Environmental Protection Technology Series
INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING THE
OPACITY OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
CONTAINING CONDENSED WATER
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
P'otection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
goles were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
p.gnned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2 Environmental Protection Technology
3 Ecological Research
4 Environmental Monitoring
5 Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
proi/ides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-77-124
August 1977
INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING
THE OPACITY OF PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS
CONTAINING CONDENSED WATER
by
Milos Tomaides
Interpoll, Inc,
St. Paul, Minnesota 55113
Contract No. 68-02-2225
Project Officer
William D. Conner
Emission Measurement and Characterization Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This rsport has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of :rade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or re-
commendation for use.
ii:
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ABSTRACT
The objectives of the program were to develop and field test instrument-
ation and methodology for monitoring the opacity of particulate pollutants in
stationary source emissions containing condensed water. The scope of work
required that the instrumentation be capable of discriminating between the
condensed water which is not a pollutant and the particles that are pollutants.
An instrument has been developed for on-stack operation which continu-
ously extracts and measures the opacity of a representative sample of the
particulate effluent. By increasing the sample temperature, the condensed
moisture is vaporized and the opacity of the remaining solid particles is
measured with a high precision optical transmissometer.
The instrument has been tested while monitoring the effluent of an ex-
panded perlite furnace and the effluent from a wet scrubber of a sludge in-
cinerator. Comparative tests have been performed on the instrumentation with
a conventional across-stack transmissometer opacity monitor to show correla-
tion of both instruments on a source without a condensed water interference
problem.
ill
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Tables vi
Acknowledgments .. vii
1. Introduction . 1
2. Conclusions . . 3
3. Recommendations 5
4. Instrumentation 7
Principle of operation 7
Flow model study 10
Final design 12
Auxiliary equipment . 13
Modified RM41P opacity probe 13
5. Test Sites . . 15
Site #1 - Expanded perlite plant 15
Site #2 - Wastewater treatment plant 16
6. Test Procedures 21
Installation and startup 21
Parameters measured 22
Data collection 22
Data reduction 22
Special tests 23
7. Test Results. . . . 25
Laboratory tests . 25
Expanded perlite plant 25
Wastewater treatment plant 29
Special tests 31
Appendix
Test Data for No Condensation Operating Conditions .... 32
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Schematic of the Wet Gas Transmissometer System 8
2 Schematic of the Sampling-Conditioning Probe 9
3 Schematic of the Optical Analyzing Module 11
4 Modified Lear Siegler SM41P Opacity Probe 14
5 Test Site at the Expanded Perlite Plant . . . 17
6 Schematic of the Stack Extension 18
7 Schematic of the Wastewater Treatment Plant Test Site 19
8 Sample Record of the In-Stack and Module Opacity Readout .... 27
TABLES
Number Page
1 Flow Parameters for Optimal Performance of the Optical
Analyzing Module 12
2 Example Field Test Data Form 24
3 Summary of Smoke Bomb Tests - Site #1 28
4 Summary of Smoke Bomb Tests - Site #2 30
vi
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project team wishes to give special recognition to Mr. K. G. Ford,
a member of the project technical team. He diligently handled a major share
of the instrument design and its field testing.
We would also like to express our appreciation to the managerial and
supervisory staff of each plant where the instrumentation was tested. Their
assistance and cooperation contributed significantly to the efficiency of
this project.
Also greatly appreciated is the personal interest and assistance of
Mr. Phillips W. Smith, President of Lear Siegler, Inc., Engelwood, Colorado,
who gladly loaned the optical transmissometers required for the field testing
of the instrumentation.
Finally, we would like to thank Mr. William D. Conner, the Project
Officer, for his guidance and numerous suggestions throughout the course of
the program.
vii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
When the temperature of stationary source emissions are below the dew
point of the water vapor in the emissions, measurement of the in-stack opacity
of the particulate pollutants by standard across-stack transmissometer instru-
mentation is not possible due to interference from condensed water. To monitor
the opacity of the particulate pollutants in such emissions, e.g. sources with
wet scrubber particulate controls, methodology and instrumentation are needed
to discriminate between the condensed water which is not a pollutant and the
particulates that are pollutants.
EPA, being aware of such a need, requested under this contract the de-
velopment and field testing of the instrumentation and methodology which
would meet the following requirements:
1. Monitor only the opacity of the particulate pollutants in the emis-
sion
2. Exclude from the measurement any opacity due to the presence of con-
densed water which is not: a pollutant
3. Be designed for continuous on-stack operation
4. Meet performance drift specifications required for conventional
across-stack transmissometers (Federal Register, Vol. 39, No. 177,
September 11, 1974)
5. Be designed to measure a representative sample of the effluent (this
is particularly important in the case of extractive methods).
The report which follows covers a sixteen-month program which included
design and construction of related instrumentation and its field testing.
The results of the program are summarized in Section 2 of this report.
Recommendations for practical application of the results of this program
are presented in Section 3.
Section 4 of this report covers the information about the design and
operating parameters of the tested instrumentation. Also described in this
section is the auxiliary equipment required for the operation of the instru-
ments.
Description of the two test sites which were selected for the field tests
is presented in Section 5. Since the management of the companies at which
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the instruments were tested preferred that the companies^remain anonymous,
the company identities and specific locations have been omitted from this
report.
The test procedures and data collection and reduction applied during
the course of the field testing are described in Section 6.
Results of the laboratory and field tests are described and summarized
in Section 7. Also presented in this section is a summary of reliability
of the instrumentation tested.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
In the course of conducting this program, we have had the opportunity to
evaluate the performance of the developed instrumentation under various oper-
ating conditions. Based upon this experience, the results of the activities
performed under this program are summarized as follows:
a. The instrumentation consisting of an in-stack heated sampling probe
and out-of-stack sample conditioning module is capable of removing both the
condensed moisture and reentrained moisture from the aerosol sample by evap-
oration before its opacity is read by a transmissometer
b. For the range of particle sizes and flow conditions tested, the
sampling-conditioning probe was removing a fairly representative sample of
the aerosol flow
c. The comparative tests between an on-stack transmissometer and opti-
cal module transmissometer with dry effluent gas flow suggest that the opti-
cal module underestimates the true dry particulate matter opacity by about
2 to 7 percent of the true opacity
d. The equipment is rigid enough to meet EPA drift specifications for
transmissometer opacity monitors
e. The design of the instrumentation tested is too complicated, which
would result in too high a market price. The instrument can be simplified
for normal use when the operational flexibility, which was required on the
prototype, is not essential.
f. The sampling-conditioning probe is not necessary when the effluent
flow is well mixed, with negligible stratification, and when only freshly
condensed moisture must be removed from the sample. A single sampling point,
heated, stainless steel probe will perform satisfactorily.
