-------
DEDICATION
Tills State of the Environment report Is dedicated to the memory of Maria Rrie, EPA New England's first
champion of environmental education. During her many years at EPA, Maria was passionately committed to
incorporating science and the environment into school curriculums, starting in very early grades. It was her
hope that children who learn to respect the environment would become life-long stewards of its protection.
-------
June 2002 .
I am pleased to present to you State o[ the New England Environment 2002, a report that highlights environmen-
tal trends and conditions across our region and EPA's strategies for protecting and improving public health and
the environment. The report reflects the four basic goals that drive the agency's work: achieving cleaner air,
purer water, healthier ecosystems and healthier communities.
As you will read, we've made enormous progress on many of these goals-fewer smog alert days, reduced
childhood lead poisoning rates and lower mercury emissions, being just a few of the examples. But the region
still faces significant challenges-challenges that require closer collaboration with our state and local partners
and stronger working relationships with businesses and others in the regulated community to foster
environmental stewardship.
EPA and the states have developed specific goals and strategies for tackling these challenges. For example, two
of our goals in Rhode Island are cleaning up 60 acres of contaminated land and restoring 500 acres of habitat
by 2003. In Connecticut, we have set a goal of restoring 2,000 acres of coastal habitat in Long Island Sound by
2008. And in Boston, we're working with neighborhood groups and other organizations to eliminate childhood
lead poisoning and make the Charles River safe for swimming by 2005.
Some of these goals have prompted new approaches within our organization. To help improve environmental
conditions in our urban neighborhoods, we recently launched an Environmental Justice Action Plan, a two-year
strategy that includes mandatory EJ training for all EPA employees and development of specific EJ guidance
that staff can use in evaluating permits and targeting enforcement inspections. Developing enforcement settle-
ments which include specific environmental projects in EJ neighborhoods is just one example of how this
guidance will help us better achieve our goals.
Strong enforcement remains a top priority at EPA New England and is critical to achieving our environmental
goals. Encouraging environmental stewardship is a vitally important goal, too. By expanding our compliance
assistance and offering voluntary, stewardship-oriented incentive programs, we're finding that many businesses
in the region can achieve better environmental results at less cost.
We hope you will find this 28-page report informative and provocative and that it will inspire you to do your
part-whether as a citizen, an elected leader, or a company owner-to help New England's environment. Please
do not hesitate to call us at 1-888-EPA-7341 or email us at if you have questions or suggestions about this report.
Thank you.
e.ww.\J
-;;;-- ~
Robert W. Varney
Regional Administrator
EPA New England
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Healthy Air 4
Healthy Water 10
Healthy Communities 1 6
Healthy Ecosystems 22
Contacts/Web Resources 28
-------
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New England has made great strides improving its air qual-
ity, the most obvious indicator being the dramatic down-
turn in summertime smog pollution. Since the mid-1980s,
the number of days when smog levels were unhealthy has
been cut in half. Still, the 31 smog alert days we experi-
enced last summer were a reminder of the challenges that
remain in combating nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile or-
Air
~
~
ganic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants that con-
tribute to smog and other public health threats. Our envi-
ronment continues to be compromised as well by mercury,
dioxin and other air toxics, acid rain precipitation and green-
house gas emissions. In tackling these challenges, we're
focusing attention on the energy and transportation sectors,
the largest contributors to air pollution in New England.
Tackling Diesel Bus Fumes
Carmen Cordero of Hartford, Conn. is very attuned to air pollution because both of her children suffer from asthma. Diesel
fumes from Hartford's school buses, transit buses and trucks have long been one of her biggest concerns. So last year, as a
volunteer with the Hartford EnvironmentalJustice Network, she visited four public schools to evaluate the problem firsthand.
. What she saw was alarming-at one school, she counted seven school buses lined in a row with their engines idling for 25
minutes.
"We wonder why these kids are getting sick," said Cordero, who lives in a city where nearly a third of the households
have at least one person with asthma. Diesel exhaust causes lung damage, respiratory problems and even premature death.
It is also known to aggravate asthma, especially for children.
New diesel-engine vehicles coming off the assembly lines in 2007 will be significantly cleaner than today's engines.
However, because trucks and buses can operate for up to 30 years, EPA New England is reducing pollution from diesel
vehicles being driven on our roads today. Among our biggest priorities is reducing emissions from school buses. In partner-
ship with state agencies, we are working with school administrators and public health groups to highligh.t ways to reduce
school bus emissions.
This includes guidelines for eliminating unnecessary idling and adding pollution controls-such as diesel particulate
traps-to school buses. This technology, when used with a cleaner diesel fuel, reduces particulate emissions by as much as
90 percent. This spring we announced a project to install particulate traps on 150 school buses in Boston. We also are using
grants to empower grassroots groups like the Hartford EnvironmentalJustice Network. "We need to act now," said Cordero.
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~ .....
5
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ENERGY RELIABILITY AND CONSERV A TION
. Safe and reliable energy has long been an issue of concern in
New England and that's still the case today. Fortunately-and, in
large part, through the efforts of EPA and the states-New
Englanders can take comfort knowing that the region will have
sufficient, cleaner-than-ever electricity supplies in the years ahead.
Since the late 1990s, the New England states have
approved permits for 26 new, clean-burning power plants
that will provide more than half of the region's electricity
needs during peak summer months. The permits for these
natural gas-fired plants are among the tightest in the country.
The facilities emit virtually no sulfur dioxide or mercury and
only a tiny fraction of nitrogen oxides compared to the region's
older oil- and coal-fired power plants. As more of these power
plants come on line, New Englanders will see corresponding
drops in smog, particulate matter, acid rain and mercury
deposition.
