EPA  907/9-74-004
    INFORMATION PACKET
            ON
        MONITORING
            FOR
DISCHARGE PERMIT COMPLIANCE
            PROTECTION AGENCY
        REGION VII
               DIVISION
     COMPLIANCE BRANCH
   KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI

        JULY,  1974

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         PREPARED  BY

     RALPH L, FLOURNOY

             AND

     DAVID R, ALEXANDER
The Superintendent of Documents
   Classification  number is:

           EP 1.8:
           D63/2

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                 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
       \
s	g                             REGION VII
%-^|t^-»                       1735 BALTIMORE - ROOM 249
 \imo^                       KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI  64108
        Dear Permit Holder:

             The passage by Congress of Public Law 92-500, Federal
        Water Pollution Control Act, Amendments of 1972, has resulted
        in far-reaching changes in the requirements for wastewater
        treatment by municipalities and industries.  This means that
        permit holders must sample and analyze their discharge to
        determine the quantity and quality going to lakes, streams, and
        rivers.   To assist you in meeting permit requirements, my staff
        has put together this packet of information.  We suggest that
        you read this material carefully.  We wish to point out, however,
        the ultimate guide is still your own permit -- consult it for
        the exact requirements and conditions.

             If any problems arise concerning compliance with your
        permit, you may contact your State office or the Environmental
        Protection Agency, Compliance Branch office at Kansas City.
                                         Very truly yours,
                                      /  Jerome H. Svore
                                       Regional Administrator
        Enclosure

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The use of brand names or specific commercial firms is
for illustrative purposes and does not constitute an
endorsement or recommendation by the Environmental
Protection Agency.

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                                CONTENTS
   I.   Introduction
       A.   What is  NPDES Program
       B.   Brief discussion  of permit and  requirements

  II.   Sampling, Flow Measurement,  Preservation

       A.   Sampling - Techniques and  procedures  for collecting  fecal
           coliform,  6005 and TSS samples
       B.   Flow measurement  -
               1.   Estimating from water usage
               2.   V-notch weirs
               3.   Flow meters
               4.   Bucket and stopwatch
               5.   Bucket-orifice method
       C.   Preservation - Freezing to insure sample integrity

 III.   Sample Analysis and Equipment

       A.   BOD5                      C.  pH
       B.   TSS                       D.  Fecal Coliform

  IV.   Alternative  Monitoring Analysis Approaches

       A.   Hiring out tests  and report preparation to chemical  testing lab.
       B.   Combining  with other communities to finance regional lab.
       C.   Contracting with  major municipalities for analysis.
       D.   Contracting with  large industries for analysis.
       E.   Contracting with  local college and vocational-technical  schools.
       F.   Regional labs

   V.   Reporting Requirements

       A.   Completed  monitoring form  (3320-1)
       B.   Schedules  for reporting -  sampling and reporting of  results
       C.   Record keeping requirements

  VI.   Conversions  and calculations - examples for computing Ibs/day
       from mg/1, converting gpm to gal/day, etc.

 VII.   References - Reference books and telephone numbers of appropriate
       state and federal contacts

VIII.   Glossary

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I,  INTRODUCTION
     A.  On October 18, 1972, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments were enacted.  It provided for a broad and comprehensive
approach to water pollution control in this country.  One major aspect
of this piece of legislation was the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit program under Section 402 of the Act.
In basic and general terms, it stated that all point source discharges
to waters of the United States must obtain a permit authorizing and
regulating the discharge contents.  The NPDES program replaced the
Refuse Act Permit Program under the 1899 Refuse Act.
     National mandates in the 1972 Amendments include:
          1)  Establish national effluent limitations and source
              performance standards.
          2)  Require by July 1, 1977, "best practicable" control
              technology for private industry and "secondary treat-
              ment" for publicly owned treatment plants.  Secondary
              treatment is defined as an effluent with the following
              characteristics:
                                    Monthly Average   Weekly Average
                   BOD5                  30 mg/1          45 mg/1
                   TSS                   30 mg/1          45 mg/1
                   Fecal Coliform     200/100 ml*       400/100 ml*
                   pH                  6.0 - 9.0
                     * of sample
          3)  July 1, 1983, is to see the introduction of best avail-
              able control technology for industries and the best
              practicable control technolgy for municipally owned
              treatment facilities.
     B.  PERMIT REQUIREMENTS
     The permit issued to you requires that your discharge be limited
in the amounts of solids, oxygen demanding materials, and bacteria it
contains.  It also requires that you have your discharge regularly

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sampled and tested to determine how well  your system is operating and
whether it is within the limits imposed.   In those instances where the
plant is not capable of meeting the final limitations,  a schedule is
imposed.  These schedules usually extend  to July 1,  1977 - the latest
possible date for providing secondary treatment under the law as passed
by congress.  The schedule is set up so that reporting  dates are no
further apart than nine months.  There are fourteen  days from each
compliance date listed to report in writing to the appropriate state
agency and/or EPA, whether compliance was attained.
     One important fact to remember is that this permit is a legal
document and is binding on the city.  Read it carefully and keep it in
a safe and secure location.  Consult the  permit often to assure yourself
that all conditions are being met.   The law provides stiff penalties for
failure to comply, so if any problems or  questions arise, consult the
state.agency or EPA.  Some other general  requirements include:
     1)  Prohibition against discharging  oil and grease or any toxic
         materials (e.g. mercury, pesticides) should these materials
         enter your system and discharge  to a river, stream, creek,
         lake or reservoir, call the spill number 816-374-3778.
     2)  Material removed by treatment processes (sludges, etc.) must
         not be disposed of in such a manner that they might enter waters.
         of the United States.
     3)  No bypassing of treatment facilities, except to prevent loss of
         life or severe property damage.   All bypassing events must be
         reported in writing to the state pollution  control agency or
         EPA at once.
     4)  Major industrial dischargers (i.e. flow 50,000 gal/day or more than
         5% of your plant's total flow or who discharge toxic materials) are
         required to comply with certain  regulations.  Should a major dis-
         charger request to hook-up to your system,  these requirements would
         go into effect.  The city is responsible for gathering this information
         and submitting it to EPA or the  state.

