EPA-600/2-76-303
December 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES:
Nonferrous Metals Industries
Industrial Environmental Research Laborator
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This
work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and
treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-303
December 1976
METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES: NONFERROUS
METALS INDUSTRIES
by
E. S. Bartlett and R. A. Wood
BATTELLE
Columbus Laboratories
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-02-1323
Task No. 54
Project Officer
M. J. Stasikowski
Metals & Inorganic Chemicals Branch
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45E68
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products con-
stitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
n
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted,
processed, converted, and used, the related pollutional
impacts on our environment and even on our health often
require that new and increasingly more efficient pollu-
tion control methods be used. The Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati (lERL-Ci) assists
in developing and demonstrating new and improved meth-
odologies that will meet these needs both efficiently
and economically.
The subject of this report is the development of
a methodology for maintaining awareness of the environ-
mental implications of nonferrous metals technology.
Although the direct results have only limited range
of utilization, the structure of the proposed program
and options can be readily applied to almost any field
where there is a necessity to maintain a high level
of technical awareness of new development with limited
in-house staff. Therefore, anyone within EPA, other
Governmental Agency, or Research Institutes can adapt
the products of this study to meet their own needs.
Further information for this study may be obtained by
contacting the Industrial Pollution Control Division,
Metals and Inorganic Chemicals Branch.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
m
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ABSTRACT
This research program was initiated with the objectives of defining
and considering alternative philosophies and methodoligies for information
collection, analysis, and presentation, and as a result of such investiga-
tion, to design a system for maintaining current awareness of the environ-
mental implications deriving from the technology of the nonferrous metals
industry. A further objective was to estimate the level of effort required
to implement the detailed plans developed.
The approach used in satisfying the objectives of this study involved
several steps. Methodologies and philosophies of several metal information
centers and systems serving functions similar to the desired function were
examined. Elements of such systems were found to include operations con-
cerning information identification, collection, indexing, storage, retrieval,
selection, analysis, and preparation of outputs releasable to users in
several forms. Each of these functions was considered in light of the
specific EPA need.
Detailed components of system elements, such as periodical literature,
abstract publications, company annual reports, and research-in-progress data
bases, were studied in sampling operations to form a basis for assessing the
value of selected information sources. The results of these investigations
(for example, the discovery that about 60 periodical publications permit the
coverage of the bulk of reportable information on a wide range and scope of
nonferrous metals and processes) set the stage for designing an information
system to serve the awareness function.
Interaction between the EPA Task Officer and project personnel, spe-
cifically guidance regarding the preferred options to be developed in detail
(selected from an input-output option matrix with associated relative rates-
of-effort information), allowed for the development of a recommended system
regarding the considered task. The recommended input-output elements
include primary reliance upon a preferred list of periodicals (about 60)
as an information source, selection and analysis by a senior technologist
of information deemed significant, and preparation of output in the form of
an Awareness Bulletin.
Important augmenting and auxiliary operations include (1) utilization
of other information sources that might be available from symposia, company
annual reports, abstract services, and industry specialists, and (2)
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establishment of interactive communications between "Bulletin" generators
and users on a timely basis so that output remains current but perhaps
evolutionary in form and content to best serve EPA user awareness needs.
The details of the recommended format for the Awareness Bulletin as
well as for an initial taxonomy suggested as an aid in the continuous
filing of issued "Bulletins" are also described. Rates of effort required
to conduct each system component are estimated, along with the total cost of
the exemplary operation, designed to achieve the EPA awareness function.
The study of methodologies applicable to developing an "awareness
system" was conducted under Contract 68-02-1323, Task No. 54, in support
of USEPA Milestone 2.1 07A-01. The investigative effort began in mid-
March, 1976, and work was completed as of June 4, 1976.
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figure and Tables ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Recommendations 4
4. Discussion of Information System Models 6
Information Sources and Input methodology 6
Written Literature 6
Oral Communications 8
Research in Progress 9
Information Indexing, Storage, and Retrieval 10
Transitory Method 10
Temporal Filing 10
Permanent Filing 11
Information Analysis 12
Output Options 14
Cut-and-Paste Output 14
Periodic Newsletter Output 15
Topical In-Depth Reports 16
Interactive Inquiry Answering Service 18
5. The Option Matrix—Relative Rates of Effort Required 20
6. Information and Source Sampling 22
Periodicals 22
Basis for Selecting Candidate Periodicals 22
Precursive Search and Tally Results 23
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CONTENTS
(continued)
Initial Search and Sampling Study 23
Expanded Search and Sampling Study 25
U.S., British and Canadian Periodicals 26
Foreign Published Periodicals 31
Abstracts and Other Information Services 37
Company Annual Reports 39
7. Description of Recommended Options 40
Introduction 40
Information Sources 40
Information Analysis 53
Information Output 54
The Newsletter Format 54
The In-Depth Topical Report 58
Communications 58
Rate of Effort Estimates 59
Input from Periodicals 59
Screening 59
Copying Service 59
Translation 61
Selection for Review and Analysis 61
Other Inputs 61
Library Abstract Services 61
Meetings and Visits 61
Review and Analysis 61
Awareness Bulletin Publication and Distribution 62
Supportive Activities 62
Summary of Estimated Rate of Effort 62
APPENDICES
A. Alphabetical Listing of All Domestic and Foreign Periodi-
cals Examined for Pertinency to the Awareness Task 65
B. COMAT Retrieval Description 75
vi i i
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FIGURE
Number Page
1 A Possible Awareness Bulletin Format 56
TABLES
Number
1 The Option Matrix For An Information System to Serve The
Needs of EPA Regarding Nonferrous Metals Technology
(Based Only On Input From Periodical Literature) 21
2 Number and Percent of Pertinent Information Items Found
by Category (Metals Species And Processing Operation) ... 24
3 Rank Order Listing of United States, British, And
Canadian Periodicals Examined For Pertinency to Aware-
ness Task 27
4 Rank Order Listing Of Foreign Publications Examined
For Pertinency To Awareness Task 32
5 Periodicals Recommended As Information Sources For The
USEPA Awareness Task (Domestic and Foreign Publica-
tion Subgroups Listed In Priority Order) 41
6 Periodicals Recommended As Information Sources For The
USEPA Awareness Task (Domestic And Foreign Publica-
tion Subgroups Listed In Alphabetical Order) 46
7 Sample Classification And Indexing System Recommended
For Use In Reporting And Filing Information Items
Presented In Awareness Bulletins 57
8 Summary of Number of Periodical Issues Recommended To
Be Screened For Each Bimonthly Awareness Bulletin 60
9 Estimated Annual Rate of Effort in Man-Hours And Other
Costs By Activity For The Awareness Bulletin Task 63
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has expressed a need
for a formal mechanism to maintain current awareness of the environmental
implications of technology in the nonferrous metals industry. This study
was conducted in response to that need in support of Milestone 2.1 07A-01.
Its objectives were as follows:
(1) Define and consider alternative philosophies and method-
ologies for prompt information gathering, analysis, and
presentation.
(2) Select those options that appear to meet the expressed
EPA needs most effectively.
(3) Develop detailed operational plans and activities for
the options selected.
(4) Estimate the level of effort associated with the detailed
plans.
For this study, the nonferrous metals industry is considered to comprise
all facets of the production of marketable nonferrous metals, except fuels
(uranium and thorium), and nonferrous metals processing within the ferroalloy
industry. Included are mining, milling, and metal-producing operations as
well as the production of metals from secondary resources. The technology
considered is primarily that associated with the direct processes whereby
the metals are won from the earth or reclaimed from scrap. However, ancil-
lary processes, such as power generation and pollution control processes,
are included in considerations, insofar as they are directly practiced by the
nonferrous metals industry. For example, reports describing the character-
istics of a new type of bag house that might be only incidentally applicable
to the lead industry would not be within the scope of methodology definition,
but a report of the actual use of this new bag house by the lead industry
would.
The focus of the EPA need is on an assessment of environmental impacts.
Thus, only technology descriptions, comments, etc., that are stated or could
be inferred to effect an environmental impact would be considered by any of
the plans recommended for implementation as a result of this study. In this
context, information on emerging technology (R&D, pilot plant, and prototype
operations) and the processes involved will be of obvious import. Likewise,
intelligence relating to a gradual industrial shift from one process flow to
another (e.g., the total abandonment of horizontal zinc retorting that became
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fait accompli in 1975) must be an awareness target. Continuing technology
statements would be of interest only in the event that environmental con-
siderations become better defined or understood as a result of the new data
that might be contained.
A constraint in the development of the alternative models for serving
the awareness function was that the considered operations should be conducted
at a relatively modest rate of effort -- that is, about 1 man-year per year.
This restriction placed obvious limits on coverage and functional operations
to be considered. The models developed generally conformed to this
constraint.
This report describes the approach used to develop the various method-
ological options and the recommended system along with rate-of-effort
requirements designed to meet the USEPA needs.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
This study of the methodologies for maintaining awareness and assessing
the environmental implications of nonferrous metals technology resulted in
the following conclusions:
(1) The basic elements of a preferred methodology to serve the awareness
requirements of USEPA regarding nonferrous metals technology and
associated environmental concerns are:
o Location and input of significant information.
o Selective culling, review, and analysis of input information.
o Preparation and output of a periodic report on the information
in the form of an Awareness Bulletin.
(2) Input information to satisfy the awareness requirements could rely on:
o Pertinent periodical literature for primary input (about 60
preferred periodicals could afford coverage)
o Technical conference information to augment other input
(attendance and correspondence could afford coverage)
o New, confirming, or ancillary information obtained from
cognizant government and industry specialists.
(3) Information selection, review, analysis, and output operations should be
conducted by a senior technologist having skills and familiarity with:
o Nonferrous metallurgy and its industry
o Environmental aspects of the industry and the USEPA mission
o Information systems operations
(4) Input-output strategy and associated subject taxonomy should be develop-
ed by operator-user interaction in an evolutionary process to continually
serve the USEPA information needs.
(5) Awareness Bulletin periodic output should contain information in a brief
but comprehensive style with subject matter and format amenable to a
continuous filing system.
(6) Information outputs in the form of in-depth topical reports and inquiry
answering services commonly ancillary to information systems are not
necessary to the basic function of the considered task.
(7) The desired objective could be accomplished with annual funding equiva-
lent to somewhat less than one technical man-year of effort.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
In accord with the findings of this task, and as guided by statements
of preference by the USEPA Task Officer, the following recommendations are
made:
(1) USEPA should initiate a research support program designed
to provide continuing awareness of technical progress within
selected segments of the nonferrous metals industry, and to
assess the technology relative to actual or potential
environmental issues.
(2) The methodology recommended for this considered program is
as follows:
(a) Input would be supplied on the primary basis of about
60 preferred domestic and foreign periodical publica-
tions. These would be screened to extract articles
of potential value. A selection of most pertinent
information items would be culled from these screened
items. A limited and carefully selected number of
translations of foreign language items is anticipated.
This primary information source would be augmented by
information from selected conferences (attendance at
two), from personal visitations to selected govern-
ment and industry specialists (8 to 12), and from
pertinent report and patent literature. Information
coverage would be checked by occasional library
searches of abstract services.
(b) Selected information obtained from the above sources
would be reviewed, analyzed for environmental impli-
cations, and summarized preparatory to the issuing of
Awareness Bulletins on a bimonthly schedule. It is
further recommended that the Awareness Bulletin format
should include pagination classification according to
a subject classification that would include metal,
process, and major area of environmental implication,
where these are defined. Issues of this bulletin
would be concise textual, and, as warranted, data
summary statements, and are currently estimated to
be about 10 pages in length.
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(3) The operation of the considered awareness task should be
managed, and much of the work conducted, by a senior tech-
nologist having skills and familiarity with nonferrous metal-
lurgy, its industry, the associated environmental aspects,
the USEPA mission, and information systems operations.
(4) A one man-year level of effort is recommended as being ade-
quate to perform recommended methodology. The estimate in-
cludes a 10 percent increment for costs and services (e.g.,
fiscal reporting requirements, telephone and letter communi-
cations with EPA, coordination and administrative effort, etc.)
not directly related to the primary operation of Awareness
Bulletin preparation and publication. It does not include a
fee, as would be applicable to a research contract, nor does
it consider possible cost sharing in the event that the
activities are conducted on a grant basis.
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SECTION 4
DISCUSSION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM MODELS
INFORMATION SOURCES AND INPUT METHODOLOGY
A most important aspect of developing an information system is obtain-
ing the information to be treated. In such a task for EPA, the overriding
need will be to maintain current awareness of the future trends and the
status of current technology relative to the impact of the nonferrous metals
industry upon environmental quality. Emphasis in the procuring of informa-
tion must, therefore, be upon the timeliness of information. It will not
be sufficient to include information that is several months old if the EPA
planning functions, resulting from the output of such a task, are to be
timely and pertinent.
There are three basic sources of information and data. These are the
written literature, oral communications and personal contacts, and research
and development in progress. Most of the progress in technology in the
maintaining of supplies and production of nonferrous metals occurs within
the industry. Further, because of proprietary interests, the major reliance
on information from industry must be upon the open literature. However,
considerations and suggested methodologies to collect information from all
three types of sources are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Written Literature
To assess various methods in popular use for accessing information,
personnel of several library and information services in operation at
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories were consulted. Of particular interest
were methods of culling information from trade publications and the open
technical literature. The information centers surveyed were:
o Metals and Ceramics Information Center (MCIC)
o Copper Data Center
o Iron Information Center
o Cobalt Information Center.
These centers include the functions of specific information acquisition,
storage, review, analysis, and topical reporting within their scopes of
activity. Some of these centers have been in existence for greater than
20 years, and current methodologies have evolved over a number of years.
Library operations were also investigated. In general, the basic
function of a library is to acquire, store, and retrieve publications for
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users. Among the services offered are interlibrary loans, literature
searches, journal circulation, article reproduction, and translation. In
addition to the Battelle Main Library, the following topically-oriented
library functions at Battelle were reviewed:
o Economics Library
o Foreign Science Library
o ERDA Library
o Environmental Library (also known as the Environmental
Information and Analysis Center)
o Battelle Energy Information Center
Subscription lists for each of these operations were available for review.
Access to written literature may be provided by two methods—manual
searching and machine searching. Most technical libraries maintain link.
with several of the various computer data banks that exist. (The EPA Infor-
mation Center in Cincinnati is typical of major libraries that offer this
service.) On-line and batch searching services of information and data banks
such as COMPENDEX (Engineering Index Monthly), SSIE (Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange), NTIS (National Technical Information Service), and
CHEMCON (Chemical Abstracts) are routinely available. In context with the
timeliness requirements of an awareness task, the major question is whether
computerized data bases can be expected to fulfill the EPA need. To address
this, issues of Engineering Index Monthly and Chemical Abstracts were
briefly perused. In both cases, it was found that normally a 3- to 6-month
lag occurs between the original article publication and its recording in the
abstract journal. (The machine and published indices are about concurrent.)
In some cases, the lag may be a year or more. At best, these major and
comprehensive abstracting services are marginal in relation to the timeliness
required by EPA. As a consequence, we consider that the literature input
function for the considered task to maintain awareness of technology in non-
ferrous metals production should result from manual perusal of pertinent
journals, transactions, proceedings, and other periodicals as near as pos-
sible to their dates of issue. In general, computer searches from abstracts
might be used effectively as a postmortem exercise to check the degree of
coverage completeness by the manual perusal of a preferred publication list.
Manual searches, then, are recommended as the backbone of the input
function of operations to fulfill the EPA awareness need. Such searching is
a commonplace activity of information centers. At Battelle, it is routinely
practiced by MCIC and the Copper, Iron, and Cobalt Information Centers. The
search scenario is as follows:
(1) Through experience, the center develops a list of most use-
ful publications to be screened. Useful taxonomies are
developed by center operators and users to assist document
limitation.
(2) The staff member(s) spend(s) time in the library(ies)
screening tables of contents of publications for articles
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pertinent to the particular center's interest. For some
publications, page-by-page scanning of selected documents
is conducted.
(3) When an item or article of interest is found, its identifi-
cation is recorded, and a log is usually kept of "hits" on
a journal-by-journal basis to assist in updating preferred
publication listings. When perusal of the publication is
finished, the library service group makes the indicated
copies and sends them to a specialist at the center for a
more judicious decision as to merit and for analysis as
apropos.
The above input methodology is recommended for the EPA awareness task.
Trade magazines and papers, technical journals, transactions, proceedings,
patent gazettes, company annual reports, and selected (short-lag) abstract-
ing services are among the documents recommended for coverage. Detailed/
prototypical lists are presented in a later section of this report.
Literature in foreign languages, where it is covered by the centers,
is managed in much the same manner. Translation, when required, may neces-
sitate some compromise in timeliness unless the analyst is skilled in many
languages. To facilitate screening of some foreign language journals, a
limited table-of-contents translation service is offered by the Foreign
Science Library (FSL) at Battelle on a cost basis. Selected journals are
screened for the information centers by various analysts who are versed in
the particular languages. Of the Soviet Union and East European foreign
literature recommendations selected by the EPA project officer for poten-
tial utility, several were published in English, had English abstracts, had
English tables of contents, or were available with a table of contents
translation automatically produced by FSL.
The same methodology, but also including the required translation
services, is recommended in dealing with foreign language inputs as for the
English language literature.
Oral Communications
Specialists at Battelle are in continual contact with various industry
segments relating to nonferrous metals production as well as selected
government agencies with common interests. Up-to-date information might
become available from time to time from this source. Beyond this, specific
periodic contacts with personnel in selected government agencies (e.g.,
Interior, Commerce, EPA, and possibly HEW would be federal groups with
known or likely common interests) are recommended. Selected trade associa-
tions are another likely source of nonpublished information, and discreet
cultivation of these sources is recommended. Such contacts should be con-
ducted on a more or less casual basis of information—and viewpoint—exchange,
but occasional personal visits (e.g., semiannually or annually) should be
planned to develop and maintain information sources.