g. The probe of the design tested should be used primarily when large
droplets of reentrained moisture are present. This probe should always be
used in the upward flow with the inlet opening facing the flow, or in the
horizontal flow, the probe should be located vertically.
h. The optical analyzing module should be installed tilted from the
vertical direction to prevent contamination of the reflector by large partic-
ulate agglomerates which may enter the module under certain conditions
i. The instrument is capable of continuously monitoring the true opacity
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of the solid particulate matter in stacks of up to 6 feet in diameter. For
larger stack diameters, with stratified aerosol flow conditions, the probe
tested is not applicable.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
The instrumentation developed and tested under this program is capable
of measuring the opacity of particulate matter in the presence of condensed
moisture. However, the field tests indicate that some design changes may
further improve its performance. The recommended design considerations are
summarized as follows:
a. All the instrumentation which comes into direct contact with a gas
sample should be constructed from a better grade stainless steel to eliminate
corrosion problems
b. The particulate opacity is affected primarily by small particles
which are usually distributed homogeneously within the gas flow. For this
reason, a single point sampling probe rather than a complicated slot-shaped
probe will perform satisfactorily in most practical applications.
c. The probe should always be heated and in difficult applications
equipped with a manually or automatically operated wiper to facilitate an
occasional cleaning of the interior and also exterior probe walls
d. The gas sample should preferably be introduced into the middle of
the length of a cylindrical conditioning module rather than into its end.
As a result, the conditioning module can be positioned horizontally instead
of vertically to eliminate contamination of the transmissometer reflector
with large particles or agglomerates.
e. The residence time required for proper operation of the sampling
and sample conditioning equipment should be checked for each application
f. When the sampling probe and sample conditioning module are installed,
the probe and module temperatures should be increased to a magnitude, beyond
which no decrease in the measured opacity of the analyzed aerosol sample
would occur. The temperature should not be increased to the extent where
droplets of higher boiling point condensibles are also evaporated because
these are already pollutants.
g. A final test on the effectiveness of the equipment for removal of
condensed moisture should be performed after equipment installation. A
recommended approach is to place a 47 mm filter holder inside the sample-
conditioning module through one of the transmissometer ports. After placing
a glass fiber analytical filter in the holder (Gelman Type AE) and after
sealing off the transmissometer piort through which the filter holder is
connected to a vacuum pump, the conditioning module is activated. At the
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time when the nodule reaches a steady state of operation, the vacuum pump
is turned on and the flow through the filter holder adjusted to about 50
percent of the sample flow through the module. After sampling for a period
of time, t'na filter is removed and weighed. The filter weight is also de-
termined after it is conditioned in a dessicator. By comparing these filter
weights with its initial weight before sampling, the presence of condensed
moisture i:i the sample flow can be determined.
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SECTION 4
INSTRUMENTATION
The instrumentation developed under this contract consists basically
of a sampling interface and a sample conditioning module. The purpose of
the sampling interface is to extract a representative sample of the aerosol
flow, heat the sample, and supply the sample into a sample conditioning and
testing module on a continuous basis. By raising the aerosol sample temper-
ature during its transport through the sampling interface probe into the con-
ditioning module, condensed moisture is eliminated and a high precision opti-
cal transmissometer, which is mounted on the conditioning module, is used to
measure the opacity of solid particles alone. The conditioned aerosol sample
is then returned back into the main gas flow.
During the course of the project, an idea of using the Lear Siegler
RM41P stack probe equipped with two high temperature, flat, electrical heat-
ers at the probe's inlet slot was also tested. It was anticipated that the
heaters may remove condensed moisture from the aerosol stream before it enters
the sensing area of the probe.
The instrumentation and equipment developed and tested under this con-
tract are described in more detail in this section.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The wet gas transmissometer system is shown schematically in Figure 1.
It consists of an in-stack sampling-conditioning probe (1), out-of-stack
optical analyzing module (3), optical transmitter and receiver (2), optical
reflector (6), and an air flushing system (4,5,7).
A sample of the flow of emissions enters the sampling probe (1) through
a slot-shaped inlet. The probe is heated and the condensed moisture evapor-
ated inside the probe before the sample enters an optical analyzing module
(3). Special design provisions are made, as described further, to prevent
condensation inside the optical module and to protect the inside walls of the
optical module and optics from being contaminated. The conditioned sample
flows downward through the module and is returned back into the stack through
an ejector-deflector (7). The returned sample is partly diluted by flushing
air (4). For this reason it is deflected horizontally inside the stack by an
ejector-deflector (7) to minimize its effect on the main stack flow in the
vicinity of the stack sampling probe inlet. The conditioned sample which
flows through an optical module (3) is continuously monitored using an opti-
cal transmissometer (2 and 6).
The schematic of the sampling-conditioning probe is shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 1. Schematic of the wet gas transmissometer system
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VO
SECTION A-A
1
3 4
r r
/320
A
r
\
^_ I
All dimensions in mm.
Figure 2. Schematic of the sampling-conditioning probe
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The probe :Ls of a nearly rectangular cross section with heated inside walls
(7). The probe has a narrow-slot sample inlet along most of its length. The
heated inside walls (7), which serve as a radiant infrared heater, are insu-
lated (8) on the outside to minimize probe heat losses. On one side, the
probe is closed with a plate (3) which is used as a flange to seal the stack
port after the probe is inserted in place. The other probe end is plugged
with an end plate sealed in the probe open end. This plate has an opening
for inserting a stainless steel sample pipe (2). The conditioned sample
leaves the sampling probe through the sampling pipe (2) and enters the opti-
cal modulo. The probe is positioned in place by an alignment pin (6) on one
side of tin; stack and by a flange plate (3) bolted to a stack port (not shown)
on the opposite side of the stack. Other major parts of the probe are a con-
trol opening (4) through which sampling pipe (2) can be cleaned and also a
thermocouple junction box (5) to which thermocouples, which measure the
stack temperature and the heater wall temperature, are connected. When the
probe is not in use, the slot-shaped inlet can be closed by sliding a prism-
shaped plug through an opening (7).
The optical analyzing module is shown schematically in Figure 3. The
module is of a cylindrical shape. A two-way beam optical transmissometer
system is mounted on the ends of the module with the transmitter and receiver
mounted on the top flange (1) and the reflector mounted on the bottom flange
(21). The conditioned sample enters the module through a stainless steel
pipe (5). A small amount of this sample flows upwards through an opening
(4) into a rectangular ejector (2) and is returned back into the stack
together v;:lth the transmitter-receiver purge air flow using an ejector flat
air jet (3). In this way the dilution of the conditioned sample in the trans-
missometer sensing volume by the purge air is eliminated. A major portion of
the conditioning sample flows downward through the module and is removed at
the modulo bottom by an ejector (18) and returned back into the stack. The
inside wal.ls of the module are heated with surface heaters (7,9,13,16,20) to
prevent any condensation. The optical reflector mounted on flange (21) is
protected ::roro being contaminated with a flat air jet-ejector system (18,19).
