmosphere.  In  this process, the bacterium Rhizobium enters




 the root hairs of the  legume  root.   The cell wall of  the root hair invaginates to



 form an infection thread.  A  few of  the threads grow  back to the base of the hair



 and enter the root.  The ends of the infection threads rupture and release the



bacteria into the root cells.   The infected cells grow into nodules in which the




bacteria produce ammonia.



     This ammonia is immediately utilized by the plant.  However, most of the



 infective thread growths abort  through rupture and subsequent death before reaching



 the root..    The ammonia which  is produced during the abortive growth is liberated



 into the surrounding soil  and converted to the ammonium ion.  This hypothesis



 is supported by observations  of farmers concerning weed growth in soybean rows.



When certain weeds are physically pulled up, their root masses are asymetrical.



The side near the soybean  plants are very thick and well developed.  The other



 side is usually very sparse and underdeveloped.  This shows that the weed is



gaining nutrients from the area of the legume roots.



     Reactive solutes such as the phosphate and ammonium ions and organic carbon



are firmly, yet not absolutely  secured by the soil matrix.  Consequently, they



will move through the soil profile, but at a much slower rate than the percolating




water.   The rate of their  movement is  governed by soil type, microbiological



transformations and syntheses,  precipitation, adsorption-desorption, and other


                                            13
physical-chemical reactions with the matrix.    Sandy soils exhibit a much smaller



affinity for reactive solutes than do  clayey soils. '



                                     36

-------
     Both the availability of phosphate for plant use and its freedom of movement




through the soil column decreases exponentially with time after application.




Recent research work indicates that chemical reactions immobilize more than




fifty percent of added soluable phosphate in a few hours after application




and an additional ten percent in approximately one month or so.  However, the




phosphate conversion rate again depends on the soil type or chemical reactivity




of the soil.  The amount of biological immobilization which occurs simultaneously



                                                                           1 *^
with the chemical reactions depends upon the amount of biological activity.




     Some small amounts of material will reach the streams by surface water




runoff after intensive rains.  The rate and volume of runoff from the cultivated




fields will be reduced drastically by the flat terrain, the soil permeability,




and the forests which border the streams in the study area.  Any surface water




runoff from shallow tilled sandy soils carries only negligible amounts of




nitrate and phosphate.^




 ;    Organic detritus, the other major nutrient source in the study area, results




primarily from forest litter in the extensive forests and swampy areas.  Nearly




fifty percent of the entire drainage basin is forest.  Leaves significantly




affect water quality in small streams.20  According to Ruttner * and Reid11




nitrogen, in the form of ammonia and ammonium compounds, is released into streams




mainly through the decomposition of organic debris.  The work of many researchers22




indicates that the phosphorus load from pastures, orchards and forests are higher




than from cropland.   Both the nitrogen and phosphorus present in agricultural




runoff was estimated by sampling small streams which did not receive any municipal




or industrial discharges.  The sampling program of these researchers indicated




that higher nutrient values usually occurred in streams which drained forests




and slightly marshy type areas.
                                    37

-------
     Another source of phosphorus to be considered is atmospheric  input  from




dust and precipitation.  These inputs may be more significant than those from




detergent, industrial or agricultural runoff, especially in low population




areas.^°  There are no incorporated towns within the Little Black  Creek  drainage




basin.




     The above discussions plus a 10-hour rain period totaling 1.75 inches the




day before commencement of May sampling suggest very plausible explanations




for the apparently inconsistent data.




     Intensive rainfall in May, within two weeks after fresh tillage of




approximately six percent of the entire drainage basin, led to the slight elevatic




in suspended solids.   In August, heavier rains fell on plowed fields on  which




crust had formed and  which were covered by either full grown plants or harvest




residue.




     The low groundwater table and lack of precipitation which occurred  in early




May would have been conducive to immobilization and ammonification of the nitrate_




portion of the freshly applied ammonium nitrate fertilizer.  These ammonium ions




would join with those from the same fertilizer, those from the injected  anhydrous




ammonia, and possibly those liberated by the leguminous crops.  A  large, drainage




basin pool of ammonium ions would then be formed, in the dry, sandy soil column.




Intensive rains could then rapidly move them toward the streams via interflow.




     Aerobic bacteria in the stream would oxadize the ammonium ion to nitrates




and nitrites.   This would explain the few occurrances of nitrates  and nitrites




above detectable limits during May.   This conversion would exert an increased




oxygen demand and explain the slightly elevated BOD5 values for May.  The "flash




flood" nature of the  May 12-15 hydrograph on Figure 3 and the consequently




reduced reaction time explains why an even greater oxygen demand did not occur.
                                    38

-------
     Increased washout of the woods and increased swampy areas, and increased


atmospheric contributions resulted in higher total phosphorus during August.


     The extended low flow conditions which existed during June and July (Figure


1) immediately preceeding the August high flow sampling period caused many stag-


nant pools of water which were rich in detritus.  This would have allowed ample


opportunity and time for decay of forest litter, and concentration of dissolved


solids, organic carbon, and organic nitrogen before flushing by the high August


flows.  These flows, in addition to the resulting decrease in wasteload time,


explain why an elevated oxygen demand was not measured in August.


     Fecal coliforms reach the streams mainly by surface water runoff.  Both


increases and maxima for this parameter usually lag behind hydrographic increases

           ^o               •
and maxima. ,   The high mean fecal coliform densities encountered in May and the


steady five day decrease in mean daily values (1,670; 1,350; 1,050; 625 and 500)


should, according to this argument, represent the declining slope of a hydrograph.


Reference to the May sampling period on Figure 3 shows this to indeed be the


case.  Figure 1 shows that all August sampling was performed either during hydro-


graphic maxima or during low flows following hydrographic maxima.  This should


and does indicate lower fecal coliform densities than occurred immediately after


the peak discharge.




LONG TERM BOD


     Long term BOD (1,4,5,7,10,12,14,16,18 and 20 day) analyses were performed


on a single sample collected from Station BC-1 on May 17, 1974.  A least squares


analysis24 of this data produced the following results:


     La = Ultimate Carbonaceous Demand       =     2.33 mg/1


     k-L = Carbonaceous Rate Coefficient*     =     0.20/day


     Na - Ultimate Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand =     3.2 mg/1
* Both rate coefficients are to the base e at 20°C.
                                    39

-------
      k.  = Nitrogenous  Rate Coefficient*              =     0.035/day

      tn  = Lag time  to  initiation of nitrogenous
           (2nd stage)  oxygen demand                  =    11.5  days

      Figure  5 is  a  plot  of both the observed  values  and  those  predicted by the

 following equations:


      Y=La(1.0-e     ) when  ttn

      Y =  oxygen demand at  time  t

 These values  are  typical and are included for use in  any  future modeling efforts

 with  this data.


 TIME  OF TRAVEL STUDIES
     Throughout the week of May 13-17, time of travel studies were performed by

the use of dye tracer techniques.  Because of the low flow conditions, no dye

was detected at any of the downstream sampling stations.  These studies were

repeated during August under the indicated flow conditions.

     Station
     Number                         Date                 Flow Conditions

     BC-2A                        August 7                   High

     BC-3                         August 13                  High

     BC-2                         August 13                  High

     BC-2A                        August 28                 Medium

  •   BC-3A                        August 28                 Medium

Results of these studies are presented in Table 9 and in Figures 6-10.


DIURNAL STUDIES

     Diurnal studies were performed at Station BC-1 under ultra-16w>flow conditions

during November,  1974 and under peaking flood conditions during January, 1975
*  Both rate coefficients are to the base e at 20°C.
                                    40

-------
LONG TERM  BOD
  STATION E-l
     PREDICTED
   • OBSERVED
         10
       DAYS

-------
      TABLE 9




TIME OF TRAVEL DATA
"FROM"
STA. //
BC-2A
BC-3
BC-2
BC-3A
^
BC-2A
"TO"
STA. //
BC-2
BC-2
BC-1
BC-3
BC-2
DATE /TIME
OF DYE
DUMP
8/7/74
1740
8/13/74
1300
8/13/74
1330
8/28/74
0740
8/28/74
0815
DATE /TIME
OF PEAK
ARRIVAL
8/7/74
2030
8/14/74
0700
8/14/74
0300
8/29/74
0500
8/28/74
1400
LENGTH
OF REACH
MILES
0.555
2.208
2.000
1.556
0.556
VELOCITY
IN Rt,Aui
MILES/HR
0.196
0.123
0.148
0.073
0.097
AVG. DISCHARGE
FROM DUMP TIME *«
(CFS)
TO
PEAK ARRIVAL TIME
50.4
12.1
14.3
4.5
5.1





-------
   130-
   120-
    110-
LJ
O
   100-
    •0-
t  .OH
CO
o:
    ro-
    60-
    so-
   40-
   30-
    20-
    10-
TIME OF  TRAVEL-STATION BC- 2
DYE  DUMPED AT STATION  BC-2A
AT  1740  hrs. ON SEPTEMBER  8,
1974 DYE TRAVELED 0.56  mlU«
     ISOO  1830   I90O  1930  2000 203O  2100   2130  220O  223O  23OO  2330  2400  003O  OHO  0130  0200
                             SEPTEMBER 7,1974                              SEPTEMBER  8,1974

-------
                                                       FIG. 7
UJ
o
   3-
CO
<
   3-
   2-
                                                                         TIME OF  TRAVEL-STATION BC-2
                                                                         DYE DUMPED AT STATION BC-3
                                                                         AT 1300  hr*. ON SEPTEMBER 13,
                                                                         1974  DYE TRAVELED  2.21  mll««.
                                                                                   -t-
    1600  1900  20OO  21OO  22OO  23OO  24OO   0100  020O  05OO  04OO OSOO  MOO  0700  08OO  0900
              SEPTEMBER  13,1974                         SEPTEMBER 14,1974
IOOO  MOO  I2OO   I3OO

-------
UJ
o
<  3
o:
   2-
                                                                      TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-I

                                                                      DYE  DUMPED AT STATION  BC-2

                                                                      AT 1330 hrs ON  SEPTEMBER  13,

                                                                      1974  DYE  TRAVELED  2.00 mile*.
    1800  1900   2000  2IOO  2200   2300  240O

            SEPTEMBER 13,1974
0100  0200  0300  04OO  OSOO  0600 0700  0800 09OO

            SEPTEMBER, 14, (974
1000  1100   1200   1300

-------
a:
   9-
   6 i

   5 -

   4 -

   3 -

   2 -
                                                                     TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-3
                                                                     DYE DUMPED  AT STATION  BC-3A
                                                                     AT  0740 hrs  ON SEPTEMBER 28,1974
                                                                     DYE TRAVELED 1.56 milts.
    2100  2200 2300  24OO  OtOO
    SEPTEMBER 28,1974
0200 03OO
                            i     i      i     i
                           OTOO  0600  O9OO 1000
04 OO 0800 0600
          SEPTEMBER  29,1974
                                                                                ITT     II     \
                                                                               1100  1200  1300  I4OO   ISOO  1600

-------
Lul
O


I-
t /o-


Z 60~
<

H 5°-

55
   40 -


   30-


   20-


   10-
                                                                   TIME OF TRAVEL-STATION BC-2
                                                                   DYE DUMPED AT STATION- BC-2A

                                                                   AT 0615 hrs ON SEPTEMBER 28,

                                                                   1974  DYE TRAVELED  0.56 miles.
    0900  WOO  IIOO   I20O  1300  I40O  I50O  I6OO   I7OO 1800   I90O 20  2IOO 22OO  23'oO  24OO  OIOO  020O OSOO  040O

                        SEPTEMBER 25,1974                                           SEPTEMBER 29,1974

-------
 (Figure  1).  Results of these  studies  are  presented in Appendix B.  No


 significant diurnal variations were noted  during either period.




