TH
I
L
VOLUME III
JANUARY 1972
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Industry Expenditures
for
Water Pollution Abatement
Conducted By
THE CONFERENCE BOARD
New York, New York
The research upon which this publication is based
was performed pursuant to Contract No.
14-12-844 with the Office of Water Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C.
January, 1972
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The following survey was undertaken to provide detailed information on the
industrial view of water pollution control costs.
Besides providing information on the cost met and expected by industry, the
survey will prove useful in determining existing and anticipated waste-handling
relationships between industrial plants and public systems and in providing a
basis for judging the rate of progress made by the industrial sector in meeting
national water quality objectives.
The survey is considered a supplement to the Economics of Clean Water report
to the Congress for 1972.
Environmental Protection Agency
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Contents
Foreword iv
Summary 1
Capital Funds for Industrial Water Pollution Control 5
Size of Plant as a Factor in Pollution Abatement Expenditures 8
Expenditures for Operation and Maintenance of
Pollution Abatement Facilities 14
Projected Appropriations for Pollution Abatement Facilities 19
Measures of Effort in Pollution Control 21
Wastewater Volume and Characteristics 25
Use of Public Sewer Facilities 32
Wastewater Treatment Procedures 36
Wastewater Treatment Costs 39
Plant Location as a Factor 41
The Problem of Nonresponse 45
Data Relationships with Water Use in Manufacturing 48
APPENDIXES
A. Survey Questionnaire 55
Tabular Sources 63
B. Capital Expenditures Cost Data 65
C. Data on Annual Expenditures for Operation
and Maintenance 79
D. Public Sewer Use Data 91
E. Data on Wastewater Volume and Effluents 97
III
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Foreword
FACED WITH THE NEED to reduce the
mounting deterioration of the environment,
man has organized a variety of campaigns to
control those substances which cause pollution.
These campaigns have been mounted by gov-
ernments, by private environmental organiza-
tions, and by industry. The governing bodies,
administrative and legislative at all levels, have
promulgated laws, made regulations, and
moved to enforce them. They have provided
incentive programs, have set standards and have
provided some financial assistance. The private
environmental organizations have publicized,
advised, and lobbied for additional laws and
regulations, and have educated and aroused the
public on the dangers of environmental pollu-
tion. Industry has invested capital and talent in
the construction and operation of pollution
control facilities and in the development of
new technology to deal with these problems.
The progress in reducing the extent of water
pollution can be gauged by very few indicators
among which are the dollars spent for the
construction and operation of pollution control
facilities. Nor can the scope of the task that
must be undertaken to provide for a state of
relative purity of the nation's waters be deter-
mined without some estimate of the magnitude
of industrial pollution.
The Environmental Protection Agency, faced
with the responsibility of advising and guiding
the lawmakers, administrators, and enforcers,
contracted for the compilation of data on
industrial water pollution abatement costs and
activities.
This study was performed pursuant to Con-
tract No. 14-12-844 with the Office of Water
Programs, Environmental Protection Agency.
The research staff of the Public Affairs Re-
search Division of The Conference Board was
the contracting agent. The study was under the
direction of Dr. Leonard Lund with principal
staff assistance by Miss Sherry Cohen. Sincere
appreciation is owed Dr. William J. J. Smith
for his counsel, assistance, and ideas, and to
Mr. Donald McMahon, Mr. Stanley PoKempner,
and Mr. Luke McSherry for advice and com-
ment. A special acknowledgement to Mr.
Michael Papantoniou, for preparation of com-
puter data. A word of gratitude is due also the
typists, Mrs. Lora Peralto, Mrs. Frances Dolan,
and Mrs. Elise Higginbotham.
This is an opportunity also to acknowledge
the cooperation and helpfulness of members of
the Environmental Protection Agency staff, to
Mr. Edwin L. Johnson, Mr. Robert Brown, Mr.
Robert Coughlin, and Dr. Jon Rasmussen, now
at Wesleyan University.
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Summary
SERIOUS PROBLEMS of industrial water
pollution are related to the manufacturing
activity of a select number of industries which
account for the major quantity of the nation's
water use and discharge. They must also,
however, be credited with extending efforts
toward abatement of the pollution resulting
from their manufacturing activity.
For this study, the measures which were
chosen by which to gauge industrial efforts
were those related to other indicators of
industrial activity, namely, the expenditures
made for physical abatement facilities, the
expenditures made for operation of these facil-
ities, and the numbers of employees assigned
to operation of these facilities for the abate-
ment of pollution. Other factors added to the
equation were the demands placed upon the
plant abatement operation in terms of the flow
of wastewater and the effluent composition of
this wastewater. A further dimension was in-
serted by a consideration of use of the princi-
pal alternative to plant abatement procedures,
the public sewer and treatment systems, its
extent of use, and its relative cost.
The expenditures made for capital projects
and their operation were viewed against an
array of standard measures of manufacturing
activity to develop guideposts of relationships
between the total operation of a manufacturing
establishment and the pollution abatement
activity in that plant. The ratios were devel-
oped in aggregate form to minimize individual
differences, but attention was given to prob-
lems and characteristics of separate industry
categories and specific product lines, where
meaningful.
The information in this report was devel-
oped from a survey of manufacturing establish-
ments in seven major industry categories which
accounted for 92.3% of the water used and
discharged in 1968 by all of the manufacturing
industries included in the 1967 Census of
Manufactures report, Water Use in Manufac-
turing. This major grouping was further refined
according to water use and effluent problem
into 51 classifications by principal product
manufactured.
The data presented in the document were
assembled from 789 responses to the survey
questionnaire and are representative of the
seven major industry categories including four
of the 51 product classifications which are
responsible for major quantities of wastewater
discharge; paper mills, paperboard mills, organ-
ic chemicals plants, and petroleum refineries.
Information on a fifth major water user, the
steel industry, is subject to limitations because
of inadequate response from the major steel
producers.
There is noticeable variance in the response
to many of the items on the questionnaire,
particularly those items dealing with the vol-
ume and composition of discharged waste-
waters. The respondents indicated few in-
stances where such information had been with-
held. Therefore, it may be surmised that the
collection of data on the amounts of waste-
water discharged and the measurement and
analysis of effluents had not yet become a
standard practice in many manufacturing estab-
lishments in 1969.
Capital Expenditures for Pollution
Abatement Facilities
In the five-year period from 1965 to 1969,
500 of the 789 plants surveyed, 63% of the
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plants, made some expenditure for the con-
struction of pollution abatement facilities.
Very little of this expenditure was a result of
major overhauling of total plant productive
capacity, but was for additions to existing
production processes. The increase in expendi-
ture from 1965 to 1969 was a percentage rise
of 239% to a level of $112.6 million in 1969.
The greatest portion of this five-year expendi-
ture program was devoted to the construction
of wastewater treatment facilities and only a
small portion toward developing changes in the
manufacturing process which would result in
significant pollution reduction.
One of several factors which are meaningful
determinants of the amount of expenditure is
the size of the plant. The amount of total
expenditure attributable to the smallest plant
size, one employing fewer than 100 employees,
was only .87% of the total annual expenditure
for water pollution abatement. The very large
plants, those employing more than 1,000 work-
ers, made more than 52.7% of the total
outlays.
The size of plant factor, when applied to
a ratio of expenditures for operating abate-
ment facilities to other cost factors, consistently
indicates a decreasing proportion as the size
of the plant increases, with a major difference
between the plants employing less than 100
people and the plants employing more than
100 people. The differences that occur between
the other size categories are markedly less
apparent.
The expenditures made over the five-year
period, 1965-1969, as a ratio of gross capital
investment in plant for all industries was at a
level of 2.4% for the small plants and at less
than 1% for the largest establishments. Paper,
chemicals, and petroleum made larger dollar
expenditures and posted higher ratios of ex-
penditure to investment than the other indus-
tries. In 1969, the mean capital expenditure
for construction of abatement facilities was
$306,000 per plant, with expenditures in ex-
cess of $1 million per plant evident in the
paper industry, the petroleum industry, and
the copper industry.
Annual Operating Expenditures
for Pollution Abatement
While capital expenditures are some evidence
of investment in pollution control activities,
the annual cost of operating the equipment
and supplying operational programs provides a
continuing measure of pollution control activi-
ty. In 1969, 463 plants reported expenditures
of $65,405,000 for operating pollution abate-
ment programs. The number of employees
assigned to operation purposes in reporting
plants was 2,018. In most plants this function
occupies little importance in terms of person-
nel assignments, accounting for less than 1% of
total employees.
The annual charge for providing pollution
control assumes a relatively modest role in
relation to other cost factors. The ratio of this
expenditure to the cost of materials or the
value of shipments of the reporting industries
was well under 1% in all industries and less
than .05% in several of the industries. Thus, as
a determinant of product cost the annual
charge for maintaining abatement programs has
been hardly significant. Both these measures
may increase as plants add new treatment
procedures or complete current capital pro-
grams for abatement facilities.
Projected Appropriations and Future
Capital Requirements
The five-year experience in capital spending
for pollution abatement facilities by the re-
sponding establishments indicates an expendi-
ture for that period of $315 million. These
establishments have estimated the spending
level which will be required to meet present
water quality standards at a projected $646
million, or roughly double the amount spent in
the past five years.
On this basis, the surveyed industries report
that one third of required construction pro-
grams to deal with present pollution problems
had been completed and that an additional two
thirds would be completed in the near future.
Agreement between the volume of wastewater
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requiring treatment and planned future capital
commitments is underlined by statistics in the
1967 Census of Manufactures report, Water
Use in Manufacturing, which indicate that
almost 32% of the water volume discharged in
1968 by the seven industries surveyed had
undergone treatment.
Wastewater Volume and
Characteristics
The surveyed industries reported a daily
discharge of 7.8 billion gallons of wastewater,
of which 7.3 billion gallons, or 92.9% of total
volume, was discharged directly to surface
waters. Only 5.0% was discharged to public
sewers and the remainder, 2.1%, by other
means of disposal. The source of most of the
wastewater was the manufacturing process but
significant amounts of water were discharged
from cooling processes as well.
The critical aspect of the water pollution
problem refers not so much to the volume of
wastewater discharged as to the effluent char-
acter of the water. The surveyed plants report
a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) content
of 5 million pounds per day, a chemical
oxygen demand (COD) content of over 6
million pounds per day, and suspended solids
of 6 million pounds per day in the discharged
waters. The paper industry and chemical indus-
try contribute a major portion of the total
effluent flow.
Public Sewer Use
Although only 5.0% of .discharged waste-
water from the surveyed plants flowed into
public sewer systems, 85.4% of the plants with
such facilities available to them used them for
some portion of wastewater disposal. The use
of public sewer systems required payment of
some form by plants patronizing them. This
expenditure amounted to over $7 million, paid
by 289 plants. The most common method of
payment was on the basis of water use.
Charges based upon volume or strength of
discharged wastewater accounted for a minor
portion of the levies placed upon manufac-
turing establishments as a means of making
public payments. Only $1.8 million for waste
strength and overstrength charges was paid by
34 plants in 1969. Property tax assessments for
financing of public sewer systems were levied
against 96 plants for a total of $5.4 million.
The amount paid by manufacturing plants as
contributions to capital costs of public sewer
systems amounted to $5.4 million, but this
amount was paid by only 23 plants.
Wastewater Treatment Costs
The cost of providing in-plant treatment of
wastewater must include the annual costs for
operation and maintenance of the treatment
system and a portion of the capitalization. The
cost of using public facilities often eliminates
the necessity for construction of physical facil-
ities but generally requires the payment of
specific governmental assessments for service
rendered. The cost to industry of the two
methods of disposal can be compared in only
the most limited way by a determination of
the unit cost of treatment, or the amount
spent by industry in relation to the amount of
wastewater treated.
The survey data for 288 plants using in-plant
treatment procedures indicates a mean oper-
ating cost per volume of wastewater of $73 per
million gallons. The payments to local govern-
ments by 209 plants using public sewer sys-
tems were made at a rate of $91 per million
gallons of discharged wastewaters. Because the
estimate of cost for in-plant treatment does
not include the cost of capitalization of the
treatment facilities, a comparison is not in-
tended between these costs.
Geographic Factors in Pollution
Control Costs
Another variable which enters into the cost
equation of pollution control is the geographic
location of the establishment and all of the
natural and administrative influences such loca-
tion may impart. However, the inability to
isolate geographic location from all of the
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other variables associated with it makes it
difficult to assign a quantitative value to the
differences which may be implied by location
in a rural versus an urban area, or location in a
particular region of the country.
Comments and Conclusions
The survey has produced a considerable
amount of data which heretofore have not
been available in any related form. The rela-
tionship between the capital expenditures al-
ready made for water pollution abatement
facilities and those anticipated, coupled with a
ratio of wastewater treated to the volume
requiring treatment as reported in the 1967
Census of Manufactures Water Use in Manufac-
turing, provides the view that industry by 1969
had moved one of three paces toward achieving
a level of water cleanliness based upon a
standard of some treatment for all wastewater
discharged. At that point in time, the projec-
tion for achieving this standard was set in the
near future.
Additionally, the level of capital expendi-
tures in relation to gross investment in plant,
and the level of annual operating expenditures
as a ratio of other cost factors, indicates that
past expenditures for these purposes have not
been unduly burdensome in most of the
reporting plants. It is, however, possible that
any level of expenditure might be burdensome
in smaller plants or those of marginal produc-
tivity.
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Capital Funds for Industrial
Water Pollution Control
IN THE FIVE-YEAR PERIOD, 1965-1969,
the 500 manufacturing establishments which
made capital expenditures for water pollution
control spent a total of $315,064,000 for such
purposes. When the period began in 1965, 222
plants in seven major industrial categories were
spending $33,159,000. In 1969, $112,592,000
was being spent by 365 plants, an increase of
more than 239.5% in annual capital expendi-
tures. (Table 1)
All of the industry categories in the survey
indicated increased levels of spending. The
smallest percentage gain was the 109.5% in-
crease in expenditures by the textile mill
products industry. The 595.7% increase in the
petroleum products industry was the largest
percentage rise. In dollar terms, the most
significant increase was the almost $18 million
climb in the chemicals and allied products
industry. (Tables 2 and 3)
The number of establishments making ex-
penditures for pollution abatement facilities
rose 64.4% in the same period, from 222
making expenditures in 1965 to 365 in 1969.
In the period 1965 to 1969, the growth
from year to year, while larger each year for
the total industries, was at a decreasing per-
centage basis except for the growth from 1968
to 1969. That year's increase of 73.6% ac-
counted for more than 60% of the five-year
total increment.
The Effects of New Investment
Of 422 industrial establishments reporting
expenditures in the years 1965 to 1969, only
98 reported that some substantial change had
been made in the plant in that period. In some
cases it was the construction of an entire new
plant, in others the reconstruction of major
portions of the plant or major adjustments in
its production capacity. New plant con-
struction involved only 29 of these establish-
ments. The paper industry accounted for the
largest number of new plants with eleven, of
which five were new pulp mills.
In most of the new plants, the capital
expenditures for pollution abatement equip-
ment accounted for a larger ratio of gross
investment than the ratio of capital expendi-
tures to total gross investment in existing
plants. (Table 4)
In those plants which reported either a
major replacement of production equipment or
Table 1: Total Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry, 1965-1969
Total
500
1965-1969
Industry
Primary metals industries
No.
53
38
101
177
46
24
61
Amount ($000)
$ 9 583
5627
104 "3O4
109964
52 399
8936
24.251
$315,064
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Table 2: Increases in Plants Spending for Capital Improvements for Water Pollution Abatement, by Industry,
1965 and 1969
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
No. of Plants
1965
20
10
54
89
24
4
21
222
19~6~9
35
18
86
135
37
12
42
365
No.
15
8
32
46
13
8
21
143
Increase
75.0%
80.0
59
51.7
54.2
200.0
100.0
64.4%
Table 3: Increases in Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry, 1965-1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Expenditures
1965
$ 1 ,333
839
9,081
15,919
2,972
73
2,942
($000)
1969
$ 3,118
1,758
42,737
33,913
20,675
430
9,961
Increase
Amount($000)
$ 1,785
919
33,656
17,994
17,703
357
7,019
Per Cent
133.9%
109.5
370.6
113.0
595.7
489.0
238.6
Total
$33,159
$112,592
$79,443
239.6%
Table 4: Ratio of Five-year Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities to Gross Investment in
Selected Categories, by Industry,
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
All Plants
.... 1 .8%
.8
2.3
.... 1 .0
1 .4
1.5
.6
Plants
with No
Improvements
.8%
.7
2.1
1.0
1.6
1.6
.4
New and
Rebuilt
Plants
2.5%
1.1
2.9
.8
.6
.6
1.1
New
Plant
Only
3.8%
.8
3.4
9
.6
2.4
a 50% increase in plant capacity in the last five
years, the ratios of total expenditures to gross
investment were within one tenth of 1% of
each other for the affected industries and
comparable to the pattern set in the other
ratios. (Table 5)
One factor is evident in the foregoing set of
ratios. In every instance, except for the 3.8%
ratio posted in the food industry for new plant
construction, the ratio of capital expenditure
to gross investment was highest in the paper
industry.
Capital Expenditures by Purpose
The pattern of expenditure over the five-
year period was similar in each of the indus-
tries surveyed. A greater portion of the total
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Table 5: Ratio of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities to Gross Investment in Selected
Categories, by Industry, 1965-1969
Ratio in Plants with
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products ....
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
50% Capacity
Increase
21%
3
25
g
7
4
1 .1
50% Replacement
of Production
Equipment
2.0%
.8
2.6
.9
.6
.5
1.2
expenditure was spent for new facilities than
for replacement and modernization of existing
facilities.
In each of the industries, most plants allo-
cated more of their abatement capital for
wastewater treatment facilities than for any
other purpose. The next most frequent appli-
cation of capital was for manufacturing process
changes. Expenditures for water cooling facil-
ities occurred in only 35 of the reporting
plants.
These factors seem to indicate that recent
experience in pollution abatement has centered
largely upon efforts to deal with the problem
of pollution as a by-product of the manu-
facturing process to be treated at the end of
the pipe, rather than as an integral element in
the production process to be eliminated by
process change. Perhaps insufficient time has
elapsed to allow for adequate analysis of the
manufacturing procedure which might accom-
plish the latter abatement procedure.
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Size of Plant as a Factor in
Pollution Abatement Expenditures
ALTHOUGH A PRESUMPTION was made
that information would be more readily avail-
able about abatement activities from the larger
industrial units, and particularly from those
which were part of multiplant corporations,
questionnaires were distributed to a smaller
number of plants employing less than 100
people 347, or 13.1% of the total sample.
The response rate, running at 17% of the
questionnaires sent to smaller firms, accounted
for only 7.5% of the total of 789 responses
received. Moreover, there were no responses
from 19 of the 50 industry categories; and in
only six of these categories were there three or
more responses five of the six were in the
chemicals industry.
Another presumption held that information
would be more readily available from plants
belonging to multiplant companies. Question-
naires were sent to approximately 600 single-
unit manufacturing companies, which ac-
counted for 23% of the sample. The response
rate was less than 6.5% of the 789 question-
naires answered, and was a return of only 8%
of the questionnaires sent to single-unit plants.
Of the 51 single-unit companies which did
return completed questionnaires, 10 were from
plants with under 100 employees, 20 were
from plants with 100 to 500 employees, and
the remaining 21 from plants with more than
500 employees.
The survey questionnaire was sent to 830
manufacturing establishments which employed
100 to 500 people. This was 31% of the
sample selected, and 18% of the number of
this sized unit in the selected universe. The
255 responses in this size category are 33% of
the total response and almost 31% of the
number distributed.
There were 1,477 manufacturing establish-
ments employing 500 and more persons in the
universe of 51 industry categories selected for
the survey. All of these plants received ques-
tionnaires. A response came from 475 of these
plants, a response rate of 32%, and this
number accounts for 60% of the total re-
sponse. This last size category is fairly evenly
divided on the number of responses from
companies with less than and companies with
more than 1,000 employees.
Table 6: Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Size of Plants, by Industry, 1969
Expenditures in Plants Employing
Industry
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
Percentage Total
No,
, . . 5
Q
2
5
. . . 0
1
1
. . . 14
3.9%
20-99
Exp. ($000)
$583
115
100
156
4
$958
0.87%
100-499
No.
10
3
31
40
12
3
4
103
28.9%
Exp. ($000)
$ 483
407
10,034
5,797
1 1 ,542
39
163
$28,465
25.9%
No.
12
9
23
38
13
2
14
111
31.2%
500-999
Exp. ($000)
$ 1,242
483
6,620
9,451
3,944
4
575
$22.319
20.4%
No.
7
6
29
48
9
6
23
128
35.9%
1000+
Exp. ($000)
$ 468
868
25,879
18,162
2,928
231
9,219
$57,755
52.7%
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Table 7: Percentage Distribution of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry
and Size of Plant, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
of
Plants
34
18
85
131
34
12
42
356
Per Cent of Total Expenditures
in Plants Employing
20-99
7.4%
28.4
24.7
38.5
1.0
100.0%
100-499
1.7%
1.4
35.3
20.4
40.5
0.1
0.6
100.0%
500-999
5.5%
2.2
29.7
42.3
17.7
*
2.6
100.0%
1000+
0.8%
1.5
44.8
31.4
5.1
0.4
16.0
100.0%
All
Plants
Reporting
2.0%
1.6
39.1
30.8
16.9
0.4
9.1
99.9%
* Less than .05%
Information Availability
It has been noted that assumptions were
made about the availability of information
from plants which had certain characteristics.
It was assumed that there would be a smaller
response from plants which were single-unit
operations and those with fewer employees.
The response pattern on this survey reinforces
this assumption. The smaller firms and the
single-unit plants were less responsive because,
as they stated, the desired information was not
available or because they did not have the
manpower to devote to making responses.
Smaller plants often have made no efforts to
deal with the problems of pollution, and may
rationalize that their lack of size means that
they contribute little to the cause of the
problem.
That attitude may be contrasted with that
of the multiplant employer who must maintain
extensive records on all aspects of plant opera-
tions. The visibility of the larger employer to
the public and to government requires that
frequent disclosure of various types of infor-
mation about the plant be made available. At
times such information is transmitted merely
for its public relations value.
Expenditures by Size of Plant
The predicted heavier response rate from the
plants with the larger working force is rein-
forced by the amount of expenditures for
abatement facilities made in 1969. The smallest
units, those employing from 20 to 99 persons,
accounted for less than 4% of the plants
making capital expenditures in that year. How-
ever, the expenditures made by this group of
plants was only 0.8% of the total spent. The
largest establishments, those with 1,000 or
more employees made up 35.9% of the plants
and spent 52.7% of the total outlay. These
data are significant only to accent the com-
paratively insignificant expenditures made by
small plants as part of industry's total capital
outlay. (Table 6)
The relative expenditures for capital pur-
poses of the industries surveyed underlines
further the contributions of two major in-
dustry categories as the leading spenders.
Despite higher expenditures by a single manu-
facturer of tires with a plant employing less
than 100 workers which accounted for 38.5%
of the expenditure in the smallest plant size
category, and the 40.5% of total expenditures
in the 100 to 499 employees category by the
petroleum industry, over 50% of total expen-
ditures in each size category was attributable
to the paper industry and the chemicals indus-
try. Fully 60% of the 356 plants reporting
capital expenditures in 1969 were in these two
industries and they made almost 70% of the
total expenditure. (Table 7)
The manufacturers of certain product lines
are responsible for particularly significant por-
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Table 8: Percentage Distribution of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry
and Size of Plant, 1965-1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products . . .