-----
----
. --
Another way to ensure reliable energy-improving air
quality and saving money at the same time-is boosting our
energy efficiency investments. EPA's ENERGY STAR@ program,
which offers recommendations on how to conserve energy,
has already saved New England organizations and consumers
more than $2 billion on their energy bills. And more savings
are expected now that Energy Star has expanded its offerings
to other sectors, such as healthcare facilities, hotels, food
retailers, schools and universities. Over the next year, EPA
New England will aggressively market the Energy Star tools to
such sectors as K-12 schools, hospitals and public buildings.
To further enhance our efforts, EPA New England
recently formed an Energy Team. Among the team's
focuses: boosting the use of renewable and clean power,
improving energy efficiency and streamlining permitting
of energy-related facilities and infrastructure.
-- ---
----- -------
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6
TOUGHER EPA STANDARDS REDU
Particulate Matter*
1984
1991
1994
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'EPA's emission standards for trucks and buses are based on the amount of pollution
emitted per unit of energy (e~pressed in grams per brake horsepower hour).
TRANSPORTATION: CARS,
TRUCKS, BUSES AND FUEL
Clean air is directly related to cleaner vehicles and cleaner
fuel. On both of these fronts, EPA has made dramatic
progress. Today's new cars operate 90 percent cleaner
than they did 30 years ago. Still, cars and trucks con-
tinue to be the region's largest source of air pollution,
emitting about one-third of all volatile organic compounds
and half of the nitrogen oxides and air toxics that com-
promise our air. The reason is simple: there are more
cars and trucks on the road. In just 30 years, the number
of vehicle miles driven in New England has nearly doubled.
EPA has adopted various programs to make our
cars and trucks even cleaner. Aggressive new standards
starting in 2004 will for the first time require identical
emission limits for passenger cars and light-duty trucks,
including pickup trucks, minivans and sports utility
vehicles. Smog-causing emissions from new cars will be
cut by 77 percent while emissions from dirtier light-
duty trucks will be slashed by as much as 95 percent.
The agency also adopted new rules for heavy-duty trucks
and buses, the first phase of which will begin in 2004.
Fuels also are getting cleaner. EPA's reformulated
gasoline program, which covers much of New England,
is credited for achieving substantial reductions in VOCs,
NOx and air toxics. Beginning in 2004, low sulfur gaso-
line will be available nationwide. EPA is also requiring die-
sel fuel to have ultra low-sulfur content beginning in 2006.
EPA New England is especially concerned about
diesel pollution, particularly in congested urban areas
where diesel fumes cause elevated levels of soot (fine
particulate matter) which, in turn, can exacerbate
asthma and other respiratory problems. EPA New En-
gland is moving aggressively to slash diesel emissions
from trucks and buses already in use. We are encour-
aging each of the states to develop diesel retrofit pro-
grams so more diesel vehicles-construction equipment,
school and transit buses-are equipped with pollution
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CING BUS AND TRUCK POLLUTION
7
Nitrogen Oxide*
1984
1991
1994
----------------------
1998
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'Buses ond trucks ore represented collectively by symbols
control devices. We're also using enforcement settlements
to curb diesel emissions, one example being an agree-
ment by Waste Management of Massachusetts to spend
$1.4 million to retrofit about 150 diesel school buses in
Boston.
EPA is also working to reduce the number of
vehicle trips by increasing the use of less polluting alter-
natives, including commuter rail, transit and ride-
sharing. A cornerstone of this effort is expanding par-
ticipation in the EPAjDepartment of Transportation
Commuter Choice Leadership Initiative, a program that
recognizes companies and organizations that provide
financial incentives to employees who commute to work
in ways that cut air pollution, reduce traffic congestion
and save money. As of June 2002, 17 companies and
organizations in the region had signed up, including
Harvard University.
source: EPA
CLIMATE PROTECTION
THROUGH VOLUNTARY ACTION
The New England Governors, along with the Eastern
Canadian Premiers, recently made a .commitment to
reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to 1990 levels
by the year 2010. EPA New England is strongly commit-
ted to achieving this goal and has launched a number of
activities-in addition to our extensive energy and trans-
portation work-to help accomplish it. We've provided
more than $200,000 to each New England state to
develop greenhouse gas inventories and an additional
$387,000 for the states to develop mitigation plans. We're
providing additional support to the Cities for Climate
Protection Program, an international effort to help
municipalities reduce their energy footprint. More than
two-dozen New England communities-the highest of any
of EPA's 10 regions-are participating.
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AIR TOXICS
Mercury is still far too pervasive in the New England
environment. For years, our lands and lakes have been
on the receiving end of mercury emissions from incin-
erators and power plants, many of them outside of the
region. Once mercury gets into the environment, it
bioaccumulates in fish which is why all six New England
states have fish consumption advisories in place.
The good news is that EPA New England, our
partner states and the Eastern Canadian Provinces
have been national leaders in eliminating mercury.
While New England's municipal incinerators have
slashed their emissions by 90 percent, most of the
region's medical waste incinerators have closed
altogether, due to tougher emission requirements.
Meanwhile, dozens of area hospitals have stepped
- - -------
8
forward under our voluntary Partners For Change
program to eliminate mercury containing products. And
states such as Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode
Island are banning mercury fever thermometers alto-
gether. These efforts are clearly working and we'll see
even more improvements when we start reducing mer-
cury emissions from coal burning power plants all across
the country.
Dioxin is another toxic pollutant that poses enor-
mous health risks. While we've made some progress in
reducing emissions from incinerators and in curbing dis-
charges from paper mills, there's more we will be doing
in the coming year, with much of our attention focus-
ing on how we can apply our regional mercury reduc-
tion model to dioxin.
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9
Reduction In Medical Waste Incinerators
Operating In New England
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210 in 1995
13 in 2001
(2 of the 13 facilities are closed but they are
still capable of operating)
source: EPA
- -.,
EPA New England 'Walks The Talk' With New Lab
EPA New England's new regional laboratory in Chelmsford, Mass. is a testament to our commitment to reduce the
environmental impact of our facilities and operations. Throughout the planning and building phases, special features
were incorporated to make this happen. For starters, natural resources available on the property were used in construc-
tion. More than 17,000 tons of rock outcroppings were crushed on site and used as base material for paving, footings and
other structures. The landscape design-Xeriscape-has native pest-resistant plants that require little watering.