 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL NON-POINT SOURCE RUNOFF LOADS


     The gross assessment performed in this watershed was accomplished by applying


 loading factors to six drainages which were fully described according to land use,


 soil type, topographic features, livestock/poultry counts and historic climatic


 conditions.  A detailed report is given in Appendix C with applicable loading


 factors stated.   A brief summary of the results on an annual basis, a seasonal


wet period (June to August) basis and for selected storms follows:

                    - *     *-      •'   ";'*       '   -          '•.'
     •  The Little Black 'Creek drainage basin contains 9,985 acres and is


        broken into 6 drainages ranging in size from 954 to 2,355 acres.


     •  It undergoes an annual erosion of 17,672 tons and a wet period


        erosion  (June-August)  of 7,952 tons.


     •  It has an annual sediment delivery of 1,633 tons and a wet period


        sediment delivery  of 735 tons.


     •  A one  inch per  hour rain storm produces seven percent of the average


        annual  sediment load.*


     •  A two  inch per  hour rain storm produces thirty-two percent of the


        average  annual  sediment load.*


     •  Livestock and poultry  produce  about five percent of the N, six


        percent  of the  P,  and  fifteen  percent  of the BOD.


     •  Forest and pasture litter provides about thirty-one percent of


        the N, seven  percent of the  P,  and eighty-five percent of  the


        BOD.


     •  Sediment  produces  about sixty-four percent  of  the  N, eighty-seven


        percent  of "the "P,'plus  negligible BOD.   This includes dissolved N and P.
* Under average  soil moisture.antecedant conditions.
                                    48

-------
      The analysis was performed to establish, potential loads for typical


.conditions according to relationships stated on page Mc" of the report.


 Attenuation effect of control/practices can Be determined using these cal-
*

 culations; however, it is unlikely that a valid comparison can Be made Between


 stream loads Based on sampling and these gross assessment loads.



 HYDROCOMP WATER QUALITY PREDICTIONS


 General


      The postimpoundment water quality of the Little Black Creek drainage


 basin was simulated using the combined hydrologic and water quality models


 known as the Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP) model.  The models


 were calibrated (or adapted)  to local conditions using observed hydrometeorologic


 and water quality data collected by the Environmental Protection Agency.  In


 calibrating the model,  it was assumed that the animal population of a hog farm


 upstream from Station BC-1 was  reflected in the water quality data at BC-1.


 Later it was determined that  this was not the case.  Flow at BC-1 was multi-


 channel rather than single channel as originally assumed and the hog farm waste


 was Being carried By a   channel which was not sampled.   Inclusion of the hog


 population would have increased the BOD5, NH -N and organic N loadings, and


 the fecal coliforn densities';atv.Statiori  BC~l'aB~ove, those used  for model  calibration.


 The net effect of this  error  would Be to increase rate  coefficients above BC-1

 since in calibrating the  model,  this would force the waste to degrade before


 reading BC-1.

      Water quality in the basin was simulated for a five  year period, both with


 and without the proposed  impoundment.   The resulting time series of water quality


^constituents were analyzed to determine the percentage  of time that various


 concentration  levels  would be exceeded both. with, and without the impoundment.


 The result of  these analyses were  compared with Georgia Water Quality Standards.

-------
 Temperature




      The  HSP  model predicts that the impoundment will dampen out  extreme tempera-




 tures,  both on an annual and on a seasonal basis.  Predicted peak temperatures




 with the  impoundment  were less than 28°C at all times, well below the  Georgia




 water quality standard of 32.2°C.  Without the impoundment, predicted  peak




 temperatures  exceeded 30 C and may exceed the state standard a small percentage




 of  the  time in the summer.




 Dissolved Oxygen




      The HSP  model predicts that on an annual basis instantaneous minimum standard




 of  4.0 mg/1 D.O.  would be violated 12  percent of the time without the  impoundment




 and 40 percent  of the time  with the impoundment.  During July and August the




 predictions indicate  that the  instantaneous standard would  be violated 100 per-




 cent  of the time  with the impoundment  and 14 percent of the time  without the




 impoundment.  Predictions also indicated that the daily average D.O. standard




 of  5.0 mg/1 would  be  violated  100 percent of the time with  the impoundment and




 28  percent of the  time without the impoundment  for  the period June through




 September.




     Hydrocomp used a very  high,  possibly unrealistic,  NH_  nitrification rate




 coefficient of 0.1 per hour, rather than a more  typical value such as  0.0185




 per hour.   Consequently,  the simulated  D.O.  concentrations  represent the worst




 likely conditions; and actual  D.O.  concentrations may be considerably higher




 than simulated.




Fecal Coliform




     The last Georgia water quality standard  of  concern was  the fecal coliform




standard for body contact recreation*.   It  is difficult to  compare the HSP model
* Measured values not to exceed 200  fecal  colif orms/lOO.. ml based, on a.geometric mean




  of four or more samples taken at least 24 hours apart.






                                     50

-------
predictions with the standards since  the  predicted  data  do  not  fit  the




criteria of discrete samples collected  at least  24  Hours apart.  However,




the probability of violations with, and  without the  impoundment  can  Be




addressed in relative terms.  The  predictions on an annual  basis indicated




that fecal coliform counts greater than 200/100  ml  would occur  2 percent of




the time with the impoundment and  83  percent of  the time without the impound-




ment thus indicating a -much, higher probability of standards violations without




the impoundment.  Results on a seasonal basis (June-September)  were similar




(3% >. 200/100 ml with the impoundment and 87% >  200/100  ml  without  the impound-




ment) .




Five Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODc)




     The HSP predictions of BODc concentrations  indicate that the impoundment




will have a dampening effect.  Predicted  concentrations  on  an annual basis indi-




cated that the BODc would be less  than  3.0 mg/1  99  percent  of the time with




the impoundment but only 53 percent of  the time  without  the impoundment.  Seasonal




predictions indicate that the highest BODij concentrations would occur during  the




high flow period from December through  March with the impoundment since the high




flows would reduce the dampening effect.  Without the impoundment consistently




high BODr's occur throughout the spring and summer  (i.e., BOD5  concentration




grater than 3.0 mg/1 69 percent of the  time from April through  September).




The maximum predicted BOD<- concentration  with the impoundment was 7.0 mg/1




while concentrations in excess of  15.0  mg/1 were predicted  without  the impoundment.




Nitrogen and Phosphorus Species




     Predicted concentration frequencies  for the various species are presented




on Figures 11 and 12.  HSP made no predictions as to the eutrophication potential




which would exist at the various nutrient concentrations.
                                     51

-------
                                    FIG. II
Ul
K>
       I.OO-i
                           FRENQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION
                             OF NUTRIENT VALUES
                            WITH THE IMPOUNDMENT
                             ON AN ANNUAL BASIS
                  20       40       tO       80       100


                      CUMULATIVE-PERCENT OCCURENCE
                                                          A  N03-M

                                                          •  NHj-N

                                                          •  ORGANIC N

-------
l-n
CO
       1.00
    O»

    E
    h-
    z
    UJ
    o

    o
    o
        FRENQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION

           OF NUTRIENT  VALUES

        WITHOUT THE IMPOUNDMENT

           ON AN ANNUAL  BASIS
                                          NH3 -N



                                          ORGANIC N
                                          P04-P
                                                          NOTE:
                                         II % OP NUTRIENT VALUES

                                         WERE UNDEFINED
20        40


 CUMULATIVE   PERCENT  'OCCURENCE
                                                     too-

-------
     This  representation appears to be oversimplified  especially vith  regard


 to  the  conversion  of  organic-N and NHL^N to NO-..   The  high nitrification  rate


 coefficient  referenced  to earlier in the section  on dissolved oxygen would


 account for  this high conversion, but the basis for the  problem appears to


 be  the  assumption  of  a  one-way conversion for  a naturally cyclic process.


 Total Dissolved Solids  (TDS)


     Hydrocomp predicted that the impoundment  would increase the TDS concen-


 trations slightly  above those of the uncontrolled stream (greater than 50 mg/1


 100 percent  of the time with  the impoundment and  89 percent of the  time without


 the impoundment).   However, peak concentrations would  occur ir the  free flowing


 environment  (greater  than 90  mg/1 one percent  of  the time without the  impoundment


 and never  exceeding 70  mg/1 with the impoundment).



 PROBLEM AREAS


 General

                                                           o c
     Both  the Hydrocomp Simulation Programming (HSP) Model  and the data of


 this report  point  out problems with the  discharge waters  of the proposed impound-


 ment meeting the Georgia Water Quality Standards  for dissolved oxygen  (D.O).


 The D.O. of waters  in rural streams can  be  depressed by both carbonaceous and


 nitrogenous  oxygen  demands.   Water entering streams from  springs, subterranean


 channels, or groundwater seepage is typically  low in D.O.


     In an attempt  to better  define problem areas,  loadings comparisons were


 made on both a Ibs/acre/day and a Ibs/day basis.   These  comparisons were made


 between the different sub-basins in the  overall Little Black Creek  drainage


 basin (see foldout map  in Appendix E-l).  For  purposes of  these comparisons,


 a sub-basin is defined  as  the  drainage area upstream of a  given station, but


not included in an upstream sub-basin.

-------
      These modes  of  comparison  require both analytical and discharge  data.

 During the entire study  period,  these two pieces of data were available con-

 currently for most stations during only two days (August 29 and  30).   Since

 no  discharge determinations were performed at Station BC-2, discussion of

 problems  in the BC-2 sub-basin will be based on concentrations only.   Flows

 during these two  days were medium to low (Figures 1 and 2) .

      Table 10 is  a comparison of the mean loadings for these two days.   It is

 apparent  that the BC-6 sub-basin is the major contributor on a Ibs/acre/day

 basis  and  one of  the major contributors on a Ibs/day  basis.   Table 11  gives

 the relative magnitude of the BC-6  sub-basin contribution when compared  to

 other  sub-basins.  The following sub-basin size comparison  emphasizes  the

magnitude  of the BC-6 sub-basin  contribution under medium to low flow  conditions.


                          Upstream  Drainage             Fractional Size
     Sub-basin              Area  (acres)              Comparison with BC-6

       BC-1                      1210                         1.27

       BC-2                      2355                         2.47

       BC-3                      2099                         2.20

       BC-4                     1536                         1.61

       BC-5                      1741                         1.82

       BC-6                      954                        	


     Figures 13  through 18 point out major nutrient contributions between

Stations BC-6  and BC-3.   This  includes  the BC-3 and BC-5  sub-basins.

     As pointed  out earlier in the discussion of high values and means, the

highest fecal  coliform  densities in May or August occurred  at Station BC-2.