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A further source of information that would add significantly to the
input required for a good awareness posture would be attendance at selected
major meetings, conferences, seminars, etc. Attendance at such gatherings
wherein the subject matter is pertinent to developments in the nonferrous
metals processing industry and/or its environmental implications would be
appropriate. (We note that the AIME annual meeting proceedings provided
the bulwark of the Potter/Bureau of Mines' report draft to EPA concerning
the copper smelting/refining industry.) In some cases, seminar transactions
are prepublished, and, in others, proceedings are not available for several
months following presentation at the meeting. In any event, such seminar
meetings are well supported with industrial inputs, and this would provide
a major, perhaps almost exclusive basis for establishing and/or maintaining
a rapport with representatives of industry. Attendance at a few carefully
selected seminars/symposia, perhaps two to four per year, would be a poten-
tially useful methodological option.
Research in Progress
Research in progress is the forerunner of emerging technology which
will set the pace for developments in the nonferrous metals producing
industry. To round out the.awareness of present and future activities,
continuing cognizance of research in progress is recommended. In the case
of industrially funded and conducted research, truly useful information
will be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain from sources other than
the published literature. For government-funded studies that may bear
upon the topic, several sources of information are available. These range
from reports of contract awards to accessible data banks containing infor-
mation on contracts in force. Such information is available for many
government agencies. Sources include the following:
o Smithsonian Scientific Information Exchange
o TRIS/DoT
o DOC Work Unit Summaries (ERDA 189 information)
o ERDA (maintains a computer file at Holifield National Labs)
o NASA RTOPS
o "Defense/Aerospace Contract Quarterly"
o CBD contract awards
In addition to these better known sources, the national committee on
materials, COMAT, has established an inventory system to allow the subjec-
tive retrieval of all current federally-funded research and development on
materials from exploration and mining through application and disposal.
This system, which was piloted for FY 76, was accessed for sampling pur-
poses in this task, as described in a later section.
Periodic retrievals of information (e.g., on a quarterly basis) from
selected sources describing government-sponsored research in progress would
be a useful option.
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INFORMATION INDEXING, STORAGE, AND RETRIEVAL
The need for establishing an information storage system and the most
suitable methodology for information/data management is dictated by (1) the
utility required in the application of the information that has been col-
lected, (2) the quantity of information involved, and (3) the type of
information involved. Several options for the management of information are:
(1) transitory collection, analysis, and dispersal
(2) temporal filing in a manual system
(3) permanent filing in a manual system
(4) temporal filing in a machine system
(5) permanent filing in a machine system.
The machine (computer) systems are effective where a large volume of infor-
mation with complex indexing and a multiuse capability may be required.
This is judged not to be the case in meeting the EPA needs of the moment.
Machine systems were not considered for this study. (The use of existing
computerized search and retrieval systems—library and data center resources
--may, however, be a source of input.) Pertinent options for information
management are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Transitory Method
Transitory management implies no formal information storage at all.
An information analyst would receive a document (or a group of documents)
from the source(s), copy the pertinent pages or otherwise extract pertinent
information (including reference), conduct an analysis (if that were a
desired part of the output), formally report the information and its perti-
nence to the task, and return the document to the source. Further detailing
or analysis of information would require reretrieval of the document from
its source.
Temporal Filing
Many filing systems include some form of rotating, or temporal, filing.
In this type of filing, documents, articles, abstracts, or extracts of infor-
mation are collected and may be stored subjectively in a limited filing
space for a prespecified period of time, according to the needs of the infor-
mation task which they will serve. At the end of the specified time, when
the utility or timeliness of the document is exhausted, it is removed from
the file to make room for more timely records or information. These, in
turn, are filed on a time-rotating basis.
Temporal files are useful in situations where a broad range of infor-
mation covering a rather large number of documents is to be maintained in
a limited space, and where only a fraction of the information may be required
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on a permanent basis. Temporal files are usually added to, purged, and
generally maintained on a chronological basis within each subject area.
As one example of their use, several technical analysts who perform
periodic review functions in specified subject areas for the Metal and
Ceramics Information Center maintain their personal temporal files to
accumulate pertinent information. In their periodic preparation of re-
views, the files are retrieved, used, and then purged when the formal
review is written, as there will be no more need for this particular file.
Library periodical shelves are another example of "temporal files". In
this case, when they are purged, their contents are usually either bound
and returned to permanent stacks or sent to a morgue.
Depending upon the option that may be selected by EPA to perform the
monitoring of nonferrous metals' status of technology, temporal files might
be of service. They could form the exclusive filing method, or they might
be used in conjunction with a permanent system.
Permanent Filing
If the volume of information is large or if ready access to a moderate-
ly sized information bank is desired, a permanent filing system should be
established. This would probably be the case if an option calling for an
interactive inquiry answering system or in-depth topical surveys were to be
selected by EPA.
It is suggested that options calling for permanent files use a manual
filing system. The files could comprise either standard 4- or 5-drawer
document files or suitable shelving to receive copies of literature articles,
reports, memoranda, etc. Each document filed would be assigned a document
number, and would be filed sequentially according to that number. An index-
ing system could be selected that would use manually punched cards (e.g.,
McBee keysort cards), according to the industrial process, the metal or
metals referenced, type of environmental impact, pollutant, date of refer-
ence, and other useful information. The index card also would bear all
necessary reference information. Frequently, such an indexing system also
contains an abstract of the information presented on the index card. How-
ever, it is not recommended that abstracts be written for indexing purposes
in this case. To do so would, we believe, add substantially to the level
of effort required in maintaining the file and indexing system without
appreciable benefit to EPA. The inclusion of abstracts might be cost-
effective only in the event that a duplicate file of index cards were to be
maintained for searching, for example, at IERL in Cincinnati.
With this type of indexing system, file searching is done by serially
inserting spindles in the appropriate holes in the index cards. Those
that are punched according to the serial code fall out and are retrieved.
This is readily done manually for small index holdings, or by machine where
several drawers of index cards are to be searched. Manual operations would
be appropriate, at least to start, for any option EPA might select that
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would require an index file. Presuming that EPA wishes to continue the
analysis task for several years, drawers for index cards should be separated
by years.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS
A key factor in a successful and viable information analysis system
is the experience and background of the analyst. An analyst must rapidly
absorb a large amount of data, sort and select materials that are relevant
and prepare an output designed to match the needs for which the analysis
was conducted.
The primary objective of the awareness task will be to provide an out-
put describing and/or analyzing the technologies in the nonferrous metals
industry relative to their environmental implications.
The attributes that will be required by the information analysts to
perform the desired awareness task include a background in (1) the non-
ferrous metals industry and (2) the USEPA mission and the specific objec-
tives of lERL's Metals and Inorganics Branch, Industrial Pollution Control
Division.
In the information selection function, independent of the output re-
quired, the specialist must establish a classification scheme based upon
both the specific characteristics of the nonferrous metals industry and the
detailed requirements of USEPA, IERL in this area. In general, taxonomies
evolve as a function of experience, becoming more refined in response to
feedback from both the information sources and the users.
Selection of pertinent information would be based upon topics mutually
agreed upon between the researchers in the awareness task group and the
USEPA task officer. As the program progresses, interaction between the
users of the current awareness "newsletters", or other output, would pro-
vide feedback which would be a factor in the modification of taxonomy
and analysis strategy.
Generally, a study and analysis function involves fragmenting a
specific topic into meaningful segments to which the information analyst
can match (if possible) available new data. The output of this process
depends upon the type of current information that impinged upon the
specialist and his ability to compose a meaningful response. The ability
of the researcher to segment topics, manipulate the old and new informa-
tion into the most meaningful arrangements--to synthesize an output from
this process--!s the essence of analysis.
In the following sections, the techniques used in the selection
function and study and analysis functions will be described for three levels
of output ("newsletter", summary or synopsis reports, and in-depth analysis
reports such as a state-of-the-art review).
12
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As will be discussed, the awareness "newsletter" output involves a
minimal amount of study and/or analysis of the information. Its usefulness
depends upon the analyst's skill in culling the salient information from a
\fcriety of sources and then briefly describing not only the nonferrous
industry activity(ies) but also the potential for impact on the environment.
Consider, for example, the broad topic, hydrometallurgy, as applied
to in situ extraction of copper-bearing material. The open literature in
this area indicates not only that laboratory studies are yielding promising
results but also government and industry field and pilot studies are ongoing.
This background knowledge and a newly available article on this topic would
allow the analyst to write a short description of (1) the process and results
to date and (2) potential impact on the environment. By itself, the article
might not permit an analysis in the breadth desired. The "newsletter" topic
might draw upon three or four sources of information in one month, none the
next month, etc.
Over a period of time, this topic might be judged to be of sufficient
importance to warrant a semiannual synopsis, possibly a special bulletin.
For this case, the analyst would perform a more rigorous and detailed analy-
sis of the literature (and other sources), factoring in judgment where
conflicting data are present, and assessing environmental impacts based upon
more stringent criteria than would be possible for monthly "newsletter"
iterns.
The overview provided by this level of analysis could be quite valuable
to the USEPA in that it could focus attention on a technology that is rapid-
ly evolving and track such evolution over a finite time period.
The ultimate level-of-effort in information analysis is characterized
as an in-depth study of a selected topic. This level of effort would re-
quire development of a specific set of objectives to be met by the research-
er. Once the objectives have been established, the information required,
the extent of analysis, and additional information sources or specialists
that must be contacted would be apparent. In general, the analyst would
draw upon experts to provide specific inputs (such as econometrics or
pollution control or regional planning). These additional inputs, as well
as the output of the information analyst, would be reported in a formal
document whose format would be designed specifically to meet the current
awareness needs of USEPA.
In summary, the analysis of information is dependent upon the cognitive
skills of the researchers involved. The taxonomy developed in conjunction
with the USEPA task officer will provide the bases for selection of perti-
nent data. Different levels of study and analysis for developing different
kinds of output ("newsletters", synopsis, and in-depth analysis) and corre-
spondingly different levels of effort would be required.
13
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OUTPUT OPTIONS
The output element is dependent upon and, in some cases, limited by
selection of complexity and scope of the other elements. The output options
considered for the EPA nonferrous metals information need range from a
simple to a sophisticated form and, in each case, are consistent with the
various complexities of the input and storage elements being considered. We
suggest four basic output forms as options, and, of course, combinations of
these forms could be selected if deemed necessary to fulfill the EPA re-
quirement. The basic output options are as follows:
(1) Selected information is copied then presented in a cut-
and-paste format without analysis or comment.
(2) Selected information is extracted and briefly analyzed
regarding environmental implications, then presented
in a periodically issued newsletter.
(3) Selected topical information is collected and an
in-depth analysis regarding environmental implications
is presented in a formal report.
(4) Selected information is retrieved and disseminated
with or without brief analysis and comment in an
interactive inquiry-answering service. (Requires
establishment of an indexing and storage element.)
Descriptions of these output forms are given in the following sections.
Cut-and-Paste Output
The cut-and-paste output option is the least sophisticated output
form considered. This form consists of a collection of pertinent items
and articles assembled under a suitable cover passed directly to the user
without analysis or comment. The mechanics involved are very simple, and,
as noted in a later section, could be accomplished with minimum funding.
Assuming that the information-collection operation (from whatever sources
coverage might be selected) includes a culling or selection of items for
pertinency, the first step required is the copying (e.g., Xerox) of
articles.* The copying of abstracts or extracts might be deemed sufficient
for some items. A second step is the grouping of items by related topics
(or by some other scheme), if that is possible, and composing a suitable
layout for an ordered presentation. The paste-up of items on layout sheets
and the photoreduction (e.g., Xerox) of these sheets, if that might be
required, is the next step. A final step would be the reproduction of the
number of copies required from the master layout. Details of the opera-
tion would include such mechanics as the preparation of a cover sheet noting
"To, From, Date, and Subject", checking that each item copied was fully
Permission to copy would be required for any material covered under
copyright laws.
14
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identified regarding source, stapling or otherwise fastening cover and copy
sheets together, and delivery to the user(s). Apart from the identifica-
tion notations on the cover and articles, the cut-and-paste format would
not include any comments or analytical remarks regarding item content. The
frequency of issuance for cut-and-paste documents that might be prepared
could be attuned to the volume of information becoming available consistent
with program funding.
Periodic Newsletter Output
An excellent example of the "Newsletter"-type output of information
systems is the MCIC* Review of Metals Technology document issued weekly on
a variety of topics, for example,"Refractory Metals, A Review of Selected
Developments". These documents are designed to inform a user with interest
in selected topics concerning pertinent literature, company activities,
product availability, industry events, etc. Brief summaries of activities,
data, and information are presented that are a step beyond mere abstracts
or extracts of information, but are not in-depth analyses of events. The
adaptation of this format to serve the EPA need is easily envisioned. The
adaptation might be labeled Awareness Bulletin, Nonferrous Metals Technology
(subtitle, An Analysis of Recent Developments) and contain write-ups regard-
ing environmental implications of activities and information of recent
vintage pertinent to the nonferrous metals interest of EPA.
An "Awareness Bulletin" of the above type could be prepared for issu-
ance on a periodic basis to cover the technology revealed by the informa-
tion collection operation. The following preparation steps are suggested:
(1) Selection of a number of the most meaningful documents,
articles, and items of pertinence to the EPA nonferrous
metals program based on the experienced judgment of the
preparers as well as the "ground rules" that would be
established by the user. (It should be noted that, al-
though a selection process is inherent in the information-
collection operation, an additional culling or selection
process would probably be required to choose and limit,
according to relevance, the items for presentation in a
single issue of an "Awareness Bulletin".)
(2) Organization of information items according to topic or
some other scheme and preparation of a draft text that
would summarize the technology and present an analysis,
including environmental implications. Based on the
extent and availability of source data, quantitative
treatment might be possible. However, in most cases, it
is considered likely that only a modest qualitative
analysis could be worked up. Technology summaries and
analyses might cover single source items or several items.
if several are found to describe a single related technology.
* MCIC, Metals and Ceramics Information Center (DOD sponsored).
15
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(3) Editorial and technical content of the draft text
would be examined and corrected. Corrected text would
be typed to conform to an appropriate format. Any
figures and tabulations required to support the text
would be drafted, corrected, and prepared as appropriate.
(4) Reproduction of the number of copies required for dis-
tribution. Depending on the number of copies desired,
the "Awareness Bulletin" in "Newsletter" format might
be reproduced in a simple typed form by Xerox or
printed by some other photo process from compositype
master copy, formalized masthead, etc. A fairly wide
range of "Newsletter" styles is possible and the style
that would be appropriate for the EPA effort in terms
of user preference and funding considerations is select-
able. Distribution of copies by mailing is the final
operation.
Topical In-Depth Reports
The in-depth state-of-the-art report and the topical analysis report
are two of the more sophisticated output forms possible from an informa-
tion system. We consider the draft report to EPA from the U.S. Bureau of
Mines on "Environmental Considerations for Emerging Nonferrous Metal -
Winning Processes" an example of such a report dealing with a narrow
field of air pollution impacts in copper roasting, smelting, converting,
and refining.
Additional examples of topical and analytical reports issued by MCIC
have (1) reviewed the titanium industry in the mid-1970's presenting the
state of the art in the technology of titanium production, metallurgy,
availability, and utilization, and (2) analyzed related commodities
(arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, and chromium chemicals) in terms of avail-
ability and utilization with emphasis on determining DOD dependence on
the commodity.
The above reports did not depend solely on the published literature
as a source for the information contained. It is, however, feasible to
prepare an in-depth analytical report of the same type using only litera-
ture information sources. Naturally, a more comprehensive report could be
prepared if a very broad source base were available, but, nevertheless, a
rather thorough analysis could be conducted using only a limited base. We
suggest the analytical report as one of the options of an EPA nonferrous
metals information system which could be prepared from whatever information
collection system was selected.
We further suggest that this option be considered as an "add-on" to
the information system selected. That is, an in-depth analytical report
might be appropriate as a result of information revealed by periodic
literature searching and reporting. Separate funding for a topical report
of this type could be tailored to allow the analyst to develop information
16
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from several sources, with the sources of the established information system
serving as a base. An analyst working continuously in a particular field
learns the best sources for information rather quickly, and, if the separate
funding permitted, could enlist the assistance of specialists, make industry
contacts, etc., to result in a very meaningful product stemming from the
operations of the basic information system.
The need for a topical in-depth analytical report might develop accord-
ing to the following hypothesis and could be prepared according to the
procedures outlined.
(1) Information system reveals the development of a new tech-
nology which makes available a valuable by-product from
a nonmetals operation (e.g., alumina from a shale oil
conversion process).
(2) Information system over an extended time period reveals
a continuous development of the technology, industrial
investment, and the obvious forthcoming availability of
large tonnages of alumina, apart from and in addition
to the alumina produced by the aluminum industry.
(3) The forthcoming changes in the aluminum industry are
apparent to EPA nonferrous metals personnel, who then
request an in-depth analysis of the situation.
(4) Proposal prepared to cover the additional effort de-
sired; proposal is accepted, task is negotiated, and
work is started.
(5) Information search is intensified and expanded to most
appropriate source areas. (The value of a preexisting
file system as part of the total information system is,
of course, apparent for an output of the topical report
type.)
(6) Industry contacts are established, specialists are con-
sulted, and other information sources (e.g., govern-
ment agencies and industry associations personnel) are
engaged to develop a comprehensive collection of data
and information.
(7) The analysis—the report text, figures, and tables--
is drafted and routed for approvals.
(8) The draft is corrected and report reproduction and
distribution proceeds per standard procedures.
17
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While the above appears to be precisely the procedure to be followed
in satisfying the EPA requirements for any topical report, we suggest, that
by building in suitable provisions in the contract establishing an informa-
tion system (e.g., provisional funds that would not be expended unless
mutually agreed upon for selected tasks), a very timely response could be
achieved by analysts intimately familiar with the total system. We believe ,
that the topical report option as an "add-on" feature of the total informa-
tion system would be quite advantageous to EPA.
Interactive Inquiry Answering Service
Information systems of even the simplest kind are usually called upon
to respond to queries from a variety of sources whether or not the system
is formally prepared for such activity. Users or others who might have
heard about the system ask a range of questions—from how to subscribe to
the output services to technical inquiries. Invariably, questions on prior
references are raised. Answers to inquiries may be provided which range
from a response "off the top of the head" during a telephone conversation,
to a rather detailed analytical commentary via letter. The latter is readily
accomplished only if the information system is set up to provide this kind
of output service.
The interactive inquiry answering capability is greatly facilitated,
of course, by the existence of an information indexing and storage system.