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
of
Plants
52
38
100
173
42
24
60
489
Per Cent of Total Expenditures
in Plants Employing
20-99
7.0%
20.5
53.9
3.0
14.7
1.0
100.0%
~ 100-499
2.1%
0.7
44.0
21.3
28.1
0.3
3.5
100.0%
500-999
5.6%
2.0
34.3
33.4
21.0
0.4
3.3
100.0%
1OOO+
1.8%
2.2
28.7
42.1
8.4
5.0
100.0%
All
Sizes
2.8%
1.8
33.4
35.5
15.7
2.9
7-9
100.0%
Table 9: Five-year Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities as a Per Cent of Gross Investment in
Plant, by Industry and Size of Plant, 1969
Expenditures in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Petroleum products
Primary metal industries
Total
No. of
Plants
6
2
12
2
2
2
26
Investment
-Ratio (%)
2.0%
7.5
2.0
.6
39.5
1.3
2.4%
100-499
No. of
Plants
13
6
35
45
9
6
8
122
Investment
Ratio (%)
3.0%
1.4
3.4
.9
6.0
.7
2.1
2.4%
500-999
No. of
Plants
15
15
27
40
11
4
16
128
Investment
Ratio (%)
i.4%
.9
2.2
1.1
.9
.7
.5
1.3%
1000+
No. of
Plants
12
14
28
43
5
9
32
143
Investment
Ratio (%)
.5%
.7
1.9
.9
.8
.1
.5
.9%
tions of these 1969 expenditures. The tire
maker and the petroleum refineries already
mentioned as making the largest expenditures
in the under 100 and 100 to 499 employee
categories were joined by the paperboard mills,
making expenditures totaling 25.9% in the
small plant group, and by pulp mills and paper
mills, together accounting for 20.1% of the
expenditures in plants having 100 to 499
workers. In the larger plants, the paper mills
accounted for 17.7% of expenditures in plants
with over 500 employees and 33.4% of ex-
penditures in plants with over 1,000 em-
ployees. The organic chemicals plants con-
tributed 14.7% and 13.3% of the expenditures
in these size categories. Viewing the industries
without regard to size of plant, the leading
expenditures were made by the paper mills,
25%, the petroleum refineries, 16.9%, and the
organic chemicals manufacturers, 10.7%.
Distribution of Five-year
Expenditures
The capital expenditures for the period 1965
to 1969 reflect the single-year apportionment
pattern the major portion of industrial
expenditures in the paper and chemical indus-
tries. Together these industries contributed
almost 69% of the total five-year expenditure,
and in each of the four plant size categories
accounted for over 60% of the total amount
spent. (Table 8)
Of the 51 product lines included in the
survey, five were responsible for over 60% of
the cumulative capital expenditures from 1965
to 1969. These were the paper mills, with a
10
-------
Table 10: Five-year Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities as a Per Cent of Book Value
of Plant, by Industry and Size of Plant, 1969
Expenditures in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Primary metal industries . . .
Total . .
No. of
Plants
6
2
12
2
2
2
26
Book Value
Ratio (%)
3.8%
25.1
3.3
1.3
21.5
3.4
4.4%
100-499
No. of
Plants
14
4
35
43
9
6
8
119
Book Value
Ratio (%)
4.3%
1.0
4.5
1.7
18.9
1.1
3.1
4.3%
500-999
No. of
Plants
14
13
27
38
11
4
16
123
Book Value
Ratio (%)
2.4%
1.3
3.5
2.3
1.9
1.2
.9
2.4%
1000+
No. of
Plants
13
10
30
42
5
9
32
141
Book Value
Ratio (%)
1.1%
1.2
3.7
2.1
1.9
.3
1.2
2.0%
Table 11: Mean Capital Expenditures per Plant for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry and Size
of Plant, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Paper and allied products ....
Chemicals and allied products .
Petroleum products .
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
/
20-99
$ 6000
.... 57 500
20,000
156,000
4,000
*er Plant Expenditures
100-499
$ 48 300
1 35 700
323 700
144,900
961 800
13,000
40,800
($) in Plants Employing
500-999
$103 500
53700
287 800
248,700
303 400
2,000
41,100
F
1000+
$ 66900
144,700
892 400
378,400
325 300
38,500
400,820
Mean all industries
$ 28,900
$276,400
$201,100
$451,210
percentage of expenditure of 19.8%; petroleum
refineries, with 15.7%; organic chemicals,
10.8%; pulp mills, 8.3%; and inorganic chem-
icals, 6.9%. These also were the industries
which spent more than $20 million each for
the five-year span.
Expressed in terms of a ratio of capital
expenditure for water pollution abatement
facilities to the gross investment in plant, or to
the book value of plant, the expenditure by
the smaller plants represented a higher level of
new investment. This level of capital expen-
diture to gross investment for all plants re-
sponding was 2.42% and 2.48% for plants with
less than 100, and less than 500 employees,
respectively, and 1.3% and 0.9% for the larger
sized plants. (Table 9)
The book value ratios also were higher for
the smaller plants and became increasingly
smaller as the size of the plant increased.
(Table 10)
Capital Expenditures per Plant
Another measure of significance is the
amount which has been allocated for water
pollution abatement purposes by the individual
plants or the annual mean expenditure by
plant within an industrial category. Thus, for
the 356 manufacturing establishments which
provided the necessary data, the mean expen-
diture in 1969 was $306,000 for construction
of water pollution abatement facilities. In the
14 plants with less than 100 employees the
mean annual per plant expenditure was
$28,900 dollars, and for the 128 plants in the
11
-------
Table 12: Mean Capital Expenditures per Plant for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry and Rank, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products .
Primary metal industries
No. of
34
18
85
131
34
12
42
1969
$ 2,223,000
1 ,758,000
42,648,000
33,510,000
18,414,000
430,000
9,961 ,000
Per Plant
Expenditures
$ 65,400
97,700
501 ,700
255,800
541 ,600
35,800
237,200
Rank
6
5
2
3
1
7
4
Total
356
$108,944,000
$306,000
Table 13: Percentage Distribution of Annual Operating Expenditures of Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by
Size of Plant and by Industry, 1969
Per Cent of Total Expenditures in Plants Employing
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
20-99
.... 5.8%
3.9
79.9
10.1
0.2
100-499
3.4%
0.4
32.1
52.3
9.5
0.1
2.0
500-999
4.2%
1.2
16.8
55.4
17.8
0.3
4.3
1000+
1.1%
2.8
12.2
62.2
10.4
0.4
10.9
All
Plants
2.2%
2.1
15.8
59.5
12.0
0.3
8.1
Per cent of total of all plants
0.8%
13.0%
1*5 QO/
23.8%
62.4%
100.0%
Table 14: Operating Expenditures per Plant for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities by Size of Plant, and
by Industry, 1969
Mean per Plant Expenditures ($) in Plants Employing
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
20-35
$ 5000
10,000
31 500
13000
.... 1 000
100-499
$16,200
6,200
93,900
71 ,500
80,900
1,800
28,500
500-999
$ 43,700
13,100
124,500
192,000
213,200
11,000
35,700
1000+
$ 32,800
103,100
184,200
391,000
471 ,200
12,700
139,200
20-1000+
$ 27,100
43,700
130,800
210,300
218,700
9,400
93,100
Expenditure per plant, by size
$19,700
$62,300
$119,000
$240,200
$141,300
more than 1,000 workers category the mean
expenditure was $451,210 per plant. However,
there is no definite pattern of relationship
between size of plant and per plant expen-
ditures in most of the industries. Nevertheless,
it is notable that mean annual per plant
expenditures in the paper and allied products
industry were consistently larger than the mean
expenditures for all industry in each plant size
category. (Table 11)
In the separate product classification, there
were a number of cases of mean expenditures
of over $1 million per plant. These expen-
ditures were reported in pulp mills, in paper
12
-------
mills, in petroleum refineries, and in copper
rolling plants. (Table 12)
Distribution of Annual Operating
Expenditures
One industry spent more than the total
spent by the other six industrial categories for
operation of water pollution abatement
facilities in 1969. The chemicals industry spent
$38.9 million, or 59.5% of the total spent by
all the industries in that year. The chemicals
industry and the paper industry together ac-
counted for 75.3% of the total expenditure.
The chemicals, paper and petroleum industries
together accounted for 87.3% of the total.
Taken by size of plant, more than 62.0% of
the amount spent in 1969 came from plants
with 1,000 or more employees, and 86.2% was
expended by plants with more than 500.
These two size categories represented 65% of
the plants responding to this question. Thus,
for the plants with less than 500 employ-
ees, 35% spent little more than 13% of the
total for operation of pollution facilities. (Table
13)
Operating Expenditure per Plant
The plants which made the large capital
expenditures for pollution control facilities
were the leading spenders for the operation of
these facilities. The paper mills, the oil re-
fineries, and the manufacturers of organic
chemicals and inorganic chemicals spent more
than $30 million, or 47% of the amount spent
by all plants reporting operating expenditures
in 1969.
The effective rate of expenditure for oper-
ating purposes for the individual plant in 1969
was $141,300 for all industries and for all size
plants. For plants with less than 100 em-
ployees, the mean per plant expenditure was
$19,700, while the expenditure for plants
employing more than 1,000 persons was
$240,200. The industries which made the large
per plant expenditures, chemicals and pet-
roleum, also had per plant expenditures above
the mean per plant expenditure for all of the
industries. The leading per plant expenditure
was the $4.2 million spent by 9 petroleum
refineries, a mean expenditure of $471,200 per
plant. (Table 14)
13
-------
Expenditures for Operation
and Maintenance of
Pollution Abatement Facilities
FEW MEASURES OF pollution control
activity serve as well as the continuing annual
expenditures for the operation and main-
tenance of pollution control equipment and
programs. This expenditure translates into cost
factors the investment made for capital equip-
ment and provides a year-to-year basis for
gauging the extent of pollution control
activity. The personnel costs associated with
this activity and the concomitant operational
expenses are part of the cost of producing a
product and an element in the profitability of
plant operations.
In 1969, among the 500 plants which
reported expenditures for the construction of
abatement facilities for the preceding five-year
period, 463 or 92.6%, noted expenditures for
operation and maintenance totaling
$65,405,000. (Table 15)
In 406 plants, with a minimum of one
full-time employee assigned to pollution con-
trol work, a total of 2,018 people were
employed in the operation of pollution abate-
ment facilities. For these 406 plants the annual
operating expenditure was $54,942,000 and
the mean expenditure per operating employee
was $27,225. (Table 16)
Operations Expenditures in
the Cost Picture
The personnel costs associated with oper-
ation of abatement facilities are part of the
total personnel costs of the plant. In a very
small plant, a single abatement operations
employee would account for 2% of the total
employment of a plant with 50 employees.
This is the case with one plant responding to
the survey. However, the percentage of em-
ployees on an over-all industry basis is lower.
The ratio of abatement employees to total
employment ranges from a high of 1% in the
petroleum industry to .1% ratios in the textile
mill products industry and the rubber and
plastics products industry. In more specific
industrial categories, two industries, the inor-
ganic chemicals manufacturers and the fertilizer
Table 15: Annual Operating Expenditures of Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Size of Plant,
and by Industry, 1969
Expenditures in Plants Employing
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products . . .
Rubber and plastics products ....
Primary metal industries
No.
6
2
13
4
1
20-99
Exp. ($000)
$ 30
20
410
52
1
No.
18
6
29
62
10
5
6
100-499
Exp. ($000)
$ 292
37
2,724
4,435
809
9
171
500-999
No.
15
14
21
45
13
4
19
Exp. ($000)
$ 655
183
2,614
8,640
2,772
44
678
No.
14
11
27
65
9
12
32
1000+
Exp. ($000)
$ 459
1,134
4,973
25,415
4,241
152
4,455
Total
26
$513
136
$8,477 131
$15,586
170
$40,829
14
-------
Table 16: Number of Employees Engaged in Water Pollution Abatement Activities, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Abatement
Employees
Operations
Expenditures
Expenditures per
Employee
Food and kindred products . .
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products . . .
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries . . . .
Total
123
42
390
986
237
22
218
2,018
$ 1,432,000
1,282,000
9,014,000
32,993,000
4,756,000
191,000
5,274,000
$54,942,000
$11,642
30,524
23,112
33,461
20,068
8,682
24,193
$27,225
Table 17: Ratio of Water Pollution Abatement Employees to Production Employees and to Total Employees,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Per Cent Abatement
Employees to
Production Employees
Per Cent Abatement
Employees to
Total
Food and Kindred Products (20)
Meat slaughtering plants (2011) ...
Poultry dressing plants (2015) ....
Cheeses (2022)
Fluid milk (2026)
Seafoods (2031)
Canned fruits/vegetables (2033)-
Fish (2036)
Frozen fruits/vegetables (2037)....
Wet corn milling (2046)
Raw cane sugar (2061)
Cane sugar refining (2062)
Malt liquors (2082)
Distilled liquor, not brandy (2085) .
Textile Mill Products (22)
Weaving mills, cotton (2211)
Weaving mills, synthetics (2221) . . .
Weaving, finishing mills, wool (2231)
Finishing plants, cotton (2261) . . . .
Firtishing plants, synthetic (2262) . .
Paper and Allied Products (26)
Pulp mills (2611)
Paper mills, not building (2621) . . .
Paperboard mills (2631)
Paper products (2641)
Building paper-board mills (2661) . .
Chemicals and Allied Products (28)
Alkalies/chlorine (2812)
Coal tar products (2815)
Organic chemicals (2818)
Inorganic chemicals (2819) ......
Plastics/resins (2821)
Synthetic rubber (2822)
Cellulosic man-made fibers (2823) . .
Organic fibers, noncellulosic (2824)
Pharmaceuticals (2834)
.4%
.2
.5
2.4*
.8
.4
.1*
.5
.5
.5
.4*
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1*
.7
1.1
.6
.8
1.1
.7
.7
.8
1.0
1.3
2.0
.4
.7
.4
.4
.4
.3%
.2
.4
2.0*
.2
.1"
.4
.4
.5
.3*
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1*
*
.6
.9
.5
.6
.9
.5
.5
.5
.6
.9
1.4
.3
.5
.3
.3
.2
(Table continued on page 16)
15
-------
Table 17: Ratio of Water Pollution Abatement Employees to Production Employees and to Total Employees,
by Industry, 1969 (continued)
Industry
Per Cent Abatement
Employees to
Production Employees
* Based upon data from a single plant
**Lessthan .05%
Per Cent Abatement
Employees to
Total
Detergents (2841 )
Gum and wood chemicals (2861 )
Fertilizers (2871 )
Agricultural pesticides (2879)
Glue and gelatin (2891 )
Explosives (2892)
Carbon black (2895)
Petroleum Products (29)
Petroleum refining (291 1 )
Lubricating oils/greases (2992)
Rubber and Plastics Products, n.e.c. (30)
Tires/tubes (301 1 )
Rubber products (3069)
Plastics products (3079)
Primary Metal Industries (33)
Blast furnaces/steel mills (3312)
Steel pipe/tube (331 7)
Iron foundries (3321 )
Primary copper (3331 )
Primary aluminum (3334)
Copper rolling/drawing (3351)
Aluminum rolling/drawing (3352)
.3
.7*
2.3
1.2
.2
.2
.6
1.3
1.3
.6*
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.5
.2
.3
.2
.2
.6*
1.7
.5
.1
.1
.5
1.0
1.0
.5*
.1
* *
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.2
manufacturers in the chemicals industry,
posted high ratios of abatement employees to
total employees, with 1.4% and 1.7% re-
spectively. In all of these cases, the high ratio
is largely attributable to a lower level of total
employment. The petroleum industry has
characteristically been a low manpower in-
dustry.
Since the abatement operations activity
would be classified as part of the production
process and the employees included in the
production employee category, a ratio of
abatement employees to production employees
was developed. In the petroleum industry the
ratio rises to 1.3% of production employees;
and it goes substantially higher to 2.3% in the
fertilizer industry and to 2.0% in the inorganic
chemicals manufacturers. (Table 17)
When measured in terms of the total payroll,
the annual operating expenditure assumes a
more important position in the cost picture
than would initially be adjudged by the ratio
of numbers of employees involved in pollution
control operations. (Table 18)
The high ratio in the petroleum industry
would be attributable to a combination of
higher expenditure and fewer employees.
Operating Expenditures and
Production Employees
The ratio of expenditure for annual oper-
ation and maintenance functions to the
number of production employees provides
some measure of per capita expenditure for
this purpose. The annual cost per production
worker has a greater effect in the small plant
despite the smaller total expenditure. However,
some industries which utilize smaller work
forces because of a high degree of automation
16
-------
Table 18: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities to Total Payroll, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
Number
49
... 79
1fifi
22
21
53
. . . 421
Ratio
4%
7
1 g
1 7
24
1
5
1 2
Table 19: Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities per Production Employee,
by Size of Plant and by Industry, 1969
Total
Expenditures per Production Worker
in Plants Employing
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metals industries
No.
6
2
13
3
1
20-99
Expenditures
$111
182
806
410
25
No.
18
6
29
56
8
5
6
100-499
Expenditures
$ 73
26
359
363 i
385
5
114
No.
16
14
21
43
12
3
19
500-999
Expenditures
$ 69
21
233
399
359
23
64
No.
14
11
27
62
6
12
31
1000+
Expenditures
$ 23
49
135
211
396
7
58
25
$486
128
$275
128
$214
163
$125
Table 20: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities to Gross Capital
Investment, by Size of Plant and by Industry, 1969
Ratio in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
. . . . 6
. . . . 2
. . . . 13
. . . . 3
. . . . 24
Ratio
.6%
.5
.9
.5
0.8%
100-499
No.
15
6
27
50
6
5
6
115
Ratio
.4%
.1
.4
.3
.4
#
.1
0.3%
500-999
No.
13
13
21
39
10
3
18
117
Ratio
.2%
.1
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
0.3%
1000+
No.
13
10
27
45
4
11
31
141
Ratio
.1%
.3
.3
.3
.2
*
.1
0.2%
* Less than .05%
will also indicate a larger per man expenditure
but not bear the same burden on the cost of
production. (Table 19)
The mean expenditure per production
worker for the 444 plants reporting was $152.
Three industries paper, chemicals, and pet-
roleum reported larger per worker expen-
ditures in most instances.
Operating Expenditures and
Capital Investment
The size of the manufacturing establishment,
measured by the number of employees, is a
significant factor in viewing the extent to
which plants have made physical improvements
for dealing with the water pollution problem.
17
-------
Table 21: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Plant Book Value,
by Size of Plant and by Industry, 1969
Ratio in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products . .
Total
Wo.
6
2
12
3
1
24
Ratio
1.0%
1.7
1.5
1.2
.2
1.4%
100-499
No.
17
4
26
47
6
5
6
111
Ratio
.5%
.1
.6
.6
1.0
.1
.2
0.6%
500-999
No.
13
11
21
37
10
3
17
112
Ratio
.5%
.1
.4
.7
.4
.2
-.3
0.5%
1000+
No.
14
8
27
44
4
11
31
139
Ratio
.2%
.5
.6
.7
.4
*
.3
0.5%
Less than .05%
As anticipated, the larger expenditures, in total
and on a per plant basis, were made by larger
plants. The size of the plant is decidedly more
important in the consideration of amounts
spent for operation and maintenance of pol-
lution control facilities because of the con-
tinuity of this measure and the inclusion of
selected variables which may be comparable on
a year-to-year basis.
Significant differences in the ratio of annual
operating expenditures to other variables
occurs mainly in the ratios for plants with less
than 100 employees where the percentage of
annual expenditure is consistently larger.
The mean ratio of annual operating expen-
diture to the total capital investment for the
397 plants reporting these data was 0.25%. The
plants with less than 100 employees reported a
ratio of 0.8%, while the mean ratios for the
other size categories were 0.3%, 0.3%, and
0.2%. (Table 20)
A similar pattern evolved for the ratio of
annual operating expenditures to the book
value of the responding plants. In this case, the
386 respondents allocated 0.5% of the book
value of the plants for operating pollution
control facilities in 1969. The small plant ratio
was again markedly higher at 1.4%. (Table 21)
18
-------
Projected Appropriations for
Pollution Abatement Facilities
IN GENERAL, capital appropriation pro-
grams are long-term efforts, since they are
conceived, financed, and constructed over a
span of years. Most pollution control projects
require similar handling and are, in some
instances, major additions to existing plant and
equipment. Therefore, capital construction pro-
grams begun within the period of the survey,
1965 to 1969, may be continued for several
years.
Planned appropriations for 1970 and beyond
were reported by 422 plants. Of this number,
295 had made expenditures in 1969 and 363
had made expenditures hi the previous five-
year period. The total planned appropriations
for 1970 reported by all of the industries were
$252,854,000 - more than double the re-
ported 1969 expenditures. (Table 22)
Future Capital Requirements
The amount projected as future capital
requirements which will be necessary to meet
present water quality standards, including the
amount allocated for expenditure in 1970, is
$646,671,000. This projected capital require-
ment reported by 445 manufacturing establish-
ments exceeds the 1970 anticipated expen-
diture by more than 155%, is almost six times
the amount of the 1969 expenditure, and is
more than double the amount spent by 500
plants from 1965 to 1969. (Table 23)
The assumption that might be drawn from
this expression of future intent by the re-
porting companies is that they had in 1969,
after making expenditures over the previous
five-year period, come one third of the way
toward meeting present water quality stan-
dards. The 1970 appropriation will add con-
siderably to this amount and will move these
companies more than halfway toward meeting
the presently identified water quality stan-
dards.
The greatest portion of this capital require-
ment would be met within five years according
to 419 plants which reported on the number
of years in which they planned to spend their
future appropriations. (Table 24)
The largest percentage of the companies,
62%, reported that the expenditures would be
made for wastewater treatment facilities, while
31% indicated that the money would be used
for manufacturing process changes. The re-
maining 7% would divide their expenditures
Table 22: Planned Capital Appropriations for 1970 for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry
Industry
Total
Number
of Plants
37
25
85
160
46
13
56
422
1970
Appropriations
($000)
$ 6,261
4,107
77,182
87,964
59,754
1,545
16,041
$252,854
19
-------
Table 23: Future Capital Requirements for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities for 1970 and the Future To Meet
Present Water Quality Standards, by Industry, 1969
Chemicals and allied products
Total
Number of
Plants
37
32
85
167
46
19
59
445
Future Capital
Requirements ($000)
$ 19,410
9,389
189,356
273,098
70,172
3,220
82,026
$646,671
Table 24: Time Pattern of Capital Appropriations for Future Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement
Facilities, by Industry, 1969
Number of Companies Making Expenditures in:
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemical and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products . .
Primary metal industries
Wo.
35
32
81
166
27
19
59
7
Year
7
15
9
30
9
5
15
2
Years
10
9
28
35
3
6
15
3
Years
5
2
20
36
7
1
10
4
Years
2
1
8
15
3
1
4
5
Years
6
3
10
46
4
2
13
6
Years
0
0
4
2
0
0
1
7
Years
0
0
1
1
0
0
n
8
Years
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
8+
Years
5
2
1
1
1
4
n
Total
419
90
106
81
34
84
14
between cooling facilities and pools for storage
and aeration.
Projected Annual Operating
Expenditures
The 463 plants indicating annual ex-
penditures for operating pollution control
facilities in 1969 report an expenditure of $65
million. These plants, and an additional 89
plants, project an annual expenditure upon
completion of the presently planned abatement
facilities construction program of $95 million
per year - an anticipated rise of 46.4%. The
effective date of this increased level of annual
spending is indefinite and dependent upon
completion of the construction program, which
in some cases is anticipated to run beyond an
eight-year period.
20
-------
Measures of Effort in
Pollution Control
THERE ARE FEW available measures of
pollution abatement activity, Capital expen-
ditures for the construction of abatement
facilities and the annual expenditures for
operation and maintenance of these facilities
are two methods by which effort is gauged.
Perhaps the ideal method of measuring water
pollution control efforts would be the con-
tinuous monitoring in all plants of all waste-
water discharges.
Lacking this level of sophistication, some
determinant might be developed that would
indicate to what extent industry is attempting
to cope with the problems of industrial pol-
lution. Utilizing existing indicators of pro-
ductivity, combined with a record of company
commitment by way of physical facilities for
the control of pollution and the annual oper-
ating cost of these facilities, one might create
an experiential ratio by which to measure
future abatement activity. It may be difficult
to defend the economic validity of this type of
yardstick because of the absence of a real
relationship between the variables. Neverthe-
less, it would seem that the level of pollution
rises with the increase of production, if the
pollution results from the manufacturing pro-
cess. At the same time, an increase in the
funds allocated to operation of pollution con-
trol facilities indicates a greater effort to
reduce the level of pollution.