This indicates  a major  bacteriological  input between stations BC-2 and BC-3

 (includes BC-2  and BC-4  sub-basin) .
                                     55

-------
                                       TABLE 10




                           SUB-BASIN. LOADINGS COMPARISONS
                                                                -L*
Sub-basin
BC-1
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
TOC
430
710
225
130
2,510
BOD5
'32
79
18
22
387
°Tot.-P
2.3
5.4
0.2
2.0
11.2
Mean Loadings (August
BC-1
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
BC-6
423
341
34
23
239
32
38
2.7
3.8
37
2.3
2.6
0.03
0.35
1.1
Org-N
8
18
5
4
52
NH^-N
0.9
2.2
0.6
0.4
11.1
Fecal Coliform
13.2
311
1.9
0.3
1,100
29-30) -Lbs /day**
7.9
8.7
0.81
0.62
5.0
0.9
1.1
0.10
0.06
1.1
1,300
14,900
29
6
10,500
*  Fecal coliform loadings are geometric mean F.C./acre/day  x




** Fecal coliform loadings are geometric mean F.C./day x  10
                                     56

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                                    TABLE 11

               FRACTIONAL COMPARISON OF BC-6 SUB-BASIN LOADINGS
    VALUES WITH OTHES SI?B*BASIXS- (ratio of BCr<6 values. to. comparing sub-basin)

                                       Ibs/acre/day Basis*
Comparing
Sub-basin
BC-1
BC-3
BC-A
BC-5
BC-1
BC-3
BC-4
BC-5
TOC
5.8
3.5
11.2
19.3
0.55
0.70
7.03
10.60
BODs
12.1
4.9
21.5
17.6
1.16
0.97
13.70
9.70
Tot-P
4.9
2.1
56
516
0.47
0.41
35.7
3.06
Org-N
6.5
2.9
10.4
13.0
Ibs /day
0.63
0.57
6.17
8.06
NH-5-N
12.3
5.0
18.3
27.8
Basis**
1.18
0.96
10.60
17.70
Fecal
Colifonn
83.6
3.6
578
3,247
8.1
0.71
359
1,757
 * Fecal coliform ratios are based on geometric mean F.C./acre/day~x

** Fecal coliform ratios are based on geometric mean F.C./day x  10'
                                     57

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Ln
00
       5OO-
       400-
       300-
       200-
        100-
      MILES UPSTREAM
        OF BC-I

       STATION ••—>• BC-6
                                                            FIG. 13

                                                       TOC   PROFILE



                                         •   %  OF  ENTIRE  DRAINAGE  BASIN UPSTREAM  OF  STATION

                                         Q   TOC -Ibs/doy (mean  of AUG.-29-30)
BC-3

-------
                                              BOD5  PROFILE
                                          % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION

                                          BOD5 - Ibs/doy (mean of AUG. 29-30)
MILES  UPSTREAM
   OF BC-I	'
 STATION -BC-6
J-  8
                                     I
                                   BC-3
 Q

BC-I

-------
&U.CS UPSTREAM    .
  OF BC-I    '   8
 STATION -*-*e-6
                                                      FIG. 15
                                                  Tot-P  PROFILE
                                    •  % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATATION

                                    0  Tot-P- lb«/doy  (mean of AUG.- 29-30 )
BC-3
                                                                                              BC-6-

-------
                                                  FIG.  16
                                               Org-N  PROFILE
                                 •  % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE  BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION

                                 ®  Org-N- Ibt/day (mtan of AUG.-29-30)
MILES  UPSTREAMi
  OF BC-I	T
 STATION^	8C-6
BC-3

-------
                                                 FIG.17

                                              NH3-N  PROFILE


                                •  % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STREAM
                                0  -NHS -w- ib« /da* (mtan of AUG. 29-3O)
MILES-UPCTREAM  I,
  OF BC-I	•*•
 STATION  -*-BC-6
 i
 I
BC-3
 ?
BC-6

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                                            FECAL  COLIFORM  PROFILE
K

 o
 -t
 X
 o
 •o
                                                   • — % OF ENTIRE DRAINAGE BASIN UPSTREAM OF STATION




                                                   0 J- FECAL  COLIFORM - F. C./doy X I07(mto* of AUO. 29 -30)
    MILES UPSTREAM

       OF BC-I

     STATION 	»-BC-6
BC-3

-------
     If all of  the nutrient  inputs in the overall drainage basin were  from



decaying vegatative matter  Cforest and pasture litter), the carbon to  nitrogen



ratio  (C;N) in  the stream would be very high.  The mean C :N for trees  indigenous


                          *)f\

to the study area is 59:1. t   Since the  soluble  carbon in streams should remain



fairly constant for a given  rural area, the C:.N should be lowered mainly by



the introduction of extraneous nitrogen.  In rural areas, this is accomplished



by the introduction of nutrients from decaying vegetative matter, fertilizer,



animal manure, and domestic  sewage.  The mean C: N for domestic animals  in the


                  27                                 9R
study area is 12:1   and for domestic sewage is 5:1.



     It would not be practical to remove all forest and pasture litter  or to



have farmers stop the application of fertilizers.  However, good fanning manage-



ment practices can reduce nutrient inputs from fertilizer.   The elimination of



nutrient inputs from animal  manure and domestic sewage is the most practical



means of elevating the C:N ratio (indicative of reduction in nitrogen  inputs).



     The following sections  examine each of the above mentioned problem areas



in detail.  Possible reasons for and solutions to the problems from the view-



point of animal and domestic waste reduction are given.  Also discussed is



a potential problem in the BC-1  sub-basin which was mentioned earlier  in the



footnote on page



BC-6 Sub-basin



     On only one day was it  possible to compare the BC-6 Sub-basin with the



entire drainage basin (Station  BC-1) under high runoff conditions.  Under these



conditions, the loadings at  Station BC-1 were much greater than at Station BC-6.



Since it is easy to see from Figure 1 that medium and low flow conditions prevail



during the major portion of  the  year, the continued medium and l°w flow contribu-



tion from this sub-basin will  have a significant impact on the proposed impoundment.
                                      64

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      The many possible sources  for these inordinately high  loadings  include:



 (1)  agricultural runoff;  (2)  forest runoff;  (3)  runoff from confined animal



 feeding operations;  (4) cross drainage  from  adjoining drainage basins,  and



 (5)  polluted water from springs or groundwater seepage.



      The following points invalidate the first four  causes  as major  contributors.



      (1)  As discussed earlier, agricultural runoff  in the  study area is



          negligible except under  intensive  rainfall-runoff  conditions.



          The medium to low flow conditions  during the period under  dis-



          cussion represent low runoff  conditions.



      (2)  Low runoff conditions and  the fact that the sub-basin has  only



          25 percent forest cover  indicates  that very little forest  runoff



          would have occurred during  the period under discussion.



      (3)  As far as could be determined by either the SAD-SCS animal  population



          survey or the EPA-EPIC waste  source inventory, no point sources



          of pollution (confined animal feeding operations) exist in  this



          sub-basin.



      (A)  On-site inspections by SCS  personnel revealed no cross-drainage



          from adjoining drainage basins.



     Based on the above arguments, the  most  likely origin of high loadings appears



to be an underground source.  This thesis is supported by both the chemical and



discharge data of this study, plus the  hydrogeological  characteristics of the



study area.



     The consistantly low D.O. values for this sub-basin are indicative of ground-


              11
water seepage.



     The BC-6 Sub-basin is only 0.62  and 0.55 times  as  large as the BC-4 and



BC-5 Sub-basins respectively.  The following discharge data, however, indicate



that the BC-6 Sub-basin should have a much larger drainage basin than either of



the other two.




                                      65

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                                                  Flow-cfs

     Date                      -cS           — •  BC
                                                                    BC-6
     May  (all visits)             0                  0              Flow




     August 29                  0.3                0.3              6-0   .




     August 30             '    0.4                0.1              1>9






     This apparent  discrepancy in flow can be explained with a map  showing flow




characteristics of  the  area surrounding the BC-6 sub-basin (Figure  19).  Ground-




water flow in this  area roughly parallels the flow of Little Black  Creek.  This




contention is supported by the flow direction of the major rivers in  the study




area (Appendix E-2) .  Figure 19 shows that shallow groundwater flow should reach




the BC-6 sub-basin  without significant interference.  Shallow groundwater flow




toward the BC-5 and BC-4 sub-basins should, however, be intercepted by Little




Lotts Creek and Upper Black Creek respectively.   This would reduce  the ground-




water induced base  flow in the two latter sub-basins.




     Although Statesboro,  Georgia is served by a sewage treatment plant, many



                                                                    14
of the recently annexed outlying areas are serviced by septic tanks.    Since




groundwater flow is apparently from Statesboro into the BC-6 Sub-basin (Figure




19 and Appendix E-2), septic tank drainage could possibly pollute the groundwater




entering the sub-basin.




     If future groundwater sampling in the upper end of the BC-6 Sub-basin indicates




that this is the case,  the only economically feasible solution to the problem would




be the elimination  of all  upgradient septic tanks.




BC-3 Sub-basin



     As mentioned earlier  and  illustrated in Figures 13 through 18, there is a




major pollutional input  in this sub-basin somewhere between Stations  BC-3 and BC-6.




Contributions from  the  BC-5  Sub-basin can be disregarded as shown by  its insignifi-




cant Ibs/day input  depicted  in Table 10.




     Three possible sources  are the two hog feeding and one poultry  feeding operations




identified by EPA~EPIC  and shown on the map in Appendix £-1.   The status of these




                                       66

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                           FIG.19

                  FLOW  CHARACTERISTICS
                      OF THE  AREA
               SURROUNDING THE BC-6  SUB-BASIN
                                                N
       \
LEGEND:
      PERENNIAL STREAM
	—  INTERMITTENT
      STREAM

— ——  BC-6 DRAINAGE
      BASIN BOUNDARY
                I
                 \
         BC-3
         SUB-BASIN
                          67

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 operations  as  to  size  or existance during the study period are unknown.




      The  other source  is the  mobile home court identified by EPA-EPIC  and




 shown on  the map  in Appendix  E-l.   This source was  also identified by  field




 sampling  personnel during the study.   The court contains thirteen mobile homes




 which house thirty-five  to forty people.  All sanitary waste from the  court




 is  treated  in  a 1.5 acre oxidation pond having a normal flow of 0.6 cubic




 feet  per  second (CFS).   Maximum flow from the pond  before overflow through




 an  emergency sluceway  is 1.0  c.f.s.l^




      Possible  solutions  to waste source problems in this area include:   (1)




 containment and treatment  of  all runoff from  any animal feeding operations,




 and (2) upgrading of the court's waste treatment system or connection  with the




 Statesboro municipal system.




 BC-2  Sub-basin




      The absence of discharge data for Station BC-2 precluded comparisons of its




 sub-basin with  the other sub-basins on a loadings basis.   However, this station




 is of major importance in  the identification  of problem areas.   It exhibited




 the highest concentrations for most parameters during  the May sampling period.




Negligible runoff conditions and resultant low stream  flow existed over the




entire drainage basin during this  time.   The  major  identifiable  sources of pollu-




tion  in this area are animal feeding  operations.  A possible  solution  to this




problem would be the containment and  treatment of any  seepage  or runoff from




these operations.




BC-1 Sub-basin




     The major characteristic of this  sub-basin  appears  to  be  its reduction in




most cases of  the  pollutional loading  contributed by the  BC-3  Sub-basin (Table 10)




and reduction  of the high concentrations  exhibited  by  Station  BC-2 (Appendix B).




This capacity  is explained by the  soil  types  described  in  the  description of the




study area.   The forty-two percent minor  soils  and  ten  percent Pelham  soils are
                                    68

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 all  subject  to  complete inundation for extended portions of the year.  This gives



 rise to an intermittent swampy environment.  The capacity of swamps to effectively




 remove nutrients from water is not fully understood.  However, the work of many




 researchers  indicates that swamps are effective "treatment" systems.  Some inves-




 tigators estimate that swamps can remove up to fifty percent and thirty percent



                                                                          9Q
 of the nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, from waters flowing through.




     A major  
-------
                                                                  FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION
                                                                  AVERAGED DAILY DISSOLVED
                                                                  OXYGEN  JUNE-SEPTEMBER
                                                                  SEASONAL ANALYSIS.
3-
4 -
                                                                           0.8
0.9
                         FRACTION OF TIME  D.O.  LESS  THAN VALUE GIVEN

-------
      This figure shows  that the average daily D.O.  will be greater than 1.0 mg/1


 99.5 percent of  the time in the summer season.  The summer season, as defined in


 the HSP report,  is  June through September (122 days).   It can be inferred from


 the above statistic that 'D.O.  concentrations of less than 1.0 mg/1 will not be


 a yearly occurrance, but should occur perhaps every other year.
                                                                       . i
      It can  be estimated,  therefore,  that,  at least once during  the year, the
                                                                         •4?
 difference in D.O.  between 5.0 mg/1 and 1.0 mg/1 will  have to be made up.   Since


 the lake will typically  be operating  near the level of the primary spillway,  its'

                                                       q
 volume  will  be approximately 2,000  acre feet (2.5 x 10  liters).   Satisfaction of


 the 4.0 mg/1 D.O. deficit  in the  lake would require 22,026 pounds {(4.0 mg/1)
 (2,5 x 109 liters) (.-^am )  ( ?ounds  ) } of molecular oxygen.
                    10J rag   454 gram

     This amount of oxygen is an estimate of  the minimum required  if  the  impound-


ment were to begin the summer season  at 5.0 mg/1 of D.O. and gradually decline  to


a 1.0 mg/1 level at the end of the season.  This situation probably will  not occur.