FLOW MODEL STUDY
With f:he main dimensions of the optical analyzing module selected and
after calculating the size of the upper and lower ejectors, an actual size
plexiglass model of the analyzing module was constructed. The model was then
used to evaluate the sample flow patterns inside the module and to finalize
the best geometry of the air ejectors.
For this purpose the air was supplied into the ejectors from two separate
750 mm w.g, (29.5 in. w.g.), 1.4 m^/min (49.5 cfm) blowers of adjustable speed
to vary the flow through the individual ejectors. The amount of the purge air
from the Crransmissometer transmitter-receiver and from the transmissometer
reflector was also simulated using a third blower. By adjusting the amounts
of the upper and lower ejector air, a negative pressure inside the analyzing
module was; established so that the room air was flowing into the module
through the sampling pipe (5) as shown in Figure 3.
A heavy white smoke was generated at the sampling pipe inlet by mixing
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T
ON
in
Figure 3. Schematic of the optical analyzing module
11
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an air flew saturated with ammonia vapor and another flow saturated with
hydrochloric acid. The reaction between these vapors results in a white
smoke. With the smoke entering the module and using an intensive side illum-
ination of the plexiglass model, the flow patterns within the model were
easy to see.
The optimal performance of the module was determined for the parameters
presented in Table 1. Under these conditions the smoke flow through the
module was nearly parallel with the module length with only minor disturbance
at the very top of the module. The optical path through the sample was
1000 mm (39.37 in.).
FINAL DESIGN
Based upon the plexiglass model test of the optical analyzing module,
the design of the sampling-conditioning probe and of the optical module could
be completed.
The design of the sampling-conditioning probe is basically identical with
that one shown in Figure 2, except that the top section (Figure 2, Part #1) of
the probe was made removable. With this section removed, the gas can flow
freely through the probe between the heated inside walls. It was intended to
test this flow-through mode of operation and use a portable Lear Siegler
RM41P transoiissometer to monitor the opacity inside the sampling-conditioning
probe. For the measurement, the probe of the portable transmissometer is
inserted through the control opening of the sampling-conditioning probe
(Figure 2, Part #4)..
The design of the final optical analyzing module and its support on the
stack corresponds to the schematic drawing shown in Figure 3. The module is
made of bl.izk enodized aluminum and consists of the top, middle, and lower
TABLE 1. FLOW PARAMETERS FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE
OF THE OPTICAL ANALYZING MODULE
Sample flow rate
Average outlet velocity
in the top ejector
Top ejector flow rate
Average outlet velocity
in the bottom ejector
Bottom ejector flow rate
Purge air transmitter
Purge air reflector
85 1/min (3 acfm)
90 m/min (300 fpm)
590 1/min (20 acfm)
450 m/min (1500 fpm)
1330 1/min (47 acfm)
420 1/min (15 acfm)
420 1/min (15 acfm)
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sections which are all bolted together to form a cylindrical chamber. The
inside diameter of the module is 152.4 mm (6 in.) and its total length,
including the transmissometer mounting flanges, is 1501 mm (59.1 in.). The
length of the module section along which the sample opacity is measured is
1000 mm (39.37 in.). This facilitates easy calculation of the turbidity
coefficient of the measured aerosol.
Considering the flow conditions presented in Table 1, the sample resi-
dence time in the probe is about 15 seconds and it is about 13 seconds for
the module.
As shown also in Figure 3, the optical analyzing module is insulated
with a layer of about 25.4 mm (1 in.) fiberglass insulation and is enclosed
in a cylindrical stainless steel shield (14). The piping for the ejector
air supply (12) is also enclosed within this shield. Both ejector nozzles
are equipped with screw adjustable dampers for an independent adjustment
of both ejectors.
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
All auxiliary equipment required for the probe and module operation was
placed in a sheet metal container. The container is 762 mm .(30 in.) high,
762 mm (30 in.) wide, and 610 mm (24 in.) deep. It is mounted on swivel
casters for easy transportation. The top wall of the box is hinged to form
a cover with two strip chart recorders located underneath. The front wall
forms a door which is hinged too. There is a panel behind this door on
which all the readout and control instruments are located. Specifically,
they are: (a) two independent transmissometer readouts, one for the optical
analyzing module transmissometer and the other one for an in-stack trans-
missometer; (b) thermocouple selector switch and temperature readout; (c)
temperature controls for the probe heaters and for the module heaters; and
(d) flowmeters and speed controls for three high pressure air blowers (in-
stack transmissometer flushing air, module transmissometer flushing air,
and ejector supply air). This control module was interconnected with flex-
ible hoses and cables with the instruments mounted on the stack. A photo-
graph of the module is shown in Figure 5 of this report.
MODIFIED RM41P OPACITY PROBE
Lear Siegler stack probe type RM41P was modified by attaching two high
temperature flat heaters to one side of the probe slotted inlet as shown in
Figure 4. Each of the heaters was 76 mm (3 in.) wide, 355 mm (14 in.) long,
and 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) thick. They were attached to the probe with three steel
pipe clamps to assure the rigidity of the assembly. The portion of the probe
sample inlet slot which was exceeding the length of heaters was shielded with
an aluminum foil. The intention was to evaluate how much condensed steam can
be removed from the sample gas flow before it enters the probe sensing volume
while the probe is placed in the wet gas stream.
13
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II H
L_l
All dimensions in nun.
762
J
7
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SECTION 5
TEST SITES
As called for in the Scope of Work, the instrumentation developed under
this contract was supposed to be tested in the field. The first phase of the
tests required was a comparative test of the instrumentation with a conven-
tional across-stack transmissometer opacity monitor to show correlation on
a source without a condensed water interference problem. This phase was fol-
lowed by a performance test of the instrumentation at a plant known to have
a condensed water interference problem. The test was to be for a period of
at least thirty (30) days. The performance test was to include an analysis
of instrument stability and a comparison of opacity measurements by the in-
strument with and without the condensed water in the stack effluent. The
first test location was on the stack of an expanded perlite furnace. During
the tests at this site, it was found that the droplets present in the flue
gas are truly condensed moisture in its origin. The droplets were very fine
and relatively easy to control by our instrumentation.
For this reason, a decision was made at the conclusion of the perlite
furnace tests to test the instrumentation at another location with large water
droplets. This new location was downstream from a scrubber at a sludge in-
cinerator with a large quantity of reentrained moisture carried by the flue
gas flow.
These two test locations are described in this section.
SITE #1 - EXPANDED PERLITE PLANT
An expanded perlite plant located in Minneapolis was used as the first
site in the experimental program. The plant manufactures insulation blocks
made of expanded perlite. The raw perlite, which has a high moisture content,
is rapidly heated on a traveling grate by pulling direct flame through the
layer of material. During this process, the moisture is released nearly
instantaneously from the individual perlite particles, which results in a
large increase of their porosity. The effluent gas leaves the furnace through
a brick stack of approximately 2.1 m (7 ft) by 2.1 m (7 ft) cross section.