It should be noted that these measures of
growth are valuable only as general trend
indicators and would be inadequate for appli-
cation as individual plant standards.
Cost of Materials as a Measure
Besides the payroll expense, the cost of
materials provides another major component of
the cost of production. (Table 25)
The ratio of annual operating expenditures
to the cost of materials in the manufacturing
process in plants with less than 100 employees
is 0.7%, while in the larger plants it runs at
lower ratios. In many of the plants the ratio is
less than .05%. (Table 26)
In 40 of the responding plants, it would be
necessary to include in the cost of abatement
operations the amount paid to a municipality
for the use of the public sewer system because
of pretreatment of effluent discharged into
public sewers. The two industries in which this
practice occurs most frequently are meat
slaughtering plants and the manufacturers of
detergents.
Table 25: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Cost of Materials, 1969
Industry
Total
"Less than .05%
Number
49
28
79
135
19
20
52
382
Ratio (%)
.1
.2
.7
.6
.2
#
.2
.5
21
-------
Table 26: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Cost of Materials,
by Size of Plant and by Industry, 1969
Ratio in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
. . . . 5
. . . . 2
. . . . 12
. . . . 3
1
23
Ratio
0.1%
0.7
1.2
0.4
0.1
0.7%
100-499
No.
17
4
28
45
4
5
6
109
Ratio
0.1%
0.2
1.1
0.6
0.2
*
0.2
0.5%
500-999
No.
13
13
21
37
10
3
16
113
Ratio
0.1%
0.1
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.4%
1000+
No.
14
11
27
40
2
11
30
135
Ratio
*%
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.3
#
0.2
0.3%
* Less than .05%
Table 27: Ratio of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Value of Shipments, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products ....
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products . . .
Petroleum products . .
Rubber and plastics products . . .
Primary metal industries
Total
Number
30
15
78
91
17
12
39
282
Capital
Expenditures
($000)
2,800
1,668
33,300
21,345
14584
430
8,914
83,041
Value of
Shipments
($000)
1,641,323
593,427
2,623,492
5,31 1 ,421
2 792 576
646,631
3,375,630
1 6 984 500
Ratio
.2%
.3
1 3
.4
5
.1
.3
05%
Table 28: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Value of Shipments, 1969
Industry
Number
Ratio (%>
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
*Less than .05%
49
27
74
198
19
20
52
369
*
1
4
3
)
*
1
2%
Value of Shipment as a Measure
The value of shipments may be defined as
the gross value of products shipped in a
particular year. It is not in itself a measure of
profitability, but it does provide a scale by
which to judge the amount of productive
activity of a manufacturing establishment.
In 1969, 282 plants which made capital
expenditures for pollution abatement facilities
amounting to $83,041,000 reported shipments
valued at $16,984,500,000. The ratio of capital
22
-------
Table 29: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Value of Shipments,
by Size of Plant and by Industry, 1969
Ratio in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
. . . 5
. . . . 2
. . . . 12
3
. . . . 1
23
Ratio
0.1%
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.4%
100-499 SOL
No.
17
4
27
44
4
5
6
107
Ratio
0.1%
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.2
*
0.1
0.3%
No.
13
13
20
34
10
3
16
109
1-999
Ratio
0.1%
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3%
1000+
No.
14
10
25
38
2
11
30
130
Ratio
*%
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
*
0.1
0.2%
* Less than .05%
expenditure for pollution facilities to the value
of shipments was .5%. (Table 27)
The ratio of annual operating expenditures
to the value of shipments provides a measure
that can be utilized on a continuing basis since
both variables are ongoing expenditures rather
than the singular appropriation for capital
construction purposes.
In 1969, the 369 establishments with oper-
ational pollution control programs spent
$41,754,000 for this purpose. These same
plants accounted for product value of ship-
ments amounting to $20,643,715,000. The
ratio of annual operating expenditures to the
value of shipments for these plants was 0.2%.
(Table 28)
This ratio, when applied to the plants
according to size of plant, provides a range
running from a high of 0.4% for plants
employing less than 100 persons to a low of
0.2% for those employing more than 1,000.
(Table 29)
The paper industry ratio at .4% and the
chemical industry with .3% were the only ones
which exceeded the mean ratio value of .2%.
In the food industry and rubber and plastics
industry the operational expenditures ac-
counted for less than .05% of value of ship-
ments. The latter also made the smallest capital
expenditure ratio.
Other Measures of Productivity
The value-of-shipments datum is used in
compiling other standards measures, such as a
rough equivalent of value added by manu-
facture, which is obtained by subtracting from
the value of shipments the amount applicable
to materials, fuels, and supplies put into
production and the annual depreciation
Table 30: Ratio of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Value Added, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products ....
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products . . .
Rubber and plastics products . . .
Number
27
12
77
84
17
12
38
Capital
Expenditures
($000)
2,503
1,518
33,290
20,216
14,584
430
8,912
Value
Added
($000)
423,447
169,554
1,077,698
2,424,645
880,817
423,119
1,219,047
Ratio
.6%
.9
3.1
.8
1.7
.1
.7
Total
267
81,453
6,618,327
1.2%
23
-------
Table 31: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Value added by Manufacture,
by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Ratio in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Chemicals and allied products ...
Rubber and plastics products . .
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
. . . . 2
. . . . 10
. . . . 3
. . . 1
. . . . 16
Ratio
1.7%
1.4
0.8
0.3
1.3%
100-499
No,
15
4
27
41
4
4
5
100
Ratio
0.1%
0.4
1.5
0.6
1.5
*
0.3
0.7%
500-999
No.
12
13
20
33
10
2
16
106
Ratio
0.3%
0.2
1.0
0.8
0.3
0.1
9.3
0.6%
1000+
No.
14
10
25
36
2
10
29
126
Ratio
0.1%
0.6
0.7
0.4
1.8
#
0.3
0.4%
* Less than .05%
Table 32: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement to Gross Operating Margin,
by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Ratio in Plants Employing
20-99
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products .
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
2
10
3
. . . . 1
. . . . 16
Ratio
3.7%
1.6
1.0
1.2
1.6%
100-499
No.
15
4
27
41
4
4
5
100
Ratio
0.2%
1.1
2.7
0.9
2.7
0.2
0.4
1.0%
500-999
No.
12
13
20
33
10
2
16
106
Ratio
0.5%
0.5
1.9
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.8%
1000+
No.
14
10
25
36
2
10
29
126
Ratio
0.3%
1.7
1.9
0.8
5.3
*
0.5
0.7%
Less than .05%
charged. Another is the gross operating margin,
which is computed by subtracting the payroll
cost from the amount of value added by
manufacture.
In 1969, manufacturing establishments
which made capital expenditures in that year
posted a total amount of value added by
manufacture equivalent to $6,618,327,000.
These same plants made capital expenditures
for abatement facilities of $81,453,000. The
ratio of capital expenditures to the value added
by manufacture for these 267 plants was 1.2%.
(Table 30)
In the same year, 348 plants with annual
operating expenditures for pollution abatement
activities of $38,360,000 accounted for an
amount of value added by manufacture of
$8,331,013,000, a ratio of 0.5%. (Table 31)
These same plants, with a gross operating
margin of $4,776,113,000 had a ratio of
annual operating expenditure to gross operating
margin of .8%. (Table 32)
24
-------
Wastewater Volume and
Characteristics
THE PLANTS REPORTING discharges of
wastewater indicated a predominant tendency
to discharge directly into a stream or other
body of water, rather than into public sewer
systems. The ratio of volume discharged dir-
ectly to the total volume discharged for all
industry was 92.9%. It ranged from a high of
98.0% in the petroleum industry and 96.7% in
the chemicals industry to a low level of 66.1%
in the rubber and plastics products industry.
The volume of wastewater discharged to public
sewers, as a consequence, received a high
percentage of 32.7% of the total discharge in
the rubber and plastics products industry and
23.0% in the food industry. Wastewater dis-
charged to other facilities than streams or
public sewers, such as deep wells or aeration
pools, accounted for a meaningful portion of
the discharge only in the primary metals
industry where 11.3% of the wastewater was
disposed of in this way. (Table 33)
The percent volume discharged by disposal
area conforms to the percentages indicated in
the 1967 Census of Manufacturers Water Use
in Manufacturing. In that report, 91.9% of the
wastewater was discharged directly, 5.4% was
discharged to public sewers and 2.7% was
discharged elsewhere. The total volume of
discharge in the industrial establishments sur-
veyed was in excess of 7.8 billion gallons per
day 7.3 billion gallons per day discharged
directly, .39 billion gallons per day discharged
into public sewers, and .17 billion gallons per
day discharged to other disposal areas. (Table
34)
Waste waters which are discharged directly,
to a public sewer, or to an aeration pond or
deep well come principally from the manu-
facturing process. Lesser amounts are utilized
for sanitary purposes, for cooling, or come
from other purposes such as washing
machinery, rain run-offs, etc. Before discharge,
these wastewaters may be treated or may be
discharged without treatment. The survey data
reveal that 284 plants directly discharged 2.08
billion gallons per day of treated wastewaters,
while 217 plants discharged 1.69 billion gallons
per day of untreated wastewater. The direct
discharge of wastewaters from sanitation
facilities was reported by 148 plants which
discharged 24.2 million gallons per day of
treated wastewaters and 40 plants which re-
ported a daily discharge of 4.3 million gallons
per day of untreated wastewater. Plants stating
Table 33: Per Cent Volume of Wastewater Discharged by Disposal Area, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Primary metal industries
Directly
74.7%
80.2
93.6
96.7
98.0
66.1
84.4
Per Cent of Volume Discharged
Public Sewer
23.0%
15.9
4.4
2.3
1.9
32.7
4.3
Other
2.3%
3.9
2.0
1.0
.1
1.2
11.3
Total
92.9%
5.0%
2.1%
25
-------
Table 34: Volume of Wastewater Discharged by Disposal Area, by Industry, 1969
Primarv metal industries
Discharged
Directly
(MGDI
356.2
103.5
1,772.1
3,356.7
1 ,046.9
94.9
572.7
Public
Sewer
(MOD)
109.9
20
83.6
79.5
20.7
47.0
29.3
Discharged
Other
(MOD)
10.9
5.0
36.6
36.1
1.1
1.7
76.7
Total
7,303.0
390.5
168.2
that the discharge of cooling water was un-
treated outnumbered those indicating that it
was treated. The volume of cooling waters
discharged in treated and untreated states was
almost 2.6 billion gallons per day. (Table 35)
Most of the wastewater discharged directly
comes from the manufacturing process, which
also is the chief source of contaminating
effluents. The total volume of wastewater
discharged directly from the manufacturing
process in 1969 was 3.7 billion gallons per day,
of which only 55.2%, or 2.1 billion gallons per
day, was treated. Thus almost 45% of the
prime effluent flow was discharged in an
untreated state. Of total wastewater discharged
from all sources, 43.1% was treated and 56.8%
was discharged without treatment. These ratios
indicate a greater quantity of treatment in the
surveyed industries than that reported in the
1967 Census of Manufactures Water Use in
Manufacturing, which indicated that roughly
two thirds of the wastewater was discharged in
an untreated state. Part of the difference may
be attributable to census data for an earlier
year and to the possibility that there was a
greater response to the survey from plants
which provided some measure of wastewater
treatment and a lesser response from those
who would not readily admit that they had no
treatment facilities.
Characteristics of Discharged
Wastewaters
The major concern in the water pollution
problem is the content of the wastewater that
is discharged in an untreated state into re-
ceiving waters. Of the daily direct discharge of
6.9 billion gallons of wastewater by the plants
in the survey, over 4.1 billion gallons per day,
or 59.1% of the total direct discharge, was
released into receiving waters without treat-
ment.
Table 35: Volume of Wastewater Discharged Directly, by Source by Industry, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products . .
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Manufacturing
Process
(MGDI
Treated
20 1
556
905 5
505 6
446 6
2 5
148.7
Untreated
219.8
36.6
467.4
664.8
5.7
37.6
258.8
Sanitary
(MOD!
Treated
.8
1.8
1.4
11.2
6.1
.1
2.8
Untreated
1.4
.7
.0
1.1
.0
.3
.8
Cooling
(MGD)
Treated
41.2
.0
19.0
152.0
410.5
3.6
18.2
Untreated
60.9
8.8
300.7
1 ,461 .9
6.8
48.9
124.1
other
(MGD)
Treated
11.0
.0
1.5
1.6
94.2
.0
.0
Untreated
6.2
.0
76.6
242.0
81.6
2.0
20.0
Total
2,084.6 1,690.7
24.2
4.3
644.5 2,012.1
108.3
428.7
26
-------
The manufacturing process is the principal
source of contaminants discharged in industrial
wastewater and accounts for more than half of
the total daily volume discharged.
The critical elements of contamination in
the wastewater are many and varied. To sim-
plify their measurement they are classified in
broad categories such as BOD, the biochemical
oxygen demand which measures the weight of
dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms in
the water to degrade organic matter, and COD,
the chemical oxygen demand which measures
the equivalent oxygen needed to oxidize or-
ganic compounds to carbon dioxide and water.
Other contaminants are suspended solids or
particles of matter varying in size, shape and
density, acid and alkaline discharges, assorted
chemicals, dyes and oils, and heated liquids.
BOD Content in Discharged
Wastewater
As previously noted, the manufacturing pro-
cess is the principal source of BOD in the
discharged wastewaters. In 1969, 363 plants
reported a discharge of 4,723,625 pounds of
effluent having a five-day biochemical oxygen
demand from the manufacturing process. This
was 93.4% of the 5,053,615 pounds per day
produced from all sources. The remainder of
daily output came from .sanitary facilities,
0.9%; from cooling, 2.8%; and from other
sources, 2.8%. (Table 36)
The total amount of over 5 million pounds
per day of BOD content is most significant
when viewed in terms of the amount of
wastewater to which it is related. This transla-
tion in 140 plants shows an over-all BOD
content of 1,653 pounds per million gallons of
untreated wastewater discharged directly from
the manufacturing process. (Note: The determi-
nation of the BOD, COD, and Suspended
Solids content ratios per million gallons of
wastewater was based upon data from plants
reporting both the direct discharge of un-
treated wastewater from the manufacturing
process and the amounts of effluent content.
This accounts for the smaller number of plants
and the smaller amounts of wastewater and
wastewater components.) (Table 37)
COD Content of Wastewater
The 207 plants which reported the discharge
of amounts of wastewaters with significant
COD content poured 6.6 million pounds of
effluent into receiving waters on a daily basis.
More than 89% of this effluent, almost 6
million pounds per day, was produced in the
manufacturing process. (Table 38)
The loads of high COD content effluent
were found in the same industries that posted
high BOD counts. The count in the 76 plants
providing this data was 1,763,966 pounds of
chemical oxygen demand effluent per 615
million gallons per day of discharged waste-
water, or an average count of 2,867 pounds
per million gallons. (Table 39)
Suspended Solids in the
Discharged Waters
Suspended solids are a significant contribu-
tion to the pollution of the waters from plants
Table 36: Biochemical Oxygen Demand Content in Discharged Wastewater from All Sources, by Industry, 1969
Industry
5-Day BOD Content
(pounds per day)
Food and kindred products . .
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products . . .
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products .
Primary metal industries . . . .
Total
346,276
272,414
2,604,848
1,341,837
461,390
4,939
21,911
5,053,615
27
-------
Table 37: BOD Content per Quantity of Untreated Waters from Manufacturing Process Discharged Directly,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Food dnd kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
12
14
36
58
2
6
. . . 12
140
Wastewater
Discharge (MGD)
146.9
33.0
437.2
564.7
5.7
9.4
109.9
1 ,306.8
BOD Content
(pounds)
106,272
83,822
1,336,878
613,402
2,450
1,381
16,197
2,160,402
Ratio (pounds
perMGI
723
2,537
3,057
1,086
432
146
147
1,653
Table 38: COD Content in Discharged Wastewater from All Sources, by Industry, 1969
Industry
COD Content
(pounds per day I
Food and kindred products . .
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products . . .
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products .
Primary metal industries . . . .
Total
379,264
233,304
1,644,338
2,692,230
1,606,834
11,859
45,495
6,613,324
Table 39: COD Content per Quantity of Untreated Waters from Manufacturing Process Discharged Directly,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metals industries
No.
4
5
4
50
2
2
9
Wastewater
Discharge (MGD)
35.5
229
34
478.0
5 7
4 7
64.8
COD Content
(pounds)
33589
R9 fifiQ
1 no 477
1,509,087
Q CnK
43,544
Ratio (pounds
per MG)
QRfi
9 7T3
9Q 77fl
3,157
480
671
Total
76
615.1
1,763,966
discharging wastes, amounting to more than 6
million pounds per day. The manufacturing
process in 361 plants accounted for almost
85% of the total discharge, with 5.2 million
pounds per day added to the receiving waters.
The cooling process added another 11%, and
most of this amount was produced in the
petroleum industry. (Table 40)
Most of the industries which have produced
the greatest concentration of effluents such as
BOD and COD per quantity of wastewater are
also those which are leaders in the production
of suspended solids. The industries which
would be identified as top producers of this
effluent are the manufacturers of organic
chemicals, pesticides, gum and wood chemical
products, paper mills, pulp mills, building
paper and board mills, and woolen mills. The
28
-------
Table 40: Suspended Solids in Discharged Wastewaters from Manufacturing Process from All Sources,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Suspended Solids Content
(pounds per day)
Food and kindred products . .
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products . . .
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products ,
Primary metal industries . . . .
Total
971,893
54,392
2,215,679
1,487,788
783,475
16,210
606,441
6,135,878
148 plants reporting data on these discharges
produced 3,977,493 pounds of suspended
solids in 1.4 billion gallons of wastewater daily
for an average sum of 2,655 pounds of
suspended solids per million gallons discharged.
(Table 41)
PH Factor in Discharged
Wastewaters
The Wastewaters discharged by the surveyed
plants also altered the receiving waters by the
discharge of acid or alkaline waste. The signifi-
cant measure of this waste additive is not the
cumulative result of all these outpourings, but
rather the degree to which each of the produc-
tion processes might affect the receiving waters
by the discharge of Wastewaters from the
process.
The low and high ph values reported by
each industry which provided at least two
responses to this question are shown in Table
42.
Other Wastewater Effluents
Other wastewater components were reported
by 42 plants where significant amounts of
discharge were related to specialized industrial
processes. A tally of amounts of effluent
would require the identification of specific
contaminating elements for each of the plants
and a separate accounting of each variety. The
questionnaire responses in many cases did not
specifically identify the element or the measure
of quantity. The recoverable data indicate that
these discharges are made mainly in the chemi-
cals industry (in quantity only in the manufac-
ture of organic chemicals), in some of the
petroleum refining processes, and in the pro-
duction of aluminum.
The absence of meaningful data on these
other wastewater components by no means
indicates that they lack importance, since
many of the metallic elements discharged are
toxic in the right quantities. Rather, proce-
Table 41: Suspended Solids per Quantity of Untreated Waters from Manufacturing Process Discharged Directly,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
12
8
36
57
2
8
25
148
Wastewater
Discharge
(MGD)
146.9
26.0
437.2
603.4
5.7
29.6
249.0
1 ,497.7
Suspended
Solids
(pounds)
862,152
15,141
1,416,930
1,133,000
3,602
7,357
539,31 1
3,977,493
Ratio
(pounds
per MG)
5,869
583
3,240
1,877
636
248
2,165
2,655
29
-------
Table 42: PH Values of Discharged Wastewaters from Manufacturing Process, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Low Value
High Value
Median Value
Food and Kindred Products (20)
Meat slaughtering plants (2011)
Poultry dressing plants (2015)
Cheeses (2022)
Fluid milk (2026)
Seafoods (2031)
Canned fruits/vegetables (2032)
Fish (2036)
Frozen fruits/vegetables (2037)
Wet corn milling (2046)
Raw cane sugar (2061)
Cane sugar refining (2062)
Malt liquors (2082)
Distilled liquor (2085)
Textile Mill Products (22)
Weaving mills, cotton (2211)
Weaving mills, synthetics (2221) .. . .
Weaving, finishing mills, wool (2231)
Finishing plants, cotton (2261)
Finishing plants, synthetic (2262) ...
Paper and Allied Products (26)
Pulp mills (2611)
Paper mills, not building (2621)
Paperboard mills (2631)
Paper products (2641)
Building paper/board mills (2661) . . .
Chemicals and Allied Products (28)
Alkalies/chlorine (2812)
Coal tar products (2815)
Organic chemicals (2818)
Inorganic chemicals (2819)
Plastics/resins (2821)
Synthetic rubber (2822)
Cellulosic man-made fibers (2823) ...
Organic fibers, noncellulosic (2824) .
Pharmaceuticals (2834)
Detergents (2841)
Gum and wood chemicals (2861) .. .
Fertilizers (2871)
Agricultural pesticides (2879)
Glue and celatin (2891)
Explosives (2892)
Carbon black (2895)
Petroleum and Coal Products (29)
Petroleum refining (2911)
Lubricating oils/greases (2992)
Rubber and Plastics Products, n.e.c. (30) .. .
Tires/tubes (3011)
Rubber products (3069)
Plastics products (3079)
Primary Metal Industries (33)
Blast furnaces/steel mills (3312) ....
Steel pipe/tube (3317)
Gray iron foundries (3321)
Primary copper (3331)
Primary aluminum (3334)
Copper rolling/drawing (3351)
Aluminum rolling/drawing (3352) .. .
3.5
6.0
6.6
3.5
6.3
5.5
7.7
6.7
6.4
6.4
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.8
3.4
3.5
3.4
5.0
7.0
4.4
1.8
8.0
6.9
3.2
3.5
1.8
2.3
2.0
3.0
7.0
7.0
6.8
2.5
8.0
1.8
7.4
6.1
6.1
4.0
4.0
6.6
6.8
2.3
5.5
7.0
7.0
2.3
3.5
5.5
6.5
10.5
8.0
6.9
10.5
8.5
8.0
10.5
7.4
12.5
12.3
8.5
8.5
12.5
11.0
10.0
10.0
9.5
8.8
7.6
8.0
12.0
11.6
7.5
11.8
11.0
8.0
8.9
8.2
11.5
8.0
8.1
10.3
8.1
12.0
8.5
8.1
9.7
9.7
9.4
7.9
9.4
8.0
10.5
8.4
10.2
7.9
8.5
10.5
10,0
8.1
7.0
7.0
6.8
7.0
7.4
6.8
9.1
7.1
9.5
9.4
7.8
7.8
9.7
8.9
6.7
6.8
6.5
6.9
7.3
6.2
6.9
9.8
7.2
7.5
7.3
4.9
5.6
5.1
7.3
7.5
7.6
8.6
5.3
10'.0
5.2
7.8
7.9
7.9
6.7
6.0
8.0
7.4
6.4
7.0
8.6
7.5
5.4
7.0
7.8
7.3
30
-------
Table 43: Waste Load per Production Employee, by Industry, 1969
Waste Load per Employee (pounds per day)
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
BOD
153
4 7
40 6
9 8
8 1
.... 2
.5
COD
25.2
7.2
145.4
23.8
27.2
.8
2.1
Suspended Solids
97.8
1.4
35.4
12.8
10.6
.6
7.0
Table 44: Use of Public Sewer Facilities, by Industry, 1969
Number of Plants
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products ...
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
Sewers
Available
86
61
69
125
26
49
73
489
Use
Sewers
81
51
51
105
16
47
67
418
Percentage
of Use
94.2%
83.6
73.9
84.0
61.5
95.9
91 .7 '
S.
85.4%
dures for identification and reporting of some
of these elements have not been adequately
established.
Temperature Change Effects
of Wastewaters
The discharge of waters used for cooling and
some manufacturing processes adds another in-
fluence upon the receiving waters. The great
quantities of heat transferred to these waters
may have inimical effects upon marine and
plant life. Temperature rise in discharged water
is an important characteristic of discharged
industrial wastewaters which this survey tried
to measure. However, the lack of adequate
recoverable data and the vague and indeter-
minate measures relating to the effects of
temperature changes inhibit any extended con-
sideration of this type of discharge in this
report.
