EPA-600/2-77-239
December 1977
Environmental Protection Technology Series
EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
ON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-77-239
December 1977
EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
ON
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
by
Andrew P. Pajak
Edward J. Martin
Environmental Quality Systems, Inc.
Rockville, Maryland 20852
and
George A. Brinsko
Frederick J. Erny
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15233
Grant No. S-801123
Project Officer
John E. Brugger
Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08817
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the con-
tents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commerical
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed, converted,
and used, the related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on our
health often require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution con-
trol methods be used. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory -
Cincinnati (lERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved
methodologies that will meet these needs both efficiently and economically.
This report is a product of the above efforts. It may be used by the
treatment plant and collection system operator as an adjunct to other
reference works to assist in meeting day-to-day needs. The information may
be used to improve the understanding of operating conditions under the cir-
cumstances imposed by hazardous material spills. Further information may be
obtained by contacting the Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills Branch of
lERL-Ci at Edison, New Jersey 08817.
David 6. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
111
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ABSTRACT
The effects of over 250 chemical substances on biological treatment
processes are presented in a format which permits use as an operations hand-
book. The information, arranged in a matrix with the chemical substances
presented in alphabetical order, includes: descriptions of the chemical;
effects on treatment process operating parameters, especially those associ-
ated with the activated sludge treatment process; and the effect of the
treatment process on the chemical. Data from full scale, pilot scale, and
bench scale studies are reported. An extensive bibliography related to the
effects of hazardous materials on biological treatment processes also is
presented.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. S-801123 by
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) and its sub-contractor,
Environmental Quality Systems, Inc., under the partial sponsorship of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Grant Project Period extended
from June, 1972 through June, 1976. Corrections of the final report were
completed in September, 1977.
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CONTENTS
Foreword Ill
Abstract iv
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vi
Acknowledgments vii
I Introduction 1
II Conclusions 4
III Recommendations 5
IV Literature Selection Criteria 6
V Matrix Preparation 8
VI Summary of Hazardous Material Effects 16
VII Hazardous Materials Effects Matrix 33
References 184
Bibliography 192
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1. Coding Sheet for: Classification of Chemical 12
2. Coding Sheet for: Nature of Chemical 13
3. Coding Sheet for: Process Operating Parameter and Variables . . 14
4. Coding Sheet for: Conditions of the Study . 15
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1. Literature Matrix Format 9
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This handbook was prepared by the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
(ALOSAN), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the subcontractor, Environmental
Quality Systems, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, under the terms of Grant No.
S-801123, awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to ALCOSAN.
The literature survey is current through October 1974.
The authors appreciate the continued advice and support of Dr. John E.
Brugger of the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory of the EPA at
Edison, New Jersey. His assistance was invaluable.
vii
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) has initiated
a comprehensive program for the management and control of hazardous
materials within its service area. One of the major goals of this
program is to minimize the effects spilled hazardous materials have
on the performance of ALCOSAN's and other biological wastewater treat-
ment facilities. To estimate the scope and nature of effects which
may be anticipated for a broad variety of hazardous materials and
to determine the extent of previous work in this area, the literature
was reviewed.
The objective of this review was to develop a concise compendium
of the effects of hazardous materials on biological treatment processes
for plant operating personnel. It was intended that operators, when
faced with hazardous material spills, could use this handbook as a
quick reference in assessing the range of potentially adverse effects
on the treatment process. Although remedial action and countermeasures
are not suggested as part of the handbook, this document together with
a formal operations contingency plan may be expected to identify
possible means for mitigating such adverse effects.
The sensitivity of biological treatment processes to changes in
influent waste characteristics has long been recognized. In the past,
this has been accepted as an unfortunate characteristic of secondary
treatment. However, recent emphasis on consistency of treatment plant
performance and effluent quality demands that more attention be paid
to the effects of variable waste characteristics. This is particularly
important for hazardous material spills. Treatment plant performance
can be influenced by such spills in a number of ways, including:
1) Direct toxicity of chemicals to micro-organisms.
2) Inhibition of biological processes leading to incomplete
treatment.
3) Exertion of BOD after treatment by slowly degradable material.
4} High effluent COD concentrations caused by refractory material
5) Disruption of sludge treatment systems.
6) High oxygen demand which results in development of an
anaerobic or suboptimal bioreaction environment.
1
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Currently, it is difficult to predict the response of biological
treatment to hazardous material spills. Little firm data on full-
scale plant experience is available because the results of accidental
spills are not measured readily and data usually is very general in
nature. Pilot scale testing is practical but little work has been done
to date. Often industrial wastes are studied on a pilot plant scale to
yield design data; however, in these cases the wastes almost always are
a mixture of product, by-products, intermediate compounds and raw materials.
The exact composition usually is not known. Hence, most of the litera-
ture uncovered in this effort cites bench and laboratory scale work.
Bench-scale tests with small reactors have been used for prelim-
inary design studies and can yield useful information on the effect
of biological treatment on a pure compound (and vice versa) under
conditions simulating real operations. Respirometer studies can be
used to indicate toxicity and degradability of materials. Oxygen uptake
rates also are useful in predicting the effect of rapid oxygen demand
on full-scale aeration systems. BOD tests can give an indication of the
degradability of the material studied.
Care must be exercised in extrapolating the results of such studies
to full-scale aeration systems. Conditions under which the study was
done are, most likely, different from treatment plant operating condi-
tions. The important differences may include:
1) Concentration of chemical added.
2) Degree of acclimation of micro-organisms to chemicals at
different concentrations.
3) Aeration rate.
4) Type of treatment (e.g. conventional activated sludge, extended
aeration, trickling filter, etc.).
5) Concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids in activated
sludge treatment plants.
6) Temperature.
7) Detention time.
8) Presence of other materials.
Many pure compound respirometer studies are conducted at high
concentration levels (e.g., 500 mg/1 or greater). For a large treat-
ment plant with a capacity of 150 MGD, almost 80 tons of chemical
dumped over a 6-hour period (a typical aeration tank detention period)
would be required to maintain an influent concentration of 500 mg/1
for the same interval.
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Respirometer studies do not reflect operating conditions in
a treatment plant. Also*chemical compounds used for experimentation
may not be found as such in real wastes.
Thus, the data presented in this review cannot be transferred
directly to a particular plant. Its utility lies in providing an
indication of chemicals that can cause problems in biological treat-
ment and relative effects on treatment plant performance and effluent
quality.
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SECTION II
CONCLUSIONS
Often the wastewater treatment plant operator must contend with
spilled hazardous materials which enter the sewerage system. Generally, he
has little basis for predicting the extent to which these materials may
affect treatment plant performance. As a prelude to initiating suitable
countermeasures to prevent plant upset or equipment damage, the operator
must have information related to potential effects readily available. The
information in this handbook provides a firm basis for preventive and
restorative actions on the part of operating personnel.
The handbook is a compilation of considerable information which
operators can use quickly. When coupled with a well-conceived contingency
plan, this document can permit rapid response to maintain treatment plant
operation. The handbook is not intended to be all-inclusive, and extensive
additions and updates may be necessary as time passes; however, it does
provide a vital and much-needed beginning in coping with an increasing
frequency of spills of a constantly expanding list of hazardous materials.
A significant conclusion reached from the critical evaluation of the
large volume of technical data reviewed is that there is little definitive
information on the number and extent of treatment plant upsets and, partic-
ularly, on the actual causes of the failures of the plants to meet effluent
standards and guidelines. Too few "post mortems" are either undertaken or
reported.
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SECTION III
RECOMMENDATIONS
Research engineers and scientists are encouraged to add to the base of
information contained in this handbook because:
1. Information on hazardous material effects is modest but is increas-
ing rapidly.
2. More information on full scale plant incidents is needed.
3. No work has been performed on many frequently used hazardous
materials.
4. New and potentially hazardous materials continue to enter the
market place.
5. There is a dearth of information on contingency plans and counter-
measures, particularly in terms of differing biological treatment
plant configurations.
Experiences with full scale plant operations would be especially valuable in
updating this initial effort.
Likewise, a companion document on contingency plans and response
countermeasures is a distinct need in order for operating personnel to take
full advantage of the information presented in this handbook. Such a docu-
ment should be designed to permit personnel at each specific plant to tailor
their response(s) to their particular situation.
While the list of hazardous materials in this review is extensive, it is
not all-inclusive. A project of greater scope could provide revisions to the
foundation presented here and result in a more complete reference. Addition-
ally, new research results can be expected as time passes; therefore, it is
recommended that periodic revisions be undertaken to ensure continuing
utility of the handbook.
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SECTION IV
LITERATURE SELECTION CRITERIA
The data and information compiled and evaluated during the review
encompassed nearly two thousand documents which were identified as
dealing with materials of potential interest. Abstracts for over a
thousand of the documents were examined if the titles appeared to be
relevant to hazardous material effects. Approximately five hundred
articles were reviewed in depth, and ultimately almost one hundred
literature references were utilized in preparing a matrix of hazardous
material information. The matrix format will be described in detail
later.
Evaluation of the effects of all potentially hazardous substances
clearly was beyond the scope of this review. It was recognized at'
the outset that a discriminating approach was needed to provide useful
information in a concise form.
Therefore, specific criteria were developed to ensure a useful
compilation of- hazardous material effects data that is both manageable
in size and informative in content. The following criteria were used
to select literature references for review:
1. A preferred article described work with a substance(s) having
documented effects. Given the elasticity of available defi-
nitions, a substance was identified as a possible hazardous
material by occurrence in one or more of three sources. First,
the preliminary list of toxic pollutants developed by EPA was
considered. This list includes nine broad classes of sub-
stances which are known to have adverse effects on biological
treatment processes. Second, a list of thirteen substances
was prepared which were derived from public testimony in
reaction to the initial EPA announcement. Third, the technical
literature itself yielded many valuable additions to the list
by virtue of the amount of attention devoted to certain materials
by investigators.
2. A preferred report in the technical literature presented the
results of a test conducted on a scale large enough to suggest
applicability of the resulting data and information. Therefore,
results from bench, pilot, or full-scale tests were selected
preferentially and respirometer and bottle test data were
included only when larger scale work was unavailable. Data
derived from unique laboratory conditions and primarily of
theoretical interest were excluded.
6
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3. The purpose of the literature review was to obtain data and informa-
tion that could lead to an understanding of hazardous material
effects following a spill. Unless no other relevant work was avail-
able, references which described short term or "shock" loadings were
selected preferentially over those describing continuous or semi-
continuous operations.
4. A preferred article or report contained enough data of sufficient
quality to ensure that the results of the review would yield useful
information.
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SECTION V
MATRIX PREPARATION
Because of the large quantity and wide diversity of information
obtained in the literature review, it was necessary to devise a
standardized format for presenting data in order to assure maximum
utility by operations personnel. Hence, the information gathered was
arranged in a convenient matrix (Figure 1) containing the following
information:
Column 1: the chemical being studied;
Columns 2-5: the classification and nature of the chemical;
Columns 6-7: the effect of the treatment process on the chemical;
Columns 8-9: the effect of the chemical on process operating
parameters; and
Column 10: the conditions of the study.
The user will note the ways in which the chemicals are classified
(Columns 2 through 5) and the detail provided. Columns 2 through 4
are typical descriptors (i.e., inorganic or organic, acid or base,
substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon, aromatic or non-aromatic,
etc.); while Column 5 locates the chemical in one of 23
classes. Wastes containing unidentified or many different compounds,
e.g., Brewery waste, have not been assigned classifiers. Three columns
were used for typical descriptors for ease in comparing different
materials; it was felt that stacking the descriptors in one column
would look more confusing.
The effects of hazardous materials may be similar among
materials in the same class (e.g., heavy metals), and the plant
operator will probably be limited in his range of responses to a spill.
Consequently, in specific situations which the plant operator will
discover through his experience at his facility and in cases where no
information is provided in the handbook or where additional infor-
mation with regard to effects is needed, he may refer to the effects
of other materials within a class.
The attention being paid to effects of hazardous materials vis-
a-vis waste treatment at publicly-owned plants is relatively recent
and a direct result of the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act. Many different modes of classification are to
be found in the literature and several are the result of previous work
by federal agencies; the U.S. Coast Guard, the Federal Trade Commission,
the Interstate Commerce Commission, and others. Eventually a single
classification code may become standardized.
8
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FIGURE I
LITERATURE MATRIX FORMAT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
10
11
12
1
2
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Chemical (8)
Classification of the Chemical
Classification of the Chemical (9)
Classification of the Chemical
Nature of the Chemical
Effects of the Treatment Process on the (10)
Chemical: Chemical Concentration(s) Studied (11)
Effects of the Treatment Process on the (12)
Chemical: Percent Removal of the Chemical
Effects of the Chemical on Process
Operating Parameters: Parameter Studied
Effects of the Chemical on
Operating Parameters:
the Effects
Conditions of the Study
Remarks
Literature Reference Number
Process
Description of
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The cnemicals in the EFFECTS MATRIX are arranged in alphabetical
order. Background, process variables, operating parameters, and
other characteristics of cited studies are given in coded form for
each chemical. Tables 1 through 4 list and describe various codes
used in the EFFECTS MATRIX. The user of this handbook may use this
coded information to assist in Interpreting the applicability of the
data to a specific set of plant operating conditions. The reference
numbers in the EFFECTS MATRIX correspond to those in the list of
References (Section VIII).
In reporting the data, a number of terms or phrases have been used
to characterize the response of biological systems to a particular
chemical. These are generally reported as given by the author of the
literature source. Further definition of some terms is given below:
1. TOD - Theoretical oxygen demand of a specific compound which
is calculated based upon the complete oxidation of the
chemical to CQ? and water. It is used to indicate the
maximum potential oxygen demand and is useful in judging
general degradation characteristics. Some researchers use
COD as a yardstick against which degradation test results
are compared.
2. Oxygen uptake stimulation - used in respirometer tests to
indicate that the addition of a compound caused the bacteria
to increase their utilization of oxygen. It is interpreted
as meaning that the compound is biodegraded.
3. Toxicity or inhibition - In respirometer tests, toxicity is
used in reference to conditions where the oxygen uptake of
microorganisms with addition of the test chemical is less
than without. Some researchers define this condition as
inhibition, using "toxicity" only when no oxygen uptake
occurs.or when oxygen uptake is substantially depressed.
This latter condition indicates that little biological
activity is occurring.
In many of the literature reports, it seemed that the distinction
between
a) apparent toxicity, and
b) resistance to degradation,
was either confused or not analyzed. From the point of view of the
treatment plant operator the significance of differences between the
two is substantial. Toxicity indicates a threat to the integrity of
the activated sludge or other biological treatment processes because
the organisms may cease to function until the process has recovered.
Resistance to degradation may result in materials being discharged to
10
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waterways by passing through the process with little or no adverse
effect on the continued capability of the process to biologically
degrade other materials. Admittedly, in either case effluent standards
may not be satisfied.
In many studies reported in the literature, the material being
evaluated was "fed" as the only "substrate." This is particularly
true of respirometer or other small scale studies. In these studies,
if oxygen is utilized, the sludge organisms are alive even though
they may be metabolizing at a reduced rate. There may be several
explanations if no oxygen is utilized. One, the organisms are dead;
either the material was lethal or the organisms were not capable of
using the material in their metabolic processes. Or two, there may
be a lag period during which the material is unavailable to the
organisms.
In studies where a food source in addition to the material being
tested was present, the utilization or lack of utilization of oxygen
has more well-defined interpretations. If oxygen is utilized at any
rate, then the organisms are not dead even though their metabolism
may be depressed. If the oxygen uptake rate exceeds that of the
control units, then the material is not merely stimulatory but acts
as an additional food source which is readily available and is
being utilized. If the oxygen uptake rate is the same as the rate
of the control (i.e., only sludge organisms and food) the organisms
did not utilize the material nor did it affect them; the material
likely will pass through the treatment plant. If the oxygen uptake
rate is zero, the material probably is lethal.
Where the authors of the literature sources provided sufficient
background data,attempts were made to determine whether the material
being studied was lethal or resistant to biodegradation.
It is common practice to refer to a metallic ion by the name of
the metal rather than by the name of the ion, e.g., Fe is generally
called iron rather than ferrous iron. The common practice has been
followed in this handbook. Nevertheless, all metals are in an ionic
form by the designation EL in column 3. The particular ion studied
is given in parentheses in column 1 when it was specified in the
literature. The concentrations of metallic compounds should be
assumed to be given as the element, e.g., 10 mg/1 chromate as chromium,
unless specified otherwise in column 11.
11
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TABLE 1
CODING SHEET FOR: CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL
(Columns 2 through 4 of the EFFECTS MATRIX)
AC - Strong Acid
AMP - Amphoten'c
AN - Anion
AR - Aromatic Hydrocarbon
BA - Strong Base
CA - Cation
CN - Organic Compound containing Nitrogen
CO - Organic Compound contianing Oxygen
CP - Organic Compound containing Phosphorus
CS - Organic Compound containing Sulfur
CX - Organic Compound containing Halogen
EL - Element
Gas - Gas
HC - Unsubstituted Hydrocarbon
HM - Heavy Metal or containing Heavy Metal
IN - Inorganic Compound
NAR - Non-aromatic Hydrocarbon
NMC - Non-metallic Compound
OR - Organic Compound
RAS - Radioactive Substance
SA - Anionic and Cationic Compounds containing
the element exist
SHC - Substituted Hydrocarbon
ST - Salt of Organic Compound
WA - Weak Acid
WB - Weak Base
12
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TABLE 2
CODING SHEET FOR: NATURE OF CHEMICAL
(Column 5 of the EFFECTS MATRIX)
01 - Elements (Selected metals, etc. Essentially water inert)
02 - Selected Minerals (Essentially insoluble and inert in water,
including oxides, phosphates, silicates, sulfates, sulfides)
03 - Salts (Low and medium atomic weight elements, mostly soluble,
low toxicity, neutral)
04 - Salts (Low and medium atomic weight elements, mostly lower
solubility, hydrolyzed or oxidizers/reducers, low to medium
toxicity, including some organic anions)
05 - Salts (Heavy metal-containing, mostly soluble, somewhat toxic)
06 - Acids (Mineral, strong organic, acid oxides, etc.)
07 - Short Chain Organic Acids
08 - Long Chain and Cyclic Organic Acids
09 - Caustics, Alkalies, Bases, etc.
10 - Oxides (Heavy metal - also some carbonates, sulfides, phosphates)
11 - Insecticides, Herbicides, Fungicides and Rodenticides
12 - Phenols and Cresols
13 - Poisons (Metal-containing)
14 - Poisons (Halogenated hydrocarbons)
15 - Poisons (Metal-free and halogen-free; essentially organic)
16 - Radioactive Materials
17 - Heavy Metal Organics
18 - Flammable Hydrocarbons
19 - Non-flammable Hydrocarbons
20 - Flammable Hydrocarbon Derivatives
21 - Non-flammable Hydrocarbon Derivatives
22 - Compressed Gases
23 - Miscellaneous and Special Materials
13
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TABLE 3
CODING SHEET FOR: PROCESS QPERATING_PARAMETERS AND VARIABLES
(Column 8 of the EFFECTS MATRIX)
Refer to: Glossary, Water and Wastewater Control Engineering,
Joint editorial board of APHA, ASCE, AWWA, AND WPCF, 1969,
for additional terms and explanations.
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CD - Chlorine Demand
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
CR - Chemical Removal
DE - Dehydrogenase Enzyme Activity
DO - Dissolved Oxygen
DT - Detention Time
G - General System Operation
HRT - Hydraulic Retention Time
M - Change in Metal Toxicity
MI - Micro-organism Population
N - Nitrification
NB - Nutrient Balance
OT - Oxygen Transfer*
OU - Oxygen Uptake
pH - Negative Logarithm of the Hydrogen Ion Concentration
SAND - Sludge-Digested
SDI - Sludge Density Index
SF - Sludge Fi1terabi1ity
SMC - Sludge Metal Content
SO - Sludge Oxidation
SP - Sludge Production
SS - Suspended Solids
SSR - Solids Settling Rate
SVI - Sludge Volume Index
T - Turbidity
TP - Temperature
VSS - Volatile Suspended Solids
*With regard to the rate of oxygen transfer:
a = K, a (waste)/K. a (water)
3 = Cs(waste)/Cs(water)
where K|_a = oxygen transfer coefficient
G = saturation concentration of oxygen
14
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1.
2.
3.
4.
TABLE 4
CODING SHEET FOR: CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY
(Column 10 of the EFFECTS MATRIX)
Type
la.
Ib.
Ic.
Id.
of Waste
Industrial
Domestic
Industrial
Synthetic
- Domestic
Hazardous Material Laoding Conditions
2g. Continuous
2h. Slug dose
2i. Not Controlled
2j. Initial Dose Only
2k. Batch
21. Semi-Continuous
Type of Organisms
3k. Pure Culture - Bacteria
31. Sewage Organisms - Aerobic
3m. Sewage Organisms - Anaerobic
3o. Pure Culture - Fungus
3p. Acclimated
3q. Unacclimated
Scale of Study
4a. Bench
4b. Pilot Plant
4c. Full Scale
4d. Repirometer
4e. BOD Bottle
5. Variables that were observed
5a. pH
5b. BOD
5c. COD
5d. Dissolved Oxygen
5e. Aeration Time
5f. Nutrient Balance
5g. Oxygen Uptake Rate
5h. Solids Concentration
5i . Temperature
5j. Turbidity
5k. Flow Rate
51. Sludge Volume Index
5m. Gas Production
5n. Nitrogen
5p. Total Oxygen Demand
5r. Total Carbon
5s. Alkalinity
5t. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (TOD)
5u. Color
5z. Zeta Potential
6a. Results of Literature Review
7a. Characteristics of Industrial Discharge
15
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SECTION VI
SUMMARY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL EFFECTS
This section is a concise summary of the extensive information
presented in the "HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EFFECTS MATRIX" (Section VII). Mate-
rials are arranged in alphabetical order with brief remarks to summarize
the information in the literature.
Throughout this summary and the EFFECTS MATRIX, the preferred or
generic names of materials are used wherever possible; occasionally, however,
registered trademarks are reported. Registered trademarks are marked with
an(l). While the authors have attempted to avoid this practice, the trade
name often is the most familiar identifier and thus is used to assure
utility of this handbook: use of the trade names as mentioned above, in no
way indicates that the author or the Environmental Protection Agency
endorses or recommends that material. The intent merely is to document
technical information available in the literature.
Many materials are known by several names. Alternate names and generic
names of materials commonly known by trade names can be found in chemical
handbooks such as the Merck Chemical Index.
A significant conclusion reached from the critical evaluation of the
large volume of technical data is that there is little definitive infor-
mation on the number and frequency of treatment plant upsets and, partic-
ularly, on the actual causes of the failures of the plants to meet permit
standards. Too few "post mortems" are either undertaken or reported.
Note: The names of chemicals beginning with "Di-", "Tri-", "Bis-",
etc. are generally indexed under "D", "T", and "B", respectively. Chemical
names requiring a stereochemical prefix (n = normal, s = sec = secondary,
D = dextrorotatory, o = ortho, m = meta, etc.) are indexed under the name
of the chemical without the prefix, e.g., "sec-Butylbenzene" is indexed
under "B". In some caseschiefly because of common usageesters are
indexed under the name of the alcohol, e.g., "n-Butyl ester of 2,4,5-T" is
indexed under "B", and some salts are indexed under the name of the cation,
e.g., "Sodium alkyl sulfonate" is indexed under "S". Chemical names begin-
ning with a number or a Greek letter ("beta") are indexed under the first
letter of the name of the chemical, e.g., "beta-Propiolactone" is indexed
under "P". Users are advised to check for chemicals under several potential
alphabetical listings. Because of its inherent complexity, the inclusion of
a cross-index was eliminated from this report.
16
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Acetaldehyde Chemical removal by bioloaical treatment was 70
to 95%.
Acetone Chemical removal by aerated lagoon treatment was
10 to 30%.
Acetonitrile 02 consumption was inhibited by 490 mg/1 of
chemical; 50 to 70 mg/1 reduced efficiency to
the threshhold of poor performance. Chemical
removal was poor.
Acetylglycine At 500 mg/1 the chemical was readily and rapidly
oxydized.
Acrylic Acid Chemical removal in completely mixed activated
sludge was 85 to 95%. Oxygen transfer rate co-
efficient was not affected.
Acrylonitrile Chemical removal by biological treatment was 70
to 100%. Oxygen transfer rate coefficient was not
affected by up to 50 mg/1 of chemical.
Adipic Acid At 500 mg/1 influent concentration, rapid oxidation
occurred. 7% of TOD was exerted after 24 hours.
Alanine Stimulated 02 consumption at 500 mg/1 influent
concentration with up to 40% of TOD exerted in
24 hours; alanine was oxidized readily.
Alcohols Removal of various alcohols generally was high
ranging from 40 to 85%; 30% resulted from oxidation
and the remainder by conversion to protoplasm.
Aldrin ฎ Chemical was not significantly degraded.
Alky! Benzene
Sulfonates At 100 ppm influent concentration, n-dodecyl ABS
is not resistant to biodegradation; 0? utilization
was lower for keryl ABS arid tetrapropenyl ABS.
Amines Aliphatic amines inhibited Op uptake; sludges did
not acclimate to rapid oxidation of amines.
Amino Acids Influent concentration of 500 to 1000 mg/1 resulted
in 40:% (mean) oxidation of arm'no acids.
Aminotriazole There was no significant biodegradation of chemical.
17
-------
n-Amyl Alcohol Toxic threshhold for aquatic organisms was approx-
imately 350 mg/1.
sec-Amylbenzene 500 mg/1 concentration toxic during 24 hours of
aeration.
tert-Amylbenzene 500 mg/1 concentration toxic during 24 hours of
aeration.
Aniline At concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/1, the increased
chemical concentrations increased chlorine demand.
At 500 mg/1, toxic and inhibiting effects were
exhibited for up to 72 hours.
Anthracene At 500 mg/1 a lag period of up to 24 hours may
occur before sludge acclimation and slow oxidation
of the chemical.
Barium Greater than 100 mg/1 inhibited 02 consumption.
Benzaldehyde At 500 mg/1 chemical was oxidized slowly for 6
hours; oxidation increased between 24 and 72 hours
with 60% of TOD exerted after 144 hours. A 4%
solution was toxic.
Benzamide At 500 mg/1 chemical undergoes slow oxidation for
first 6 hours, then rapid oxidation from 24 to 72
hours with 60% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
1,2-Benzanthracene-, At 500 mg/1 chemical was very slowly oxidized with
2% of TOD exerted in 144 hours.
Benzene Benzene concentrations of 50 to 500 mg/1 had little
affect on BOD removal efficiency. Completely mixed
activated sludge achieved almost complete removal
of up to 35 mg/1 benzene.
Benzene Sulfonic
Acid At 500 mg/1 chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized with 60% of TOD exerted after 144 hours.
Benzenethiol At 500 mg/1 the chemical inhibited 02 uptake for
up to 144 hours of oxidation.
-------
Benzidine Chemical inhibited Op uptake for 144 hours of
oxidation at 500 mg/T initial concentration.