The 66,000-square-foot laboratory, which opened last fall, is at least 35 percent more energy efficient than compa-
rably-sized facilities. Among the conservation features: energy-efficient lights, high-efficiency motors, insulated windows,
highly rated insulation and occupancy sensors with system setbacks for night and low occupancy. The building also
utilizes photovoltaic (solar energy producing cells) awnings that shade office windows, while also supplying about 2,000
watts of electricity each day to the regional power grid. And, reflecting our commitment to 100 percent renewable power,
the building is being powered through a contract with a wind-generation company, Green Mountain Power of Vermont.
The Chelmsford lab is just one example of how EPA New England is reducing its environmental footprint. Through
our Green Team, our regional office in Boston has achieved a near 20 percent reduction in energy use since 1999 and
we're shooting for a 30 percent reduction by 2003. EPA New England also was the first EPA office in the country to lease
low-fuel, hybrid vehicles which run on a combination of batteries and gasoline.
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Healthy Water
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Everyone in New England deserves clean and safe water,
whether for drinking, for swimming or for recreation.
We've made enormous progress in achieving this goal-
the most noteworthy example, 92 percent of the region's
community drinking water supplies had no health-based
violations last year. But, as we celebrate the 30th anni-
versary of the Clean Water Act, challenges still remain.
More than a third of New England's streams and rivers
are still unsafe for swimming, boating and other activi-
ties, especially after rainstorms and other wet weather.
-- -----
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Pollution-driven beach closures continue to be common-
place-last summer, the region's saltwater and fresh-
water beaches had more than 750 closure days, includ-
ing more than 100 on Cape Cod alone. Tackling these
problems requires multiple strategies. Much of our focus
is on combined sewer overflows and "nonpoint" pollution
such as storm water runoff, illicit discharges and failing
septic systems. We're also targeting specific watersheds,
especially those serving large populations such as Long
Island Sound and the Charles River.
- -- --
Rhode Island Pen Maker Leads Way In Cutting Pollution
A.T. Cross in Lincoln, RI makes about every exotic writing instrument imaginable. Scanning the company's cavernous manu-
facturing floor, visitors see countless rows and racks of pens of all shapes and styles crafted from steel, brass, plastic and
aluminum. Cleaning these pens and pen parts for processing is a critical task. For years A.T. Cross relied on toxic solvents to
do the job, but that practice has changed as the company has moved to embrace pollution reduction and pollution prevention
in its programs.
A.T. Cross has been "greening" its manufacturing operations since the early 1990s. But since joining EPA's Metal
Finishing Strategic Goals Program, the effort has really gained momentum. By replacing most of its solvent-based cleaners
with water-based systems, emissions of trichloroethane, a toxic solvent, have fallen by 90 percent since 1993. By recycling
its cleaning water, water use has been cut by a third, or nearly six million gallo~s a year. Even the cost of treating the
company's wastewater has dropped-by nearly two thirds. Catherine Benjamin, the company's senior environmental
safety engineer, credits much of the progress to the Strategic Goals Program, a partnership between EPA and the metal
finishing industry to help companies go "beyond compliance" in reducing pollution.
To participate, companies must agree to specific goals, including 50 percent reductions in metal discharges and water
use, 25 percent reductions in energy use and 90 percent reductions in air emissions. A.T. Cross is among 50 New England
companies in the program and they have already reduced their overall water use by 41 percent, energy use by 27 percent and
metal discharges by 67 percent. "The information sharing is great," says Benjamin, whose company joined the program in
1997. "'We didn't have the resources that we have now. Before we had to research everything on our own."
-------
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PROTECTING OUR DRINKING WATER
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EPA's mission has long been focused on ensuring safe
drinking water, but in the wake of Sept. 11 and the anthrax
scare we have redoubled our efforts. EPA New England
moved quickly last fall to help the region's 12,000 public
water supply systems better protect their supplies from
possible terrorist attacks. In tandem with the six New
England states and the New England Water Works
Association, we held more than a dozen emergency
security workshops to share information with suppliers,
provide access to security experts and work on model
emergency plans. We also developed a Self-Help Guide
for Security and Emergency Planning to support small drink-
ing water systems in their response efforts. The guide
includes important information on security, system-wide
vulnerability assessments and plant operations.
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Emergency planning is just one of many strategies
EPA is pursuing to make New England's drinking water
supplies safer. Strong enforcement is one such tool, whether
in pursuing the massive cleanup of the 14,000-acre Massa-
chusetts Military Reservation on Cape Cod or conducting
region-wide inspections to ensure that underground stor-
age tanks (USTs) are complying with new, more-stringent
construction requirements. Last year we conducted 149 UST
inspections which led to 33 citations.
Ensuring that public water suppliers are assessing
potential long~term contamination threats to their water
sources is another priority. Our state partners have completed
more than 700 assessments of community drinking water sources
and all must be done by a 2003 deadline. EPA's new Top Ten
List for Water Security will be released with those reports.
-- --
--
-------
And, lastly, we're boosting public awareness about
the importance of safe drinking water. Among our most
successful efforts is our Drinking Water Business Initiative,
a voluntary program to spur the region's 25,000 businesses
operating in source water areas to minimize their own pol-
lution threats. In partnership with our states and water
associations, we're also supporting an outreach campaign
to educate the region's 800,000 private well owners about
potential contaminants in their well water and periodic test-
ing that they should consider. Studies indicate that many
private wells in the region are contaminated with at least
trace levels of radon, arsenic and other pollutants, some of
which are naturally occurring. Reflecting high public health
concerns about arsenic, EPA Administrator Christie
vVhitman decided last year to tighten the arsenic standard
for public drinking water, which for utilities starts in 2006.