Waste Load Measure
The amounts of effluent content per volume
of wastewater are indicative of some extent of
contamination of particular production pro-
cesses. Another such measure might be the
amount of effluent produced per production
employee in particular industries. An industry
might be labeled as highly pollution-prone in
comparison to another if its waste load ratio
per production employee were higher. By this
measure, the paper industry and the food
industry produce the highest ratio of waste
load per employee. (Table 43)
In the paper industry and the food products
industry, the manufacturers of specific pro-
ducts are heavy contributors of effluent con-
tent. In the paper industry pulp mills and paper
mills are major producers of effluent. In the
food industry manufacture of raw cane sugar is
chiefly responsible for a high waste load ratio.
31
-------
Use of Public Sewer Facilities
SURVEY RESPONSE indicated that a minor
portion of the total volume of wastewater is
deposited into public sewer systems by indus-
trial plants as contrasted with the volume
discharged directly. This may tend to obscure
the extent of use of public sewer facilities by
manufacturing establishments for some of their
wastewater discharge. More than 63% of the
sample reported that public sewers were avail-
able for their use, and 54% of the sample used
public sewers. Thus there were 489 plants with
sewers available and of these 418, or 85.4%
utilized the available public facility. (Table 44)
Among the 418 plants indicating use of the
public sewers for some portion of their waste-
water discharge, 342 also maintained their own
treatment facilities. In 64 plants there was
some measure of treatment given to waste-
waters discharged to public sewers. As a result,
77.4 million gallons per day, or 9.8% of the
total daily discharge, underwent preliminary
treatment.
Among the 54.1% of the responding plants
indicating use of public sewers, there is a
greater percentage use in two of the industries,
food and kindred products and rubber and
plastics products, than in the others. However,
there is no apparent tendency for a greater use
because of the size of plant. This assumption
might be made because of the preponderance
of plants employing less than 100 persons in
these industries and their customary location in
urban areas. (Table 45)
The percentage of plants of the varying sizes
using the public sewers is roughly comparable
to the size breakdown of the total number
responding according to size of plant. It should
be noted that a lesser percentage of those using
public sewers occurs among the plants with less
than 500 employees, and a greater percentage
is to be found among the plants with more
than 500 employees. (Table 46)
Payment for Public Sewer Use
Financial support for the operation of a
local sewer system and sewage treatment facil-
ities is obtained by the local government by a
variety of devices. The residential property
owner and the commercial property owner are
assessed an amount of tax relating to property
size or value and this general assessment in-
cludes water supply and sewer service. More
often, either water use is metered and a
portion of the amount charged is earmarked
for defraying the cost of providing sewer
Table 45: Public Sewer Use, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Number of Plants Using Public Sewers in Plants Employing
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
81
51
51
105
16
47
67
20-99
7
0
2
12
2
3
4
100-499
31
17
18
35
5
11
11
500-999
97
97
97
9O
1000+
16
12
20
31
4
22
32
Total
418
30
123
128
137
32
-------
Table 46: Percentage of Public Sewer Use, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Wants Resoondina
Plant Size
20-99 Employees
100-499
500-999
1 000 and over
Total
Number
59
255
224
235
773
Per Cent
7.6%
33.0
28.9
30.4
99.9%
Public Sewer Use
Number
30
123
128
137
418
Per Cent
7.2%
29.4
30.6
32.7
99.9%
Per Cent
Use
50.8%
48.2
57.1
58.3
54.1%
service, or the cost of providing sewer service is
levied as a surcharge upon the amount col-
lected for water. The latter method is most
commonly utilized in apportioning the liability
for providing sewer service, and it is the
method reported in use in most of 289 plants
which acknowledged a specific cost for the use
of public sewer systems. The 196 manufactur-
ing establishments which were charged for
sewer use on the basis of water use made
payments to local governments or sewer dis-
tricts totaling $4,059,767 in 1969.
The next most common method of appor-
tioning the costs of the public system to
industrial users is through a stated charge for
annual use. Generally this charge is a flat fee
charged the plant or is an amount negotiated
between the plant and local government and
agreed upon by contractual arrangement be-
tween the parties. The 1969 cost to 59 plants
with this type of arrangement was $1,679,016.
Waste Load Charges
Considerable attention has been given to the
matter of waste load charges as a means of
setting local assessments upon public sewer use
by industrial users. The survey data indicates
that this is the least frequent method in use. A
total of 34 plants of the 289 responders made
their payments on the basis of waste strength
or overstrength charges, and the use of this
method was applicable mainly to weaving mills
in the Southern Atlantic states and seven
plants producing detergents. (Table 47)
It may be significant that among the survey
respondents payments for the use of public
sewer systems by either a waste-strength or an
overstrength charge was reported primarily in
three industries, the food industry, the textile
mill products industry and the chemicals indus-
try. There were no cases reported in the
petroleum industry or the rubber and plastics
products industry, and only one case each in
the paper industry and primary metals indus-
try.
Property Taxes for Public Sewers
The property tax assessment as a contribu-
tion to the financing of public sewer systems
was utilized in 96 reported cases, some of
Table 47: Means of Payment for Use of Public Sewers, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Paper and allied products .
Chemicals and allied products
Primary metal industries
Total
No.
41
31
19
45
4
28
28
196
Water
Use
Expenditures $
$1,012,460
386,813
213,555
1,331,208
30,306
351,120
734,305
$4,059,767
No,
7
10
1
5
0
0
1
24
Waste
Strength
Expenditures $
$ 174,285
268,984
65,990
506,010
_
13,029
$1 ,028,298
(
No.
3
1
0
6
0
0
0
10
Overstrength
Charges
Expenditures $
$ 68,460
18,454
730,664
_
-
$817,578
No.
12
7
8
15
3
3
11
59
Other
Methods
Expenditures $
$ 214,375
1 24,000
817,235
413,474
18,786
32,253
58,893
$1,679,016
33
-------
Table 48: Property Tax Payments for Public Sewer Use, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Total
Number of
Plants
17
6
12
29
6
8
18
96
Amount Paid in
Property Tax ($000)
$ 439
178
2,687
891
366
59
873
$5,493
Table 49: Contributions to Capital Costs of Public Sewers, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Total
Number of
Plants
6
6
3
4
2
0
2
23
Amount
Contributed
($0001
$ 216
1,390
881
2,775
26
163
$5,451
Table 50: Projected Use of Public Sewer Systems, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
Number
Planning Use
2
13
17
6
3
3
2
46
Next
Year
2
11
7
1
o
1
24
When Plannec
Five
Years
)
j
1
)
")
18
(
Later
1
3
4
which were in addition to other means of
collection for sewer use. This amounted to an
industrial expenditure in 1969 of $5,493,000.
Of this total, $2,666,000 was derived from
taxation of 8 paper mills. (Table 48)
Contributions for Construction
of Public Sewers
While assessments and charges are generally
applied to the cost of maintenance and opera-
tions of public.sewer systems, it is less com-
mon to have the financing of the construction
of these public facilities supported by private
funds. The survey recorded 23 plants which
had contributed to the capital costs of con-
structing new public wastewater treatment fa-
cilities or to the expansion of an existing
facility in cooperation with a local government
or public authority. In several cases, the con-
struction program was initially undertaken as a
34
-------
joint effort of public and private interests
because of the convenience and economy of
having a shared facility and because of the
common interests of the plant and the com-
munity. While the industrial expenditures in
most cases were relatively modest, amounting
to less than $50,000, there were three plants in
the chemicals industry in which the contribu-
tion was close to $1 million each. All plants
together contributed $5,451,000. (Table 49)
Future Public Sewer Use
Only 46 plants indicated an intention to
use public sewer facilities in the future; 24
stated this would occur within a year and
18 within 5 years. (Table 50)
The projected wastewater discharge to the
public sewer will be primarily from sanitary
purposes or a combination of discharges from
the manufacturing process and sanitary systems.
35
-------
Wastewater Treatment
Procedures
THE DATA PROVIDED by the respondents re-
lating to wastewater treatment procedures and
in-plant control programs indicate extensive use
of pretreatment, physical and chemical, and
biological treatment of wastewaters. There is
little indication of treatment beyond the pri-
mary stage in any but the chemical industry.
The extensive use of public facilities for
wastewater disposal as indicated in the re-
sponse to this item on the survey questionnaire
is more than is noted in the items dealing with
public sewer use. This might indicate that
many plants utilize public sewer systems for a
portion of the wastewater discharge from the
sanitary system, and do not identify this
discharge as part of the wastewater disposal
program of the plant.
Many plants have noted the use of numbers
of in-plant control measures while reporting no
expenditure for pollution control operations.
This may be indicative of a failure in some
plants to categorize such abatement programs
and separately identify expenditures for this
activity. It also may indicate the reporting, as
pollution control programs, of control mea-
sures which are not for the abatement of
pollution.
The tabulation in Table 51 shows the extent
of use of each of the pollution abatement
measures by principle industry category.
Table 51: Use of Water Pollution Abatement Measures, by Industry, 1969
(20) (22) (26) (28) (29) (30) (33) Total
Code
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
109
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
301
302
303
304
305
309
IN-PLANT CONTROL MEASURES
100 SERIES - ENGINEERING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Installation of separate drainage systems
Segregation and collection of specific wastes
Use of surface condensers in place of barometric condensers
Use of various water conservation measures and facilities
Emergency storage facilities
Countercurrent use of chemicals and/or washwaters
Use of pumps and valves with special seals to minimize leakage ....
Not defined above
200 SERIES - PROCESS DESIGN MODIFICATIONS
Use of reaction chemicals or feed stocks producing minimum waste.
Continuous vs. batch processes
Chemical regeneration
Downgraded use of chemicals
Elimination of air blowing and water washing
Physical separators
Change in design basis for chemical recovery facilities
Modifying operating conditions
Not defined above
300 SERIES - RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION
Recovery of material for reuse in process
Downgraded use of spent chemicals in other processes
Use or sale of wastes as raw material for other processes
Recycle or reuse of water
Heat recovery
Not defined above
41
39
1
30
4
9
6
0
0
8
0
1
4
15
0
10
0
13
0
18
34
17
0
7
2
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
4
5
0
57
61
12
39
11
32
15
2
9
16
17
2
3
19
7
20
0
66
12
19
87
44
0
141
114
23
54
33
18
32
2
20
37
18
8
4
43
21
36
4
87
19
37
95
28
1
22
21
9
12
8
2
3
1
2
6
5
3
I
12
1
6
0
18
4
18
21
9
0
19
17
0
4
2
1
1
1
0
3
1
2
1
3
0
1
2
3
0
2
21
1
1
57
44
1
20
5
3
3
0
3
7
1
2
0
8
2
7
0
16
1
14
42
2
0
344
298
46
160
63
69
61
6
34
78
47
19
13
100
31
82
6
?05
36
108
304
106
2
36
-------
Table 51 (continued)
401
402
403
409
501
502
503
504
505
509
601
602
603
609
701
702
703
704
705
706
709
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
809
Code
810
811
812
813
814
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
829
400 SERIES - LOCAL PRETREATMENT OR DISPOSAL
Local separators and traps .
Evaporation and incineration of noxious liquid wastes
Use of emulsion prevention chemicals
Not defined above
500 SERIES - OPERATION CONTROL
Automatic vs. manual process controls
Control of production to minimize losses
Administrative control of waste water discharge
Monitoring sewer effluents ,
Management follow-up on losses
Not 'defined above
600 SERIES - GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
Conservator! and clean-up programs
Publicity and educational releases
Employee training
Not defined above
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL MEASURES
700 SERIES - DISCHARGE TO TREATMENT FACILITIES
Private facilities
Public facilities
Cooperative facilities
Contract disposal
Transportation to more receptive environment
Storm water drainage
Not defined above
WASTEWATER TREATMENT UNIT OPERATIONS
800 SERIES - PHYSICAL PRETREATMENT
Equalization
Screening
Pre-aeration
Sedimentation
Flotation
Temperature control
Surface skimming (e.g. oil separation)
Not defined above
810 SERIES - CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT
Neutralization
Primary chemical coagulation
Chemical treatment
Odor control
Nutrient addition
Not defined above
820 SERIES - BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Stabilization basins
Activated sludge
Trickling filter
Aerated lagoon
Anerobic contact (5 to 12 hours)
Anerobic pond (3 to 30 days)
Denitrifi cation
Aerobic or Anaerobic digestion of solids
Not defined above
(20)
17
2
1
0
20
27
7
19
27
0
26
4
26
0
25
124
2
10
4
16
4
0
28
3
10
11
5
15
2
4
2
0
2
5
0
5
8
4
4
0
9
0
8
0
(22)
1
0
0
0
4
2
2
1
1
0
3
0
2
0
22
64
0
1
0
2
2
4
8
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
10
3
13
6
4
0
3
1
(26)
20
13
2
2
27
22
15
47
30
0
14
10
13
0
68
71
4
4
2
8
0
7
33
5
52
10
3
15
5
6
6
4
5
14
0
12
14
3
21
4
7
0
5
0
(28)
65
37
13
4
55
60
41
89
56
0
62
25
59
0
113
162
5
18
13
45
3
47
25
11
84
14
8
68
4
98
23
25
13
16
3
21
31
13
27
16
17
0
14
4
(29)
32
4
10
1
11
12
8
18
10
0
14
6
10
0
35
20
0
6
3
12
1
5
6
8
22
10
3
45
1
19
3
8
6
6
0
16
14
4
21
2
7
1
8
3
(30)
7
2
1
1
1
3
2
5
3
2
5
0
10
1
18
81
0
1
3
10
0
1
2
2
5
3
0
9
1
3
1
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
0
1
0
2
2
(32)
17
9
6
2
10
7
23
32
10
0
25
6
17
0
43
111
2
14
4
26
0
8
12
5
30
6
7
26
0
30
9
17
2
1
0
2
6
9
2
2
1
13
0
Total
159
67
33
10
128
133
98
211
137
2
149
51
137
1
324
633
13
54
29
119
10
72
114
35
207
54
26
178
12
160
44
55
28
43
5
63
88
36
88
31
45
1
53
10
(Table continued on page 38)
37
-------
Table 51: Use of Water Pollution Abatement Measures, by Industry, 1969 (Continued)
(20) (22) (26) (28) (29) (30) (33) Total
830 SERIES-SLUDGE HANDLING . ,,
830 Thickening 1 0 23 32 2 1 13 62
831 Lagooning or drying bed 10 4 24 39 12 2 29 120
832 Centrifugation 1 0 14 4 6 0 0 25
833 Vacuum filtration 1 0 13 3 1 2 8 28
834 Dry combustion 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 10
835 Wet combustion 0 0 4 3 2 0 1 10
836 Landdisposal 5 0 40 47 23 3 28 146
837 Sea disposal 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2
839 Not defined above 2 1 2 4 I 2 I 13
840 SERIES - TERMINAL SECONDARY TREATMENT
840 Biological sedimentation 05 10 10 4 0 3 32
841 Final chemical congulation and sedimentation 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 10
842 Sand filtration 0 1 2 1 1 1 4 10
843 Diatomite filtration 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3
844 Chlorination 55 9 31 3 1 17 71
849 Not defined above 0 1 1 4 1 1 0 8
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT
850 SERIES - TEMPERATURE CHANGE PROCESSES
850 Evaporation 1 0 8 14 0 0 0 23
851 Freezing 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
852 Distillation 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4
853 Eutectic freezing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
854 Wet oxidation 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
855 Process residue, handling and disposal 2 0 1 9 0 0 1 13
859 Not defined above 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 5
860 SERIES - ALL OTHER
860 Absorption 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 6
861 Electroanalysis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
862 Ion exchange 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3
863 Solvent extraction 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 6
864 Reverse osmosis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
865 Foaming 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2
865 Chemical treatment 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 7
867 Electrochemical treatment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
868 Process residue, handling and disposal 0 0 1 9 2 0 4 16
869 Not defined above 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 4
900 SERIES - TREATED WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
901 Controlled discharge 5 2 17 42 11 4 13 94
902 Surface storage and evaporation 2 0 3 22 4 1 4 36
903 Deep well disposal 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 16
904 Surface (spray) irrigation 5 0 7 0 0 0 1 13
905 Ocean disposal 0 0 1 7 8 0 1 17
906 Surface discharge 3 13 27 39 15 1 23 121
909 Not defined above 1 0 2 4 2 3 0 12
Total 780 233 1,379 2,744 719 310 946 7,111
38
-------
Wastewater Treatment Costs
COMPANIES MAY INCUR costs for treat-
ment of wastewater either by operation of
individual plant facilities or by the use of
public systems. In the former case, that cost
reflects a number of variables which are charac-
teristic of that single specific establishment and
are rarely applicable to another plant. On the
other hand, the charge for the use of public
facilities is generally predicated upon the
amount of wastewater treated or the general
treatment requirements of the wastewater. The
charge for use of public systems may be
entirely covered by a single assessment upon a
manufacturing plant or may be based on the
collection of several levies, of which some may
be hidden.
The possibility of making a comparison of
the costs of the treatment of wastewater may
thus be limited to a consideration of the unit
cost per volume of wastewater treated. The
ratio of expenditure per amount of discharge is
derived from reported figures on amounts
spent for operation and maintenance in 1969
or, in the case of public sewer use, the amount
of annual payment to a municipality, and the
average daily volume of wastewater treated and
discharged directly or discharged to a public
sewer system. The volume of discharged water
is multiplied by 300 to provide a rough
estimate of the annual discharge. (Table 52)
If this unit cost of $73 per million gallons in
1969 were to be applied to the total amount
of treated wastewaters from the 6,175 plants
in the surveyed industries reporting in the
1967 Census of Manufactures report, Water Use
in Manufacturing, the total annual expenditure
Table 52: Mean Cost of Treatment per Volume of Wastewater Discharged Directly, by Size of Plant, 1969
Unit Cost in Plants Employing
20-99
No.
7
$/MG
$97
100-499
No.
73
$/MG
$71
500-999
No.
81
$/MG
^^^^^WB
$86
1000+
No.
127
$/MG
^^^^^^tfBMB
$58
20-1000+
No.
288
$/MG
$73
Table 53: Mean Payment for Public Sewer Service per Volume of Untreated Wastewater Discharged Thereto,
by Size of Plant, 1969
Unit Cost in Plants Employing
20-99
No.
14
$/MG
$116
700-499
No.
58
$/MG
$93
500-999
No.
67
$/MG
$90
7000+
No.
70
$/MG
$90
20-1000+
No.
209
$/MG
^^^^H
$91
Table 54: Mean Payment for Public Sewer Use by Property Tax, by Size of Plant, 1969
Unit Cost in Plants Employing
20-99
No.
2
$/MG
$40
700-499
No.
19
$/MG
HH^HH^M
$77
500-999
No.
20
$/MG
HMtfMHIMIHIB
$132
7000+
No.
26
$/MG
^^PM^^^H
$327
20-7000+
No.
67
$/MG
$232
39
-------
for such treatment in 1968 would have been per million gallons, was not much above the
$305.4 million. average charge for plants with 500 or more
The payments to local governments for employees $90 per million gallons. (Table
sewer service based upon some measure of 53)
quantity of water or wastewater or quality of By contrast, the payments to local govern-
waste load were less on a unit cost basis for ments for sewer service in the form of
the larger plants. However, the average charge property taxes or real property assessments
for plants with more than 100 employees, $93 were larger for the larger plants. (Table 54)
40
-------
Plant Location as a Factor
THE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION of an indus-
trial plant gives it individual characteristics
which may affect many phases of its opera-
tions. The problems attendant to water pollu-
tion abatement efforts are distinctively related
to geographic location. In evaluating the effects
of abatement programs consideration must be
given to the differences in location, which
govern the costs of construction of pollution
control facilities, the availability and costs of
operating manpower, the accessibility of public
sewer systems, the source and quality of water
resources, and the natural facilities available for
disposal of plant discharges. Related also to
geographic location is governmental jurisdic-
tion, which influences cost factors and sets
requirements for wastewater treatment.
In some industries, the location of plants
may be governed by factors which permit
location in any section of the country; in
others, the availability of raw materials restricts
location to particular regions. In some indus-
tries such elements as the size of plant, type of
process, manpower needs, and local zoning
regulations determine whether the plant will be
located in rural or urban areas.
The regional distributions of capital expendi-
tures for pollution abatement facilities and
annual expenditures for operation of these
facilities by the surveyed industries identify the
Table 55: Regional Distribution of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Industry, 1969
Foods
Textiles
Paper
Chemicals
Petroleum
Rubber
Metals
Region
Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp, Exp. Exp. Exp.
No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000)
New England . . .
Middle Atlantic . .
East North Central . . .
West North Central . .
South Atlantic . .
East South Central . . .
West South Central . .
Mountain . .
Pacific
1
4
8
5
2
2
2
3
8
10
602
610
1,350
46
24
4
373
99
3
14
1
-
49
1,389
320
-
8
13
23
2
12
7
6
1
14
741
1 3,065
1,582
424
4,270
4,216
8,192
1,029
9,218
3
23
20
8
27
10
33
1
10
493
7 652
4,451
633
3,885
2,003
11,719
75
3,002
6
10
4
1
1
8
1
6
643
13,178
286
260
317
3,477
68
2,446
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
200
29
35
1
156
8
1
1
13
13
1
4
4
1
1
4
5
4,841
3,051
91
203
635
15
87
1,033
Table 56: Regional Distribution of Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities,
by Industry, 1965-1969
Region
Foods
Textiles
Paper
Chemicals
Petroleum
Rubber
Metals
Exp. Exp. Exp. Exp. ' Exp. Exp. Exp.
No. ($000} No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000) No. ($000)
New England
Middle Atlantic , .
East North Central . . .
West North Central . .
South Atlantic . .
East South Central . . .
West South Central . .
Mountain
Pacific
2
7
11
5
6
4
4
3
11
120
1,304
3,514
1,557
322
68
318
1,010
1,370
4
29
4
1
-
91
5,047
169
320
-
10
15
29
2
13
8
8
1
15
2,430
18,726
9,574
1,996
11,117
9,320
19,025
1,290
30,826
5
31
27
15
36
14
38
1
10
1,568
21,290
15,274
2,393
24,319
8,460
31 ,726
84
4,850
6
12
4
2
1
11
3
7
2,711
22,831
1,939
344
763
10,678
229
13,704
4
4
11
1
1
2
1
335
214
7,873
1
95
159
259
-
2
19
21
1
5
4
3
2
4
43
8,850
8,923
299
302
1,180
264
956
3,434
41
-------
Table 57: Regional Distribution of Annual Operating Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities,
by Industry, 1969
Foods
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central . . .
West North Central . . .
South Atlantic
East South Central . . .
West South Central . . .
Pacific
Table 58: Volume of
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
No.
3
5
11
6
5
4
5
3
12
Treated
Exp.
($000)
109
186
545
126
74
56
38
163
174
Textiles
No. ($000)
3 35
27 1 ,309
1 10
Paper
No
8
11
23
1
12
4
5
1
15
Wastewater Discharged, by
Discharged to
Receiving
Waters
(MOD)
223
645.6
601.8
22.2
471.8
221.7
924.0
14.5
308.3
3,232.8
Exp.
($000)
8,382
1,850
2,314
50
1,849
395
1,522
50
1,958
Disposal
Chemicals Petroleum
No.
4
34
29
15
39
13
41
2
13
Area
Exp.
($000) No.
177
9,982 6
7,106 11
335 4
10,898 2
4,157 1
10,011 9
47 1
1,623 6
Exp.
($000)
1,456
2,560
346
133
102
5,460
15
1,942
Rubber
Exp.
No. ($000)
1 30
2 35
13 90
2
13
8
1
5
22
Metals
Exp.
No. ($000)
3 34
14 1,066
22 994
1 87
5 259
3 216
4 100
1 109
5 2,447
, by Region, 1969
Discharged to
Public
Sewer
(MGD)
6.3
8.1
30.0
7.1
3.4
1.7
1.7
.6
18.7
77.4
Discharged to
Wells, Pools,
etc.