Benzonitrile Toxic or inhibitory effects exhibited for first
72 hours of oxidation with up to 40% TOD exerted
after 144 hours; sludge acclimation was noted.
3,4-Benzpyrene Chemical was readily, but slowly, oxidized at
500 mg/1 influent concentration; up to 6% of
TOD exerted after 144 hours of oxidation.
Benzylamine Chemical inhibited 02 uptake for up to 144 hours
at 500 mg/1 initial concentration.
4,4'-Bis
(dimethylamino)
benzophenone At 500 mg/1 lag periods of up to 72 hr. were
experienced before slow oxidation began.
Boron (borates) Boron concentrations of 0.05 to 10 mg/1 produced
inhibition of activated sludge process.
Butanamide At 500 mg/1 the chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized for 24 hours.
Butanedinitrile -- While 500 mg/1 of the chemical was reported to be
toxic for up to 72 hours of oxidation, a similar
concentration was readily, but slowly, oxidized
in 24 hr.
Butanenitrile At 500 mg/1 butanenitrile reportedly both inhibited
Oo consumption for 24 hr. and was readily, but
slowly, degraded with rapid oxidation in first 6 hr.
Butanol 80% BOD removal for complete mixed activated sludge
with concomitant 98% removal of Butanol.
Butylbenzenes Not susceptible to biodegradation at 100 mg/1
initial concentration.
sec-Butylbenzene - 500 mg/1 was toxic during 24 hours aeration.
tert-Butylbenzene- 500 mg/1 was toxic during 24 hours of aeration.
n-Butyl ester
of 2,4,5-T Herbicide was degradable with 20% of measured
COD exerted.
19
-------
2,3-Butylene
Oxide Chemical was degraded very slowly at 500 ma/1
initial concentration.
Butyric Acid At 500 mg/1 the chemical was rapidly oxidized.
Cadmium Between 1 and 10 mg/1 significantly inhibits 02
consumption.
Cadmi urn-Manganese
Mixture Mixture was more inhibitory than a similar con-
centration of the individual elements.
Cadmium-Zinc
Mixture Mixture was more inhibitory than a similar con-
centration of the individual elements.
Calcium Gluconate - At 250 mg/1 chemical was susceptible to bio-
degradation but inhibited 02 consumption.
/B)
Captan^ Fungicide was not degradable.
Chlorates Greater than 10 mg/1 chlorates significantly
inhibited 02 consumption.
Chloranil At 10 mg/1 the chemical inhibited 02 consumption.
Chlordane Insecticide was only slightly degraded.
Chlorine At 200 and 500 mg/1 chlorine detrimentally affected
sludge filterability.
4-Chloro-3-methyl-
phenol At 10 mg/1 the chemical was mildly inhibitory;
100 mg/1 was toxic.
Chromium A 10 mg/1 slug dose of chromium had little affect
on activated sludge process, but nitrification was
inhibited. Large amounts of chromium immobilized
in sludge. A 500 mg/1 slug dose of 4 hr. duration
significantly affected system; recovery time was
4 days. Hexavalent chromium was more toxic than
trivalent chromium. (See p.59).
Chromium-Copper
Mixture Mixture was slightly more toxic than was copper
alone, but significantly more toxic than was
chromium alone.
Chromium-Iron
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than either element indi-
20
-------
vidually.
Citric Acid Chemical was biodegradable but depressed 02
consumption.
Copper A 30 mg/1 slug dose caused a detrimental effect on
activated sludge organic removal efficiency with
recovery in 24 hr.; a 75 mg/1, 4 hr. duration slug
caused a 24 hr. effect. Copper removal generally
was good with large amounts found in the sludge.
As organic loading increased copper removal de-
creased.
Copper-Chromium
Mixture Mixture was slightly more toxic than was copper
alone and significantly more toxic than was chromate
alone.
Copper-Cyanide
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than was copper alone, but
less toxic than was cyanide alone.
Copper-Iron
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than was copper alone, but
less toxic than was iron alone.
Copper-Nickel
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than was either metal
individually.
m-Cresol Chemical was biodegradable at 10 and 20 mg/1.
Increased chemical concentrations (10 to 20 mg/1)
resulted in decreased chlorine demand.
Crotonaldehyde In excess of 90% chemical removal by biological
systems.
Cyanide Activated sludge recovered from 40 mg/1 slug dose
in 2 days.
Cystine At 1000 mg/1 concentration, 02 consumption was
completely inhibited and solids production stopped.
L-Cystine At 500 mg/1 chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized.
21
-------
DDT Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Dibenzacridine Chemical.was slowly degraded at initial concentra-
tion of 500 mg/1; a lag period of 6 hr. was
demonstrated.
1,2,5,6-
Dibenzanthracene Chemical was slightly inhibitory but slowly
oxidized at 500 mg/1 initial concentration; up
to 8% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
2,4-and 2,6-
Dichlorophenol Chemical removals greater than 98% were achieved
after five days of aeration. Initial chemical
concentrations were 60 ppm.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid Greater than 98% removal was achieved after five
(2,4 - D) days aeration at 170 mg/1 influent concentration.
2,6-Di chlorophenoxyaceti c
Acid
(2,6 - D) At 180 mg/1 influent concentration, 30% removal
was measured during the fourth day of aeration,
after a 3-day lag.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-
propionic Acid No significant decrease of 190 mg/1 initial con-
centration after seven days of aeration.
Dieldrin Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)-
phthalate Biological systems achieved greater than 50%
removal of chemical; 0? transfer rate coefficient
was not significantly affected at 1 and 10 mg/1
of chemical.
a,a'-Diethyl-
stilbenediol Chemical demonstrated inhibitory effects at
500 mg/1 concentration.
Dimethyl amine Increased chemical concentration (20 to 100 mg/1)
resulted in increased chlorine demand.
9,10-Dimethyl-
anthracene Chemical was not toxic but oxidation was slow at
500 mg/1 initial concentration.
22
-------
7 , 9-Di methyl benz (c ) -
acridine -------- At 500 mg/1, two out of three sludges showed toxic
effects; the other slowly oxidized the chemical;
4% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
7,10-Dimethylbenz(c)-
acridine ...... -- At 500 mg/i the chemical was toxic.
9,10-Dimethyl-l,2-
benzanthracene At 500 mg/1 chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized with up to 13% TOD exerted after 144
hours.
2,4-Dinitrophenol - Chemical concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/1 reduced the
Dฃ uptake rate and solids production; greater than
15 hr. aeration required for 90% COD removal.
2,4-D,isooctyl
ester ----------- Pesticide was materially degraded.
Dulcitol ---------- Chemical was slightly inhibitory in 32% solution.
Endrin ------------ Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Erucic Acid ------- At 500 mg/1 the chemical was degraded with 10% TOD
exerted after 24 hours of oxidation.
1 ,2-Ethanediol ---- At 500 mg/1 a 1 to 3 hr. lag resulted before
oxidation began. Og consumption was significantly
depressed.
Ethanol ----------- Readily degradable at concentrations up to 1000
mg/1 with up to 95% removal.
Ethyl Acetate ----- Greater than 90% removal was achieved by biological
systems.
Ethyl Acrylate ---- Greater than 90% removal was achieved by biological
systems.
Ethyl Benzene ----- Greater than 90% removal was achieved by biological
systems.
Ethyl Butanol ----- Greater than 90% removal achieved by completely
mixed activated sludge.
2-Ethylhexyl-
acrylate ~ ...... Greater than 90% removal by biological systems.
FerbarP' , ------ Fungicide was materially degraded.
23
-------
2-Fluorenamine At 500 ing/1 chemical was slowly oxidized, but
inhibitory.
N-2-Fluorenyl
Acetamide At 500 mg/1 chemical was oxidized slowly with
12% TOD exerted after 144 hours.
Fluoride At 30 mg/1 there was no chemical removal by an
aerated lagoon.
Formaldehyde Chemical concentrations of from 50 to 720 mg/1
demonstrated lag periods greater than 2 days
before oxidation began. Following acclimation,
95% removal was achieved at 1750 mg/1 initial
formaldehyde concentration. By buffering with
NaHC03 formaldehyde concentrations of up to 1500
rng/1 were only slightly inhibitory.
Formamide At 500 mg/1 the chemical was readily, but slowly,
oxidized.
Formic Acid At 720 mg/1 chemical concentration 02 consumption
was slightly stimulated.
Fumaric Acid A 1/120 N solution slightly stimulated 02 con-
sumption.
Glutamic Acid At 500 mg/1 chemical was readily oxidized.
Glycerine At 720 mg/1 chemical stimulated 03 consumption.
Glycine At 720 mg/1 chemical stimulated 02 consumption.
Grease 74% removal of grease in secondary treatment.
Heptachlor Insecticide was slightly degraded.
n-Heptane - Greater than 90% removal by biological systems.
1-Hexanol - Greater than 70% removal by biological systems.
Hydracrylonitrile - Less than 10% removal achieved in aerated lagoon.
Hydrogen Cyanide -- A 500 mg/1 concentration was toxic for 72-hour
oxidation period.
Hydrogen Ion Best results were achieved in the neutral pH range.
Hydrogen Sulfide -- Chemical volatilizes and becomes corrosive.
24
-------
4-Hydroxybenzene-
carbonitrile ---- At 500 mg/1 chemical was toxic for up to 72 hour.
Iodine ------------ Chemical was inhibitory at concentrations greater
than 10 mg/1.
Iron, Ferrous ..... Inhibited Og uptake at concentrations greater than
100 mg/1.
Iron, Ferric ------ Inhibited 0? uptake at concentrations greater than
100 mg/1.
Iron-Chromium
Mixture ---- ..... Mixture was more toxic than individual elements.
Iron-Copper
Mixture --------- Mixture was more toxic than iron and less toxic than
copper.
Isopropanol ------- Greater than 7Q% removal of chemical by biological
systems .
Isopropyl Ether Greater than 70% removal of chemical by biological
systems.
Lactic Acid ------- At 720 mg/1 chemical greatly stimulated Qฃ consump-
tion.
Lactonitrile ------ System unable to handle concentrations greater than
140 mg/1 without acclimation.
Laurie Acid ------- Surfactant forms were readily oxidized.
Lead -------------- Concentrations greater than 10 mg/1 caused inhibi-
tory effects.
Lindane ----------- Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Malathion --------- Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Malic Acid -------- A 1/120 N solution stimulated 02 consumption.
L and DL Malic
At 500 mg/1 the chemicals were oxidized but a lag
period of greater than 8 hr. was indicated.
Malonic Acid At 500 mg/1 the chemical inhibited Op uptake. A
1/120 N solution stimulated 0_ uptake.
ฎ
Maneb - Fungicide was materially degraded.
25
-------
Manganese Approximately 10 mg/1 caused inhibition of 0. uptake
by activated sludge. z
Manganese -
Cadmium Mixture - Concentration of 100 mg/1 manganese and 10 mg/1
cadmium was more inhibitory than either element
alone.
Manganese -
Zinc Mixture Mixture was more inhibitory than either element
alone.
Mercury Chemical demonstrated inhibition at 1 mg/1 and
toxicity at 200 mg/1 in one study. In another study
it was toxic or inhibitory at concentrations greater
than 5 mg/1. Mercury was removed by uptake in sludge.
Methanol Chemical could be removed by biological systems,
but at 500 mg/1 a 3 to 5 hr. lag period was
indicated before oxidation commenced. At 1000 mg/1
02 uptake was severely depressed.
7-Methyl-l,2-
benzanthracene At 500 mg/1 chemical inhibited 0? uptake for at
least 24 hours.
Methyl Benzene
Carbonitrile At 500 mg/1 the chemical was toxic for up to 72
hours.
20-Methyl-
cholanthrene At 500 mg/1 the chemical showed inhibitory effect
but could be slowly oxidized.
Methyl ethyl-
pyridine Less than 30% removal achieved by aerated lagoon
treatment.
Methyl Parathion Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
2-Napthylamine A 500 mg/1 concentration was toxic.
Naphthalene Greater than 70% removal achieved by biological
systems. However, at 500 mg/1 a lag period of up
to 24 hr. was indicated.
Nickel Greater than 5 mg/1 continuous dose significantly
26
-------
reduces efficiency of biological systems. A
200 mg/1, 4 hr. slug dose produced a 24 hr. effect
with 40 hr. necessary for recovery. Activated
sludge removal of nickel was poor but was improved
by lime addition.
Nickel-Copper
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than either element
individually.
Nickel-Cyanide
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than was nickel alone but
less toxic than was cyanide alone.
Nitrilotriacetate
(NTA) No effect up to 200 mg/1 slug dose, but acclimation
required for removal. (See Trisodium nitrilotriacetate>
Nitrite Concentrations greater than 10 mg/1 inhibited Qฃ
uptake.
Nitrobenzene At 500 mg/1 chemical was toxic, inhibiting 02 uptake
for 144 hours.
2-Nitrofluorene At 500 mg/1 chemical was slowly oxidizable.
Octyl Alcohol 75 to 85% removal achieved by completely mixed
activated sludge with little effect on 02 transfer.
p,tert-0ctyl-phenoxy- ,
nonaethoxy-
ethanol At 5 and 10 mg/1 extended aeration achieved greater
than 90% removal with no significant problems except
that sludge production increased.
Oil, crankcase At 230 mg/1 crankcase oil exhibited an 0? uptake
slightly less than that of the control with BOD
removal efficiency of about 93%.
Oil, crude At 80 mg/1 crude oil exhibited 02 uptake equivalent
to control.
Oil, mineral At 1000 mg/1 mineral oil greatly inhibited 02
consumption after 24 hours.
Oil, olive At 900 mg/1 olive oil inhibited Og uptake by one-
third to one-half that of the control.
Oil, refinery At 90 mg/1 refinery oil exhibited a 44% greater 02
uptake rate than the control with 94% BOD removal.
27
-------
Oil, vegetable At 150mg/l vegetable oil exhibited a 30% greater
Og uptake than the control with BOD removal of
about 94%.
Oleic Acid - A 1/120 N solution inhibited 02 uptake.
Organic Acids At 250 to 720 mg/1 organic acids were removed
primarily by oxidation.
Oxalic Acid At 250 to 720 mg/1 02 consumption was significantly
inhibited.
Oxydiproprionitrile- 170 mg/1 did not affect biological system perfor-
mance but acclimation was necessary.
Paraldehyde 30% removal of chemical by aerated lagoon treat-
ment.
Parathion Insecticide was not significantly degraded.
Pentachlorophenol - At 150 mg/1 chemical inhibited 02 uptake and was
not significantly degraded.
Pentaerythritol Ho toxic effect up to 1000 mg/1 concentration at
pH 7.0.
Pentamethyl-
benzene At 500 mg/1 chemical was toxic or inhibitory during
initial 24 hours of aeration.
Pentanamide At 500 mg/1 chemical was readily but slowly oxidized
with 14% TOD exerted after 24 hours.
Pentane At 500 mg/1 pentane was resistant or very slowly
oxidized.
Pentanedinitrile At 500 mg/1 chemical was toxic or very slowly
oxidized.
Pentanenitrile At 500 mg/1 chemical could be slowly oxidized.
Peptone ,--- At 720 mg/1 of peptone 02 uptake was stimulated
and greater than 90% BOD removal was achieved. '
Phenanthrene At 500 mg/1 the chemical was slowly oxidized with
45% of TOD exerted after 144 hours.
Phenol Although phenol was inhibitory without acclimation;
acclimated biological systems could achieve almost
complete phenol removal.
28
-------
p-Phenylazoaniline- Chemical was inhibitory at 500 mg/1.
p-Phenylazophenol - Chemical was inhibitory at 500 mg/1; small degree
of biological oxidation after a lag period.
(m-, p-, and o-)
Phenylenediamine- At 500 mg/1 chemicals were toxic during 24 hours
aeration.
Phenyl Methyl
Carbinol Greater than 85% removal was achieved by completely
mixed activated sludge.
Polyethoxyethanol - At 100 mg/1 the synthetic detergent was readily
biodegradable.
Polyethoxy Fatty
Ester At 100 mg/1 the synthetic detergent resisted bio-
degradation.
Potassium Cyanide - At 480 mg/1 chemical completely inhibited Qฃ
consumption.
Propanedinitrile At 500 mg/1 chemical was toxic for up to 72 hours
of oxidation.
Propanenitrile At 500 mg/1 the chemical was toxic for at least
72 hr.
3-Propiolactone At 500 mg/1 chemical resisted biological oxidation
for up to 144 hour.
n-Propylbenzene At 37.5 mg/1 chemical could be oxidized biologically
but depressed 02 uptake. One of the more toxic
benzene derivatives.
Sodium Alky!benzene
Sulfonate Surfactant was susceptible to bio-oxidation after
extended periods.
Sodium Alky!
Sulfonate Surfactant was susceptible to bio-oxidation after
extended periods.
Sodium Aluminate Produced a more readily dewatered sludge.
Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate Surfactant was readily degraded after extended
periods.
29
-------
Sodium N- Oleyl-N-
Methyl Taurate -- Surfactant was readily degraded after extended
periods.
Sodium
Pentachlorophenol-Slug doses greater than 20 mg/1 drastically affected
performance of biological systems; chemical was not
removed and sludge would not settle. Systems could
be acclimated to chemical. (See pentachlorophenol).
Sodium a-Sulfo
Methyl Myristate- Surfactant was readily degraded after extended
periods.
Styrene Greater than 95% removal by completely mixed
activated sludge.
Sulfate Greater than 300 mg/1 of sulfate corroded concrete
even at neutral pH.
Sulfide Chemical was slightly inhibitory at 25 mg/1.
Sulfite Up to 500 mg/1 can be oxidized if system is
acclimated, but increased oxygen required.
Surfactants,
Nonionic Greater biodegradation of nonionic surfactants
than anionic surfactants.
Tannic Acid A 1/120 N solution inhibited 02consumption.
Tetraethyl
Pyrophosphate Insecticide not significantly degraded.
1,2,4,5-
Tetramethyl-
benzene After a 3 hr. lag period the chemical was degraded
slightly at 500 mg/1.
Thanite^- Insecticide was materially degraded.
Thioacetamide Qฃ uptake was completely inhibited at 1000 mg/1
concentration.
Thiocyanate 1000 mg/1 concentration significantly inhibited 0?
consumption.
Thioglycolic Acid - At 650 mg/1 chemical was toxic or resistant to
biodegradation.
30
-------
2-Thiouracil At 500 nig/1 chemical was slowly but readily
oxidized.
Thiourea At 500 mg/1 thiourea inhibited 02 uptake for up
to 144 hours.
Toluene Greater than 90% removal was achieved by activated
sludge; but at 500 mg/1 toluene oxidation periods
longer than 24 hr. were required.
o-, m-, and p-
Toluidine At 500 mg/1 m- and p- Toluidine were slightly
oxidized while o-Toluidine was toxic.
2,4,6-THchloro-
aniline Up to 10 mg/1 of chemical was not inhibitory.
2,4,5-Trichloro-
phenol Pesticide was slightly degraded.
2,4,6-Trichloro-
phenol Significant inhibition occurred between 10 and
50 mg/1 of chemical.
2,4,5-Trichloro-
phenoxy-acetic
Acid At up to 75 mg/1 chemical was materially degraded;
(2,4,5-T) at 150 mg/1 chemical was slightly degraded.
2,4,6-Trichloro-
phenoxy-acetic
Acid At 50 mg/1 greater than 50% chemical removal was
(2,4,6-T) achieved during 14 days of aeration.
2,4,5-Trichloro-
phenoxy-propionic
Acid At 100 mg/1 after a 2 day lag greater than 95%
chemical removal was achieved in 17 days.
1,2,4-Trimethyl-
benzene Toxic at 500 mg/1 for at least 18 hours of aeration,
after which the material was slightly oxidized.
2,4,6-Trinitro-
toluene Greater than 50% removal for concentration of 5 to
(TNT) 25 mg/1 and retention times of 3 to 14 hr.
Trisodium Nitrilo-
triacetate At up to 200 mg/1 the chemical did not upset the
(NTA) activated sludge process; in 3 to 6 hr. degradation
31
-------
by acclimated sludge of up 500 mg/1 was complete.
Tyrosine At 500 mg/1 chemical stimulated Op uptake after a
3 to 5 hr. lag.
Urea 0? consumption inhibited by urea concentrations up
to 720 mg/1.
Urethane Chemical completely inhibited 02 consumption.
Xylene A 500 mg/1 concentration was toxic for the first
24 hour aeration.
Zinc The lowest continuous dose which caused an effect
was 10 mg/1. At this concentration 89% Zinc
removal was achieved, primarily by adsorption of
Zinc to activated sludge. The lowest 4 hr. slug
dose to cause a 24 hr. effect was 160 mg/1.
Zinc-Cadmium
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than either element alone.
Zinc-Manganese
Mixture Mixture was more toxic than either element alone.
Insecticide was slowly degraded with 5 to 20%
of COD exerted.
(R)
Ziranr^ Insecticide was slowly degraded with 5 to 20%
of COD exerted.
32
-------
SECTION VII
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EFFECTS MATRIX
The user of this matrix is urged to study Section III carefully before
he attempts to decode the information provided. The user should also take
note of the comments on page 16 and, indeed, may find it advantageous to
make copies of pages 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15 for "at-hand" use with the
matrix. The references cited in Column 12 are listed numerically starting
on page 184, "References."
33
-------
1
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acetone
FT"
OR
OR
OR
OR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SKC
MR
5HC
JAR
4
CO
CO
CO
CO
5
20
20
20
20
6
7
70% to
90%
85% to
95%
10% to
30%
8
Q 1 10
ha, 21
Pl,4c
pa,5b
bc,5d
Be,5h
fei, 5k
la, 21
Bl,4c
5b,5d
ph,5i
pk
la, 21
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
51, 5k
ld,2j
31,3p
4a
5e,5g
1
1
11
Aerated lagoon
treatment .
Completely
mixed activate
sludge process.
Aerated lagoon
treatment*
Acetone com-
pletely de-
graded or lost
by stripping.
No identifiable
degradation
product.
1?
9*
33*
a
9+
47+
CO
*Refer also to Reference No. 15 and 42
+Refer also to Reference No. 42
-------
CO
en
1
Acetonitrile
Acetonitrile
2
OR
OR
3
bHC
MR
5HC
NAR
4
CN
CN
5
20
20
6
490 mg/1
88 mg/1
143 to
165 mg/1
7
8
SVI
pH
SS
OU
CR
CR
G
9
61.0
Decreased from 7.0 to
6.7 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
No significant change
after 24 hr. of aeration
Oxygen consumption was
totally inhibited for
24 hr. None of TOD was
exerted in 24 hr.
55% of influent nitrogen
as nitrile resulted in
effluent containing 70%
oxidized nitrogen
(N0? and NO.).
Ciป O
Poor.
Threshold of poor
performance.
0
2j
31
3k
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
Id, 21
3153p
4a,5a
5b,5c
5h,5i
5k,5n
5t
'1
Inhibited any
oxygen consump-
tion in units
fed with chemi-
cal . As mater-
ial was sole
source of car-
bon or energy,
material may
have been re-
sistant to bio-
degradation or
toxic.
Acclimation
period requirec
for chemical
removal . Sludge
floe was highly
dispersed.
12
b2
41
-------
GO
1
Acetonitrile
Acetylgly-
cine
(N-Acetyl-2-
aminoethan-
oic acid)
?
. UK
OR
AMP
.-!
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CN
CO
CN
5
20
07
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1-
7
H
OU
OU
9
Toxic or inhibitory
during oxidation periods
up to 72 hr.
1 .4% of TOD was exerted
in 72 hr.
Readily and rapidly oxi-
dized with 9.3% of TOD
exerted after 6 hr. and
18.5% after 24 hr. of
oxidation.
In 2 cases oxygen uptake
continuously increased
during 24 hr. study; how-
ever, in 1 case, oxygen
consumption increased for
first 2 hr. then de-
creased until 17 hr.
after which it increased
again.
10
lb,2j
31 ,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
5t
11
ononitrile com
ound. Refrac-
ory nature de-
reases with
ncreasing chai
ength. Monocar
)oxylic acid
aving same
umber of car-
on atoms
ethanoic or
cetic acid)
howed up to
44.5% of TOD
exerted after
2 hr. of oxi-
dation.
>
"47
i
19
-------
co
1
Acrylic
Acid
Acrylic
Acid
Acryl o -,
nitrile
Acryl o -
ni tri 1 e
Acrylo.-
ni'trile
Plant Waste-
water
2
OR
WA
OR
l-JA
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
CN
CN
5
07
07
20
20
20
6
7
50% to
70%
85% to
95%
70% to
90%
95% to
100%
8
OT
OT
CR
9
a value for 1 mg/1
acrylic acid is 1 .00;
and for 10 mg/1 ,ct =0.98.
a value for 10 mg/1 and
50 mg/1 of acrylonitrile
is 1.10.
1
95 to 99% cyanide removal
at cyanide loadings of
0.2 to 0.25 kg/m3/day
after sludge acclimated
2 to 3 weeks.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31, 4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31 ,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
11
Aerated lagoon
treatment
Completely
mixed activated
sludge process.
Aerated lagoon
treatment.
Completely
mixed activatec
sludge process.
Wastewater
contained lac-
tonitrile or
acrylonitrile.
Cyanide concen-
tration- 1000
ppm; 02 demand
- 6750 pom.
12
y
33
9*
33*
20
*Refer to Reference No. 41 for data collected under semi-continuous loading conditions.
-------
CO
00
1
Adi pic Acid
(Hexane-
dioic
Acid)
Alanine
Alcohols
I
Ok
WA
8fip
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
*Refer to Reference
+Refer also to Refer
4
CO
CO
CN
CO
5
08
07
20
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
Ho. 49 for additional
ence No. 49
7
8
OU
SVI
pH
ss
BOD
OU
CK
9
Rapidly, and readily oxi-
dized. After 24 hr. of
oxidation, 7.1% of TOD
exerted .
83.
Increased from 6.6 to 6.9
during 24 hr. of aeration
Increased by an average
of 126 mg/1 from an
average initial concen-
tration of 1434 mg/1 .
Approximately 96% remov-
al realized in 24- hr.
aeration.
Stimulated Qฃ consump-
tion, chemical fed unit.
consumed 2.9 to 3.3 times
that of the control . Up
to 39% of TOD exerted in
24 hr.
compound removal
Hexanol 85%
Ethanol 81%
Butanol 80%
Isopropanol 76%
Methanol 46%
Ethyl -
butanol 44%
2-Ethyl-hexanol 38%
10 1 11
lb,2j kfter 6 hr. and
31,3q [12 hr. 1.3% of
4d,5e [TOD exerted.
5g,5h bxidation im-
5t proved greatly
after 12 hrs.
2j Oxygen consump-
31 tion. showed no
3k lag period.
4a Material was
*5a readily degrad-
5b ed-
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
1 a, 2 i Aerated lagoon
31 ,4c treatment.
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
?