The stack is 12 m (40 ft) tall. The wall is 0.3 m (1 ft) thick. The effluent
gas temperature ranges from 49° C (120° F) to 60° C (140° F) at the stack
exit. The moisture condenses shortly before the gas exits the stack which
results in a heavy steam plume even at relatively high ambient air temper-
atures.
Because the condensation is caused primarily by mixing cool ambient air
with moisture saturated flue gas, the amount of condensation can be controlled
15
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up to a certain extent. For this purpose, a sheet metal extension was con-
structed and placed on the stack top as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
The sheet metal stack extension is approximately 2.6 m (8.5 ft) long
and has inside dimensions of 2.1 m by 1.2 m (6.76 ft by A ft). Special
stack reinforcement brackets were installed at the crown of the stack to
which the stack extension is attached. A catwalk was constructed on three
sides of the stack exit for instrument servicing purposes. The steel stack
extension has a horizontal slot-shaped damper in its lower portion across its
longer side (2.6 m). This damper was kept closed during the period of testing
when no condensation in the gas stream was desired. With the damper opened,
a special baffle located upstream of the damper on the stack inside wall
created slightly negative pressure at the damper location. As a result, the
ambient air entered the stack extension through the damper, which resulted
in condensation of moisture.
As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, the on-stack transmissometer was
located approximately in the middle of the length of the stack extension.
The optical path of this transmissometer was 1.46 m (57.5 in.). The sampling-
conditioning; probe was located parallel to the light beam of the on-stack
transmissomet.er with the inlet slot into the probe in a close proximity to
the light be:am. The brick stack is located along one side of the production
building, which has a flat roof at the elevation of only 1.6 m (5.25 ft)
below the stack axit. The transmitter of the on-stack transmissometer and
the optical analyzing module were located on the stack to face the roof to
facilitate their maintenance and servicing.
SITE //2 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
The instrumentation was also tested on the downstream side of a waste-
water sludge incinerator located in St. Paul, Minnesota. The sludge is burnt
in a multiple-hearth incinerator which is fired on natural gas. The gas
flame is utilized to augment the self-sustained incinerator flame. The off-
gas is treated in an impinger plate wet scrubber which is followed by an I.D.
fan. The gas continues to flow from the fan through a straight, horizontal,
round duct of 71.1 mm (28 in.) I.D. and enters the bottom of a stainless steel
stack. The on-stack transmissometer and the optical analyzing module were
located in the horizontal duct section as shown in Figure 7.
A straight piece of duct approximately 3 m (118 in.) long preceded an
on-stack transmissometer. The stack sampling-conditioning probe of the
equipment tested was located with the inlet slot parallel to the light beam
of the on-stack transmissometer within close proximity. Using this arrange-
ment, the on-stack transmissometer was analyzing the portion of the gas flow
which was subsequently flowing into the probe itself. This arrangement
reduced the possible adverse effect of the flow stratification. The optical
analyzing module was again mounted vertically on the side of the breaching
duct.
Because the flow at this test location was horizontal, the sampling-
conditioning probe had to be turned 90 degrees to accommodate for this con-
dition. For this reason, the sampling probe port had to be modified compared
16
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LEGEND
1 - STACK EXTENSION
2 - OPTICAL MODULE
3 - REINFORCEMENT
BRACKET
4 - CONTROL MODULE
Figure 5. Test site at the expanded perlite plant
17
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hOS
12/f
o
Q
O
+-838
r
LEGEND
1 REFLECTOR
2 PROBE CLEANOUT
3 SCAFFOLD
4 STACK EXTENSION
5 OPTICAL MODULE
6 TRANSMITTER
7 LEAKIN DAMPER
8 REINFORCEMENT BRACKET
All dimensions in mm.
Figure 6. Schematic of the stack extension
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1 - STACK
2 - TRANSMITTER
3 - SAMPLING PROBE PORT
4 - BREACHING
5 - REFLECTOR
6 - TRANSMITTER
7 - OPTICAL MODULE
8 - REFLECTOR
Figure 7. Schematic of the wastewater treatment plant test site
19
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to normal use for which the probe has been designed with the probe normally
located in Che upward gas flow.
Compared to Site #1, the gas flow at Site //2 contained relatively large
quantities of reentrained moisture from the scrubber, as well as very fine
condensation droplets.
20
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SECTION 6
TEST PROCEDURES
The primary purpose of the field tests was to establish the accuracy,
repeatability, and reliability of the instrumentation when used for monitor-
ing of the opacity of a wet gas flow. It was also anticipated that the field
tests will help to locate possible drawbacks of the equipment design and help
to find further improvements. For this reason, the attempt was made to design
the instrumentation, as well as the auxiliary equipment, to provide for maxi-
mum flexibility in changing the operating conditions.
One of the first tasks during the instrumentation testing was to estab-
lish the correlation between the opacity of a dry aerosol flow as measured
by an on-stack transmissometer and also measured with the instruments devel-
oped under this contract. These tests were directed towards finding how much
error is introduced in the opacity determination by not providing an isokin-
etically collected sample and also by losing some particulate matter within
the sampling-conditioning probe and within the optical analyzing module.
During the course of the field tests, other operating parameters of
importance were: stability of the instrumentation, reproducibility of the
instrument readout, operational reliability, and cleaning requirements.
The test procedures and parameters measured during the field tests are
described in this section.
INSTALLATION AND STARTUP
With the instrumentation installed in a location of homogeneous parti-
culate flow, the following procedure was usually employed for the equipment
startup:
a. The sampling probe and conditioning module heaters were turned on
b. When the temperature of the interior walls was at least 20° C above
the temperature of the gas to be sampled, the source of the purge air for
the on-stack and conditioning module transmissometers was activated
c. The conditioning module air ejectors were activated resulting in the
flow of a sample through the probe and conditioning module
d. The temperature of the interior walls of the probe and of the con-
ditioning module was increased up to the value at which no further decrease
of the opacity as read on the module transmissometer occurred.
21
-------
PARAMETERS MEASURED
The parameters directly related to the instrumentation operation measured
during the i::.eld tests were:
a. On-Btack transmissometer readout
b. Module transmissometer readout
c. Sample flow rate
d. Ejector air flow rate
e. Module transmissometer purge air flow rate
f. On-stack transmissometer purge air flow rate
g. Temperature of the stack flow
h. Temperature of the sampling probe heater
i. Sample temperature at the module inlet
j. Temperature of the module heaters
k. Temperature at the sample outlet from the module.
Besides these basic parameters, several measurements were taken which
were related to the gas flow, as, for example, flue gas flow rate, its tem-
perature, moisture content, and particle concentration.