RESTORING OUR RIVERS,
LAKES AND BAYS
Contrary to public perception, much of the pollution fouling
our beaches and waterways is not from sewage plants,
factory pipes and other point pollution sources. One of the
biggest sources is nonpoint pollution coming from storm run-
off, illicit discharges and dumping into storm drains, failing
septic systems, boater waste and an array of other sources.
One of our biggest priorities is storm water runoff-
the water from rain and snow that runs off streets, parking
lots, yards, agricultural lands and construction sites carry-
ing with it sediment, oil, pesticides, toxics and other pollut-
ants into storm drains, which flow to our rivers and lakes.
In 1998, more than 1,500 beach closings and advisories in
coastal and Great Lake communities were attributed to
storm water. During the course of a year, erosion from a
one-acre construction site may yield 20 to 150 tons of sedi-
ment if not properly managed.
We are tackling the problem on a number of
fronts, including a new rule announced in 1999 to
address storm water pollution in priority areas. Building
on similar requirements for larger construction sites
12
EVERETT
BOSTON
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Boston Beaches Becoming Cleaner
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Boston Harbor is substantially cleaner, but water quality
continues to be a problem at harbor beaches. Improving
these swimming conditions will require major reductions
in pollution from combined sewer overflow (CSO) and
storm water. EPA's biggest priority in the coming years is
making sure CSOs are removed from Carson Beach.
Legend
CSO Outfalls
Action
CSO Facilities
Action
b.. Planned
b.. To be Upgraded
b.. Upgraded/Eliminated
- Proposed Pipeline
(for abating CSOs)
. Closed by 2008
. Closed
. Minimized
o Treatment
(» Treatment/Closed by 2008
sources: MassGIS, MWRA (CSO and beach closings) MDC (beach closings)
-------
and municipalities, the new regulations will require by March
2003 the implementation of appropriate storm water man-
agement practic'es at construction sites disturbing between
one to five acres, and development of municipal storm
water management programs for urbanized portions of
hundreds of New England communities. We've hosted doz-
ens of workshops and meetings over the past 18 months
to educate municipal officials and the construction indus-
try on the new Phase II storm water rule.
We're also focusing attention on public education
and innovative technologies. As part of our Charles River
cleanup, for example, EPA and the Natural Resources
Conservation Services created a storm water education
handbook for communities to educate residents on the dam-
age that runoff causes and how they can reduce those im-
pacts. We also joined forces with the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology this year on a first-of-its-kind national
----
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14
competition for engineers to develop innovative measures for
managing storm water at the individual residential lot level.
Enforcement is another tool we're using, the most note-
worthy case being our $1.4 million settlement last year with
Amtrak for widespread storm water-related violations in the
late 1900s at nine Amtrak facilities in Massachusetts, Rhode
Island and Connecticut.
Sewage discharges from combined sewer overflow
(CSO) pipes are another reason why many of the region's
rivers and harbors remain unsafe for fishing and swimming.
Across New England, more than 100 communities are
burdened with CSO pipes that discharge hundreds of mil-
lions of gallons of untreated sewage and storm water into
waterways after heavy rains. Many communities experience
direct sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) from their sewer sys-
tems as a result of line blockages, improper operations and
maintenance, or inadequate capacity due to undersized pipes.
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Abating these overflows is a top priority of EPA New
England. We worked with numerous cities and towns last year
to develop innovative pollution abatement strategies that maxi-
mize environmental protection while ensuring that the projects
are affordable. Among the communities moving forward to
curb their CSO discharges are Providence; Springfield;
Holyoke; Haverhill; Fitchburg; Lowell; New Bedford;
Manchester, N.H. and the Boston-area Massachusetts Water
Resources Authority. The work will lead to noticeable water
quality improvements in bays and rivers all across the region.
WATERSHED PROTECTION
From Long Island Sound to the Charles River to Casco
Bay, EPA New England has been a leader in community-
based watershed protection programs. Among our big-
gest successes was an agreement last year regarding the
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cleanup of Long Island Sound. After years of negotia-
tions, EPA, the states of New York and Connecticut
and our community partners finalized a limit on the
amount of nitrogen pollution that the Sound can safely
handle. The limit, called a Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL), allocates how much nitrogen can be discharged
from point sources, such as sewage treatment plants,
and nonpoint sources, such as storm water runoff. The
TMDL builds on a 1998 agreement to cut the amount
of nitrogen pouring into the Sound by 58.5 percent by
2014. Nitrogen pollution causes low levels of dissolved
oxygen, a condition called hypoxia, which is the most
serious water quality problem affecting the Sound.
Emboldened by the success of our watershed part-
nerships on Long Island Sound and the Charles River,
EPA Administrator Christie Whitman this year announced
a plan to target up to 20 of the country's most highly-
valued watersheds for $21 million of cleanup grants.
-- --
-------
New Hampshire Marina Leads Way On Clean Engines
When Mark Thurston first heard the idea of selling low-pollution motorboat engines at the family's marina on Lake
Winnipesaukee in Laconia, N.H., he was skeptical. Sure, the low-pollution engines are substantially cleaner than conven-
tional two-stroke engines, which discharge up to 30 percent of their fuel directly into the water and air as pollution. But
would boat owners be willing to pay the higher price tag for the cleaner engines, especially when there was no requirement
to buy them until 2006?
"It was uncharted territory," said Thurston, whose marina was among the first to participate in the New Hampshire
Clean Marine Engine Initiative, a voluntary program to accelerate the sale and use of low-pollution engines used on
outboard boats and personal watercraft. Thurston is no longer a skeptic. Virtually all of the marine dealerships participating
in the program exceeded the goal of selling 50 percent clean engines in 2000 and 75 percent in 2001. "We've been
pleasantly surprised to the point where we're now stocking only 100 percent high-efficiency engines," said Thurston, whose
brother, Jeff, helped initiate the Clean Engine Campaign when he was president of the N.H. Marine Trades Association.