49
52*
y+
6-alanine and ซ-DL-alanine test data
-------
CO
10
Alcohols
Aldrin
Alkyl
Benzene
Sulfonates**
Amines
Amino
Acids
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
WB
OR
\MP
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
SHC
4
CO
CX
CO
CS
CN
CO
CN
5
20
11
21
15
07
6
500 to
1000 mg/1
100 ppm
500 to
1000 mg/J
7
8
CR
OU
CR
OU
OU
CR
9
Generally, the percentage
removal of alcohol from
solution was high; 24% to
38% of removal resulted
from oxidation, 52% to
66% from conversion to
protoplasm.
<5% of COD exerted
Aldrin was not signifi-
cantly degraded.
n-dodecyl -ABS is not
inherently resistant to
biological degradation;
however, 0? utilization
was lower for keryl-ABS
and tetrapropenyl-ABS.
The following aliphatic
amines all inhibited
oxygen uptake: methyl -
ethyl ,-n-propyl-, iso-
propyl-, n -butyl-, iso-
butyl-, sec-butyl, tert-
butyl-,n-amyl-,iso-amyl-,
n-octyl , and decylamine. ,
22% to 58% of the ami no
acid was removed by
oxidation and 32% to 68%
by conversion to proto-
plasm.
10
2j,3k
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5q
5h,51
5t
4d,5c
5g
lb,2j
31,3p
4d,5b
5e,5g
5h,5i
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
2j,3k
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
11
Insecticide.
Increased bran-
ching on the
alkyl group
increased re-
sistance to
biodegradation.
Butyl am ine was
least inhibi-
tory over the
24 hr. period.
Sludges did not
acclimate to
rapid oxidation
of amines.
2
52*
b3
1 1
49
52+
*Refer to Reference No. 49
+Refer to Reference No. 15 and 49 for additional data.
**Unbranched ABS, such as n-dodecyl-ABS, are known as linear alkyl sulfonates or LAS.
-------
1
Aminotriazole
Ammonia
(see also
phenol ,
D. 150^
n-Amyl
Alcohol
sec -
Amy! benzene
(2-Phenyl-
butane)
tert-
Amyl benzene
2
OR
IN
BA
OR
OR
OR
:-i
SHC
NAR
NMC
Gas
SHC
NAR
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
CN
CO
5
11
22
20
18
18
6
480 mg/1
500 mg/1
ซ
500 mg/1
7
8
3U
CR
6
OU
OU
9
<5% of measured COD was
exerted.
Chemical was not signifi-
cantly degraded.
Deleterious effect on
activated sludge process
Inhibition is greater at
hiqher pH values.
Toxic for 24 hr. of
aeration.
Toxic during 24 hr. of
aeration.
10
4d,5c
5g
6a
6a
lb,2j
31,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
Ib
2j
31
4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
Herbicide.
Toxic threshold
to sensitive
aquatic organ-
isms (approx.)
1-350 mg/1.
li>
53
46*
42
4b
4b
*Refer to Reference No. 32 for additional data.
-------
Aniline
Aniline
Anthracene
Sari urn
(Ba4
'+\
2
3R
/JB
)R
4B
)R
IN
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
HC
AR
CA
4
CN
CN
HM
5
20
20
19
05
6
10 mg/1
and
20 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
1 to
100,000
ppm
7
S
CD
OU
OU
OU
9
Increased chemical con-
centration resulted in
increased chlorine demand
Toxic or inhibitory to
09 consumption for up to
^72 hr.; after 14 hr.
up to 30% of TOD was
exerted.
Toxic or inhibitory for lif
to 24 hr. , after this
period sludge acclimated
and chemical was slowly
oxidized. In 2 other
tests, chemical was
readily, but slowly oxi-
dized; up to 12.6% of TOD
exerted after 144 hr. of
oxidation.
Greater than 100 ppm
caused significant inhibi-
tion of oxygen consump-
tion.
'0
ld,2j
31,3p
4a,5e
5g
lb, 2j
31,3g
4d,5e
5h,5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
2h,
31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
>robable pro-
;ucts of chlori'
lation of ani-
ine:
)o-chloroanilir
Op-chloroanilir
3)2,4-dichloro-
aniline
)2,6-dichloro-
aniline
5)2,4,6-tri-
chloroaniline
5)non-aromatic
Dxidation pro-
ucts.
tructurally
elated bicy-
lic hydrocar-
on, benzidine,
vas inhibitory.
Anthracene, a
arent compound
f many carci no-
ens studied,
vas not as re-
ractory as the
arcinogens.
12
47
e
e
44
44
15
-------
-o
N)
1
Barium
(Ba++)
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzamide
1 ,2-Benzan-
thracene
2
IN
UK
Ok
OR
OR
J
CA
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
AR
HC
4
HM
CO
CO
CO
CN
5
05
20
20
21
19
6
90 to
300 mg/1
4%
solution
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
OU
OU
9
No 02 was utilized, thus
implying toxicity or
resistance to biodegra-
dation.
Chemical was readily but
very slowly oxidized for
first 6 hr. of oxidation.
Oxidation increased
greatly between 24 and 72
hr. Up to 61.3% of TOD
exerted after 144 hrs.
of oxidation. Oxygen
uptake was not inhibited.
Inhibitory or very slowly
oxidized for first 6 hr.
Up to 63.3% of TOD exer-
ted after 144 hr. of
oxidation.
Not toxic, but very slowly
biologically oxidized.
Up to 2.1* of TOD exerted
in 144 hr. of oxidation.
in
6a
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
1
Jarium concen-
ration showed
arying levels
f reduction
fter chlorina-
ion of a muni-
ipal water
upply.
enzene com-
ounds in order
f increasing
;oxicity or
nhibition were
>enzoic acid,
)enzaldehyde
or benzyl alco-
10! , then
)enzonitrile.
Rapid oxidation
between 24 and
72 hr.
\?
1
15
44
44
44
-------
1
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
?
OR
OR
OR
3
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
4
5
18
18
18
6
500 mg/1
7
90% to
100%
95% to
100%
8
OT
OU
9
a value for 10 mg/1 of
benzene was 1.17; for
35 mg/1 , a = 0.97.
Chemical showed varying
toxicity at times from
6 hr. to 144 hr. After
6 hr. up to 0.7% of TOD
was exerted; however,
after 144 hr. of oxida-
tion up to 53.5% of TOD
exerted. In addition,
chemical demonstrated
various degrees of toxi-
city to various activated
sludges.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
11
\erated lagoon
treatment .
Completely
nixed activated
sludge process.
Chemical forms
were both toxic
and readily
oxidizable.
Benzene com-
pounds in order
of decreasing
toxicity were
nitrobenzene,
jenzylamine,
jenzenethiol
(all toxic);
3enzonitirle,or
Benzene, or
jenzyl alcohol;
jenzaldehyde;
and ben zoic
acid.
12
9
33
44
-------
1
Benzene
1 , 4-Benzene*
diol
( Hydro -
quinone )
Benzene
Su If on ate
( Sodium
salt)
I
OR
OR
OR
3
AR
HC
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
AN
4
CO
CS
5
18
12
21
6
125 mg/1
50 mg/1
and
500 rng/1
10 mg/1
and
25 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
BOD
CD
OU
9
1.44 to 1.45 g of 0
utilized per gram of
substrate added after
72 hr. of oxidation.
Rate of 34 mg02/l/hr. for
50 mg/1 chemical and 37
mg/l/hr. for 500 mg/1
chemical .
Removal efficiency was
practically the same for
both chemical concentra-
tions.
Increased chemical con-
centration resulted in
increased chlorine demanc
Increased chlorine appli-
cation resulted in de-
creased chlorine demand.
Readily, but slowly,
oxidized for first 6 hr.
oxidation increased
rapidly thereafter. Up
to 62% of TOD exerted
after 144 hr.
10
b,2j
31, 4b
W,5b
c,5e
3g,5h
5i,5k
Id
2j
31
3p
4a
5e
5g
lb,5e
2j ,,5h
31 ,'5t
3g
4d
11
Although the 2
chemical con-
centrations of
50 mg/1 and
500 mg/1 showed
similar effects
BOD removal was
3 to 4%
-------
1
Benzenethiol
Benzidine
Benzonitrile
Benzonitrile
3,4-Benz-
y
pyrene
w
( contd.. )
2
OR
OR
MB
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
HC
AR
A
cs
CN
CN
CN
5
12
15
15
15
19
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
OU
OU
OU
9
Toxicity reflected by
inhibition of oxygen up-
take for up to 144 hr. of
oxidation.
Toxicity reflected by
inhibited oxygen uptake
for up to 144 hr. of
oxidation.
Inhibitory for up to
72 hr. of oxidation.
Toxicity or inhibition
up to 72 hr. of oxidatior
reflected by the inhibi-
tion of oxygen uptake.
After 144 hr. up to 43%
of TOD exerted.
Readily, but slowly,
oxidized. Up to 6.1% of
TOD exerted after 144 hr.
of oxidation.
10
lb,2j
31, 3q
W,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31,3q
M,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31, 3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31, 3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
V
Carcinogenic
compound.
Aromatic
nitrile.
A requirement
for sludge
acclimation
was indicated
for chemical .
Doubling MLSS
(mixed liquor
suspended
solids) to
5000 mg/1 in-
creased the %
of TOD exerted
after 144 hr.
of oxidation,
nri
44
44
43
44
44
-------
1
3,4-Behz-
pyrene
( contd. )
Benzy larrnne
4,4'-Bis
(dimethyl-
amino)benzo
phenone
Boron
(Borates,
Bvฐy)
X X
Boron
(Borate,
B03~)
( contd. )
2
UK
MB
OR
IN
IN
3
SHG
AR
SHC
AR
MC
NMC
SA
4
UN
CO
CN
5
15
21
04
04
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
1 to
7
100,000
ppm
0.05 mg/1
8
OU
OU
OU
G
SSR
9
Toxicity reflected by
inhibition of oxygen up-
take at all times up to
144 hr. of oxidation.
2 of 3 sludges showed
lag periods for up to
72 hr. before biological
oxidation of chemical
began. One sludge
readily but slowly
oxidized chemical .
About 10 pprn caused
significant inhibition:
Detrimentally affected
activated sludge process
Greatly reduced.,
'0
lb,2j
31, 3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
6a
II
but did not
improve oxi-
dation after
6 hr. or 24 hr.
Up to 4.5% of
TOD exerted
after 144 hr.
of oxidation.
In general ,
anions were
less toxic
than cations.
-
nrn
44
44
15
46
-------
1
Boron
( contd. )
2
IN
3
NMC
SA
4
5
04
6
10 mg/1
j
1 to
100 mg/1
7
R
G
SMC
OU
9 _j
>10 mg/1 produced
significant inhibition
in activated sludge
cultures.
At pH 7.0, activated
sludge would adsorb 25mg
of Boron/g of sludge in
1 rng/1 boron solution at
31 ฐC. Increased boron
concentration resulted
in increased adsorption.
Lower temperatures may
result in increased
adsorption.
>10 mg/1 B caused
reduction of the endo-
genous respiration of
sludge and may have
significant affect on
extended aeration or
aerobic sludge digestion,
10
Id
2k
31
4d
5a
5e
5g
5h
51
6a
n
Current Boron
levels in
sewage 0.4-
1.5 mg/1 .
2
-
-------
-p-
oo
1
Boron
(Borate,
B03")
Boron
(Borate,
B03")
?
IN
IN
,-f
NMC
AN
NMC
SA
4
5
04
04
6
50 rng/1
0-400 mg/
0.005 to
0.05 mg/1
7
a
COD
COD
SP
SSR
MI
9
COD. removal rate v/as
lower than control .
Increased B cone, caused
COD removal rate (i.e.,
mg/hr/g of MLSS) to
decrease almost expo-
nentially.
The fraction of COD
synthesized to sludge
was not affected by the
B cone, but was about
constant in proportion
to the substrate removed
At>100 mg/1 of B the
settling characteristics
of the sludge were
adversely affected.
No stimulation or
inhibition of growth.
in
Id
2h
31
3p
4a
5a
5c
5e
5f
5h
5i
51
6a
ld,2k
3k, 4a
5a
]
Boric acid and
sodium borate
were utilized
as sources of
boron.
Growth of
Nitrosomonas
studied.
1?
4
39
-------
1
Brewery
Waste
Butanarrride
(Butyramide)
2
OR
3
SHC
NAR
Q
CO
CN
5
21
6
average
COD -
650 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
SSR
OU
COD
SVI
DE
OU
$
Settleability reduced
at both extremes of
organic loading.
Increased organic
loading resulted in in-
creased 09 uptake.
C.
Removal efficiency de-
creased as organic
loading increased.
-
Increased rapidly at
loadings > 0.6 Ib. BOD5/
day/lb solids.
Closely related to 02
uptake; increased as
organic loading in-
creased.
Readily, but slowly,
oxidized with 6.4% of
TOD exerted after 24 hr.
of oxidation. Oxygen
uptake increased during
entire 24 hr. study.
10
la
2g
31
A -ซ
4a
5b
5c
5g
5k
7a
lb,2j
31, 3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
11
Waste was not
toxic to bac-
terial degra-
dation. How-
ever, oxygen
consumption
seemed to
plateau, while
in the unit
fed domestic
sewage oxygen
consumption
continued to
increase. De-
hydrogenase
measurement
proved to be
valid as a
true sludge-
activity para-
meter.
pr
71
-
49
-------
Oi
o
1
Butane-
dinitn'le
(Succino-
nitrile)
Butane-
dinitrile
(Succino-
nitrile)
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CN
CN
5
15
15
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
ง
Toxic at oxidation
periods up to 72 hr.
Readily, but slowly
oxidized, 3.8% of TOD
exerted after 24 hr. of
oxidation. Oxygen up-
take showed plateau
effect after 12 hr.
10
lb,2j
31, 3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
lb,2j
31, 3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
11
Dinitrile com-
pound was toxi<
whereas cor-
responding
nitrile had up
to 10.8% of
TOD exerted
after 72 hr.
of oxidation.
Corresponding
monocarboxylic
acid (butanoic
or butyric
acid) had up
to 43.0% of
TOD exerted in
72 hr. of
oxidation.
Jutanedi nitrile
showed greater
oxidation than
butanenitrile.
TTI
43
49
-------
L.
Butane-
nitrile
(Butyro-
nitHle)
Butane-
ni trlle
(Butyro-
nitrile)
Butanol
OR
OR
OR
iHC
MAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
CN
CN
CO
15
15
20
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
70% to
90%
OU
OU
Inhibited oxidation for
up to 24 hr.; after 72
hr., up to 1U.5% of TOD
was exerted.
Readily, but slowly
oxidized. Most rapid
oxidation occurred in
first 6 hr., 1.7% of TOD
exerted after 24 hr. ;
Oxygen uptake showed
plateau after 12 hr.
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
lb,2j
3h,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
Refractory
nature decreases]
with Increasing
chain length.
Corresponding
dinitrile was
more inhibitory
with up to 10.8%
of TOD exerted
after 72 hr. oxi-|
dation. Corres-
ponding mono-
carboxylic acid
(butanoic or
butyric acid)had
up to 43.0% of
TOD exerted in
72 hr. of
oxidation.
431
49
Aerated lagoon
treatment.
-------
Ln
1
Butanol
Butanol
tert-
Butanol
Butyl-
benzenes :
n-Butyl-
tert-Butyl-
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
HC
AR
4
CO
CO
-co
5
20
20
20
18
6
100 ppm
7
95% to
100%
a
ou
9
n-Butyl benzene was more
susceptible to
degradation than
tert-Butyl benzene.
Id
la,2i
31, 4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
6a
-
ld,2j
31,3p
4a,5e
5g
lb,2j
31, 3p
4d,5b
5e,5g
5h,5i
11
Completely
mixed activatec
sludge process;
at 80% BOD
removal ,
achieved 98%
chemical re-
moval .
Toxic thresholc
to sensitive
aquatic organ-
isms (approx.)
<250 mg/1 .
Substrate
partially de-
graded (very
slowly). De-
gradation
product for-
mation was
unknown.
Neither of the
chemicals were
very suscep-
tible to de-
gradation; how'
ever, branching
increased the
refractory
nature of the
chemicals.
12
33
42
47
11
-------
Ln
U>
1
sec-
Butyl benzene
(2-Phenyl-
butane)
tert-Butyl-
benzene
n-Butyl
ester of
2,4,5-T
(See also:
pp. 169-70
2,3-Butylem
Oxide
Butyric
Acid
?
OR
OR
OR
OR
OR
WA
3
HC
AR
HC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CX
CO
CO
5
18
18
11
20
07
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
OU
CR
OU
OU
$
Toxic for 24 hr. of
aeration.
Toxic or inhibitory
during 24 hr. of
aeration.
20% of measured COD was
exerted.
Chemical was materially
degraded.
Up to 9.6% of TOD exerted
after 144 hr. of oxida-
tion when utilizing a
sludge of 2500 mg/1 MISS.
Doubling MLSS did not
appreciably increase the
degree of chemical oxida-
tion.
Up to 43% of TOD exerted
after 72 hr. of oxidation
1o
lb,2j
31, 4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
lb,2j
31, 4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
4d,5c
5g
Ib
2j,31
3q,4d
5e,5h
5t
lb,2j
31, 3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
11
Herbicide.
Degraded very
slowly.
Corresponding
mono- and di-
nitriles havim
same number of
carbon atoms
were much more
slowly oxidize<
TT
45
45
53
44
43
-------
Ul
1
Butyric
Acid
Butyric
Acid
Cadmium
(Cd*2)
Cadmium
(Cd+2)
Cadmium
(Cd+2)
Cadmium and
Manganese
Mixture
2
OR
WA
OR
WA
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
.*
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
4
CO
CO
HM
HM
HM
HM
HM
5
07
07
05
05
05
05
6
500 mg/1
1 to
lOjOOOppm
10 ppm
cadmium,
100 ppm
manganese
7
50% to
70%
H
OU
SO
OU
PH
OU
9
Chemical was oxidized
rapidly for first 6 hr.;
after 24 hr. of oxidation
up to 27.9% of TOD was
exerted.
Inhibits.
Greater than 1 ppm
cadmium and less than
10 ppm significantly
inhibited 'Op uptake.
Inhibitory effects start
to decrease rapidly as
pH approaches 7.4 .
Mixture of Cd and Mn was
more inhibitory than a
similar concentration of
either individually. -
In
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
lb,2j
31, 3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
Aerated lagoon
treatment.
17
9
49
8
15
51
15
-------
Ui
Oi
1
Cadmium and
Zinc
Mixture
Calcium
Gluconate
Captanฎ
^^ ii
2
IN
IN
OR
ST
OR
ซซ
3
CA
CA
SHC
NAR
SHC
AR
!!
4
HM
HM
CO
CO
CN
CS
cx
MB
5
05
04
11
^^^^^
6
10 ppm
cadmium,
10 ppm
zinc
250 mg/1
s
^^^^^^W^MWHIM
7
ป-BIซซซ" 1^
8
OU
SVI
PH
SS
BOD
OU
OU
CR
mfmummfn^mimmi
9
Mixture of Cd and Zn was
more inhibitory than a
similar concentration of
either element indivi-
dually.
64.6.
Decreased from 7.4 to
6.5 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
Concentration did not
change significantly.
62% to 73% removal after
24 hr. .of aeration.
29 mg of 0? utilized in
24 hr. This was ,78% less
than control. 13.6% of
TOD exerted in 24 hr.
Inhibited, oxygen
utilization was at leas^t
10% below control at
300 minutes.
Chemical was not degraded
(^^^^^M^hMIIM^^
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2j
3k
31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
4d
5c
5g
MIIMMMMIIMIIMMIIpaiw
11
There was an
initial lag
period of 3 hr
after which
material in-
hibited 02 up-
take but was
susceptible to
biodegradation
Fungicide.
ini'i. .ni.i^^^ i ^^^i
pr
15
52
53
**ป
-------
Ul
1
Carbo-
hydrates
Carboxylic
Acids
(Short
chain)
Chlorate
j ^>ซ** ^^. * * \
(cio3 )
2
OR
OR
WA
IN
;{
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
NMC
AN
4
CO
CO
5
21
07
04
6
500 to
1000 mg/1
500 mg/1
1 to
100,000
ppm
7
R
CR
OU
9
5% to 24% of the carbo-
hydrate was removed by
oxidation and 65% to 85%
by conversion to proto-
plasm.
10 ppm of chlorate and
greater, significantly
inhibited.
in-
2j,3k
v 7
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
51
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
n
Di-carboxylic
acids were less
susceptible to
biological
oxidation then
corresponding
monocarboxylic
acids. Cyanide
replacing
carboxyl group-
ing of saturat-
ed acid greatly
reduced oxidi-
zability.
Sludges did not
acclimate to
di carboxyl ic
acids in 24 hr.
V
52
49
15
-------
Ol
-vl
1
Chloranil
Chlordane
Chlorine
4-Chloro-3-
methyl phenol
(4-Chloro-m-
cresol)
2
OR
OR
IN
OR
WA
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AD
MK
Gas
SHC
AR
4
CO
CX
CX
CO
CX
5
11
11
22
12
6
10 mg/1
175 mg/1
and
525 mg/1
10 mq/1
RO mg/1
100 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
CR
SF
OU
OU
OU
ง
Inhibitory.
5-20% of COD exerted.
Chemical was only
slightly degraded.
Increasing the chlorine
dosage to undigested
activated sludge de-
creased filtration time
100% and 400%, respec-
tively.
Mildly inhibitory .
Stronqlv inhibitory.
Toxic .
10
ld,2j
31,4d
5e,5g
4d
Rr
3w
5g
lb,2g
31,3m
4a,4b
5a,5b
5c,5e
5g,5h
5i ,5s
5z
ld,2j
31,4d
5e,5g
n
Higher con-
centration not
studied because
of insolubility
Insecticide.
Chlorination
was found to
be detrimental
to sludge
filterability.
Aeration did
not improve
filterability
of chlorinated
s-ludges.
TZ1
47
53
69
47
-------
Ui
oo
1
Chromium,
total
Chromium
?.
IN
IN
3
SA
SA
4
HM
HM
5
05
05
6
0.8 mg/1
3.6 mg/1
0.8 mg/1
0.9 mg/1
3.2 mg/1
0.8 mg/1
56 to
152 mg/1
7
75%
31%
75%
78%
22%
75%
91 to
99%
R
BOD
SS
9
Removal not affected.
Removal not affected.
Id
lc,2i
31, 4c
5a,5b
5c,5h
5j,5k
'
la,2g
31, 4b
5a,5b
5h,5k
11
Bryan, Ohio -
overall re-
moval.
Grand Rapids,
Mich. -
overall re-
moval .
Richmond, Ind.-
overall re-
moval .
Bryan, Ohio -
secondary re-
moval .
Grand Rapids,
Mich. -
secondary re-
moval .
Richmond, Ind.-
secondary re-
moval .
While overall
removal was
high, activate<
sludge removed
less than 20%
of chromium
from tannery
waste.
TT
5
28
-------
Ui
VO
1
.-Chromium
Chromium
(Chromic,
Cr+3, also
referred to
as trivalent
chromium or
reduced
chromium)
Chromium
(Chroma te,
Cr04~S
also
referred to
as
hexavalent
chromium,
Cr+6)
( contd. )
2
IN
IN
IN
3
SA
CA
AN
4
HM
HM
HM
5
05
05
05
6
3.6 mg/1
0.8 mg/1
0.5 to
50 mg/1
100 mg/1
i .....
500 mg/1
0.5 to
50 mg/1
7
8
SMC
SMC
SAND
SAND
MUMBBPMM^HV.
SAND
BOD
COD
SS
SMC
$
40% of metal immobilized
in sludge-
82% of metal immobilized
in sludge.
Gas production not
affeeted. Continuous
feed showed a cumulative
inhibitory effect.
Gas production stopped
for 7 days, system re-
covered in 25 days.
^^^^MV^MlaAtflBBMi^^H^MBM^Mi^^MB^M^HMIVVvaHI^^M^^^HV*^^
Digester completely upset
At 50 mg/1 chromium, BOD
removal was 3% less than
control .
At 50 mg/1 chemical
concentration, COD re-
moval was 4% less than
control .
Removal not affected by
chemical concentrations.
Sludge adsorbed and re-
duced a portion of the
soluble chromium.
Chromium build-up in
16
lc
4c
lb,2g
3m, 3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
Ib
2g
31
*\
3p
4b
5b
5c
5h
51
5k
11
Grand Rapids,
Michigan-
Richmond, Ind.
Nearly all
chromium in
sludge fed to
digester was
in reduced,
insoluble form.
Chemical fed
as potassium
chromate,
Hexavalent
chromium was
reduced to tri -
valent chromium
which has
little toxi-
city to
activated
sludge. How-
ever, as the
influent Cr b
cone.
T
58
12
12
-------
1
Chromium,
(Chromate,
see
previous
page)
(contd. )
Chromium
(contd. )
2
IN
3
SA
4
HM
5
05
6
10 mg/1
100 mg/1
7
R
G
BOD
COD
SS
$
sludge increased with in-
creasing chemical concen-
trations. Mixed liquor
solids contained 10 times
more Cr than primary
solids.
Slug dose over 4 hr.
period had no effect on
performance.
Slug dose over 4 hr.
period resulted in 3%
decrease in BOD removal
during first 24 hr. COD
removal decreased 14%,SS
removal showed same
effect. System recovered
in 2 days.
10
Ib
2h
31
3p
4b
5b
5c
5h
51
5k
11
increased, a
larger propor-
tion of the
primary efflu-
ent Cr was
soluble.
Nitrification
was inhibited
for short
periods, but
bacteria ac-
climated to up
to 50 mg/1
Cr+6 added
continuously.
All concen-
trations in-
hibited nitri-
fication for
approximately
10 days.
T2'
12
-------
1
Chromium
(contd. )
Chromium
( contd. )
?
IN
T
SA
4
HM
5
05
6
500 mg/1
7 mg/1
10 mg/1
500 mg/1
or greater
50 mg/1
chromate
100 mg/1
chromate
7
R
BOD
COD
SS
T
BOD
T
G
G
SSR
SVI
BOD
BOD
$
Slug dose over 4 hr.
showed immediate effect
on system. BOD and COD
removal dropped for 32 hr.
Effluent SS increased.
System recovered in 4
days.
Removal efficiency de-
creased from 95% to 70%.
Effluent turbidity in--
creased.
Lowest continuous dose
that ^causes an effect.
Lowest 4 hr. duration
slug dose which would
produce a 24 hr. effect
on the effluent.
Chromate likely to cause
bulking sludge because
it has a lesser effect
on filamentous organisms.
Showed little effect on
removal efficiency.
Slug dose caused 3% de-
crease in BOD removal
efficiency. Plant re-
covered in 20 hr.
10
6a
T
F
46
-------
tsi
1
Chromium
( contd. )
Chromium
( Chroma te
ion, p. 59)
Chromium
(Chromic
- /-* "r"-D
ion, Cr
see p. 59
(contd. )
2
IN
IN
3
AN
CA
4
HM
HM
5
05
05
6
500 mg/1
15 mg/1
0 to
50 mg/1
of Cr+a
7
8
BOD
k
T
N
SMC
G
N
SVI
$
Removal efficiency de-
creased for 32 hr.s re-
turned to normal in 4
days .