DATA COLLECTION
The instrumentation was maintained in continuous operation at each of
the two test sites. Routine servicing was done once a day, usually in the
morning. Two strip chart recorders were used to continuously monitor the
on-stack transmissometer opacity and the module transmissometer opacity. The
charts were collected on a daily basis and processed the very same day. All
the parameters listed in paragraph 2 of this section were recorded manually
in a log book during the instrument servicing.
DATA REDUCTION
The data reduction required reading the charts from the strip chart
recorders. The charts from both transmissometers were first assigned a time
scale. As a second step, a distinctive plateau on the recorded signal of the
on-stack transmissometer was found within 30-minute increments and a corres-
ponding point was located on the module transmissometer chart. Both opacity
values were read and tabulated.
The next step was to correct the on-stack opacity reading to the optical
path of th« conditioning module transmissometer. The correction also had to
be made for different temperatures of the stack gas flow and of the sample
flow inside the optical analyzing module. The following equation has been
derived for the correction of the in-stack opacity:
22
-------
V273 + V
Lg(273 + TM)
(I-°COR> -
where:
0 - in-stack opacity corrected to the optical path of 1 meter
and to the temperature T.,,%/100
M
0 - measured in-stack opacity, %/100
o J.
- optical path of the module = 1 meter
optical path of the on-stack tr
(1.46 m expanded perlite tests)
L<, - optical path of the on-stack transmissometer
T - in-stack gas flow temperature, C
O
TM - module gas flow temperature, C
M
Once the in-stack opacity was corrected to the operating conditions of
the sample conditioning module, a ratio of the corrected in-stack opacity
and of the corresponding opacity measured on the sample conditioning module
was calculated. For no condensation in the stack and no bias introduced by
the module, the ratio should have been 1. The presence of condensed moisture
in the stack resulted in values of the ratios larger than 1 with values of
about 8 not being abnormal.
An example of the data processing form is presented in Table 2.
SPECIAL TESTS
A special test performed during the field evaluation of the instrument-
ation was the check on the feasibility of using Lear Siegler RM41P opacity
probe equipped with high temperature heater plates for determination of
opacity in the presence of condensed moisture. Another special test was to
use the very same probe without heaters and locate it inside the sampling-
conditioning module on which the top cover was removed as described in
Section 4. These tests were short term checks, and no special data were
taken during the process of this testing. The results are described in
Section 7 of this report.
23
-------
TABLE 2. EXAMPLE FIELD TEST DATA FORM
SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST DATA
Date: March 24, 1976
Time Temperature
°C
Stack Module
003° 38 67
oU
<
"S
<
<
<*%
<*% H
*>%
<
<
"ft
113°
60
123°
1 60
133°
1J60
i/30
1460
153°
60
ifi30
1660
1730
1760
1860 38 54
Opacity
Stack
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
8
9
9
11
13
10
15
3
13
12
13
29
18
1
9
10
10
10
10
13
18
20
20
20
Opacity
Stack
Corr. to
1m, Tm
%
8.0
5.3
6.0
6.0
7.3
8.7
6.6
10.0
1.9
8.7
8.0
8.7
20.0
12.1
0.6
6.0
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
8.7
12.1
13.5
10.7
15.0
Opacity
Module
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
3
3
4
6
5
7
1
6
8
7
16
9
0
6
5
5
5
5
7
9
9
10
11
Opacity Wind Amb.
Stack Speed Temp.
Corr. km/hr °C
Opacity
Module
2.66
2.64
1.98
1.98
1.83
1.44
1.32
1.43
1.96
1.44
1.00
1.24
1.25
1.35
1.0
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.24
1.35
1.50
1.35
1.0
24
-------
SECTION 7
TEST RESULTS
The results of the laboratory and field tests of the instrumentation
developed under this contract are described in this section.
LABORATORY TESTS
Before the instrumentation and the auxiliary equipment were field tested,
a simplified laboratory test was performed to check the function of the indi-
vidual components of the system.
The sampling-conditioning probe was inspected, and the only components
which could be tested in the laboratory were the response of the thermo-
couples and the function of the electrical surface heaters. The range of
temperatures of the interior walls in the probe was adjustable within room
temperature up to 216° C (420° F) which is the maximum permissible temperature
of the heaters.
The optical analyzing module was completely assembled, mounted on a
stand, and hooked up to the control module. The transmitter and the reflec-
tor of the RM4 Lear Siegler transmissometer were also installed on the module
and interconnected with the transmissometer readout. After checking the
function of thermocouples and electrical surface heaters, the air flow
through the module ejectors and the transmissometer purge air flow were
adjusted to the values found to be optimal during the tests of the model of
the optical module. The transmissometer readout was adjusted to zero for
clean room air. The module field operation was simulated by feeding an oil
smoke into the module at various quantities with all module components oper-
ating. The response of the instrument was normal, and the system was con-
sidered ready for the field tests.
EXPANDED PERLITE PLANT
The equipment was installed on the stack of the perlite plant on
February 25, 1976. The regular continuous test operation started on
February 27, 1976, and continued through June 4, 1976. The system was shut
down during the period from May 10, 1976, through May 20, 1976, for repairs
of the technological equipment. During the period from April 14, 1976,
through April 21, 1976, the system was not operating because of an electronic
problem on the on-stack transmissometer converter. The system was tested at
this site for a total of approximately 900 hours.
During this period of time light dust deposits were cleaned three times
from the edge of the slot inlet of the stack sampling-conditioning probe.
25
-------
The interior of the probe did not require any cleaning. Also cleaned once was
a stainless steel sample pipe through which the sample is introduced into the
optical module. Light deposits of dust were cleaned three times from the
upper portion of the optical module at the sample inlet location. The most
common problem was that at times large agglomerates of particles released
from the ducts of the technological equipment entered the sampling probe and
were sucked into the optical module. The lower ejector was not powerful
enough to prevent these huge agglomerates from falling on the reflector,
causing erroneous reading of the transmissometer. This problem occurred on
sixteen occasions and was finally nearly eliminated by mounting an orifice
plate between the optical lower flange and between the flange of the reflec-
tor housing.
One of the main problems encountered during the test was a power failure
on the purge blowers which caused the ejectors to fail and also resulted in
no transmissometer purge air flow. During this failure, which lasted for
about twelve, hours, the condensed moisture contaminated the reflectors and
formed an ice layer at -15° C (5° F) outside temperatures.
The equipment was exposed to very stringent conditions throughout the
entire test, period. The plant is operated on a two-shift basis, and the
technological process is ceased at about 11:00 p.m. every day. During the
early morning startup of the furnace, the moisture was condensing on all
interior surfaces of the ducts and stack, as well as on the exterior surfaces
of the sampling-conditioning probe.