Thurston says boat owners are attracted by the lower operating costs of the clean engines, which use substantially less
gas and oil. But their biggest lure is that they protect the environment. "You could taste, smell and see the old-style
engines," Thurston said. "With the new engines, the impact is largely invisible and they tend to be much quieter." EPA New
England is now expanding the Clean Marine Engine Program to the other five New England states. The goal in those states
is to sell 75 percent clean engines in 2002, 80 percent in 2003 and 95 percent in 2004 and 2005. EPA will begin mandating
the sale of the cleaner engines in 2006.
-------
Healthy COll1ll1unities
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EPA's cornerstone mission is protecting public health and
safeguarding the environment-our lands, our waters and
our air-upon which New Englanders depend. To achieve
this broad goal, we're focusing not just on pristine envi-
ronments such as Cape Cod Bay, but on the communi-
ties where we all live. As traffic congestion worsens and
weekend jaunts become less appealing, the quality of life
in the .neighborhoods where we live and work becomes
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increasingly paramount. This is especially true for the
millions of New Englanders living in urban areas. EPA is
strongly committed to making our cities more livable-
revitalizing contaminated sites, restoring urban rivers and
reducing lead poisoning and asthma, being just a few of
our strategies. Outside of our cities, we're promoting
smart growth development efforts and continuing our
close partnerships with the region's nine Tribal Nations.
Corinna, Maine: A Superfund Success
Like many New England towns, Corinna, Maine's economic fortunes have long been tied to the textile industry. In Corinna's
case, the mill industry was Eastland Woolen Mill, a large mill complex that for decades dominated the town center and
provided virtually all of the local jobs. So when Eastland Woolen closed its doors in 1996, leaving 300 locals jobless and a big
environmental mess in its wake, it's no wonder Corinna's 2,145 residents were nervous about the town's economic future.
Contamination on the 21-acre mill property was serious enough to warrant its listing in 1999 as a Superfund site. EPA
has since demolished the 250,000-square-foot mill and the Main Street bridge, and diverted Main Street and the East Branch
of the Sebasticook River so that 75,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils could be excavated. EPA has spent more than
$30 million on the cleanup since 1999.
Just as important, EPA gave the town an $82,500 Superfund Redevelopment Grant to develop an economic recovery
plan. The reuse plan, developed in close collaboration between EPA, architects, residentS and town leaders, includes a
redesigned village center with mixed-use commercial and residential zoning, riverfront walking paths and a new recreational
trail bridge for bikers and snowmobilers. "We're looking to transform Corinna from a mill town to a New England village with
lots of walking opportunities, little shops and wildlife areas," said Town Manager Judy Doore, who spearheaded the reuse plan
that was approved overwhelmingly at the town's recent annual meeting.
Doore says the goal of the reuse plan is to attract travelers driving to Moosehead Lake. "We'd like to be the place where
people stop to take a break before embarking on the final 90 minutes to Moosehead," she said. Doore has high praise for EPA's
work in the cleanup and reuse efforts. "EPA is the white knight," she said. "They've been extremely helpful to the community."
!......_-
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17
RESTORING AND REUSING CONTAMINATED PARCELS
Stylish hotels. Professional baseball stadiums. Riverfront
parks. These are just a few examples of how our
Brownfields Program has transformed dozens of contami-
nated eyesore properties across New England into
economically productive jewels.
Since 1995, EPA New England has provided over
$50 million of Brownfields assistance-for grants, site
evaluations, job training and cleanup loan programs to
dozens of communities and agencies. The assistance has
led to 630 site assessments, more than 100 cleanups (half
of them already completed), and thousands of new jobs.
Among the successes: In Old Town, Maine, a re-
stored paper factory site on the Penobscot River is now
being used for waterfront trails, shops and a wooden
boat museum; In Bridgeport, Conn., an abandoned prop-
[Jolt~
erty is now the home of a hugely popular professional
baseball park; In New Bedford, Mass. a new riverfront
industrial park has been built atop a restored 22-acre
parcel and dozens of local jobs have been created through
a Brownfields job training program.
And many more cleanups are expected in the
years ahead now that President Bush has approved new
Brownfields legislation and proposed to double the funds
available to help states and communities revitalize
Brownfields.
Meanwhile, our Superfund program continues to
achieve remarkable success cleaning up the region's most
contaminated sites. EPA has spent nearly $1.2 billion to
date on the region's 110 National Priorities List (NPL)
sites, including four new sites added last year. On three-
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18
Restoring Brownfields Sites in New England
Assessments
with EPA Cleanups Started
Connecticut 150 17
Maine 12 3
Massach usetts 142 55
New Hampshire 303 23
Rhode Island 8 3
Vermont 22 7
source: EPA
quarters of those sites, cleanups are underway or have
been completed.
Reuse and redevelopment is a priority in all of
these cleanups. Last year, for example, we celebrated
the grand opening of a $23 million transportation center
in Woburn built atop the 245-acre lndustri-Plex
Superfund site. We're also using prospective purchaser
agreements to allow future owners to move forward in
redeveloping sites without fear of paying future cleanup
costs. Two such examples: an agreement that clears the
way for the Gardner Little League to redevelop a re-
stored parcel for baseball fields; a recent agreement with
the Pittsfield Economic Development Authority regard-
ing 52 acres being transferred from General Electric to
the city as part of a comprehensive PCB cleanup.
PROTECTING CHILDREN'S HEALTH
Last September, EPA New England ordered a Fall River
dance studio to postpone its children and adult classes
due to lead-paint contamination in the studio building.
EPA issued the order after samples showed high lead
levels in dust caused by recent sandblasting. With the
cooperation of the building's owner, the studio was tem-
. . - .
porarily closed while the, public health threat was re-.
moved. The facility, now safe for children, reopened
later in the fall.