The gradual decline will be interrupted by periods of high flow.   These high flows


will replace the oxygen deficient water in the lake with oxygen rich  water.  Despite


this, the actual oxygen requirement is likely to be greater, possibly several


times that of the estimated amounts.  An estimate of the actual amount of supple-


mental oxygen required could be made  by having Hydrocomp re-run their model with


these features included.

     Dissolving enough oxygen in the  lake may present a problem.   Mechanical surface


aerators are a possibility, but their use would not be wise.  These units are very


inefficient when operated at high levels of dissolved oxygen.  In  addition, they


require maintenance and constant care, present a danger to the public, and are

subject to vandalism.   Because of the areal extent of the lake, many  such units
                                                                          J

would be required to  aerate the entire body of water. '
                                      71

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      The most reasonable possibility would involve the use of molecular oxygen
 (either gaseous or liquid) and a system of diffusers.  Such, a system is being
 investigated by the U. S. Anny Corps of Engineers for use in clarke Hill Reservoir
 on the Georgia-South Carolina border.
      In a 15 foot deep lake,  a diffuser might typically achieve absorption
 efficiencies of  twenty to forty percent.   Based on thirty percent  efficiency,
 about  73,000 pounds  or thirty-seven tons  of oxygen would  be  required as  a minium
 over the  summer  season to satisfy  the 4.0  mg/1 D.O. deficit.  Since molecular
 oxygen  is generally available  for  about $100/ton,  the minimum yearly requirement
 for oxygen would be $3,700.  Additional expenses would include the capital cost
of an oxygen storage and diffuser system plus  operation and maintenance cost.
However, this estimate is only a minimum cost.  The actual cost could be several
times higher.
                                     72

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                                   REFERENCES
 1.  American Public Health Association, 1971.  Standard Methods for the
     Examination of Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth Edition.

 2.  Spino, D. F., 1966.  "Elevated Temperature Technique for the Isolation
     of Salmonella from Streams", Applied Microbiology, 14, pp. 591-596.

 3.  Ewing, W. H., 1962.  Enterobacteriaceae Biochemical Methods for Group
     Differentiation, Public Health Service Publication No. 734.

 4.  Edwards, P. R., W. H. Ewing, 1962.  Isolation and Grouping of Salmonella
     and Shigella Cultures, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
     fare, Public Health Service.

 5.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Water Measurement
     Manual, Second Edition, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.,
     1967.

 6.  Climatological Data, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
     Environmental Data Service, Asheville, NC.

 7.  United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water
     Resources Data for Georgia, 1969-1975.

 8.  Soil Conservation Service, Watershed Work Plan, Black Creek Watershed,
     Byran and Bulloch Counties, Georgia, December, 1970.

 9.  U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey—
     Bulloch County, Georgia, May, 1968.

10.  Thorn, R. B.,  1966, River Engineering and Water Conservation Works,
     University Press, Aberdeen, Great Britain.

11.  Reid, G. K., 1961, Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries, New York,
     Reinhold Publishing Corporation.

12.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Analysis of the Big
     Cypress Swamp and Estuaries, EPA 904/9-74-002, June, 1973.

13.  U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service—Environmental
     Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Control of Water
     Pollution from Cropland, Volume II—An Overview, ARS-H-5-2, EPA-600/2-75-026b,
     June, 1976.

14.  Personal communication-data transmitted by letter dated September 8, 1976,
     and through telephone conversations on April 14, 17, and 18, 1977, from
     A. B. Walden,  Area Conservationist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
     Conservation Service, Statsboro, Georgia.
                                       73

-------
 15.  Davis, S. N. and R. J. DeWiest, 1966, Hydrogeolot>v. New York  John Wiley
      and Sons, Inc.                  .                            '

 16.  Allen, H. E.,  J. R. Kramer, 1972, Nutrients in Natural Waf^c,  New York,
      John Wiley and Sons, Inc.                  "            	'

 17.  Mansell, R.  S., and IX. V. Calvert et al.  Fertilizer and Pesticide Movement
     .from Citrus  Groves in Florida Flatwood SoilsTProject No.  R-800517.
      University of  Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 1977.

 18.  Sawyer, C. N., 1960, Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers. New  York,  McGraw-
      Hill Book Company, Inc.

 19.  Brill, W. J.,  1977.   "Biological Nitrogen Fixation," Scientific American,
      Vol.  236, No.  3, pp. 68-81.                                         '

 20.  Slack, K. V.,  H. R.  Feitz,  1968.   "Tree Leaf Control on Low Flow  Water
      Quality in a Small Virginia Stream," Environmental Science  Technology,
      2,  pp.  126-131.

 21.   Ruttner,  F., 1952,  Fundamentals of Limnology, Berlin,  Germany,  Walter de
      Gruyter and  Co.  (Toronto, Canada,  University of Toronto Press).

 22.   Environmental  Protection  Technology Series, Quantification  of Pollutants
      in  Agricultural  Runoff, EPA-600/2-74-005;  February,  1974.

 23.  U.  S.  Environmental  Protection Agency,  Technical Study,  TS-04-73-01,
     Bacteriological  Preimpoundment Study in the Upper Leaf River Watershed
     Smith  County,  Mississippi,  August,  1972.

 24.  Barnwell,  Thomas 0., Nonlinear Estimation  of BOD Parameters Using
     Marquardt's Compramise Algorithm,  PCS&A Branch,  Surveillance and
     Analysis  Division, Region IV,  EPA,  Athens,  GA,  January,  1972.

 25.  Hydrocomp, Inc., July 8,  1976.  Study to Predict Post-Impoundment
     Water Quality  in Two Proposed  Reservoirs of Black Creek and Evans
     County Watersheds in Southeast Georgia,  Report  to fulfill U. S. Soil
     Conservation Service Contract  No.  H6-13-SCS-00238.

 26.  Personal  communication -  data  transmitted  through telephone conversation,
     October 14, 1976, with Dr.  W. Nutter, School of  Forestry, University of
     Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

27.  Dept. of Biological and Life Sciences, North Carolina  State University
     Role of Animal Waste in Agricultural  Land  Runoff.  EPA Grant 1302-DGX-
     08/71.  Raleigh, N.C., 1971.

28.  Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., 1972,  Wastewater Engineering:   Collection,
     Treatment, Disposal, New York, McGraw-Hill  Book  Company, Inc.

29.  Personal communication-information  transmitted through telephone  con-
     versation, March 18, 1977, with Dr. Ray Loehr, Cornell University,
     Ithica, New York.
                                       74

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                                APPENDIX A
                                             Contract No.  AG-13-scs-00223
                           COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
                               between the
                     WrVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                 -and the
                         SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
                 UNITED  STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
RELATIVE TO:  Pre impoundment Water Quality Studies

TECS AGREEMENT, made and entered into  this 1st   day of  May      »  197^,
by and between tho Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA) Region IV
(referred to as the EPA) and the Soil  Conservation  Service, United  States
Department of Agriculture (referred to as  the Service).

AUTHORITY:  (i) FoderrJ Wa ter • .l'ol iution Control  Act Amendments  of 1972
                (86 Stat. 820) 33 U.S.C. 125U (b)(6)

            (2) Section 601 of the Economy Act of June 30, 1932,  as
                amended (3! U.S.C. 686)

                             WITNESSETH

WHEREAS, the Soil Conservation Service in  administering and carrying out
an effective watershed protection program  tinder  provisions of Public Law
566 - 83rd Congress, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1003, has a need for preim-
poundment studies of water quality conditions within the drainage basins
of proposed impoundments in Black Creek Watershed,  Bulloch County,  Georgia
and Evans County A'aterahed, Evans, Tattnall and  Candler Counties, Georgia.
In order to determine existing stream  water quality and to predict  the
quality of water in the reservoirs after impoundment,  the Soil  Conservation
Service is desirous of entering into a financial arrangement with the
Environmental Protection Agency for a  preimpoundment study.

WHEREAS, the Environmental Protection Agency has the personnel, facilities
and technical knowledge to make the desired studies and are willing to
enter into a cooperative arrangement.

NOW,  THEREFORE,  for and in consideration of the promises and mutual cove-
nants herein contained, the parties hereto do agree with each other as
follows:

I.  THE EPA AGREES:
                                                       i

    A.   To commence  ti  comprehensive study in the current fiscal year to
        achieve  the  below lifted objectives leading towards completion
        in the folloi.-j.ng fi:-u.-:!.l  year.
                                    a-1

-------
 2 - Cooperative Agreement Wo.  AG-13-scs-00223


      B.   To conduct two studies of about one week duration each  to determine
          the rhynic.'ii  aii-t chemical quality and the degree of bacteriological
          contamination <4f:   (a) tributaries which will serve as  influent
          water sources after the lakes are filled, (b) some main channel
          points on both Cedar and Little Black Creeks within the boundaries
          of the impoundments and (c)  main channel points at or immediately
          downstream of both dam sites.   Work will be performed in accordance
          with a prepared detailed study plan (Attachment A).

      C.   To predict the quality of the impounded waters following project
          completion; especially the expected fecal colifonn concentrations
          in designated recreational areas  of the impoundments.

      D.   To provide data for the confirmation of a mathematical  model which
          can be  used in the  future, with a minimal amount of additional data,
          to predict wate?' quality in  other impoundments in the same general
          type of area  (seme  uoil  type and  land usage).

      £.   To furnish SCS with a complete report giving results of studies
          conducted  under A,  B,  C and  D above within nine (9)  months after
          effective  date of this agreement.

      F.   To periodically furnish the  Service itemized billings for work
          accomplished  in accordance with study plan (Attachment  A).

II.   THE  SERVICE AGREES:

      A.  To  assist  EPA by changing charts  on recording instruments at specific
          locations  within the watersheds.

      B.  To  furnish maps  of  the  study areas and design data for  the proposed
         impoundments.

     C.  To assist EPA in gathering land use data within the  impoundment
         drainage areas.

     D.  To reimburse EPA for the preimpoundment studies  in an amount not to
         exceed $15,000 during fiscal year  1971*.   Payments will be made upon
         receipt of itemized billings for work  accomplished.

III. IT IS MUTUALLY AGREED:

     A.  This agreement shall be effective for  the period May 1*  1971j. through
         June 30, 1971;  and may be supplemented,  amended or renewed for con-
         tinued work during subsequent fiscal year.

     2.  It is the intent of the EPA and Service to continue this agreement
         during fiscal  year 1975 for completion of work in the study plan.
         Renewal will be contingent upon availability of appropriated funds.


                                     a-2

-------
3 - Cooperative Agreement No. AG-13-scs-00223
     C.  This agreement shall be terminated upon completion of the work as
         mutually determined by the parties thereto.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this agreement on the day,
month and year first above written.
                                           SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY     UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
    c E. Ravan                       Charles W. Bartlett

Title:  Regional Administrator      Title:  State Conservationist
        Region IV
                                  a-3

-------
                       ATTACHMENT A
For copies of or details concerning the study plan,  contact:
                     Dr. David W. Hill

                             or

                       Hugh C. Vick
              Environmental Protection Agency
                         Region IV
            Surveillance and Analysis Division
                   College Station Road
                     Athens, GA 30601
                           a-4

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                                                      EPA-IAG-R5-0604

                                             Contract No.  AG-13-scs-00226
                           COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
                                between the
                           OHMEKTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                  and the
                         SOIL' CONSERVATION SERVICE
                  UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
 RELATIVE TO:   Preimpoundmeiit Water Quality Studies

 THIS AGREEMENT,  made and entered into this 1st  day of  July     , 197l+»
 "by and between the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IV
 (referred to  as  the EPA) and the Soil Conservation Service, United States
 Department of Agriculture (referred to.as the Service).