(MGD)
*
1.8
8.3
#
20.6
11.9
5.0
30.8
4.8
83.4
* Less than .1
Table 59: Volume of Untreated Wastewater Discharged, by Disposal Area, by Region, 1969
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Discharged to
Receiving
Waters
(MGD)
. . . . 384.8
. . . . 633.5
. . 838.6
. . . . 144.3
. . . . 890.4
. . . . 193.0
. . . . 718.8
. . . . 26.6
240.1
. . . . 4 070.2
Discharged to
Public
Sewer
(MGD)
106
61 2
85 n
26 5
57 5
16 8
7 4
28 1
90 0
313 1
Discharged to
Wells, Pools,
etc.
(MGD)
ni
oc 7
^ 9
R 7
11 H
m 7
9fi
9 9
QA Q
regions of the country in which these indus-
tries are concentrated. (Tables 55, 56 and 57)
Other factors which enter into the cost
equation are the amount of wastewater which
is treated by the industrial plants in particular
regions and the amounts of effluent discharged
which will affect the level of wastewater
treatment. (Tables 58, 59 and 60)
42
-------
Table 60: Effluent Content of Wastewaters Discharged Directly, by Region, 1969
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
BOD
Content
(pounds)
% 242 3100
788 614 1
573 359 9
. . . 345 231 1
924 927 3
459 385 7
660 202 7
. . . 37 951 0
1 ,063,333.2
5,095,315.0
COD
Content
(pounds)
1 89 902 0
1 383 886 6
495 77Q a
161 144 0
788 9120
287 1 82 0
2 207 QOi n
84 879 0
740,737.0
6,340,353.4
Suspended
Solids
(pounds)
A-tA 21 7 n
71 9 Qfi7 1
fif)2 Q2fl 1
KQ4 Q«7 0
SQ.2 420 7
519 RTR R
1 R1 9 81 9 n
35 031 1
1 024 963.0
6,249,834.1
Table 61: Ratio of Five-year Capital Expenditures for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities to Gross Investment,
by Region, 1969
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Atlantic
West South Atlantic
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
25
73
97
24
78
28
49
9
40
423
Five-year
Capital
Expenditure
($000)
$ 4,282
47,678
59,609
6,997
30482
13,710
43 775
3,604
49,464
$259,601
Gross
Investment
($000)
$ 601,194
3,659,1 1 1
3,808,576
787,319
3 343,1 79
1 ,653,597
4 81 1 ,829
353,225
2,527,264
$21 ,545,294
Per Cent
Capital
Expenditure
Gross Investment
.7%
1.3
1.6
.9
9
.9
g
1.0
2.0
1.2%
Table 62: Planned Appropriations for Water Pollution Abatement Facilities, by Region, 1970
Region
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central .
Mountain ....
Pacific
Total
Planned Appropriations
Number
23
62
91
24
77
28
60
10
48
423
- 1970
Amount ($000)
$ 7,646.0
31 ,985.0
114,236.2
6,104.0
34,1 23.0
61,464.0
113,214.0
5,478.0
282,591.0
$656,841 .2
While measures of effort to deal with pollu- facilities as a portion of gross investment were
tion problems might be expressed in terms of higher in the states in the Pacific region and
amounts spent for capital facilities and are the East North Central region than in the other
related to particular industry needs, it is areas. (Table 61)
interesting to note that investments in capital Planned appropriations for the year 1970 for
43
-------
capital improvements were highest in the Pacif- abatement. However, it is inseparable from an
ic. East North Central, and West South Central array of other factors which interact with and
regions. (Table 62) upon the location and operation of a manu-
The influence of geographic location pro- facturing establishment. Therefore, no precise
vides some difference in determining the measure is claimed that would determine the
expenditure to be made for providing pollution degree of influence which location provides.
44
-------
The Problem of Nonresponse
THE RATIO OF USABLE responses to the
questionnaire used in the survey was 29.7% of
the 2,654 questionnaires mailed to manufac-
turing plants in 51 selected product lines
(four-digit SIC). The actual number of ques-
tionnaires returned with or without adequate
data was 1,141; for a response rate of 43%.
Virtually the entire response resulted from the
initial request for information. Subsequent
mailings produced few additional responses
with data, as well as some unanswered ques-
tionnaires. The remaining 57% of unreturned
questionnaires included telephone assurances
from several major corporations who said they
would respond but did not do so. (These
telephone calls were initiated by the com-
panies, inquiring about the due date for return
of the questionnaire.)
The highest level of response was posted by
the petroleum industry with a return rate of
51.5% of completed questionnaires. The lowest
level of response came from the food industry.
(Table 63)
It should be noted that many questionnaires
were only partially completed. Some items
were not answered because the data requested
were not available. In other cases, items were
left blank with the explanation that company
Table 63: Ratio of Return of Completed Questionnaires - Industrial Water Pollution Abatement Costs Survey
Industry
Number of
Questionnaires
Sent
Number
of
Responses
Per Cent
of
Responses
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables ..
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
542
134
56
12
56
17
83
22
34
19
20
16
47
26
343
178
60
60
33
12
279
42
133
53
35
16
102
22
4
3
18
1
14
1
9
6
2
9
8
5
96
54
20
8
10
4
114
17
55
21
12
9
18.8%
16.4
7.1
25.0
32.1
5.9
16.9
4.5
26.5
31.6
10.0
56.3
17.0
19.2
28.0
30.3
33.3
13.3
30.3
33.3
40.9
40.5
41.4
39.6
34.3
56.3
(Table continued on page 46)
45
-------
Table 63: Ratio of Return of Completed Questionnaires (continued)
Industry
Number of
Questionnaires
Sent
Number
of
Responses
Per Cent
of
Responses
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing ....
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
649
25
21
91
80
110
26
27
26
92
32
14
35
13
11
36
10
99
85
14
308
65
122
121
434
178
27
78
22
38
45
46
2,654
260
15
7
44
30
30
9
17
9
23
25
6
16
7
6
10
6
51
47
4
65
22
22
21
102
20
10
20
4
19
15
14
790
40.1
60.0
33.3
48.4
37.5
27.3
34.6
63.0
34.6
25.0
78.1
42.9
45.7
B3.8
54.5
27.8
60.0
51.5
55.3
28.6
21.1
33.8
18.0
17.4
23.5
11.2
37.0
25.6
18.2
50.0
33.3
30.4
29.7%
policy forbade the reporting of certain infor-
mation. This accounts for the differing number
of responses to particular items in the survey.
(Table 64)
Analysis of the Nonresponse
Of the total survey sample, 352 question-
naires, or 13.3%, were returned unanswered.
The largest number of these was received from
the chemical industry. The highest rate of
return of unanswered questionnaires, 20.3%,
and the second largest number, was from the
primary metals industry. (Table 65)
The principal reason given for the failure to
complete the questionnaire was the assertion
that the plant on which the information was
requested produced little or no pollution, used
limited amounts of water, and required no
more in the way of treatment than a hook-up
to a public sewer system. Other reasons given
by significant numbers of plants included state-
ments that the company was too busy to
respond or that the cost of answering the
questionnaire would require too much man-
power and expense, that the information re-
quested was confidential, or that other surveys,
mainly by trade associations, were requesting
information so that a response to this question-
naire would be a duplication of information
46
-------
Table 64: Pattern of Responses to Items on Survey
Questionnaire (Total Usable Responses 789)
Item Number
2a
2b
2c
3a
3b
3c
4a
4b
5
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
7a
7b
7c
8a
8b
8c
8d
8e
8f
9
10a
10b
11
11a
11b
12a
12b
12c
12d
12e
12f
12g
13a
13b
Number of Responses
754
751
776
718
714
719
663
646
650
687
655
747
745
744
728
508
355
612
411
422
586
420
435
726
742
676
648
600
603
773
525
316
293
250
137
124
251
232
provided elsewhere. In the case of 44 plants
contacted, there was an outright refusal to
provide information, with no other explanation
supplied.
Reasons for Nor/response
Questionnaire returned blank,
no reason stated
Information considered confidential
Information provided to other survey,
fear of duplication
Too busy to respond, requires too much
manpower and expense
Little or no pollution problem, limited
water use ,
Information would not be meaningful
or worthwhile
Outright refusal to provide information,
no explanation
Plant spld or acquired by another company .
New location, new company, no information
available
Plant shutdown, no manufacturing plant
at this location
Inadequate information provided, data
unusable
Total
Number
of Plants
24
39
31
52
65
41
44
7
4
37
Jj
352
Of the reasons stated above, those given by
77.3% of the plants were refusals to provide
any information. Prominent among these 272
refusals were those expressed by 40 plants in
the steel industry; for such reasons as the
confidentiality of the information or outright
refusal to provide information, and those of
the 39 textile mills which stated that they
produced little or no pollution.
Other efforts were made with 100 major
corporations to learn reasons for nonresponse.
The principal reason given by 30% of the
corporations for not responding was that a
similar study was being undertaken by the
government environmental agency and they
preferred to respond to the government survey.
Table 65: Number of Survey Questionnaires Returned Unanswered, by Size of Plant, by Industry
Plants Employing
Industry
Total
Total
24
49
39
91
10
51
88
352
Return
4.4%
14.3
13.9
14.0
10.1
16.6
20.3
13.3%
20-99
1
4
3
8
1
5
_6
28
100-499
10
7
6
29
3
8
11
74
500 or more
13
38
29
54
6
38
_LL
250
47
-------
Data Relationships with
Water Use in Manufacturing
THE RECENT AVAILABILITY of the data
collected by the Bureau of the Census for the
1967 Census of Manufactures report, Water
Use in Manufacturing, facilitates some com-
parisons of several items as they apply to the
survey sample and the universe represented by
the census data. The items selected for com-
parison include the number of establishments,
the number of employees, the volume of water
discharged, and the value of shipments.
Establishments
The Census report, Water Use in Manufac-
turing, lists statistical data for 6,175 establish-
ments in the seven industrial categories in-
cluded in the survey. This number of plants is
less than half the total number noted in the
Dun and Bradstreet listings of plants with 20
or more employees in the same industries.
The number of plants responding to the
industry survey, 789, was 12.8% of the 6,175
plants which provided data for the Census
report. Of the seven industrial categories
covered, the chemicals industry provided the
highest rate of response, and the food industry
provided the lowest. (Table 66)
The relative positions of the chemicals indus-
try and the food industry are partially attrib-
utable to their distribution among the total
Table 66: Ratio of Survey Responses to Number of Establishments Contained in Census Report, by Industry
Number of Plants
Industry
Survey
Census
Ratio
of Reponses
Food and kindred products 102 2,345 4.3%
Textile mill products 96 684 14.0
Paper and allied products 114 619 18.4
Chemicals and allied products 259 1,125 23.0
Petroleum products 51 260 19.6
Rubber and plastics products 65 301 21.6
Primary metal industries 102 841 12.1
Total 789 6,175 12.8%
Table 67: Percentage Distribution of Total Responses, by Plants, by Industry
Percentage Distribution
of Plants Responding
Industry Survey Census
Food and kindred products 12.9% 37.9%
Textile mill products 12.2 11.1'
Paper and allied products 14.4 10.0
Chemicals and allied products 32.8 18.2
Petroleum products 6.5 4.2
Rubber and plastics products 8.2 4.9
Primary metal industries 12.9 13.6
Total 99.9% 99.9%
48
-------
Table 68: Ratio of Number of Employees in Survey Response to Number of Employees Reported in Census of Industry
Industry
Number of Employees
Census
Survey
Ratio
Number of Employees
Food and kindred products 71,037 633,300 11.2%
Textile mill products 94,759 413,500 22.9
Paper and allied products 91,740 267,600 34.3
Chemicals and allied products 233,123 526,800 44.3
Petroleum products 26,103 106,300 24.5
Rubber and plastics products 68,394 214,200 31.9
Primary metal industries 156,661 894,500 17.5
Total 74,817 3,056,200 24.1%
Table 69: Percentage Distribution of Number of Employees in Survey Respondents and in Census Report, by Industry
Percentage Distribution of Employees
Industry Survey Census
Food and kindred products 9.6% 20.7%
Textile mill products 12.8 13.5
Paper and allied products 12.4 8.8
Chemicals and allied products 31.4 17.2
Petroleum products 3.5 3.5
Rubber and plastics products 9.2 7.0
Primary metal industries 21.1 29.3
Total 100.0% 100.0%
Table 70: Ratio of Wastewater Discharged by Volume for the Survey Respondents and Census Establishments, by Industry
Volume of Wastewater Discharged
(Billion gallons per year) *
Industry
Survey 11969)
Census 11968)
Ratio
Volume
of Discharge
Food and kindred products . .
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products .
Primary metal industries
Total
2,430
13,183
15.8%
23.5
31.8
24.9
26.3
39.0
4.3
18.2%
responses in the survey and the Census report.
In the industry survey, the chemicals industry
was the largest percentage component of the
total responses. In the Census report, the food
industry occupied that position. (Table 67)
Employees
The number of employees in the plants
responding to the industry survey was 24.3%
of the number of employees noted in the
Census report. This larger ratio, as compared
with 12.8% of the number of establishments,
indicates that the response to the survey was
made by the larger establishments. In this
category, as in the number of establishments,
the largest ratio was posted by the chemicals
industry and the smallest by the food industry.
(Tables 68 and 69)
Volume of Wastewater Discharged
The volume of wastewater discharged by the
establishments in the seven industrial categories
49
-------
Table 71: Percentage Distribution of Wastewater Volume Discharged, by Industry
Industry
Percentage Distribution
of Discharged Volume
Survey Census
Food and kindred products . .
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products . . .
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products .
Primary metal industries . . . .
Total
4.9%
1.3
27.2
42.9
13.2
2.0
8.4
99.9%
5.7%
1.0
15.8
31.7
9.2
1.0
35.6
100.0%
Table 72: Ratio of Value of Shipments Reported to the Census Posted by Respondents to the Industry Survey,
by Industry
Industry
Value of Shipments Reported Ratio Value
Survey (1969) Census (19681 of
(in millions) (in millions) Shipment
Food and kindred products $ 4,940 $ 38,685 12.8%
Textile mill products 2,009 9,236 21.8
Paper and allied products 3,289 9,996 32.9
Chemicals and allied products 8,084 27,635 29.3
Petroleum products 2,956 19,743 15.0
Rubber and plastics products 1,907 6,334 30.1
Primary metal industries 6,120 34,803 17.6
Total $29,305 $146,432 20.0%
Table 73: Percentage Distribution of Value of Shipments Reported in the Survey and in the Census, by Industry
Ratio of Industry Amount to Seven Industry Total
Industry Survey (1969) Rank Census (1968) Rank
Food and kindred products 16.9% 3 26.4% 1
Textile mill products 6.9 6 6.3 6
Paper and allied products 11.2 4 6.8 5
Chemicals and allied products 27.6 1 18.9 3
Petroleum products 10.1 5 13.5 4
Rubber and plastics products 6.5 7 4.3 7
Primary metal industries 20.8 2 23.8 2
Total 100.0% 100.0%
in the Census report was 13,183 billion gallons
per year for 1968. The survey respondents
reported a discharge for 1969 of 2,430 billion
gallons, or 18.2% of the Census total. (Table
70)
Of the 13,183 billion gallons discharged by
the 6,175 establishments reporting for the
Census, 12,117 billion gallons, or 91.9%, were
discharged directly to receiving waters, and 715
billion gallons, or 5.4% were discharged to
public sewers. This compares with a finding in
the survey of 92.9% discharged directly to
receiving waters and 5.0% discharged to public
sewers. (Table 71)
If the percentages attributed to the primary
metals industries were excepted, because of the
low response from these industries in the
industry survey, the ranking of the percentage
distribution would be the same for the first
four of the remaining six industry categories.
50
-------
Table 74: 1969 Survey Data as a Percentage of 1968 Census Data for Selected Items, by Industry
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products
Primary metal industries
Total
Number of
Establishmen ts
... 43%
.... 140
184
23 0
... 19 6
.... 21 5
12.1
12.8%
Number of
Employees
n2%
22 9
342
442
24 5
31 9
17.5
24.3%
Volume of
Wastewater
Discharged
1R 8%
23 5
31 8
249
26 3
390
4.3
18.2%
Annual
Value of
Shipments
1 9 8%
91 8
32 9
29 3
15 0
30 1
17.6
20.0%
Value of Shipments
The value of shipments for 1969 reported
by the plants responding to the industry survey
was $29.3 billion. This amount was 20.0% of
the $146.5 billion produced in 1968 by the
plants reporting to the Bureau of the Census.
The industries which posted the high ratios of
product value were the paper industry and the
chemicals industry. The industry which posted
the lowest ratio was the food industry. (Table
72)
The percentage distribution for the value of
shipments figures shows some similarity among
those industries which reported the low figures,
and again repeats the placement of the chemi-
cals industry at the top of the survey ratios
and the food industry at the top of the ratio
of Census amounts. (Table 73)
Summary View
On an over-all view, the industry survey
represents data reflective of 12.8% of the
establishments included in the Census report in
the specified seven industry categories, which
further represents 24.3% of the employment in
these establishments, 18.2% of the water dis-
charged by these establishments, and 20.0% of
the value of shipments reported by these
establishments. These comparisons are made
for 1969 figures reported in the industry
survey and 1968 figures reported in the Census
document. (Table 74)
In terms of other more specific comparisons,
the volume of wastewater discharged directly
reported in the industry survey as a portion of
the total volume of discharged wastewater was
92.9%, as compared with 91.9% reported for
the same industries in the Census report.
Similarly, the percentage of volume of waste-
water discharged to public sewers as reported
in the industry survey was 5.0%, as compared
to a percentage in the Census of 5.4%.
Moreover, the amount of expenditure for
annual operation and maintenance of water
pollution abatement facilities which could be
attributable to the 6,175 establishments in the
Census document, if derived by applying the
mean cost of treatment per volume of waste-
water discharged directly in the survey, $73
per million gallons, to the total volume of
treated wastewater reported in the Census,
would amount to an annual expenditure of
$304.1 million. If derived by application of the
ratio of annual operating expenditures to value
of shipments developed in the survey, .202%,
to the 1968 total of value of shipments
reported in the Census document, the com-
puted annual operating expenditure for the
6,175 establishments would total $295.7 mil-
lion. The gap between the amounts computed
by these separate measures would be $8.4
million, or a 2.8% difference.
51
-------
52
-------
APPENDIX A
Survey Questionnaire
Tabular Sources
53
-------
THE K££Stt CONFERENCE BOARD
INCOIfOIATED
845 THIRD AVENUE, NEW YORK. N. Y. 10032 Budget Bureau NO. 42-S69006
Approval Expires Dec. 31, 1970
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
STUDY OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT COSTS
General Directions
A separate report should be prepared for each plant. It is necessary to know these data for each plant so as to
relate the production and financial data to the wastewater abatement cost data when making cost burden and
incentive analyses.
A plant is defined as the total facilities and operations at one location. Whether a few or many products are
made at this location, it still should be considered one plant. This excludes facilities restricted entirely to such
operations as warehousing and storage, research and development, and sales offices.
In the preparation of this survey questionnaire, care was taken to request information, wherever possible, in
terms identical to those utilized in various reports to the Bureau of the Census. This was done to provide a
recognized standard for some of the information requested and to permit the respondent to provide
information similar to that which has been compiled for other reports.
Please report for calendar year 1969 unless otherwise specified. If this is not possible, specify the reporting
period for which data are provided. ^^
Please return the completed form to Leonard Lund, National Industrial Conference Board, 845 Third Avenue, New York, New
York 10022. Do not indicate your name or company on this form. The Code Number on this page identifies you to The
Conference Board. No personal or corporate identification will appear in any report based on this survey without your explicit
authorization.
© 1970 NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD, Inc.
-------
ITEM 1. PRODUCT INFORMATION
(a) Principal product(s) of this plant
(Describe by using categories defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, e.g., "Chemicals
and Allied Products," "Industrial Gases," "Food and Kindred Products, Fluid Milk," "Transportation
Equipment, Motor Vehicles," or similar descriptive phrases.)
(b) Standard Industrial Classification Code(s). (If known)
(4 digit code(s)
ITEM 2. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES
(a) Production WorkersWorkers (up through
the working foreman level) engaged in fabri-
cating, processing, assembling, inspecting, re-
ceiving, packing, warehousing, shipping (but
not delivering), maintenance, repair, janitor-
ial, watchman services, product development,
auxiliary production for plant's own use
(e.g., powerplant), recordkeeping, and other
closely associated services. Exclude propri-
etors and partners.
(b) All Other EmployeesNonproduction per-
sonnel, including those engaged in the fol-
lowing activities: supervision above working
foreman level, sales (including driver sales-
men), sales delivery (truck drivers and help-
ers), advertising, credit, collection, installa-
tion and servicing of own products, clerical
and routine office functions, executive, pur-
chasing, finance, legal, personnel (incl. caf-
eteria, etc.), professional and technical. Ex-
clude proprietors and partners.
(c) Total number of employees (sum of lines
a and b)
Number of production employees
during typical month
Number of all other employees
during typical month
ITEMS. PAYROLLS
Enter the total (before deductions) of wages,
salaries, bonuses, commissions, and other remun-
erations paid in 1969 to "Production Workers,"
and "All Other Employees," as defined in Item 2
above.
a) Production workers' wages $
b) All other employees'
salaries and wages $.
c) TOTAL PAYROLL
(Sum of Lines a and b) $
-------
ITEM 4. PRODUCTION COSTS
(a) What were the costs of materials, fuels, electricity and contract work put into production in 1969?
$;
Note: The figures reported should represent the total cost of
materials, supplies, semi-finished goods, fuels, etc., actually
consumed or put into production as in reports to the Census
Bureau.
If your records do not show the amounts actually consumed
or put into production, the reported figures may be derived
from purchase and other records.
(b) What were the depreciation charges in 1969? $
ITEM 5. VALUE OF SHIPMENTS
What was the value of products shipped in 1969? $
ITEM 6. VALUE AND AGE OF FIXED ASSETS
In order to obtain an estimate of the value and age of the plant and equipment, please answer the
following:
(a) What was the gross investment in plant and equipment as of December 31, 1969? $ .
(b) What was the book value (gross investment minus straight line depreciation) of plant and equipment?
$
(c) Was the plant built within the last five years? Yes D No D
(d) Was the capacity of this plant expanded significantly (more than 50%) within the past five
years? Yes D No D
(e) Was more than 50% of the production equipment in this plant installed or significantly modified within
the past five years? Yes D No D
-------
ITEM 7. CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR ABATEMENT FACILITIES
(a) Please estimate the capital expenditures for the purpose of water pollution abatement at this plant for
each year of the period 1965-1969. Report separately the amounts spent for replacement and
modernization of existing facilities and the amounts spent for new facilities including expansion,
Note: Report only those expenditures made for the purpose
of pollution abatement. If improvements have been made in
the production process which provide an incidental benefit in
the abatement of pollution do not include the expenditure for
that improvement.
Replacement and modernization New facilities Total
Year of existing facilities including expansion Expenditure
1965 $ $ $
1966 $ $ $
1967 $ $ $
1968 $ $ $_
1969 $ $ $_
Total (1965-1969) $ $ $_
(b) For which of the following types of water pollution abatement measures were most of the capital
expenditures made at this plant during 1965-1969? (If the investment falls primarily in one category, check
that box; if it is divided among several, check all appropriate boxes for which expenditures were more than
20% of total.)
Manufacturing changes to reduce water pollution Q
Wastewater treatment rj
Water cooling (See Note below) [J
Other (please specify) [3
Note: Water cooling done primarily to reduce the quantity of
intake water needed for production purposes is not
considered pollution abatement. Cooling for the purpose of
preventing the discharge of heated water to a river, lake,
stream, or estuary, is considered pollution abatement.