Increased for 24 hr.
Inhibited for 10 days.
2.4% of added metal found
in raw sludge; 27% found
in activated sludge.
Up to 50 mg/1 of Cr+3
produced no significant
reduction in efficiency
of biological filters.
15 mg/1 Cr+3 caused
noticeable reduction of
nitrification but BOD and
solids removal were un-
affected and effluent
chrome content remained
low. Nitrification re-
covered somewhat after
2 weeks at this Cr+3
level .
reduced from 85 to 65
when 15 mg/1 Cr+a in
feed.
10
6a
Ib
2g
31
4b
5b
5h
5k
5n
51
6a
r
TTj
46
2
-------
OJ
1
Chromium
(contd. )
Chromium
(Chromate,
see p. 69)
Chromium.
(Chromate, '
see p. 59)
2
IN
IN
3
AN
AN
4
HM
HM
5
05
05
6
10 mg/1
>500 mg/1
15 mg/1
All Cone.
1-4 ppm
5-10 ppm
10-50 ppm
100-500ppm
7
44%
8
CR
G
G
SMC
so
SMC
G
G
G
G
9
Effluent cone, of 0.2
mg/1 occurred when 15
mg/1 Cr+3 fed> Cr+3
removed in sludge.
Threshold limit before
significant reduction in
aerobic treatment
efficiency.
Will cause adverse effect
2.4% of metal fed found
in primary sludge; 27%
of metal fed found in
excess activated sludge;
56% of metal fed found
in final effluent.
Inhibits.
Partially precipitated
or adsorbed by sludge.
tolerable concentration.
causes significant effect
causes temporary impair-
ment.
causes considerable
impairment.
16
lb
2g
31
4b
. lb
2a
31
4b
Ib
2g
31
4b
2q
2g
2h
2h
11
Slug dose
over 4 hr.
Activated
sludge showed
poor removal
of chromium.
12
6
8
-------
ON
1
Chromium
Chromate,
V
see p. 59)
Chromium
(Chromate.
see p. 59 J
Chromium
( chromate)
and Copper
Mixture
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
3
AN
AN
AN
CA
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
5
05
05
05
05
6
2 ma/1
5 mg/1
430 mg/1
and
1440 mg/1
10 mg/1
to
15 mg/1
1 to
100,000ppm
100 ppm
chroma te._
10 ppm
copper
7
ft
N
N
SO
DO
N
T
G
OU
OU
9
Inhibited.
3 to 4 doses completely
arrested it.
Concentrations greater
than 5 mg/1 inhibited
oxidation and flocculatioi
Increased and remained
high for 14 days.
Returned to normal in
10 days.
Effluent turbid for
several days, cleared
in 10 da vs.
Aerobic process affected
slightly; recovery is
quick.
100 ppm and greater
significantly inhibited.
Mixture depressed 02 up-
take slightly more than
did copper alone, but
significantly more than
did chromate alone.
10
6a
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
r
Slug dose on
two consecutive
days at pH 4.2
and 4.0.
T2
46
15
15
-------
Ul
1
Chromium
(chromate)
and
Iron Mixtur
Citric Acid
Cobalt
(Ionic)
?
IN
IN
OR
WA
IN
?
AN
CA
SHC
NAR
CA
4
HM
HM
CO
HM
5
05
bs
07
05
6
100 ppm
chromate,
TOO ppm
iron
550 mg/1
720 mg/1
0.005 to
0.5 mg/1
7
8
OU
SVI
PH
ss
BOD
OU
OU
MI
9
Mixture depressed 02 up-
take more than
either chemical
individually.
62.2
increased from 7.3 to
7.4 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
increased 36 mg/1 and
84 mg/1 durina 24 hr.
in excess of 98% removal
in 24 hr.
35 mg of 02 used in 24 hr
This was 22% oxygen
consumption of the con-
trol. Up to 15% of TOD
QvoptoH in yiL hv
Results were irregular;
there was zero oxidation
and 30% oxidation on two
tests.
No cone, tested showed
stimulation; 0.08 to 0.5
mg/1 inhibited growth.
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2j
3k
31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
Id, 2k
3k, 4a
5a
| n
Oxidation
started slowly
with little
oxygen utili-
zation until
fifth through
twenty-fourth
hour when
citric acid was
sole source of
carbon or
energy.
Growth of Nitre
somonas studiec
T2~
15
52
39
*
-------
1
Coke Plant
Weak
Ammonia
Liquor
(contd. )
2
3
4
5
6
phenol s-
50 to 300
mg/1;
cyanide-
5 to 70
mg/1;
emulsified
oils
7
8
NB
PH
N
9
Phosphorus must be added
at P to phenol ratio of
1.70.
Influent pH was 8.3 to
8.8 while effluent pH was
6.0 to 7.9.
No nitrification occurred
16
la
2g
31
3p
4c
4d
. 5a
5f
11
Phenol removals
>99.8% were
realized at
phenol loadings
of 30 Ib/day/
100 ft3 at
sludge cone, of
5700 ppm in 1.6
hr. detention
time. Lowering
ammonium ion
cone, to 2000
mg/1 improved
phenol removal.
Dissolved tars
prohibited
phenol oxida-
tion. Optimum
temperature was
found to be 95C
F. Foaming
problems did
occur. Anti-
foam agents
dosed at 1 ppm
solved foam
problem and
did not affect
Do transfer.
Tniocyanate
removal aver-
aged 70%.
Cyanide was
present as com-
plexes and thus
12"
32
-------
ON
1
Coke Plant
Weak
Ammonia
Liquor
( contd. )
Copper
(Cupric,
Cu+2)
Copper
(Cu+2)
* Refer to R
2
IN
IN
efer
3
CA
CA
ence
4
HM
HM
s 8,
5
05
05
57, a
6
30 mg/1
15 to
45 mg/1
1 mg/1
75 mg/1
3.6 mg/1
nd 58 for a
7
8
COD
SS
G
G
BOD
9
A slug dose of Cu for 6
hr. caused effluent COD
to rise in proportion to
the Cu+2 added on a 1 :1
basis (i.e., 1 mg/1 in-
crease in COD for 1 mg/1
of Cu in slug dose).
Maximum effluent COD in-
crease occurred 9 to 13
hr. after slug. System
returned to normal after
Toxic effects of Cu+2
are less at higher solids
concentrations; increased
solids concentrations
were more advantageous
at lower organic loadings
Lowest continuous dose
that causes an effect.
Lowest 4 hr. duration
slug dose which would
produce a 24 hr. effect
on the effluent.
Removal efficiency .
dropped 24%.
dditional data.
10
Id
2h
31
4b
5a
5c
5e
5h
5k
6a
6a
11
had little
toxic effect.
Increasing the
solids cone.
minimized the
effect of a
slug of Cu
(with regard to
effluent COD).
Cyanide com-
plexes of Cu pro-
duce reactions
similar to those
of the Cu sulfate
salts.
ftie dumping of
a copper
cyanide bath
IP
17*
46
-------
oo
1
Copper
(contd. )
Copper
(Cu+2)
2
IN
3
CA
4
HM
5
05
6
10 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
1.4 mg/1
0.2 ma/1
n? mn/l
1.5 mg/1
0.3 mg/1
7
75%
50%
15%
j fjryoa^e
65%
9?ฐL
7%
ncrease
77%
8
SVI
SSR
SMC
4
Increased until activated
sludge process failed
completely.
Light, fluffy, non-
setteable sludge was
obtained even a week
affpr thp spil 1 .
55% of added metal was
found in activated sludge,
10
lc,2i
31, 4c
5a,5b
5c,5h
5j,5k
11
resulted in a
cyanide
cone, of 8.6
mg/1 and copper
cone, of 3.6
mg/1.
Deterioration
of activated
sludge was note
36 hr. after
dumping.
Bryan, Ohio -
overall re-
moval of Cu.
Grand Rapids,
Mich.-
overall re-
moval of Cu.
Richmond, Ind.-
overall re-
moval of Cu.
Bryan, Ohio -
secondary re-
moval of Cu.
Grand Rapids,
Mich.-
secondary re-
moval of Cu.
Richmond, Ind.-
secondary re-
moval of Cu.
F7
i
5
-------
VO
1
Copper
4-9
(Cu+2)
Copper
+o
(Cu 2)
Copper
-4-O
(Cu+2)
Copper
( contd. )
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
3
CA
CA
CA
CA
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
5
05
05
05
05
6
0.005 to
0.56 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
and
5.0 mg/1
-
30 to
40 mg/1
'
10 mg/1
8.8 mg/1
7
8
MI
COD
SMC
SMC
ง
Cone, at which the fol-
lowing effects were
observed:
Stimulation-0.005 to
0.03 mg/1
Inhibition -0.05 to
0.56 mg/1
The effect of -5 mg/1
Copper and the higher
organic loading were
roughly additive. No
differences were detect
for 1 mg/1 Copper at
either organic loading
(24 Ib and 57 Ib COD/day/
1000 ft'3 aeration capa-
city.
9% of metal added was
found in raw sludge.
Metal in raw sludge was
10
Id
2k
3k
4a
5a
lb,2h
31, 3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
6a
6a
11
Growth of Nitro-
somonas studied
At higher or-
ganic loading
a greater per-
cent of effluent
Cu was in a
soluble form.
Moderate
variation in
organic loading
did not alter
the effect of
Cu significantly
Copper cone.
increased
significantly
after chlori-
nation of a
municipal water
supply.
rr
39
12*
I*
46*
*Refer to Reference No. 12 for data collected under continuous loading conditions.
-------
1
Copper
(contd. )
Copper
tr +2^
(Cu )
Copper and
Chromate
Mixture
Copper and
Cyanide
Mixture
'I
II-
IN
I!\
IN
IN)
3
CA
CA
MC
AN
CA.
NMC
AN
4
HM
HM
HN
5
05
05
05
13
13
6
1 mg/1
75 mg/1
10 mg/1
10 ppm
copper,
100 ppm
chromate
10 ppm
copper,
100 ppm
cyanide
7
75%
8
6
G
SMC
OU
OU
9
18 times greater in
sewage.
Threshold limit before
significant reduction in
aerobic treatment
efficiency.
Will cause harmful
effect.
9% of metal fed found in
primary sludge; 55% of
metal fed found in
excess activated sludg<
25% of metal fed found
in final effluent.
The Cu-chromate mixture
was slightly more toxic
or inhibitory than Cu
alone and significantly
more toxic than was
chromate alone.
Mixture depressed 0?
uptake more than did
Copper alone, but less
than cyanide alone.
16
Ib
2g
31
4b
lb,2h
31, 4b
Ib
2g
31
;4b
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
r
Slug dose over
4 hr.
A large
tion of
propor-
the
copper was found
tied up
in the
activated sludge
?'
5*
15
15*
*Refer to Reference No. 12 for data collected under continuous loading conditions.
-------
1
Copper and
Iron
Mixture
Copper and
Nickel
Mixture
Copper,
elemental
and
compounds
?
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
3
CA
CA
CA
CA
EL
SA
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
5
05
05
05
05
01
05
6
10 ppm
copper,
100 ppm
iron
10 ppm
copper,
10 ppm
nickel
10,000mg/l
copper
100 mg/1
copper
10 mg/1
copper
7
a
OU
OU
OU
OU
ft
The Cu-Fe mixture was
more toxic or inhibitor
than iron was alone,
but less toxic than was
copper alone.
The Cu-Ni mixture de-
pressed 02 uptake more
than did either element
individually.
Copper compounds in
order of decreasing
toxicity or inhibition
were: copper metallic,
copper oxide.
Copper compounds in
order of decreasing
toxicity or inhibition
were: copper chloride,
copper sulfate.
Copper compounds in
order of decreasing
toxicity or inhibition
were: copper sulfate,
copper chloride.
10"
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
12
15
15
15
-------
I
r\j
1
Cotton Kier
Liquor
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TP
PH
G
BOD
9
Adaptation of activatec
sludge to temperature
change was immediate.
Fluctuations between
10ฐ and 30ฐC at 12 hr.
intervals were not
detrimental to sludge
Quality.
Effects are a function
of temperature. pH>9
was inhibitory at 10ฐC;
pH>10 inhibitory at
30ฐC.
Sludge could be starvec
at least 3 weeks with-
out seriously impairing
purification capacity.
Full capacity restored
2 to 5 days after
resumption of full load,
Removal was more
efficient at 30ฐ C
than 10ฐC and at neu- ,
tral pH.
Removal was more
efficient at 30ฐC than
10ฐC and at neutral pH.
10
la
2g
31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5i
5k
5s
7a
11
Alkaline
waste with a
BOD of 800
mg/1 was
successful ly
treated.
12
72
-------
GO
1
m-Cresol
( contd. )
2
OR
WA
3
SHC
AR
4
CO
5
12
6
10 mg/1
and
20 mg/1
7
8
CD
9
Increasing m-cresol
cone, resulted in de-
creasing chlorine de-
mand.
10
Id
2j
31
3p
4a
5e
5g
n
Probable pro-
ducts of
chlorination
of m-Cresol :
1) 2-chloro-
3-methyl-
phenol
2) 4-chloro-
3-methyl-
phenol
3) 6-chloro-
3-methyl-
phenol
4)2,4-di-
chloro-
3-methyl -
phenol
5)2,6-di-
chloro-
3-methyl-
phenol
6)4,6-di-
chloro-
3-methyl-
phenol
7)2,4,6-tri-
chloro-
3 -me thy! -
phenol
8) Non-aroma-
tic
oxidation
products
12
47
-------
1
m-Cresol
(contd. )
Croton-
aldehyde
Croton-
aldehyde
Cyanide
(CN~, in
complexes
t
with vari-
ous metals'
( contd. )
*Refer to Re
2
OR
OR
IN
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
AN
4
CO
CO
CN
5
20
20
13
6
2 to 3
mg/1
200 mg/1
7
90%
to
100%
95%
to
100%
8
N
G
CR
9
Retarded .
Little tendency of
activated sludge to
acclimate to chemical;
however, recovery from
slug load of 40 mg/1
occurred in about two
days.
Trickling filters pro-
vided with proper
acclimation could
realize 99% cyanide re-
moval ; however, BOD
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i ,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
Ic
2g
2h
31
4a
5b
6a
ference No. 15 and 40 for respirometer and bottle test data.
11
Chemical un-
dergoes bio-
ogical
oxidation.
Aerated
lagoon treat-
ment.
Completely
nixed acti-
vated sludge
)rocess.
^etallocyanic
:omplexes
vary greatly
in stability;
ladmium and
zinc dis-
sociate read-
ily under
lormal sewage
renditions
tfhile the
Copper comple
Is more stabl
12
9
33
e
24*
X
e
-------
1
Cyanide
(contd. )
Cyanide
Cyanide and
Copper
** ^* r r
Mixture
2
IN
IN
IN
3
CA.
AN
CA
4
CN
CN
HM
5
13
13
05
6
lOOppm
cyanide,
lOppm
copper
7
8
CR
OU
9
reduction was less
efficient.
>30ppm chromate and
>10ppm copper caused
no effect on cyanide
removal . A few ppm Ni
accelerated oxidation
of cyanide. The presenc
of heavy metals in
waste required excess
aeration for mixing
to prevent sedimenta-
tion of sludge.
Mixture of cyanide and
Cu was more toxic and
inhibitory than was
copper alone, but less
than was cyanide alone,
10
-
e
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
and the iron
complex
extremely
stable, with
the nickel
complex
slightly less
stable.
Refer to
"Cyanide"
on p. 74.
12
50
15
-------
1
Cyanide and
Nickel
Mixture
Cystine
L-Cystine
(Dicysteine)
2
IN
CA
IN
OR
AMP
OR
AMP
*Refer to Referer
3
TA
EL
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
ce
4
HM
CO
CN
CS
CO
CN
CS
No. 4
5
13
13
08
08
9 tor
6
100 ppm
cyanide,
10 ppm
nickel
1000 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
SVI
PH
ss
OU
OU
9
fixture of cyanide and
Ni was more toxic or
inhibitory than was
nickel alone, but less
than was cyanide alone,
50.8.
Decreased from 6.6 to
5.7 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
Decreased by an averag(
of 201 mg/1 from an
average initial cone.
of 2854 mg/1.
Completely inhibited
any consumption of Op.
None of TOD was exertec
in 24 hr. of aeration.
Readily, but slowly
oxidized, with 4.7% of
TOD exerted after 24
hr. of oxidation. Op
uptake increased durim
entire 24 hr. of oxida-
tion; however, oxygen
consumption was signi-
ficantly less than that
for almost all other
amino acids studied.
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2j
31
3k
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
5t
11
See cyanide
entry on
D. 74.
Since cystine
was sole
source of
carbon or
energy, it
nay have been
toxic, not
)iodegradable
Dr degradable
after a lag
)eriod longer
than the du-
ration of the
study.
Chemical was
nore refrac-
tory than
nost of the
other amino
jcids studied
12
15
52*
49
respirometer data.
-------
1
DDT
0,1,1-
Trichloro-
2,2-bis
(p-chloro-
phenyl) -
ethane
Defoamer
(Nalccw
71-05ฎ)
Diazinon
Dibenz (a,h'
acridine
^^^^^^^MB^^^MMB^BMW
2
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
^BWHHHIIB
4
CX
CO
CP
CS
CN
CN
5
n
11
15
-------
-J
oo
1
Di benz
Uft ป
ปj)
acridine
1,2,5,6-
Dibenz-
anthracene
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
HC
AR
4
CN
5
15
15
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
9
In two cases, chemica'
was toxic or insigni-,
ficantly oxidized
after 144 hr. of
oxidation. In a third
case, chemical oxida-
tion lagged at least
6 hr. after which it
was slowly oxidized
indicating a definite
acclimation occurred.
Up to 4.7% of TOD was
exerted after 144 hr.
In 2 cases a degree
of inhibition was
apparent, but chemica'
was slowly oxidized.
Up to 7.9% of TOD
exerted after 144 hr.
of oxidation. In a
third case, it was
toxic or insignifi-
cantly degraded.
10
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
11
Doubling MLSi
to 5000 rag/1
greatly im-
proved oxi-
dation after
6,24, and
144 hr. Up
to 11.2% of
TOD was
exerted af-
ter 144 hr.
of oxidation
Doubling MLSS
to 5000 mg/1
increased
toxicity at
6 hr. and
24 hr. of
oxidation
and decreas-
ed the per-
centage of
TOD exerted
after 144 hr.
2
44
44
-------
1
1,2,4,5-Di-
benzpyrene
2,4-
Dichloro-
phenol
2,6-
Dichloro-
phenol
2
OR
OR
WA
OR
WA
3
\C
AR
SHC
<\R
SHC
AR
4
CO
CX
CO
CX
5
15
12
12
6
500 mg/1
64 ppm
64 ppm
7
-
8
OU
CR
CR
9
One sludge readily bu
slowly oxidized chemi
cal ; in other cases,
chemical was toxic or
not significantly
oxidized after 144 hr
of oxidation. -
After 3 days of aera-
tion removal increase
rapidly. After 5 days
greater than 98% re-
moval .
Chemical cone, de-
creased slowly during
first 3 days of
aeration then very
rapidly thereafter.
Greater than 99% re-
moval resulted.
10
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
lc,2j
31, 4a
5a,5b
5c,5e
5h,5i
Ic
2j
31
4a
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
5i
11
Doubling
MLSS to
5000 mg/1
did not im-
prove bio-
logical oxi-
dation.
Chemical
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluent
and then sub-
jected to
continuous
aeration; the
decrease in
cone, of
chemical was
monitored.
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluent
and then sub-
jected to
continuous
aeration;
the decrease
in chemical
cone, was moni-
tored.
12
44
66
66
-------
oo
o
1
2,4-
Dichloro-
phenoxy-
aceti c
Acid
(2,4-D)
2,6-
Dichloro-
phenoxy-
acetic Acid
(2,6-D)
2,4-
Dichloro-
phenoxy-
1 w
prop ionic
Acid
2
OR
WA
OR
WA
OR
WA
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CX
CO
CX
CO
CX
5
11
11
11
6
174 ppm
178 ppm
186 ppm
7
8
CR
CR
CR
9
No removal until after
5 days of aeration,
then rapid removal to
less than 2% of origi-
nal concentration.
Very little removal
during first 3 days of
aeration. Removal in-
creased sharply during
fourth day after which
the cone, decreased
very slowly. Approxi-
mately 30% removal .
After 7 days of
aeration, there was no
significant decrease
in chemical cone.
10
lc,2j
31, 4a
5a,5b
5c,5e
5h,5i
lc,2j
31,4a
5a,5b
5c,5e
5h,5i
1c,2j
31,4a
5a,5b
5c,5e
5h,5i
11
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluent
and then sub-
jected to
continuous
aeration; the
decrease in
chemical cone
was monitored
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluent
and then sub-
jected to
continuous
aeration; the
decrease in
chemical
cone, was
monitored.
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluenl
12
66
66
66
5tc. , as above.
-------
Dieldrin
OR
SHC
AR
CO
CX
11
<5% of measured COD
was utilized.
Chemical was not
significantly degraded
10
11
Insecticide.
12
53
00
Di(2-ethyl.
hexyl)-
phthalate
OR
SHC
AR
CO
21
50%
to
70%
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
51,5k
\arated la-
joon treat-
nent.
Di(2-ethyl-
hexyl}-
phthalate
OR
SHC
AR
CO
21
OT
avalue for 1 mg/1 of
chemical was 1.00, for
10 mg/1, a = 0.97.
la,2i [Completely
31,4c pixed acti-
5b,5d vated sludge
5e,5g process.
5h,5i I
5k
33
a, a'-Diethy
stilbenedio
-OR
SHC
AR
CO
21
500 mg/1
OU
Inhibition or toxicity
toward 2 of 3 sludges
reflected by inhibitior
of oxygen uptake. One
sludge slowly oxidized
the chemical. Up to 5%
of TOD exerted after
144 hr. of oxidation.
This and other
carcinogenic
jcompounds
vere generally
(resistant to
[biological
)xidation.
44
-------
00
to
1
Dimethyl-
ami ne
9,10-
Di methyl -
anthracene
7,9-
Dimethyl-
benz(c)-
acridine
2
OR
WB
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
AR
HC
,
SHC
AR
4
CN
CN
5
20
19
21
6
20 mg/1
and
100 mg/1
500 mg/1
"
500 mg/1
7
8
CD
OU
'
OU
9
Increased chemical
cone, resulted in in-
creased chlorine deman<
Contact time did not
significantly affect
chlorine demand.
Readily, but slowly,
biologically oxidized.
Oxygen uptake was not
inhibited. Up to 19.5%
of TOD was exerted
after 144 hr. of oxi-
dation.
Toxic or insignifi-
cantly oxidized by 2
sludges. Third sludge
readily, but slowly,
oxidized chemical. Up
to 4.1% of TOD exerted
after 144 hr. of
oxidation.
10
Id
2j
.31
3p
4a
5e
5g
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h,5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
11
Probable pro-
ducts of
chlori nation
of dimethyl -
amine:
l)N-chloro-
d i methyl -
ami ne
2)oxidation
products
Not toxic,
but very
slowly oxi-
dized. Doub-
ling MLSS to
5000 mg/1 did
not affect
degree of bio-
logical oxi-
dation after
144 hr.
Doubling
MLSS to
5000 mg/1
improved
oxidation of
chemical after
6,24, and
144 hr.
12
47
44
44
-------
oo
1
7,10-
Dimethyl-
benz(c)-
acridine
9,10-
Dimethyl-
1,2-benzan-
thracene
2,4-Dinitro
phenol
(contd. )
2
OR
OR
OR
WA
3
SHC
AR
AR
HC
SHC
AR
4
CN
CO
CN
5
21
21
11
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
1 mg/1
and
5 mg/1
7
8
OU
ou
OU
9
Chemical was toxic or
showed insignificant
oxidation after 144 hr
of oxidation.
Readily, but very
slowly, undergoes
biological oxidation.
Up to 12.7% of TOD
exerted after 144 hr.
of oxidation.
Increasing chemical
cone, caused increased
cumulative oxygen up-
take after 120 hr. of
aeration. However,
maximum oxygen uptake
rate at lower chemical
cone, equalled maximum
10
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
Id
2j
31
4d
5c
5e
5g
5h
11
DoublingMLSS
to 5000 mg/1
greatly in-
creased the
degree of
biological
oxidation
after 6,24,
and 144 hr.
of oxidation.
Doubling MLSS
to 5000 mg/1
did not
significantly
affect degree
of biological
oxidation
after 144 hr.
but oxidation
after 6 hr.
and 24 hr.
was improved.
Chemical
cone, of 1
mg/1 and 5
mg/1 resulted
in maximum
ss cone, which
were 2.2% and
10% less
12
44
44
65
-------
00
1
2,4-Dinitro
phenol
(contdo )
2,4-D,
i sooctyl
ester
Dulcitol
2
-
OR
OR
3
SH(
AR
SH(
NAI
4
CO
CX
CO
5
n
21
6
1.7%
7
8
COD
SS
OU
CR
OU
9
oxygen uptake rate of
control, 27.7 ppm
02/hr. At higher
chemical cone, maximum
oxygen uptake rate was
21.3 com 0?/hr.
For 90% COD removal
control required an
aeration time of 7.5
hr.; lower chemical
concentration required
15.0 hr. ; and higher
chemical cone, require
16.5 hr.
Reduced SS production.
20% of measured COD
was utilized.
Chemical was material!,
degraded.
Slightly inhibited.
10
1
4d
5c
' 5g
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
respectively
than the
maximum cone,
achieved in
the control
unit. In the
chemical fed
units the SS
increased
for 6 hr.
and in the
control the
maximum SS
cone.
occurred at
10 hr.
Insecticide,
12
53
15
-------
oo
1
Endrin
Erucic
Acid
1,2-
Ethanediol
( Ethyl ene
glycol)
2
OR
OR
WA
OR
3
SHC
AR
5HC
STAR
3HC
WR
4
CO
CX
CO
CO
5
11
08
.
21
6
500 mg/1
484 mg/1
7
8
OU
CR
OU
SVI
pll
BOD
OU
ss
9
<5% of measured COD
was utilized
Chemical was not
significantly degraded
Oxidized, with 11% of
TOD exerted after
24 hr. of oxidation.
76.4.
Dropped 7.0 to 5.9
during 24 hr. of
oxidation.
74% to 76% removed
after 24 hr.
48 mg of 02 used in
24 hr.; this was about
one-half the consump-
tion of the control .
Approximately 7.5% of
of TOD exerted in 24
hr.
Very slight increase.
10
4d
5c
5g
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
5t
2j,3k
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
11
Insecticide .
With chemical
as sole source
of carbon or
energy, a 1
to 3 hr. lag
resulted be-
fore oxida-
tion began.
2
53
49
f
52
*Refer to Reference No. 15 for respirometer data.
-------
oo
1
Ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol
2
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAF
SHC
NAR
3IC
STAR
4
CO
CO
CO
5
20
20
20
6
1000 mg/1
7
70%
to
90%
95%
to
100%
8
SVI
PH
SS
BOD
OU
OT
9
61.0.