, The t(i»t period included days of very intensive moisture condensation
in the. stac.k. During th^se days the corrected stack opacity was up to 7.7
times higher than the module opacity. On warmer days, with the ambient tem-
perature exceeding 4.4° C (40° F) , the condensation of moisture was observed
inside the .stack only close to the on-stack transmissometer ports. For the
outside temperatures above 10° C (50° F) , no visible condensation in the gas
flow was observed.
As an axample of the instrument's effectiveness on removing condensed
moisture, a chart of the on-stack transmissometer and module transmissometer
is shown la Figure 8. As seen from this figure, the on-stack transmissometer
measured vary high opacities after 11:00 p.m., which is the time of the fur-
nace shutdo.fln. At this time the red-hot perlite located on the traveling
grate is qaanched with water. This results in generation of nearly oure steara
with only traces of particulate matter. The quenching takes place f^r about
an hour. I he iiteam generated during the process flows through the s :ack
resulting in h:.gh in-stack opacity. During the same time, a continuous cample
of the steam f::om the stack was being removed by the sampling-condition:" c^
probe and flowed through the optical module. The steam was Affectively
removed in the system ea seen on the module transmissometer chart, which
reads zerc opa :it.y durlrg the whole quenching process . The sawple f tow
through tfcf molule wan maintained at 85 1/min (3 acfm) . The temperature:: of
the intericr s impling -ibs wall averaged about 127° C (260° F) , the in
conditionii g module u; ' • tJiout 121° " (250° F) , the stack gas flow C3° C
(140° F), z.nc. tho Scim, .. ..saving thz module about 88° C (190° I').
-------
NJ
IN-STACK OPACITY (1.46 meter path)
I I:00 PM
MODULE OPACITY (1.00 meter path)
L1"^;:!
r---:fc.::=.L=~1-=~
-_—-JT..-. t -_—.'
jfO • -r-]'--
~ ."T7TI
!
:00 PM
I'Vinnro 8. Snmplo re-cord of the in-st;irk and module opacity readout
-------
The results of the comparative tests between the on-stack opacity and
module opacity have been analyzed statistically. The mean value of the
ratios of tho corrected on-stack opacity and module opacity for the complete
test period :.s 1.42. The range of the ratios was from 0.96 up to 7.7. The
upper limit corresponds to very intensive condensation. The corrected on-
stack opacity ranged from 0 to 50 percent. The range of the module opacities
was from 0 to 17 percent.
A special effort was made to manually monitor the readout of both
transmissometers during several days of very warm weather when no condensation
of the moisture was observed. These special tests were performed on May 21,
25, 26, 27, and 28, 1976. The test data was processed in the same manner as
other data was. The ratios of the corrected stack effluent opacity and of
the module opacity resulted in a mean value of 1.152. This means that the
opacity measured on the conditioning module was underestimated by approxi-
mately 15 percent of the true, corrected on-stack transmissometer opacity
reading. The corrected on-stack opacities were unfortunately very low,
ranging from approximately 2 to 7 percent. This makes an accurate opacity
determination more difficult. The standard deviation of the ratios of opac-
ities was 0.083= The correlation coefficient for the on-stack and module
opacities was approximately + 0.96 which suggests that a systematic error
could have been involved during the field tests. The data sheets which
document these "no condensation" tests are presented in Appendix A.
To further evaluate the agreement between the on-stack and module trans-
missometer readouts at higher opacity levels, a test was performed with an
artificial £;moka generated by burning several smoke bombs' at the inlet into
the I.D. fj.ris of the perlite furnace. The smoke was a product of combustion
of phosphorous compounds. The primary particles of the generated smoke are
within subru.cron range. The test duration was several minutes and it was
repeated four times. The test results are summarized in Table 3.
TABLE 3. SUMMARY OF SMOKE BOMB TESTS - SITE //I
Test #
1
2
3
4
On-Stack
Opacity,
Percent
69
40
54
59
Corrected
On-Stack
Opacity,
Percent
52.8
27.9
39.1
43.5
Module
Opacity,
Percent
51
26
38
42
Ratio of
Opacities
1.03
1.07
1.03
1.03
28
-------
The agreement of opacities measured during this test was much better
with the error ranging from as low as 3 percent up to 7 percent.
Two tests were also performed to determine the parameters of the ex-
panded perlite furnace effluent. Using a velocity traverse technique, the
flow rate of the gas at the stack exit was measured and was ranging from
2186 m3/min. (77,200 acfm) to 2443 m3/min. (86,280 acfm). The temperature of
the flue gas flow was 57° C (135° F) and 66° C (150° F) respectively. The
particulate concentration, which is only approximate because the sampling did
not follow exactly EPA Method 5, was ranging from 134 mg/m3wet (0.59 gr/ft3wet)
to 238 mg/m3wet (0.10 gr/ft3wet) although higher values were possible occa-
sionally. The microscope analysis of the particulate sample has shown that
the mass mean particle diameter is very large and was estimated at about 50
microns. The moisture content of the flue gas varies and was 10 percent by
volume on the average.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
The equipment was installed on the breaching on August 14, 1976. The
regular continuous test operation started on September 16, 1976, and con-
tinued through November 11, 1976. The system was operated during this period
for 24 hours a day. The instrument was down for repairs of the chopper motor
of the optical module transmissometer from August 14, 1976, through September
16, 1976. The system was tested at this site for a total of approximately
1020 hours.
Major problems encountered during the test period resulted from the
corrosion of the instrument material. Primarily affected were the function
of thermocouples, temperature controllers of the probe and module heaters,
and signal cable connectors. Maintaining proper operation of the instrument
components required significant effort under these conditions. The corrosion
problem developed at Site #1 because of a high content of sulfur dioxide in
the effluent which resulted from burning high sulfur coal mixed with the raw
perlite material. The corrosion at Site #2 was even more severe being caused
by high concentrations of chlorine in the scrubbing solution.
A major functional problem was associated with the fact that the sampling
probe was turned to accommodate for horizontal flow of the flue gas. This
caused the large droplets and also particulate matter to be trapped inside
the sampling-conditioning probe. The probe had to be cleaned mechanically
about every 350 hours to maintain its proper function. On the other hand,
no cleaning of the optical module was ever required.
The test conditions were really rigorous at this location with large
quantities of moisture in the flue gas flow. The gas flow rate at the test
location was averaging 7850 acfm wet. The flow temperature was 21° C (70° F)
on the average. The moisture content was ranging from 4.5 percent by volume
to as much as 18 percent by volume.
The particle concentration was ranging from 22 mg/m^wet (0.01 gr/ft^wet)
to 84 mg/m3wet (0.04 gr/ft3wet). The opacity measured by the optical module
(less condensed moisture) was ranging from 1.5 percent to 8 percent,
29
-------
respectively. At times, but very rarely, the particle concentration reached
250 mg/m-^wet (0.11 gr/ft-*wet) at the optical module opacity of about 15
percent.