 AUTHORITY:  (l)  Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
                 (86 Stat.  820) 33 U.S.C. 125k (b)(6)

            (2)  Section 601  of the Economy Act of June 30, 1932,  as
                 amended (31  U.S.C.  686)

                              VTTNESSETH

 WHEREAS,  the  Soil  Conservation Service in administering and carrying out
 an effective  watershed  protection program under provisions of Public Law
 J>66 - 83rd  Congress,  as -amended,  16 U.S.C.  1003,  has a need for preim-
 poundment studies  of water quality conditions within the drainage basins
 of proposed impoundments in  Black Creek  Watershed,  Bulloch County, Georgia
 and Evans County Watershed,  Evans,  Tattnall and Candler Counties, Georgia.
 In order  to determine existing stream water quality and to predict the
 quality of  water in the reservoirs  after impoundment,  the Soil Conservation
 Service is  desirous  of  entering into  a financial  arrangement with the
 Environmental Protection Agency for a preimpoundment study.

 WHEREAS,  the Environmental Protection Agency has  the personnel, facilities
 and  technical knowledge  to make  the desired studies  and is  willing to
 enter into a cooperative arrang-ement.

NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the promises and mutual cove-
nants herein contained,  the parties hereto  do agree  with each other as
follows:

I.  THE EPA AGREES:

    A.  To carryout a comprehensive study in  the current fiscal year to
        achieve the below listed objectives.
                                  7a-5

-------
 2 - Cooperative Acres-:=:->.i-?- ,:-.y. AG-I3~sc0-00226


      B.  To conduct two studies of about one week duration each to determine
          the physical and chemical quality and the.degree of bacteriological
          contamination of:  (a) tributaries which will serve as influent
          water sources' after the lakes are filled, (b) some main channel
          points on both Cedar and Little Black Creeks within the boundaries
          of the impoundments dnd (c) main channel points at or immediately
          downstream of both dam sites.  Work will be performed in accordance
          with a prepared detailed study plan (Attachment A).

      C.   To predict the quality of the impounded waters following project
          completion;  especially the expected fecal colifonn concentrations
          in designated  recreational areas of the impoundments.

      D.   To provide data for the confirmation of a mathematical model which
          can be used in the future, with a minimal amount of additional data,
          to predict water quality in other impoundments in the  same general
          type of area (same soil type and land usage)*

      E.   To furnish SCS with a complete report giving results of  studies
          conducted under A,  B,  C and D above within seven (7) months after
          effective date of this agreement.

     P.   To periodically furnish the Service itemized billings for work
          accomplished in accordance with study plan (Attachment A).

II.  THE  SERVICE AGREES:

     A.   To assist EPA  by changing charts on recording  instruments at specific
          locations within the watersheds.

     B. .  To furnish maps  of  the study areas  and design  data for the proposed
          impoundments.

     C.  To  assist EPA  in gathering land use data within the impoundment
         drainage  areas.

     D.  To reimburse EPA for the preimpoundment  studies  in an amount not to
         exceed $23,1+69 during fiscal  year 1975-  Payments  will be made upon
         receipt of itemized billings  for work accomplished.

III. IT IS MUTUALLY AGREED:

     A,  This agreement shall be effective for the period July 1« Iffi^
         through January 31» 1975 and may be supplemented, amended or
         renewed for continued work during subsequent fiscal year.
                                     a-6

-------
3 - Cooperative
                          No. AG-13-scs- 00226
     B.  This agreement shall be terminated upon completion of the work as
         mutually determined by the parties thereto.

^N WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this agreement on the day,
month and year first above written.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Title:  Regional Administrator
        Region IV
                                           SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
                                   UNITED .STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                                   Charles W.  Bartlett

                                   Title:  State Conservationist
                                    a-7

-------
                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                      Region IV, Surveillance & Analysis Division
                        College Soation Road, Athens, GA  30601
SUBJECT:     Request  for Extension of Cooperative Agreement     DATE:  ^y 20» 1975
             with  the Soil Conservation  Service  (SCS)

FROM:        4ASI:David  W. Hill
                  Chief,  Special Studies

TO:          AA:Jack  E.  Ravan
               Administrator, Region IV, EPA

             THRU:  4AS:John A.  Little
                        Director, S&A Division
            SUMMARY

            The attached amendment to our  current Cooperative Agreement
            with SCS is intended to extend the agreement through the next
            fiscal year.  This will be adequate time to complete and termi-
            nate the project and will allow us to take advantage of unused
            funds (more than $11,000) committed to the project.

            Approximately May 1, 1975, the SCS finalized a contract with
            Hydrocomp, a private computer  firm specializing in hydrology
            and water quality, which will  analyze and make detailed (hour-
            by-hour) water quality projections from our field data.  This
            is to be a six-month contract, and, consequently, Hydrocomp will
            not finish its work until around November 1, 1975, after whidh
            time we will need to use its findings and report as the major
            components of a report from EPA to SCS.

            We are currently using the reimbursable funds available through
            this cooperative agreement primarily to hire students on the
            "Stay-in-School" program to process data.  (All field work has
            been completed.)  An extension of this agreement will allow us
            to continue to use the funds remaining in the contract for
            student salaries and other project-related costs.  This use of
            these funds will not hinder other work in progress or assigned
            and will also provide Region IV with some very useful water
            quality data and projection techniques that will be valuable in
            connection with similar projects which we review for SCS through
            the EIS process.

            ACTION

            Please sign the attached amendment to allow us to continue to
            use SCS-designated funds during the next fiscal year.  Please
            sign the original and all four copies of the amendment and return
            them to me.
EPA form 1320.6 (Rev. 6-72)
                                            a-8

-------
BACKGROUND

Cooperative Agreement No. AG-13-scs-00226 (EPA-IAG-R5-0604) and
cover letter dated May 15, 1975, from the State Conservationist,
Athens, GA.
                               David W. Hill
                               Chief, Special Studies
Enclosures

cc - Bill McBride
                               a-9

-------
                                     Contract No. AG-l>-3cs-00226
                                                 EPA-IAG-.R5-060U
                              AMENDMENT
                                  to
                        COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
                             between  the
                   ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY
                               and the
                      SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
               UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATIVE TO:  Preimpoundment Water Quality Studies

Section HI.A. and Amendment are hereby modified as follows:

     This agreement Bha.ll be effective  for the period July 1. 197$
     through June 30« 1976 and may be supplemented, amended or re-
     newed for continued work during subsequent fiscal year.
                                          SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Jack E. Ravan                      Charles W. Bartlett
Title:  Regional Administrator     Title:  State Conservationist '
        Region IV
                                  a-10

-------
                                                    APPENDIX B
STATION -
BC-01
          WATER QUALITY DATA PRE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY
             LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
                  BULLOCH COUNTY. GEORGIA

L BLACK CR AT OAMSITE N  DENMARK  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED

DATE TIME DATE
740513
740514
740515
740516
740517
740517
740806
740H07
740808
740815
740829
740830
741118
741118
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741 120
741 120
741121
750113
750113
750114
750125



DATE TIME DATE
740513
740514
7*0515
740bl6
740517
740517
740007
740«08
740815
740B29
740830
741118
741118

TIME
1840
1215
1220
1125
0840
0845
1945
1120
1115
1030
0920
0755
1020
1410
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1800
1900
1325
1730
1830
0925
1000



TIME
1840
1215
1220
1125
0840
0845
1 120
11 15
1U30
0920
0755
1020
U10
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
20.0
18.5
21.5
20.5
20.0

23.0
23.0
24.0

22.0
21.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
16.5
16.5
16.5
15.0
12.0
12.0

12.0
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.07
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.08

0.47
0.01
0.05
. 0.05K
O.ObK
0.10
0.01
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6

127.0
131.0
175.0
155.0
3.5
3.2
1.2
1.2
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
190.0
190.0
212.0
100.0
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.33

0.65
0.68
0.65
0.40
0.48
0.20
0.24
00300
00
MG/L
5.2
4.8
4.6
4.1
4.1

5.2



4.2
4.0














00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10

0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.10
0.01K
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.7

2.1
2.4
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.1
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.7
3.2
2.6
1.8
0.9
1.4
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
o.ie
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.28

0.06
0.06
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.20
0.18
00400
PH
SU
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2

4.8
4.4
4.5

5.3
5.3














00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
9.0
9.0
11.0
10.0
9.0

33.0
27.0
25.0
22.0
25.0
4.0
4.0
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
34
57
56
54
29


131

89
138
102
18
41
54
34
43
45
38
47
21
74
134
159
111
63
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
400
170
520
110
190

850
180
5800
110
230
H70
830
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
4
5
18
28
9


7

11
6
22
24
3
8
14
13
9
13
11
7
12
9
5
10
3
00303
BOO
1 DAY
MG/L





0.300







00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.200
0.210
0.170
0.200
0.250


, 0.180
0.670
0.600
0.400
0.480
0.100
0.230
0.160
0.070
0.130
0.190
0.170
0.100
0.160
0.760
0.480
0.490
0.460
0.290
00306
BOD
4 DAY
MG/L





1.2








-------
STATION -
BC-01
          WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
             LITTLE HLACK CRMEK DRAINAGE BASIN
                  BULLOCH COUNTY.  GEORGIA

L BLACK CH AT DAMSITE N  DENMARK  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED



DATE TIME DATE
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741120
741121
750113
750113
750114
750125



DATE TIME DATE
740517



TIME
1500
1530
1600
1630
1700
1800
1900
1325
1730
1B30
0925
1000



TIME
0845
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
0.17
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.01
00315
BOD
7 DAY
MG/L
1.7
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.26
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.26
0.83
0.52
0.56
0.52
0.30
00322
BOD
10 DAY
MG/L
2.0
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
0.10
0.01K
0.01K
0.01K
0 „ 0 1 K
0,01K
0.02
0.01K
0.01
0.01
0.01
00328
BOD
12 DAY
MG/L
2.3
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.20
0.19
0.31
0.19
0.19
0.22
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.03
00350
BOD
14 DAY
MG/L
2.5
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
6.0
6.0
7.0
10.0
7.0
13.0
9.0
12.0
22.0
26.0
27.0
13.0
00331
BOD
16 DAY
MG/L
2.4
31616
FEC COL1
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
1320
1600
1550
1530
1300
1180
1350
425
17600
13200
12000
260
00333
BOD
18 DAY
MG/L
2.9
00303
BOD
1 DAY
MG/L





^






00324
BOD
20 DAY
MG/L
3.3
00306
BOD
4 DAY
MG/L


















-------
                                                APPENDIX B
STATION -
               BC-02A
     WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY

        LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN

             BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA


L BLACK CR NO EAST OF EMIT  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED



DATE TIME




DATE TIME




DATE
740^14



DATE
740514



TIME
0950



TIME
0950
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
20.0
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.240
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.86
00300
DO

MG/L
0.5
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
1.10
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
6.6
00630
N02&.N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.01
00400
PH

SU
6.1
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.52
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
98
00600
. T ORG C
C
MG/L
25.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
28
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
300
cr
I

-------
                                              APPENDIX B
STATION -
8C-03
     WATER QUALITY DATA PRE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY
        LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
             BULLOCH COUNTY. GEORGIA

L BLACK CR SW OF BROOKLET  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED



OATE TIME OATfc.
740513
740514
740bl5
740516
740814
740H15
740829
740030
741118
750135



DATE TIME DATE
740513
740514
740bl5
740516
740807
740815
740829
740830
741118
750125



TIME
1555
1015
1100
1210

1100
0805
0700
1445
0910



TIME
1555
1015
1100
1210
1230
1100
0805
0700
1445
0910
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
24.0
18.0
20.0
20.0
23.0

21.5
21.5
14.0

00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
2.000
0.230
0.250
0.220

0.460
0.500
0.400
0.590
0.290
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
2.8
0.9
0.1
6.6

3.0
4.3
0.0

00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
2.50
0.04
0.01K
0.05

0.06
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.01
00300
00

MG/L
1.7
7.1
6.4
4.7


3.3
3.5


00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
4.50
0.27
0.25
0.27

0.52
0.55
0.45
0.62
0.30
00310
800
5 DAY
MG/L
9.6
1.3
2.4
1.6

1.5
2.4
1.6
2.8
1.3
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.01
0.01K
0.01K
0.01K

0.05K
0.05K
0.05K
0.01K
0.03
00400
PH

SU
6.5
5.7
5.9
5.5
5.8

5.4
5.3


00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.18
0.01
0.01
0.03

0.12
0.18
0.10
0.09
0.03
00515
RESIDUE
OISS-10S
C MG/L
84
68
54
bO

76
128
27
68
49
00660
T ORG C
C
MG/L
26.0
10.0
11.0
9.0

20.0
25.0
12.0
13.0
9.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
20
8
10
4

v 14
4
15
12
3
31616
FEC COL1
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
260
9000
5600
2100
510
2600
760
3800
10
180

-------
                                                 APPENDIX  8
   STATION  -
8C-03A
     WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
        LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
             BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA

L BLACK CR WEST OF BROOKLET  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED



DATE TIME




DATE TIME




DATE
740514



DATE
740bl4



TIME
1045



TIME
1045
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
19.5
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
00300
DO

MG/L
6.8
00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.27
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
1.2
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
0.01K
00400
PH

SU
5.6
00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.01K
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
58
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
10.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
4
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
2700
00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.170





I
Ln

-------
                                                 APPENDIX  H
   STATION  -
BC-04
     WATER QUALITY DATA PRE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY
        LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
             BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA

L BLACK CR UNNMD TRI8 W BROOKLET  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK  CREEK WATERSHED
tr
I



DATE TIME DATE
740513
7*0514
740814
740829
740830
750125



DATE TIME DATL
740bl3
740514
740807
740829
740830
750125



TIME
1620
1025

0750
0650
0820



TIME
1620
1025
1235
0750
0650
0820
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
23.0
20.0
22.0
22.5
21.0

00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.720
0.630

0.400
0.450
0.200
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.3
0.4
11.4
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.68
0.77

O.OSK
0.05K
0.02
00300
DO

MG/L
0.5
0.5

3.5
3.1

00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
1.40
1.40

0.40
0.45
0.22
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/U
3.2
5.0

1.5
1.4
0.7
00630
N02S.N03
N- TOTAL
MG/L
0.10
0.06

O.OSK
O.OSK
0.11
00400
PH

SU
5.5
5.8
4.9
5.9
5.2

00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.19
0.09

0.01
0.02
0.02
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
58
110

125
8
46
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
17.0
17.0

17.0
19.0
9.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
74
24

3
10
2
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
360
40
290
60
20
50

-------
   STATION  -
BC-05
     WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
        LITTLE BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
             BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA

L BLACK CR UNNMD TRIB GA HWY 67  OGEECHtE R. BASIN SLACK CREEK WATERSHED
r



DATE TIME DATE
740514
740808
740814
740815
740829
740830
750114



DATE TIME DATE
740314
740808
740815
7408,29
740830
750114



TIME
1115
1215

1105
0830
0715
0845



TIME
1115
1215
1105
0830
0715
0845
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
22.5
25.0
26.0

23.5
24.0

00605
ORG N
N
MG/L
0.650
0.850
0.230
0.550
0.650
0.390
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS
0.0



0.3
0.1

00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.45
0.05
0.25
0.05K
0.05K
0.10
00300
00

MG/L
1.0



3.8
3.4

00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
1.10
0.90
0.48
0.55
0.65
0.49
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
3.1
3.1

3.1
3.6
3.1
1.4
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
O.OS
0.05K
0.05K
O.OSK
0.05K
0.08
00400
PH

SU
5.9
5.5
5.5

5.8
5.7

00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
0.21
0.47
0.32
0.33
0.29
0.14
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-105
C MG/L
59


63
130
94
«2
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
14.0
15.0
15.0
20.0
24.0
19.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
15


11
4
4
10
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
40
190
320
20
10
7800

-------
STATION -
BC-06
                   APPENDIX 8
                  »»»»•»*»•»»•

     WATER QUALITY DATA PREIMPOUNDMENT STUDY
        LITTLE: BLACK CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN
             BULLOCH COUNTY* GEORGIA


L BLACK CR FAS RD1844 W PRETORIA  OGEECHEE R. BASIN BLACK CREEK WATERSHED



DATE TIME DATE
740514
740515
740516
740517
740815
740829
740830
750114



DATE TIME DATt
740514
740515
740516
740517
740815
740829
740830
750114



TIME
1100
0925
1250
1000
1115
0730
0630
0750



TIME
1100
0925
1250
1000
1115
0730
0630
0750
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
19.5
19.5
20.5
21.0

22.0
21.0

00605
ORG N
N
M6/L
0.140
0.250
0.240
0.100
0.220
0.200
0.340
0.540
00060
STREAM
FLOW
CFS




1.2
6.0
1.9
6.3
00610
NH3-N
TOTAL
MG/L
0.05
0.01K
0.06
0.23
0.01K
O.OSK
0.05K
0.11
00300
DO

MG/L
2.6
2.1
1 •.*.
i:»t:

2.5
2.2

00625
TOT KJEL
N
MG/L
0.19
0.25
0.30
0.33
0.22
0.20
0.34
0.65
00310
BOD
5 DAY
MG/L
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.5
1.1
2.0
0.9
1.5
00630
N02&N03
N-TOTAL
MG/L
O.OlK
0.01K
O.OlK
0.01
O.OSK
O.OSK
O.OSK
0.02
00400
PH

SU
5.3
5.6
5.5
5.5

5.2
5.1

00650
T P04
P04
MG/L
O.OlK
O.OlK
O.OlK
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.35
00515
RESIDUE
DISS-10S
C MG/L
39
49
24
84
46
115
17
86
00680
T ORG C
C
MG/L
11.0
13.0
12.0
15.0
7.0
11.0
12.0
19.0
00530
RESIDUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
5
5
8
V 4
6
3
10
4
31616
FEC COL I
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
870
930
870
730
160
2200
740
810

-------
                                APPENDIX C


  A GROSS ASSESSMENT OF THE LITTLE BLACK CREEK, GA, WATERSHED  RURAL RUNOFF
  ANNUALLY, WET SEASON AND UNDER SELECTED STORM CONDITIONS.
  The watershed has been subdivided into  six areas  (See Map - Page B) to allow
  reasonably detailed information to be used on a geographic basis.  This
  watershed can best be represented this  way while  other watersheds often can
  be divided into areas based on Land Use or areas  of approximately equal Slope
  percentages.  The locally developed process EPARRB, "Erosion, Sedimentation
  and Rural Runoff," is flexible enough to handle any of these area repre-
  sentations.  The descriptive information for each area is stated on Page C.
  The summarization of total area results for five  periods or conditions can
  be found on Page D with detailed reports numbered 1 through 5 cross-
  referenced in the summary.

  A cropland is Tifton (K = .24); other upland is Fuquay (K = .20) and the
  lowland soils such as Bladen and Rains  were assigned a K value of .15 which
  is at the low end of the SCS series.  The upper part of the watershed con-
  tained higher Slope percentages (up to  5%) and shorter Slope Lengths (aver-
  age 300') while the lower part of the watershed had lower Slope percentages'
  (<3%) and longer Slope Lengths (average AOO').                       :

  Sediment Delivery throughout the watershed was considered low with approximately
  10% in the upper portion and 52 in the  swampy lower part.  The Litter fall* for
  Forests was considered to be relatively light with an average of 2,900 pounds
  per acre annually and ultimate delivery to waterbodies approximating 1% as
  floatables or dissolved nutrients after decay.  A minimal population of live-
  stock exists in the area.  Standard Cropping Factors (C) were used, and no
  Control Practices (P) were assumed.

  The calculating process for erosion is  the "Universal Soil Loss Equation,"
  and specific values for Slope %, Slope  Length, R, K, C, & P can be input
  to the system to give specific answers: however,  Slope % and Slope Length
  can be input as ranges or as means and  R, K, C, and P can be input as values
  of percentage composition based on Land Use and this results in a variety of
  evaluations combining randomly selected components to more accurately repre-
  sent the variable nature of actual areas.

  The results given on Page D represent the best assessment obtainable with
  the knowledge available to the author;  the Soil Conservation Service was
  very helpful in supplying localized information for this final assessment.
                                        Howard A. True
                                        Ambient Monitoring Section
                                        Water Surveillance Branch
                                        Surveillance and Analysis Division
                                        EPA, Region IV, ERLA
                                        Athens, GA  12/8/76
* Personal communication - data transmitted through telephone conversation,
  October 14, 1976, with Dr. W. Nutter, School of Forestry, University of
  Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
                                   c-1

-------
     BjuACK CHEEK ¥/A3E2SHEL
     Bullock Country r^.
e-2

-------
                            LITTLE BLACK CREEK (GA)  WATERSHED ANALYSIS
                 DATA USED FOR FINAL CROSS ASSESSMENT USING  "EPARRB"  PLANNING  MODEL
                                                         Areas
Items
Area acres
Area sq. ml. .
Blowup acres (plot size)—
Land Use Z:
(1) Cropland
(2) Pasture
(3) Forest
(5) Other
Slope Z range
Slope Ing. range
K. C, P, values 6 Z
K


C

P
Sed, Del. Z range
Nutrient Z of Sed.:
N
P
K
Animal/Fowl counts:—
Total Cows
Dairy Cows
Swine
Poultry
BC-1
1210
1.89
10

25
10
60
5
0-3
400

.24-25
.15-75

.26-25
.012-75
1.0-100
5*0

.1
.08
1.25



300

BC-2
2355
3.68
5

25
10
60
5
0-3
400

.20-15
.24-25
.15-60
.26-25
.012-75
1.0-100
5*0

.1
.08
1.25

100
100
165

EC- 3
2099
3.28
3

31
13
50
6
0-5
300

. 20-69
.24-31

.26-31
.012-69
I. 0-100
10*0

.1
.08
1-25





BC-4
1536
2.40
6

31
13
50
6
0-5
300

.20-69
.24-31

.26-31
.012-69
1.0-100
10*0

.1
.08
1.25





BC-5
1741
2.72
10

43
18
30
9
0-5
300

.20-69
.24-43

.26-43
.012-57
1.0-100
10*0

.1
.08
1.25

60
60
165

BC-6
954
1.49
3

47
19
25
9
0-5
300

.20-53
.24-47

.26-47
.012-53
1.0-100
10*0

.1
.08
1.25





Totals
9895
15.48





















160
160
630

2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
.12
.18
10.0
50.2
2900
1
.9
•1,2
.18
10.0
50.2
Forest/Pasture Litter:—
  Lbs/ac/yr.
  Delivery Z
  Composition Z:
      N
      P
      K
     BOD
     TOC

j./ Each evaluation of the "Universal Soil Loss Equation", using randomly selected values from
   100 value tables for land use, slope Z, slope length, K, C and P, is multiplied by the
   blowup acres  for accumulation of report quantities.   (Note BC-1 1210 acres with blowup
   factor of 10  acres = 121 evaluations).