Such systems may range from the extremely simple (e.g., merely the memory
of the information system operator) to the sophisticated (e.g., computer
file) as described in a previous section. The mechanisms employed for
information retrieval from storage also vary, as previously described, and
are often the limiting factor in the response capability. Collectively,
the indexing, storage, and retrieval elements of the information storage
system need to be set up in the degree of complexity to fit the capabili-
ties of the inquiry answering service planned.
The Battelle experience in the inquiry answering capability of infor-
mation systems is wide ranging. A sophisticated information storage and
retrieval system was developed for MCIC and its predecessor organizations
with anticipation that the inquiry answering service was to be one of the
most important output functions of the center. It was further anticipated
(and confirmed during operations) that valuable information could be
obtained from those placing inquiries, that users of an inquiry answering
service were a first-rate information source, and that this interactive
operational mode established the center as the focal point for information
items that were otherwise inaccessible. The services rendered from this
MCIC capability have ranged the full gamut, from the 5-minute telephone
conversational answer drawing upon the memory of the information specialist,
to the detailed literature search and analysis culminating in a comprehensive
written response.
Another of the recent Battelle information centers maintained only a
primitive storage file and usually dealt with inquiries received in
18
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corresponding degree. A complex inquiry received could not be handled
routinely. In some instances, the complex inquiry was promoted (at the dis-
cretion of the sponsoring agency) to the rank of a separate task and answered
in a comprehensive manner.
These experiences are cited to point out that inquiry answering
services of an information center are quite common, either as a planned or
unplanned function. However, since planning includes only a modest rate
of effort to conduct the considered task, inquiry response would not be a
significant service to be provided. Should the need develop to provide
more than casual response to infrequent inquiries, provision of this service
would require separate funding by the organization making the inquiry.
19
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SECTION 5
THE OPTION MATRIX-RELATIVE RATES OF EFFORT REQUIRED
The several elements of an information system have been described in
some detail in the preceding section to set the stage for the presentation
of options for an EPA nonferrous metals system. We have described the
various methodologies applicable to information collection, storage, analysis,
and output forms falling within the constraints that we believe encompass
the EPA needs and desires. That is, from the very wide range in scope and
information coverages possible for the establishment of an information system,
we have selected element choices believed most appropriate for EPA. These
are presented in Table 1, as a matrix that gives a preliminary estimate of
rates-of-effort for several operational options according to selected degrees
of coverage of the periodical literature.
It should be clearly understood that the rates-of-effort estimates
given in Table 1 are based on only a partial information sources coverage
as obtained from only the periodical literature. The partial sources cover-
age base represents an arbitrary assumption that the periodical literature
available would permit 80 percent coverage of all information available.
Estimates were made based on the rates of effort required to include cover-
age of only that portion of the information base. Additional rates of
effort would be required to cover additional information sources of the
kinds suggested in Section 4, subsection on Information Sources and Input
Methodology (e.g., symposia attendance, personal contact with industry and
government specialists, etc.). These first-level estimates were based on
early efforts, and were prepared for the exclusive purpose of assisting in
the definition of preferred options to best meet EPA needs.
The option matrix given in Table 1 and the basis for its construction
was discussed in considerable detail with the EPA Task Officer at about
the middle of this task effort. The desirability of other sources of input
(limited meeting attendance and visits) to supplement periodicals input
also was discussed. As a result of this discussion, the EPA Officer selected
as a guide to further refinement, a "Newsletter Output" matched to "moderate"
coverage of the periodical literature as the best description of the EPA
desires. Formal information indexing and storage necessary to a significant
inquiry answering service and in-depth topical reports were judged to be
beyond the scope of a refined task methodology. It was further agreed at
this time that limited visitations at conferences and with industry and
government specialists, and limited use of abstract services, would be useful
as augmenting information sources.
From these mid-task guidelines and other discussions, specific recom-
mendations for the awareness task were agreed upon and these are presented
as the recommended options described in Section 7.
20
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TABLE 1. THE OPTION MATRIX FOR AN INFORMATION SYSTEM TO SERVE ,
THE NEEDS OF EPA REGARDING NONFERROUS METALS TECHNOLOGY(
ro
Output Options' '
Periodic
Literature
Information
Sources
Coverage
Minimal
(^60 %)
^20 Periodicals
Moderate
^0 Periodicals
1
Cut and Paste
Output , x
(No Storage)^'
600
720
2
"Newsletter"
Output / v
(No Storage)10'
1200
1440
3
Storage and
Inquiry / }
Answering Output v '
720
800
4
Topical
In-Depth/ \
Reports^ '
300
400
Combinations
1+3 2 + 3
1320 1920
1520 2240
Maximum
(^80 %}
60-70 Periodicals
840
1620
840
400 to
2000
1680 2460
(a) Based only on input from periodical literature.
(b) Rate of effort estimates are given in man-hours per year (exclusive of G&A requirements).
(c) Output issues would be 12 per year for options 1 and 2, about 100 per year for option 3, and 1 per
year for option 4.
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SECTION 6
INFORMATION SOURCE SAMPLING
The primary effort on identification of information sources for the
purpose of providing an awareness function regarding nonferrous metals
technologies and their environmental implications was directed toward
periodicals. A lesser effort was expended on identifying other information
sources pertinent to the awareness task. An information source sampling
exercise was conducted.
PERIODICALS
Basis for Selecting Candidate Periodicals
Both domestic and foreign publications were considered as candidate
sources of information from which a select list of periodicals might be
identified for pertinency to the awareness task. Initial candidate listings
were obtained from metals oriented information centers operated within
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories and from libraries serving Battelle and
the USEPA. These rather extensive listings were evaluated by information
specialists and project personnel to select periodicals which had been found
to be the best sources of information (for various special purposes in prior
work) or which appeared to be the most likely sources of information (e.g.,
selected foreign publications).
Specialists of the Copper Data Center, Metals and Ceramics Information
Center, Iron Information Center, and Cobalt Information Center, provided
gross lists of periodicals that are screened for their operations and identi-
fied select lists of documents which they have found to contain the bulk of
the metals information. These select lists included some foreign publica-
tions (notably those published in the English language). An expanded pre-
ferred list of foreign periodicals was generated by a title screening
operation performed by the EPA Project Officer (notably of publications
from the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries.
Collectively, candidate periodical listings covered the nonferrous
metals technology reporting from Western Europe, Eastern Europe (including
the Soviet Union), and Asia (including Australia), as well as U.S., British,
and Canadian reporting. While African and South American periodicals were
included, the coverage was not very extensive (2 periodicals from South
America, 1 from Africa). Thus, total world coverage of nonferrous metal
technology was believed to be provided on an initial consideration basis
22
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by these preliminary listings (entire list in alphabetical arrangement is
given in Appendix A). It is recognized, of course, that additional period-
icals of pertinence might be identified as an awareness task is developed
through actual operating experience.
Precursive Search and Tally Results
Initial Search and Sampling Study—
A selected group of periodicals from the preliminary candidate listings
was chosen for inclusion in a pilot study directed to ascertain, if possible,
(1) documents which contain articles and/or items pertinent to the EPA
awareness task, (2) best source documents in terms of number of pertinent
articles/items, (3) frequency of occurrence of pertinent articles/items per
a taxonomy and per document, and (4) nature of articles/items in terms of a
metal versus process classification system. Documents selected for this
study were foreign publications'printed in English or having English tables
of contents or English abstracts available, U.S., British, and Canadian
publications identified as being probable sources of nonferrous metals
information, and a few other selected documents. A total of 250 issues
from 91 publications were examined (three issues per periodical where that
was possible). The examination of these documents resulted in the identi-
fication of 529 items which appeared to be pertinent to the assessment task.
The search and article identifications were based almost entirely on tables
of contents information.
The relevant title search was conducted to determine the nature of
articles and information items as well as frequency of occurrence per
document. For this purpose, an elementary taxonomy was developed which
consisted of groupings by metals (those that are commonly produced together
as product—byproduct or as coproducts) and by metal production processing
operations (e.g., mining, beneficiation, extraction, etc.). The results of
the title search in terms of this taxonomy are given in Table 2. The data
show that most information items could not be specifically classified per
the title except in broad terms (multiple or unspecified categories). Also,
most of the remaining items deal with copper, lead, or zinc technology
(as might be expected considering the large relative production of these
metals), and only a few items were relatable to the category of metal
refining and ingot melting. The mining and beneficiation categories were
well represented.
The results of the above analysis probably do not merit specific con-
clusions due to the limited sample size (in terms of time period covered)
and to the possibility that distribution in categories varies widely from
one time period to the next. Also, study of content of information items
might result in some categorical changes. It does^appear likely, however,
based on this preliminary information, that coverage of most segments of
metal processing in the nonferrous metals industry will be afforded by a
literature search and that one could expect to find considerable information
from the literature on almost any aspect of the industry selected.
23
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TABLE 2. NUMBER AND PERCENT OF PERTINENT INFORMATION ITEMS FOUND
BY CATEGORY (METAL SPECIES AND PROCESSING OPERATION)
PO
Number of
Information Articles/Items
U.S., British
and Canadian
Item Documents
Information Items by Metal Group
Copper, Cu (As, Se, Te)
Lead and Zinc, Pb and Zn (Sb, Tl , Cd)
Aluminum, Al (Ga)
Titanium, Ti (Zr, Hf)
Molybdenum, Mo (Sn)
Rare Earths and Radioactive (U, Th)
Beryllium, Be
Mercury, Hg
Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt)
Tungsten, W (V, Ta, Cb)
Magnesium, Mg
All Others and Multiple
Total
Information Items by Processing Operation^3'
Mining or Scrap Disposal and Collection
Beneficiation, Extraction, Smelting
Metal Refining and Ingot Melting
Multiple
Unspecified
Total
59
91
30
9
7
16
1
5
24
5
6
164
417
93
87
25
61
151
4T7
Other
Foreign
Documents
21
6
5
5
7
5
7
0
10
1
0
45
TIT
23
55
12
0
22
TT2~
Total
80
97
35
14
14
21
8
5
34
6
6
209
529"
116
142
37
61
173
529"
Total
as
Percent
15.1
18.3
6.6
2.6
2.6
4.0
1.5
0.9
6.4
1.1
1.1
39.5
100
21.9
26.8
7.0
11.5
32.7
100
(a) Both primary and secondary operations.
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The results of the above pilot screening operation were analyzed to
reveal several other interesting features of the information obtainable
from periodicals. Of primary interest was the revelation that, within the
select group of documents screened, 24 documents contained about 80 percent
of all pertinent information items found. Forty documents contained about
93 percent. If it can be assumed that the three issues examined per docu-
ment are truly representative of the content over an extensive time period,
most of the information items available could be collected from as few as
50 documents.
The results of this initial screening of documents were given in
Tables 5 and 6 of the Interim Report on this task, dated May 7, 1976. The
results are included in this report as modified by an expanded study.
Expanded Search and Sampling Study--
The expanded document search conducted for the purpose of refining a
preferred periodical list of most pertinence to an EPA awareness task was
completed by including documents not previously examined and by assessing
document pertinence by new, narrower criteria. In the initial screening
study, all articles and information items having any relevance to the non-
ferrous metals processing area were counted as items of pertinence. The
expanded study considered items pertinent only if they were concerned with
the applied technology of nonferrous metals processing. A new information
item tally based on the narrower criteria was not redone for documents
examined initially but a supplemental rating system for documents was used
to assess the value of these as well as the new documents examined.
The supplemental rating system involved assessment of documents in
terms of their general character (e.g., mining equipment magazines were
down-graded) and according to the nature of articles usually printed
(e.g., theoretical or academic type versus practical types, physical
metallurgy versus processing metallurgy, or ferrous versus nonferrous
metallurgy). Also, the accessibility of information was considered (e.g.,
foreign language documents not possessing tables of contents in English
were in general down-rated). A rating system of G (for Good), M (for
Moderate interest), and X (for Unacceptable or of little interest) was
adopted.
Based on the above qualitative methods of assessing documents, it was
possible to eliminate from further consideration several documents which
did not have contents applicable in any sense for the awareness task (these
were given the X rating for unacceptable). On the other side, numerous
documents were rated G (for Good) when the contents appeared to be of the
type useful for the considered task. Documents with mixed contents, docu-
ments with contents not readily identifiable by titles only (e.g., foreign
language articles), and documents revealing no items from this search, but
still believed to be potential sources for information, were generally
rated M.
The qualitative rating system was used in conjunction with the number
of pertinent information items found to rank documents as an aid in
25
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determining a usefulness priority listing. Documents rated G were assigned
a high rank, those rated M a lower rank, etc. Within G, M, and X groups,
rank was determined and assigned by the number of pertinent items found.
According to this system, a few documents having several information items
were given a low priority because they were X-rated due to the nature of
articles. Conversely, a few documents were rated Good even though only one
or no useful information items were found in the issues screened. The
system was intended to permit the selection of a preferred periodicals list
which is discussed in the next section. The listings in this section merely
present the results of the expanded search and screening study.
U.S., British, and Canadian[Periodicals—The pilot screening of U.S.,
British, and Canadian periodicals was expanded to include several publica-
tions not screened initially. Three issues from each periodical were
examined only if the nature of articles or general character of the docu-
ment in the first issue looked at appeared to have pertinence. The period-
icals examined in the initial screening for the number of contained
articles/items having pertinency were reexamined and rated for general
character. The expanded list of U.S., British, and Canadian periodicals is
given in Table 3 in an order of priority based on the combined rating and
ranking system previously described. (The entire list of periodicals
examined, including U.S., British, Canadian, and other foreign publications,
is given in alphabetical arrangement in Appendix A as previously mentioned.)
The listing in Table 3 totals 93 periodicals. Only 19 documents were
rated G from this total based on the criteria previously described. Twenty-
two (22) periodicals received the M rating while more than half the total,
52 documents, .were X-rated. Within the G-rated group, the number of perti-
nent items found ranged from 23 (top ranked) to 0 (ranked 48 because foreign
language periodicals were included in the total ranking order). Pertinent
items found for M-rated periodicals ranged from 18 to 0. X-rated documents
had a range of 14 to 0 items. Numbers of items found per document were
obviously of less importance than the kind of items found and/or the charac-
ter of the periodical. Further, it should be understood that items found
within a single periodical are not of equal value. For example, the tenth
ranked document having 12 items might have only 1 or 2 items of substance,
2 of moderate interest, and the balance of marginal value. Thus, the rank-
ing order assigned to documents is quite arbitrary but serves for initial
guidance prior to and in lieu of article/document use in actual operational
experience.
After the initial pilot screening study, an analysis of the data was
made based on the number of information items found to show that about 80
percent of items based on total items found were found in the top-ranked
40 documents. Based on the new criteria, this kind of analysis is con-
sidered to have little meaning. However, the new rating and ranking system
indicates that about 24 top rated and ranked U.S., British, and Canadian
periodicals continue to contain the bulk of the most useful information with
another 10 or so documents containing information of more moderate interest
and usefulness. Thus, both the initial and the expanded screening studies
showed that 30-some periodicals should be considered as the primary source
26
-------
TABLE 3. RANK ORDER LISTING OF UNITED STATES,
BRITISH AND CANADIAN PERIODICALS EX-
AMINED FOR PERTINENCY TO AWARENESS TASK
Document Title
Mining Journal
Society of Mining Engineers,
Transactions (AIME)
Journal of Metals (AIME)
Mining Congress Journal
American Metal Market
Ski 11 ings Mining Review
Metal Week
33-Magazine, Metal Producing
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section B
Canadian Mining and Metallur-
gical Bulletin
Journal of The Air Pollution
Control Association
Canadian Mining Journal
Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
Iron Age
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section C
Environmental Science and Tech-
nology
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section A
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Paydirt(e)
Hydrometallurgy
Mining Magazine
Metallurgical Transactions (ASM,
AIME) Section B
No. I terns (a'
Found In (t>) (c)
A
8
9
1
4
4
2
3
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
4
3
3
B
7
2
1
7
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
10
5
6
C
8
8
12
2
4
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
4
3
0
Sum
23
19
14
13
12
6
4
4
4
3
„
3
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
18
11
9
Rate
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
M
M
M
Rank
2
4
7
8
10
18
20
23
25
27
28
34
35
36
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
,D
-------
TABLE 3. (Continued)
Document Title
Engineering and Mining Journal
Journal of The Water Pollution
Control Federation
Wall Street Journal
Mining Engineering
Industry Week
Foundry Trade Journal
Chemical and Engineering News
Business Week
Barrens Business and Financial
Weekly
The Mine Magazine
Water Air and Soil Pollution
Journal of The American Water
Works Association
Modern Metals
Water and Wastes Engineering
Research/Devel opment
Modern Castings
Mineral Research Bulletin
Separation Science
Metals Technology
Filtration and Separation
Industrial Water Engineering
Mine and Quarry
Foundry Management and Technology
Metals and Materials
Water Research
Chemical Week
Engineer
No. I terns (a)
Found In (t>)
A
3
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
7
4
1
1
4
2
0
0
B
2
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
4
2
0
2
0
0
C
3
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
1
0
0
0
0
Sum
8
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
14
13
9
4
4
4
0
0
Rate
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Rank
53
55
55
57
61
62
64
65
67
68
70
75
76
77
78
83
84
96
99
103
104
106
107
108
109
110
111
(continued)
(d)
ID
Nos.
150
210
390
230
160
480
440
110
410
1004
1005
190
310
350
300
630
490
290
660
470
510
260
460
560
360
430
450
28
-------
TABLE 3. (Continued)
No. Items
Found In (h\ (r\
Document Title
Metallurgical Transactions
(ASM, AIME) Section A
The British Foundryman
Critical Reviews in Environ-
mental Control
Engineering
Engineering Materials and Design
Metal Construction
Metal Science
International Metallurgical
Reviews
Welding Design and Fabrication
Water and Pollution Control
Canadian Research and
Development
Design Engineering
Modern Power and Engineering
Acta Metal lugica
Air Conditioning, Heating and
Refrigeration
American Machinist
Assembly Engineering
Automatic Machining
Welding Journal
Tooling and Production
Sea Technology
Rubber World
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Product Engineering
Polymer Engineering and Science
Ocean Engineering
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sum F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(continued)
29
late '
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Rank
112
117
118
119
120
121
122
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
158
159
160
162
164
166
167
168
169
170
171
ID(d)
Nos.