(c) If this plant currently has no water pollution abatement facilities, does it plan to build any? Yes D No D
If yes, when? Next year D In five years D After that D
-------
ITEM 8. PLANNED CAPITAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILITIES
Please report:
(a) Capital appropriation for abatement facilities
for 1970 $
(b) Number of years in which to be spent
(c) For which type of measures: (see 7b)
Manufacturing process changes D
Wastewater treatment D
Water cooling (see Note 7b) D
Other (specify) LI
Please report:
(d) Total future capital requirements, including
1970, to meet present water quality standards
(e) Number of years in which to be spent
(f) For which type of measures: (see 7b)
Manufacturing process changes D
Wastewater treatment D
Water cooling (see Note 7b) D
Other (specify) D
ITEM 9. WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES
Using the accompanying chart of abatement measures (Attachment I), please indicate the code numbers of
those measures already in place in this plant, and in the order in which applied. In the event that wastewaters
from more than one source within the plant are combined for treatment in a common facility (e.g., process
and sanitary wastewaters) please indicate this by showing which sources are combined.
Wastewater Source
Manufacturing process..
Sanitary
Cooling (see Note 7b) ..
Other (please specify)
Abatement Measure
Code Numbers
-------
ITEM 10. VOLUME AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCHARGED WASTEWATERS
(a) Average daily volume of discharged wastewater by source:
(Report typical discharges in million gallons per operating day.)
Source
Discharged Directly
Treated Untreated
Discharged to
Public Sewer
Treated Untreated
Other manner of
disposal (specify)
Treated Untreated
Manufacturing Process
Sanitary
Cooling
(see Note 7b)
Other (specify)
Total
mgd
mgd
mgd
mgd
mgd
_mgd
(b) Wastewater constituents discharged directly by source: (Report in pounds per day, pH units, degrees
Fahrenheit)
Biochemical Oxygen Chemical Oxygen Suspended Temperature Other (Please
Source Demand (Five Day) Demand Solids pJH Rise specify)
Manufacturing
Process
Sanitary
Cooling (see
Note 7b)
Other (Please
specify)
TOTAL
(c) Please describe any seasonal aspects of production that may affect the quantity of wastewater discharged.
-------
ITEM 11. EXPENDITURES FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILITIES
(a) Annual expenditures for operating and maintaining existing water pollution abatement facilities.
1968 $ 1969 $ _.
(b) Estimate of annual expenditures for operating and maintaining abatement facilities upon completion of
construction noted in ITEM 8d. $
(c) Estimate of number of employees engaged in operating and maintaining pollution abatement facilities in
1969.
(Equivalent full-time manpower)
ITEM 12. USE OF PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEMS
(a) Is there a public sewer system available for use by this plant? Yes D No D
(b) If yes, does this plant discharge wastewater into public sewer? Yes D No D
If answer to (b) is Yes:
(c) What was annual payment by this plant to
municipality or other authority for sewer
service, excluding property tax? $
(d) What was basis of payment? (Check all
relevant boxes)
Water use D
Waste strength D
Over-strength surcharges D
Other (Specify) D
If answer to (b) is No:
(e) If plant does not, does this plant plan to use
public sewer in the future? Yes D No D
(f) If yes, when? Next year? D
In five years? D
Later? D
(g) If yes, what kind of wastewater will be
discharged? Please check.
All wastewater D
Manufacturing process only D
Sanitary only D
Manufacturing process and sanitary D
Cooling (see Note 7b) D
Other (specify) D
ITEM 13. OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO FINANCING OF PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEM
(a) What payments were made to a local government unit for sewer service in the form of property taxes or
assessments? $
(b) What, if anything, has been contributed to the capital cost of constructing a new public wastewater
treatment facility or expanding of an existing facility in cooperation with a municipality or other public
authority in addition to amounts reported above? $
-------
ITEM 14. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
We would appreciate any observations which you would care to make regarding features of the
operation or location of this plant that you feel would make for special problems in wastewater
treatment; and any comment you may wish to make concerning this questionnaire or the use of the
data provided. If any costs have been incurred or are anticipated because of plant relocation or process
change primarily influenced by water pollution abatement requirements, please describe their nature and
costs in this section.
ITEM 15.
Name and title of person to be contacted in the event that additional correspondence or information
may be required.
Name_
Title
-------
Sources of Tabular Data
Table Number
1,2,3
4,5
6,7,8
9,10
11
12
13,14,15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28,29
30
31
32
33, 34, 35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55,56
Questionnaire Items*
7a
6a,7a
2c, 7a
2c, 6a, 7a
2c, 7a
7a
2c, 11a
11a,11c
2a, 2c, 11a
3c, 11a
2a,2c, 11a
2c, 6a, 11a
2c,6b, 11a
8a
8d
8e
4a, 11a
2c,4a, 11a
5,7a
2c, 5, 11a
4a, 4b, 5, 7a
2c,4a,4b, 5, 11a
2c,3c,4a,4b, 5, 11a
10a
10b
10a, lOb
10b
10a, 10b
10b
10a, lOb
10b
2a, 10b
12a, 12b
2c, 12b
2c, 12a, 12b
12c, 12d
13a
13b
12e, 12f
9
2c, 10a, 11a
2c, 10a, 12c
2c, 10a, 13a
t,7a
Table number
57
58,59
60
61
62
63, 64, 65
66,67
68,69
70,71
72,73
74
Appendix Table Number
1,11
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI
XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV
XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII
Questionnaire Items*
t, 11a
t, 10a
t, 10b
t, 6a, 7a
t,8a
N.A.
1 , B.C. Table 2
2c, B.C. Table 2
10a, B.C. Table 1b
5, B.C. Table 3
1 , 2c, 5, 10a, B.C. 1b, B.C. 2, B.C. 3
Questionnaire Items
2c,7a
6a, 7a
6b, 7a
6a, 6d, 7a
6a, 6c, 6d, 6e, 7a
6a, 6c, 7a
4a, 4b, 5, 7a
7a,7b
2c, 6a, 7a
2c, 6b, 7a
2c, 11a
2c, 6a, 11a
2c,6b, 11a
2c, 3c, 11a
2c,2a, 11 a
2c, 5, 11a
2c, 4a, 11a
2c, 3c,4a,4b, 5, 11a
11a,11c
2c, 10a,11a
2c, 12b
12d
13a
2c, 10a, 12c
2c, 10a, 13a
10a
lOb
lOa, lOb
2a,10b
* All tables broken down by industry also utilize data in Item 1.
t Regional breakdown derived from questionnaire code number.
B.C. Refers to 1967 Census of Manufactures,
63
-------
64
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APPENDIX B
Capital Expenditures Cost Data
I. Capital Expenditures, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1965-1969
II. Total Capital Expenditures, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
III. Ratio of 5-year Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment, by
Industry, 1969
IV. Ratio of 5-year Capital Expenditures to Book Value, by Industry
V. Ratio of 5-year Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment in Plants
with No Change in Capacity or Other Major Replacement from
1965-1969
VI. Ratio of 5-year Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment in New
Plants or in Plants with a Major Expansion or Replacement from
1965-1969
VII. Ratio of 5-year Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment in Plants
Built Within Past 5 Years, by Industry
VIII. Ratio of 1969 Capital Expenditures to Value Added by Manufacture,
by Industry
IX. Number Making Capital Expenditures, by Type of Abatement
Facilities, by Industry, 1969
X. 5-year Capital Expenditures as a Per Cent of Gross Investment, by Size
of Plant, by Industry
XI. 5-year Capital Expenditures as a Per Cent of Book Value, by Size of
Plant, by Industry
65
-------
66
-------
I: Capital Expenditures, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1965-1969
Industry
1965-1969 Capital Expenditures ($000)
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
Food and Kindred Products $ 99
Meat slaughtering 8
Poultry dressing
Cheeses 60
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables 28
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining 3
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products 291
Pulp mills
Paper mills 10
Paperboard mills 281
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and Allied Products 765
Alkalies/chlorine 10
Coal tar products 197
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals 319
Plastics/resins 60
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers 8
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals
Fertilizers 4
Agricultural pesticides 87
Glue and gelatin 10
Explosives 70
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products 42
Petroleum refining 29
Lubricating oils/greases 13
Rubber and Plastics Products 209
Tires/tubes 156
Rubber products 53
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries 14
Blast furnaces/steel -
Steel pipe/tube -
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum ~
Copper rolling/drawing 4
Aluminum rolling/drawing 10
Total 1,420
$ 1,419
119
257
14
575
30
420
3
1
490
121
47
320
2
29,538
11,368
14,440
1,182
2,108
440
14,227
1,774
500
2,748
5,047
199
2,168
215
232
189
221
711
140
5
57
21
18,840
18,833
7
186
1
185
2,377
23
64
$ 4,182
1,139
7
532
34
91
1,997
10
362
10
1,489
578
172
60
162
517
25,577
9,464
9,481
6,228
79
325
24,960
1,186
9,908
4,107
1,988
1,607
700
1,076
3,092
520
745
31
15,648
15,648
$ 2,847
330
41
20
1,447
905
104
3,648
3,066
412
170
46,904
4,706
36,833
2,241
1,624
1,500
68,862
2,830
7,240
20,388
11,624
6,724
2,561
2,609
1,487
2,293
2,616
19
2,354
1,306
4,226
13,762
13,762
8,235
456
379
7,400
19,378
7,197
995
5,030
93
1,654
3,796
613
163,636
67
-------
I: Total Capital Expenditures, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
1969 Total Capital Expenditures ($OOOL
Industry
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
Food and Kindred Products $ 30
Meat slaughtering 3
Poultry dressing
Cheeses 24
Fluid milk -
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables 1
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining 2
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products 115
Pulp mills
Paper mills 10
Paperboard mills 105
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and Allied Products 100
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals 60
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers 5
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides 5
Glue and gelatin 10
Explosives 20
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases
Rubber and Plastics Products 156
Tires/tubes 156
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries 4
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing 4
Aluminum rolling/drawing
Total 405
$ 483
78
45
14
52
293
1
407
75
12
320
10,034
4,551
4,019
276
1,068
120
5,797
473
2
757
2,121
75
1,850
200
13
61
201
7
15
3
17
2
11,542
11,535
7
39
39
163
61
100
2
28,465
$ 1,242
3
62
21
921
5
230
483
164
13
69
237
6,620
1,815
3,943
537
325
9,451
508
3.290
868
1,102
503
2
846
1,925
100
300
3,944
3,944
3
1
575
211
124
29
27
117
67
22,319
$ 468
53
18
47
350
865
3
25,879
3,706
19,263
1,010
400
1,500
18,162
1,148
2.075
7,658
365
1,083
1,794
370
949
464
1,666
19
46
525
2,928
2,928
231
76
155
57,755
68
-------
Ill: Ratio of 5-Year Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Number of
Plants
Capital Expenditures
as Per Cent of
Investment
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving .
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing ......
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products . . . .
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products . . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
47
13
4
2
1
7
1
7
4
2
3
2
1
35
18
5
5
5
2
93
16
45
21
8
3
140
11
2
28
18
13
5
10
4
10
17
3
4
3
4
6
2
27
25
2
22
9
6
7
58
12
5
10
3
11
9
8
422
1.1
1.7
2.5
3.6
.3
2.2"
1.0
1.6
.9
.1
.6
.1
.05
.8
.7
.5
1.1
.5
2.5
2.3
2.9
2.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.0
.7
2.3
.8
1.8
.7
.7
1.2
.7
1.2
1.2
.4
1.5
4.5
.8
1.0
.1
1.4
1.4
.3
1.5
.1
.6
12.0
.6
.5
.9
.9
.2
.3
2.2
.4
1.2
69
-------
IV: Ratio of 5-year Total Capital Expenditures to Book Value, by Industry
Industry
Number of
Plants
Per Cent Total Capital
Expenditures to
Book Value
Food and Kindred Products . . . .
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastic/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides ....
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
48
13
4
2
2
1
6
1
7
4
2
3
2
1
27
17
3
1
5
1
95
15
48
21
8
3
135
11
2
28
15
11
5
9
4
10
17
3
5
4
4
6
1
27
25
2
22
9
6
7
58
12
5
10
3
11
9
8
412
2.0
4.0
7.3
9.9
.3
.6
4.1
1.9
2.8
1.8
.2
.9
.2
.05
1.2
1.4
.5
1.9
1.5
.4
3.9
4.0
4.6
2.3
2.7
2.0
2.1
2.0
5.0
1.7
4.6
1.6
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.9
2.6
.8
2.3
6.7
2.2
1.3
.3
3.2
3.2
.7
2.8
.3
1.1
21.4
1.2
1.2
1.9
2.0
.3
.6
4.1
.8
2.4
70
-------
V: Ratio of 5-year Total Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment in Plants with No Change in Capacity or
Other Major Replacement from 1965-1969
Industry
Number of
Plants
Total Capital
Expenditures
as Per Cent of
Gross Investment
Food and Kindred Products ....
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar'refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
38
10
4
2
1
5
1
5
2
2
3
2
1
31
16
4
4
5
2
73
11
39
17
5
1
99
7
1
18
13
8
4
7
7
17
2
3
3
4
5
20
19
1
15
7
4
4
48
10
5
10
3
8
7
5
324
.8
1.5
2.5
3.6
.3
2.1
1.0
2.3
.5
.1
.6
.1
.7
.7
.6
.5
.5
2.5
2.1
2.5
2.3
.9
1.3
1.8
1.0
.8
2.3
.8
1.8
.9
.7
.8
1.0
1.2
.2
.6
4.5
.8
1.0
1.6
1.6
.1
1.6
.1
.4
14.7
.4
.5
.9
.9
.2
.1
.3
.2
1.2
71
-------
VI: Ratio of 5-year Total Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment in New Plants or in Plants with Major Expansion
or Replacement from 1965-1969
Industry
Number of
Plants
Total Capital
Expenditures
as Per Cent of
Gross Investment
Food and Kindred Products . . . .
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
72 Total
g
3
4
2
1
1
20
5
6
4
3
2
41
4
1
10
5
5
1
3
4
3
1
1
1
2
7
6
1
7
2
2
3
10
2
3
2
3
98
2.5
3.6
4.5
1.0
3.8
1.1
1.2
.2
4.6
2.9
3.6
4.1
1.9
1.7
1.1
.8
.5
6.0
.7
1.9
.4
.5
1.9
.7
2.9
1.5
2.0
5.5
.1
.6
.6
.7
.6
.4
1.2
.8
1.2
t.4
.6
8.5
.9
mm^*****
1.3
-------
VII: Ratio of 5-year Capital Expenditures to Gross Investment in Plants Built Within Past 5 Years, by Industry
Number of Total Capital
Plants Expenditures
Built in as Per Cent of
Industry Last 5 Years Gross Investment
Food and Kindred Products 2 3.8%
Meat slaughtering 2 3.8
Poultry dressing _ _
Cheeses _
Fluid milk _
Seafoods _
Canned fruits/vegetables
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products 3 .8
Cotton weaving 1 .3
Synthetics weaving 1 .2
Weaving, finishing, wool 1 4.6
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products 11 3.4
Pulp mills 5 3.6
Paper mills 2 5.2
Paperboard mills 1 2.2
Paper products 1 .9
Building paper/board mills 2 1.1
Chemicals and Allied Products 7 .9
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products 1 6.0
Organic chemicals 2 .9
Inorganic chemicals 1 .9
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulose 1 .7
Pharmaceuticals " 1 -6
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides ~
Glue and gelatin ~
Explosives 1 5.5
Carbon black ~
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining . . .
Lubricating oils/greases
Rubber and Plastics Products 3 .6
Tires/tubes 2 .4
Rubber products ' ^ *
Plastics products ~ ~
Primary Metal Industries 3 2-4
Blast furnaces/steel ~ ~
Steel pipe/tube ~ ~
Gray iron foundries ~" ~
Primary copper "~ ~
Primary aluminum ~~ ~~
Copper rolling/drawing 1 -~
Aluminum rolling/drawing , 2 2-9
Total 29 2.4%
~- 73
-------
VIII: Ratio of 1969 Capital Expenditures to Value Added by Manufacture, by Industry
Industry
Number
Capital Expenditures/
Value Added
Food and kindred products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile mill products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and allied products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
(Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and coal products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases
Rubber and plastics products . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary metal industries ,
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
27
8
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
12
4
1
1
4
2
77
13
36
19
6
3
84
6
1
13
12
9
5
7
1
5
14
3
2
1
2
3
17
16
1
12
5
3
4
38
9
3
5
3
8
6
4
267
.6%
.7
4.3
2.8
.1
.1
.1
.7
.1
1.2
.9
.6
1.9
15.4
.4
1.7
3.1
4.2
3.8
.8
2.8
8.5
.8
1.2
.1
2.0
.8
.5
.8
2.3
.3
.4
.5
.3
1.0
.8
.2
.2
1.7
1.7
.2
.1
.1
.3
.3
.7
.6
.3
.9
.3
.3
3.6
.2
1.2%
74
-------
IX: Number Making Capital Expenditures, by Type of Abatement Facilities, by Industry, 1969
Industry
HMHBB
Food and Kindred Products ....
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ..
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Manufacturing
Change
Number
10
2
1
Expenditures for
Wastewater
Treatment
Total
2
1
4
1
51
8
25
8
6
4
84
6
1
17
12
6
5
5
2
4
14
4
3
1
3
1
11
11
4
1
14
2
1
2
2
5
178
Number
37
11
3
2
7
2
2
34
18
6
4
4
2
73
12
35
16
7
3
134
8
4
29
16
15
8
10
6
9
9
3
3
1
3
8
2
40
39
1
21
7
8
6
39
10
5
8
1
6
4
5
Cooling
Number
Other
dumber
1
1
1
1
12
1
4
1
1
1
3
378
3
3
2
1
10
5
1
1
2
35
4
1
1
2
13
2
7
3
1
28
2
7
5
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
12
3
4
2
67
75
-------
X: 5-year Capital Expenditures as a Per Cent of Gross Investment, by Size of Plant, by Industry
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
Industry
Capital
Expenditures/
No, Gross Investment
Capital
Expenditures/
No. Gross Investment
Capital
Expenditures/
No, Cross Investment
Capital
Expenditures/
No. Gross Investment
Food and Kindred Products 6 2.0% 13 3.0% 15 1.4% 12 .5%
Meat slaughtering 1 .9 3 1.0 4 2.7 4 .4
Poultry dressing 3 8.8 1 .1
Cheeses 2 3.6 - - - - - -
Fluid milk ~
Seafoods - - - - - - 1 -3
Canned fruits/vegetables ... 2 2.5 3 5.2 2 1.0
Fish - 1 1.0 -
Frozen fruits/vegetables - - 1 2.6 1 .7 5 1.7
Wet corn milling - - 1 4.7 2 3.1 1 .3
Raw cane sugar 1 .1 1 .1
Cane sugar refining 1 .2 2 .6
Malt liquors - - - - 1 * 1 .1
Distilled liquor - 1 * -
Textile Mill Products - - 6 1.4 15 .9 14 .7
Cotton weaving - 3 .8 5 1.1 10 .7
Synthetics weaving - 1 .8 2 .4 2 .5
Weaving, finishing, wool ... 1 4.6 2 .3 2 .7
Cotton finishing - - 1 * 4 .6 -
Synthetic finishing 2 2.5
Paper and Allied Products 2 7.5 35 3.4 27 2.2 28 1.9
Pulp mills - - 6 4.8 7 2.6 3 .6
Paper mills 1 3.0 13 4.0 11 3.3 19 2.1
Paperboard mills 1 8.0 9 1.0 7 1.5 4 1.0
Paper products - 5 1,7 1 .2 2 1.6
Building paper/board mills 2 1.1 1 1.8
Chemicals and Allied Products 12 2.0 45 .9 40 1.1 43 .9
Alkalies/chlorine 1 .4 4 1.2 2 .7 4 .5
Coal tar products 1 6.0 - 1 2.3
Organic chemicals 11 .7 8 1.2 9 .7
Inorganic chemicals 3 1.8 9 .7 5 1.4 1 4.6
Plastics/resins 1 1.7 3 .5 5 .5 4 .9
Synthetic rubber 4 .5 1 .8
Cellulosic man-made fibers .1 .4 2 2.6 - - 7 J
Organic fibers, noncellulose . 3 .7 1 .7
Pharmaceuticals 4 .9 4 2,2 2 1.0
Detergents 4 .3 8 1.4 5 1.3
Gum and wood chemicals .. 2 1.2 1 *
Fertilizers 1 .1 2 .7 - - 1 2.0
Agricultural pesticides 2 3.2 1 4.7 -
Glue and gelatin 1 .5 1 * 2 .8
Explosives 1 5.5 1 .1 - - 4 1.1
Carbon black - - 2 .1 - - - -
Petroleum and Coal Products 2 .6 9 6.0 11 .9 5 .8
Petroleum refining 1 .5 8 6.2 11 .9 5 .8
Lubricating oils/grease 1 .7 1 .1
Rubber and Plastics Products 2 39.5 6 .7 4 .7 9 .1
Tires/tubes 1 41.5 - - 1 .5 7 .1
Rubber products 1 11.1 1 .1 2 1.1 2 .4
Plastics products ......... 5 .7 1 *
Primary Metal Industries 2 1.3 8 2.1 16 .5 32 .5
Blast furnaces/steel 1 .3 3 1.4 8 .5
Steel pipe/tube 3 .7 1 1.0
Gray iron foundries 1 1.3 2 .8 7 .9
Primary copper - 2 .1 1 .2
Primary aluminum 1 2.9 3 .6 7 .1
Copper rolling/drawing 1 .5 3 1.0 1 .6 4 2.5
Aluminum rolling/drawing. . 1 4.7 2 2.3 1 .1 4 .2
76 Total 25 2.4 122 2A 128 1.3 143 .9
* Less than .05%
-------
XI: 5-year Capital Expenditures as a Per Cent of Book Value, by Size of Plant, by Industry
20-99
100-499
500-999
Industry
Capital
Expenditures/
Book Value
Capital
Expenditures/
No. Book Value
Capital
Expenditures/
No. Book Value
1000+
Capital
Expenditures/
No. Book Value
Food and Kindred Products 6
Meat slaughtering 1
Poultry dressing
Cheeses 2
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables ... 2
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables -
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining 1
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products -
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ...
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products 2
Pulp mills
Paper mills 1
Paperboard mills 1
Paper products
Building paper/board mills. .
Chemicals and Allied Products 12
Alkalies/chlorine 1
Coal tar products 1
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals 3
Plastics/resins 1
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers . 1
Organic fibers, noncellulose .
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals ..