One of the major drawbacks of Site #2 was a very low particulate concen-
tration. The module transmissometer readout was below 5 to 6 percent opacity
most of the time. On the other hand, it was not unusual to measure the cor-
rected on-stack transmissometer opacity of 60 percent or more as caused by
large amounts of condensed moisture.
The opacities of the on-stack transmissometer were corrected to the
module conditions considering the optical path of the on-stack transmissometer
to be 711 mm (28 in.) and the module transmissometer to be 1000 mm (39.4 in.).
The ratios of opacities ranged from 1.6 to about 10. This means that the
instrumentation never operated under no-condensed-moisture conditions.
To assess the amount of losses of particulate matter in the system, the
dry flue gas flow conditions had to be created artificially by pulling dry,
clean air through the incinerator which was down for repairs. The air was
pulled by the I.D. fan through the scrubber without spraying the scrubbing
solution. A smoke was fed into the I.D. fan inlet through an opened duct
control door. The smoke was generated by a slow-burning smoke bomb identical
to the test on the expanded perlite furnace. The test lasted about 7 minutes,
and five readings of opacity were taken during this period of time. The
results are summarized in Table 4.
It follows from the smoke test results that the accuracy of the optical
module readout compared f.o the on-stack transmissometer is within 2 to 7
percent for the range of opacities measured.
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF SMOKE BOMB TESTS - SITE #2
Test # On-Stack
Opacity,
Percent
:. 12
:> 17
:* 20
4 18
"> 30
Corrected
On-Stack
Opacity,
Percent
13.70
19.38
7,3.10
7,1.40
34.7,4
Module
Opacity,
Percent
14
19
?,?,
70
17
Ratio of
Opacities
0.98
1.02
1.05
1.07
1.07
-------
The effectiveness of the wet sample conditioning system appeared to be
very good despite relatively large quantities of reentrained moisture from
the scrubber and resulting from condensation. This conclusion is supported
by two observations.
On September 27, 1977, the incinerator was at nearly idling condition
for several hours with an insignificant amount of sludge being burnt. The
on-stack transmissometer corrected opacity was over 55 percent at about
1800 hrs as double-checked visually by observing the gas flow through an
opened port of the on-stack transmissometer reflector. The module trans-
missometer at the same time read zero opacity, and its operation was found
to be normal. At 2100 hrs the incinerator was back to normal operating con-
ditions. The on-stack transmissometer was reading corrected opacity of 85
percent and the module was reading 44 percent. The average operating para-
meters of the module were as follows: sample flow rate 85 1/min (3 acfm);
stack flow temperature 32° C (90° F); temperature of the sampling probe in-
terior walls 65.5° C (150° F); temperature of the module interior walls
98.9° C (210° F); sample temperature at the module outlet 65.5° C (150° F).
Another fact which indicates that the condensed moisture was being
effectively removed from the sample flow was the inspection of the module
interior. No particulate deposits nor any traces of moisture or marks of
streaks were found inside the module even at the location where the sample
impacts on the pipe baffle inside the module.
SPECIAL TESTS
The tests with the modified opacity probe, Lear Siegler RM41P, were all
performed at Site #1. In these tests the Lear Siegler stack probe type
RM41P has been modified by attaching two high temperature flat heaters to
the probe slotted inlet as described in Section 4 of this report. The por-
tion of the probe sample inlet slot which was exceeding the length of heaters
was shielded with an aluminum foil. The probe was then tested inside a gas
flow containing condensed moisture. The intention was to evaluate how much
condensed steam can be removed from the sample gas flow before it enters the
probe sensing volume.
The experiment failed for primarily two reasons. With the unchanged
slot width, the sample flow through its sensing volume is too high and the
heaters are not effective. Also, a dilution of the sample by the flushing
air flow was experienced, affecting the readout accuracy.
The inlet slot width was then reduced by temporarily attaching a strip
of aluminum foil along the slot. With this modification the effectiveness
of the heaters has improved, but another problem has arisen. The wake tur-
bulence downstream of the probe caused the condensed steam to enter the sensi-
tive volume of the probe through the downstream probe slot.
It appears that with proper geometry of the probe slots and the flushing
air outlet slots, the idea of using plate heaters to remove condensed moisture
may be successful. Because this test was optional and was not included in
the original program, lack of time did not allow working out details of this
approach.
31
-------
APPENDIX
Test Data for No Condensation
Operating Conditions
32
-------
14
1
15
Ifi
16
17
^•'
T8
18
30
60
30
60
30
60_
30
60_
30
60
SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST DATA
Site: Expanded Perlite Plant
Date: May 21, 1976
Time Temperature Opacity
°C Stack
Stack Module %
OO30 71 71 9.50
013° 8-50
02^0 X0.25
0330 9.00
043° 9.25
0530 8.00
_ _ 30 "7 "7 C
06 / • /->
0730 71 60 9.00
U/60
0860 9>5°
0960 9'5°
Opacity
Stack
Corr. to
1m, Tm
6.61
5.91
7.14
6.26
6.43
5.55
5.38
6.26
6.61
6.61
Opacity
Module
6.25
6.00
7.00
6.50
6.25
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.25
6.75
Opacity Wind Arab.
Stack Speed Temp.
Corr. km/hr °C
Opacity
Module
1.06 12.9 17
0.99
1.02
0.96 16.6 15
1.03
0.93
0.90 12.9 14
1.04
1.06
0.98 18.5 18
1060
30
60
1230
14.8 21
,.,30
14.8
21
14.8
22
33
-------
SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST DATA
Site: Expanded Perlite Plant
Date: May 25, 1976
Time Temperature
°C
Stack Module
00;?° 38 49
bU
0160
°260
03?° 43 66
bU
M A
O V
60
/\ /• jU C / "7 ~7
06 J^ / /
0760
°860
09^° 66 88
oU
1060
U60
12™ 77 88
_330
.,.30
1460
156?
ifi30
1660
30
~ 60
Opacity
Stack
%
5.75
6.00
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.25
7.00
5.00
4.75
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00.
4.00
4.00
3.80
4.00
3.00
3.50
4.50
3.50
4.00
3.75
4.00
4.25
Opacity
Stack
Corr. to
1m, Tm
3.72
4.15
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.33
4.85
3.23
3.07
2.09
2.26
2.42
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.46
2.58
1.44
2.26
2.91
2.26
2.59
2.42
2.59
2o75
Opacity (
Module
%
(
1
3.00
3.25
3.50
4.00
4.00
3.75
4.00
2.75
2.25
2.00
2.00
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.00
2.25
1.75
2.00
2.50
2.00
2.25
2.25
2.50
2.50
Dpacity Wind
Stack Speed
Corr. km/hr
Dpacity
Module
1.24
1.28
1.29
1.13
1.13
1.15
1.21 n
1.17
1.36
1.05
1.13
1.08
1.15 9 4
1.15
1.15
1.23
1.15
1.11
1.13 ? ,
1.16
1.13
1.15
1.08
1.15
1010 .12.9
11. S
Amb.