330
570
580
590
600
640
650
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
1060
1040
1020
1010
1005
990
980
970
-------
TABLE 3. (Continued)
No. Items ^
Found In ^ f^
Document Title A B
Mechanical Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Evaluation
Materials Engineering
Machine Design
Journal of Pressure Vessel
Technology (ASME Trans.)
Journal of Heat Transfer
(ASME Transactions)
Journal of Applied Physics
Journal of Applied Mechanics
(ASME Transactions)
Inorganic Chemistry
IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems
Heating, piping and Air Conditioning
Corrosion Science
Corrosion
Control Engineering
Canadian Journal of Physics
Canadian Journal of Chemistry
Bell Labs Record
C Sum Rate ' Ranfc '
X 172
X 173
X 174
X 175
K 176
X 177
X 178
X 179
X 180
X 181
X 182
X 183
X 184
X 185
X 186
X 187
X 188
X 189
,D(d>
Nos.
960
950
940
930
920
910
900
890
880
870
860
850
840
830
820
810
800
790
(a) The second, third, fourth, and fifth columns (A, B, C, and SUM, respectively)
represent the numbers of pertinent information items found in the search of
periodical issues.
(b) The sixth column (RATE) indicates an overall
ness task. G = Good, M = Moderate interest,
value of the document to the aware-
X = Little or No interest.
(c) The seventh column (RANK) indicates priority order based on number of informa-
tion items found per document. RANK is subordinate to RATE. All documents
examined are included in the RANK order (i.e., Domestic and Foreign publica-
tions).
(d) The eighth column (ID NOS.) indicates an internal identification number.
(e) Issues not examined but document is known to
be pertinent to the awareness task.
30
-------
of information for the considered task. This aspect of the study is further
described in the following section where a preferred periodical list is
presented.
Foreign Published Periodicals—The foreign published periodical listings
were expanded with the aim of identifying better coverage of foreign non-
ferrous metals technology than identified in the initial screening. (British,
and Canadian publications were considered with the listing of U.S. publica-
tions.) Accordingly, several additional foreign periodicals were examined
using the new criteria previously described as assessment tools. An addi-
tional complicating factor in this study was the foreign language barrier.
It was difficult to assess the overall character of documents and in some
cases, the nature of articles, based on translated titles as the only guide.
Nevertheless, within the difficulties cited, periodicals from each of the
major world segments of the nonferrous metals communities were examined and
assessed. The rating and ranking system previously described was used with
the results given in Table 4.
Of the 90-some documents listed in Table 4, about one-third are rated 6,
one-third M, and balance X (G-31, M-31, X-31). Pertinent items found for
G-rated periodicals ranged from 26 to 1, M-rated documents from 5 to 0, and
X-rated periodicals contained no identified items of interest. The two
documents from Yugoslavia were not rated because current issues were not
available for examination. Numbers of items found per document were of more
importance in evaluating foreign language periodicals than in evaluating
U.S., British, and Canadian documents because of the difficulty in determin-
ing nature of items from titles only and the character of documents generally.
Nevertheless, the rank order presented in Table 4 reflects an attempt at the
latter which stands in need of considerable refinement during actual opera-
tions. The rank ordering is arbitrary but serves to aid in initially
selecting periodicals for a preferred list of foreign documents as informa-
tion sources for the considered task.
In considering coverage of the world's important segments which may be
generating information on nonferrous metals technology, attention was directed
to the areas of Western Europe, Eastern Europe (including the Soviet Union),
Asia (including Australia), Africa, and South America. As revealed in the
tally (Table 4), the document coverage for individual countries within the
above areas was as indicated below.
For Western Europe: West Germany 13 documents, France 8, Sweden 4,
Netherlands 2, Italy 2, and 1 each from Belgium, Switzerland, Norway, and
Finland (total 33).
The relative scarcity of pertinent periodicals from the Western European
community makes it difficult to screen for good coverage of nonferrous metals
technology being practiced in or emerging from this area. However, it was
stated by persons who have lived and worked in this area in a technical
capacity that pertinent articles by West European authors are as frequently
published in U.S., British, or Canadian journals as in their native publica-
tions. Nevertheless, there were 7 periodicals (3 from West Germany, 2 from
31
-------
TABLE 4. RANK ORDER LISTING OF FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS
EXAMINED FOR PERTINENCY TO AWARENESS TASK
No. Items ^
Found In
Document Title
Izvestiya, VUZ, Tsvetnaya
Metal lurgiya (USSR)
Tsvetnyye Metally (USSR)
Trudy Inst. Metal lurgii
I Obogashcheniia Acad. Nauk,
Kazakh, SSR
Rudodobiv (Bulgaria)
Erzmetall (Germany)
International Journal of Mineral
Processing (Neth.)
Metal! (Germany)
Minerals Science and
Engineering (South Africa)
Neue Hutte (East Germany)
Rudy I Metal e Niezelazne (Poland)
World Mining (Australia)
Australasian Institute of Mining
And Metallurgical Processing
Nat. Metallurgical Lab. Tech.
Journal (India)
Bui. Res. Inst. Mineral Dressing
and Met., Tohoku Univ.
Australian Mining
Giesserei (Germany)
Archiwum Hutnictwa/Pan (Poland)
A
6
12
8
6
6
6
2
4
0
3
3
2
0
2
0
1
2
Australasian Corrosion Engineering 0
Ochrona Powietrza (Poland)
Doklady Akademii Nauk (USSR)
Banyasyaii Es Kohazatl
Lapok-Kohaszat (Hungary)
3
1
2
B
13
10
6
6
4
2
5
3
2
3
2
2
6
0
2
3
1
1
0
0
c
7
4
3
3
2
1
5
1
2
2
0
3
2
0
1
2
1
0
Sum
26
22
18
15
13
10
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
3
5
6
9
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
17
19
21
22
24
26
29
30
31
!D(d)
Nos.
2
77
78
67
18
25
20
33
50
71
37
34
40
85
35
41
5
36
8
79
64
(continued)
32
-------
TABLE 4. (Continued)
Document Title
Transactions Of The Indian
Institute of Metals
Indian Journal of Technology
Metalurgia (Rumania)
Czechoslovak Heavy Industry
Hungarian Heavy Industry
Trans, of The Nat. Research
Inst. For Metals (Japan)
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati Lapok-
Ontode (Hungary)
Hutnicke Listy (Czechoslovakia)
Scandinavian Journal of
Metallurgy (Sweden)
Hitachi Review (Japan)
Problemy Projektowo Hutnictwa
No. I terns ^
Found In
A
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
I Przemyslu Maszynowego (Poland) 2
Indian And Eastern Engineer
Izvestiya Acad. Nauk USSR,
Metal ly
Metallurgia ABM (Brazil)
Gieszereitechnik (Germany)
Spisaraie Na Bulgarskoto Geologi-
chesko Druzhestvo (Bulgaria)
Kinzoku (Japan)
IHI Engineering Review (Japan)
Inzynieria Chemiczna (Poland)
Prace Instytutow
Hutniczych (Poland)
Fonderia (Italy)
Radex Rundschau (Germany)
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati
Lapok-Banyaszat (Hungary)
2
3
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
B
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
Sum
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
4
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(b)
Rate
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
(c)
Rank
32
33
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
54
58
59
60
63
66
69
71
72
73
74
79
80
ro(d)
Nos.
82
38
10
3
4
91
65
61
29
84
70
81
73
31
19
68
15
12
7
9
21
45
63
(continued)
33
-------
TABLE 4. (Continued)
No. Items * '
Found In
Document Title
Hutnik (Czechoslovakia)
Hutnik (Poland)
La Metal! urgia Italiana (Italy)
Journal Of The Japan Institute
Of Metals
Iron Age Metal working
International (Neth.)
Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research (India)
Revue Les Meoires Scientifiques
De La Revue De Metallurgie
NKG Transactions Of The Japan
Institute Of Metals
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des
Seances L Acad. Sciences, B
Journal Faculty of Engineering,
Tokyo Univ. , Series A
Sumitomo Metals (Japan)
Journal Faculity Of Engineering,
Tokyo Univ. , Series B
Wiadmosci Hutnicze (Poland)
Science Reports Research Inst.,
Tohoku Univ., Series A
Trade Times, Japanese Machinery
Exporters Assoc. Bulletin
Report Inst. Of Industrial
Science, Tokyo Univ.
Metallurgicheskaya I Gornorudnaya
Promyshlennost (USSR)
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires
A
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Des Seances L Acad. Sciences, D 0
Revue De Metallurgie (France)
0
B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sum f
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
X
Ran£c)
81
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
94
95
97
98
100
101
102
105
123
137
ID(d>
Nos.
62
6
22
14
26
39
24
83
56
93
89
94
72
92
88
95
76
55
23
(continued)
34
-------
TABLE 4. (Continued)
Document Title
Revista Latlnoamericana De
Siderurgia (Chile)
Revue De L Alumintm (France)
Revue International Hautes
Temp. Refracktaires (France)
Revue General e Des Techniques La
Metal. Const. Mech. (France)
Hansa (Germany)
La Fonderia Beige (Belgium)
Prometal (Switzerland)
Fizika Metal lov I.
Metal lovedenlye (USSR)
National Technical Report (Japan)
Materialno-Tekhnichesko
Snaboyavane (Bulgaria)
Metal lurg (USSR)
The Sumitomo Search (Japan)
Tetsu-To-Hagane (Japan)
No. Items ^
Found In
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Electrowarme-International (Germany) 0
Jernkontorets Annaler (Sweden)
Giesserei Forschung (Germany)
VDI Zeitschrift (Germany)
VGB Kraft Werkstechnik (Germany)
Sprechsaal (Germany)
Indus tri ell Teknik (Sweden)
Kjemi (Sweden)
Verres Et Refractaires (France)
Teknikens Vorld (Sweden)
Ilmailu (Finland)
MBB-Aktjell (Germany)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
B
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sum
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rate Rank
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
139
146
147
148
152
113
114
115
116
132
133
134
135
136
138
140
141
142
143
144
145
149
150
151
153
(d)
ID
Nos
32
57
58
60
49
27
30
1
13
66
75
90
16
17
28
42
43
44
46
52
54
59
53
51
48
(continued)
35
-------
TABLE 4. (Continued)
Document Title
DFVLR Nachrichten (Germany)
Zaschita Na Prirodata (Bulgaria)
Kokubo (Japan)
Shin Boei Ronshu (Japan)
Metal! ovedeniya I Termicheskaya
Obrabotka Metal lov (USSR)
Science Of Sintering (Yugoslavia)
Metalurgija (Yugoslavia)
No. Items*9'
Found In (b)
A B C Sum Rate
X
X
X
X
00 OX
(c)
Rank
154
155
156
157
190
ID
Nos.
47
69
86
87
74
11
80
(a) The second, third, fourth, and fifth columns (A, B, C, and SUM, respec-
tively) represent the numbers of pertinent information items found in
the search of periodical issues.
(b) The sixth column (RATE) indicates an overall value of the document to
the awareness task. G = Good, M = Moderate interest, X = Little or
No interest.
(c) The seventh column (RANK) indicates priority order based on number of
information items found per document. RANK is subordinate to RATE.
All documents examined are included in the RANK order (i.e., Domestic
and Foreign publications).
(d) The eighth column (ID NOS.) indicates an internal identification
number.
36
-------
the Netherlands, and 1 each from Sweden and France) that appeared to afford
the most appropriate coverage of the topics of interest from this area and
these are described in the following section.
The periodicals coverage for Eastern Europe was: Soviet Union 10, Po-
land 8, Hungary 4, Bulgaria 4, Czechoslovakia 3, Yugoslavia 2 (neither was
available for examination), and 1 each from Rumania and East Germany (total
33). Thus, the coverage of Eastern European technology appears excellent
based on the number of documents having apparent pertinent articles. A
total of 11 periodicals (3 from the Soviet Union, 2 each from Poland, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia, and 1 each from Bulgaria and East Germany) appeared to
afford appropriate coverage from this area and these are described in the
following section. In selecting periodicals for a recommended listing, an
attempt was made to minimize the translation problem by choosing mostly
documents having tables of contents or abstracts in English. The most perti-
nent articles as identified during the actual operation of an awareness task
would often require translation of the entire article which has been con-
sidered in the description in the following section.
The periodicals coverage for Asia was: Japan 18, India 5, and Australia
4 (total 27). The Indian'and Australian documents are all published in En-
glish and most are apparently of good pertinency. Most of the Japanese peri-
odicals examined (11) also are published in English, but several of these
were found to be of no interest or of marginal interest. Two Japanese docu-
ments published in English and having apparent pertinency were selected for
the preferred periodical list together with one having English table of con-
tents and one wholly in Japanese. These four from Japan, and three each
from India and Australia constitute the periodicals for Asian coverage and
are included in the preferred list described in the following section.
A single document from Africa and two documents from South America
(one each from Brazil and Chile) were examined. It is apparent that the
Chilian journal should be eliminated from consideration (wholly dealing with
iron and steel) and that the Brazilian and African documents should be listed
(the South African journal is in English). The coverage of the South Ameri-
can technology appears inadequate but perhaps better journals can be identi-
fied during operation of an awareness task. The Brazilian and South African
periodicals are included in the preferred list described in the following
section.
ABSTRACTS AND OTHER INFORMATION SERVICES
Abstract documents were sampled to determine the value of this kind of
information source for an awareness task. From the list of abstracts identi-
fied as being locally available, which included Chemical Abstracts, Copper
Abstracts, Lead Abstracts, Selenium and Tellurium Abstracts, and Zinc Ab-
stracts, the Chemical, Lead, and Selenium/Tellurium abstract documents were
screened. The Lead Abstracts issues examined (three) contained a total of
72 items of apparent pertinency, the single issue of Chemical Abstracts
looked at contained 68 items, and the three issues of Selenium and Tellurium
Abstracts, a total of only 2 items. Thus, a great variation exists in the
37
-------
value of abstract documents based on the number of pertinent items contained.
Of overriding importance, however, is the lack of currency of items in these
documents. The lag apparently varies from 3 to 6 months. It would appear
appropriate to cover the abstract literature to some extent for the purpose
of providing a check on the coverage of information items obtained from
periodicals.
In addition to the abstracts examined, three issues of the Official
Gazette (U.S. Patents) were examined. A total of 27 possibly pertinent
patents were identified from the three issues of this document which appears
on a weekly basis. A disproportionate period of time was needed to screen
three issues (compared with the time required to screen tables of contents
of regular periodicals). Nevertheless, it would appear necessary to include
the patent coverage if the awareness function is to be fully served.
The Committee on Materials (COMAT), a federal activity» authorized the
development of a pilot inventory of Government sponsored materials R & D
programs. This inventory, which was' developed at Battelle, is contained as
a module of the Battelle-Columbus BASIS capability. It was accessed to pro-
vide a sampling of FY 76 R & D activity of potential interest to the task.
Three listings were retrieved. The first was derived by calling for current
programs dealing with metal ores or nonferrous metals in the fields of
activity of mine development, mining, processing of raw materials (including
beneficiation, leaching, roasting, smelting, refining, etc.), or the manage-
ment of wastes. This first retrieval returned a list of 25 programs, of
which 23 involved the technology of nonferrous metals or their ores (two
were concerned only with iron resources or processing). All but two were
Bureau of Mines programs. One was an EPA program and the other was funded
by the Air Force. This program list is contained in Appendix B under
PRINT 9.
A second list was specified by selecting from the first list those
programs that have as one aspect of the work the reduction of pollutants
from nonferrous metallurgical processes. Two programs were defined. These
appear in Appendix B under PRINT 11. For one of these, an additional
retrieval specification was that the reason for conducting the program was
for the control of environmental quality. This record, the EPA program, is
displayed in Appendix B under PRINT 13.
In this example, the effort required to develop the search strategy,
access the data base, conduct the search, and pick up the printout involved
about 1 hour of an analyst's time. Remote terminal connect time was 7
minutes, and computer costs were $4.21. This was done by an analyst with
intimate knowledge of the data base and also precise knowledge of what was
desired from the search. The example is cited to illustrate the simplicity
of searching existing data bases. The example was also useful in identify-
ing the Bureau of Mines (not unexpectedly) as the Government agency that
is most active in R & D activities relating directly to the interests of the
awareness task.
38
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COMPANY ANNUAL REPORTS
In addition to the formal published literature, a sampling of 10 company
annual reports was made. The companies were selected from among those whose
principal business is primary nonferrous metals. Perusal of these revealed
that 7 of the 10 reports provided potentially useful statements and informa-
tion, and 4 of the 10 contained more than one item of probable interest.
Company reports are only put out on an annual basis which would somewhat
limit the volume of information obtainable from this source. Nevertheless,
it is recommended that selected annual reports be reviewed for input. The
Dunn and Bradstreet Million Dollar Directory lists 245 entries under SIC
categories from 1021 (Copper Ores) to 1099 (Metal Ores, n.e.c.)? 3313
(Electrometallurgical Products), 3331 (Primary Smelting and Refining; Copper)
through 3339 (Nonferrous Metals, n.e.c.), 3341 (Secondary Refining of Non-
ferrous Metals). Included are companies such as Cypress, Anaconda, Phelps
Dodge, ASARCO, St. Joe, Cominco, Homestake, Silver King, AMAX, Union Carbide,
01 in, Kennecott, Kaiser, Alumax, Alcoa, Conalco, Englehard, Brush Wellman,
Oremet, Materials Research Corp., Bay State, Eastern Alloys, Matthey
Bishop, etc. Many of these report under multiple SIC areas. The Battelle
Economics Library maintains files of annual reports for many of these
companies.
39
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SECTION 7
DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDED OPTIONS
INTRODUCTION
The numerous options available regarding the input-output elements of
an information system were described in preceding sections of the report
and presented in terms of level-of-effort requirements in Table 1. The
data in Table 1 show the relative sizing of combinations of various input
and output forms. During the course of this task, the project officer was
briefed regarding these options and level-of-effort requirements. This
interaction between the project officer and Battelle afforded the project
officer an opportunity to identify preferred elements capable of serving
the awareness function. Stated preferences permitted Battelle personnel to
focus attention in these areas and to design a specific information system
around them.
This section reflects the stated preferences in the description of the
input-output options being recommended for the awareness task. Briefly,
the recommended system would consist of inputs from periodicals, abstracts,
company reports, and information obtained from symposia and personal com-
munications. The principal output would be in the form of a newsletter or
an "Awareness Bulletin". This would describe the trends or potential
changes in nonferrous metals technology (or other information) involved
and consider the actual or potential environmental implications of such
technology. An output option of topical reports is suggested for considera-
tion as an add-on to the basic system should the need for in-depth studies
to augment the awareness function become apparent.