2/ Animal/Fowl counts not used in single storm event evaluations.

JJ/ Forest/Pasture Litter was not used in single storm event evaluations since primary
   objective was to obtain erosion and sediment.
                                                C
                                               c-3

-------
                                    LITTLE  BLACK  CREEK WATERSHED RURAL RUNOFF GROSS  QUANTITIES
Period/Type
Annual Totals
Daily Average
(365 Days)
Wet Period Totals
(June-August)
Daily Average
(92 days)
Erosion
El Tons
275 17,672
48.4
124 7,952
86.4
Sediment
Tons
1,633
4.5
735
8.0
Forest
Litter Tons Del.
87
.24
39
.4
N
Lbs.
5,102
14
2,243
24
P
Lbs.
3,003
8
1,315
14
K '
Lbs.
41,144
113
18,515
201
BOD
Lbs.
20,425
56
8,592
93
TOC
Lbs.
90,674
248
40,167
437
Report
Number
*Ta)
Kb)
2(a)
2(b)
       Single Storm
       (1" per hour)
       Sed. Del. - 5-10*           19   1,221.0

^!t_   Single Storm
       (2" per hour)
       Sed. Del. - 5-10*           88   5,655.0

       Single Storm
       (2" per hour)
       Sed. Del. - 23-28*
       (Based on drainage area)    88
                                              112.8
                                              522.7
                                 5,655.0    1,419.7
Note:   Only erosion and sediment delivery was reported for single storm events.
       Data information for all reports has been stated on the data sheet;  however, report 05- is a special report with
         sediment delivery percentages calculated from drainage area sizes  (See Pg. 22 "Control of Water Pollution from
         Cropland"), see S.D.  percentages on top of report 5.
       A 1" per hour storm event would be expected to occur 2  times in July each year and 1 time in June and August every 5 years.
       A 2" per hour storm event would be expected to occur 1  time in each  month of June, July and August every 5 years.
         CPeriod of analysis 1970-1974 at Bellville, GA)

-------
                                             LITTLE BLACK CHEtK wATE»Sr<£0
                                                  BULLOCK COUNTY* GA.
LAKH UNITS 1-6  AWE  OWAlNAOE AREAS F(JW SAMHLlNO POINTS (3C-1 TO 8C-6.
            MONTHS   i  -  12
                                                                                                                            ia
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.)
1 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
PER ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
2 LAND ( 5.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
PEW ACRE LOADS FOU PERIOD
3 LAND ( 3.0)
PEP ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
? 4 LAND ( 6.0)
'~n PEW ACRE LOADS FOH PERIOD
5 LAND ( 10.0)
LlVhSTOCK/FO*L
uiviT TOTALS
PER ACRE LOADS FOK PERIOD
6 LAND ( 3.U)
PEK ACflt LOADS FOW PERIOD
STATE GMUUP LAND
LI VtSTOCK/FOWL
Uk'lH'JlA
APh'A LANil
LUtSTOCK/FOWL
CiWa.MD TOTALS
ACRES
1210.00
1210.00
2355.00
2355.00
2099.00
1536. UO
1741 .00
1741 .00
9b4.00
9895.00
9o45 . uO
9895.00
<5t)v5 .00

1137
1137
0
1540
0
4390
2
3174
2
4695
4695
2
27J3
2
17671
17671
17671
17671
.57
.94
.47
.47
.65
.57
.45
.07
^70
.07
.H7
.95
.95
.95
ScD. TONS LlTTtH TONS
56.68
56.68
0.05
77.02
77.02
0.03
43*. 04
0.21
317.44
0.21
469.52
469.52
0.27
273.37
0.29
1633.27
lbJJ.27
1633.27
1633.27
12.28
12.28
0.01
23.90
23.90
0.01
19.00
0.01
13.92
0.01
11.96
11.98
o.ol
6.05
0.01
87.14
67.14
67.14
67.14
NIT. LBS PHOS.L8S  LBS
335.
49.
384.
0.32
564.
89.
673.
0.29
1220.
0.58
ass.
0.58
1155.
129.
1283.
0.74
656.
0.69
4633.
267.
5102.
4635. '
26 7.
5102.
120.
27.
146.
0.12
181.
64.
245.
0.10
748.
0.36
541.
0.35
780.
69.
869.
0.50
452.
0.47
2822.
161.
3003.
181.
J003.
1466.
0.
1466.
1.21
2012.
0.
2012.
0.85
11044.
5.26
7986,,
5.20
11781.
U.
117B1.
6.77
6855.
7.19
41144.
0.
41144.
41144.
0.
41144.
BOO LBS
2456.
843.
3299.
2.73
4781.
610.
5591.
2.37
3801.
1.81
2784.
1.81
2397.
1343.
3740.
2.15
12JO.
1.27
17429.
2996.
20425.
17429.
2996.
20425.
TOC LBS AGIO LBS
12330.
854.
13184.
10.90
23997.
889.
24887.
10.57
19078.
9.09
13975.
9.10
12032.
1443.
13475.
7.74
6076.
6.37
87489.
3186.
90674.
87489.
3186.
90674.
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.

-------
                                           LITTLE BLAO CuEtK  wATfc.*SHtl>
                                                BULLOCK COUNTY*  GA.
UNITS 1-6 Arft'  DRAINAGE AREAS F0r> SAMPLING POINTS oC-1  TO  SC-t>.
PERIOD MONTHS   1  -  12
UMIT/TYPK IPLOT «c.)

1 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS

2 LAND ( b.O)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
3 LAND ( 3.0)
4 LAND ( 6.01
5 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
<~> UNIT TOTALS
OS
6 LAND ( 3.0)
STATE GKOUP LAND
LIVESTOCK/FOrtL
GEORGIA
AREA LAND
LIVtSTOCK/f-OwL
uRANfi TOTALS
ACHEb <

1210

1210

2355

2355
2099
1536
1741

17*1

954
98V5

9895
9^96
9895

.00

.00

.00

.00
.00
.00
.00

.00

.00
.00

.00
.00
.00



3.12

3.12

4.22

4.22
12.03
f). 7u
12.B&

12.66

7.49
48.42

*fl.*2
40.42
"»d ,<»2



tO. TONS LITTF* TONS NIT. LBS PH
0.16 0.

0.16 0.

0.21 0.

0.21 0.
1.20 0.
0.87 0.
1.29 0.

1.2V 0.

Oo7S 0 .
4 . 4 d 0 .

4.4* 0.
*.<*8 0.
t.46 0.
03

03

07

07
05
04
03

03

02
24

24
24
2f
1.
0.
1.

2.
0.
2.
3.
2.
3.
0.
4.

2.
13.
1.
14.
13.
i.
14.
LY LOAOIN
WATEH 800
OS. LBS
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
1.
2.
1.
2.
0.
2.

1 .
(?.
0.
V.
8.
0.
0.


 LBS BOO LBS
4.
0.
4.

6.
0.
6.
30.
22.
32.
0.
32.

19.
113.
0.
113.
113.
0.
113.
7.
2.
9.
V
13.
2.
15.
10.
8.
7.
4.
10.

3.
48.
8.
56.
4-6.
b.
56.

TOC LBS AC
34.
2.
36.

66.
2.
6B.
52.
3d.
33.
4.
37.

17.
240.
9.
248.
240.
9.
248.
0 O 0
ID LB:
0.

0.

o.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.

-------
                                                   LlTTLt BLACK C«tEK «ATt«SMEU
                                                        BULLOCK COUNTY,  6A.

   i-.HOSION K SO FOR SUMMED  (*f. f )  MONTHS JUN JUL  <> -»UG.
   LAND UNITS l-t> ARE DRAINAGE  AREaS FOP SAMPLING POINTS BC-1 TO  BC-6.
   «<;••••« HrhlOO MONTHS  6  -   B
o
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.) ACRES
1
UNIT
PER
2
UNIT
f'F.M
3
PER
4
PER
5
UN I T
PER
6
'PER
,,OR.
/.RE A
LAND ( 10.0) 1210.00
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
TOTALS 1210.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 5.0) 2355.00
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
TOTALS 2355.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 3.0) 2099.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 6.0) 153b.OO
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 10.0) 1741.00
LIvF.SIOCK/FOwL
TOTALS 1741.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
LAND ( 3.U) 954.00
ACRE LOADS FOR PERIOD
E GmjiJ*- LAM) 9d95.00
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
IA 9693.00
LA.'i,) 9893.00
L I vESTOCK/FOwL
L) TOT At S 9«03 . OU
S.L. TONS «
511
611
0
693
693
0
1975
0
1428
0
2112
2112
1
12JO
1
7*52
7932
7*52
79b2
.90
.9u
.42
.20
.20
.29
.75
.94
.49
.93
.87
.87
.21
.13
.29
. 3<*
. J1*
.3-
SEO. TONS LITTER TONS
25.60.
23.60
0.02
34.66
o!oi
197.58
0.09
142.65
0.09
211.29
u.12
123.01
0.13
734.99
734 .vv
734.99
5.53
5.53
0.00
10.76
10.76
0.00
8.55
0.00
6.26
0.00
5.39
5.39
0.00
2.72
0.00
39.21
39.21
39.21
3V. 21
NIT. LBS PHOS.LBS  LBS
151.
12.
163.
0.13
263.
22.
265.
0.12
549.
0.26
390.
0.26
320.
32.
352.
0.32
0.31
217o.
67.
2243.
6?!
2243.
54.
7.
61.
0.05
81.
16.
97.
0.04
337.
0.16
0.16
351.
22.
373.
0.21
203.
0.21
1270.
45.
1315.
1270.
45.
1315.
660.
0.
660.
0.55
905.
0.
905.
0.38
4970.
2.37
3594.
2.34
5301.
0.
5301.
3.05
3085.
3.23
18515.
0.
18515.
16515.
0.
18515.
BOO LBS
1105.
211.
1316.
1.09
2151.
203.
2354.
1.00
1710.
0.81
1253.
0.82
1079.
336.
1414.
0.81
545.
0.57
7843.
749.
8592.
7843.
749.
8592.
TOC LBS AGIO LBS
5549.
213.
5762.
4.76
10799.
222.
11021.
4.68
8585.
4.09
62B9.
4.09
5414.
361.
5775.
3.32
2734.
2.87
39370.
796.
40167.
39370.
796.
40167.
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
U.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.

-------
                    \                           LITTLE BLACK CREEK
                                                    BULLOCK COUNTY*  GA.

fHOSION S. SO FOR SUMMER  (WET)  MONTHS JUN JUL 4. AUG.
LAND UNITS 1-6 ARE DRAINAGE  AREAS Fort SAMPLING POINTS t»C-l TO  BC-6.
     PERIOD MONTHS  6  -   d
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.)

1 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
2 LAND ( 5.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
UNIT TOTALS
3 LAND ( 3.0)
4 LAND ( 6.0)
5 LAND ( 10.0)
LIVESTOCK/FOWL
,-, UNIT TOTALS
1
00 6 LAND t 3.0)
STATE GROUP LAND
LlVtSTOCK/FO*L
GEOMCilA
AREA LAND
LlVESTOCK/FOxL
GRAND TOTALS
ACRES I

1210.

1210.
2355.

2355.
2099.
Ib36.
1741.

1741.

954.
5695.

989b.
9895.

9895.

00

00
00

00
00
00
00

00

00
00

00
00

00



6.56

B.56
7.54

7.54
21.48
Ib.b3
22.5-7

22.97

13.37
66.44

86.44
86.44

66. 4*



ED. TONS LITTER TONS NIT.L.8S
0.28

0.28
0.38

0.38
2.15
l.bb
2.30

2.30

1.34
7.99

7.V9
7.99

7.99
0.06

0.06
0.12

0.12
0.09
0.07
O.Oo

0.06

O.U3
0.43

0.43
0.43

0.43
2.
0.
2.
3.
0.
3.
6.
4.
6.
0.
6.