Drop from 6.9 to 6.0
during 24 hr.
Increased by an averagi
of 323 mg/1 from an
average initial cone.
of 1734 mq/1.
Greater than 99% re-
moval in 24 hr.
After 24 hr. oxygen
uptake was approxima-
tely 500 mg Og or 5
times that of the
control. 24% of the
TOD was exerted in
24 hr.
Ethanol cone, avalue
1 mg/1 - 0.95
20 mg/1 - 0.90
100 mg/1 - 0.67
10
la, 21
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
2j
3k
31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
la,2i
31, 4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
11
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Oxygen uptake
did not show
a lag period
as occurred
during aera-
tion of
methanol.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process; at
80% BOD re-
duction,
achieved 99%
chemical re-
moval.
12
9
52
33
-------
CO
-J
1
Ethyl
Acetate
Ethyl
Acetate
Ethyl
Aery late
iw^ซ*B^_^^^^^_^^^M^^MM
Ethyl
Acrylate
2
OR
^^^^v
OR
\
OR
[ii i ..
OR
3
SHC
NAF
MWKMM
SHC
NAF
SHC
NAF
HlllllffWfMI
SHC
NAI
4
CO
flmnpuH^gniHHHHa
CO
CO
HHIMIIIflvHIIWIIH
CO
5
20
IMH^^HHIHHIMII
20
20
mmm^tm^^^
20
6
^IIMMBIftHMHIIhl
^^llmllMIIIIIB
7
90%
to
100%
M^MBHB-MflMHIB
95%
to
100%
90%
to
100%
MMHHAlm^HM
95%
to
100%
8
^I^HtfHB
MWMHIIIIBMlm
9
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
51, 5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31, 4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
11
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process.
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process.
12
9
33
9
33
-------
00
oo
1
Ethyl -
benzene
Ethyl -
benzene
Ethyl -
benzene
Ethyl -
benzene
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
-
5
18
18
18
18
6
105 mg/1
7
90%
to
100%
95%
to
100%
8
OU
o
After 72 hr. of oxi-
dation 1 .70 g of oxy-
gen was utilized per
gram of chemical adde
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
Id
2j
31, 3p
4a
5e,5g
Ib
2j
31
4d
5b
5c
5e
5g
5h
5i
5k
n
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process.
Removal by
stripping anc
bio-oxidatior
Benzene
derivatives
studied in
order of in-
creasing
toxicity:
ethyl benzene
benzene,
toluene, and
n-propyl-
benzene.
12
9*
33*
47*
ซ
29
*Refer to Reference No. 29 for additional data.
-------
oo
vo
1
Ethyl -
butanol
Ethyl -
butanol
Ethyl ene or
Propyl ene
Glycol
(Production
Plant
Wastewaters)
(See also
1 , 2-E thane
diol,
p. 85.)
(contd. )
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
5
20
20
6
Glycol
concentra-
tion 500 t
1000 ppm.
Other or-
gan ics
present in
concentra-
tions
<100 ppm
are the
oxide, the
dichloride
the chloro
hydrin, an
a chlori-
7
30%
to
50%
95%
to
100%
8
CR
BOD
9
All organic compounds
of glycol wastewater
are biodegradable by .
well acclimated cul-
tures, except chlori-
nated ethers. These
are toxic at >100ppm
or in batch systems.
Treatment efficiency
is 86% at 12 hr.
aeration (based on
total oxygen demand)
in batch reactor, 88%
in continuous lab unit
and 84% in plug flow
pilot plant.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
la
2
-------
1
Ethyl ene or
Propylene
Glycol
(Production
Plant
Wastewaters)
( con~td. )
2-Ethyl-
hexyl -
acrylate
2-Ethyl-
hexyl -
acrylate
Ferbanr-^
2
OR
OR
OR
ST
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAF
SHC
NAF
4
CO
CO
CN
CS
5
20
20
11
6
nated ethet
*1ay also
contain
acetol and
acetic
acid.
.
7
90%
to
100%
95%
to
100%
8
OU
.
CR
9
In completely mixed
pilot plant 90% effi-
ciency realized in
8-9 hr.
Rapidly exerted 20%
of measured COD.
Chemical was material!;
degraded.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31, 4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
4d
5c
5g
11
by chemical
flocculation.
Recycling
activated
sludge im-
proved opera-
ting effi-
ciency.
Neutralization
and nutrient
addition are
required.
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process.
Fungicide.
-
12
9
33
53
-------
1
2-Fluoren-
amine
N-(2-
Fluorenyl )-
acetamide
Fluoride
2
OR
OR
IN
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
NMC
AN
4
CN
CN
CO
5
21
21
03
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
33 mg/1
7
0%
8
OU
ou
9
Chemical showed inhibi-
tory effect but was
slowly biologically
oxidized.
Chemical was toxic to
one sludge but slowly
oxidized by 2 other
sludges. Up to 12.3%
of TOD exerted after
144 hr. of oxidation.
10
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
la
2g
31
3p
4b
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
5i
5k
n
to fluoride
ซas removed
in the aerated
lagoon, in-
leased temp.
(>45ฐF utili-
zed) and in-
leased aera-
tion time (>2.2
lays utilized)
/ill likely not
improve removal
12
14
W
37
>
-------
1
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
WAR
SHC
NAF
4
CO
CO
5
20
'
20
6
720 mg/1
45 mg/1
90 mg/1
and
100 mq/1
175 mq/1
750 mg/1
1750 mg/1
7
95%
8
OU
CR
CR
CR
CR
BOD
CR
PH
SSR
9
Chemical inhibited
oxygen consumption.
None of TOD exerted in
24 hr. of aeration.
2-day lag period be-
fore oxidation.
3 day lag period befon
oxidation.
No oxidation.
Using acclimated
sludge, oxidation rate
leveled off at 5 hr.
12 hr. were required
for 95% BOD removal .
Acclimation resulted
in 95% removal in
24 hr.
Oxidation resulted in
decreasing pH.
Sludge settled well.
10
2j,3k
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
Ib
2j
! 31
3p
3q
4d
5a
5b
5e
11
As formalde-
hyde was sole
source of
carbon or
energy, it
may have been
toxic, not
biodegradable
or degradable
only after a
lag period
longer than
the duration
of this study
Increased
formaldehyde
cone, re-
sulted in in-
creased lag
period be-
fore oxida-
tion of the
chemical and
the other
constituents
in sewage
began. Sludge
could be ac-
climated to
oxidize for-
maldehyde.
1?
52*
21
*Refer to Reference No. 15 for respirometer and bottle test data.
-------
VO
U>
1
Formal dehyde
'
Formamide
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
CN
5
20
21
6
0 to
1500 ppm
3000 ppm
500 mg/1
7
>99%
8
OU
CR
BOD
PH
OU
9
5y buffering with
NaHCOo cone, of
rormafdehyde up to
1000 mg/1 were not tox-
ic and 1500 mg/1 only
slightly inhibited
biological activity.
greater than 99%
after 24 hr of aeration
if pH held at 7.2.
lowering pH to 6.0
decreased BOD removal
12% but chemical
*emoval remained the
same.
>elow pH 6 formaldehyde
-emoval and BOD removal
decreased.
"hemical was readily,.
but slowly oxidized
for 12 hr. ; oxidation
increased greatly from
12 hr. to 24 hr. with
11.855 of TOD exerted
after 24 hr. of oxida-
tion. Oxygen uptake
increased rapidly
during entire 24 hr. of
study.
10
la
2j
31
4a
4c
4d
5a
5b
5c
5e
5g
5i
5k
5n
Ib
2j
31
4d
5e
5g
5h
5t
11
-
Chemical
showed
greatest oxy-
gen uptake
of all
amides stu-
died.
Propanamide
f ol 1 owed
closely in
oxygen con-
sumption.
12
16*
49
Refer to Reference No. 15 for respirometer and bottle test data.
-------
1
Formic Acid
Formic Acid
Fumaric Acid
Glutamic
Acid
( contd. )
2
OR
AC
OR
(\C
)R
WA
OR
AMP
3
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
CO
CO
CO
CO
CN
5
15
15
07
07
6
720 mg/1
500 mg/1
N/120
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
OU
SVI
PH
S$
BOD
OU
9
Slightly stimulated
oxygen consumption,
100 mg of 02 consumed
after 24 hr. oxidation
compared to 75 mg by
control .
40% of TOD exerted af-
ter 24 hr.
70% of TOD exerted af-
ter 24 hr. of oxida-
tion. Chemical was
readily oxidized.
Slightly stimulated.
79.8.
Increased from 6.8 to
6.9 during 24 hr. of
oxidation.
Increased by an average
of 210 mg/1 from an
initial average cone.
of 1504 mg/1.
Almost 98% removal in
24 hr.
Slightly stimulated
10
2j
3k, 31
*a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
lb,2j
31,3q
W,5e
5g,5h
5i
2h,31
W,5e
5g,51
2j
31
3k
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
11
Not attacked
by pure cul-
ture zoog-
leal sludge.
No lag peri-
od during
oxidation.
Acid solu-
tion tested
was neutra-
lized to
pH 7.
Chemical
was sole
source of
carbon or
energy and
was readily
oxidized.
12
52 +
49
15
52*
i- Refer to Reference No. 15 and 49 for respirometer and bottle test data.
* Refer to Reference No. 15 and 49 for respirometer data.
-------
1
Glutamic
Acid
( contd. )
Glycerine
Glycine
Grease
( contd. )
2
OR
OR
AMP
OR
3
HC
AR
HC
AR
SHC
4
CO
CO
CN
CO
5
21
07
21
6
720 mg/1
720 mg/1
0.11 Lb
per capi-
ta per day
in raw
sewage
7
8 I 9
1 oxygen consumption.
Up to 31% of TOD
[exerted in 24 hr.
OU 1248 mg of 02 used in
124 hr, this was approx-
imately 3 times the
Jcontrol . 28% of TOD
exerted in 24 hr.
pH JDecreased from 7.2 to
16.5 during 24 hr. of
[oxidation.
SS [Increased by 728 mg/1.
SOD Greater than 86% remov-
bl after 24 hr.
OU [Stimulated 0? consump-
tion from 2.5 to 5.6
[times that of the
fcontrol . Up to 58% of
[TOD exerted after 24
hr.
CR p4% removal during
secondary treatment.
10
-
2j,3k
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
>h,51
5t
y
31,3k
la
>a,5b
>e,5g
5h,51
it
Ic
?g
31
4c
5b
5c
5h
11
Chemical was
sole source
of carbon or
energy and
was readily
oxidized.
Chemical was
sole source
of carbon
or energy
and was
readily
oxidized.
Forms of
grease
changed dur-
ing treat-
ment in a
contact sta-
bilization
secondary ;
12
52
52*
38+
*Refer to Reference No. 15 and 49 for respirometer data.
+Refer to Reference No. 46 for additional data.
-------
VD
1
Grease
( contd. )
Heptachlor
n-Heptane
2
OR
uk
3
SHC
AR
HC
NAR
4
CX
5
n
18
6
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
CR
OU
9
5 to 20% of measured
COD exerted.
Chemical was slightly
degraded.
Up to 38.7 % of TOD
was exerted after 72
hr. of oxidation.
10 1 11
treatment
plant. Fatty
acids were
predominant
in the influ-
ent and com-
pound 1 ipids
were predomi-
nant in ef-
fluent.
4d Insecticide.
5c
5g
I
lb,2j Corresponding
31 ,3p compounds
3q,4d paving same
5e,5g pumber of
5h,5i carbon atoms
5t in order of
increasing
[toxic ity were
peptane, hep-
Jtanoic acid,
Rieptane-
nitrile, and
pieptane-di-
jnitrile.
12
53
43
-------
VO
1
n-Heptane
^^^HaMHVMH^^^^BIHIIff^^HHaiBIVB
n-Heptane
1-Hexanol
1-Hexanol
2
OR
HIMM^HIM^
OR
OR
OR
3
HC
NAR
MIM^^^^
HC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
5
18
^^^^^M***IM
18
20
20
6
rfa ^^^HPII *
7
90%
to
100%
95%
to
100%
70%
to
90%
95%
to
100%
8
9
ปVB^ ^^^VMB^W.^^ff*HVh >^V^^bV^^^*MIซ^^^^^^^^^^^^Mซ^H
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
^ff^^^f^^^^^^mm
la, 21
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
^^^ I' t
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
51,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
11
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^MBWeWM
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process .
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l 1 11 !
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completed
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process.
At 80% BOD
removal ,
ca. 100%
chemical
removal
was achievec
12
9*
MWMMM^^H
33*
^HM^iMB^H^H
9
33
%
* Refer to Reference No. 43 and 49 for nitrile and dinitrile respirometer data.
-------
00
1
Hydrac ryl ci-
ii itrile
_
Hydrogen
Cyanide
Hydrogen
ion.
(H+)
(pH is the
negative
Iog10 of
the hydro-
gen ion
cone* in
TYlol ฃ>Q / 1 T "f"p"
lliW-L CO / -I- J- liC-.
(contd. )
2
OR
IN
WA
IN
\
/
3
SHC
NAR
Gas
NMC
CA
4
CO
CN
5
21
22
6
500 mg/1
7
0 to
10%
8
OU
BOD
ss
9
Toxic at oxidation
periods up to 72 hr.
pH 7.0 to 7.5 produced
best results; however,
for pH 6.0 to 9.0 the
results were very
similar.
Removal at pH 4.0 wa<
43% and at pH 10.0,
54%.
System acclimated to
to pH of 5.0 to 5.5
r
within about 1 week.
Greatest removal
occurred at pH 6.0 to
9.0, optimum removal
at pH 7.0 to 7.5.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e
5h
51 ,5k
Ib
2J.31
3p,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5i,5t
Ib
2g
31
3p
3q
4a
5a
5b
5e,5g
5h
51
51
11
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Compound is
possibly a
biological
intermediate
Neutral pH
range pro-
vided best
conditions
for activa-
ted sludge
process.
12
9
43
30
-------
VO
VD
1
Hydrogen
ion
( contd. )
Hydrogen
sulfide
4 - Hydroxy-
benzene -
carbonitrilc
[p-Hydroxy-
benzo-
nitrile)
Iodide
, - .
* '
Iodine,
2
IN
WA
OR
IN
IN
(contd. )
3
Gas
SHC
AR
AN
AN
4
CN
CO
*AS
5
22
21
03
16
6
0.5 mg/1
to
2.0 mg/1
500 mg/1
1 to
100,000ppir
0.01 to
10 me
7
8
5V I
OU
OU
BOD
9
A pH differing greatly
from greatly reduced
SVI.
Toxic after up to 72 hr
of oxidation .
Concentrations greater
than 10 ppm signifi-
cantly inhibited Og
uptake.
Reduced BODc 7% and
the calculated
10
6a
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
Ib
31
11
Causes corro-
sion above
water level
jecause it
volatilizes
and then con-
denses in
noisture on
flails. It is
then conver-
bed bacteri-
illy to
Aromatic
nononitrile.
_ _ - . . ,.
12
46
43
15
23*
* Consult Reference No. 15 for xestsirometer data.
-------
o
o
1 1
Iodine,
I131
1 (contd.)
Iodine
I131
Iron
( Ferrous ,
Iron
(Ferric,
Fe .)
1 t t \
2
IN
IN
IN
3
AN
CA
CA
4
RAS
HM
HM
5
16
05
05
6
1 mq/1
1127 and
0.5 yC
1131
3 mg/1
1127 and
0.5 yC
1131
1 mg/1
j!27 and
0.5 yC
1131
3 mg/1
1127 and
0.5 yC
T131
10 ppm to
1000 ppm
0.01 ppm
to 100,000
ppm
7
1.4%
2.1%
0.3%
0.0%
8
N
N
OU
OU
9
ultimate first stage
BOD 11% .
Enhibited.
inhibited at all i!31
cone.
Greater than 100 ppm
caused significant
inhibition of 02
uptake.
Greater than 100 ppm
caused significant
inhibition of 02
10
5g
6a
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
Removal by
activated
sludge
from synthe-
tic sewage.
Removal by
ictivated
sludge from
sewage.
Less toxic
than ferric
iron.
More toxic '
than ferrous
iron.
12
62*
15
15
* ( contd. ) ~ ,
* Refer to Reference No. 15 for respirometer data.
-------
1
Iron (Fe+3)
( contd. )
Iron and
^hromate
Mixture
Iron and
)opper
Mixture
Iron
(See
column
# 6.)
(contd. )
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
3
CA
MC
AN
CA
CA
CA
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
5
05
Ob
05
05
05
6
100 ppm
iron,
TOO ppm
chroma te
100 ppm
iron, 10
ppm cop'
per
7.17 mg/1
total
iron,
0.60 mg/1
total
soluble
Fe.
7
83%
for
to- "
tal
Fe,
62%
for
sol-
uble
1-e
8
OU
OU
BOD
COD
~sr
Ml
PH
SMC
VSS
SDI
9
uptake.
Mixture depressed Oo
uptake more than dia
either iron or chro-
mate alone.
Mixture depressed Oo
uptake more than did
iron alone, but less
than did copper alone
Removal effeciency
was similar to that
for control unit.
Not detrimentally
affected .
7.0 versus 7."
control .
for
Fe cone, of return
sludge - 5% (dry
basis) .
Ash content of Fe fed
unit increased .
Slightly higher in
Fe fed unit than in
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h_,31
4d,5e
5d,5h
Ib
2g
31
4c
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
5j
5k
51
6a
11
Sulfuric
Acid Pickle
Liquor (fer-
rous sulfate
added to
aeration to
improve P
removal .
Unneutralizec
pickle liquor
did not de-
trimentally
affect the
treatment
plant or
plant per-
formance.
12
15
15
36
-------
o
N3
1
Iron
( contd. )
Isopropanol
(2,-PropanoV
Isopropanol
(2-Propan-
ol)
Isopropanol
(2-Propan-
ol)
( contd. )
2
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
CO
5
20
20
20
6
7
70%
to
90$
95%
to
100%
i
8
9
control (1 ..04 versus
0.97).
.
_
10
la, 21
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
Id
2j
31
3p
4a
5e
5g
11
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completely
nixed activa-
sludge pro-.
cess. At
80% BOD re^
nova! , 96%
chemical
removal
achieved.
Substrate was
completely
degraded.
Acetone was
"ormed as. an
intermediate
vhich was
"emoved by
n'o-oxidation
50% and by
stripping
50%
12
9
33
47
-------
o
U)
1
Isopropanol
(2-PropanoV
( contd. )
Isopropyl
Ether
(2-Isopro-
poxy-pro-
pane)
Isopropyl
Ether
(2-Isopro- '
poxy-pro-
pane)
Lactic Acid
Lactonitrile
( contd. )
2
OR
OR
OR
WA
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
CO
CN
CO
5
20
20
07
21
,_-^_
6
720 mg/1
139 mg/1
7
70%
to
90%
85%
to
95%
8
OU
CR-
9 1 10
la,2i
31 ,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31 ,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
Chemical greatly stl- ^
nulated oxygen consumpJ^ '
tion. Up to 78% of If ,.
TOD was exerted after ฃ rฐ
24 hr. \^'^
5h,51
5t
75% of influent nitro- lid
gen as nitrile resultedpi
in effluents containingm
70% oxidized nitrogen hp
(NO ~ and NO ~). M =
^ => C
11
after
longer
aeration time
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Completely
nixed acti-
vated sludge
process .
Chemical was
sole source
of carbon or
energy and
was readily
oxidized.
Acclimation
was necessary
for signifi-
cant chenrU
oxidation.
12
9
33
52*
41
-------
1
Lactonitrilc
( contd. )
Laurie Acid
Laurie Acid
Biethanol-
amide
Laurie Acid
Monoethanol-
amide
( contd. )
2
OR
WA
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CO
CN
CO
CN
5
08
08
08
6
173 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
CR
6
OU
OU
OU
9
Sludge*
Similar to above.
System was unable to
handle these cone.
There was an increase
in effluent NHo-~N and
suspended solids, and
a decrease in oxidized
N.
Readily oxidized with
6.1% of TOD exerted
after 24 hr. of oxida-
tion.
69% of TOD exerted
after 5 days, 85% of
TOD exerted after 10
days of oxidation
72 % of TOD exerted
after 5 days, 86%
after 10 days of
oxidationt
10
5b
5c
5h
5i
5k
5n
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
5t
4d
5e
6a
4d
5e
6a
11
ton ionic
surfactant.
Nonionic sur^
:actant.
Chemical
showed sligh
ly more de-
gradation
1?
49
27
27
t-
-------
o
Ln
1
Laurie Acid
Monoethanol-
amide
( contd. )
Lead
/ *2*
(Pb ")
Lead
(Pb+2)
Lindane
Malathion
Malic Acid
2
IN
IN
OR
OR
OR
WA
3
CA
CA
me
AR
SHC
NAF
SHC
NAR
4
HM
HM
CX
CO
cs
CP
CO
5
O5
05
11
11
07
6
1 to
100,000
ppm
0.005 to
0.05 mg/1
N/120
7
8
OU
MI
OU
CR
OU
CR
OU
9
Significant inhibition
occurred between 10
ppm and 100 ppm of
lead.
No stimulation or in-
hibition of growth,,
<5% of measured COD
was utilized.
Chemical was not
significantly degraded.
<5% of measured COD
was utilized-
Chemical was not
significantly degraded,,
Stimulated.
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
Id
2k -
3k
4a
5a
4d
5c
5g
4d
5c
5g
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
than lauric
12
acid dietha-
nolamide.
Growth of
Nitrosorfionas
studied.
Insecticide.
Insecticide,,
Acid solution
tested was
neutral ized
to pH 7.
15
39
53
53
15
-------
1
L-Malic
Acid
DL-Malic
Acid
Malonic
Acid
Malonic
Acid
(contd. )
2
OR
WA
OR
WA
-
OR
WA
OR
WA
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
-
4
CO
CO
CO
CO
5
07
07
07
07
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
N/120
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
ou
OU
ou
9
Chemical was oxidized
with 44.8% of TOD
exerted after 24 hr.
of oxidation. Haw-
ever in two cases an
8 hr. to 13 hr. lag
was indicated.
Chemical was oxidized
with 20.8% of TOD
exerted after 24 hr.
of oxidation. How-
ever, a 10 hr. to 16
hr. lag period was
indicated.
Stimulated.
Chemical inhibited
oxygen uptake. At 6
hr. and 24 hr0 , 1.2%
and 0.9%, respectively,
of TOD was exerted .
10
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
lb,2j
31, 3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
11
Degradation
of L-Malic
acid was
greater than
for DL-Malic
acid.
DL-Malic
acid was
more refrac-
tory than L-
Malic acid.
Acid solu-
tion tested
by neutra-
1 i zed to
pH 7.
The satura-
ted di -car-
boxy! ic
acids con-
taining 2 to
8 carbon
atoms were
more resis-
tant to
biological
12
49
49
15
49
-------
1
Malonic
Acid
( contd. )
Manebฎ
Manganese
Mn 2)
Manganese
(Mn*2)
2
OR
ST
IN
IN
3
SHC
NAR
SA
SA
4
CS
CN
HM
HM
5
11
05
05
6
12.5 to
100 mg/1
1 to
100,000
ppm
-
7
8
OU
CR
MI
OU
9
Chemical was rapidly
oxidized with 20% of
measured COD exerted.
Chemical was materially
degraded.
Concentrations at whid
the following effects
were observed:
stimulation- 12.5-
50 mg/1
inhibition- 50-100mg/l.
Approximately 10 ppm
caused significant
inhibition of Qฃ up-
take.
10
4d
5c
5g
Id
2k
3k
4a
5a
2h,31
4d,5e
5q,5h
11
oxidation
than were th<
the corres-
ponding mono-
carboxylic
acids. Most
of the di-
carboxyl ic
acids were
toxic.
:ungicide.
Growth of
^litrosomonas
studied.
12
53
39
15
-------
o
oo
1
Manganese
and
Cadmium
Mixture
Manganese
and
Zinc Mix-
ture
Mercury
(Mercuric,
Hg+2)
Mercury
(Mercuric,
Hg+0
j f
(contd.)
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
3
SA
CA
SA
CA
CA
CA
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
HM
HM
5
05
OS
05
05
05
05
6
100 ppm
Manganese,
10 ppm
cadmium
100 ppm
manganese,
10 ppm
zinc
0 to 200
mg/1
1 to 10
mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
OU
COD
COD
9
The Mn-Cd mixture was
more toxic or inhibi-
tory than was either
element individually.
The Mn-Zn mixture was
more toxic or inhibi-
tory than was either
element individually.
Inhibitory effect
indicated at 1 mg/1 of
chemical with complete
toxicity at 200 mg/1.
Removal efficiency not
affected by 1.0, 2.1 ,
or 2.5 mg/1 Hg+2;
however, 5.0 and 10
mg/1 significantly
retarded removal .
At 5 mq/l Hg , remo-
vals after 30 min.
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
Id
2j
31
3p
3q
4d
5a
5e
5f
5g
5h
51
Id
2j
31
4a
5a
5c
5e
5f
11
Chemical was
not assimi-
lated by the
sludge
organisms.
Cone.
measured as
mercuric
chloride,
Hg C12.
Normal mer-
cury cone.
in raw sewage
may be as
high as 0.01
mg/1 . A lag
j ง ^ * * *** j
time was
noted before
12
15
15
34
22
-------
1
Mercury
(contd.)
(contd. )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
OU
SP
9
and 1 hr. , were 60%
and 55% of that
realized by the con-
trol and 10 mg/1 Hg+2
41% and 33% of the
control . Removal by
control after 3 hr.
was 93% ; by 5 mg/1
fed unit - 86% after
5 hr; by 10 mg/1 fed
unit- 82% after 9 hr.
Doses of 1 to 2.5 mg/1
Hg+2 had little de-
tectable effect. 5
and 10 mg/1 had a
definite toxic or
inhibitory effect;
however, after 2 hr.
the 02 uptake rate for
the 5 mg/1 fed unit
was > that of the
control and after 4
hr. the rate for the
10 mg/1 fed unit was
greater than that for
control .
Inhibitory effect of 5
and 10 mg/1 of Hg+2
was most pronounced
for first hour when
10
5g
5h
51
6a
11
inhibition
of COD, re-
moval ; an
acclimation
to 10 mg/1
was noted
with time.
Threshold
concentra-
tion occurrec
between 2.5
and 5 mg/1
Hg+2, with
definite
inhibition at
doses > 5mg/l
Threshold
concentrator
was higher
than reportec
in other li-
terature,
possibly
because of a
greater MLVSS
concentrator
Mercury founc
to be more
toxic to cer-
tain aquatic
12
-------
1
Mercury
(contd.)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CR
9
rate of growth was
much slower than the
control .
After 5 hr., the MLVSS
growth rate for 5 mg/1
fed unit was 95% of
control . For the 10
mg/1 fed unit, 9 hr.
was required for growt
rate to reach 95% of
control .
51 to 58% reduction of
soluble Hg+2 in the
5 mg/1 and 10 mg/1
Hg+2 fed units after
6 hr. Removed largely
by adsorption or in-
corporation in cells,
with possibly some
volatilization.