INFORMATION SOURCES
The principal source of information recommended for the awareness
task should be periodicals. The prior experience of Battelle with metal
information centers and the specific pilot screening studies conducted for
this task have permitted the identification of a preferred group of docu-
ments which should be searched for information on a regular basis. The
list of periodicals recommended for source material per the awareness task
is given in Tables 5 and 6.
This group of documents is believed to offer the bulk of the reportable
coverage on the nonferrous metals industries on a world basis with emphasis
on U.S. technology. Sampling studies have shown that the important
40
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TABLE 5. PERIODICALS RECOMMENDED AS INFORMATION
SOURCES FOR THE USEPA AWARENESS TASK
(Domestic and Foreign Publication Subgroups Listed in Priority Order)
No. Items ^
Found In
Document Title
A B
C
Sum
(b)
Rate
o £C)
Rank
ID'"'
Nos.
United States, British and Canadian Periodicals
Mining Journal
Weekly
Society of Mining Engineers,
Transactions (AIME)
Monthly
Journal of Metals (AIME)
Monthly
Mining Congress Journal
Monthly
American Metal Market
Daily
Skill ings Mining Review
Weekly
Metal Week
Weekly
33-Magazine, Metal Producing
Monthly
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section B
Monthly
Canadian Mining and Metallur-
gical Bulletin
Monthly
Journal of The Air Pollution
Control Association
Monthly
Canadian Mining Journal
Monthly
Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
Quarterly
8 7
9 2
1 1
4 7
4 4
2 3
3 1
2 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
(continued)
41
8
8
12
2
4
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
0
23
19
14
13
12
6
4
4
•4
3
3
2
2
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
2
4
7
8
10
18
20
23
25
27
28
34
35
520
380
500
250
100
280
620
420
1002
140
200
130
120
-------
TABLE 5. (Continued)
No. Items
Found In
Document Title
Iron Age
Weekly
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section C
Monthly
Environmental Science and Tech-
nology
Monthly
Trans Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section A
Monthly
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Monthly
(e)
Paydirt1 ;
Weekly
Hydrometallurgy
Quarterly
Mining Magazine
Monthly
Metallurgical Transactions (ASM,
AIME) Section B
Monthly
Engineering and Mining Journal
Monthly
Wall Street Journal
Daily
Mining Engineering
Monthly
Industry Week
Weekly
Business Week
Weekly
Barrens Business and Financial
Weekly
Weekly
A
1
1
0
0
1
4
3
3
3
2
4
1
1
0
B
0
0
0
0
0
10
5
6
2
0
0
1
1
0
C
1
0
1
0
0
4
3
0
3
2
0
1
0
2
Sum
2
1
1
0
1
18
11
9
8
4
4
3
2
2
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
G
G
G
G
G
G
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
36
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
56
57
61
65
67
(d)
ID
Nos.
180
1003
1000
1001
1070
1080
1006
270
320
150
390
230
160
110
410
(continued)
42
-------
TABLE 5. (Continued)
Document Title
Separation Science
Quarterly
Filtration and Separation
Bimonthly
Foreign
Izvestiya, VUZ, Tsvetnaya
Metallurgiya (USSR) m
Bimonthly -- English TC^ '
Tsvetnyye Metally (USSR)
Monthly -- In Russian
Trudy Inst. Metal lurgii
I Obogashcheniia Acad. Nauk,
Kazakh, SSR
Bimonthly — English TC
Rudodobiv (Bulgaria)
Monthly -- English Abstracts
Erzmetall (Germany)
Monthly -- English Abstracts
International Journal of Mineral
Processing (Neth.)
Monthly -- In English
Metall (Germany)
Monthly -- English TC
Minerals Science and
Engineering (South Africa)
Monthly — In English
Neue Hutte (East Germany)
Monthly — English TC
Rudy I Metal e Niezelazne (Poland)
Monthly — English Abstracts
World Mining (Australia)
Monthly -- In English
No. Items "
Found In
ABC
000
734
Periodicals
6 13 7
12 10
864
663
643
622
2 5 1
4 3
025
3 3 1
322
0
o>:
Sum Rate
0 M
14 X
26 G
22 G
18 G
15 G
13 G
10 G
8 G
7 G
7 G
7 G
7 G
>» ic}
Rank
96
103
1
3
5
6
9
11
12
13
14
15
15
ID(d)
Nos.
290
470
2
77
78
67
18
25
20
33
50
71
37
(continued)
43
-------
TABLE 5. (Continued)
(a)
No. Items
Found In (b)
Document Title
Australasian Institute of Mining
And Metallurgical Proc.
Monthly -- In English
Nat. Metallurgical Lab. Tech.
Journal (India)
Monthly -- In English
Bui. Res. Inst. Mineral Dressing
and Met., Tohoku Univ.
Monthly -- English TC
Australian Mining
Monthly — In English
Giesserei (Germany)
Monthly -- English TC
Archiwum Hutnictwa/Pan (Poland)
Quarterly -- English TC
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati
Lapok-Kohaszat (Hungary)
Monthly -- English Abstracts
Transactions Of The Indian
Institute Of Metals
Monthly -- In English
Indian Journal of Technology
Monthly -- In English
Czechoslovak Heavy Industry
Monthly -- In English
Hungarian Heavy Industry
Quarterly -- In English
Trans, of The Nat. Research
Inst. For Metals (Japan)
Monthly -- In English
Hutnicke Li sty (Czechoslovakia)
Monthly -- English Abstracts
A
2
0
2
0
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
B C Sum Rate
2 2 6 G
6 0 6 G
0 3 5 G
2 2 4 G
3 0 4 G
1 1 4 G
0 0 2 G
2 0 2 G
0 2 2 G
1 1 2 G
1126
0 0 1 G
1 0 1 G
» (c)
Rank
16
17
19
21
22
24
31
32
33
38
39
40
42
(d)
IDV '
Nos.
34
40
85
35
41
5
64
82
38
3
4
91
61
(continued)
44
-------
TABLE 5. (Continued)
Document Title
No. Items
Found In
ABC
(a)
Sum
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
(d)
ID
Nos.
Scandinavian Journal of
Metallurgy (Sweden)
Monthly — In English 1 0 0
Hitachi Review (Japan)
Monthly — In English 0 1 0
Metallurgia ABM (Brazil)
Monthly — In Portugese 1 1 1
Kinzoku (Japan)
Monthly -- In Japanese 1 0 0
Iron Age Metal working
International (Neth.)
Monthly -- In English 000
Revue Les Meoires Scientifiques
De La Revue De Metallurgie
Monthly -- English Abstracts 000
M
M
43
44
60
69
M 88
M
90
29
84
31
15
26
24
(a) The second, third, fourth, and fifth columns (A, B, C, and SUM, respec-
tively) represent the numbers of pertinent information items found in
the search of periodical issues.
(b) The sixth column (RATE) indicates an overall value of the document to
the awareness task. G = Good, M = Moderate interest, X = Little or
No interest.
(c) The seventh column (RANK) indicates priority order based on number of
information items found per document. RANK is subordinate to RATE.
All documents examined are included in the RANK order (i.e., Domestic
and Foreign publications).
(d) The eighth column (ID NOS.) indicates an internal identification number.
(e) Issues not examined but document is known to be pertinent to the aware-
ness task.
(f) TC is equal to Table of Contents.
45
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TABLE 6. PERIODICALS RECOMMENDED AS INFORMATION
SOURCES FOR THE USEPA AWARENESS TASK
(Domestic and Foreign Publication Subgroups Listed in Alphabetical order)
Document Title
(a)
No. Items x '
Found In
A
United States, British, and
American Metal Market
Barrens Business and Financial
Weekly
Business Week
Canadian Mining and Metallur-
gical Bulletin
Canadian Mining Journal
Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
Engineering and Mining Journal
Environmental Science and Tech-
nology
Filtration and Separation
Hydrometallurgy
Industry Week
Iron Age
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Journal of Metals (AIME)
Journal of The Air Pollution
Control Association
Metallurgical Transactions (ASM,
AIME) Section B
Metal Week
Mining Congress Journal
Mining Engineering
Mining Journal
Mining Magazine
4
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
7
B
C Sum
Canadian
4
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
3
4 10
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
4
8
3
1
0
0
1
1
6
1
7
0
7
5
4
2
0
1
1
0
3
1
4
4
1
1
0
12
1
0
0
2
0
8
3
(b)
Rate
Periodical
12
2
2
3
2
2
8
1
14
18
3
2
1
14
3
9
4
13
4
23
11
G
M
M
G
G
G
M
G
X
M
M
G
G
G
G
M
G
G
M
G
M
(c)
Rank
s
10
67
65
27
34
35
53
46
103
50
61
36
48
7
28
52
20
8
57
2
51
ID
-------
TABLE 6. (Continued)
Document Title
Paydirt^
Separation Science
Skill ings Mining Review
Society of Mining Engineers,
Transactions (AIME)
33-Magazine, Metal Producing
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section A
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section B
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section C
Wall Street Journal
No. Items ^
Found In
A
0
2
9
2
0
1
1
2
B
0
3
2
1
0
1
0
0
Foreign Periodical
Archiwum Hutnictwa/Pan (Poland)
Australasian Institute of Mining
and Metallurgical Proc.
Australian Mining
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati
Lapok-Kohaszat (Hungary)
Bui. Res. Inst. Mineral Dressing
and Met., Tohoku Univ.
Czechoslovak Heavy Industry
Erzmetall (Germany)
Giesserei (Germany)
Hitachi Review (Japan)
Hungarian Heavy Industry
Hutnicke Li sty (Czechoslovakia)
Indian Journal of Technology
2
2
0
2
2
0
6
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
0
1
4
3
1
1
1
0
C
0
1
8
1
0
2
0
2
s
1
2
2
0
3
1
3
0
0
1
0
2
Sum
0
6
19
4
0
4
1
4
4
6
4
2
5
2
13
4
1
2
1
2
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
G
M
G
G
G
G
G
G
M
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
49
96
18
4
23
47
25
45
56
24
16
21
31
19
38
9
22
44
39
42
33
,o(d)
Nos.
1080
290
280
380
420
1001
1002
1003
390
5
34
35
64
85
3
18
41
84
4
61
38
(continued)
47
-------
TABLE 6. (Continued)
Document Title
International Journal of Mineral
Processing (Neth.)
Iron Age Metalworking
International (Neth.)
Izvestiya, VUZ, Tsvetnaya
Metal! urgiya (USSR)
Kinzoku (Japan)
Metal! (Germany)
Metal lurgia ABM (Brazil)
Minerals Science and
Engineering (South Africa)
Nat. Metallurgical Lab. Tech.
Journal (India)
Neue Hutte (East Germany)
Revue Les Meoires Scientifiques
De La Revue De Metal lurgie
Rudodobiv (Bulgaria)
Rudy I Metale Niezelazne (Poland)
Scandinavian Journal of
Metallurgy (Sweden)
Transactions Of The Indian
Institute of Metals
Trudy Inst. Metal lurgii
I Obogashcheniia Acad. Nauk,
Kazakh, SSR
Trans, of The Nat. Research
Inst. For Metals (Japan)
Tsvetnyye Metally (USSR)
World Mining (Australia)
No. Items ^
Found In
A
6
0
6
1
2
1
4
0
0
0
6
3
1
0
8
1
12
3
B
2
0
13
0
5
1
3
6
2
0
6
3
0
2
6
0
10
2
C
2
0
7
0
1
1
0
5
0
3
1
0
0
4
0
2
Sum
10
0
26
1
8
3
7
6
7
0
15
7
1
2
18
1
22
7
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
G
M
G
M
G
M
G
G
G
M
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
11
88
1
69
12
60
13
17
14
90
6
15
43
32
5
40
3
15
(d)
ID
Nos.
25
26
2
15
20
31
33
40
50
24
67
71
29
82
78
91
77
37
(a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) same as in Table 5.
48
-------
nonferrous metals and most of the processing operations of interest are
reported in these periodicals. On the other hand, the group listed repre-
sents merely the recommended starting point. It is expected that this list
will be modified as the need becomes apparent during the actual task opera-
tions.
Most of the documents in the recommended list can be searched for per-
tinent information by perusal of the tables of contents. A few documents
will require page-by-page searching. Most of the foreign-language documents
have tables of contents or abstracts of articles in English as an integral
part of the publication, and no translation service would be required for
initial searching. Only three foreign journals (one Russian, one Japanese,
and one Brazilian) are exceptions, and translations of tables of contents
would be required.
The stated desire by EPA to keep the considered task at a modest size
would limit full translations of foreign-language articles to only those
few selections that are most directly pertinent to the task. The amount of
translation to be done would depend upon budgeting agreement between EPA and
the task contractor.
The mechanics of inputting information from periodicals are straight-
forward. The documents listed are available in the various Battelle librar-
ies or information centers and are readily accessed. The information
analyst should perform the search on documents periodically and on a timely
basis, record or copy (usually Xerox copies of entire articles) the perti-
nent information identified, including references, and return the document
to the source. Translations of the most pertinent foreign language items
should be obtained as required as previously mentioned. Transitory storage
of copies of the information items as described in an earlier section of
the report is recommended.
In addition to periodicals, it is recommended that abstract and other
information services should become a part of the input element. As dis-
cussed previously, published abstracts typically lag the original publica-
tion by 3 to 6 months. Because of this lag, the various abstract publica-
tions and services are not of prime importance in the recommended input
option. In addition, these services do not necessarily cover news tidbits
which are frequently given in "department" sections of trade journals or
magazines. However, the information covered by abstract services is broad
and gives good coverage of the technical literature.
Accordingly, the periodic use of abstracts as a source of information
to check the completeness of coverage of the primary literature search is
recommended. Specifically, it is recommended that a search be made every
6 months that would return items indexed in the most recent 6-month period,
and that two abstract sources (Engineering Index Monthly and Chemical
Abstracts) be searched. These both are available as computer data bases
(COMPENDEX and CHEMCON, respectively), and a search strategy should be
devised so that the desired information could be retrieved at an effort
currently estimated at about 2 to 3 technical man-hours per source accessed.
49
-------
The printout returned from the searches would be compared against the
articles culled via the primary periodicals search. This would allow assess-
ment of primary coverage, and also might suggest periodic updating or modi-
fication of the primary reference list.
Specific and limited abstract publications are also available and should
be reviewed. These include
o Copper Abstracts
o Lead Abstracts
o Selenium and Tellurium Abstracts
o Zinc Abstracts.
These are small, booklet-type publications with input independently culled
from the larger abstract sources. These can be visually scanned for perti-
nent items in just a few minutes per booklet. It is recommended that these
sources be reviewed as they are received by the library.
Another specific abstracting service that should be considered is the
recent World Aluminum Abstract Data Base, entitled "Aluminum Industry and
Environment". This new computerized source was brought to the attention of
Battelle by EPA and is not yet available as a Battelle library service. As
a consequence, we have not examined its content and potential utility, and
can only generally recommend its "consideration".
In addition to the above, a number of information sources stemming from
government-funded research and development are available. These include the
following:
o Defense/Aerospace Contract Quarterly
o Commerce Business Daily - Contract Awards
o NASA RTOP '
o DDC Work Unit Summaries (ERDA)
o Smithsonian Scientific Information Exchange (SSIE)
o TRIS (Department of Transportation)
o ERDA - Hoiifield Computer File (on-going programs)
o COMAT (an inventory initiated in FY 76 of total
government materials R&D).
For the most part, data from these sources would not be germane. However,
at least one of these sources, SSIE, should be assessed annually.
The Committee on Materials (COMAT) was chartered in 1975 by the Federal
Council for Science and Technology. The 'establishment of the COMAT inven-
tory of current R&D in materials from geological exploration through the
use and discard or recycling of spent materials is but one of the COMAT
functions. An inventory of current government-funded materials R&D has
been established. An effort to inventory current R&D conducted by industry
is expected in the near future. Presuming that the COMAT inventory is to
50
-------
be maintained on an annual basis, the annual access of this source would be
a valuable input in the maintenance of awareness of nonferrous metals tech-
nology and could be available at a very moderate cost
Annual searching of the SSIE and COMAT facilities is recommended. The
results would at least identify what research is in progress, and would
afford contacts for further information (report requests and personal con-
tact).
The total annual effort that would be required to meet the recommended
actions relative to abstract and current R&D information is estimated to be
on the order of 50 technical man-hours per year.
The comprehensive searching of each weekly issue of the Official
Gazette (U.S. Patents) is not recommended as an activity of the awareness
task.However, since it is believed that an awareness of the patent
information would be useful, it is recommended that a patent search service
should be subscribed to. It is understood that, with sufficiently narrowed
search terms, such a service can be obtained at modest cost (estimated
$100-200 annually). Details regarding patent search services are not avail-
able, but could be made available should the recommendation for the inclusion
of patent coverage for the awareness task be accepted.
In addition to the formal published literature, it is recommended that
company annual reports should be searched for information. Suggested com-
panies whose reports would be of interest are given in Section 6. While
company annual reports would be searched only once per year, this is a
recommended source of information.
To augment the information available through the above literature and
abstracting sources, attendance at, and participation in, selected relevant
meetings, conferences, or symposia are recommended. This recommended acti-
vity would be useful in the following ways:
(1) It would provide direct input of some recently completed
and on-going programs that might not appear in the
periodicals for some months.
(2) It would provide direct input of some information that
does not appear in published literature.
(3) It would allow the analyst to broaden his perspective
in selected areas of interest by attending discussions
which often add significantly to the formal material
presented.
(4) It would provide the opportunity to meet and dis-
cuss topics with industrial, academic, and government
representatives.
51
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(5) When papers can be presented based on task activities,
this should be done to assist in continuing rapport with
other attendees.
(6) It hopefully would allow the analyst to establish
contacts with key industry personnel. This could have
long-range benefits to the task effort by providing a
basis for continuing personal contacts.
Within the constraint imposed by the modest rate of effort desired by
EPA for the considered task, only one or two major meetings would be allowed
each year. The obvious meetings of first importance would be the Annual
Meeting of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers, typically held in February, and the Annual Conference of Metallur-
gists of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, customarily
meeting in August.