Temp.
°C
14
9
12
18
22
Z :
';60
14. i
-------
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
30
60
30
60_
30
60
30
60
30
60
30
60
30
60
SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST DATA
Site: Expanded Perlite Plant
Date: May 26, 1976
Time Temperature
°C
Stack Module
00^° 38 38
bU
<
02J?° 43 66
bu
°%
°*S 54 71
<
06^° 66 82
bu
<
08^° 66 82
bU
"1?
<
"E
Opacity
Stack
%
6.25
5.00
5.50
5.00
6.00
5.75
5.00
7.00
5.00
6.50
7.00
6.25
5.50
9.00
5.75
7.00
6.00
5.50
7.00
8.00
6.50
8.00
8.00
8.25
Opacity
Stack
Corr. to
1m, Tm
%
4.06
3. 45
3.80
3.45
4.15
3.72
3.23
4.54
3.23
4.29
4.62
4.12
3.62
5.97
3.79
4.63
3.96
3.63
4.63
5.30
4.29
5.30
5.30
5.47
Opacity
Module
%
3.50
2.75
3.00
2.50
3.25
3.00
2.75
3.75
2.75
3.75
4.00
3.50
3.00
5.25
3.00
4.00
3.25
3.00
4.00
4.50
4.00
5.00
4.75
5.00
Opacity Wind Amb.
Stack Speed Temp.
Corr. km/hr °C
Opacity
Module
i;« 12.9 is
1.27
1.38
1.28
1.24
1'17 5 5 12
1.21 5<:>
1.17
1.14
1.16
1.18
1"Z1 74 13
1.14 '•* 1J
1.26
1.16
1.22
1.21
l.lb
1.18 ^ 2U
1.07
1.06
1.12
1.07
66
77
7.75
5.13
4.25
1721
14.8
25
22.2
25
12.9
24
35
-------
SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST DATA
Site: Expanded Perlite Plant
Date: May 27, 1976
Time Tanperature Opacity
°C Stack
St^ck Module %
30 t, £, 6.00
00 j4 66 _ ,.-.
on 5 ?5
X\4*Jv J • «£--X
L/.L j- — ^ r rt
bO 5.50
«o30 P, -ii 5.25
02, _ 54 71 - An
60 5.00
__30 4.50
0360 4.50
046o ()0 77 s'.oS
--30 6.50
0560 7.00
_3 0 • o * / j
06 hO 71
0730 5.50
60 7.25
08^? 60 77 ^'"
60 5.00
nq30 5.00
60 5.50
In30 ., „ 7.50
1060 b6 7? 7.50
30 9.50
60 10.00
I?30 •',« 82 8'50
1260 '6 82 9.00
Opacity
Stack
Corr. to
1m, Tm
4.02
3.68
3.51
3.68
3.51
3.29
2.96
2.96
2.30
3.29
4.29
4.63
4.46
3.68
3.68
4.87
3.51
3.34
3.34
3.68
5.04
5.04
6.41
6.75
5.72
6.07
Opacity
Module
3.75
3.25
2.75
3.00
3.00
2.75
2.50
2.50
2.25
3.00
4.00
4.50
4.25
3.25
3.25
4.00
3.50
3.00
3.00
3.75
4.25
5.00
6.00
7.00
5.75
6.00
Opacity Wind Amb.
Stack Speed Temp.
Corr. km/hr °C
Opacity
Module
i'07 5.5 17
1.13
1.28
1.23
1.17
1.20
i:is ° 14
1.02
1.10
1.07
1.03
1'05 7 4 13
1.13
1.13
1.22
1.00
1.11
I'H 24.1 23
1.19
1.01
1.07
0.96
0.99 25 9 26
1.01 ^'y ^
30
1J60
1430
Ia60
153°
1360
24.1 26
,,30
1660
17??
18
30
60
18.5
16
36
-------
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
30
60
30
60
30
60_
30
60
30
60_
30
60
30
60
30
60
30
60.
30
60
30
60
SUMMARY OF FIELD TEST DATA
Site: Expanded Perlite Plant
Date: May 28, 1976
Time Temperature
°C
Stack Module
00^° 49 49
ol)
<
0260 54 66
033°
UJ60
043-!? 60 71
oil
«S
«s
«s
Opacity
Stack
%
9.00
8.75
8.50
8.00
9.00
8.00
9.00
8.50
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
10.50
9.00
7.75
8.50
Opacity
Stack
Corr. to
1m, Tm
%
6.26
6.08
5.91
5.55
6.06
5.55
6.06
5.63
5.63
5.96
6.30
6.64
6.98
5.96
5.12
5.63
Opacity
Module
%
6.00
5.75
5.00
4.50
4.00
4.25
4.00
4.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
Opacity Wind Amb.
Stack Speed Temp.
Corr. km/hr °C
Opacity
Module
1-04 _ ,
1.06 2°-5 16
1.18
1.23
1.52
1.31
!;»• 22.2 16
1.41
1.32
1.26
1.33
1.16 1fi 7 17
0.99 16-7 17
1.02
1.13
37
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1.HEPCRTNO. 2.
EPA-600/2-77-124
4. "ITU: AND SUBTITLE
INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING THE OPACITY OF
FARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTAINING CONDENSED WATER
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Miles Tomaides
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
"nterpoll, Inc.
j.996 West County Road C
tit. Paul, Minnesota 55113
10. PROGRAM CLEMENT NO.
1AA010 26AAM-27 (FY-75)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2225
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAVIE AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Off:.ce of Research and Development
U.S., Environmental. Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 6/75 - 6/76
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE?!
16. AB5JTRACT
On-stack instrumentation and methodology were developed to monitor the
opacity of particulate pollutants in stationary source emissions containing
condensed vja-;or. The instrument continuously extracts and measures the opacity
of representative samples of particulate effluent. It discriminates between
pollutant parhicl.es and condensed water by increasing the temperature of the
sample and vaporizing the condensed moisture. The opacity of the remaining^^^,
particles is measured with any commercially available high precision optical
transmissometer.
The instrument was successfully field tested on (1) the effluent from a
furnace of an expended perlite manufacturing plant and (2) the effluent from
a wet scrubber of a sludge incinerator. For particulate emissions containing
no condensed water, opacity results measured by the new instrument compared
favorably with results measured by a conventional across-stack transmissometer
monitor.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Particles
*Aerosols
Water
Chimneys
*Opacity
*0ptical mes.Eiurement
Trancmi g
13B
07D
07B
13M
14B
HI. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
46
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
El>A Form 2220-1 19-73)
38
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