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                                        3
II.  SAMPLING, FLOW MEASUREMENT,  PRESERVATION
     A.   SAMPLING AND SAMPLE TAKING
     Sampling and sample analysis is the only good means available for monitor-
ing the strength of a wastewater  stream.  The basis for reducing water pollution
stems from knowing the degree of  pollution present, which is obtained by proper
sampling methods.
     The following items are essential  for good results in any sampling program:
     1)   Using proper sampling techniques.
     2)   Insuring that the sample taken is truly representative of the waste-
         stream.
     3)   Protecting the samples until they are analyzed.
     Samples should be taken at locations where the wastestream. is well mixed
so that it will be representative.  A turbulent mixing zone with a liquid
greater than 1 fps (foot per second) will generally maintain all solids in
suspension and provide more uniform distribution.  An effective location for
sampling should have easy access  and be located at a point following the con-
fluence of all possible waste lines to one discharge point.  (As indicated by
the asterisks in the figure below.)
             INFLUENT.
                                    TREATMENT PLANT
EFFLUENT
     Where grab samples are required, large mouth, well cleaned and rinsed glass
or plastic jars should be, used.  It is important that the sampling jars be used
for nothing else.  The jars should be cleaned thoroughly with preparations
available for cleaning laboratory equipment.  The containers should be rinsed
several times with the waste being sampled.  Do not quite fill the sample jars
so they can be shaken before analysis.  The fecal coliform test requires
sterilized jars since np_ background contamination can be present.  Sterilized

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                                        4
jars can be prepared by heating the container (lid off) in an oven at 350°F. for
two hours.  The lid must be put back on tightly as soon as the jars are removed
from the oven after cooling.  Do not touch the inside of the jar or lid, so as to
prevent contamination.  If a chlorinated discharge is being sampled, sodium thio-
sulfate (0.1 ml of a 10% solution for each 125 ml) should be added immediately.
Mason jars can be used as a temporary fecal  coliform sampler if sterilized.  How-
ever, special wide mouth, ground glass stoppered bottles for bacterial  sampling
can be bought for $2.00-$3.00 each and will  last a longer time.
     If composite samples* are required, then a volume of waste proportional to
the flow at the time of the sample should be combined with other samples propor-
tional to the flow at the times they are obtained.  For example, a twenty-four
hour composite should contain at least 8 grab samples (about 1/2 pint)  one taken
every three hours.  Some permits may require another type composite sample.  If
this is the case, refer to your regional EPA office for clarification.   The
composite should be refrigerated or kept on  ice the entire 24-hour period.  This
should give a fairly accurate and representative composite for the day's waste.
     A total of at least 1 to 2 quarts (1 quart is almost liter) should be taken
and properly preserved so that sufficient waste is available for all the tests.
                                                                            .*
If the tests are not going to be performed immediately, then the samples must
be properly preserved or the analysis may be meaningless.   Refrigeration has.
been the most effective method of preservation of BOD,- and TSS samples.  pH should
be prepared and analyzed as soon as possible after obtaining the sample so as to
reduce significant deterioration.  Fecal coliform samples can be retained (at
40 F or 4°C) for up to six hours and BOD,- samples for no more than twenty-four
hours from the time the first grab is taken.

*See glossary for further details.

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     The exercise of care and common sense in the procurement of samples
can greatly improve the quality of results obtainable.   After all,  if we
expect to control water pollution we must be able to measure it accurately.
     B.  FLOW MEASUREMENT
     One of the easiest and least expensive ways to monitor flow in the
sewage treatment plant is to estimate it using the water usage records.
This can be computed by taking the water use for an entire month, say
March, and dividing by 31 to get a daily average usage.   Generally, it
can be assumed that 90 - 95 percent of this water reaches the sewer from
mid-October to May.  During the summer water usage will  increase notice-
ably due to car washing, lawn watering, and swimming - this water does
not reach the sewer system or the treatment plant.  This will require
some adjustment of the water usage figures to obtain a correct figure
for the amount reaching the sewers.  Consult your water usage for the
past three years by month, list this material in a table and keep this
for reference.
     There are two things to keep in mind when estimating the flow by,
water usage.  The first concerns infiltration.  If the sewer system
is subject to infiltration and the reporting period (normally three
months) has been marked by heavy rain or melting snow the amount of
water in the sewer system will increase noticeably.  This means that
(1) care should be exercised in using water usage as an estimation in
the spring (due to spring rains) even if the system has very little
problem with infiltration and (2) systems with infiltration problems
should consider another method of determining flow through the sewer
system.

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     Second, some sewer systems may be  subject  to outflow  (exfiltration)
from the pipes.   This will  tend to  reduce  the actual flow  at the treatment
facility.   Note some towns  may have industries  which export water in their
product, for example, soft  drink manufacturers.  Find out  if your system
is one of these and subtract the exported  quantity from the water use
figures.
     The second method would be to  construct a  90° V-notch weir for the
discharge point just as it  leaves the plant, and before it enters a creek
or ditch.   The next page shows the  design  (Fig. 1) and the dimensions  (Table
1) for a typical V-notch weir box.   Notice that two flow ranges are given so
that the box can conform to the flow from  your  plant.
     The construction of the weir box should provide for the use of water
resistant (marine) wood and/or non-corrosive metal.  The reading (H) on
the ruler (see sketch) can  be converted to gals/day by referring to Table 2.
Notice the drawing of the V shows that  it  is beveled at a  45° angle to allow
smooth flow.  The sketch below is a view from above showing direction of
bevel.
                                  I
Flow
                 n/c	J     L
                7   1/8V	/      X
     Some rules of construction and maintenance are:
         1)  The weir plate should be  of  non-corrosive metal or water
             resistant wood about 1/4  inch  thick with a sharp right
             angle on the upstream edge.
         2)  The downstream 1/8 inch should be beveled (tapered at an
             angle) at a 45° angle away from the V-shaped opening.  This
             allows the flow to pass through easily.  See Figure 1.
         3)  The V-notch must be cleaned  periodically of any dirt or
             algae growth.