The Fall River case reflects EPA New England's
strong commitment to protect children's health, with
lead poisoning, asthma and indoor air pollution being
among our biggest priorities. Last year alone we spent
-------
19
Childhood Lead Poisoning Declining in Boston
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'93
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more than $2 million on lead prevention activities,
much of it targeted to urban areas where thousands of
children are still being lead poisoned each year.
Among tlJ,e groups we are working with is the
Lead Action Collaborative, which recently held an all-
day summit in Boston to end childhood lead poisoning
in the city by 2005.
. We're also focusing on landlords and property
owners to ensure they comply with federal laws re-
quiring them to notify tenants of potential lead-paint
hazards. This includes targeted outreach and educa-
tion for landlords and a heightened enforcement pres-
ence, including inspections. One such inspection re-
sulted in a New Hampshire landlord pleading guilty
last December to forging lead hazard disclosure docu-
'95
'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
source: Boston Public Health Commission
ments. The criminal case stemmed from the lead poi-
soning death of a two-year-old girl in Manchester, N.H.
EPA New England is spending more than
$350,000 a year on asthma prevention activities, in-
cluding $65,000 to the New England Asthma Regional
Coordinating Council which last year announced a
12-point action plan for reducing environmental trig-
gers of asthma. The plan includes better tracking of
asthma rates, expanded family health education, and
new government policies aimed at improving air qual-
ity outdoors, in schools and in homes. New England's
asthma hospitalization rates are among the highest in
the country, with children and urban residents being
especially vulnerable.
-------
FOSTERING SMART GROWTH
Unchecked, poorly-planned growth is a major problem
that threatens the environment and quality of life for much
of New England. EPA New England has been a leader in
this regard, using financial assistance, technical expertise
and environmental-regulatory authority to foster smart
growth projects that benefit both the economy and the
environment.
One of the key elements of our Smart Growth Action
Plan is offering assistance and expertise to municipal offi-
cials through our Fundamentals of Smart Growth and Smart
Growth in the City training programs, which include expert
speakers, slide shows and workshops.
We've also provided more than $2.3 million in
grants to support 42 smart growth projects across the
- - ---
20
region. Among the projects: the state of Maine has
launched a Great American Neighborhood Initiative that
has already prompted alternative developments to typi-
cal large lot subdivisions; the Conservation Law
Foundation and the Vermont Forum on Sprawl recently
published a lOO-page guide book on smart growth strategies
for New England, including specific examples from
dozens of communities.
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TRIBAL PROGRAMS
EPA New England has strong partnerships with the
region's nine federally recognized tribes, providing
extensive technical support as well as about $3 million
of financial grant assistance over the past decade.
With the assistance of EPA and other federal
agencies, the tribes have developed cutting-edge envi-
ronmental programs, one example being the Aroostook
Band of Micmacs use of an advanced particulate matter
air monitor that will help identify why Aroostook County
has among the highest asthma rates in the country. Our
assistance also has been pivotal in all nine of the tribes
establishing water quality monitoring programs, includ-
ing the installation of new laboratories and other infra-
structure to support drinking water programs. We're also
21
providing support to three tribes that are implementing
best management practices to reduce nonpoint pollution.
High cancer rates among tribal members are a
growing concern that has resulted in numerous studies
to determine health risks to tribal members who con-
tinue fishing, hunting and gathering. The Houlton Band
of Maliseets, Penobscot Nation, Passamaquoddy Indian
Township, Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point, Wampanoag
Tribe of Gay Head and Narragansett Tribes are all evalu-
ating the effects mercury and other bio-accumulative
toxics have to their environments from air deposition.
These studies will provide invaluable information not just
for tribal members but for all New Englanders who
enjoy hunting and fishing on and near tribal lands.
- - --.
Helping Municipal Highway Garages
Comply With Environmental Laws
Last year when Rocky Martin began planning for a new highway department garage, he needed answers to a few questions.
"I needed to know what I had to do to comply with environmental regulations with the new garage and, in the meantime, what
to do to get the existing garage into compliance," said Martin, director of public works in the town of Hinesburg, VT.
As a town official in this community of 5,000, Martin had good reason to be concerned. EPA has assessed large penalties
against municipal facilities that were not in compliance with environmental requirements. And he needed to keep an eye on his
budget. Building a new garage is going to cost $250,000, he estimates. So he reached out to John Daly, who works in the Municipal
Compliance Division at the Vermont Agency for Natural Resources.
Daly had recently learned of a compliance assistance initiative offered by EPA New England and the American Public
Works Association. Under the program launched last year, public works departments are invited to perform self audits and then
report their findings, including environmental violations, to EPA. They then must correct the violations within a specific time
frame. In return, EPA offers substantial penalty relief and makes inspecting DPWs that participate a low priority.
"Rocky called me and grilled me with a bunch of questions," Daly said. "I went out and did an inspection and then he took
the ball and ran with it."
Hinesburg is among a handful of DPWs in Vermont taking part in the voluntary initiative. More than 300 are participating
from across New England.
---
-------
Heal thy
Ecosystel11S
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New England's ecosystems are our most valuable natural
assets. The richness of our waterways provides opportuni-
ties to see remarkable creatures such as bald eagles and
striped bass. The northern forest provides habitat for bear,
moose and hundreds of species of birds. And, of course,
our wetlands provide critical habitat and nurseries for birds
and fish. But human activities can threaten these resources
by altering environmental conditions. While we've made
dramatic progress protecting many of our ecosystems in
recent decades, we still face some enormous challenges,
not the least of which are New England's changing climate,
acid rain and protecting tidal and freshwater wetlands.
---- - ----
-- ------- --- -
- ------- ---
Partnering To Restore Connecticut's Fishways
Like hundreds of dams in Connecticut, the small dam at Ed Bill's Pond on the Eightmile River in Lyme has long
prevented blueback herring, alewife and other migratory fish from swimming upstream to prime spawning grounds.