Many journals contain calendars of events relevant to their topic areas.
It is recommended that selected periodicals, such as the Journal of Metals,
C.I.M. Bulletin, and Mining Magazine be scanned for upcoming meeting announce-
ments.Abstract issues of metallurgically oriented periodicals would be
perused to select meetings for attendance. Where seminars or meetings of
potential special interest are announced for which programs are not normally
printed in the periodical literature, program details would be solicited
for review.
In addition to the above recommendations relating to formal technical
meetings and their proceedings, annual visits to selected organizations are
recommended. The principal organization recommended for at least exploratory
contact are as follows:
o The Aluminum Association (NYC)
o Copper Institute (NYC)
o Lead Industries Association (NYC)
o Zinc Institute (NYC)
o U.S. Copper Association (NYC)
o Refractory and Reactive Metals Association (NYC)
o American Mining Congress (Washington)
o Lead-Zinc Producers Committee (Washington)
o U.S. Department of Commerce,
Materials Division (Washington)
o U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines (Headquarters, Washington)
From past contacts, staff in most of these industrial associations and govern-
ment agencies are themselves charged with maintaining awareness of various
segments and operations of the nonferrous metals industry. This expertise
should be made available to the considered task on awareness of primary and
secondary nonferrous metals technology.
52
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As noted in this listing, the organizations that are considered most
pertinent are located in Washington and the metropolitan New York areas. It
is specifically recommended that a trip be planned to visit as many repre-
sentatives of the above-listed organizations as is practical, based on
exploratory phone discussions and within funding constraints.
Relative to this area of input (meetings and visitations) recommenda-
tions are as follows:
(1) Up to two extended annual meetings, symposia, or
seminar series should be attended annually.
(2) In lieu of attendance at-other meetings of pertinence,
proceedings would be ordered and/or individual authors
contacted for papers for review and analysis. These
would be identified by perusal of calendars of events
appearing in selected periodicals.
(3) A trip should be scheduled to visit selected trade
associations and government agencies.
(4) The results of these activities would be analyzed
for appropriate input to the awareness bulletins.
In addition, brief trip summary reports should be
prepared that might contain impressions or innuendos
that would not be appropriate to a technical aware-
ness bulletin, but still would have value to EPA.
The rate of effort estimated to be required for these activities is on the
order of 200 technical man-hours, allowing about 50 man-hours for the review
and analysis of pertinent purchased proceedings and/or collected papers.
(There is scant basis for estimating the volume of such proceedings, but it
is felt that this effort would be relatively modest.) An additional $1,500
would be required for expenses (travel, subsistence, meeting fees, litera-
ture purchase, telephone, etc.) associated with this recommended activity.
INFORMATION ANALYSIS
The analysis function of any information system depends upon a combina-
tion of factors, including the experience and background of the analyst,
the output form desired, and interaction of analyst and output user in the
evolution of the most appropriate taxonomy and stragegy regarding meaningful
output. These factors are considered for the awareness task analysis
function.
A key factor in meaningful information analysis is the experience and
background of the analyst. It is recommended that the awareness information
system be staffed with a metallurgically oriented analyst who is also experi-
enced in environmental aspects. Further, an analyst having familiarity with
the operation of information systems would be desirable.
53
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A newsletter-type output is recommended as the primary end product of
the information operation. Topics for such an Awareness Bulletin might
draw upon one or upon several related information inputs on a given subject
for review-and-analysis reporting. The analyst would extract from available
sources sufficient information to describe briefly the particular nonferrous
metal industry activity and also to assess the potential of this activity
for impact on the environment. It is recommended that the treatment of
topics in the Awareness Bulletin be as definitive as possible, in spite of
necessary brevity, and that presentation style and slant should conform to
specific EPA objectives and needs.
The above cannot be accomplished without considerable interaction
between the analyst and output user. While objectives and guidelines can
be stated prior to and during start-up of an information system, proof test-
ing of the adequacy of the output can best occur after experiencing a period
of operation. Thus, communications from user to analyst regarding the out-
put adequacy is recommended on a continuing basis. Such interaction should
allow for a continuing evolution of the output to permit responsiveness to
user needs. Strategies for information searching and treatment can thus be
developed progressively to serve the requirements.
The output option of topical reports is suggested to supplement the
awareness bulletin form of output should the need for in-depth studies in
selected areas become apparent. The topical report output form is suggested
as an add-on to the basic tasks of the information system. However, it is
recommended that the analyst involved in producing the Awareness Bulletin
should have key participation in the generation of any topical in-depth
report that may prove to be a desired byproduct stemming from the information
system activities. It is anticipated that the analyst would have firm
knowledge of the bulk of the information sources required for the preparation
of a topical report, as well as a preestablished familiarity with report user
requirements. Based on the experience of Battelle-Columbus, the analyst would
likely require the assistance of other specialists for specific inputs to a
topical report, but nevertheless should occupy a key position in coordinating
various inputs and in generating an overall analysis of the topical report.
INFORMATION OUTPUT
The Newsletter Format
It is recommended that a bimonthly newsletter output called an "Aware-
ness Bulletin" should be the primary product of the information operation.
The Awareness Bulletin should contain brief technology descriptions and
assessments of environmental implications of pertinent technological
development. The descriptions and analyses would be based on the informa-
tion contained in one or more information items revealed in the searching
operation plus any appropriate references from the prior literature and
other background information that the analyst might have. Such sketches
of the information items meriting attention would serve to alert the user
of the Awareness Bulletin to existing or new nonferrous metals technology
with specific emphasis on environmental implications.
54
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The recommendation for bimonthly publication is based in part upon the
crude results of the sample search conducted in this task, and in part upon
the modest level of rate of effort desired by EPA for the considered task.
Monthly reports would be preferable in maximizing the timely return of
analyses to EPA, but are considered to be beyond the limits of the desired
budget. Perhaps quarterly publication would be fiscally more compatible,
but is considered as a probable serious compromise of the desired timeli-
ness of reporting and analysis. The middle ground, bimonthly bulletins,
appears to be optimum, and this initial plan is recommended.
The recommended format of the Awareness Bulletin is a series of infor-
mation item presentations and analyses separated one from another in loose-
leaf arrangement. Each presentation should begin on a separate page.
Presentations might range from a half page to a few pages. It is anticipated
that they should not be more than three pages including any data tables or
figures to augment technology descriptions. The manuscript would be typed
on appropriately formatted pages (suggested sample shown in Figure 1). For
the limited number of copies presumed to be desired, office machine repro«-
duction (i.e., Xerox, IBM) would be efficient.
The above recommended loose-leaf arrangement also is amenable to the
information item filing system recommended. The filing system envisioned
is based on a preliminary taxonomy of three classes -- metal, process, and
environmental impact -- each with a number of appropriate categories. The
system recommended is typified by the sample classification given in Table 7.
Each information item presented in the Awareness Bulletin should be identi-
fied in a prominent place (e.g., adjacent to heading) with the appropriate
filing code number per Table 7. Information items should be separated after
the first perusal of the Awareness Bulletin (or some other appropriate time
interval) for filing in the Awareness Bulletin file (loose-leaf notebook)
under the appropriate classification and category. The producer of the
Awareness Bulletin should follow the same scheme as the user in filing the
information contained in issued bulletins.
The notebook file should be fitted with section separator pages (with
labels) for the categories of the primary classification — metals (i.e.,
section for copper, section for lead and zinc, etc. per Table 7). Within
these major sections of the file, the information items should be arranged
according to the additional classification schemes of processing operation
and environmental impact per Table 7. It is recognized that the filing
rank and order recommended here is arbitrary and that it could be modified
to best reflect user requirements. However, the system is flexible enough
to accommodate several different filing schemes, and should be implemented
to permit the most convenient retrieval of information items from prior
Awareness Bulletin issues.
In addition to the filing scheme described, it is recommended that
each Awareness Bulletin issue contain a master reference page (references
for individual item presentations also should appear at the end of each
item presented). The master reference page would be an index for each
Awareness Bulletin issue, consisting of headings of the information items
55
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USEPA - AWARENESS BULLETIN Cata1ogue_
(Nonferrous Metals Technology) Page
SUBJECT:
Figure 1. A Possible Awareness Bulletin Format
56
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TABLE 7. SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION AND INDEXING SYSTEM RECOMMENDED FOR USE
IN REPORTING AND FILING INFORMATION ITEMS PRESENTED IN AWARENESS BULLETINS
(a)
en
Primary Classification
Metals
Copper (+As, Se, Te)
Lead and Zinc (+Sb, Cd, Tl )
Aluminum (+Ga)
Titanium (+Zr, Hf)
Molybdenum (+Sn)
Rare Earths (+Y)
Beryllium (Be)
Mercury (Hg)
Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt)
Tungsten (W)
Vanadium (V)
Co lumbi urn/Tantalum (Cb, Ta)
Nickel (+Co, Mn)
Magnesium (Mg)
Multiple
Unspecified
Index
No.
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Secondary Classification
Process' '
Mining (P)
Beneficiation (P)
Smelting/Extraction (P)
Refining (P+S)
Ingot Melting (P+S)
Presmelting (S)
Smelting/Extraction (S)
Recycling Unspecified (S)
Multiple (P+S)
Index
No.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Tertiary Classi
Environmental
Impact
Air (Human)
Air (Ecology)
Water (Human)
Water (Ecology)
Land (Human)
Land (Ecology)
Noise
Multiple
Not Determined
fi cat ion
Index
No.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
(a) A three-tier system based on primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications having multiple
categories within classifications as shown. Example: Index No. 07.8.1 would indicate
beryllium scrap recycling operations with human health environmental impact implications.
(b) P = primary operations; S = secondary operations
-------
presented, followed by the references used in preparing that item. Each
entry on the master reference page should be identified with the appropriate
filing code number. Further, pagination of each bulletin should include the
issue number and year, as well as the specific page number. Markings, as
above, would serve to identify items from bulletins, pertinent references,
and their currency even after disassembly of bulletins.
Master reference pages should be subsequently filed in the loose-leaf
file in the reference section — suggested as the first or opening section
of the file. This arrangement should allow for the rapid scanning of file
contents and easy retrieval of or reference to write-ups of particular
interest. The producer of the Awareness Bulletin should follow the same
scheme as the user in filing the information items contained in issued
bulletins. Since no other permanent file of the information items used in
generating the Awareness Bulletin is recommended, this scheme is suggested
as a minimum cost method of accomplishing the information storage function.
The sample classification scheme recommended in Table 7 represents a
useful indexing and filing system. The most useful detailed system will
undoubtedly evolve as the generation of an Awareness Bulletin progresses.
An important initial step in planning for the publication of the bulletin
will be the mutual agreement between the EPA Project Officer and the analyst
concerning the details of the taxonomy. Insofar as possible, the system
should be devised to allow updating without the necessity for revision of
indexing terms of prior publications.
The In-Depth Topical Report
It is recommended that Topical In-Depth Reports should be considered
on an add-on basis as an appropriate adjunctive activity of the information
system should the need for such reports develop. Since the specific needs,
objectives, levels-of-effort, timeliness, etc. applicable to Topical Reports
cannot be anticipated, the only firm recommendation pertaining to such
details is that the information sources and analysts of the awareness task
should be used for any pertinent in-depth study requirements that develop.
Objectives, funding, and details for the preparation of Topical Reports
should be negotiated at the time of need.
Communications
No formal visitation or telephone communication schedules are recom-
mended for the awareness task. However, it is recommended that frequent
communications between analyst and project officer and other users of the
information system should be established early in the life of the system.
The interaction should serve to modify and adjust system elements, partic-
ularly output, to best serve the awareness function. As the system matures
and the adjustment needs diminish, continued informal personal communica-
tions via letter or telephone, and about two formal meetings per year, are
recommended to serve any further system modification function and the
58
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interactive inquiry-answering type service that may infrequently but neces-
sarily be required. Inquiry answering for parties requesting output that
were not a part of the USEPA community should be established on a fee per
service basis.
RATE OF EFFORT ESTIMATES
From the recommended methodology, the following discussion presents
estimates of the operational rates of effort and rationales expressed in
man-hours (per year) for the various functions of the information system.
Input from Periodicals
Screening—
From the mix of daily, weekly, monthly, bimonthly, and quarterly
periodicals comprising the preferred list, 258 issues of periodicals would
be available for screening for each bimonthly Awareness Bulletin issue.
The breakdown of periodicals from the preferred list in terms of where
published, publication frequency, and number of issues to be screened per
Awareness Bulletin, is given in Table 8. The rate-of-effort requirements
for screening these issues are as follows.
A screening time of about 5 minutes per issue is estimated to suffice
for the screening of about half of the English language periodicals (issues)
where no "department" or page-by-page screening is necessary. About the
same length of screening time per issue is estimated to suffice for screening
the tables of contents and the recording of titles of apparent interest for
the foreign language periodicals. (Only three of the foreign language
periodicals in the recommended listing do not have English tables of con-
tents or English abstracts.) Issues of periodicals in the above category
would require about 60 man-hours per year for screening.
The balance of periodical issues recommended for screening per Aware-
ness Bulletin (about 115 issues) is estimated to require on the order of
15 minutes screening time per issue. These 115 issues per reporting period
would therefore require about 170 man-hours per year for screening.
In addition to the screening times cited above, it is estimated that
20 man-hours per year would be required for translation of tables of contents
of the three foreign language periodicals identified. Thus, the total
screening operation is estimated to require 250 man-hours per year, largely
accomplished by junior technical staff.
Copying Service—
Articles or news items of pertinence identified by the screening opera-
tion would be copied. A flat charge for copying is typically $0.07 per
page. On the basis of the trial search, the roughly 258 issues of period-
icals to be screened per reporting period may yield on the order of 200 to
300 items ranging from brief news items to full-length technical articles
per bulletin issue. With an assumption that the average number of pages
59
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TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF NUMBER OF PERIODICAL ISSUES RECOMMENDED
TO BE SCREENED FOR EACH BIMONTHLY AWARENESS BULLETIN
Issues Printed
in English
Publication
Frequency
No. of
Type to be
Screened
U.S., British, and Canadian
Daily
Weekly
Monthly^
Bimonthly
Quarterly
Total
Foreign Pub!
Monthly
Bimonthly
Quarterly
Total
Grand Total
2
8
20
1
3
30
i cations
13
0
1
14
44
Issues
Screened per
Bulletin(a)
Publications
88
72
40
1
2
203
26
0
2/3
26-2/3
229-2/3
Issues Printed in
Foreign Language but
with English Table of
Contents or Abstracts
No. of
Type to be
Screened
—
—
10
2
1
13
57
Issues
Screened per
Bulletin(a)
—
—
—
20
2
2/3
22-2/3
252-1/3
Issues Printed
in Foreign
Language
No. of
Type to be
Screened
__
—
—
3
0
3
3
60
Issues
Screened per
Bulletin(a)
:
—
—
6
0
6
6
258-1/3
(a) Considering 22 issues per month per daily periodical and 4.5 issues per month per weekly periodical.
(b) Includes four monthly metal abstract bulletins (copper, lead, zinc, and Se/Te) not listed with
preferred periodicals.
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per information item would be about four, the total copying cost is roughly
estimated at $500/year. The reproduced copy would be delivered to the
analyst for selection, review, and analysis.
Translation—
In addition to the nominal requirement for table-of-contents transla-
tions for screening purposes, a few carefully selected articles from foreign
language journals are anticipated to be sufficiently important to warrant
translation for detailed analysis. Without actual trial, there is no basis
for estimating the number, size, or languages for these, all of which would
influence the costs of translation. However, in keeping with the desire to
maintain a modest program, it is suggested that $2,000 be appropriated
initially for foreign article translations. Based on rough guidelines from
Battelle-Columbus' Foreign Science Library's translation staff, this might
allow for as few as 2 to 4 or as many as 8 to 10 full or partial transla-
tions.
Selection for Review and Analysis--
The analyst, upon receipt of articles and translations, would scan the
information and select those writings that are truly pertinent, and perform
initial subject cataloguing in line with the agreed-upon taxonomy. This
selection process would reduce the volume of literature to a reasonable
size for a bimonthly bulletin. This would best be done on a daily, or at
least weekly basis, and would require an estimated 3 hours per week, or an
annual effort on the order of 155 man-hours.
Other Inputs
Library Abstract Services--
Semi-annual access of two abstract services, and annual access of
research in progress and report literature have been recommended. The
estimated annual cost of these searches, plus the recommended patent search
to be performed as library or literature research services, is $600. In
addition to the access charges, an estimated 50 hours of an analysts time
per year would be required for analysis (comparison of the search results
with periodical screening results) and ordering of documents to augment
the input from periodical literature as required.
Meetings and Visits--
The recommended attendance at meetings (two major technical conferences
per year) and visits to pertinent trade associations and selected government
agencies (a concentrated one-week trip) would require an estimated 200 man-
hours for the direct duties and the reporting and analysis of significant
findings. In addition, travel and subsistence funds in support of these
activities might amount to roughly $1,500.
Review and Analysis
In the preparation of the recommended bimonthly Awareness Bulletin, the
analyst would individually review, analyze, and prepare a brief written
commentary for each selected item for each catalogue subject included.
61
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This review and analysis operation would be expected to further cull
the information to the truly significant items. As previously described,
each catalogue subject would be prepared as an independent "mini-report"
for inclusion in the Awareness Bulletin to facilitate filing by the user.
Based on similar review and analysis activities (e.g., "Reviews" pre-
pared for MCIC at Battelle), we estimate that 90 to 100 hours of analyst
time would be required for the review/analysis/manuscript preparation for
each of the bimonthly Awareness Bulletin issues that are recommended. The
total annual estimate is accordingly 570 man-hours for this function.
Awareness Bulletin Publication and Distribution
The text, tables, figures and references of the Awareness Bulletin
would be prepared according to the format previously described or with
modifications as desired. The limited number of copies (e.g., 5 or 6
maximum) would be reproduced and distributed. The precise typing, drafting,
editing and reproduction costs would, of course, vary with the number of
pages per issue. This is unknown without trial, but as a rough estimate,
it is assumed that 10 pages would be a reasonable length for a typical
Awareness Bulletin. With this presumption, the preparation, reproduction,
and distribution of each bulletin is estimated to require 20 hours for
office staff and 10 hours for technical staff. Annual requirements would
thus be 120 hours and 60 hours, respectively. Charges for materials,
supplies, and direct equipment use are estimated at $200 per year for
this function.