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TABLE

Discharge
gallons /day
0 to 1,610,000
1,291,000 to
2,800,000
Depth
(max)
(H)
(ft.)
1.0
a. 25
(A)
(ft.)
6
6.5
(K)
(ft.)
2
3
1
(B)
(ft.)
5
6.5
(E)
(ft.)
3
3.25
(D)
(ft.)
1.5
1.5
(F)
(ft.)
4
5
(L)
(ft.)
3
3.5
(C)
(ft.)
1
1.5
         FIGIPE
            1
                   '-V
RULER
                                            Cleanout
                                            opening to be
                                            provided with a
                                            tight but
                                            removable
                                            cover.

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                                  8
                               TABLE
                                 II
Readings*
(H) in
Inches
2 00
2 25
2 50
2.75 . . .
3 00 ....
3 25
3 50 ...
3 75 ....
4 00
4.25 ....
4 50 ...
4 75
5.00 ....
5 25
5 50 ....
5 75 ...
6.00 ....
6.25 ....
6.50 . . . .
6.75 ....
7.00 ....

Flow
gals/day
. . 18,915
. . 25,331
. . 32,895
. . 41,667
. . 51,702
. . 63,054
. . 75,776
. . 89,917
. . 105,524
. . 122,645
. . 141,323
. . 161,601
. . 183,523
. 207,129
. . 232,458
. . 259,550
. . 288,443
. . 319,174
. . 351,779
. . 386,295
. . 422,755

Readings*
(H) in
Inches
7.25 ....
7.50 . . . .
7.75 ....
8.00 ....
8.25 ....
8.50 . . . .
8.75 ....
9.00 ....
9.25 ....
9.50 ....
9.75 ....
10.00 ....
10.25 ....
10.50 ....
10.75 ....
11.00 ....
11.25 ....
1 1 . 50 . . . .
11.75 ....
12.00 ....

1
Flow
gals/day
. . 461,194
. . 501,646
. . 544,143
. . 588,719
. . 635,405
. . 684,233
. . 735,233
. . 788,436
. . 843,872
. . 901,571
. . 961,560
. . 1,023,871
. . 1,088,530
. . 1,155,566
. . 1,225,006
. . 1,296,878
. . 1,371,208
. . 1,448,024
. . 1,527,354
. . 1,609,217


*Notes - Before taking reading remember these items:
     1.  For best accuracy the average of at least three or four readings
         per day is best.   These readings should  ideally be made at
         10:00 a.m., 2:00  p.m., 8:00 p.m., and 12:00  midnight.
     2.  Be sure the V-notch weir plate is clean.
     3.  Clean the weir box weekly.
     4.  Readings (H) less than 2.5" become inaccurate.

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         4)  The ruler should be behind the V-notch at a distance  at
             least four times and not more than 10 times the average
             head (H) measured.

         5)  Flows below 35.000 gals/day should not be measured using
             this method.

     A third flow measurement technique is to use a bucket and stopwatch.

Marking off a new five T ten gallon bucket in quarts and gallons  and  taking

three o»" four readings, while timing the stopwatch will give an excellent

measurement.  Using this method, flows from 0 to 25 or 30,000 gals/day

can be measured.

     Discharges from 14/00 to 230,400 gals/day can be measured using  the

orifice bucket method.  In this method a 125-pound grease drum is  used.

The procedures for using this method are as follows:

     1.  The depth in the bucket is measured and marked off along  the
         side.  The use of white tape (preferably 3 - 4" wide) or  painting
         a white stripe inside from top to bottom will work.

     2.  Nine one-inch holes (accuracy is important when drilling  the  holes)
         are  drilled in the bottom.  The edges of the holes should be
         smoothed to allow easy flow thru the holes.

     3.  The holes not in use are plugged with rubber stoppers.

     4.  A reading of the depth of water in the bucket is made after the
         deoth has reached a steady level.

     5.  Using the graph in .-"igure 2 the depth of water is converted to
         gals/minute.  This figure taken from the graph is multiplied  by
         the number of holes not plugged.  This is the flow at the time  of
         measurement.

     6.  Take 3-4 readings during the day, average these readings and
         multiply by 1440 to gpt gallons/day.

     The fourth flow measurement procedure concerns primarily non-gravity

flow situations, such as mechanical plants with lift stations.  Here

operation may be on an intermittent basis as the pump will only start  up

when it is needed.  Therefore, if information on the capacity of the

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                               10
         Water depth = Head
                            J/ l>-  P  -•  O  \
                              v  S  o  o
                                      o
                          125  Ib. grease  drum
                            or equivalent
                      9-1" diameter  holes  -  equally  spaced
  24
  22
  20
  18
I 16
vC
o
c
  14
0)
a
  12
   10
        A
                  10
11    12    13    14    15    16   17
                 Flow through 1-inch orifice,  gpm


           Figure 2 - Rating curve for orifice bucket.

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                                   11
pump is available then the volume of flow pumped  can  be  determined.   For
example, assume that the lift station pumping  directly to  the treatment
plant pumps at 100 gpm, therefore, volume flow would  be  found. by
substituting in the equation:

               Time pump on  x  pump capacity   x   efficiency

The pump equipment manufacturer or most engineering firms  should be  able
to furnish information on rated pumo capacity  and efficiency.
     The fifth method of measurinr flow is to  use a flow meter which
continuously records the flow on a strip chart or other  recording device.
This approach is the most expensive, but also  the most accurate.  Infor-
mation on these can be obtained by writing to:
                   Inquiry Processing Department  (American City Magazine)
                   P. 0. Box 13159
                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania   19137
Subscriptions to the magazine are ^ee to interested city and county
officials.  Requests for subscriptions should be directed to the American
City Magazine, Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, Bershire Common, Pitts-
field, Massachusetts  01201.