The Connecticut River Watershed Council designed a fish ladder to fix the problem, but when the construction
bids came in there wasn't enough money. A $24,880 grant from the Connecticut Corporate Wetlands Restoration
Partnership (CWRP) bridged the gap, and today visitors to Ed Bill's Pond see a new fishway alongside the dam that's
attracting herring in the spring.
Ed Bill's Pond is among many aquatic habitats across Connecticut benefitting from the Connecticut Corporate
Wetlands Restoration Partnership. Launched inJune 2000, the voluntary program has a dozen active corporate members
that have contributed more than $150,000 of funds and various in-kind services to enhancement projects around the
state. The group is also commissioning a study to identify 30 to 40 coastal and inland projects that can be done in the
coming years.
"This is a terrific program for us," said Tom Miner, executive director of the watershed council, which is using
CWRP support for several fish way projects around the state.
"It allows companies to 'walk the talk' and really do something to restore our natural resources," added Timothy
Keeney, environmental director at Northeast Utilities, which has taken a leadership role in the partnership. First launched
in Massachusetts in 1999, CWRP initiatives are now underway in four of the six New England states, Rhode Island and
Maine being the most recent additions to the program.
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23
NEW ENGLAND'S CHANGING CLIMATE
New England's climate is changing and the implications for
the region's environment already are being felt. According
to a report issued last year for the U.S. Global Change
Research Program, temperatures in New England are
getting warmer, especially in the winter months. From 1895
to 1999, overall temperatures in the region warmed by 0.7
degrees, with Rhode Island and New Hampshire warming
by two to three times the regional average. Even bigger
temperature hikes were recorded in the winter months, with
the region's average temperatures rising by 1.8 degrees and
New Hampshire and Vermont seeing the biggest jumps.
The warming trend is being felt all across the region,
with earlier maple sap flows, earlier dates for ice melting
and reduced snowfall being just a few of the examples cited
in the New England Regional Assessment Report.
Warming temperatures may also be a factor in the spread
of insects and diseases in some of New England's forests
and dramatic drops in winter flounder populations, which
rely on near-freezing water temperatures to spawn.
All of these changes are sending ripples through the
region's economy, with Vermont's maple syrup industry see-
ing some of the biggest impacts. Optimum conditions for
maple syrup production-freezing nights and warm daytime
temperatures-have been gradually shifting from northern
New England to the more northern Canadian Provinces.
Vermont, the largest syrup producer in the U.S., historically
had optimum sap flows from mid-March to mid-April. More
recently, the sap flows have been starting a month earlier,
resulting in reduced sap flows, shorter tapping seasons and a
lower grade product. The end result: Vermont's annual
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-------
24
Regional Temperature Changes 1895- 1999
+2.3
Weighted Averages + 0.7 4°F
+3.0
Winter Weighted Averages + 1.8°F
source: Data from New England Regional Assessment, provided by UNH
production is a third of what it was at the beginning of the
20th century and Canada's syrup output has tripled in just
the past 25 years.
To lessen the risk of climate change in the y"ears
ahead, EPA has launched a number of voluntary programs
to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emis-
sions being released into the earth's atmosphere. In addi-
tion to our Energy Star program, which has prevented
150 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, we've
started a climate leaders partnership that encourages com-
panies to develop long-term comprehensive climate change
strategies, including commitments to specific reduction goals.
Our Global Climate Change Initiative commits
America to cut greenhouse gas intensity by 18 percent over
the next 10 years. Greenhouse gas intensity is the ratio of
greenhouse gas emissions to economic output. The goal is
to lower our rate of emissions from an estimated 183
metric tons per $1 million of gross domestic product
(GDP) to 151 metric tons per $1 million of GDP in 2012.
The initiative also supports vital climate change research and
provides $4.5 billion for climate change relate<;l activities. This
includes the first year of funding for a five-year, $4.6 billion
commitment to tax credits for renewable energy sources.
ACID RAIN
New England's forests and water bodies are greatly in-
fluenced by the air that passes over the region. Air that
is laced with sulfur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen oxide.
(NOx) from power plants and other combustion sources
causes insidious pollution known as acid rain.
Acid rain first emerged as a problem in the late 1970s
and is still a major concern for New England. Acid rain
disrupts the chemical balances in trees, weakening their
natural defenses and making them more vulnerable to dis-
eases and insects. It has been widely cited as contributing
-------
25
Maple Syrup Production Declines in Vermont
and Rises in Canada
8000
7000
6' 6000
o
0
~ 5000
VI
c
0
0 4000
o
<./)
~ 3000
2000
1000
1\
1916
~ Vermont
1925
1935
1945
1955
-.tv- Canada
1965
1995 1\
2000
1975
1985
source: Data from Shannon Spencer, New England Regional Assessrl}ent, UNH
to the decline of the spruce-fir forests throughout the East-
ern United States.
Acid rain also increases the acidity of lakes and
streams, making them uninhabitable for desirable species
of fish. And, lastly, nitrates in acid rain contribute to
eutrophication in many of New England's estuaries, which
can lead to unwanted algae growth and oxygen depletion
in the water. As much as 40 percent of total nitrogen en-
tering Casco Bay in Maine, for example, may come from
atmospheric deposition, which includes acid rain.
The good news is that SO~ and NOx emissions from
power plants are declining. Relying on a market-based
cap and trade program, New England power plants re-
duced their SO~ emissions by 45 percent and NOx emis-
sions by 65 percent from 1900 to 2000. Those reductions
have led to decreases in atmospheric deposition, the most
telling example a 25 percent drop in average sulfate depo-
sition in Maine between 1980 and 1999. Still, we have not
seen significant improvements in our ecosystems. Some
studies predict it will take decades for lakes and other
water bodies to fully recover from the effects of acid rain.