Fertilizers 1
Agricultural pesticides 2
Glue and gelatin 1
Explosives 1
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products 2
Petroleum refining 1
Lubricating oils/greases .... 1
Rubber and Plastics Products 2
Tires/tubes 1
Rubber products 1
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries 2
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing 1
Aluminum rolling/drawing .. 1
3.8%
3.2
9.9
3.5
Total
26
25.1
24.4
25.2
3.3
2.0
9.0
2.9
2.6
.5
.2
9.5
.6
11.1
1.3
1.6
.9
21.5
46.3
.7
3.4
1.9
5.2
«H>B^^V
4.4
14
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
4
3
35
5
14
9
5
2
43
4
11
8
2
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
9
8
1
1
5
8
1
1
3
2
119
4.3%
1.7
19.9
.3
8.2
2.7
7.5
.3
1.0
1.1
4.5
6.1
5.1
2.4
2.6
1.3
1.7
2.3
1.2
1.8
3.6
4.2
1.5
.6
3.4
1.6
3.1
.1
.3
.3
18.9
19.2
.6
1.1
.2
1.2
3.1
.8
4.1
3.8
1.8
3.2
4.3
14
4
1
13
5
2
1
4
1
27
7
11
7
1
1
38
2
8
3
4
4
3
4
8
1
1
11
11
4
1
2
1
16
3
4
2
2
3
1
1
123
2.4%
4.5
.3
1.7
1.9
2.5
5.3
.2
.9
1.3
2.3
.5
1.9
1.7
.4
3.5
3.7
6.7
2.0
.7
5.0
2.3
2.0
2.4
4.2
1.2
1.0
1.3
3.6
2.9
1.4
8.1
1.9
1.9
1.2
1.3
1.7
.1
.9
2.1
1.4
1.7
.2
1.1
.6
.1
2.4
13
4
10
9
1
30
3
21
4
2
42
4
1
9
1
4
1
6
1
2
5
I
1
2
4
5
5
9
7
2
32
8
1
7
1
7
4
4
141
1.1%
1.1
.3
.6
2.8
.7
1.2
1.3
.4
3.7
1.2
4.0
2.6
3.4
2.1
1.8
5.0
1.6
8.2
1.7
3.3
1.2
.8
1.6
2.8
.1
3.1
2.4
1.3
1.9
1.9
.3
.2
.8
1.2
1.1
2.2
2.0
.4
.3
4.8
.5
2.0
77
* Less than .05%
-------
APPENDIX C
Data on Annual Expenditures
for Operation and Maintenance
XII. Total Annual Operating Expenditures, by Size of Plant, by Industry,
1969
XIII. Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Gross Investment, by
Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
XIV. Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Book Value, by Size of
Plant, by Industry, 1969
XV. Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Total Payroll, by Size of
Plant, by Industry, 1969
XVI. Annual Operating Expenditures per Production Employee, by Size
of Plant, by Industry, 1969
XVII. Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Value of Shipments, by
Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
XVIII. Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Cost of Materials, by
Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
XIX. Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Value Added by
Manufacture and by Gross Operating Margin, by Size of Plant, by
Industry, 1969
XX. Annual Operating Expenditures, by Number of Employees Engaged
in Abatement Activities, by Industry, 1969
XXI. Annual Operating Expenditures per Volume of Wastewater
Discharged Annually, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
79
-------
XII: Total Annual Operating Expenditures, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
20-99
Industry
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses ..............
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milfing
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors . .
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving . .
Weaving, finishing, wool . . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paper board mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals ,
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose .
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides ....
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel .
Steel pipe/tube
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing ....
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
Number
of
Plants
6
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
13
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
26
100-499
Operating Number
Expenditures of
($000) Plants
$ 30
1
10
5
7
7
20
1
19
410
53
90
230
10
14
3
5
3
2
52
50
2
1
1
$513
18
3
2
3
5
1
1
1
2
6
3
1
1
1
29
6
9
7
5
2
62
4
3
15
11
3
3
1
5
3
1
5
1
1
2
4
10
9
1
5
1
1
3
6
1
2
2
1_
136
Operating
Expenditures
($000)
$292
71
19
10
67
50
70
1
4
37
5
7
10
15
2,724
590
1,130
337
619
48
4,435
105
173
1,913
1,421
52
175
18
77
51
37
299
15
25
32
42
809
799
10
9
1
2
6
171
26
89
18
38
$8,477
SQO-999
Number
of
Plants
15
5
1
4
1
1
2
1
14
6
2
1
4
1
21
5
8
7
1
45
2
9
5
7
4
2
6
7
1
1
1
13
13
4
2
2
19
3
4
2
2
2
3
3
131
Operating
Expenditures
($000)
$ 655
60
42
113
7
153
260
20
183
81
5
3
34
60
2,614
789
1,305
519
1
8,640
148
2,378
2,455
1,628
874
294
160
302
200
150
51
2,772
2,772
44
9
35
678
158
182
14
53
149
35
87
$15,586
jnnn+
Number
of
Plants
14
7
1
5
1
11
7
3
1
27
3
18
4
2
65
4
2
11
3
12
2
10
4
3
5
2
2
5
9
9
12
7
3
2
32
9
1
6
1
10
2
3
170
Operating
Expenditures
($000)
$459
212
6
216
25
1,134
1,016
113
5
4,973
100
3,250
1,206
417
25,41 5
770
3,784
6,124
3,925
2,863
1,682
\.3O1
544
779
552
2,181
252
658
4,241
4,241
152
45
69
38
4,455
3,096
50
268
109
674
90
168
$40,829
81
-------
XIII: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Gross Investment, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Industry
20-99
100-499
500-999
No.
A.O.E./
Gross
Investment
No.
A.O.E./
Gross
Investment
1000+
No.
A.O.E./
Gross
Investment
No.
A.O.EJ
Gross
Investment
Food and kindred products 6 .6% 15 .4% 13 .2% 13 .1%
Meat slaughtering 1 .1 3 .6 5 .1 7 .2
Poultry dressing 2 .8 1 .6
Cheeses 1 .9 ' - - 1 *
Fluid milk 1 .6 1 .2
Seafoods -~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Canned fruits/vegetables 2 .6 4 .4 2 .1 -
Fish - - - - T .2
Frozen fruits/vegetables 1 .5 1 4.3 1 1.2 5 .3
Wet corn milling - - 1 .8 1 .2 1 *
Raw cane sugar 1 * 1 .2
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor - 2 * - - -
Textile mill products - - 6 .1 13 .1 10 .3
Cotton weaving 3 * 5 .1 7 .4
Synthetics weaving 1 .1 2 * 2 . .2
Weaving, finishing, wool 1 .1 1 * 1 .1
Cotton finishing 1 .2 4 .1 - -
Synthetic finishing 1 .6
Paper and allied products 2 .5 27 .4 21 .3 27 .3
Pulp mills - - 6 .3 5 .3 3 .1
Paper mills 1 .3 8 .6 8 .7 18 .2
Paperboard mills 1 .5 7 .4 7 .1 4 .6
Paper products - - 5 .5 1 * 2 .4
Building paper/board mills 1 .2
Chemicals and allied products 13 .9 50 .3 39 .4 45 .3
Alkalies/chlorine 3 .5 4 .1 2 .1 4 .1
Coal tar products 1 2.8 2 1.3 2 1.1
Organic chemicals 13 .4 8 .3 9 .2
Inorganic chemicals 3 1.3 8 .7 5 .8 1 .7
Plastics/resins 1 .3 3 .1 5 .6 5 .3
Synthetic rubber - - 3 .3 1 .3
Cellulosic man-made fibers 1 .7 2 .2 7 .4
Organic fibers, noncellulose 2 .3 1 .2
Pharmaceuticals 5 .3 6 .2 3 .3
Detergents 3 .1 7 .2 5 .2
Gum and wood chemicals 1 .1 1 .4
Fertilizers 1 .1 3 .3 - - 1 1.9
Agricultural pesticides 1 .9
Glue and gelatin - - 1 .2 - - 2 .2
Explosives 1 .2 1 .1 4 .1
Carbon black 1 .1 4 .1 - - - -
Petroleum and coal products 3 .5 6 .4 10 .2 4 .2
Petroleum refining 2 ,6 5 .4 10 .2 4 .2
Lubricating oils/greases 1 .1 1 .2
Rubber and plastics products 5 * 3 .1 11 *
Tires/tubes 1 * 7 *
Rubber products - - 1 * 2 * 3 .1
Plastics products 3 * 1 .3 1 *
Primary metal industries 6 .1 18 .1 31 .1
Blast furnaces/steel 3 .3 8 .2
Steel pipe/tube 4 .3 1 *
Gray iron foundries 1 .5 2 .1 6 .1
Primary copper - - 2 .1 1 .2
Primary aluminum 2 .1 2 .1 10 *
Copper rolling/drawing 2 .1 3 .1 2 .1
Aluminum rolling/drawing - - 1_ J 2_ .1 3 .1
Total 24 .8% 116 . .3% 117 .3% 141 .2%
82
* Less than .05%
-------
XIV: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Book Value, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
20-99
100-499
Industry
No.
A.O.E./
Book Value
500-999
No.
A.O.EJ
Book Value
1000+
No.
A.O.EJ
Book Value
No.
A.O.E./
Book Value
Food and kindred products 6
Meat slaughtering 1
Poultry dressing
Cheeses 1
Fluid milk 1
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables 2
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables 1
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile mill products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products 2
Pulp mills
Paper mills 1
Paperboard mills 1
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and allied products 12
Alkalies/chlorine 3
Coal tar products 1
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals 3
Plastics/resins 1
Synthetic rubber -
Cellulosic man-made fibers 1
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals 1
Fertilizers 1
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives 1
Carbon black
Petroleum and coal products 3
Petroleum refining 2
Lubricating oils/greases 1
Rubber and plastics products 1
Tires/tubes
Rubber products 1
Plastics products
Primary metal industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube ~
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum ~~
Copper rolling/drawing ~
Aluminum rolling/drawing
1.0%
.4
2.7
1.1
.9
.6
1.7
2.4
1.7
1.5
1.1
4.1
2.1
.4
.9
.1
.2
.5
1.2
1.9
.1
.2
.2
17
3
2
4
3
26
5
8
7
5
1
47
4
2
13
7
2
5
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
6
5
1
5
1
1
3
Total
24
1.4%
2
2
111
.5%
1.0
1.7
.1
.7
4.4
1.3
.1
.9
.4
.8
.8
.8
.3
.6
.2
2.4
.7
1.6
1.1
.3
.4
.2
1.2
.4
.3
.5
.1
.1
1.0
1.0
.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
1.7
.2
.2
.1
.6%
13
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
11
5
2
.4
21
5
8
7
1
37
2
8
3
4
3
2
6
7
1
1
10
10
2
1
17
3
4
2
2
2
3
1
WWIIW1111W
112
.5%
.2
1.8
.2
.4
4.3
.3
.4
.1
.3
.2
.4
.4
1.3
.2
.7
.2
.5
3.0
1.1
.7
.6
.4
.3
.6
1.6
.4
A
.1
.6
.3
.4
.6
.3
.2
.3
.2
.1
M^H^
.5%
14
7
8
7
1
27
3
18
4
2
44
4
2
9
1
5
1
6
1
3
5
2
4
4
4
11
7
3
1
31
8
1
6
1
10
2
3
139
.2%
.6
.4
.5
.5
.1
.6
.1
.5
1.4
.9
.7
.5
2.4
.4
1.3
.5
1.4
.9
.2
.5
.5
2.8
.5
.1
.4
.4
.2
.1
.3
.5
.1
.2
.5
.1
.2
.1
.5%
*Less than .05%
83
-------
XV: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Total Payroll, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Industry
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
No.
A.O.E./
Payroll
No.
A.O.E./
Payroll
No.
A.O.E./
Payroll
No.
A.O.EJ
Payroll
Food and Kindred Products 6 1.7% 17 .8% 12 .7% 14 .2%
Meat slaughtering 1 -2 3 1.1 5 .3 7 .2
Poultry dressing 2 .6 1 7.3
Cheeses 1 4.4
Fluid milk 1 2.0 3 .1 - - 1 *
Seafoods ~~ ~~ -
Canned fruits/vegetables 2 1.7 4 .7 2 .2
Fish - - - 1 -2
Frozen fruits/vegetables 1 1-9 1 2.3 1 2.8 5 .7
Wet corn milling - - 1 3.1 1 1.0 1 .1
Raw cane sugar 1 -3 1 .5
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor - 2 .1 - -
Textile Mill Products - - 6 .4 13 .3 10 .8
Cotton weaving 3 .1 5 .3 7 1.0
Synthetics weaving 1 .3 2 .1 2 .4
Weaving, finishing, wool 1 1-0 1 .1 1 .1
Cotton finishing 1 1.1 4 .2
Synthetic finishing - 1 1.8 - -
Paper and Allied Products 2 2.1 29 3.1 21 2.1 27 1.2
Pulp mills - - 6 3.6 5 2.7 3 .3
Paper mills 1 .5 9 3.5 8 2.7 18 1.2
Paperboard mills 1 2.5 7 1.9 7 1.2 4 1.8
Paper products - 5 3.7 1 * 2 1.4
Building paper/board mills 2 1.7
Chemicals and Allied Products 12 7.4 53 2.8 42 2.8 60 1.4
Alkalies/chlorine 3 6.7 4 1.1 2 1.3 4 1.6
Coal tar products 1 37.0 2 2.8 - - 2 3.8
Organic chemicals - - 14 4.3 8 3.7 10 1.4
Inorganic chemicals 3 20.1 8 5.9 5 7.1 2 2.3
Plastics/resins - 3 .6 6 3.9 11 1.2
Synthetic rubber - - - - 3 2.1 2 1.8
Cellulosic man-made fibers 1 6.0 2 2.1 - 8 1.0
Organic fibers, noncellulose 2 1.8 4 .5
Pharmaceuticals - 5 .6 6 .5 3 .8
Detergents - - 3 .4 7 .6 5 .5
Gum and wood chemicals 1 .6 1 .9
Fertilizers 1 .6 3 3.4 1 4.0 2 12.8
Agricultural pesticides 1 1.2 1 2.0
Glue and gelatin - 1 1.4 - 2 .4
Explosives 1 .4 2 .5 1 .6 5 .5
Carbon black 1 .2 4 .5 - - - -
Petroleum and Coal Products 3 4.0 5 3.3 10 2.6 4 2.1
Petroleum refining 2 5.3 4 3.5 10 2.6 4 2.1
Lubricating oils/greases 1 .6 1 .7
Rubber and Plastics Products 1 .3 5 .1 3 .2 12 .1
Tires/tubes 1 * 7 *
Rubber products 1 .3 1 .1 2 .1 3 .1
Plastics products 3 .1 1 .4 2 .1
Primary Metal Industries 6 .9 17 .6 30 .5
Blast furnaces/steel - - - - 3 1.3 3 .9
Steel pipe/tube 2 .5
Gray iron foundries 1 1.0 2 .1 6 .1
Primary copper 2 6 1 .9
Primary aluminum 2 1.0 2 1.2 10 .3
Copper rolling/drawing 2 .4 3 .2 2 .3
Aluminum rolling/drawing 1 1.3 3 .4 3 .2
84 Total 24 5.2 121 2.4 118 1.9 157 1.0
"Less than .05%
-------
XVI: Annual Operating Expenditure per Production Employee, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
20-99
Industry
A.O.E. per
Production
No. Employee
100-499
500-999
No.
A.O.E.per
Production
Employee
1000+
No.
A. O.E. per
Production
Employee
No.
A. O. E. per
Production
Employee
Food and Kindred Products 6
Meat slaughtering 1
Poultry dressing
Cheeses 1
Fluid milk 1
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables .... 2
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables .... 1
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ....
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products 2
Pulp mills
Paper mills 1
Paperboard mills 1
Paper products
Building paper/board mills . .
Chemicals and Allied Products 13
Alkalies/chlorine 3
Coal tar products 1
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals 3
Plastics/resins 1
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .. 1
Organic fibers, noncellulose .
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals ... 1
Fertilizers 1
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives 1
Carbon black 1
Petroleum and Coal Products 3
Petroleum refining 2
Lubricating oils/greases 1
Rubber and Plastics Products 1
Tires/tubes -
Rubber products 1
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries -
Blast furnaces/steel -
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries ~
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing . ~
$111
33
238
200
80
80
182
33
237
806
541
3,214
2,347
167
1,077
94
68
143
23
410
517
71
25
25
18
3
2
6
3
1
1
1
29
6
9
7
5
2
56
4
2
15
9
3
2
1
5
3
1
3
1
1
2
4
8
7
1
5
1
1
3
$486
2
2
1
128
$73
83
36
38
65
146
203
12
26
6
19
100
97
359
423
401
210
418
159
363
166
345
633
675
108
339
105
70
54
134
356
100
118
56
66
385
416
61
5
2
5
7
114
87
146
46
182
$275
16
5
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
14
6
2
1
21
5
8
7
1
43
2
9
5
6
3
2
6
7
1
1
12
12
19
3
4
2
2
2
3
3
128
$69
22
73
1
45
8
229
233
42
21
19
4
5
16
126
233
282
291
152
2
399
158
526
1,028
578
322
359
50
88
556
694
95
359
359
23
9
59
64
97
70
11
60
130
23
56
$214
14
7
11
7
3
1
27
3
18
4
2
62
4
2
10
3
11
2
9
4
3
5
6
6
12
7
3
2
31
8
1
6
1
10
2
3
163
$23
21
20
36
7
49
56
27
6
135
31
129
219
137
211
237
572
215
1,086
143
313
85
69
143
89
1,157
49
59
296
296
7
3
17
12
58
131
11
15
103
31
39
32
BM^BflHM^H^H
$125
85
-------
XVII: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Value of Shipments, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
Industry
A.O.E./ A.O.E./
No. V.ofS. No. V.ofS.
No.
A.O.E.t
V.ofS.
No.
A.O.EJ
V. ofS.
Food and Kindred Products . . . .
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables. . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides ....
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary Aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
12
3
1
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
.1%
#
.3
.3
.3
.5
.2
.6
.6
.3
1.6
1.4
.2
.5
.2
.3
17
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
27
5
8
7
5
2
44
4
2
10
6
3
4
3
1
3
1
1
4
4
3
1
5
1
1
3
23
.4
2
2
J_
107
.1
.1
1.5
.6
.3
.4
.6
.5
.7
.4
.7
.3
.3
.1
.5
.5
.6
.1
.3
.6
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.4
.1
#
_.£
.3
13
5
1
1
13
5
2
1
4
1
20
4
8
7
1
34
2
5
5
5
3
5
7
1
1
10
10
2
1
16
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
109
.7
.1
.3
.1
.6
.4
.6
.7
.2
.4
.1
.8
.9
.7
.3
1.5
.7
.1
.3
.1
*
.1
.1
.3
14
7
5
1
10
7
2
1
25
3
16
4
2
38
3
1
B
1
5
2
6
1
3
5
1
1
4
2
2
11
7
3
1
30
8
6
1
10
2
_3
130
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.3
.5
.4
.2
.4
.2
.1
1.2
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
2
*Less than .05%
-------
XVIII: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Cost of Materials, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing .......
Fluid milk ...
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables ....
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables ....
Wet corn milting
Raw cane sugar .
Cane sugar refining ...
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Cotton weaving ...
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ....
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products . . .
Pulp mills
Paper mills . ...
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills . .
Chemicals and Allied Products .....
Alkalies/chlorine . .
Coal tar products .
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers . .
Organic fibers, noncellulose .
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents . .........
Gum and wood chemicals . . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . ...
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black . ...
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/grsases . .
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes *
Rubber products
Plastics products .......
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces /steel
Steel pipe/tube
Primary copper ......
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing . .
Total
No.
5
1
1
1
1
1
-
2
1
1
12
3
1
3
1
1
_
1
1
_
1
3
2
1
1
1
-
23
20-99
A.O.E./
Cost of
Materials
.1%
#
.3
.1
.9
,4
-
.7
.4
.8
1.2
.6
3.6
2.4
.3
1.4
.9
.2
*
.4
.5
.1
.1
.1
_
_
_
_
_
-
.7
1
No.
17
3
2
3
4
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
28
6
8
7
5
2
45
4
2
10
6
3
2
4
3
1
3
1
2
4
4
3
1
5
1
1
3
6
1
_
2
2
1
109
00-499
A.O.E./
Cost of
Materials
1%
1
1
*
.3
2.9
.5
1
*
.2
1
.1
1.0
.7
1.1
.8
1.3
1.0
1.5
.6
.6
.3
1.0
1.0
1.1
.2
.6
.3
.1
.6
1.0
.6
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
*
*
#
.1
.2 ,
-
1.0
-
.3
#
.2
.5
No.
13
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
13
5
2
1
4
1
21
5
8
7
1
37
2
5
5
6
3
6
7
1
1
_
1
_
10
10
3
-
2
1
16
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
113
500-999
A.O.E./
Cost of
Materials
1%
*
1
*
#
1
1.6
2
1 1
.1
1
*
#
.2
1.1
.7
.9
1.3
.3
*
.7
.2
1.0
1.7
1.1
.5
.3
.1
4.2
.7
.4
.2
.2
.1
_
.1
.2
.2
.4
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.4
No.
14
7
1
-
5
1
11
7
3
1
27
3
18
4
2
40
3
1
5
1
5
2
6
1
3
5
2
1
5
2
2
11
7
3
1
30
8
6
1
10
2
3
135
1000+
A.O.E./
Cost of
Materials
*%
*
*
-
.2
*
.2
3
.2
*
_
.6
.1
.5
1.2
.7
.5
.8
.4
.2
2.1
.7
.7
.5
1.0
.8
.2
4.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
»
#
.1
.2
.7
.1
1.0
.1
.1
_J_
.3
87
'Less than .05%
-------
XIX: Ratio of Annual Operating Expenditures to Value Added by Manufacture and by Gross Operating Margin,
by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
20-99
Industry
A.O.E./
Value A.O.E./
No. Added G.O.M.
100-499
500-999
No.
A.O.E./
Value
Added
A.O.E./
G.O.M.
No.
A.O.E./
Value
Added
1000+
A.O.E./
G.O.M.
No.
A.O.E./
Value
Added
A.O.E.
G.O.M
Food and kindred products .... 2 1.7% 3.7% 15 .1%
Meat slaughtering 3 .5
Poultry dressing 2 .2
Cheeses
Fluid milk - - - 3 .1
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . 1 1.1 1.6 4 .3
Fish - - - - -
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . 1 1.1 2.5
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar 1 .1
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor - - - 2 *
Textile mill products 4 .4
Cotton weaving 1 .1
Synthetics weaving 1 .2
Weaving, finishing, wool . . 1 .5
Cotton finishing 1 .9
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products 27 1.5
Pulp mills 5 1.5
Paper mills - - 8 2.0
Paperboard mills 7 .9
Paper products 5 1.5
Building paper/board mills 2 .6
Chemicals and allied products ... 10 1.4 1.6 41 .6
Alkalies/chlorine 3 .6 .7 4 .4
Coal tar products 1 3.1 3.4 2 1.3
Organic chemicals 10 1.5
Inorganic chemicals 3 4.0 5.0 5 1.8
Plastics/resins 3 .2
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers 1 1.0 1.2 2 1.2
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals 4 .1
Detergents 3 *
Gum and wood chemicals . 1 .1 .1 1 .6
Fertilizers 1 .1 .1 3 1.9
Agricultural pesticides ...
Glue and gelatin 1 .5
Explosives 1 .2
Carbon black - 2 .2
Petroleum and coal products .... 3 .8 1.0 4 1.5
Petroleum refining 2 1.3 1.7 3 1.6
Lubricating oils/greases ... 1 .1 .1 1 .3
Rubber and plastics products ... 1 .3 1.2 4 *
Tires/tubes
Rubber products 1 .3 1.2 1 *
Plastics products - 3 .1
Primary metal industries 5 .3
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries 1 .7
Primary copper
Primary aluminum 2 .3
Copper rolling/drawing ... - 2 .1
Aluminum rolling/drawing
Total 16 1.3% 1.6% 100 .7%
.2% 12 .3%
.8 5 .1
.3 1 .5
.3
.6
.2
1.1
.3
.5
.9
7.2
2.7
2.6
4.0
1.6
2.5
1.0
.9
.6
2.3
2.4
3.5
.4
3.2
.2
*
1.4
4.6
.8
.6
.3
2.7
2.9
.6
.1
.4
2.8
.4
.1
13
5
2
1
4
1
20
4
8
7
1
33
2
5
5
5
3
10
10
2
2
16
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
.2
.1
1.4
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
1.3
1.0
1.6
1.6
.5
.8
.4
3.6
2.3
1.6
.7
.1
.1
3.8
.3
.3
1.0% 106
.3
.7
.3
.1
.4
.3
.1
.6
^^v^^
.6%
.5%
.2
.6
4.2
.2
2.9
.2
1.5
.5
.3
.2
.1
.6
5.7
1.9
3.6
3.8
.7
1.2
.6
51.4
3.5
2.3
1.0
.2
.1
66.7
.3
.3
.2
.1
.6
1.7
.9
.1
.9
.4
.2
20.0
14
7
10
7
2
1
25
3
16
4
2
36
3
1
5
1
5
2
6
1
3
5
1
1
2
2
2
10
7
3
29
7
6
1
10
2
3
.1%
.1
.6
.7
.2
.7
.2
.7
1.1
.8
.4
.9
.5
.4
3.4
.6
.9
.9
.5
.2
.1
.2
1.8
1.8
.8% 126
.3
.6
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
^^^n
.5%
.3%
.4
1.7
2.4
IS
.6
1.8
2.5
2.0
.8
2.3
1.2
5
10.2
1.2
1.7
3.0
.7
.3
.2
.4
.2
.1
5.3
5.3
.5
1.5
.2
.7
.2
.1
.3
X*
'Less than .05%
-------
XX: Annual Operating Expenditures, by Number of Employees Engaged in Abatement Activities, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Abatement
Employees
No.