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                                      12
     C.  PRESERVATION
     All of the sample discussed in this section should be preserved
to insure that the change in quality is small.   Samples for 8005,  TSS,
pH and fecal coliform should be thoroughly iced down and kept in a
dark place, such as an ice cooler.   Each sample should be labeled
(directly on the bottle or using a  rubber band  and tag) so that time
and date of sample, location and identity of sampler is listed.
III.  SAMPLE ANALYSIS AND EQUIPMENT
     Section 304(g) of the Federal  Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972 specify sampling and test methods acceptable to EPA.   At present
all testing must conform to the latest edition  of the following references:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastes, A.S.T.M. Standards,
and Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and  Wastes.  If an alternate
test method to those specified above is desired then the permittee must
submit a written request for variance to the Regional Administrator along
with sufficient data on accuracy and precision  to support the request.
If EPA then determines that the alternate test  method achieves results
equivalent to the accepted methods  the Regional Administrator may then
accept it for use.
     BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is defined in the EPA glossary as
"A measure of the amount of oxygen  consumed in  the biological process
that breaks down organic matter in  water.  Large amounts of organic wastes

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                                13
use up large amounts of dissolved oxygen, thus the greater the degree
of pollution, the greater the BOD."  Therefore, BODs is that quantity
of dissolved oxygen consumed in a five-day period for the stabilization
of organic matter.
     Since the 6005 test is actually a bioassay the following conditions
must be met:
         1)  The samples must be protected from contact with air
         2)  Toxic compounds and interferences must be absent or
             protected against
         3)  All necessary nutrients must be present for the micro-
             organisms
         4)  The samples must be incubated at a constant temperature
             of 20°C
     The BOD5 test essentially measures the amount of oxygen used by
bacteria and other microorganisms over a five-day period as measured
from the baseline value.  For each BODs sample it is normally best to
prepare the following test; three BOD test bottles covering a high,
low and expected range, along with one bottle to be used as a blank.
The three dilutions can be obtained from Table III.  For example,
where a final effluent 6005 of 30 mg/1 is expected the bottles would be
prepared by direct 'pipetting 20 ml of final effluent into the median
range bottle, 50 ml into low range, and 10 ml into the high range.  This
should allow for experimental and human error to give reliable test
results.  Then stop up the BOD bottles with prepared aeration water along
with the blank BOD bottle (filled completely with aeration water).  After
filling and sealing the bottles with stoppers, they should be placed in
a stable .temperature environment (20°C) for five days.  Each day put some

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                               14
                               TABLE III
1.   Percent Dilution Method
2.  Direct Pipetting Method
% Mixture
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
Range
20,000 -
10,000 -
4,000 -
2,000 -
1,000 -
400 -
200 -
100 -
40 -
20 -
10 -
4 -
0 -
of BOD
70,000
35,000
14,000
7,000
3,500
1,400
700
350
140
70
35
14
7
. ml
0.02
0.05
0.10
0,20
0.50
1.0
2.0
5.0
10.0
2Q.O
50.0
100.0
300.0
Range
30,000 -
12,000 -
6,000 -
3,000 -
1,200 -
600 -
300 -
120 -
60 -
30 -
12 -
6 -
0 -
of BOD
105,000
42,000
21 ,000
10,500
4,200
2,100
1,050
420
210
105
42
21
7

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                              15
distilled water around the bottle stopcock to prevent air from getting
in.
     Some words of caution are in 01 Jer concerning the 8005 test.   For
best results the instructions in accepted references should be followed
as closely as possible by competent personnel.  Each test result must
show an oxygen depletion of at least 2 mg/1 from the blank value and
must have a least 0.5 mg/1 residual DO.  If more than one bottle falls
in this range then normally the lowest dissolved oxygen value will give
the most reliable BOD5 value.
     The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) test along with BODs are the major
parameters used in water quality determinations on waste water treatment
facilities.  The total suspended solids test attempts to determine the
quantity of suspended material in a known volume of sample removable by
filtration through a glass fiber filter under vacuum.  When following
Standard Methods there are a number of important items that can introduce
significant errors if not corrected.
     1)  Sample size should be as large as possible and still filter
         without great difficulty.
     2)  The filter should be dried at T03 - 105°C prior to weighing and
         filtration.
     3)  The filters must always be allowed to cool to room temperature
         in a desiccator before weighing.
     4)  Do not handle the filter by hand  (use tweezers) as body oils
         and grease will affect the weight.
     5)  A test is not valid unless the filter shows a positive increase
         in weight after filtration and drying at 103° - 105°C.
     £H^ is a term that represents the concentration of acidity or alka-
linity in a solution.  To protect biological waste treatment processes

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                          TABLE IV

                       EQUIPMENT LIST


                  BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Description                                       Quantity

Balance, Analytical, Mettler H31_                      1
Beaker, 250 ml                                        4
Bottle, BOD, 300 ml                                  12
Bottle, Polyethylene, 8 oz.                           4
Bottle, Weighing, 30 ml                               2
Buret, 25 ml                                          2
Cylinder, Graduated, 10 ml                            2
Cylinder, Graduated, 100 ml                           2
Cylinder, Graduated, 1000 ml                          2
Flask, Volumetric, 1000 ml                            2
Incubator, BOD                                        1
Oven, Drying                                          1
Pi pet, Measuring, 1 ml                                2
Pipet, Volumetric, 5 ml                               2
Stirring Rods, Glass                                 12
Support, Double Buret                                 1
Tygon Tubing, 1/4" x 1/16"                           10 ft.

                          Reagents

Calcium Chloride Soln, 2.75%                         32 oz.
Dextrose Reag                                         1 Ib.
Ferric Chloride Soln, 0.025%                         32 oz.
Glutamic Acid                                       100 gm
Magnesium Sulfate Soln, 2.25%                        32 oz.
Phosphate Buffer Soln, pH 7.2                        32 oz.
Potassium Iodide Soln, 10%                           32 oz.
Sodium Hydroxide Soln, IN                            32 oz.
Sodium Sulfite Reag                                   1 Ib.
Starch Soln     f                                     16 oz.
Sulfuric Acid Reag, cone                              9 Ib.
Sulfuric Acid Soln, IN                               32 oz.


                         pH VALUE

Description                                  Quantity

pH Meter, Corning Model 7                        1
                            16

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                                TABLE IV  cont.