10
i
11
organisms
than : Cu as
CuSO -5H 0,
ป _ *x ฃ
Cd as
^\ ^Xt^ *>*1 *Y s*V
CdCl . 2^ti O
fw ^5 ฃf
Zn as
ZnSO -7H O,
Cr as
K Cr 0 &
PB as PbCl
2
27 mg/1 HgCl2
reported to
cause 96%
inhibition of
respiration
and 99% inhi-
bition of
aerobic oxi-
dation and
anaerobic
fermentation
in biologica"
processes.
12
J
^
-------
1
Metals
(as ions)
2
IN
3
SA
4
HM
5
05
6
1 to 10
mg/1
7
.
8
pH
9
Inhibition by metals
is dependent on pH.
Inhibition decreases
markedly as pH in-
creases from pH6 to
pH8.
10
11
Drder of de-
creasing
toxic ity:
copper, lead,
cadmium,
zinc. The
jresence of
appreciable
concentrations
of soluble
sulfide and
toxic concentra
tions of heavy
metals are
mutually exclu-
sive. Sulfur
compounds or
ferrous sulfate
continuously
added should
protect diges-.
tion process
from occurrence
of toxic con-
centrations of
heavy metals.
12
51
-------
1
Metals'
(as ions)
Metals
(as ions)
(contd.)
2
IN
IN
3
SA
SA
4
HM
HM
5
05
05
6
7
a
so
9
Retarding effect
occurred after pro-
longed periods of oxi-
dation, rather than
during the initial
period.
10
6a
11
Overgrowth of
undesirable
organisms in
activated
sludge pro-
cess is con-
nected with
metal toxi-
city. When
sewage bac-
teria are
suppressed by
presence of
silver and
nickel , the
competition
is in favor
of Geotri-
chum candidum
which takes
over as pre-
dominant
species.
Order of de-
creasing toxi
city:
nickel , cop-
Der, chromic
chromium,
cadmium, zinc,
cobalt, chro-
ma te chromium
12
55
'
46
-------
1
Metals
(contd.)
Metals
(as ions)
2
IN
3
SA
4
HM
5
04
05
6
7
8
M
SMC
9
Acidic pH markedly
increased toxicity of
all metals, especially
copper and chromic
chromium.
l)Ag-0.03 to 0.27 mg/g
2JA1-4.4 to 32.2mq/g
3)Ba-0.7 to 3.0 mg/g
4) Be- not detected
5)Cd- not detected to
0.8 mg/g
6)Co- not detected
7)Cr-0.4 to 5.9 mg/g
8)Cu-0.9 to 6.0 mg/g
9)Fe-8.7to 27.4 mg/g
10)Hg-3.0 to 5.5y/g
ll)Mn-0.18 to 1.2 mg/g
12)Ni- not detected
13)Pb- 0.8 to 6.9 mg/g
14)Sr- not detected to
0.51 mg/g
15)V- not detected to
2.1 mg/g
16)Zn- 0.4 to 8.4 mg/g
10
Ic
4c
6a
n
Aluminum and
iron were
found in
greatest
quantities in
sewage
sludges.
^
12
58
-------
1
Metals
(as ions)
2
IN
3
SA
4
HM
5
03
04
05
6
7
8
SMC
9
Average activated
sludge metal content
(mg per gram dried
sludge) :
1)A1 - 10.0
2)As - 1.2
3)Ba - 1.15
4)Be - 0.0035
5)B - 0.07
6)Cd - 0.35
7)Ca - 13.0
8)Cr - 4.31
9)Co - 0.0016
10)Cu - 1.10
11 Fe - 40.5
12)Pb - 1.52
13)Mg - 7.04
14)Mn - 0.31
15)Ha - 0.016
16)Mo - 0.197
17)Ni - 0.378
18)P - 19.9
19)K - 4.21 '
20)Si - 39.5
21)Ag - 0.15
22)Na - 4.44
23)Sr - 0.155
24)S - 10.1
25)Sn - 0.5
26)Ti - 11 .8
27)V - 0.7
28)Zn - 3.29
29)Zr - 10.0
30)Ga - 0.05.
10 1 11
Ic [The following
4c petal concen-
6a trations were
greater in
[the activated
kludge than
in the pri-
mary sludge:
h)Al
E)Be
B)Cd
W)Cr
B)Fe
B)Pb
F)Hg
|)P
B)Na
ho)Sr
fl)Zr.
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
I
1
12
58
-------
1
Metal
Mixtures
(Cyanide
also
present)
Metal
Mixtures
C Cyanide
also
present)
(contd.)
2
IN
IN
3
SA
SA
4
HM
-
HM
5
05
13
05
13
6
0.79 mg/1
Chromium,
0.21 mg/1
Nickel ,
0.43 mg/1
Copper,
1.86 mg/1
Zinc,
1.53 mg/1
Cyanide
0.4 mg/1
Copper,
4.0 mg/1
Chromium,
2.0 mg/1
Nickel,
2.5 mg/1
Zinc
7
App.
90%
for
Zinc
54%
for
Cop-
per ,
3/%
for
Chrc
miurr
31%
for
Nic-
kel
at
all
the
con-
can -
tra-
tior
R .
BOD
SMC
CR
6
COD
N
DO
SMC
SDI
VSS
9
92% reduction.
Chromium concentration
was 15 times greater
;han concentration in
influent sewage; nickel
12 times greater;
copper, 19 times
greater; zinc, 28 times
greater.
Cyanide was almost
completely removed,,
Little effect on
aerobic process.
Removal efficiency
dropped 5%,
Almost completely
inhibited.
Mixed liquor and final
effluent concentrations
were higher than those
of control unit.
Mixed liquor had affin-
ity for metals in fol-
lowing order: zinc,"
copper, chromium,
nickel .
Twice the control-
8% less than control.
10
6a
>
Ib
2h
31
3p
4b
5b
5c
5h
51
. 5k
11
Metals became
associated
with sludge.
Digested
sludge con-
tained metal
concentra-
tions 270 to
400 times
greater than
the raw sew-
age.
Total metal
concentration
8.9 mg/1
Total cyanide
concentration
4.3 mg/1.
Chromium
removal was
most varia-
ble because
it is
affected by
dissolved
oxygen in
system.
A nonsyner-
gistic effect
of combina -
tions of met-
als was
recognized.
1?
46
12
-------
o\
I- 1
2
Metal
Mixtures
(contd.)
(Cyanide
also
present.)
j
3
4
5
1
5 I 6
L 4 mg/1
Copper,
[2.0 mg/1
Nickel ,
E.5 mg/1
jZinc
0.3 mg/1
Copper,
0.5 mg/1
Nickel,
1.2 mg/1
JZinc
7
ra-
tions
stu-
died.
8
G
COD
N
DO
SDI
VSS
G
BOD
SS
SDI
VSS
9
Little effect on
aerobic process.
Removal efficiency
dropped 5%.
Inhibited.
Mixed liquor and final
effluent concentration
were higher than those
of control unit.
Greater than twice the
control .
5% less than control.
Borderline effect on
aerobic process.
Removal was more
efficient than
occurred in the con-
trol unit.
60% greater than
control .
3% less than control.
10
11
Total metal
concentration
=4.9 mg/1.
Total cyanide
concentration
=4.3 mg/1.
Total metal
concentration
=2.0 mg/1.
Total cyanide
concentration
= 2.0 mg/1.
Effluent of
metal-fed
unit was low-
er in BOD and
SS because of
more efficien
settling of
the heavier
sludge.
12
-------
]
i Milan ii .
Metal
Mixtures
Methanol
Methanol
2
MMlM-i
IN
OR
OR
3
MrtMBMH
SA
SHC
MAP
SHC
NAF
4
^W^VM^M^MI
HM
CO
CO
*Refer to Reference No.
5
^^^H
05
20
20
6
IW^MMซB_ซ>WIMHซWซ.ซ.
1 to 9
mg/1
997 mg/1
500 mg/1
7 for additiona
7
^^^^HM
30%
to
50%
8
^^^AtfftHVflBB
G
PH
SS
BOD
OU
OU
9
^M ((^^WIM WO^^B^B^BW ป
Total combined metal
concentrations of up
to 9 mg/1 caused no
serious reduction in
aerobic or anaerobic
processes.
Decreased from 7.1 to
6.8 after 24 hr. of
aeration.
Decreased an average
of 172 mg/1 from an
average initial cone.
of 2026 mg/1.
2.4% to 5.7% removed
in 24 hr.
36 to 41 mg Oo used in
24 hr. 2.4% to 2.7%
of TOD exerted in 24
hr.
110 mgOo used in 24 hr.
14.6% of TOD exerted.
Oxygen uptake was
37% less than control
after 24 hr.
10
^^l
lc,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5h
5j,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
2j
3k
31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
n
^^^J
Combination
of metals -
Chromium,
Copper, Zinc
and Nickel.
Aerated la-
goon treat-
ment.
Oxygen uptake
was 82% less
than control
after 24 hr.
of aeration.
There was a
3 hr. to 5 hi
lag period
before Op
consumption
commenced.
12
ซ
5
9*
52*
i
data.
-------
00
1
Methanol
7-Methyl -
1,2 -
benzanthra-
cene
2-Methyl -
benzene-
carbo-
nitrile
(o-tolu-
nitrile)
3-Methyl -
benzene-
carbo-
nitrile
(rn-tolu-
nitrile)
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
HC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CN
CN
5
20
21
15
15
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
75%
to
85%
8
OU
ou
OU
9
Inhibited oxygen uptake
at least 24 hr. One
sludge was capable of
exerting 3.1% of TOD
after 144 hr. of oxi-
dation.
Toxic at up to 72 hr.
of oxidation.
Toxic at up to 72 hr.
of oxidation.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
lb,2j
31, 3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
11
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
plant. At 80%
300 removal ,
achieved 84%
chemical
removal .
Chemical
exhibited a
toxic or
inhibitory
effect but
was slowly
oxidized in
one case.
Aromatic moi
litrile.
Aromatic
nononitrile.
12
33*
44
10-
A *"*
43
43
*Refer to Reference No. 47 for additional data.
-------
1
4-Methyl-
benzene
carbo*-
nitrile
(p-tolu-
nitrile)
20-Methyl -
cholan-
threne
Methyl -
ethyl -
pyridine
Methyl
Parathion
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
HC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CN
CN
CP
CN
CO
CS
5
15
19
20
11
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
10%
to
30%
8
OU
ou
OU
CR
9
Toxic at up to 72 hr.
of oxidation.
Chemical showed both
toxic or inhibitory
effect, and the abilitj
to undergo slow bio-
logical oxidation. Up
to 9.3% of TOD exerted
after 144 hr. of
oxidation.
Less than 5% of mea-
sured COD was utilized
Chemical not signifi-
cantly degraded.
10
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5q
5h,5i
5t
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
4d
5c
5g
11
Aromatic
mononitrile.
Doubling
MLSS to
5000 mg/1 did
not improve
degree of
biological
oxidation
after 144 hr.
Aerated la-
goon treat-
nent.
-
\2
43
44
9
53
-------
NJ
O
1
2-Naphthyl-
amine
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
CN
5
21
18
18
18
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
70%
to
90%
85%
to
95%
8
OU
ou
9
Toxic, oxygen uptake
was inhibited by
chemical .
.
Inhibitory to oxygen
uptake for up to 24 hr
After 144 hr. of oxi-
dation, -up to 64.2%
of TOD exerted.
10 1 11
lb,2j Introduction
31 ,3q of ami no
4d,5e group in-
5h,5t creased
refractory
nature of
{naphthalene.
la,2i Derated la-
31 ,4c goon treat-
5a,5b pent.
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i Completely
31 ,4c mixed acti-
5b,5d vated sludge
5e,5g process.
5h,5i
5k 1
lb,2j While naph-
31 ,3q thalene was
4d,5e degraded,
5h,5t 2-naphthala-
jmine was
toxic; intro-
duction of
amino group
increased
[refractory
(nature.
12
44
9
33
44
-
-------
1-0
I mg/i to
2.5 mg/i
Lowest continuous dose
that causes an effect.
50 mg/1 to
200 mg/1
Lowest 4 hr. duration
slug dose which would
produce a 24 hr. effec
on the effluent.
15% of added metal was
found in the activated
sludge and 2.5% was ~
found in the raw sludgi
Nickel
Ni+2)
12% of metal tied up
in sludge.
rand Rapids,
Mich.
Richmond,
Indiana.
78% of metal
in sludge.
Nickel passed through
treatment plants in
primarily a soluble
form.
lc,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5h
rand Rapids,
.-overall
emoval.
Richmond,Ind-
overall re-
no val.
Bryan, Ohio-
secondary
-emoval.
jrand Rapids,
^ich. -secon-
dary removal.
*Refer to Reference No. 15 and 58 for additional data,
-------
K>
1
Nickel
(contd.)
Nickel
( Ni+2)
2
IN
3
CA
4
HM
5
05
6
0.03 mg/1
7 to 30
mg/1
7
33%
-
8
9
10 1 11
Richmond, I nd-
Jsecondary
removal.
6a Nickel con-
centration
[increased
slightly after
chlori nation
jof a munici-
pal water
supply.
12
1
-------
ro
1
Nickel
( Ni+2)
2
IN
3
CA
4
HM
5
05
6
1 to
10 mg/1
25 mg/1
and
50 mg/1
200 mg/1
7
28% to
42%
8
COD
T
SS
BOD
G
BOD
COD
T
SS
9
Greater than 5 mg/1 of Ni
significantly reduced COD
removal efficiency.
Increased Ni concentra-
tions caused increased
turbidity.
Activated sludge showed
no affinity for Ni .
BOD removal decreased 51
at 5 mg/1 and 10 mg/1
Ni concentration.
Slug doses over 4 hr.
period did not greatly
stress system.
Slug dose resulted in
4 times the normal efflu-
ent BOD concentration and
3 times the normal COD
concentration. SS and
turbidity were similarly
affected. System returnei
to normal in 40 hrs.
10
lb,2g
31 ,3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
lb,2h
31,3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
11
1 mg/1 is near
the threshold
where the
.activated sludg
process is
affected.Nickel
in final ef-
fluent is in
solution.
Effects of Ni
did not in-
crease linearly
/vith increased
chemical concen^
;ration, i .e. ,
;here is a pla-
teau effect.
Ni content of
final effluent
peaked 10
hr. after slug.
After 8 hr. ,
60% of Ni in
the final
effluent was ir
solution.
After 20 hr. ,
all Ni in the
effluent was
in the soluble
form.
T?
12
X
-------
1
Nickel
( N1 +2)
Nickel
/M-J+2 \
(Ni <- )
Nickel
/ M ' \L- \
(Ml * )
2
IN
IN
IN
3
CA
CA
CA
4
HM
HM
HM
5
05
05
U5
6
200 mg/1
0.27 mg/1
1 to
2.5 mg/1
50 to
200 mg/1
7
-
a
SAND
CR
G
G
$
No effect on gas produc-
tioru .
Primary sedimentation
reduced Ni concentration
about 20% and was unaf-
fected by biological
activity during sedimen-
tation. Lime effective-
ly removed Ni; aluminum
sulphate did not improve
removal; sulfuric acid
completely suppressed
removal . Activated
sludge removed 30% of the
Ni found in settled
sewage. 70% passed out
in .effluent.
Threshold limit before
significant reduction in
aerobic treatment effici-
ency.
Will cause adverse effect.
10
lb,2h
3m, 3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
Ib
2g
31
4c
lb,2g
31, 4b
lb,2h
31,4b
I
Digested sludges
had low soluble
Ni concentra-
tions due to
the long deten-
tion time, high
alkalinity,
sulfide content
and hydroxyl
ion concentra-
tion.
Slug dose over
4 hr.
1?
12
6O
6
-------
to
1
Nickel
Ni+2)
11 1 ;
Nickel and
Copper
Mixture
(ions)
Nickel and
Cyanide
Mixture
(ions)
Nitriles
(contd.)
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OR
3
CA
CA
CA
CA
AN
SHC
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
CN
5
05
05
05
05
15
15
6
10 mg/1
10 ppm
nickel ,
10 ppm
copper
10 ppm
nickel ,
100 ppm
cyanide
500 mg/1
7
28%
8
SMC
OU
OU
g
2.5% of metal fed was
found in primary sludge.
15% of metal fed found in
excess activated sludge.
72% of metal fed found
in final effluent.
Nickel -copper mixture was
more toxic than was eithet
nickel or copper alone.
Nickel -cyanide mixture
was more toxic or inhibi-
tory than nickel alone,
but less toxic or inhibi-
tory than cyanide alone.
1b
lb,2h
31,4b
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
Ib
2j
31
3p
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
5i
5t
11
Activated
sludge showed
very poor
removal of Ni
with almost
75% passing
straight
through.
See Cyanide
entry on p. 21 .
Mononitriles
are toxic, in-
hibitory or
very resistant
to biological
oxidation in 6
or 24 hrs.
Refractory
nature or toxic
effect de-
creases with
increasing
chain length.
Dinitriles are
toxic, inhibi-
tory or very
rp<;i<:tant to
rm
b
15
Ib
43
-------
ON
1
Ni tri 1 es
(contd.)
Nitriles
2
OR
3
SHC
4
CN
5
15
-\
6
^
500 mg/~
7
a
$
1n
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5q,5h
5t
n
biological oxi-
dation for
detention times
up to 72 hr.
Aromatic
nitriles were
all toxic.
Presence of
cyanide group
reduces sus-
pectibility of
a molecule to
biological
oxidation.
Acclimation of
sludge did not
improve nitrilt
removal .
_ Cyanide repla-
cing carboxyl
grouping of
saturated acid
greatly reducec
oxidizability,
Mono- and di-
nitriles acted
similarly.
Acclimation of
sludges to
nitriles did
not occur in
24 hr.
12
49
-------
ro
1
Nitriles
?
OR
3
HC
4
CN
5
15
6
22 to
266 mg/1
7
8
CR
BOD
SP
SD1
Ml
d
Nitrile reduction was
generally good. Benzo-
and adipo-nitnle were
less toxic and more
amendable to treatment
than other nitriles
studied.
Removal was good; aceto-
nitrile caused lowest
BOD removal .
Solids production varied;
benzonitrile caused high-
est sludge production.
High (1.5 to 3.2) for all
systems fed nitriles due
to less efficient reten-
tion of lighter solids
in clarifier.
Nitriles inhibited fungi
growth. Lactonitrile
inhibited protozoan
growth.
10
Id
21
31
3p
4a
5a
5b
5c
5h
5i
5k
5n
5t
n
Nitriles stu-
died included:
1) aceto-
2) adipo-
3) benzo-
4) acrylo-
5) lacto-
5) oxydipropio-.
Ability to re-
cover from over
loads varied
greatly with
recovery to
acrylonitrile
the slowest.
Recovery usual I/
required 1-3
days. Cross
acclimation to
various ni-
triles existed
in some cases.
12
41
-------
to
oo
1
Nitrilo tri-
acetate
(NTA)
(See also
Tri sodium
Nitrilotri-
acetate ,
p. 173.
Nitrilotri-
acetic Acid
(NTA)
Nitrite
Nitro-
benzene
2
OR
OR
AC
IN
OR
3
5HC
MR
SHC
\IAR
we
AN
SHC
<\R
4
CN
CO
CO
CN
CN
CO
5
21
21
04
20
6
20 to
500 mg/1
Up to
110 mg/1
1 to
100,000ppr
500 mg/1
7
8
COD
SP
SSR
CR
BOD
G
OU
OU
$
Up to 200 mg/1 of NTA
showed no effect on these
parameters.
>90% removal after
acclimation (3 hr. and
6 hr. retention). Removal
by adsorption onto sludge
played, at most, a minor
role in NTA removal .
Oxygen requirement of
NTA varied from 0.61 to
0.72 mg/1 of 02 per mg/1
of NTA after 20 days of
oxidation.
After acclimation, NTA
did not affect performanc<
of lab units.
Concentrations greater
than 10 ppm significantly
inhibited Oo uptake.
Toxicity reflected by
inhibition of oxygen up-
take for up to 144 hrs.
of oxidation.
'0
Id
2g
2k
31
3p
4a
5c
5e
5h
Id
2k
3k
4d
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
11
Presence of
iron in a 1:1
ratio did not
affect biode-
gradability
of NTA. Accli-
mation period
of 2-3 weeks
was necessary
for full chemi-
cal degradatior
in 6 hr. reten-
tion time.
One week accli-
mation period
was necessary
before NTA was
readily degrad-
ed.
12
64
54
Ib
44
-------
NJ
1
Ni tro-
benzene
Nitro-
benzene
2-Nitro-
fluorene
Octyl
Alcohol
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
NAR
4
CN
CN
CO
CO
CN
CO
5
20
20
21
n
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
75% to
85%
8
OU
OU
Ul
9
Toxic or inhibitory
during first 24 hr. of
aeration.
Two sludges were able to
readily, but slowly,
oxidize' the chemical; up
to 13.7% of TOD was
exerted after 144 hr.
In a third case, the
chemical was toxic.
avalue for 1 mg/1 of
chemical was 0.99; for
10 mg/1, a = 0.92.
10
Id
2j
31
3p
4a
5e
5g
lb,2j
31,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
la, 21
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
n
Complete remov
al of substrat
primarily by
biooxidation,
with possibly
some stripping
Possible for-
mation of un-
identified
degradation
product.
Completely
mixed activa-
ted sludge pro-
cess. At 80%
BOD removal ,
75% chemical
removal was
achieved.
12
47
4b
44
33
-------
1
Octyl
Alcohol
p.tert- Octyl
phenoxy-
nonaethoxy-
ethanol
(OPE1Q)
(Triton
X-100)
2
OR
OR
3
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
CO
CO
5
21
21
6
5 and
10 mg/1
7
30% to
50%
>90%
8
CR
G
BOD
SVI
SP
9
Degradation of OPE^n was
associated with high loss
of surfactant properties.
There was no build up of
OPE-jQ in the sludge.
Foaming problems did not
occur.
Removals were not
appreciably affected by
OPE-|Q addition.
Not affected.
An increase was noted.
10
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
Ib
2g
21
31
4a
4c
5a
5b
5d
5e
5h
51
6a
n
Aerated lagoon
treatment.
Chemical was a
nonionic sur-
factant. Exten-
ded aeration
treatment pro-
cess was util-
ized. Acclima-
tion period of
2 weeks was
noted in lab
studies, but
none was indi-
cated in field
work. Sludges
acclimated to
OPE-,Q were alsc
capaole of
readily degrad-
ing other non-
ionic surfac-
tants .
12
9
35
-------
1
on
Compounds
(contd.)
2
3
4
-
5
6
7
8
MI
CR
SSR
$
Do not exhibit toxic or
inhibiting effect on
microorganisms.
Materials were degraded
to some degree.
Compounds collect in floe
and outside cell wall .
Undesirable settling
may be expected when oil
content approaches B% of
MLSS in batch system;
somewhat higher for
continuous system.
Settling problems devel-
oped at loading rates of
0.075 to 0.1 Ib. of oil
per lb..of sludge when
sludge density was re-
duced below 1.016, the
density of a well set-
tling sludge.
10
Ib
2j
31
4b
4d
5b
5c
5e
5g
5h
51
5k
11
Oils studied
were:
1 )crankcase oi
2)vegetable
oil
3) refinery oil
4) crude oil
5)benzene
derivatives
a)benzene
b) toluene
c)ethyl ben-
zene
d)m-propyl
benzene .
Sludge density
conditions con-
trol allowable
oading of oil ,
especially with
unacclimated
sludge. Maxi-
mum safe oil
oading was 5%
of mixed
iquor weight.
Successive slug
oads before
system has
returned to nor-
mal have a
cumulative
effect.
12
29
-------
OJ
NJ
1
Oil
Compounds
(contd.)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
OT
TP
DT
ง
Was not influenced because
floe adsorbed oily com-
pounds before an inter-
face impeding oxygen
transfer developed.
Effects were typical for
biological systems.
Oil loading rate more
directly controls system
performance than does
detention time.
16
11
Acclimated sys-
tem can toler-
ate a loading
of 0.1 Ib. of
hexane extract-
ables per Ib.
MLSS.
Desirable to
limit influent
oil concentra-
tion to less
than 50 mg/1 .
When lower
levels of emul-
sificants occur
aeration fol-
lowed by gravi-
ty settling is
sufficient.
Where signifi-
cant emulsifi-
cation occurs,
dissolved air
flotation may
be used. In
extreme cases,
chemical addi-
tives produce
satisfactory
effluents.
12
-------
CO
OJ
1
Oil,
Crankcase
(can contain
heavy metals
Oil,
Crude
Oil , Mineral
2
3
4
5
6
226 mg/1
(185 mg/1
hexane
solubles)
82 mg/1
(38 mg/1
hexane
solubles)
1000 mg/1
7
8
OU
BOD
OU
SVI
pH
SS
OU
9
The Op uptake rate of 46
mg/l/nr. was slightly
less than the rate of the
control . 0.075 mg Qฃ
utilized per mg hexane
extractables added.
Removal efficiency was
similar to that for the
control unit, >93%.
The 02 uptake rate of
50 mg/l/hr was the same
as the rate of the con-
trol unit. 0.71 mg 02
utilized per mg hexane
extractable added.
39.3.
Decreased from 7.1 to
5.5 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
Increased by an average
of 244 mg/1 from an
average initial cone, of
2976 mg/1.
Chemical greatly inhibitei
oxygen consumption. After
24 hr. of oxidation, the
chemical fed unit con-
sumed
-------
1
Oil, Olive
Oil,
Refinery
Oil,
Vegetable
?
'A
4
5
6
916 tng/1
88 mg/1
(44 mg/1
hexane
soluble)
148 mg/1
(132 mg/1
hexane
soluble)
7
R
SVI
PH
ss
ou
ou
BOD
OU
BOD
9
49.
>ecreased from 6.9 to 6.1
during 24 hr. of aeration.
Increased by an average
of 448 mg/1 from an ini-
tial average cone, of
3316 mg/1 .
Inhibited oxygen consump-
tion to one-third to
one-half the consumption
of the control .
The 0? uptake rate of
72 mg/l/hr was 44% greater
than the rate of the con-
trol unit.
Removal efficiency was
similar to that for the
control unit, 94%.
The Op uptake rate of 65'
mg/1 /Fir was 30% greater
than the rate of the
control .
0.68 mg Qฃ were used per
mg hexane extractables
added.
Removal efficiency was
similar to that for the
control unit, >94%.
In
>j,31
3k, 4a
5a ,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
lb,2j
31,4b
5b,5c
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
lb,2j
31,4b
5b,5c
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
11
Oxygen consump-
tion showed a
lag for the
first 3 hr.
12
52
29
29
-------
(-0
Ui
1
Oil,
Emulsified
Oil
Refinery
Wastewaters
2
3
-
4
5
-
6
220 mg/1
Waste
contained:
oil-20ppm,
phenol -
11.4 ppm,
HpS- up to
15ppm
7
8
CR
9"
3henol removal exceeded
95%.
3il removal was >50%.