Supportive Activities
In addition to the direct operations cited above, costs would be
associated with supportive activities deemed essential to the performance
of this task. These include:
o Telephone and letter communications and visits with the EPA
Project Officer
o Telephone and letter communications in connection with
obtaining information, pre-prints, reprints, and visits
to industry associations and government agencies
o Required task coordination and administration expenses not
directly related to specific Awareness Bulletin activities.
The costs for such supportive activities are estimated at 10 percent
of the costs directly accruing to the obtaining, culling, review and
analysis, and publication-associated costs for the Awareness Bulletin
operations.
Summary of Estimated Rate of Effort
Table 9 summarizes the estimated effort, and translates this into total
estimated costs for the categorized labor grades and overheads currently
62
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TABLE 9. ESTIMATED ANNUAL RATE OF EFFORT IN MAN-HOURS AND
OTHER COSTS BY ACTIVITY FOR THE AWARENESS BULLETIN TASK
CO
Activity
Screening
Copying
Translation
Selection
Abstracts
Meetings & Visits
Review & Analysis
Bulletin Production
Subtotals
(Dollar Equivalents)
Supportive Activities
(At VI 0 Percent of Above)
Sr. Technical
—
—
—
155
50
200
570
60
1,035
($39,340)
($3,934)
Estimated Annual Man-hours
f a\ /k\ ic\
^ ' Jr. Technical v/ Nontechnical v '
250
— —
— —
— —
— —
_ _
— —
120
250 120
($6,250) ($1,550)
($625) ($155)
Other Costs
—
$ 500
2,000
—
600
1,500
—
200
$4,800
($4,800)
($480)
Overall Estimated Cost
is $57,140
(a) Assume fully burdened cost of $38/Hr.
(b) Assume fully burdened cost of $25/Hr.
(c) Assume fully burdened cost of $13/Hr.
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exant at Battelle-Columbus. The largest element of cost accrues to the
recommendation for use of a senior technical staff member with expertise
as previously described.
The costs associated with the indicated levels of effort are, of
course, somewhat flexible according to specific salary rates for the
individuals that might be assigned. The level of effort (required man hours)
is based on the preferred option recommendations resulting from discussions
with the EPA Task Officer. Certainly other options or modifications may
be considered at either modestly greater or lesser levels of effort. For
example, limiting meeting attendance to one major technical meeting per
year, and visitation to 4 instead of 10 to 12 organizations would result
in roughly $4,000 less expenditure. Placing stringent limitations on
retrievals from literature searching could reduce appreciably the selec-
tion effort required, and to some extent the review and analysis and
bulletin preparation requirements. Such options would, of course, diminish
the scope and/or depth of analysis that would otherwise be possible.
64
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APPENDIX A
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF ALL DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN PERIODICALS EXAMINED
FOR PERTINENCY TO THE AWARENESS TASK
The listing is given in Table A-l. The first column, Document Title,
establishes the alphabetical order of listing for all documents examined,
both domestic and foreign publications. The second, third, fourth, and
fifth columns represent the numbers of pertinent information items found
during the source sampling exercise in periodical issues A, B, and C, and
totals (labeled SUM). Blanks in these columns indicate issues not examined
either because they were not available or because the document was judged
to be inappropriate to the task (rated X in the adjacent sixth column).
The sixth column, labeled RATE, has entries indicating the overall
value of the document to the awareness task. The G rating, for Good,
was assigned to the most appropriate documents. M ratings were assigned
to documents of moderate interest and X ratings were given documents
having little or no pertinence to the considered task.
The seventh column, labeled RANK, has entries based on the number
of pertinent information items found per document indicating highest
priority (the lowest rank number) for documents having the highest
number of information items. However, the rank number is subordinate
to the rating. That is, a document wherein only four items were found
during the sampling of three issues and rated G, was ranked higher than
a document wherein ten items were found but was rated M, etc.
Whereas the rating and ranking of periodicals is disordered
when the listing is in alphabetical order as in Table A-l, rated and
ranked (ordered) presentations of documents are given in Sections 6
and 7.
The eighth column, labeled ID NOS., merely represents a document
identification number for internal purposes.
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TABLE A-l. ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN PERIODICALS
EXAMINED FOR PERTINENCY TO THE AWARENESS TASK
No. Items' '
Found In
Document Title
Acta Metal lurgica
Air Conditioning, Heating and
Refrigeration
American Machinist
American Metal Market
Assembly Engineering
A
0
0
4
Australasian Corrosion Engineering 0
Australasian Institute of Mining
And Metallurgical Proc.
Australian Mining
Archiwum Hutnictwa/Pan (Poland)
Automatic Machining
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati
Lapok-Banyaszat (Hungary)
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati
Lapok-Kohaszat (Hungary)
Banyasyaii Es Kohazati
Lapok-Ontode (Hungary)
Barrens Business and Financial
Weekly
Bell Labs Record
Bui. Res. Inst. Mineral Dressing
and Met., Tohoku Univ.
Business Week
Canadian Journal of Chemistry
Canadian Journal of Physics
Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
Canadian Mining and Metallur-
gical Bulletin
2
0
2
1
2
1
0
2
1
1
1
B
0
4
1
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
C
0
4
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
1
Sum
0
0
12
3
6
4
4
1
2
1
2
5
2
2
3
Rat!
X
X
X
G
X
G
G
G
G
X
M
G
G
M
X
G
M
X
X
G
G
) (c) 1°
Rank Nos.
130
131
158
10
159
26
16
21
24
160
80
31
41
67
189
19
65
188
187
35
27
740
750
760
100
770
36
34
35
5
780
63
64
65
410
790
85
110
800
810
120
140
(continued)
66
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TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Document Title
Canadian Mining Journal
Canadian Research and
Devel opment
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Week
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des
Seances L. Acad. Sciences, B
Compes Rendus Hebodomadaires Des
Seances L. Acad. Sciences, D
Control Engineering
Corrosion
Corrosion Science
Critical Reviews in Environ-
mental Control
Czechoslovak Heavy Industry
Design Engineering
DFVLR Nachrichten (Germany)
Doklady Akademii Nauk (USSR)
No. Items^
Found In
A
0
0
1
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
1
Electrowarme-International (Germany) 0
Engineer
Engineering
Engineering and Mining Journal
Engineering Materials and Design
Environmental Science and Tech-
nology
Erzmetall (Germany)
Filtration and Separation
Fitzika Metalov I.
Metal! ovedeniye (USSR)
Fonderia (Italy)
0
0
3
0
0
6
7
0
1
B
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
3
0
0
C
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
3
4
0
0
Sum
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
8
0
1
13
14
0
1
Ratea)
G
X
M
X
M
M
X
X
X
X
G
X
. X
G
X
X
X
M
X
G
G
X
X
M
a»
34
127
64
110
92
123
186
185
184
118
38
128
154
30
136
111
119
53
120
46
9
103
115
74
Nos.
130
710
440
430
56
55
820
830
840
580
3
720
47
79
17
450
590
150
600
1000
18
470
1
21
(continued)
67
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
No. Items*3'
Found In
Document Title
Foundry Management and Technology
Foundry Trade Journal
Giesserei (Germany)
Giesserei Forschung (Germany)
Gieszereitechnik (Germany) x
Hansa (Germany)
Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning
Hitachi Review (Japan)
Hungarian Heavy Industry
Hutnik (Czechoslovakia)
Hutnik (Poland)
Hutnicke Li sty (Czechoslovakia)
Hydrometallurgy
IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems
IHI Engineering Review (Japan)
Ilmailu (Finland)
Indian And Eastern Engineer
Indian Journal of Technology
Industrial Water Engineering
Industrie!! Teknik (Sweden)
Industry Week
Inorganic Chemistry
International Journal of Mineral
Processing (Neth.)
International Metallurgical Reviews
Inzynieria Chemiczna (Poland)
Iron Age
A
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
2
0
4
0
1
6
0
1
1
B
2
1
3
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
10
0
2
0
5
0
1
2
0
0
0
C
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
1
0
2
4
0
1
2
0
0
1
Sum
4
3
4
0
2
1
2
1
0
1
18
1
4
2
13
0
3
10
0
1
2
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
X
M
G
X
M
X
X
G
G
M
M
G
M
X
M
X
M
G
X
X
M
X
G
X
M
G
107
62
22
140
63
152
183
44
39
81
85
42
50
182
71
151
58
33
104
144
61
181
11
124
72
36
(d)
ID
Nos.
460
480
41
42
19
49
850
84
4
62
6
61
1006
860
12
51
81
38
510
52
160
870
25
680
7
180
(continued)
68
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Document Title
Iron Age Metal working
International (Neth.)
No. Items' '
Found In
A
0
Izvestiya Acad. Nauk USSR, Metal ly 3
Izvestiya, VUZ, Tsvetnaya
Metal lurgiya (USSR)
Jernkontorets Annaler (Sweden)
journal of Applied Mechanics
(ASME Transactions)
Journal of Applied Physics
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Journal of Heat Transfer
(ASME Transactions
Journal of Metals (AIME)
Journal of Pressure Vessel
Technology (ASME Trans.)
Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research (India)
Journal of The Air Pollution
Control Association
Journal of The American Water
Works Association
Journal Faculty of Eng.,
Tokyo Univ., Series A
Journal Faculity of Eng.,
Tokyo Univ., Series B
Journal Of The Japan
Institute Of Metals
Journal Of The Water Pollution
Control Federation
Kinzoku (Japan)
Kjemi (Sweden)
Kokubo (Japan)
6
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
B
0
1
13
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
C
0
7
0
0
12
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
Sum
0
4
26
0
1
14
0
3
1
0
0
0
4
1
0
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
M
M
G
X
X
X
G
X
G
X
M
G
M
M
M
M
M
M
X
X
88
59
1
138
180
179
48
178
7
177
89
28
75
94
97
87
55
69
145
156
ID(d>
Nos.
26
73
2
28
880
890
1070
900
500
910
39
200
190
93
94
14
210
15
54
86
(continued)
69
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
No. Items ^
Found In
Document Title
La Fonderia Beige (Belgium)
La Metallurgia Italiana (Italy)
Machine Design
Materials Engineering
Materials Evaluation
Materials Science and Engineering
Material no-Tekhni ches ko
Snaboyavane (Bulgaria)
MBB-Aktuell (Germany)
Mechanical Engineering
Metal Construction
Metal Science
Metal Week
Metal 1 (Germany)
Metal lovedeniya I Termicheskaya
Obrabotka Metal lov (USSR)
Metal lurg (USSR)
Metallurgia ABM (Brazil)
Metallurgical Transactions
(ASM, AIME) Section A
Metallurgical Transactions
(ASM, AIME) Section B
Metal! urgicheskaya I Gornorudnaya
Promyshlennost (USSR)
Metals and Materials
Metals Technology
Metalurgia (Rumania)
Metalurgija (Yugoslavia)
Mineral Research Bulletin
A
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
1
0
3
0
4
0
1
0
B
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
Sum
0
0
0
0
0
4
8
0
0
3
0
9
0
4
0
2
0
(a) (b)
Rate Rank
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
G
G
X
X
M
X
M
M
X
M
G
M
113
86
176
175
174
173
132
153
172
121
122
20
12
190
133
60
112
52
105
108
99
37
84
ID(d)
Nos.
27
22
920
930
940
950
66
48
960
640
650
620
20
74
75
31
330
320
76
560
660
10
80
490
(continued)
70
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Document Title
Minerals Science and
Engineering (South Africa)
Mine and Quarry
Mining Congress Journal
Mining Engineering
Mining Journal
Mining Magazine
Modern Castings
Modern Metals
Modern Power and Engineering
Nat. Metallurgical Lab. Tech.
Journal (India)
National Technical Report (Japan)
Neue Hutte (East Germany)
NKG Transactions Of The Japan
Institute of Metals
Ocean Engineering
Ochrona Powietrza (Poland)
Paydirt
Polymer Engineering and Science
No
A
4
1
4
4
8
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Prace Instytutow Hutniczych (Poland) 0
Product Engineering
Problemy Projektowo Hutnictwa I
Przemyslu Maszynowego (Poland)
Prometal (Switzerland)
Radex Rundschau (Germany)
Report Inst. of Industrial
Science, Tokyo Univ.
Research/Devel opment
2
0
1
0
0
. Items ™
Found In
B
3
4
7
0
7
5
0
0
0
6
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
C
4
2
0
8
3
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
1
Sum
7
9
13
4
23
11
1
1
0
6
0
7
0
3
1
5
0
1
0
1
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
G
X
G
M
G
M
M
M
X
G
X
G
M
X
G
G
X
M
X
M
X
M
M
M
13
106
8
57
2
51
83
76
129
17
116
14
91
171
29
49
170
73
169
54
114
79
102
78
ID
Nos.
33
260
250
230
520
270
630
310
730
40
13
50
83
970
8
1080
980
9
990
70
30
45
95
300
(continued)
71
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Document Title
Revista Latinoamericana De
Siderurgia (Chile)
Revue De L Aluminum (France)
Revue De Metal lurgie (France)
Revue General e Des Techniques
La Metal. Const. Mech.
Revue International Hautes
Temp. Refracktaires
Revue Les Meoires Scientifiques
De La Revue De Metal lurgie
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Rubber World
Rudodobiv (Bulgaria)
Rudy I Metal e Niezelazne (Poland)
Scandinavian Journal of
Metallurgy (Sweden)
Science of Sintering (Yugoslavia)
Science Reports Research Inst.,
Tohoku Univ., Series A
Sea Technology
Separation Science
Shin Boei Ronshu (Japan)
Skill ings Mining Review
Society of Mining Engineers,
Transactions (AIME)
Spisanie Na Bulgarskoto Geologi-
chesko Druzhestvo (Bulgaria)
Sprechsaal (Germany)
Sumitomo Metals (Japan)
Tetsu-To-Hagane (Japan)
Teknikens Vorld (Sweden)
No. Items ^
Found In
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
1
0
0
2
9
1
0
0
0
B
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
1
8
1
0
0
Sum
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
7
1
0
0
6
19
2
0
0
0
(a) (b)
Rate Rank
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
G
G
G
M
X
M
X
G
G
M
X
M
X
X
139
146
137
148
147
90
168
167
6
15
43
100
166
96
157
18
4
66
143
95
135
150
(d)
ID
Nos.
32
57
23
60
58
24
1005
1010
67
71
29
11
92
1020
290
87
280
380
68
46
89
16
53
(continued)
72
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
Document Title
The British Foundryman
The Mine Magazine
The Sumitomo Search (Japan)
33-Magazine, Metal Producing
Tooling and Production
Trade Times, Japanese Machinery
Exporters Assoc. Bull.
Transactions Of The Indian
Institute of Metals
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section A
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section B
Trans. Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Section C
Trans, of The Nat. Research
Inst. for Metals (Japan)
Trudy Inst. Metal lurgii I
Obogashcheniia Acad. Nauk.
Kazakh, SSR
Tsvetnyye Metal ly (USSR)
VDI Zeitschrift (Germany)
Verres Et Refractaires (France)
VGB Kraft Werkstechnik (Germany)
Wall Street Journal
Water Air and Soil Pollution
Water and Pollution Control
Water and Wastes Engineering
Water Research
Welding Design and Fabrication
No. I terns ^
Found In
A
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
1
8
12
0
0
2
1
0
1
2
0
B
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
6
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
C
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Sum
0
1
0
4
0
2
0
4
1
1
18
22
0
0
4
1
0
1
4
0
(b) (c)
Rate Rank
X
M
X
G
X
M
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
X
X
X
M
M
X
M
X
X
117
68
134
23
164
101
32
47
25
45
40
5
3
141
149
142
56
70
126
77
109
125
(d)
IDV '
Nos.
570
1004
90
420
1040
88
82
1001
1002
1003
91
78
77
43
59
44
390
1005
700
350
360
690
(continued)
73
-------
TABLE A-l. (Continued)
No. Items ^
Found In (b) (c)
Document Title
Welding Journal
Wiadmosci Hutnicze (Poland)
World Mining (Australia)
Zashchita Na Prirodata (Bulgaria)
A B C Sum Rate
X
000 0 M
322 7 G
X .
Rank
162
98
15
155
i
(d)
ID* '
Nos.
1060
72
37
69
(a) The second, third, fourth, and fifth columns (A, B, C, and SUM, respec-
tively) represent the numbers of pertinent information items found in
the search of periodical issues.
(b) The sixth column (RATE) indicates an overall value of the document to
the awareness task. G = Good, M = Moderate interest, X = Little or
No interest.
(c) The seventh column (RANK) indicates priority order based on number of
information items found per document. RANK is subordinate to RATE.
All documents examined are included in the RANK order (i.e., Domestic
and Foreign publications).
(d) The eighth column (ID Nos.) indicates an internal identification
number.
Note: There are no periodicals ranked 82, 93, 161, 163, or 165. There are
two documents ranked 15.
74
-------
APPENDIX B
COMAT RETRIEVAL DESCRIPTION
COMAT is a BASIC language computer data package prepared for
the FCST - authorized Committee on Materials. It contains about
2,300 records describing federally-funded materials research and
development programs. The file is maintained by Battelle-Columbus
as part of the BASIS program.
COMAT was accessed as a demonstration for Task 54 and the print-
out is given in Table B-l. Three retrievals were made, as follows:
(1) Metal ores ojr nonferrous metals were combined with
mine development, mining, primary metal winning
processes, or waste management as processing opera-
tions. A total of 25 records were retrieved, and
are shown in the following list under PRINT 9
(Page B-2).
(2) For the above records, an added specification to
select programs dealing in part with a description
of emission sources or emission reduction was keyed.
This reduced the retrieval to two records. These
are displayed under PRINT 11 in the following list
(Page B-10).
(3) Only one of the 25 records described a project that
is in force (or was planned for FY 76) that was
started primarily because of a desire to influence
the impact on the environment. This is displayed
under PRINT 13 (Page B-ll).