                TOTAL SUSPENDED MATTER (NONFILTRABLE  RESIDUE)

Description                   Quantity Description                  Quantity

Balance, Analytical  Mettler H31   1     Flask,  Filtering,  500 ml         2
Bottle. Wash, 250 ml              1     Forceps                         1
Cylinder, Graduated, 100ml       2     Funnel,  Buchner,  Plate
Desiccator 250 mm                 1       Diameter,  56 mm                1
Filter Discs, Glass  Fiber,             Oven, Drying                    1
  55 mm                           1  bx Rubber  Stopper, 1-Hole, No.  7    4
Filter Pump                       1     Rubber  Tubing, 1/4"  x 3/16"      4  ft.

                                  Reagents
Silica Gel, Indicating            1% Ib.


                  FECAL COLICORM MEMBRANE FILTER PROCEDURE

        Description                                          Quantity

        Autoclave                                               1
        Autoclave Pressure Control              '                1
        Balance, Triple Beam                                    1
        Bottle, Water Sample, 125 ml                             8
        Burner, Tirrill                                         1
        Cylinder, Graduated, 100 ml                              2
        Cylinder, Graduated, 500 ml                              2
        Dishes, Petri, 60 x 15 mm. 500/case                     1  case
        Distillation Apoaratus, Glass or  water
          demineralizer with cartridge                          1
        Filter Funnel Assembly                                  1
        Filter Pump                           .                   1
        Flask, Erlenmeyer, 125 ml, w/screw cap                  8
        Flask, Erlenmeyer, 500 ml, w/screw cap                  4
        Flask, Filtering, 1000 ml                               2
        Forceps                                                 2
        Hot Plate                                               1
        Membrane Filters, 47 mm dia,  0.45 Micron Pore Size       1  bx.
        Paper, Weighing                                         1  pkg..
        Pipet, Serological, 2ml                                2
        Refrigerator                                            1
        Rubber Stopper, 1-Hole, No.  8                           4
        Rubber Tubing, 1/4" x 1/16"                              4  ft.
        Rubber Tubing, 1/4" x 3/16"                              4  ft.
        Spatula, 8"                                              1
        Sterilizer,  Hot Air (Optional)                          1
        Water Bath (+0.2°C)                                     1
        Water Bath Gable Cover                                  V
        M-FC Broth                                            1/4  Ib.
                                   17

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and water quality the pH should fall  in the 6.0 - 9.0 range.   Values
between 0-7 represent the acid scale with 0 very acid and 7 neutral.
Therefore, it is obvious that 7-14 is alkaline and 14 would be highly
alkaline (basic).  The standard for measuring pH is the hydrogen ion
electrode, otherwise known as the pH meter.  The meter is available in
tremendously varied qualities and price ranges from numerous  reputable
dealers, such as Beckman,  Fisher Scientific,  Hach, Analytical Measurements,
Inc., Bausch and Lomb, etc.  The electrode method is the only acceptable
pH measurement under 304(g).   Unfortunately,  since pH is so drastically
affected by innumberable conditions it must be measured immediately to
be of any value.  Even a few minutes delay may invalidate a pH test.
     The Fecal  Coliform test has been adopted as a water quality and
effluent parameter to indicate the degree of contamination of the waste-
water effluent by potentially harmful bacteria.  Both the membrane filter
and most probable number (mpn) are acceptable as test procedures.  If
the sample is not prepared onsite, it should be refrigerated  at 4°C and
then prepared within six hours.
     Table IV on the next page is an itemized list of equipment and  .
chemicals necessary to run the tests previously mentioned.
     After an initial review of the equipment market, we have established
some rough price listings  for the equipment in Table IV.  The lump sum
minimum for the equipment in Table IV is approximately $4800  at present
market value.  This figure is expected to increase by 20 percent in the
next year.  Additional annual costs would include the following:
                                18

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     1.   For monthly sampling  chemical  cost would  be  $60/year  and
         for weekly sampling the cost would be  $200/year.
     2.   Replacement of broken glassware or equipment and  disposable
         supplies can amount to as  much as  $200/year.
     3.   The cost of labor for monthly  sampling and analysis would
         amount to $1200/year  assuming  labor cost  of  $5/hour and the
         need to spend 20 hours/month 'on sample collection and analysis.
         The cost goes up to $4800/year for weekly sampling and analysis.
     4.   Assessing a cost for  lab space is  almost  totally  dependent upon
         what space a community is  forced to utilize.
         Because of the excessive costs that would be entailed for  each
         community to purchase its  own  laboratory  equipment, we strongly
         urge all smaller communities  to pursue other arrangements  as
         discussed under "Alternative  Monitoring Approaches."
     Many of the pieces of equipment can be made through conversion of
commonly obtainable pieces of  equipment.  For example, it  is  possible to
convert an old refrigerator into an incubator by the  addition  of a  thermo-
static control conversion kit.  Other  modifications can be found in various
professional journals in the  sanitary-environmental field.
     A competent operating staff is a  key consideration in meeting  the
performance requirements of your permit.  The competence of your staff
should be determined, any need for training should be made known to your
State water pollution control  agency,  your State Division  of  Vocational
Education, and the Manpower and Training Branch of the EPA Regional Office.
IV.  ALTERNATIVE MONITORING ANALYSIS APPROACHES
     For most small communities the monitoring  program required under the
NPDES program may seem rather expensive at first.   Although,  this may be
true, really effective water  pollution control  will require significant
expenditures.  However, we have attempted to develop  a number of alternative
approaches to the purchase and establishment of individual laboratory
facilities.
                                    19

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                               20


     A)  Consulting engineering firms, environmental  testing labs, and
         other testing laboratories hire out sampling and test for a
         fee.  We have found that the prices for analysis of BODr, TSS,
         Fecal Coliform, and pH generally run between $25 - $45, for
         one sample with all four tests.  An additional  charge would be
         assessed if the sample is to be obtained by  the testing laboratory.
         This would run the total  cost up to $100.00  or  more for taking the
         sample and analyzing it.   These firms are listed in the Yellow Pages
         under Laboratories-Testing.