3.
2*.
1.
24.
24.
1.
24.
AILY LOADIN
0 WATER BOD
PriOS.LBS
1.
0.
1.
1.
0.
1.
4.
3.
4.
0.
4.

2.
14.
0.
14.
14.
0.
14.


 LBS BOO LBS
7.
0.
7.
10.
0.
10.
54.
39.
58.
0.
58.

34.
201.
U.
201.
201.
0.
201.
12.
2.
14.
23?
2.
26.
19.
14.
12.
4.
15.

6.
65.
8.
93.
85.
8.
93.


TOC LBS ACID LBS
60.
2.
63.
117.
2.
120.
93.
68.
59.
4.
63.

30.
428.
9.
437.
428.
9.
437.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.

0.

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.

-------
NO LIVESTOCK  -  NO LITTtH
                                                LITTLE  BLACK CrtEEK  WATE.RSHEO
                                                      BULLOCK COUNTY,  GA.

EHO'.-ION 6 Sli  FO^  1" Pf.R HK bTORM  -  ?  JULY £\/tNTS/Y^ - 1  JUN S AUG EVENT/5 YftS,
LAND UNITS  1-6  AWE  DRAlNAliE A^EAS FO* SAMPLlNo f'UlNTS oL-1 TU bC-to.
 ACRE
GEORGIA
(PLOT AC.) ACRES

( 10. u) 1210.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 5.0) 23b5.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 3.0) 2099.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 6.0) 1536.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD
( 10. U) 1741.00
LOADS FOR PERIOD

( 3.0) 9S4.00
LOADS FOR PER 1 00
9M9S.OO
S.L. TONS » «
_ . ^ _ f

78
0
106
0
303
0
219
0
324
U

lae
0
1220

.f>0
. Ob
.43
.Ob
.J4
.14
.33
.14
.40
. 19

.87
.?u
.97
>LU. TONS LITTER TONS
3
0
<•>
0
30
0
21
0
32
0

16
0
11*
.93
.00
.32
.00
.JJ
.01
.93
.01
.44
.02

.89
.o2
.6.
0.0
0.0
O.D
0.0
O.U
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0 .U
NIT.LBS PHOS.L8S  LBS
«.
o.oi
11.
0.00
61.
0.03
44.
O.OJ
65.
0.04

JB.
U. U*
22ft.
6.
0.01
9.
0.00
49.
0.02
35.
0.02
52.
0.03

30.
O.OJ
1B1.
94.
0.06
133.
O.Ob
75d.
0.36
548.
0.3b
ail.
0.47

472.
0.49
2821.
BOO LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0

0.
0.0
0.
TOC LBS AC10 LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0

0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0

0.
0.0
0.
       TOTflLS
                                         1220.97
112.04
0.0
181.
2B21.
0.
0.
                                                                                                                                        0.

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!J L I v'-SUK*  -  NO
                                               LITTLE  BLACK  CREEK WATERSHED
                                                     MULLOCK  COUNTY. GA.
        \ SO F0n  t"  PER  HK  STORM - 1  EVENT/3 YRi>.  Fuk  tACH WON JUN JUL
LANO UNITS  1-6 ARE DRAINAGE AREAS FOR SAMPLING POINTS  dC-1 TO HC-6.
     SINOLt' STORM WITH tl=    8.8.
                                                                           AUG.




o
1
o

UNIT/TYPE
1 LANO
PER ACRE
2 LANO
PER ACRE
3 LAND
PER ACRE
4 LAND
PER ACRE
5 LAND
PER ACRE
6 LAND
PER ACRE
GEORGIA
(PLOT
1 1
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
LOADS
( 1
LOADS
LOADS

AC.) ACRES
0.0) 1210.00
FOR PERIOD
5.0) 2355.00
FOR PERIOD
3.0) 2099.00
FOR PERIOD
6.0) 1536.00
FOR PERIOD
0.0) 1 741 .00
FOR PERIOD
3.0) 9b4.00
FOR PERIOD
9895. OU

364
0
492
0
14U4
0
1015
0
1502
0
8V 4
0
5634
.02
.30
.94
.21
.97
.67
.81
.66
.<»fa
.86
,7f>
.9,;
.9e
SEO. TONS LITTtR TONS
18.20
0.02
24.65
0.01
140.50
0.07
ioi.be
0.07
Ib0.25
0.09
0.09
522.65
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
NIT. LBS PriOS.LBS  LBS BOO LBS
3b.
0.03
49.
0.02
261.
0.13
20J.
0.13
300.
0.17
O.ltt
104b.
29.
0.02
39.
0.02
ft
225.
0.11
163.
0.11
240.
0.14
140.
0.15
836.
455.
0.38
616.
0.26
3512.
1.67
2540.
1.65
3756.
2.16
21«7.
2.29
13066.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0 s
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
TOC LBS ACID LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
 GRANO  TOTALS
                            9695. OU
98
0.0
1043.
836.
13066.
                                                                                                                0.
                                                                                                                           0.
                                                                                                                                    0.

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NO LIVESTOCK - NO LITTER
                                               LITTLE  BLACK CREEK WATERSHED
                                                    bULLOCK COUNTY. GA.

          SO FOR 2" PEP HH STORM -  1 EVtNT/5  YRS.  FOR tACH MON JUN JUL (v AUG.
LAND UNITS 1-6 ARE DRAINAGE AREAS FQW SAMPLINC, POINTS UC-1 TO HC-6.
ifcuo SINGLE STORM WITH EI=   tfft.
                                                                                             S.U.
K4(25%>«i>(25*)*6(28%)
UNIT/TYPE (PLOT AC.)
1
PER
2
PER
3
PER
4
PER
? S
iL, PER
i — i
6
PER
«.OK(
'JRA!1
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
LAND (
ACRE LOADS
j I A
JD TOTALS
10.0)
FOR PERIOD
5.0)
FOR PERIOD
3.0)
FOR PERIOD
6.0)
FOR PERIOD
10.0)
FOR PERIOD
3.U)
FOR PERIOD


ACRES
1210.00
2355.00
2099.00
1536. 00
1741 . 00 •
954 . 00
9895. 00
9895. OU
S.L. TONS «
364.02
0.30
492.9*
0.21
1404.97
0.67
1015. Bl
0.66
1502.43
O.H6
d/4. 76
0.92
5654.98
5tob«.<;rt
SED. TONS L1TTEP TONS
94. 6b
0.08
113.38
O.Ob
337.18
0.16
253.96 '
0.17
o!22
24<« . 94
0.26
1419. TeL
14 IS. 72
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.u
0.0
0.0
u.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
NIT. LBS PHOS.L8S  L8S
189.
0.16
0.10
674.
0.32
508.
0.33
7bl.
0.43
490.
O.bl
283*.
2«39.
151.
0.13
181.
0.08
539.
0.26
406.
0.26
601.
0.35
392.
0.41
2272.
2272.
2366.
1.96
2834.
1.20
8429.
4.02
6349.
4.13
9390.
5.39
6123.
6.42
35493.
35493.
BOO LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
TOC LBS AGIO LBS
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.0
0.
0.

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                                      APPENDIX D

                              SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS

                Little Black Creek Impoundment - Black Creek Watershed

Station
Number                                             Description

BC-1             Little Black Creek at proposed dam site* - Bulloch County,

BC-2             Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.

BC-2A            Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.

BC-3             Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.

BC-3A            Little Black Creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.

BC-4             Unnamed creek at unnumbered county road* - Bulloch County.

BC-5             Unnamed creek at Georgia Highway 67* - Bulloch County.

BC-6             Little Black Creek at FAS Route S1844 - Bulloch County.



* For exact location, refer to maps in Appendices E-l and E-2.
                                     d-1

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        RAIN
       «*UGC
•DWELLS HOUSE)
                                   APPENDIX  E-l
                                   STUDY  AREA  MAP
 t
 M
                                                         LEGEND:

                                                        	DRAINAGE BASIN BOUANOAftY
                                                        	  SUB-BASIN BOUNDARY
                                                         s~^^   STREAM
                                                         ®*   BC-STATION NUMBERS
                                                         @    WASTE SOURCES IDENTIFIED
                                                                BY E.PA.-EPIC
                                                             II  CONFINED POULTRY FEEOttM
                                                             12  CONFINED  BEEF FEEDING
                                                             13  CONFINED HOG FEEDING
                                                             14  NON-IDENTIFIABLE
                                                             21  MOBILE HOME  COURT
                                                          A    WASTE SOURCES IDENTIFCD
                                                                BY SAD AND SCS
                                                             A  300 HOGS
                                                             8  100 COWS
                                                             C  165 HOGS
                                                             0  60 COWS
                                                                _ 165 HOGS
                           RAIN
                          GAUGE
                       (AKINS'FARM)
RIVER STAGE
RECORDER
                                    e-1

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        APPENDIX  E-2

      LOCATION   MAP
           STATESBORO
CANDLER\
COUNTY
        J BULLOUCH
           COUNTY
 CEDAR \ CLAXTON
 CREEK *  EVANS
 DRAINAGE \ COUNTY
 BLACK
 CREEK
DRAINAGE
 BASIN
         N
         >
             e-2

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                               PROJECT PERSONNEL
FIELD AND MOBILE LAB CREWS

Cindy Adams
Richard L. Baird
Larry Brannen
Tom Cavinder
Mike Chronic
Ralph E. Gentry
Margaret Hale
David W. Hill
W. F. Holsomback
Ray Lassiter
Raymond Lawless
George Leverett
Eddie Minchew
Eddie Shollenberger
Karen Smart
T. L. Vaughn
H. C. Vick
Roy Weimert
Bob Woodward
Typist
Engineer
Co-op
Engineer
Co-op
Microbiologist
Computer Technician
Engineer
Computer Specialist
Stay-in-school-student
Chemist
Co-op
Co-op
Engineering Technician
Peripheral Equipment Operator
Engineering Technician
Environmentalist
Engineering Technician
Co-op
GATHERING AND TABULATION OF HISTORICAL METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA
Bryan Green
Elizabeth Korhonen
Ray Lynch
Debora Talkington
H. C. Vick
Stay-in-school-student
Clerk typist
Stay-in-school-student
Stay-in-school-student
Environmentalist
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following people materially  contributed  to  completion  of  this
study.  The authors wish to acknowledge  their cooperation  and help
in the indicated areas.  We sincerely  appreciate  their  assistance.

    Mr. R. L. Akins, Sr., Statesboro,  Georgia
       - for use of his land for installation of  a rain guage.
    Mr. Kenneth Powell, Statesboro,  Georgia
       - for use of his land for installation of  a rain guage.
    Mr. Roscoe Sapp, Soil Conservation Technician, Soil Conser-
       vation Service, Claxton,  Georgia
       - for use of his land for installation of  a variety of
         meterological equipment.
       - for the invaluable servicing  of meteorological equipment
         installed on his land.
    Mr. E. T. Mullis, District Conservationist,  Soil  Conservation
       Service, Statesboro, Georgia
       - for the invaluable servicing  of the rain guages installed on
         the lands of Mr. Akins  and  Mr.  Powell  and the  river  stage
         recorder installed at one of  the sampling stations.
       •^ for assistance in gathering animal  population-distribution
         data during the initial phase of the study.
                                f-1

-------
Mr. Arthur Walden, Area Conservationist, Soil Conservation Service,
  Statesboro, Georgia
  - for his follow-up in gathering data on fertilizer application
    and other local  farming practices and possible cross drainage  from
    another drainage basin after completion of the study.
Mr. Joe A. Stevens,  Jr., Planning Staff Leader, Soil Conservation
  Service, Athens, Georgia
  - for assistance in implementing details of the cooperative  agreement.
                           f-2

    *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977 - 743-506/4279

-------