10
6a
la
2g
31
3p
4c
5a
5b
5d
5h
51
11
Oil, 200 mg/1
phenol , and 250
mg/1 sulfide
from petroleum
processing
plant was satis
factorily
treated by
activated
sludge.
Phenol removal
was >95% at
following oper-
ating conditio
1)ORP Of +100
mv to +200 mv
2)D.O. of 1.5
to 3 ppm
3)oH of 6.0 to
8.5
4)suspended
solids of
3000 to
11 ,000 ppm
5)SVI of 27 to
51
6)air supply of
900 cu.ft./
Ib. BOD re-
moved.
I?
46
74
is:
-------
Ui
1
Oleic Acid
Organic
Acids
Oxalic Acid
2
OR
WA
OR
WA
OR
AC
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
3HC
\IAR
4
CO
CO
CO
5
08
07
08
07
6
N/120
250 to
720 mg/1
250 mg/1
720 mg/1
7
.
8
OU
CR
SVI
PH
ss
BOD
OU
OU
9
Inhibited.
30% to 80% of the organic
acids was removed by
oxidation and 10% to 60%
by conversion to proto-
plasm.
87.7.
Decreased from 7.2 to 6.9
during 24 hr. of aeration
Slight increase in
concentration in 24 hr.
37.5% to 45% removed in
24 hr.
Significantly inhibited
oxygen consumption. None'
of the TOD was exerted
after 24 hr.
Oxygen consumption was
inhibited. After 24 hr.
of aeration 02 consumpr
tion was less than after
5 hr. of aeration; this
was also true for the
percentage of TOD exerted
16
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2j,3k
31,4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
2j
3k
. 31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
t
V
Acid solution
tested
neutral
pH 7.
At 250
oxalic
caused
was
ized to
mg/1
acid
a nega-
tive oxygen
consumption for
24 hr.
of
aeration. In-
creased chemi-
cal cone, re-
sulted
in less
inhibition of
oxygen
uptake.
12
15
52
52<
*Refer to References No. 15 and 49 for respirometer data.
-------
LO
1
Oxalic Acid
Oxydi pro-
pi onitrile
Paraldehyde
Parathion
2
OR
AC
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CN
CO
CO
CS
CP
CO
CN
5
15
15
21
11
6
500 mg/1
113 to
170 mg/1
7
30% to
50%
8
OU
CR
G
OU
CR
9"
Oxygen consumption was
inhibited for up to 24 hr
of oxidation. After 6 hr.
4.5% of TOD exerted,
after 12 hr., 0.4% was
exerted.
55% of influent nitrogen
as nitrile resulted in
effluent containing 75%
oxidized nitrogen (NOz
and N03) . Removal in
sludge was approximately
10%.
Performance was good
thus suggesting higher
loadings could be handled
<5% of measured COD
was utilized.
Chemical was not signifi-
cantly degraded.
10
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
Id, 21
31,3p
4a,5a
5b,5c
5h,5i
5k, 5n
5t
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i ,5k
4d
5c
5g
11
Toxicity of
chemical in-
creased with
increasing
oxidation time
Acclimation wa
necessary for
chemical oxi-
dation. Length
of acclimation
period varied
and increased
with decreasing
temperature.
Dense floe was
produced.
Aerated lagoon
treatment.
Insecticide.
12
49
r
41
9
53
-------
OJ
00
1
Pentachloro
phenol
Penta-
erythritol
Pentamethyl-
benzene
Pentanamide
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
MR
HC
AR
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CH
CO
CO
CN
5
11
20
18
20
6
150 mg/1
75 mg/1
0 to
1000 ppm
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
. 7
R
OU
CR
OU
CR
OU
OU
OU
$
Oxygen utilization was at
least 10% < that of the
control after 300 min.
Substrate was not de-
jjraded.
< 5% of measured COD
was utilized.
Chemical was not signifi-
cantly degraded.
No toxic effect provided
pH was maintained at 7.0.
The chemical was toxic or
inhibitory during first
24 hr. of aeration.
Readily, but slowly,
oxidized for first 12 hr.,
more rapidly between 12
hr. and 24 hr. , with
13.6% of TOD exerted
after 24 hr. of oxidation
16
4d
5c
5g
la,2j
31,4a
4c,4d
5a,5b
5c,5e
5g,5i
5k, 5n
lb,2j
31,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5g
5h
5t
11
Herbicide.
Consti tuent of
formaldehyde
production
wastewater.
12
53
16
45
49
-------
10
VO
1
Pentane
Pentane-
dinitrile
|
2
OR
OR
3
HC
NAR
5HC
IAR
4
CN
5
18
15
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
9
Pentane was oxidized by
one sludge in 72 hr.
(8.3% of TOD exerted) but
was resistant or inhibi-
tory to the two other
sludges.
The chemical was toxic at
oxidation periods of up
to 72 hr.
10
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
n
Corresponding
nitrile had up
to 18.1% of
TOD exerted in
72 hr.; cor-
responding di-
nitrile was
toxic; and cor-
responding
monocarboxylic
acid had up to
44.7% of TOD
exerted after
72 hr. of oxi-
dation.
Di nitrile com-
pound was toxic
while corres-
ponding nitrile
had up to 18.1%
of TOD exerted
in 72 hr; the
alkane (pen-
tane) had 8.3%
exerted; and
the monocar-
boxyl acid
(pentanoic or
valeric acid)
had up to 44.75?
of TOD exerted
in 72 hr. of
oxidation.
rm
*3
43
-------
-C-
o
1
Pentane-
dinitrile
Pentane-
nitrile
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CN
CN
-
b
15
15
6
500 rng/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
9
Readily^ but slowly,
oxidized with 2.9% of
TOD exerted after 24 hr.
of oxidation. Oxygen up-
take did not plateau but
continued to increase
throughout the 24 hr. of
oxidation.
Toxic or inhibitory to
two sludges at oxidation
periods up to 24 hr. The
chemical was appreciably
oxidized by one sludqe
in 72 hr. (18.1% of TOD
exerted) .
10
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5t
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
11
Chemical was
oxidized more
slowly
than
pentanenitrile
Mononitrile
compound.
Corresponding
di ni tri
le was
toxic at 72 hr.
of oxidation,
while the
alkane
(pen-
tane) had up to
8.3% of
exerted
TOD
; and
the monocarbox-
ylic acid
(pentanoic) had
up to 44.7% of
TOD exerted in
72 hr.
c.
49
43
-------
1
Pentane-
nitrile
Peptone
Petro-
chemical
Waste
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
4
CN
CN
5
15
21
6
500 mg/1
720 mg/1
7
8
OU
pH
SS
BOD
OU
OU
9
Readily but slowly, oxi-
dized. Percent of TOD
exerted was greater after
12 hr. of oxidation than
after 24 hr. at 5.9% and
3.8% respectively. Oxygen
uptake plateaued at
approximately 18 hr.
Decreased from 7.4 to an
average of 6.8 during 24
hr. of aeration.
Increased by 336 mg/1 in
24 hr from an initial
cone, of 2172 mg/1 .
98% removal in 24 hr.
Op uptake was greatly
stimulated; chemical fed
unit consumed 24 times
more 02 than the control .
Increased from 0.2 Ib.
0?/day/lb of MLVSS at
^<0.1 Ib BOD removed/
day/lb MLVSS to 0.9 Ib
02/day/lb. of MLVSS at
170 Ib. of BOD removed/
day/lb. of MLVSS.
U
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5g,5h
5t
2j,31
3k, 4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
6a
11
Chemical was
more rapidly
oxidized than
pentanedini-
trile.
Both pure cul-
ture zoogleal
sludge
and
activated
sludge
showed
similar results
Oxygen
consump-
tion increased
with increased
organic loading
rra
49
52
75
-------
Petro-
chemical
Wastewaters
NJ
(contd.)
CR
SSR
SVI
BOD
All organic compounds
except 1,4-dioxane,
1,1,2-trichlorethane,
2-ethyl-l-hexanol, and
acetophenone showed sig-
nigicant degrees of re-
moval .
Addition of
required.
H3P04
was
Lack of phosphorus resul-
ted in a poor settling
sludge; addition of
HoPO/i improved settleabil
0 *
ity.
Index was reduced to 75
to 100 ml/gm after
addition of H3P04;
previously it was 400 to
700 ml/gm.
Removal ranged from 70%
to 84% with BOD loadings
of 144 to 177 lb/ cu.ft./
day.
IQ I n 112;
la Waste containeq76
2g following com-
2h pounds:
31 l)diethyl ethetf
4c 2)propylene
5a oxide
5b 3)acetone
5c 4)ethyl acetat<
5d 5)isopropyl
5e acetate
5f 6)benzene
5g 7)n-propyl ace
5h tate
5i 8)toluene
5k 9)1,4-dioxane
51 10)ethylbenzene
11jbutanol
12)2-ethyl-l-
hexylaldehyde
13)1,1,2-trich-
lorethane
14)l-hexanol
15)2-ethyl-l-
hexanol
16)acetophenone
17)other un-
knowns .
Shock loads
caused reduc-
tion in oxida-
tive capacity
and sludge
-------
OJ
1
Petro-
chemical
Wastewaters
( contd. )
Petro-
chemical
plant
Wastewater
(contd.)
?.
*
3
^^^
4
in , .
5
20
- , 1,
6
^WHBMMMMBMhMMl
7
T
8
TP
G
OU
HRT
N
M^B^MMM
9
Elevated temperatures of
wastes are detrimental to
microorganism floccula-
tion and separation.
Surfactants caused
foaming problems.
Great oxygen demand often
can not be satisfied,
even at long retention
times .
Long retention times are
required for satisfactory
removal efficiencies.
Inhibited.
HHHiaMHB^B^H^HBHBBHHBBBHMHiHMBMIIB^HWMHMHHMi
10
la
2g
3m
4a
4b
5c
5e
51
5k
5r
7a
,^BMH^^_
n
settleability;
temperature
shocks had
similar effects
Chemicals of
greatest
concern in
shock loads
were:
l)alicylic un-
saturated
compounds
2)mercaptan
and sulfone
compounds
3)surfactants.
Problems with
aerobic, bio-
logical sys-
tems for treat
ment of these
wastes are
numerous;
therefore ana-
erobic systems
were studied.
^^WMM^^VMIMMH^MI^MMBM
E
77
-------
1
Petro-
chemical
Plant
Wastewater
(contd. )
Petro-
chemical
Waste-
water
2
3
4
5
6
Average
COD-
2970 mg/1
7
8
SP
SSR
BOD
COD
SVI
OU
DE
9
There were large volumes
of sludge of which to
dispose.
Settleability decreased
rapidly at loading rates
>1.0 Ib. COD/day/lb. MLSS.
Removal efficiency de-
creased steadily as organ-
ic loading increased from
98% at 0.1 Ib. BOD/day/lb.
solids to 63% at 1.5 Ib.
BOD/day/lb. MLSS.
Removal efficiency para-
lleled BOD removal effi-
ciency; however, highest
efficiency was 72% at loac
ing rate of 0.2 Ib.
COD/day/lb. MLSS.
Index increased rapidly
for loading >1 .2 Ib.
COD/day/lb. MLSS.
Op consumption per gram o1
sludge increased with
increased loading rates.
Consumption was greater
than for unit fed domestic
waste.
Enzyme activity closely
related to Qฃ uptake and
increased as organic load-
ing increased.
1
0
la
2g
31
4a
5b
5c
5g
5k
7a
-
Waste was not
inhibitory at
organic load-
ings <0.8 Ib.
COD/day/lb. MLSS
Waste was not
as rapidly
degraded as
domestic sewage
fed at similar
loading rates.
Dehydrogenase
measurement
proved to be
valid as a true
sludge-activity
parameter.
12
1
-------
Ui
1
Phenan-
threne
Phenol
Phenol
2
OR
OR
OR
3
HC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CO
5
19
12
12
6
500 mg/1
200 mg/1
7
95%
8
OU
9
Chemical was oxidized
very slowly for first
72 hr. Up to 45.7% of
TOD exerted after 144
hr. of oxidation.
10
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5h,5t
6a
ld,2j
31, 3p
4a,5e
5g
11
Activated
sludge used
to treat dis-
charge from
petroleum
)rocessing
)lant contain
ing 220 mg/1
emulsified
Dil and 200
ng/1 phenol .
Substrate was
nologically
oxidized in
an acclimated
system.
12
44
46
47
-------
Phenol
OR
SHC
AR
CO
12
6
10 mg/1
and
20 mg/1
CD
la,2g
31,3p
4b,5a
5b,5c
5e,5h
i,5k
BOD removal efficiency
was 58%.
Higher tem-
peratures
esulted in
improved
phenol re-
noval .
Demand increased with
increasing phenol con-
centration, and de-
creased with increas-
ing chlorine applica-
tion.
10
Id
2j
31
3p
4a
5e
5g
n
robable pro-
ucts of
hlorination
f phenol:
)o-chloro-
phenol,
>)p-chloro-
phenol,
)2,4-dichloro-
phenol,
4)2,6-dichloro-
phenol,
)2,4,6-tri-
chlorophenol,
and
)non-aromatic
Dxidation
products.
-------
1
Phenol
(In Weak
Ammonia
Liquor)
Phenol
2
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CO
5
12
12
6
10 to 30
Ib. phenol/
day/ 100
cu.ft. of
aerator
volume or
0.43 to
0.93 Ib.
of phenol
per day/
Ib. of
sludge in
aerator.
500 mg/1
7
grea
ter
than
99.8%
8
.
OU
9
Up to 11 .6% of TOD
exerted after 72 hr.
of oxidation.
10
lb,2g
31,4b
5a,5e
5f,5h
51
la,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5j
11
deak ammonia
liquor con-
taining
Dhenol was
efficiently
treated.
<\mmonia cone.
jreater than
2000 mg/1
caused bio-
logical in-
n'bition and
lecreased
)henol oxida-
tion rates.
fhiocyanate
'emoval varied
^omplexed
cyanides did
not affect
treatment.
Nitrification
did not occur;
12
32
13
-------
00
1
Phenol
p-Phenyl-
azoaniline
p-Phenyl-
azophenol
2
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CN
CO
CN
5
12
12
12
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
ou
OU
9
Uptake inhibited for
first 24 hr. of oxida-
tion. Up to 41.2% of
TOD exerted in 144 hr.
One sludge readily
began to oxidize the
chemical; however,
after 72 hr. toxicity
effect was evident
by the inhibition of
oxygen uptake. Second
sludge demonstrated a
6 hr. lag period before
oxidation. Chemical
inhibited oxygen uptake
by third sludge for up
to 144 hr. of oxidatior
Chemical toxic to one
sludge. Another sludge
readily began to oxi-
dize chemical , but
after 72 hr. toxicity
was reflected by in-
hibition of oxygen
uptake. Third sludge
demonstrated 6 hr. lag
period then slowly
oxidized chemical; how-
ever, after 144 hr. of
oxidation, oxygen tran:
fer was inhibited.
10 1 11
lb,2j Acclimation
31 ,3q bf sludge
4d,5e fefter 24 hr.
5h,5t was indicated.
Ib (Carcinogens
2j were generally
31 resistant to
3q biological
4d pxidation.
5e
5h
5t
1
1
I
* 1
Ib t\ small de-
2j bree of bio-
31 [logical
3q pxidation was
4d fr-ea1ized;how-
5e ever, lag
5h periods were
5t evident.
1
1
12
44
44
44
-------
1
Phenylene-
diamine:
m-
0-
P-
Phenyl
Methyl
Carbinol
Phosphorus,
3\
(as Ply. -3'
Lf.
^t f^
(P32 is a
radioactive
isotope. )
2
OR
OR
IN
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SA
4
CN
CO
RAS
5
20
20
16
6
500 mg/1
10 mc/1
50 mc/1
to
60 mc/1
7
85%
to
95%
8 1 9
OU IToxic during 24 hr. of
aeration.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
BOD (Biochemical oxidation
jwas slightly inhibited
Jin domestic sewage.
(Increasing P^2 cone, tc
J80 mc/1 caused no
increase in inhibition.
BOD Threshold concentratior
that significantly
affects biochemical
(oxidation in synthetic
jsewage. In seeded syn-
thetic sewage biochemi-
Ical oxidation was not
a first order reaction.
put was stepwise.
10
lb,2j
31,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
Ib
Id
31
4d
5e
5g
11 j
)rder of in-
:reasing tox-
ic i ty :
m-,o- ,and
p-phenyl-
snediamine.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process^
12
45
33
59
VO
-------
t_n
O
1
Phosphorus,
p32
(as PO/~3)
(P is a
radioactiv
isotope;
P is
stable,i .e
non-radio-
active. )
Phosphorus,
p32
(as P04"3)
2
IN
'
IN
3
SA
SA
4
RAS
RAS
5
16
16
6
1 mg/1 P31
$ ฐ-^C
ซ T
1 mg/1 P31
and 0.5yc
P32
3 mg/1 P31
and 0.5yc
p32
10 mc/1
7
78%
of
P32
43%
of
P32
35%
of
P32
8
BOD
N
9
Reaction rate con-
stant for oxygen
utilization decrease
Sharply decreased.
10
6a
Ib
31
1. 5g
11
Increasing
radioactivity
in synthetic
sewage great-
ly decreased
percent
radioactivity
removal .
In sewage
with none or
low P and
3 mg/1 P ,
average re-1
moval of P
varied some-
what , but
stable P
was prefer-
entially re-
moved vis-a-
vis f .
12
62
23
-------
1
Phosphorus,
P32
, _0
(as PO. 3)
*r
Polyethoxy-
ethanol :
2-Ethoxy-
ethanol
and
2-[2-ethoxy
ethoxy]-
ethanol
Polyethoxy
Fatty
Ester:
l)Ethofat
c/15
2)Ethofat
c/60
2
IN
OR
OR
3
SA
SHC
NAR
MAR
4
RAS
CO
CO
5
16
20
21
Q
<10mc/l
10 mc/1
100 ppm
100 ppm
7
8 t 9
CR lUptake of P32 was from
10. 6 to 1.65 yc per gran
(of dry sludge.
BOD No significant affect
Ion BOD reaction-velo-
Icity coefficient (k),
Ion the ultimate first
stage BOD (L) and on
BODc.
1
N [Significant decrease.
OU p2 uptake was rapid in
jtne presence of either
chemical , but
2-[2-Ethoxy-ethoxy]-
lethanol was slightly
riore resistant to
degradation.
OU Resistance to biochemi-
cal oxidation increasec
Jwith the size of the
jpolyoxyethylene hydro-
Jphylic group, c/60
showed little increasec
joxygen utilization
jafter 80 m ins. of
joxidation, while c/15
jwas more susceptible
(to oxidation.
10
6a
lb,2j
31,3p
4d,5b
5e,5g
5h,5i
Ib
2j
31
3p
4d
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
n
Amount of
stabilized
p3i affected
50
P-5^ removal .
When P31 was
available it
was favored
over P32.
Non ionic
synthetic
detergents.
The ethoxy
ether linkage
did not block
degradation.
Non ionic
synthetic
detergents.
12
62
n
n
-------
Ln
NJ
1
Polyvinyl-
chloride
Production
Plant
Wastewaters
(contd. )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BOD
OT
SP
pH
VSS
NB
HRT
9
Removal rate:
0.70 1b. BOD removed
p_er Ib. ML VSS .
Oxygen transfer
coefficients:
a = 0.5
B = 0.96.
Do requirement:
0.90 Ib. Do applied
per Ib. BOD removed.
0.68 Ib. VSS produced
per Ib. BOD removed.
7.0.
Suggested MLVSS--
2500 mg/1.
daste is deficient in
litrogen and phosphorus
Suggested - 6 hr.
10
la
31
4c
7a
11
Wastewaters
contain:
monomers ,
polymers,
organic and
inorganic
salts, organ
ic acids,
resins and
fine rubber
solids, dis-
persants,
wetting
agents, cata
lysts, and
heavy metals.
Waste re-
quires pH
adjustment
and nutri-
ent addition
Oxygen trans
fer reduced
by surface
active agent
and dispers-
ants. Latex
solids cling
to biologi-
cal floe and
cause sticki
ness and
12
10
-------
Ul
1
Polyvinyl -
cloride
Production
Plant
Wastewaters
(contd.)
Potassium
Cyanide
(See also:
"Cyanide" ,
p. 74.)
Propane-
dim" trile
(Malonic
Dini trile)
2
IN
OR
i
3
CA
AM
SHC
NAR
4
CN
5
13
15
6
480 mg/1
,
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
ou
9
Oxygen consumption by
chemical fed units was
completely inhibited.
Toxic for oxidation
periods up to 72 hr.
10
2j,31
3k, 4a
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,51
5t
Ib,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
n
extreme re-
duction in
organic
removal .
As sole
source of
carbon or
energy,
material was
toxic or
resistant to
biodegrada-
tion.
Toxicity of
dim' trile
was same as
mononi trile
having same
number of
carbon atoms
however,
correspondin
monocarboxy-
lic acid
(propanoic
acid)had up
to 45.8% of
TOD exerted
in 72 hr.
12
52
43
-------
Propane-
dinitrile
(Malonic
Dini trilซ
Toxicity demonstrated
by inhibition of oxy-
gen uptake for oxida-
tion periods up to
24 hr.
Most toxic
dinitrile
studied.
W,5e
5g,5h
5t
Propane-
nitrile
(Propio-
nitrile)
Toxic for oxidation
periods up to 72 hr
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
Chemical is
mononitrile
compound.
Toxicity of
mononitrile
was same as
dinitrile
having same
number of
carbon atoms
however,
corresponding
monocarboxy-
lic acid
(propanoic
acid] had up
to 45.8% of
TOD exerted
in 72 hr.
-------
Ui
Ln
1
B-Propio-
lactone
n-Propyl-
benzene
Sodium
Al kyl benzen
Sulfonate
(DobaneON)
2
OR
OR
OR
1
3
SHC
NAR
HC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CS
5
20
20
21
6
500 mg/1
37.5mg/l
7
8
OU
OU
OU
9
Resistant to biological
oxidation for up to
144 hr. Oxygen uptake
was inhibited.
After 72 hr. of oxida-
tion 0.67 g of Op were
utilized per gram of
substrate added.
26% of TOD exerted
after 5 days, 32% after
10 days of oxidation.
10
lb,2j
31, 3q
M,5e
5h,5t
Ib,2j
31,4d
5b,5c
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
4d
5e
6a
11
One sludge
became
acclimated
to chemical
after 144 hr.
and began to
slowly oxi-
dize the
chemical .
Benzene
derivatives
studied in
order of
increasing
toxicity or
inhibition:
ethyl benzene
benzene,
toluene,
n-propyl-
benzene.
Anionic sur-
factant.
12
44
29
}
27
-------
Ln
1
Sodium
Alkyl
Sulfonate
(SAS)
Sodium
Aluminate
Sodium
Lauryl
Sulfate
Sodium N-
Oleyl-N-
Methyl
Taurate
2
OR
IN
BA
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
MC
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
V
cs
cs
CO
cs
5
21
09
04
04
6
7
8
OU
OU
OU
9
22% of TOD exerted
after 5 days, 44%
after 10 days of oxi-
dation. None of the
TOD was exerted in
the first 6 hr.
65% of TOD exerted
after 5 days, 68%
after 10 days.
47 to 52% of TOD exer-
ted in 5 days; 52 to
58% of TOD exerted
after 10 days of
oxidation.
10
4d
5e
6a
lb,2q
31 ,3m
4c,5a
5h,5i
5k, 5m
5s
4d
5e
6a
4d
5e
6a
11
An ionic
surfactant .
Sludges con-
taining pre-
cipitate
formed by
addition of
the chemical
dewatered
more readily
than did the
control .
Most readily
degraded of
the anionic
surfactants
studied.
Anionic
surfactant.
12
27
50
27
27
-------
Ul
-J
1
Sodium
Pentachloro
phenate
Sodium
Pentachloro
phenol
(SPCP)
( So di turn
Penta-
chloro-
phenate )
2
OR
BA
ST
OR
-BA
ST
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CO
CX
CO
CX
5
11
11
6
30 mg/1
50 mg/1
to
250 mg/1
15 mg/1
30 mg/1
7
68%
8
OU
CR
OU
SSR
SP
COD
CR
G
9
Oxidation capacity of
acclimated organisms
reached a maximum of
68% in 25 days; after-
which, the chemical ma)
have accumulated to
toxic levels as reflec-
ted by the loss of the
ability to oxidize the
chemical .
NO chemical removal.
Uptake was depressed
slightly by increasing
SPCP cone. ; systems
could be acclimated
to 250 mg/1 SPCP.
Sludge was dispersed
and would not settle.
Solids production de-
creased with increasi'nc
SPCP concentration.
Unit receiving a slug
dose required twice
the aeration time of
the control to achieve
comparable COD removal.
No chemical removal.
Slug dose drastically
reduced efficiency.
10
ld,2g
3p,4a
4d,5a
5e,5f
5i ,6a
Ib
2k
31
3p
4a
5c
5e
5g
5h
5i
6a
11
Biocide and
wood preser-
vative. A
specially
adapted
mixed culture
of organisms
was capable
of oxidizing
the chemical.
Exposure for
prolonged
periods
caused pre-
dominant
species of
microorgan-
isms to
change.
Threshold
limit for
slug dose
without
severely up-
setting COD
removal was
20 mg/1.
12
31
26
-------
OO
1
Sodium a-
Sulfo
Methyl
Myri state
Strontium
(Sr '
Styrene
Styrene
2
OR
ST
IN
OR
OR
3
SHC
^AR
CA
5HC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CS
CO
HM
5
04
05
18
18
6
0.005 to
0.05 mg/1
7
70%
to
90%
95%
to
100%
8
OU
MI
9
33% of TOD exerted
after 5 days; 47% of
TOD exerted after 10
days of oxidation.
^
No stimulation or
inhibition of growth,
-
10
4d
5e
6a
Id
2k
3k
4a
5a
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
11
Anionic sur-
factants
studied were
more resis-
tant to
biodegrada-
tion than
the nonionic
surfactants
studied.
Growth of
Nitrosomonas
studied.
Aerated
lagoon
treatment.
Completely
mixed acti-
vated sludge
process.
12
27
39
9
33
-------
Ul
1
Sul fate
(so ~2^
\avj4 ;
Sulfide
i*-2\
(S )
(contd.)
2
IN
IN
3
NMC
AN
NMC
AN
4
5
03
04
6
300 mg/1
or greater
250 mg/1
25 mg/1
to
50 mg/T
7
100%
8
G
9
Reduction in efficien-
cy of aerobic process
but acclimation al-
lowed purification at
25 mg/1 to 50 mg/1 .
These cone, can be
tolerated for about
10
6a
6a
n
Corrode sub-
merged con-
crete even
at neutral
pH. Corro-
sion accele-
rated by
biological
action.
Activated
sludge used
to treat dis-
charge from
petrol eum
processing
plant con-
taining sul-
fide, 200
mg/1 phenol ,
and 220 mg/1
emu! sif ied
oil.
12
46*
46*
* Refer also to Reference No'. 15 for respirometer data.
-------
1
Sulfide
(contd.)
Sulfite
(SO "2)
3
Sulfite
Liquor
(contd.)