     B)  A number of small  communities in the same area  can combine resources
         to equip one lab and train one crew to take  the samples and run the
         four tests.  This has the particluar advantage  of drastically re-
         ducing the cost assessed to  each town and make  the data much more
         consistent because one crew runs all the tests.

     C)  Large cities often have well equipped 1aboratories and trained
         personnel.  A number of smaller communities  have found it
         effective to contract with these larger cities  to run tests.

     D)  Some industries have been known to hire out  their personnel and
         lab facilities on the side to handle this kind  of testing work.

     E)  Local colleges and junior colleges can furnish  competent students
         trained in the testing of water and waste water.  They may receive
         credit and/or other acknowledgement from the school as well as
         a small salary from the community.

     F)  Some states have or may soon explore the possibility of establishing
         regional laboratories equipped to run most common wastewater analysis.
         You should contact your state environmental  control agency for infor-
         mation regarding possible regional laboratories.  Sufficient interest
         may encourage the states to follow through more rapidly.

     We strongly urge all small communities who desire to reduce costs to

examine the alternative proposals as  given or to develop others as need arises.

If you develop any interesting or novel ideas, please let us know at EPA, as  we

want to work with you all we can.   While developing your own monitoring system

try to keep in mind the following points:

     1)  Conserve fuel - the use of one man to deliver the samples from five
         or six towns would help here as well as cutting costs.

     2)  Reduce wasted effort.

     3)  Maintain high quality effluent and good data quality - inspect the
         plant often and deal with problems, however  small, at. once.

     4)  Minimize cost - the use of city personnel to take samples and deliver
         them can cut cost by 50 - 60%.

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                                21

V.   REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

     A.   The completed reporting form (Fig.  3)  is an example of how

the form should be filled out.   The permit conditions entered are

those for a plant in compliance with the secondary standards.  The

permit issued to you has the conditions that apply to your situation.

Consult this before completing  the form.  The method of calculating

Ibs/day from mg/1 using the flow is shown on the form.  The figure 8.34

is a constant conversion factor.  To obtain kg/day divide the Ibs/day

by 2.2.

     The permit for most municipalities requires:

         a)  Monthly samples for the five parameters listed on the
             sample form (consult your permit for others, e.g., in
             Missouri, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and alkalinity
             are required in many permits.

         b)  The results of these samples are generally reported four
             times per year.  These periods generally end on the last
             day of March, June, September, and December.  There are
             twenty-eight days  to complete the report and submit it
             after the end of the period.

         c)  Records must be kept for a period of three years, longer
             if requested by EPA or the State.   Records such as method
             of analysis, date, and time samples were taken and by
             whom, must be kept together for inspection, but should   •
             not be submitted with the monitoring report.

         d)  Review.section III of the permit for definitions and state
             reporting requirements.  In Iowa it is requested that the
             state monitoring form be filled out and sent to the state
             office only.

         d)  If monthly or quarterly sampling is required, submit a
             quarterly summary for each discharge point (001, 002...).
             If daily, weekly,  or bimonthly sampling is required, sub-
             mit three monthly summaries for each discharge point every
             quarter.  For the first quarter this would require a Jan.,
             Feb., and March summary for 001 to be submitted by April  28.

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                                                       NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
                                                                DISCHARGE MONITORING REPORT
Nfft
STREET
CITY, STATE  ZIP CODE
                                                                                                         EXMPLE CALOJLATIQNS
                                                              Form Approved
                                                              OMB NO. 15S-ROO73
     (LBS/DAY) = 27 MG/L x  .02 MILLION GALLONS/DAY x 8.34 = 4.5 LBS/DAY
TSS (IBS/DAY) = 25 MG/L x .02 MILLION GALLCNS/DAY x 8.34 =  4.16 LBS/DAY
                                                                                                                 INSTRUCTIONS
L DISCHARGE
(2-3) I4-I«> (17-19) J
X 0001396
( 5T PERMIT NUMBER
§SHRI '
E S twtm
PARAMETER
(PARAMETER CODE)
BOD5
(00310) •
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
(70299)
(00403)
»rai
"
D15
120-2)1 (22-23)
7 4 Ol6
YEAR MO
NUMDE
495?
SIC
(24-251
3 in
DAY
•
(3 card only)
138-451

MINIMUM
..**.
*****
.*...
*****
6.5
6.0
*****
*****
10.000
»«-»*»
86
85




!cn
^
<4C
E FOR SEWAGE SYSTEMS J

LATITUDE
TO
1 26-271
1 fl
YEAR


LONGITUDE
28-29) 130-31) ^ nnf'JT
n q 3lo REPORT
MO DAY in/73/


QUANTITY
S3) I 34-6 1) {62-631
AVERAGE




4,
5,
4.
5,
5
0
16
0

*****
*****
*****
20,000
20,000
87
*****




MAXIMUM
7
7
7
7
8
9
0
9
18
.9
.0
.0
*****
*****
21,000
*****
90
*.,..




TITL-E OF THE OFFICER
SEMffiE

EPAF°raJ"°-I(IOCa PRINT IWE HERE
PLANT
ru*T|

• OR
TL-f

ERATOR

UNITS
LBS/EAY
LBS/DAY
S.U.
******
GALS/DAY
i


DATE
71/4 i IQ 1 14 S
YEAR MO DAY
DATE OF SIGNATURE
FIGURE 3
NO.
EX
O
U

0

0

*

0

0





1. Provide dates for period covered by this report in spaces marked "REPORTING PERIOD".
2. Enter reported minimum, average and maximum values under "QUANTITY" and "CONCENTRATION
in the units specified for each parameter as appropriate. Do not enter values in boxes containin
asterisks. "AVERAGE" is average computed over actual time discharge is operating. "MAXIMUM*
and "MINIMUM" are extreme values observed during the reporting period.
3. Specify the number of analyzed samples that exceed the maximum (and/or minimum aa appropriate)
permit conditions in the columns labeled "No. Ex." If none, enter "O".
4. Specify frequency of analysis for each parameter as No. analyses/No, days, (e.g., "3/7" is equiva
-— tent to 3 analyses performed every 7 days.) If continuous enter "CONT. "
%*— Center f'NA".
6. Appropriate signature is required on bottom of this fotra.
., 7. Remove carbon and retain copy for your records.
N[ 8. Fold along dotted lines, staple and mail Original to office specified in permit.
TE OFF ^" <64-68) l«9-70)
(4 card on
( 38-45)
** CONCENTRATION
( 4C-33) 154-81)
MINIMUM
.....
*****
*****
*****
*****
mimm
100