To help foster those recovery efforts, President Bush
recently launched a Clear Skies Initiative aimed at cutting
power plant emissions of SO~ by 73 percent and NOx by
67 percent between 2000 levels and 2018. The strategy will
rely on the same market-based approach that the agency's
Acid Rain Program used so successfully in the 1990s.
PROTECTING TIDA LAND
FRESHWATER WETLANDS
Tidal wetlands playa critical role in New England's environ-
ment, providing important habitat and nurseries for birds and
fish and improving water quality by filtering out pollutants.
Coastal salt marshes are among the most biologically pro-
-------
ductive ecosystems in the world, rivaling tropical rainforests
in the amount of plant material produced each year.
For many decades, the public did not appreciate or
understand the importance of tidal wetlands. As a result,
thousands of acres of tidal marshes in New England were
filled for development, used for garbage disposal, or
drained to control mosquito populations. Laws passed in
the early 1970s halted large-scale loss of tidal marshes by
requiring permits for activities in these areas.
Restoring degraded tidal wetlands is a high prior-
ity in New England. The Connecticut Department of En-
vironmental Protection has won national recognition for
helping to restore more than 1,700 acres of tidal wetlands
since 1980. Massachusetts has restored nearly 300 acres
26
of tidal wetlands since 1994, including more than 100
acres in Rumney Marsh north of Boston through a
localjstate/federal partnership. We're also using enforce-
ment settlements to reclaim tidal areas, the most notewor-
thy example an agreement by Amtrak to spend about
$400,000 to improve tidal flows at seven culvert locations
along Amtrak's shoreline rail route in Connecticut. Last
year's agreement stemmed from Clean Water Act viola-
tions that EPA found at nine Amtrak facilities.
Reducing the loss of freshwater wetlands is another
high priority. Hundreds of acres in the region are being
altered or lost each year through wetlands permitting pro-
grams, although some of the losses are offset by wetland
mitigation projects. Connecticut in 1999, for example, had
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27
132 acres of permitted wetlands alterations and 66 acres
of wetlands created through mitigation.
EPA also is concerned about wetlands losses that
are occurring outside of permitting programs. Our en-
forcement team is investigating numerous cases of pos-
sible illegal filling of wetlands, including sites in Vermont,
Maine and southeastern Massachusetts. A handful of cases
have led to formal enforcement actions. We're also hoost-
ing outreach and education programs to help property
owners understand state and federal wetland laws, one
such example a $25,000 EPA grant to the state of
Vermont for outreach and education to the state's farmers.
Partnerships Key in Restoring Case a Bay
Casco Bay in Maine has always been postcard beautiful. But the bay's water quality is a different story. More than three centuries of
human activities on the shores and tributaries of the bay took their toll, with their worst pollution coming in the last 75 years. Old-
timers can still recall the putrid odors of pollution that peeled the paint off houses. ShellfIshing in the bay posed a serious health risk.
But the bay's fortunes are improving. In 1990, the EPA designated Cas co Bay an estuary of national significance and
provided substantial financial support for its recovery. The work is being done through the Cas co Bay National Estuary Project,
a collaboration between the University of Southern Maine, EPA, the Maine Department of Environmental Protection and many
other local, regional and state partners.
With close technical support coming from Normandeau Associates and the MER Assessment Corp. of Harpswell, and
assistance from municipalities and shellfish harvesters, the estuary project has identifIed and removed numerous pollution sources
from around the bay, including dozens of antiquated septic systems as well as runoff from roadways and small farms. The
improved water quality has resulted in 200 acres of shellfish beds, all north of Portland, being opened for harvesting.
"Opening up these shellfish areas is proof positive of our progress," said Katherine Groves, director of the estuary project.
"Not only have sources of pollution been removed and shellfish beds opened, but the public 'feels' better about the bay and its
environment when they see shellfishermen out there working. It makes an inherent statement that the waters are clean."
Groves credits the improvements to a strong cooperative spirit. "It is through partnerships with local, state and federal
stakeholders that the estuary project is opening shellfish beds, protecting open space (more than 3,000 acres to date), developing
sub-watershed protection plans and identifying and addressing water and sediment quality problems," she said.
- -
-------
CONTACTS & WEB RESOURCES
EPA New England's Customer Call Center
(888)-EPA-REQI (888) 372-7341
EPA New England
.. www.epa.govjne
Emergency Response
(Reporting spillsjenvironmental incidents)
(800) 424--8802'
Air
www.epa.govjnejtopicsjindex.html#air
Criminal Investigations Division
(617) 918-2300
Cleanup
www.epa.govjnejtopicsjindex.html#clean
EPA New England Library
(888)-EPA-LIBR (888) 372-5427
Communities
www.epa.govjnejtopicsjindex.html#comm
Compliance Assistance & Enforcement
www.epa.govjnejcompliancejindex.html
Regional Laboratory
www.epa.govjnejaboutjlab
VVater .
www.epa.govjnejtopicsjindex.html#water
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
2002 State of the New England Environment
Report is published by:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
New England
1 Congress St. / Suite 1100
Boston, MA 02114-2023
Photography Credits
Roy Crystal (pages 11, 14, 26)
Steve Delaney (cover)
Liz Pucci (page 8)
Paul Shoul (pages 5, 17, 20, 23)
Project Coordinators
Peyton Fleming, Mark Merchant,
Liz Pucci
GIS Map
Paul Spina, Signal Corp. (page 13)
Graphic Design
Liz Pucci
Special Thanks
Catherine Benjamin, Bob Cianciarulo,
Carmen Cordero,JQhn Daly, Judy Doore,
Lucy Edmondson, Lynn Gilleland,
Katherine Groves, Timothy Keeney,
Matt Liebman, Rocky Martin, Tom Miner,
Margo Palmer, Kristi Rea, Christine, Sansevero,
Diane Switzer, Mark Thurston, Paul Wintrob
Writers
Peyton Fleming, Mark Merchant
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