2
IN
3
me
AN
4
5
04
6
500 mg/1
BOD of
608 mg/1
7
8
SP
BOD
9
1 week.
0.4-0.5 Ib. solids
produced per Ib.
BOD removed.
At initial BOD of
approximately 608 mg/1
80% reduction was
achieved at optimum
pH.
Below pH 6.0 and above
pH 7.5, BOD removal
efficiency decreased
sharply.
Over temperature range
of 16ฐC-27ฐC there was
no significant differ-
10
6a
la
2g
31
4a
4b
5a
5b
5e
5h
5i
5k
6a
7a
11
Activated
sludge may
be acclima-
ted to oxi-
dize up to
500 mg/1
sulfite-
sulfur, but
increased
oxygen is
requ i red .
Wastewater
required
neutraliza-
tion for op-
timum treat-
ment.
12
46*
14
* Refer also to Reference No. 15 for respirometer data.
-------
1
Sulfite
Liquor
(contd.)
Sulfite
Waste Liquor
(contd.)
^-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TP
pH
G
9
ence in BOD removal
efficiency.
Adaptation of activa-
ted sludge to tempera-
ture change was imme-
diate. Fluctuations
between 10ฐC and 30ฐC
at 12 hr. intervals
was not detrimental to:
sludge quality.
Effects of pH are a
function of tempera-
ture. Increasing
temperature from 10ฐ
to 30ฐC greatly mini-
mized the detrimental
effect of pH 5.
Activated sludge can
treat wastes with pH
range of 5 to 11 pro-
vided acid formation
does not depress pH
below 5.
Sludge could be
starved at least 3
weeks without
10
la
2g
31
4a
5a
5b
5e
5i
5k
5s
11
Acidic wast*
was success-
fully treat-
or!
eo..
Although pH
of 5 to 11
was accept-
able, BOD
removal was
j_ _^_tf
most effi-
cient at ca.
neutral pH,
i.e., pH=7.
The temper-
ature fluc-
tuations
were not det
rimental to
sludge
quality, but
BOD removal
was more
efficient at
30 ฐC than
at 10 ฐC.
12
32
M
-------
1
>ulfite
Waste
Liquor
(contd.)
Spent
Sulfite
.iquor
Surfactants ,
Ion ionic
and Anionic
( contd. )
2
OR
3
HC
4
5
04
6
0.3 to 0.7
percent of
feed
7
8
SSR
SVI
9
seriously impairing
purification capacity.
Treatment efficiency
returned to normal
2-5 days after resum-
ming full load.
The spent sulfite li-
quor: (SSL)
1 ) inhibited large
protozoan forms,
2) caused F:M
ratios to rise
with increasing
SSL concentra-
tions, and
3) Interfered with
biological
flocculation.
*
Bulking (described as
an SVI > 125} occurred
primarily due to a
deficiency of phospho-
rus in the wastewater.
10
la
2g
31
3p
4a
4b
4c
5a
5b
5d
5e
5f
5h
51
6a
7a
4d
5e
6a
11
BOD loading
composed pri-
marily of
volatile
organic acid:
lignosulfo-
nates, and
wood sugars.
The typica
pH of 3.0
required neu-
tral ization
with lime to
pH 7.0 to
7.4 to opti-
mize biologi'
cal floccula
tion, sludge
production,
and costs.
Nonionic
surfactants
studied
showed
greater
1?
7
27
-------
10
1
Surfactants,
Nonionic and
Anionic
(contd.)
Surfactant
(Nonionic,
NPXฎ)
Tannic Acid
Tetraethyl
Pyrophosphate
(TEPP)
1,2,4,5-
Tetramethyl -
benzene -.
(Durene vv )
(contd. )
2
OR
OR
WA
OR
OR
3
;HC
-------
1
1,2,4,5-
Tetramethyl
benzene ^
(Durene ฎ )
(contd.)
Thaniteฎ
(isobornyl
thiocyano-
acetate)
Thioacet-
amide
2
-
OR
OR
3
5HC
AR
;HC
IAR
4
CO
CN
CS
CS
CN
5
11
21
6
-
1000 mg/1
7
8
OU
CR
SVI
PH
ss
OU
9
Chemical was rapidly
oxidized with 20% of
COD exerted.
Chemical was material-
ly degraded.
76. 00
Decreased from 6.9 to
6.7 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
Increased by an ave-
rage of 84 mg/1 from
an initial cone, of
1768 mg/1.
Oxygen consumption by
chemical fed units was
completely inhibited.
10
5h
5i
4d
5c
5g
2j
31
3k
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
11
Insecticide.
12
53
52
-------
1
Thiocyanate
(SCN")
Thioglycol-
lic Acid
2-Thio-
uracil
f (contd.)
2
IN
OR
AMP
OR
3
AN
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAB
4
CO
cs
CS
CO
CN
5
04
07
21
6
0.01 to
100,000
D pm
662 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
OU
SVI
PH
ss
OU
OU
9
Greater than 1000 ppm
significantly inhibi-
ted uptake while <1000
ppm slightly stimula-
ted uptake.
76.0.
Decreased from 6.8 to
6.4 after 24 hr. of
aeration .
Decreased by an ave-
rage of 44 mg/1 from
an average initial
cone, of 1780 mg/1 .
Oxygen consumption de-
creased with time and
was completely inhibi-
ted within 24 hr. Up
to 4.5% of TOD exerted
in first hour but the
percent TOD exerted
decreased with time.
Chemical was oxidized,
but very slowly, by 2
of 3 sludges.
There was no lag pe-
riod before oxidation
10
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2j
31
3k
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
11
>
Oxygen con-
sumption
decreased
with in-
creased oxi-
dation time.
As material
was sole
source of
carbon or
energy, re-
sults indi-
cated that
the material
was toxic
or resistant
to biodegra-
dation.
Up to 12,8%
of TOD exer-
ted after
144 hr. Of
oxidation.
12
15
52
44
-------
1
2-Thiouraci
(contd.)
Thlourea
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
2
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
NAR
HC
AR
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
CS
CN
5
21
18
18
18
6
500 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
70%
to
90%
95%
to
100%
R
Oil
ou
9
commenced.
Oxygen uptake was in-
hibited by chemical
for up to 144 hr. of
oxidation.
Inhibitory or very
slightly oxidized for
first 24 hr. of oxi-
dation.
Up to 54% of TOD
exerted after 144 hr.
10
5e
5h
5t
lb,2j
31,3q
4d,5e
5b,5t
la,2i
31,4c
5a,5b
5c,5d
5e,5h
5i,5k
la,2i
31,4c
5b,5d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5k
Ib
2j
31
3q
4d
5e
5h
5t
11
Up to 5.7% of
TOD was exer-
ted by one of
three sludges
after 144 hr.
of oxidation.
Aerated lagoor
treatment.
Completely
nixed activa-
ted sludge
process.
1?
44
9
33
44
-------
1
"oluene
Toluene
Toluene
2
OR
OR
OR
3
C
R
HC
AR
HC
AR
4
5
8
8
18
6
100 mg/1
500 mg/1
7
8
CR
OU
ou
9
In biological degrada-
tion studies of accli-
mated systems, toluene
was removed by strip-
ping and biooxidation.
After 72 hr. of oxida-
tion, 0.53 to 0.65g.
of Op were utilized per
g. or substrate added.
Up to 48.3% of TOD
exerted after 72 hr.
of oxidation.
10
Id
2j
31
3p
4a
5e
5g
Ib
2j
31
4d
5b
5c
5e
5g
5h
5i
5k
lb,2j
31,3p
3q,4d
5e,5g
5h,5i
5t
11
Toluene
caused more
inhibition of
oxygen con-
sumption than
did benzene,
ethyl benzene,
)ut less than
n-propyl ben-
zene.
12
47
29
43
-------
00
^_J LL_
m= Toluidin?
0-
P-
2,4,6- Tri-
chloro-
aniline
2,4,5-Tri-
chloro-
phenol
2,4,5- Tri-
chloropheno'
(contd. )
OR
OR
OR
OR
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
4
CN
CH
CN
CO
CX
CO
CX
5
20
21
11
11
6 1 7 f 8
500 mg/1
up to
10 mg/1
18.8 ppm
OU
OU
OU
CR
CR
9
o- Toluidine was
slightly toxic during
24 hr. aeration^ while
m- and p- Toluidine
were slightly oxi-
dized and more toxic 8
Not inhibited.
5-20% of ultimate
BOD was exerted.
Chemical was slightly
degraded.
Chemical concentration
decreased slowly for
4 days, then decreased
very rapidly.
At 6.5 days, greater
than 99% removal was
realized.
10
Ib
2j
31
4d
5e
5g
5h
Ri
Id
2j
31
4d
5e
5g
4d
5c
5g
Ic
2j
31
4a
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
Bi-
ll
Order of in-
creasing tox-
icity: m-,
p-s and o-
toluidine.
Solubility
prevented
investiga-
tions at
higher con-
centrations.
-
Fungicide
and bacteri-
cide.
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluent
and then
subjected to
continuous
aeration; the
decrease in
chemical con-
centration
12
45
47
53
66
-------
ON
1
2,4,5- Tri-
choloro-
phenol
(contd. )
2,4,6- Tri-
chloro-
phenol
2,4,6- Tri-
chloro-
phenol
2,4,5- Tri-
chlorophen-
oxyacetic
Acid (2,4,5-
( contd. )
2
OR
OR
OR
WA
T)
3
SHC
AR
SHC
AR
5HC
AR
4
CO
CX
CO
CX
CO
CX
5
n
n
n
6
1 mg/1 to
10 mq/1
50 mg/1
to
100 mg/1
18.5 ppm
150 mg/1
7
8
OU
OU
CR
OU
CR
9
No inhibitory effect.
Significant inhibition.
Chemical concentration
decreased slowly for
1 day, then very ra-
pidly until third day
and then slowly until
fifth day. Overall
removal was greater
than 99%.
5-20% of ultimate BOD
was exerted.
Chemical was slightly
degraded.
10
Id
2j
31
4d
5e
5g
Ic
2j
31
4a
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
51
4d
5c
5g
11
was moni-
tored.
Effect of
the chemical
was similar
to the effect
of 1 mg/1 to
10 mg/1 cop-
per.
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon efflu-
ent and then
subjected to
continuous
aeration;
the decrease
in chemical
cone, was
monitored.
Herbicide.
12
47
66
53
-------
1
2,4,5- Tri-
chlorophen-
oxyacetic
Acid (2,4,5-
(contd.)
2,4,5- Tri-
chlorophen-
oxyacetic
Acid
(2,4,5-T)
2,4,6- Tri-
chlorophen-
oxyacetic
Acid
(2,4,6-T)
2
')
OR
WA
OR
WA
3
SHC
AR
5HC
\R
4
J CO
CH
CO
CH
5
11
11
6
75 mg/1
50 ppm
53.0 ppm
7
-
8
OU
CR
CR
CR
9
20% of ultimate BOD
was exerted.
Chemical was materi-
ally degraded.
Chemical concentration
decreased slightly for
5 days, then decreased
very rapidly. After
7.5 days greater than
99% removal was rea-
1 i zed .
Chemical concentration
decreased steadily
during 14 days of
aeration.
Overall removal was
approximately 50%.
10
Ic
2J
31
4a
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
51
Ic
2j
31
4a
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
5i
11
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon effluenl
and then sub-
jected to
continuous
aeration;
the decrease
in chemical
concentra-
tion was
monitored.
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon efflu-
ent and then
subjected to
continuous
aeration;
the decrease
in chemical
cone, was
monitored.
12
66
66
-------
1
MmnMMMMMWi^WWnBIBBBH
2,4,5- Tri-
chloro-
phenoxy-
propionic
Acid
1,2,4-
Trimethyl-
benzene
(Pseudo-
cumene)
2,4,6- Tri-
nitro-
toluene
(TNT)
(contd.)
2
^M
OR
WA
OR
OR
3
i
SHC
AR
HC
AR
SHC
AR
4
MWH
CO
ex
CN
5
^^l
11
18
20
6
^MVlHMMB^BW
107.5 ppm
500 mg/1
5 to
25 mg/1
7
HMV^^^AH
50%
to
84%
8
WHI^BHfli^M
CR
OU
BOD
G
CR
9
^^^^^^^^^^^^MMHVfl^M^WHWiVMMH^V^Vtf
Cone, remained con-
stant for 2 days then
decreased rapidly un-
til 14.5 days and then
slowly to 16.5 days.
Overall removal was
approximately 99%.
Toxic or inhibitory
for at least first
18 hr.; after 18 hr.
material was slightly
oxidized.
Sample with greatest
color exerted lowest
BOD; waste with great-
est color showed
greatest bio-toxicity.
Color removal during
activated sludge
treatement of TNT
wastes averaged 3%.
Removal of the chemi-
10
^H
1C
2j
31
4a
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
51
Ib
2j
31
4d
5e
5g
5h
51
la
4a
4e
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
51
5u
11
i ป . i ^^ปป
Chemical was
mixed with
aerated la-
goon efflu-
ent and then
subjected to
continuous
aeration;
the decrease
in chemical
cone, was
monitored.
TNT wastes
were found
to contain
the follow-
ing isomers:
1) 2-MNT -
0.32 to
16.5 mg/1
2) 3-MNT -
1.1 mq/1
12
MMBMM^H
66
45
25
-------
1
2,4,6- Tri-
nitro-
toulene
(TNT)
(contd.)
(contd.)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
cal varied from 50% to
84%. Increasing che-
mical cone, resulted
in decreased removal .
Detention times of 3
hr. and 7 hr. showed
essentially same
removals, while a 14
hr. detention time
improved removal by 6
to 18%.
10
6a
7a
11
3) 4-MNT -
0.12 to
9.2 mg/1
4) 2,6-DNT -
trace to
38.8 mg/1
5) 2,4-DNT -
3.39 to
56.3 mg/1
6) 2,4,6-TNT-
101 to
142.9 mg/1
7) TNBA (tri-
nitro-
benzoic
acid) -
0 to
0.80 mg/1.
Total isomer
concentration
was 147 to
259 mg/1 .
Wastewater
characteris-
tics:
1 ). pH-2
2) color -
200 color
units
12
-------
1
2,4,6- Tri-
nitro-
toul ene
(TNT)
(contd.)
Tri sodium
Nitrilotri-
acetate
(NTA)
(See also
Nitrilotri
acetate ,
p. 128).
(contd. )
2
OR
ST
3
SHC
NAR
4
CO
CN
5
09
6
1 mg/1 to
50 mg/1
7
-
90%
to
100%
8
G
SSR
SVI
CR
COD
9
No effect on treatment
efficiency.
Characteristics of NTA
fed units were similar
to those of the con-
trol .
Acclimated sludges
showed virtually
complete removal of 1
to 30 mg/1 of NTA in
4 to 7 hr. of aera-
tion.
At 30 mg/1 NTA, COD
removal effeciency was
similar to that of the
control unit.
10
Ib
Id
2g
2h
&
31
3m
3p
3q
4a
4e
5a
5b
5c
5e
5h
11
3) temp -
95ฐF
4) TNT (as
a TNT) -
100 mg/1
5) COD -
250 mg/1
6) N03-N -
200 mg/1
7) S04 -
1000 mg/1
8) total
sol ids -
2000 mg/1.
NTA is a
chelating
material .
With fresh
sludge, a 2
to 21 day
acclimation
period
occurred
before degra-
dation began.
12
67
Co
-------
1
Tri sodium
Nitrilotri-
acetate
(NTA)
(contd. )
Tyros ine
2
OR
AMP
3
SHC
AR
4
CO
CN
5
08
6
20 mg/1 to
500 mg/1
up to
200 mg/1
1 .5 mg/1
and
15 mq/1
500 mg/1
7
8
CR
G
SSR
SVI
pH
ss
BOD
OU
9
Degradation was com-
plete in 3 hr. and 6
hr. of aeration.
No upsets in normal
function of activated
sludge.
NTA did not affect
settling of primary
sludge.
53.2.
Decreased from 6.6 to
5.7 during 24 hr. of
aeration.
Increased by an ave-
rage of 76 mg/1 from
an average initial
cone, of 1960 mg/1 .
Approximately 26%
removal in 24 hr.
Almost twice as much
02 consumed in 24 hr.
by the chemcial fed
unit as by the control
Up to 13% of TOD was
exerted in 24 hr.
10
51
5m
5t
6a
2j
31
3k
4a
5a
5b
5e
5g
5h
51
5t
11
Oxygen con-
sumption
lagged for at
least the
first 3 to
5 hr. , but
the material
was the sole
source of
carbon or
energy and
was suscep-
tible to bio-
degradation.
1?
52*
* Refer to Reference No. 15 for respirometer data
-------
Ui
Inhibited
oxygen con-
sumption.
Oxygen consumption of
chemical fed units was
less than 0.15 the
consumption of the con-
trol units.
Oxygen consumption was
inhibited when pure
culture zoogleal sludg<
was used.
Toxicity reflected by
complete inhibition
of oxygen uptake for
up to 144 hr. of
oxidation even when
additional metabo-
lizable substrate was
present.
None of TOD
exerted in
144 hr. of
oxidation.
Chemical was toxic
during first 24 hr
of aeration.
Drder of in-
:reasing
toxicity:
o-Xylene,
m-Xylene,
p-Xylene.
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
-------
1
Zinc
+p
(as Zn * &
cyanide
complexes)
.
Zinc
1-7 +Z\
(Zn )
Zinc
J.O
(Zn+2)
Zinc
, +2,
(Zn )
(contd.)
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
3
CA
CA
CA
CA
4
HM
m
HM
HM
5
05
05
05
05
6
5 mg/1 to
10 mq/1
160 mg/1
10 mg/1
56 mg/1
160 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
0.3 mg/1
2.2 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
7
89%
91%
47%
8
G
SMC
SMC
G
SMC
SMC
9
Lowest continuous dose
that causes an effect.
Lowest 4 hr. duration
slug dose which would
produce a 24 hr. effect
on the effluent.
63% of added metal
found in activated
sludge and 14% in the
raw sludge.
Zinc in the raw sludge
was 35 times > in the
sewage.
Slug dose over 4 hr.
resulted in serious
plant upset for 30 hr;
normal operation was
re-established in
40 hr.
58% of metal immobi-
lized in sludge.
85% of metal immobi-
lized in sludge.
10
6a
lb,2h
31, 3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
Ic
4c
lc,2i
31, 4c
5a,5b
5c,5h
5j,5k
11
Cyanide com-
plexes of
zinc producec
reactions
similar to
those of the
zinc sulfate
salts.
Higher forms
of micro-
organisms
were not
seriously
affected by
slug dose of
zinc.
Grand Rapids
Michigan.
Richmond, I nd
Bryan, Ohio
overall re-
moval.
Grand Rapids
Michigan -
12
46
12
58
5
-------
1
Zinc
(contd.)
Zinc
as Zn+2
(contd.)
2
IN
3
CA
4
HH
5
05
6
0.3 mg/1
1.8 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
0.4 mg/1
7.5 ppm
7
66%
89%
20%
75%
8
SVI
9
After 30 min. contact,
zinc caused 89%, 105%,
and 86% decrease in
SVI for activated
sludge solids cone, of
10
31
4a
5e
5h
51
11
overall re-
moval .
Richmond, Ind.
overall re-
moval
Bryan, Ohio-
secondary re-
moval.
Grand Rapids*
Michigan -
secondary re-
moval .
Richmond, Ind.
secondary re-
mova 1 .
Influent zinc
was found
primarily in
the insoluble
form and was
removed more
effectively
than chromium,
copper, or
nickel.
Zinc readily
adsorbed by
activated
sludge; as
cone, in-
\2
57
-------
oo
1
Zinc
(contd.)
Zinc
i ^%
/-T +2ป
(Zn )
-
2
IN
3
CA
4
HM
5
05
6
15 ppm
2.5 mg/1
10 mg/1
7
8
SVI
CR
CR
9
500, 1000, and 2000
ppm. respectively.
After 30 min. contact,
zinc caused a 80%,
92%, and 110% decrease
in SVI for activated
sludge cone, of 500,
1000, and 2000 ppm,
respectively.
13% in primary treat-
ment .
14% in primary treat-
ment .
10
lb,2g
31,3p
4b,5b
5c,5h
5i,5k
11
creased, zinc
removal in-
creased.
Fresh solids
and ripe
solids re-
moved less
zinc than die
activated
sludge. At
7.5 ppm zinc
and lOOOppm
activated
sludge solids
total remova"
achieved
after 30 min.
contact.
Zinc removal
in primary
treatment
was minimal.
Zinc removal
decreased
with in-
creasing zinc
cone.
Zinc in pri-
mary effluen
was primarily
in insoluble
form.
12
12
-------
vj
vO
Zinc
(as Zn+2
and com-
plexed
with
cyanide)
IN
CA
HM
05
2.5 to
20 mg/1
95%
to
74%
re-
spec
tive-
CR
BOD
Minor removal in pri-
mary treatment; micro-
bial floe in secondary
treatment adsorbs much
zi nc.
ZnSO did not affect
turbidity after a few
hrs. acclimation.
Decreasing the cyanide
cone, in Zn(CN)? com-
plex sutdies resulted
in improved effluent
turbidity.
At Zn cone, of 20 mg/1
BOD removal efficiency
was reduced 2%.
Maximum Zn cone, which
does not cause signifi
cant effect on treat-
ment efficiency was
2.5 mg/1 to 10 mg/1.
10
Id
2g
31
3p
3q
4b
5b
5c
5e
5h
5j
n
Zinc sulfate
and com-
plexed zinc
cyanides
were
studied.
Their ef-
fects were
similar in
acclimated
systems.
48
-------
oo
o
1
Zinc
(as Zn+2,
and com-
plexed
ป ง *
with
* i \
cyanide)
(contd.)
2
IN
3
CA
4
HM
5
05
6
2.5 mg/1
10 mg/1
20 mg/1
7
95%
89-
96%
/4%
8
BOD
SMC
T
9
BOD removal efficiency
decreased slightly.
Activated sludge ad-
sorbed zinc.
Acclimation of acti-
vated sludge to zinc
cyanide complex resul-
ted in decreased efflu-
ent turbidity. No
icclimation was neces-
sary for ZnSO/i
T"
-
10
b,2g
31, 3p
*b,5b
5c
5h
5i
5j
5k
11
inc as zinc
ulphate and
inc cyanide
ere studied.
After accli-
mation, both
forms of Zn
produced sim-
ilar results-.
The thresholc
concentration:
of Zn that
would sig-
nificantly
affect
treatment wei
2.5 mg/1 to
10 mg/1 . At
up to 10 mg/:
of Zn in
sewage, the
Zn in the
final efflu-
ent existed
primarily in
an insoluble
form. At 20
mg/1 Zn in
sewage, the
form of Zn
in the final
effluent
12
12
S
ฃ
-------
oo
1
Zinc
(contd.j
Zinc
(Zn+2)
Zinc
(-7 +2\
(Zn )
Zinc
(Zn+2)
2
IN
IN
IN
3
CA
CA
CA.
4
HM
HM
HM
5
05
05
05
6
0.005 to
0.5 mg/1
0.91 mg/1
1 to
10,000
ppm
7
8
MI
CR
OU
9
Although no cone.
showed stimulation,
0.08 to 0.5 mg/1
inhibited growth.
Primary sedimentation
reduced Zn cone, by
about 40%. Lime was
most effective pre-
cipitant. Sulfuric
acid suppressed sedi-
mentation of Zn.
Activated sludge re-
moved about 60% of
the Zn.
1 ppm significantly
inhibits Qฃ uptake.
10
Id
2k
3k
4a
5a
Ib
2g
31
4c
2h
31
4d
5e
5g
5h
11
existed pri-
marily in
solution.
Growth of
Nitrosomonas
studied.
Most toxic
cation out
of the 12
cations
studied.
12
39
61
15
-------
00
1
Zinc and
Cadmium
Mixture
Zinc and
Manganese
Mixture
^^(^^^^^^^^^H
Zinc
( element
and
compounds
2
IN
IN
IN
IN
w
IN
3
CA
CA
CA
EI-
SA
^
EL
SA
4
HM
HM
HM
HM
I^^^^^^H
HM
5
05
Ob
05
05
01
02
05
6
10 ppm
zinc,
10 ppm
cadmium
10 ppm
zinc,
100 ppm
manganese
10,000
mg/1
10 mg/1
zinc
7
8
OU
OU
OU
OU
9
The Zn-Cd mixture was
more toxic or inhibi-
tory than was either
element individually.
The Zn-Mn mixture was
more toxic or inhibi-
tory than was either
element individually.
Op consumption of Zn
dust fed unit was 34%
of that of the control
unit.
Cone, was slightly
inhibitory or toxic.
10
?h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
2h,31
4d,5e
5g,5h
11
Zinc com-
pounds in
order of
decreasing
toxicity
were: zinc
dust, zinc
granulated,
zinc oxide.
Zinc com-
pounds in
order of
decreasing
toxicity
were:
zinc sulfate
zinc acetate
12
15
15
15
-------
oo
u>
1
Zineb ^
Ziram ฎ
-
2
OR
ST
OR
ST
3
SHC
NAR
SHC
NAR
4
CN
CS
CS
CN
5
11
11
6
7
8
OU
CR
OU
CR
9
Slowly oxidized with
5 to 20% of COD
exerted .
Chemical was slightly
degraded.
Chemical was slowly
oxidized with 5 to 20%
of COD exerted.
Chemical was slightly
degraded.
-
10
4d
5c
5g
4d
5c
5g
11
Insecticide-.
Insecticide.
12
53
53
-------
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-77-239
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO,
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Effect of Hazardous Material Spills
on Biological Treatment Processes
5. REPORT DATE
December 19.77
i ssuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7, AUTHOR(S)
Andrew P. Pajak, Edward J. Martin,
George A. Brinsko and Frederick J. Erny
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN)
3300 Preble Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15233
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB610
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
S-801123
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Lab
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-Cin., OH
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report (Task I)
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This report was prepared by EQSI, 1160 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Md. 20852 under
a subcontract with the Grantee, ALCOSAN.
16. ABSTRACT
The effects of over 250 chemical substances on biological treatment processes are
presented in a format which permits its use as an operations handbook. The infor-
mation, arranged in a matrix form with the chemical substances presented in alpha-
betical order, includes descriptions of the chemical; its effects on treatment
process operating parameters, especially those associated with the activated sludge
treatment process; and the effect of the treatment process on the chemical. Data
from full scale, pilot scale, and bench scale studies are reported. An extensive
bibliography related to the effects of hazardous materials on biological treatment
processes also is presented.
Use of the handbook with companion documents detailing contingency plans and response
countermeasures to mitigate the effects of spills of these hazardous materials is
recommended.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number S-801123, by Environmental
Quality Systems Incorporated under the (partial) sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of October 1974.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Water
Accidents
Industrial Wastes
Sludge
Waste Treatment
Hazards
Hazardous Materials
Water Pollution Control
Activated Sludge
Chemicals
Effects
Biodearadation
Spills
Hazardous r.hpmiral'
68C
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
202
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
194
* U.S. ซปEMNHT PRINTING OFFICE, 197S- 7 57-140 /6630
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