*****
«****
««.
*****




/ certify that I
report and that
nation is true,
AVERAGE
27
30
25
30
*****
*****
140
200
*****
«HHHH,

-------
VI.  CONVERSIONS AND CALCULATIONS
     Multiply
     Cubic feet/second
     Cubic feet/second
     Grams/liter
     Liters
     Milligrams/liter
     Million gals/day
     Parts/million (ppm)
     (Temp °C + 17.78)
     (Temp °F - 32)
     1 Kilogram
     1 Pound
     1 Gallon
     1 Cubic foot/sec.
     1 Cfs
     1,000,000 gals/day
     1,000,000 gals/day
     1 Pound/million gals
                                    By_
                                  448.831
                                    0.646317
                                 1000
                                    1.057
                                    1
                                    1.54723
                                    8.345
                                    1.8
                                  5/9
                         =  2.205 pounds
                         =  453.6 grams
                         =  3.785 liters
                         =  646,300 gals/day
                         =  449 gals/min.
                         =  1.547 cfs
                         =  694 gals/min.
     To  obtain
     Gallons/minute
     Million  gallons/day
     Parts/million
     Quarts
     Parts/million  (ppm)
     Cubic feet/second
     1 bs/minion gals.
     Temp °F
     Temp C
                         = 0.1199 ppm
Milligrams per liter x 8.34 x flow in million
page 22 for examples
REPORTING OF LABORATORY RESULTS
Parameter         .           Range
                                                   gallons/day = Ibs/day refer to
     PH
     BOD 5
     TSS
                             0 - 49
                             1 - 100
Report to nearest
     0.1 units
     1.0 mg/1
     1.0 mg/1

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                                     24
VII References

    Reference Books

     1.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
         13th Edition, 1971  American Public Health Association,  1015
         Eighteenth Street,  N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036,  $22.50
         This is the generally accepted reference for procedures'for
         the analysis of samples.  It is updated about every five  years.

     2.  Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971
         Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office,  Analytical
         Quality Control  Laboratory, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati,  Ohio
         45202 (for sale from Superintendent of Documerits  U.S.  Government
         Printing Office, Washington, D.C.   Stock number 5501-0067,  $3)
         This is the EPA testing manual with practical  hints and guidance.

     3.  Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers,  2nd Edition 1967, Clair N.
         Sawyer and Perry L.  McCarthy, McGraw - Hill  Book  Company.
         A book detailing the chemistry of water and wastewater  treatment.

     4.  Laboratory Procedures - Analysis for Wastewater Treatment Plant
         Operators, David Vietti, U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency,
         1735 Baltimore,  Kansas City, Missouri 64108.
         A practical  guide for wastewater operators involved in  analysis
         of samples.

     5.  Water Measurement Manual, 1967, U.S. Department of the  Interior,
         Bureau of Reclamation, for sale by the Superintendent of  Documents,
         U.S. Printing Office, Washington,  D.C. 20402,  $2.50.
     EPA Address:   U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency
                   Region VII
                   1735  Baltimore -  Room 249
                   Kansas City,  Missouri 64108

     Phone Numbers:
          a.   Spill reporting  number 816-374-3778
          b.   Inquiries  about  permit,  sampling, etc.  816-374-2576
          c.   Inquiries  about  municipal  grant funding 816-374-5593
          d.   Inquiries  about  public notices, etc.  816-374-5955

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                               25

2.  State addressed:

                              IOWA

        Mr.  Kenneth M.  Karen, Chief
        Environmental  Engineering Services
        Department of Environmental Quality
        3920 Delaware
        Des  Moines, Iowa 50316
        515-281-3045

        Mr.  Jerry Rattenberg                      Region I
        209  N.  Franklin
        Manchester, Iowa  52057
        319-927-2640

        Mr.  F.  R. Pfeiffer                        Region II
        1450 Federal
        P. 0. Box 1443
        Mason City, Iowa  50402
        515-424-4073

        Mr.  John LeFevbre                         Region III
        P. 0. Box 270
        401  Grand Avenue, Suite 23
        Spencer, Iowa 51301
        712-262-4177

        Mr.  Richard W.  Grote                      Region IV
        532  First Avenue
        Suite 304
        Council Bluffs, Iowa  51501
        712-328-3194

        Mr.  Jack Clemens                          Region V
        Iowa Dept. of Environmental Quality
        3920 Delaware
        Des  Moines, Iowa  50316
        515-265-8]34

        Mr.  Mike Herman                           Region VI
        P. 0. Box 65
        Journal Building
        111% N. Marion
        Washington, Iowa 52353
        319-653-3442

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                         26

                       KANSAS

Mr. Melville W. Gray
Chief Engineer and Director
Division of Environmental Health
Kansas State Department of Health
Forbes Air Force Base, Bldg. 740
Topeka, Kansas 66620
FTS 8-913-296-3821

Mr. Richard D. Buchanan                 Southwest Area Office
Engineering Technician                     Dodge City
300 W. Highway 56
Dodge City, Kansas 67801

Mr. William T. Towery                   Southeast Area Office
Engineering Technician                     Chanute
11 S. Lincoln, Box 566
Chanute, Kansas  66720

Mr. Elmer Zerr, Engineer                Northeast Area Office
Forbes Air Force Base                      Topeka
Building 740
Topeka, Kansas 66620

Mr. Dean L. Strowig, Engineer           North Central Area Office
719 East Crawford                          Salina
Salina, Kansas 67401