Operating
Expenditures
($000)
Expenditure
per
Employee
Food and kindred products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar ........
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile mill products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and allied products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and coal products . . . .
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and plastics products . . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
123
40
4
1
4
11
1
35
24
3
42
27
7
3
5
390
64
182
89
53
2
986
36
10
358
164
98
53
63
38
34
25
2
69
4
9
19
4
237
236
1
22
6
8
8
218
83
16
31
9
52
10
1J3
2,018
$ 1,432
379
60
10
17
157
7
426
355
21
1,282
1,094
124
15
49
9,014
1,273
5,053
2,031
609
48
32,993
1,051
282
8,916
8,012
4,551
2,164
1,353
856
1,012
899
37
2,635
165
277
741
42
4,756
4,746
10
191
36
78
77
5,274
3,254
232
308
162
912
113
293
$54,942
$11,642
9,475
15,000
10,000
4,250
14,273
7,000
12,171
14,792
7,000
30,524
40,519
17,714
5,000
9,800
23,112
19,891
27,763
22,820
11,491
24,000
33,431
29,033
28,200
24,891
48,854
46,439
40,830
21,476
22,526
29,764
35,255
18,500
38,188
41,250
30,778
39,000
10,500
20,068
20,110
10,000
8,682
6,000
9,750
9,625
24,137
39,205
14,500
9,778
18,000
17,538
10,762
17,758
$27.226
89
-------
XXI: Annual Operating Expenditures per Volume of Wastewater Discharged Annually, by Size of Plant,
by Industry, 1969
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
No. of No. of No. of No. of
Plants Expenditures Plants Expenditures Plants Expenditures Plants Expenditures
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products ....
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products ....
Primary metal industries
_
1
2
3
1
_
$ 63
512
93
159
5
2
20
31
8
3
4
$ 59
187
42
402
30
64
290
3
9
15
29
12
3
10
$ 53
39
27
186
99
424
131
5
8
21
54
9
6
24
$ 15
40
32
150
28
62
42
Total .,
$ 97
73
$ 71
81
$ 86
127
$ 68
90
-------
APPENDIX D
Public Sewer Use Data
XXII. Public Sewer Use, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
XXIII. Type of Payment for Use of Public Sewer System, by Industry, 1969
XXIV. Contributions to Financing of Public Sewer Systems, by Industry,
1969
XXV. Annual Payment for Public Sewer Service, by Volume of Untreated
Wastewater Discharged Thereto, by Size of Plant, by Industry,
1969
XXVI. Annual Property Tax Payment for Public Sewer Service, by Volume
of Wastewater, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
91
-------
XXII: Public Sewer Use, by Size of Plant, by Industry, 1969
Industry
20-99
Number of Plants Employing
100-499
500-999
1000+
Food and kindred products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile mill products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and allied products . . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and coal products . . . .
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and plastics products . . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary metal industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundrjes
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
12
1
4
1
1
1
30
31
7
3
13
12
7
2
1
2
18
1
11
3
2
1
35
2
3
6
4
6
1
1
3
7
1
1
11
1
2
8
11
3
3
3
2_
123
27
4
1
1
2
6
1
4
4
1
27
14
10
1
2
11
2
7
27
3
1
4
2
1
6
9
11
2
5
4
20
5
4
3
1
2
4
128
16
7
12
9
20
2
13
2
2
1
31
2
1
4
1
2
5
1
5
5
1
2
2
4
4
22
12
8
2
32
10
1
11
3
4
3_
137
93
-------
XXIII: Type of Payment for Use of Public Sewer System, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Water
Use
Number
Waste
Strength
Number
Over-strength
Charge
Number
Other
Number
Food and kindred products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile mill products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and allied products ...
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and coal products . . . .
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and plastics products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
41
9
3
2
12
4
1
2
2
2
3
1
31
15
10
3
2
1
19
2
10
3
3
1
45
3
1
3
2
5
2
3
1
7
10
1
2
3
1
1
4
3
1
28
7
11
10
28
5
3
8
3
7
2
196
10
3
5
1
12
4
15
1
24
10
3
2
1
3
2
1
11
2
2
4
3
_^BW
59
94
-------
XXIV: Contribution to Financing of Public Sewer Systems, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Number
Paying
Taxes
Amount Paid in
Property Taxes
($0001
Number
Paying
Contributions
Amount Paid in
Capital Contributions
($000)
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables ...
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose .
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals ..
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
17
5
3
1
4
6
4
1
12
8
1
1
2
29
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
10
1
1
1
2
2
6
6
8
3
3
2
18
6
2
2
4
2
2
$439
235
14
4
14
3
2
161
178
158
10
10
2,687
2,666
3
14
4
891
19
63
25
56
16
3
419
111
93
3
68
14
366
366
59
49
5
5
873
89
430
2
225
125
2
m^^^
5,493
$216
33
1
32
55
95
1,390
1,390
881
875
6
2,775
1,796
978
26
26
1
23
163
12
151
5,451
95
-------
XXV: Annual Payment for Public Sewer Service by Volume of Untreated Waste water Discharged Thereto,
by Size of Plant, 1969
Industry
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products ....
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products ....
Primary metal industries
No. of
Plants
4
1
5
1
2
1
20-99
Expenditures
$ 70
4
1,704
2,380
88
48
)
No. of
Plants
17
5
5
19
1
6
5
'00-499
Expenditures
$ 165
103
398
52
2,021
73
150
/
No. of
Plants
15
14
5
16
2
5
10
iOO-999
Expenditures
$140
82
28
269
49
126
81
No. of
Plants
7
7
8
18
1
12
17
1000+
Expenditures
$ 38
53
55
181
152
97
231
Total ,
14
$ 116
58
$ 93
67
$ 90
70
$ 90
XXVI: Annual Property Tax Payment for Public Sewer Service, by Volume of Wastewater, by Size of Plant, 1969
20-99
100-499
500-999
1000+
Industry
No. of No. of No. of No. of
Plants Expenditures Plants Expenditures Plants Expenditures Plants Expenditures
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Paper and allied products
Chemicals and allied products ....
Petroleum products
Rubber and plastics products ....
Primary metal industries
Total
2
-
2
$40
-
$40
4
2
1
7
1
4
19
$92
44
27
23
99
81
$77
6
1
7
1
2
3
20
$ 39
4
343
126
262
92
$132
4
1
4
8
3
6
26
$ 58
138
6663
285
279
200
$ 327
96
-------
APPENDIX E
Data on Wastewater
Volume and Effluents
XXVII. Total Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing
Process, by Industry, 1969
XXVIII. BOD Content in Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufac-
turing Process and Sanitary System, by Industry, 1969
XXIX. COD Content in Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufac-
turing Process and Sanitary System, by Industry, 1969
XXX. Suspended Solids Content in Wastewater Discharged Directly from
Manufacturing Process and Sanitary System, by Industry, 1969
-------
XXVII: Total Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Manufacturing Process Treated
Number of
Plants Reporting Sum (MGD)
Manufacturing Process Untreated
Number of
Plants Reporting Sum (MGD)
Food and kindred products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile mill products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and allied products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and allied products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and coal products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and plastics products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
14
5
1
30
12
8
5
2
3
61
9
32
12
5
3
91
6
2
19
10
12
4
11
6
8
2
2
3
1
3
2
40
40
12
2
7
3
36
9
5
7
6
5
4_
284
20.1
7.1
.8
1.0
8.9
1.7
.6
55.6
28.3
6.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
905.5
210.8
513.4
146.6
30.4
4.2
505.6
18.6
60.9
129.2
28.4
16.2
152.0
35.9
35.7
2.0
3.4
2.3
17.5
.2
3.1
.1
446.6
446.6
2.5
.8
1.3
.5
148.7
104.1
5.7
28.8
25
5.5
1.8
2,084.6
17
1
1
3
2
1
1
8
18
10
1
2
5
39
7
20
6
4
2
85
9
1
18
13
8
3
5
5
6
2
5
1
3
3
17
7
4
6
38
7
4
3
1
11
7
5_
217
219.8
.1
4.0
60.1
9.1
1.5
7.0
138.0
36.6
22.9
1.6
.9
11.2
467.4
165.5
247.2
16.6
37.5
.5
664.8
39.8
.2
117.6
201.8
46.1
58.8
37.3
7.3
10.6
.1
69.1
.3
75.2
.6
5.7
5.7
37.6
30.5
1.0
6.1
258.8
104.7
2.4
26.5
19.5
74.0
10.2
21.4
1,690.7
98
-------
XXVIII: BOD Content in Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process and Sanitary System,
by Industry, 1969
Manufacturing Process
Industry
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Sanitary
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving .......
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and Allied Products ..
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products . . .
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . .
Rubber and Plastics Products . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing
Total
48
9
10
1
5
6
1
7
1
4
48
23
8
7
6
4
90
14
47
18
7
4
111
5
4
27
10
14
5
12
8
7
6
3
2
2
4
2
38
37
1
9
3
3
3
19
3
1
5
4
1
5_
363
326589
20,674
9,540
104,952
1,136
67,317
69,113
27,804
25,525
450
478
268,175
179,637
11,723
19,995
41,730
15,090
2,557,295
834,487
1,406,895
178,631
129,300
7,982
1,175,250
7,697
11,560
464,139
53,855
53,595
273,300
43,233
140,135
4,449
28,161
5,812
3,612
2,661
83,015
26
375,773
375,673
100
'2,732
434
758
1,540
17,410
13,576
164
1,917
554
1,000
198
4,723,625
15
1
4
4
2
2
1
1
20
14
4
1
46
2
1
9
5
12
2
3
3
2
1
4
2
4
4
10
7
2
1
16
2
1
7
6
120
3,765
2
550
325
1,340
1,250
50
250
4,231
4,101
90
5
35
2,203
900
1,103
200
6,964
9
332
1,327
322
3,839
99
230
131
455
100
106
13
26,054
26,054
1.699
973
506
220
3,438
217
7
99
-------
XXIX: COD Content in Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process and Sanitary System,
by Industry, 1969
Manufacturing Process
Sanitary
Industry
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Food and Kindred Products ....
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and Allied Products . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blastfurnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
100
24
5
4
3
19
9
2
5
2
1
18
4
7
3
1
3
94
5
4
25
8
12
7
8
6
3
3
2
2
2
5
2
36
35
1
5
2
2
1
11
2
3
1
2
2
207
361,662
12,897
3,060
228,184
65,686
41,502
9,501
832
216,378
179,844
5,000
24,442
4,492
2,600
1,641,755
413,285
895,660
280,290
40,000
12,520
2,353,746
94,950
60,090
992,175
280,500
80,741
426,656
83,423
159,142
331
7,662
8,967
4,625
7,300
147,120
64
1,286,845
1,286,420
425
7,768
2,300
4,068
1,400
44,117
5,870
7,135
1,335
23,558
5,8755
344
5,912,272
4
4
24
1
5
2
5
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
5
3
1
1
1
1
48
4,001
4
100
47
840
3,000
10
16,926
16,926
33
2
24
10,656
411
1,940
405
6,684
196
400
150
200
200
35
35
204,046
204,046
3,242
2,877
145
220
93
-------
XXX: Suspended Solids Content in Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process and Sanitary System, by
Industry, 1969
Manufacturing Process
Sanitary
Industry
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors ,
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing ,
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and Allied Products . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides , . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining ,
Lubricating oils/greases . .
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries ,
Primary copper
Primary aluminum ,
Copper rolling/drawing
Aluminum rolling/drawing ,
Total
44
8
9
1
4
5
1
8
1
4
26
11
3
7
3
2
87
14
46
17
7
3
110
6
3
29
9
13
6
10
6
4
6
1
4
3
6
4
35
34
1
14
6
3
5
45
11
3
7
1
9
7
7
361
966,370
5,579
6,680
8,550
316
40,183
48,146
787,143
68,960
300
513
42,555
31,932
2,176
4,737
2,526
1,184
2,079,155
2g5,344
1,575,473
114,021
91,040
3,277
1,317,684
263,700
3,675
463,852
340,436
18,892
82,160
48,806
22,419
8,220
13,634
425
14,775
938
34,60g
1,143
207,244
207,108
136
8,998
5,681
886
2,431
578,819
186,133
3,579
9,g46
10,680
356,388
4,121
7,971
5,200,826
9
1
10
8
1
6
1
3
1
27
1
5
2
7
2
2
1
1
10
5
3
2
16
4
1
4
2
5
81
3,398
2
550
16
2,530
100
200
11,837
11,747
50
40
1,424
900
504
16
4
7,043
42
1,720
51
2,434
23
70
2,337
83
33
250
34,077
34,077
2,929
1,885
423
620
5,388
1,550
5
66,097
101
-------
XXXI: Other Contents in Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process and Sanitary System, by
Industry, 1969
Manufacturing Process
Sanitary
Industry
Number of
Plants Reporting
Sum
(pounds)
Number of Sum
Plants Reporting (pounds)
Food and Kindred Products ....
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ..
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills
Chemicals and Allied Products . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petrol«um and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . ,
Rubber and Plastics Products . . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
102 Total
19
8
8
3
1
1
1
9
2
5
1
42
20,325
325
20,000
118,800
118,800
533,492
18,654
362,671
38,129
5,627
600
34
415
10,362
97,000
36,508
36,508
1,005
25
20
960
37,740
14,441
70
20,729
2,500
747,870
15
15
38
38
53
-------
XXXII: BID Content per Volume of Untreated Wastewater Discharged from Manufacturing Process, by Industry, 1969
Industry
Number of
Plants Reporting
Wastewater
Discharged (MGD)
BOD BOD per MGD of
(pounds) Wastewater (pounds)
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides . . . .
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing ...
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
12
1
14
8
1
1
4
36
5
20
6
4
1
58
5
1
13
6
8
3
5
4
5
2
2
1
2
2
6
2
2
2
12
2
1
2
2
1
4
140
146.9
.1
.1
1.0
1.5
7.0
137.2
33.0
22.9
1.6
.3
8.2
437.2
135.4
247.2
16.6
37.5
.4
564.7
31.3
.2
108.6
189.3
46.1
58.8
37.3
7.3
10.3
.1
1.9
.3
73.3
5.7
5.7
9.4
5.0
.7
3.7
109.9
42.0
106,272
7,500
415
20,028
25,000
27,804
25,525
83,822
40,923
3,500
1,740
37,659
1,336,878
532,902
676,825
47,409
77,000
2,742
613,402
7,697
1,760
330,513
32,555
42,165
113,000
17,342
12,985
10,622
5,632
3,612
2,504
33,015
2,450
2,450
1,381
384
157
840
16,197
12,676
164
1,683
482
1,000
192
2,160,402
723
75,000
4,150
20,028
16,666
3,972
186
2,537
1,783
2,229
5,437
4,592
3,057
3,934
2,738
2,847
2,053
6,200
1,086
245
10,352
3,044
172
914
1,922
465
1,783
1,033
46,933
. 1,931
8,346
450
432
432
1,653
103
-------
XXXIII COD Content per Volume of Untreated Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Number of
Plants Reporting
Wastewater
Discharged (MGD)
COD COD per MGD of
(pounds) Wastewater (pounds)
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . . .
Cotton finishing .
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals . .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
4
1
5
4
50
5
1
12
4
7
3
4
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
9
2
2
1
1
2
76
35.5
.1
1.0
34.4
22.9
22.4
.5
3.4
2.0
1.0
.4
478.0
25.6
.2
62.1
181.3
26.1
58.8
33.6
6.8
8.0
.1
1.9
.3
73.3
5.7
5.7
4.7
4.5
.2
33,989
7,800
615.1
16,688
9,501
62,669
58,547
4,122
102,477
13,500
80,000
8,977
1,509,087
94,950
3,340
666,647
228,000
67,006
325,600
29,880
20,150
7.662
8,967
4,625
7,010
45,250
9,935
9,935
2,265
2,410
125
43,544
5,870
7,120
1,335
23,000
5,875
1,763,966
956
78,000
16,688
275
2,733
2,610
8,244
29,770
6,750
80,000
20,300
3,157
3,701
19,647
10,735
1,257
2,565
5,540
889
2,971
960
74,725
2,473
23,366
617
1,755
1,755
480
475
578
671
2,215
269
68
1.949
1,450
945,
2,867
104
-------
XXXIV: Suspended Solids per Volume of Untreated Wastewater Discharged Directly from Manufacturing Process,
by Industry, 1969
Industry
Number of
Plants
Reporting
Wastewater
Discharged (MODI
Suspended
Solids
(pounds)
Suspended Solids
per MGD of
Wastewater (pounds!
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . . ,
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables .. .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ...
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and.Allied Products ...
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals ..
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases ....
Rubber and Plastics Products
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing ....
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
12
1
al
8
5
1
2
36
5
20
6
4
1
16
5
7
3
4
2
5
1
3
1
4
1
2
2
8
4
1
3
25
6
3
2
1
7
2
4_
148
146.9
.1
.1
1.0
1.5
7.0
137.2
26.0
22.4
.3
3.2
437.2
135.4
247.2
16.6
37.5
.4
30.5
91.1
195.0
45.6
58.8
30.1
.7
10.3
.0
65.4
.3
75.0
.6
5.7
5.7
1,497.0
862,152
25
20
3,004
6,000
787,143
65,960
15,141
12,087
780
2,274
1,416,930
159,831
1,099,580
75,942
81,000
577
243,700
403,673
335,236
15,320
60,760
42,740
175
8,115
425
375
876
20,605
1,000
3,602
3,602
7,357
5,501
135
1,721
539,311
154,677
3,579
3,955
10,680
355,559
3,050
7,811
3,977,493
5,869
250
200
3,004
4,000
112,449
480
583
538
2,437
710
3,240
1,180
4,448
4,561
2,160
1,304
7,977
4,430
1,719
336
1,033
1,420
239
789
8,500
5
2,920
274
1,666
636
636
2,655
105
-------
XXXV: BOD Content in Discharged Wastewater per Production Employee, 1969
Industry
Total
Production
Employees
Total
BOD Content
(pounds)
Pounds of BOD
per Production Employee
Food and Kindred Products . . . .
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural Pesticides ....
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing ...
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
31,427
5,904
42
508
4,336
844
5,182
5,323
474
3,910
3,782
1,122
59,285
41,741
7,857
5,686
2,090
1,911
64,103
7,231
40,441
9,933
4,522
1,976
117,295
4,311
6,229
27,502
5,024
20,868
6,437
13,954
9,303
5,371
5,701
845
73
366
10,682
629
17,969
17,805
164
19,901
13,696
3,759
2,446
44,956
9,626s
982
12,510
354,936
481,275
21,811
46
10,090
105,315
1,136
74,157
79,163
27,804
25,575
135,700
478
279,739
183,750
11,813
20,000
49,051
15,125
2,602,833
835,372
1,449,048
181,131
129,300
7,982
1,154,508
18,836
10,132
448,216
55,476
55,891
256,354
37,751
140,366
7,419
30,200
5,832
12
2,661
85,321
39
147,087
146,971
116
4,199
1,858
1,321
1,020
21,619
13,793
171
2,596
3,752
1,000
305
4,691,161
15
3
1
19
24
1
14
14
58
6
35
0.4
4
4
1
3
23
7
40
115
35
18
28
4
9
4
1
16
11
2
39
2
15
1
5
6
0.1
7
7
0.06
8
8
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
1
0.1
0.2
0.2
2
0.03
13
106
-------
XXXVI: COD Content in Discharged Wasterwater per Production Employee, 1969
Industry
Total
Production
Employees
Total
COD Content
(pounds)
Pounds of COD
Per Production Employee
Food and Kindred Products ....
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables , .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool ..
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paper-board mills
Paper products
Building paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides ....
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products ....
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
15,024
4,514
483
2,221
4,839
1,084
1,308s
575
32,281
25,331
2,225
3,700
550
475
11,307
2,006
4,459
3,026
390
1,426
88,414
3,106
6,229
18,170
3,792
14,453
6,832
10,136
8,265
1,227
2,922
713
73
366
11,501
629
16,835
16,671
164
14,148
10,106
1,942
2,100
20,834
1,950
7,332
6,549
2,292
1,159
1,552
198,843
379,263
12,901
3,160
228,231
75,726
48,902
9,511
832
233,304
196,770
5,000
24,442
4,492
2,600
1,644,338
413,285
895,662
282,864
40,000
12,527
2,105,060
102,321
57,161
901,125
167,205
88,450
377,957
72,823
159,427
535
12,380
8,997
125
7,300
149,155
99
459,355
458,850
505
11,859
5,779
4,460
1,620
45,494
5,870
8,384
1,335
23,607
5,875
423
4,878,674
25
2
102
15
45
7
7
2
6
8
5
145
206
200
93
102
8
23
32
9
49
44
6
55
7
19
0.4
4
12
1
19
12
0.1
27
27
3
0.8
0.5
2
0.7
2
3
1
0.2
10
5
0.2
24
107
-------
XXXVII: Suspended Solids Content in Discharged Wasterwater per Production Employee, 1969
Industry
Total
Production
Employees
Total
SS Content
(pounds)
Pounds of SS
Per Production Employee
Food and Kindred Products
Meat slaughtering
Poultry dressing
Cheeses
Fluid milk
Seafoods
Canned fruits/vegetables . .
Fish
Frozen fruits/vegetables . .
Wet corn milling
Raw cane sugar
Cane sugar refining
Malt liquors
Distilled liquor
Textile Mill Products
Cotton weaving
Synthetics weaving
Weaving, finishing, wool . .
Cotton finishing
Synthetic finishing
Paper and Allied Products
Pulp mills
Paper mills
Paperboard mills
Paper products
Builidng paper/board mills .
Chemicals and Allied Products . . .
Alkalies/chlorine
Coal tar products
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Plastics/resins
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-made fibers .
Organic fibers, noncellulose
Pharmaceuticals
Detergents
Gum and wood chemicals .
Fertilizers
Agricultural pesticides ....
Glue and gelatin
Explosives
Carbon black
Petroleum and Coal Products ....
Petroleum refining
Lubricating oils/greases . . .
Rubber and Plastics Products . . .
Tires/tubes
Rubber products
Plastics products
Primary Metal Industries
Blast furnaces/steel
Steel pipe/tube
Gray iron foundries
Primary copper
Primary aluminum
Copper rolling/drawing . . .
Aluminum rolling/drawing .
Total
25,716
5,426
483
3,906
844
4,182
4,978
474
3,951
350
1,122
38,921
28,626
2,768
5,686
986
855
62,818
7,231
39,766
9,323
4,522
1,976
104,886
3,903
6,229
23,910
4,933
15,874
6,832
10,679
6,425
4,796
5,832
689
1,471
438
12,246
629
16,295
16,131
164
24,859
16,860
4,211
3,788
85,732
17,461
6,040
23,278
6,549
20,309
4,022
8,073
359,227
971,893
5,581
7,230
8,591
316
40,183
52,776
787,143
69,060
500
513
54,372
43,679
2,206
4,737
2,526
1,224
2,224,701
305,766
1,710,377
114,237
91,040
3,281
1,340,793
267,708
26,227
283,432
425,309
29,074
76,985
44,946
22,429
12,177
14,025
525
14,775
1,138
120,650
1,393
172,697
148,312
24,385
15,560
10,899
2,042
2,618
604,167
195,347
3,584
20,712
10,680
360,356
4,794
8,693
5,384,184
37
1
14
2
0.3
9
10
1,660
17
1
0.4
1
1
0.7
0.8
2
1
35
42
43
12
20
1
12
68
4
11
86
1
11
4
3
2
2
0.7
10
2
9
2
10
9
148
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.6
7
11
0.5
0.8
1
17
1
1
. 14
108
------- |