Mr. Gerald Grant, Engineer              Northwest Area Office
1014 Cody Avenue                           Hays
Hays, Kansas 67601

                   MISSOURI

Mr. James L.  Wilson, Director
Department of Natural Resources
State Office Building
Jeffersor.City, Missouri 65101
314-751-4422

Mr. Charles S. Decker, Regional Engineer (Macon)
Missouri Clean Water Commission
P. 0. Box 154
231 N. Rollins
Macon, Missouri
816-385-2129

Mr. Joe Fitzpatrick, Regional Engineer
Missouri Clean Water Commission
State Office Building
615. East 13th Street
Kansas City,  Missouri  64106
816-274-6675

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                        27


                 MISSOURI (Cont.)
Mr. Kirk Stevens, Regional Engineer
(Jefferson City)
Missouri Clean Water Commission
P. 0. Box 154
Jefferson City, Missouri  65101
314-751-3241

Mr. Earl Holtgraewe, Regional Engineer
Missouri Clean Water Commission
8460 Watson Road, Suite 217
St. Louis, Missouri  63119
314-849-1313

Mr. James A. Burn's, Regional Engineer
Missouri Clean Water Commission
1155 East Cherokee
Springfield, Missouri  65804
417-883-4033

Mr. Thomas Jones, REgional Engineer
Missouri Clean Water Commission
946 Lester Street
Poplar Bluff, Missouri  63901
314-785-9460
                     NEBRASKA

Mr. George Ludwig
Acting Director
Department of Environmental Control
Box 94653, State House Station
Lincoln, Nebraska  68509
402-471-2186

Mr. John Knapp
503*s North Jeffers
North Platte, Nebraska  69101
308-532-1995

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                                   28
                          VIII. GLOSSARY


Biochemical Oxygen Demand - (1) The quantity of oxygen used in the
     biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a specified time
     (BOD§ - five day), at a specified temperature, and under specified
     conditions.  (2) A standard test used in assessing wastewater
     strength.

Composite Wastewater Sample - A combination of individual samples of
     water or wastewater taken at selected intervals, generally hourly
     for some specified period, to minimize the effect of the variability
     of the individual sample.  Individual samples may have equal volume
     or may be roughly proportioned to the flow at the time of sampling.

Data - Records of observations and measurements of physical facts,
     occurrences, and conditions, reduced to written, graphical, or
     tabular form.

Grab Sample - A single sample of wastewater taken at neither set time nor
     flow.

Industrial wastes - The liquid wastes from industrial processes, as distinct
     from domestic or sanitary wastes.

Lagoon - A pond containing raw or partially treated wastewater in which
     aerobic or anaerobic stabilization occurs.

Monitoring - The measurement,  sometimes continuous, of water quality.

Most Probable Number (MPN) - That number of organisms per unit volume that,
     in accordance with statistical  theory, would be more likely than ariy
     other number to yield the observed test result with the greatest
     frequency.  Expressed as  density of organisms per 100 ml.  Results
     are computed from the number of positive findings of coliform-group
     organisms resulting from multiple-portion decimal dilution plantings'.

Organic Matter - Chemical substances of animal  or vegetable origin, or more
     correctly, of basically carbon structure,  comprising compounds consisting
     of hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Oxidation Pond - A basin used  for retention of wastewater before final disposal
     in which biological oxidation of organic material is effected by natural
     or artificially accelerated transfer of oxygen to the water from air.

Primary Treatment - (1) The first major (sometimes the only) treatment in a
     wastewater treatment works-, usually sedimentation.  (2) The removal of
     a substantial amount of suspended matter,  but little or no colloidal
     and dissolved matter.

-------
                                    29
Sampler - A device used with or without flow measurement to  obtain  an  aliquot
     portion of water or waste for analytical  purposes.   May be designed  for
     taking a single sample (grab), composite sample,  continuous sample,  or
     periodic sample.

Sanitary Sewer - A sewer that carries liquid and water-carried wastes  from
     residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants, and institutions,
     together with minor quantities of-ground-storm,  and surface waters
     that are not admitted intentionally.

Secondary Wastewater Treatment - The treatment of wastewater by biological
     methods after primary treatment by sedimentation.

Stabilization Lagoon - A shallow pond for  storage of  wastewater before
     discharge.  Such lagoons may serve only to detain and equalizes
     wastewater composition before regulated discharge to a  stream, but
     often they are used for biological oxidation.

Stabilization Pond - A tyoe of oxidation pond in which biological oxidation
     of organic matter is effected by natural  or artificially accelerated
     transfer of oxygen to the water from  air.

Suspended Solids - (1) Solids that either  float on the surface of,  or  are
     in suspension in water, wastewater, or other liquids, and which are
     largely removable by laboratory filtering.  (2)  The quantity of material
     removed from wastewater in a laboratory test,  as  prescribed in "Standard
     Methods for the Examination of Water  and Wastewater" and referred to as
     nonfilterable residue.

Total Solids - The sum of dissolved and undissolved constituents in water or
     wastewater, usually stated in milligrams' per liter.

Wastewater Survey - An investigation of the quality and characteristics of
     each waste stream, as in an industrial plant or  municipality.

Weir - (1) A diversion dam.  (2) A device  that has a  crest and some side  con-
     tainment of known geometric shape, such as a V,  trapezoid, or  rectangle,
     and is used to measure flow of liquid.  The liquid surface is  exposed to
     the atmosphere.  Flow is related to upstream height of  water above the
     crest, to position of crest with respect to downstream  water surface, and
     to geometry of the weir opening.

Composites proportional to flow - The method of making each  part or grab  of the
     composite proportional to the flow at that particular time requires  that
     the flow be estimated or calculated and a certain volume collected for
     each unit.  For example, a 100 ml or  1/2 pint sample could be  taken  for
     each 100 or 200 gallons/minute recorded then.   For larger plants, the
     basis may be for each 1000 gallons/minute.  Thus  a flow of 150 gpm at
     2:00 PM would mean a sample of 150 ml or 3/4 pints, and a flow of 200 gpm
     would mean 200 ml or 1 pint.

-------