75
-------
TABLE B-l. RECORDS FROM THE COMAT DATA BASE
RECORD 1
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
RECORD 2
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 3
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
PRINT 9
111
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
BENEFICIATION OF NONMAGNETIC TACONITES
9366/5170
DOI
BU MINES
MET
700
CONT
PROC
MATL
MTOR
SR :
DEV
REDEV
MNRL
PRM
NORN
MTRS
MOM
114
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
PROCESSING COPPER-NICKEL AND COPPER ORES
9366/5166
DOI
BU MINES
MET
300
CONT
DEV
REDEV
MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
PROC
MATL
MTOR
PRM
COBALT
ADDE NICKEL
SILVER
GRADE RESOURCE
: DULUTH GABBRO
ENVIRONMENT
NICKEL
LOW-
121
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
ELECTRO DEPOSITION TECHNOLOGY
9367/5148
DOI
BU MINES
MET
160
CONT
PREF : COST
METL : MP : IND
NFRS : METL : PRMAT : MOM
(continued)
76
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 4
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 5
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 6
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
REF : PRM
COPPER : CHANNEL CELL
129
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
NICKEL RECOVERY FROM WESTERN RESOURCES
9368/4580
DOI
BU MINES
MET
360
PROC
MATL
MTOR
SR :
COBALT
DEV
REDEV
MARL
PRM
NORN
MTRS
MOM
132
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF IRON AND TITANIUM FROM TITANIFEROUS MAGNETITES
9368/4582
DOI
BU MINES
MET
300
INIT
PROC : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MARL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
CONV : PRM
LOW-GRADE RESOURCE : SMELTING : FLUORSPAR
133
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF CHROMIUM FROM DOMESTIC SOURCES
9368/4583
DOI
BU MINES
MET
130
PROC : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MOM
CONV : PRM
LOW-GRADE RESOURCE : CHROMITE : STILLWATER COMPLEX
(continued)
77
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
RECORD 7
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
RECORD 8
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
RECORD 9
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 10
ACCESSION NO
134
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
STEEL FROM PREREDUCED PELLETS
9368/4570
DO I
BU MINES
MET
70
CONT
PROC
METL
MTOR
REF :
DEV
MP :
MNRL
PRM
IND
: NORN
MTRS
135
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
CHLORINATION OF ILMENITE
9368/4574
DO I
BU MINES
MET
330
CONT
PROC : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS
CONV : PRM
MOM
MOM
145
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
PRODUCTION OF ALUMINA FROM DOMESTIC RESOURCES
9369/4057
DOI
BU MINES
MET
240
CONT
PROC : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
SR : PRM
CLAY : LEACHING : ALUMINUM : LOW-GRADE RESOURCE
147
(continued)
78
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 11
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 12
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM REFRACTORY OR LOW-GRADE RESOURCES
9369/4076
DO I
BU MINES
MET
,360
CONT
PROC : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
PRM
GOLD : ELECTRODEPOSITION
148
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF HEAVY MINERALS
9369/4075
DO I
BU MINES
MET
80
INIT
PROC
MATL
MTOR
RECVA
BLACK J
CHROM3
DEV
REDEV
MNRL
: WAST
5ANDS :
[TE
: NORN
TAILINGS
MTRS
MOM
MAGNETITE
ILMENITE
149
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
LOW-COST METALS FOR NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION
9369/4072
DOI
BU MINES
MET
200
CONT
COST
NUCS : EPG : ENRG
MNRL NORN : MTRS : MOM
PREF
FIS
MTOR
SR :
ZIRCONIUM
HAFNIUM
SEPARATION
(continued)
79
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
RECORD 13
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 14
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 15
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
150
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF LEAD AND ZINC FROM SULFIDE CONCENTRATES BY
CHLORINE LEACHING
9369/4071
DO I
BU MINES
MET
520
CONT
PROC : DEV
METL : MP : IND
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
PRM
PROC : REDN : EMIS : ELECTRO DEPOSITION : FUSED SALT
153
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
COPPER PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
9370/4121
DO I
BU MINES
MET
175
CONT
PROC DEV
METL MP : IND
MTOR MNRL : NORN : MTRS
PRM
CHALCOPYRITE
MOM
155
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
GOLD AND SILVER MINERAL PROCESSING
9370/4127
DOI
BU MINES
MET
180
CONT
PROC
MATL
MTOR
SR :
LOW-GR/
DEV
REDEV
MNRL
PRM
IDE RESO
NORN
MTRS
MOM
REFRACTORY ORE
LEACHING
(continued)
80
-------
TABLE B-1. (Continued)
RECORD. 16
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($) •
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
RECORD 17
ACCESION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 18
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
RECORD 19
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
156
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF TUNGSTEN FROM SEARLES
9370/4129
DOI
BU MINES
MET
100
CONT
LAKE BRINES
PROC
MATL
MTOR
SR :
DEV
REDEV
MNRL
PRM
NORN
MTRS
MOM
157
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF MANGANESE FROM OCEAN NODULES
9370/4141
DOI
BU MINES
MET
50
CONT
PROC : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
CONV : PRM
SEA NODULES : NICKEL : COPPER : COBALT
160
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
IMPROVED COPPER LEACHING
9370/4123
DOI
BU MINES
MET
235
CONT
PROC
METL
MTOR
PRM
DEV
MP :
MNRL
IND
: NORN
MTRS
MOM
165
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
(continued)
81
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 20
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 21
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 22
ACCESSION NO
COBALT AND NICKEL RECOVERY FROM MISSOURI LEAD ORES
9371/4156
DOI
BU MINES
MET
125
CONT
PROC : DEV
SEMAT : MP
MTOR
RECVA
MNRL
WAST
CHALCOPYRITE
IND
NORN
SIEGENITE
MTRS
MOM
TAILINGS
BYPRODUCT
166
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
BASE-METAL PROCESSING
9371/4111
DOI
BU MINES
MET
300
CONT
PROC : DEV
SEMAT : MP : IND
MTOR : MNRL : NORN
PRM
LOW-GRADE RESOURCE :
NICKEL : BYPRODUCT
MTRS
MOM
SPHALERITE : ZINC
: ELECTRODEPOSITION
COBALT
174
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
MINIPLANT EVALUATION OF ALUMINA RECOVERY PROCESS
9486/4191
DOI
BU MINES
MET
730
CONT
PPLT EVAL
MATL REDEV
MTOR MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
SR : PRM
ALUMINUM : ALUNITE : ANORTHOSITE : COST EVALUATION
LOW GRADE RESOURCE
646
(continued)
82
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
CONTRACTOR
ENVMAT
TITLE
SPONSOR
FUNDING ($)
ENVFUN
ENVTYP
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 23
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
RECORD 24
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
OTHER
METAL : PROCES
PROCESS EVALUATION WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT RELATIVE TO NONFERROUS METALS
PROCESSING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1073
PRODUC
MULTI : EMIS
CONT
PROC : DEV
ENVQ
NFRS : METL : PRMAT : MOM : ADDE POL
DISP : WAST
PROC : REDN : EMIS : POLLUTANTS : RESIDUALS ;
POINT SOURCE : INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES : COPPER
1057
PRIVATE
DESIGN OF LARGE ALUMINA PILOT PLANTS
DO I
BU MINES
MET
2005
1/1
MRSE : DEV
MATL : REDEV
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
SR : PRM
ALUMINUM
LOW-GRADE RESOURCE
1060
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
CONVERSION PLANTS
9448/5158
DO I
BU MINES
MET
165
CONT
MTTK DEV
MATL REDEV
MTOR MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
SR : PRM
BRINE : LITHIUM: MANGANESE : MAGNESIUM : LEAD
(continued)
83
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
RECORD 25
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
1826
OTHER
ZIRCONIUM POWDER PRODUCTION STUDY
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
AIR FORCE
AIR FORCE MATERIALS LABORATORY
184
INIT
TECH EVAL
MUNI DEF
NFRS METL : PRMAT : MOM
REF : PRM
THERMAL BATTERIES : MISSILES : MATERIAL SHORTAGE
CRITICAL MATERIAL : NEW MATERIAL SOURCE
PRINT 11
RECORD 1
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
TITLE
CONTRACT NO
SPONSOR
AGENCY
LABORATORY
FUNDING ($)
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
150
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RECOVERY OF LEAD AND ZINC FROM SULFIDE CONCENTRATES BY
CHLORINE LEACHING
9369/4071
DO I
BU MINES
MET
520
CONT
PROC : DEV
METL : MP : IND
MTOR : MNRL : NORN : MTRS : MOM
PRM
PROC : REDN : EMIS : ELECTRO DEPOSITION : FUSED SALT
RECORD 2
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
ENVMAT
TITLE
SPONSOR
FUNDING ($)
ENVFUN
ENVTYP
STATUS
646
OTHER
METAL : PROCES
PROCESS EVALUATION WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT RELATIVE TO NONFERROUS METALS
PROCESSING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1073
PRODUC
MULTI : EMIS
CONT
(continued)
84
-------
TABLE B-l. (Continued)
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
PROC : DEV
ENVQ
NFRS : METL : PRMAT : MOM : ADDE POL
DISP : WAST
PROC : REDN : EMIS : POLLUTANTS : RESIDUALS :
POINT SOURCE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES : COPPER : LEAD
ZINC
PRINT 13
RECORD 1
ACCESSION NO
CONTRACTOR
ENVMAT
TITLE
SPONSOR
FUNDING ($)
ENVFUN
ENVTYP
STATUS
OBJECTIVE
MISSION
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
KEY WORDS
646
OTHER
METAL : PROCES
PROCESS EVALUATION WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT RELATIVE TO NONFERROUS METALS
PROCESSING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1073
PRODUC
MULTI : EMIS
CONT
PROC : DEV
ENVQ
NFRS : METL : PRMAT : MOM : ADDE POL
DISP : WAST
PROC : REDN : EMIS : POLLUTANTS : RESIDUALS :
POINT SOURCE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES : COPPER : LEAD
ZINC
THE ABOVE LISTING IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING -
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
ITEMS
27
5
75
107
137
324
87
114
25
285
2
161
1
LINE
V
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
II
8/
9/
10/
IV
12/
13/
REQUEST
MAT.MTOR
FUN.MDEV
FUN.MQ
FUN.PRM
FUN,WAST
(2030405)
MAT,NFRS
(107)
(6A8)
KW.EMIS
(9A10)
MIS,ENVQ
(9A12)
COMAT ENCODING
SHEETS FOR THE
MNEMONICS USED
IN THIS INVENTORY
ARE SHOWN ON PAGES
B-12 AND B-13.
85
-------
COMAT ENCODING SHEET. SIDE 1
1) Accession Number
2) Contractor Name
D Federal Government D State and Local Government O Private Q Academic D Not lor Profit D National Labs. O Other
7| Contract Title .
8) Contract Number
9) Sponsoring Directive
101 Specific Agency
11) Agency Laboratory. Division, etc.
IS) Dollar Funding
19) Status of Contract
20) OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH PROGRAM
Development or Upgrading of:
C RSRC Resources
C PROC Processes
C MATL Meteriats end Material Application
OEDUC Education
0 RSSP Research Support
0 NITH New Information and Theory
22) MISSION (Continued)
D TRANS Transportation
O AIR Air
O RAIL Rail
Q MWAV Highway
Q PUNE Pipeline
O WATR Water
O MHL Materials Handling and Logistics
O PROSY Propulsion Systems
D AREAL Aresl (Urban. Inlerurban, Interstate. International
22) MISSION (Continued)
QIND Industrial
D MP Material Processing
G METL Metals
GCRMC Ceramics
Q SYNT Synthetics
OCOMP Composites
O SEMAT Secondary Materials
Q MANU Manufacturing
Q TEQIP Tools and Equipment
D CONG Comsumer Goods
O EVAL Evaluation of:
C RSRC Resources
C TECN Technical-Economic
0 PPLT Pilot Plant Operations
O EMPO Emissions end Pollutants
C ENCO Energy Utilization and Consumption
Q SUBS Substitution of Materials for:
~ FOSL Fossil Hydrocarbons
O PETR Petroleum Products
D NTGS Netureraes
O COKE Coke or High-Rank Coal
D SCEX Strategic. Critical, or Expensive Materials
O FIRS Fluorspar
D PLAT Platinum
O CHRO Chromium
O NICK Nickel
OCATV Catalysts
D COST Cost Reduction
D PREF Improved Process Efficiency
G MATY Improved Material Yield/Recovery
G EQLF Improved Equipment Life
O CNSV Conaervetion of Resources and Material.
DENRG Conservation of Energy
Q EHVT Environmental Protection
D
GAOOE
iptor
D MLTf> Multiple
OUNSP
DOTMR Other
22) MISSION
G COMSEN Communieation ft Sensing
D MMC Mass Media Communication
C PC Private Communication
Q GKfL Group. Interagancv. Governmental Communication
O OET Detection
OOBJ Obiecil
O ENT Event!
D SPACE Space
D EXPLO Exploration (Manner. Grand Tour, etc.)
O EXPER Experimentation (Workshop. Spacelab. etc.)
D WOSAT Working Satellites (ERTS. COMSAT, etc I
O STRAN Transportation {Shuttle. Tug. etc )
O HABEN General Habitat and Environmenl
O MSDR Material and Systems Development Reliability
DENRG Energy
O RSRC Resources
O CNSV Conservation
O UTICON Utilization and Consumption
GCONV Conversion
D STOR Storage
G TRAD! Transmission and Distribution
QCTRAN Energy (or Transportation
Q EPG Electrical Power Generation
D FOPL Fossil Plants
G SES Solar Energy Systems
G GTHM Geothermal
GHEIEC Hydroelectric
G WSYS Wind Systems
O NUCS Nuclear Systems
G FIS Fission
G CONPL Conventional Plants
D ADSYS Advanced Systems
D BREA Breeder Reactors
D FUS Fusion
OtNVO. Environment.! duality
G AGIM Agricultural Impacts
G MBIM Mining and Benefication Impacts
QINDIM Industrial Impacts
O COMIM Commercial Impects
D DOMIM Domestic Impacts
D GOVIM Government Impacts
OINSIM Institutional Impacts
O HLTN Health
DBIOMA Biocompatible Materials
GAPDEV Appliances and Devices
OSAFT Safety
05IND Industrial
QSDOM Domestic
G SPGO Protective Gear and Devices
G CONST Construction
O ROHY Roads and Highwaya
G BRI Bridgae
GCOIND Industrial
GCOMM Commercial
G REDEV Resource Development
O MATL Materials
O ENRG Energy Resources
G NATR Natural Resources
GCNSV Conservation
O MATL Materials
G ENRG . Energy Resources
G NATR Natural Resources
GSEC
Security
G LENF Law Enforcement
O DISC Disaster Control
G ECON Economics
GSOR Supply/Demand Relationships
G CAC Cost Analysis and Criteria
QINRE International Relationships
G FIN Finance
O EOT Education end Development of Knowledge
O AGR Agriculture
G FRST Forests
D GFAR General Farming
G CROP Crops
G HUSH Husbandry
DOENO Ocean Engineering
G PS Physical Science
O MS Mineral Science
O BS Biological Science
GOEF
Defense
G AC Aircraft
D MIS Missiles
OLVEH Land Vehicles
G SHIP Ships
OWC Watercreft
QOESPA Space
O ARM Armament
G MUNI Munitions
G SUEQU Support Equipment
G MULT Multiple
GUNSP Unspecified
DADDE Addition Descriptor
86
-------
COMAT ENCODING SHEET, SIDE 2
23) MATERIALS
O MUD Metarule, Olract UH
DEATH Earth
CROCK Rock » Crushed Rock
OSTOM Stone
OGRVl Gravel
OSANO S.rx)
DCIAV Cln
O WAT* Wiw
a AIR A*
23) MATERIALS (Continued)
a MBF Materiel* by Form (Nol Om«
O MOM Meteriel* of Manufacture
O MTRS M.l.n.1 flnourera
Q NORN Nonieneweble Reeourcee
D MNRL Mineral Reuurcea
a MTOR Maul Ores
ONMOR NonmotelOree
Q CHEM Chemical Resource*
OINOR Inorganic
OOftGN Organic
DGAS G>MI
D RNBl R«n«wabl« Resources
O FAST Form Product*
O PINT Plant Products. (Nonfood)
OANML Aminal Mannal INonloodl
OSCRP Scrap
DWAST Wnta and Refute
O PNTS Paints and Lacquera
O CTGS Other Coaling*
O MILL Mill Product Forma
O f MET Maul Producta
D FCER Ceramic Form*
D FTXT Tanila Mill Product*
a FAGR Agricultural Product Form*
DFUEL Fuel Materiel*
O FOSL Fossil Hydrocarbons
D COAL Coal. Paat Lignita. Coka
D PETR Petroleum Products
G NTGS Natural Gas
D SNGS Synthetic Gas
241 FUNCTIONS (Continued)
O APP Application and Utlliiatlon o) FMehod Materials
O EMP Evaluation ol Malarial Proper*.. (New Data
DFWOD Wood and Charcoal
D FPAP Paper
O WAST Waste and Refuse
O NUCL Nuclear
D PHY Physicel
a CHEM Chemical
D MECH Mechanical
O DNIP Development of New or Improved MMoriala
OWAST Waste Management
DRECVA Recovery of Values
O RECT Recycling
D DISP Dispose!
OECRES Ecological Restoration
OENRQ Energy Consumption
O MULT Multiple
DUNSP Unepecmed
OAOOE Additional Oeecriptore
DPRMAT Proee*a« Material*
O METL Metal* and Alloy*
OFERS Ferrous llncluding Ferroalloys)
DNFRS Nonlerrous
D CMPO Compounds
Q CRMC Ceramics (Including Carbidea. Nitrides, etc.)
D INCH Industrial Ceremic*
D CNCR Construction Ceramics
D ELCR Electronic Ceremics
O RFCR Refrectory Ceramics
O OMCR Domestic & Decorative Ceramics
OCRMT Cermet*
O MBP Material* by Function or Property (N.O.S.I
O FERT Fertilizer*
O SPCN Superconductore
OMGNT Magnetic*
D REFR Refractories
D CORR Corrosion Resistant Matariela
O ABBA Abrasivai
O BIOL Biological*
D ENRG Energy Material*
D ENVC Environmental Control Material*
O TRBR Trade end Barter Materials
D LUBR Lubricants
D 8LST Ballast Materials
O PGMT Pigments
a CNST Construction Materiels
D STRL Structural Materials
D OTHH Other
D
26) KEYWORDS
O EMIS Emission
D CHAR Characterization
D REDN Reduction
O PROC Process Change
O CONT Effluent Control
O SUBS Material SuMmution
a FUR
Natural Fiber Meterials
O PAPR Paper Producta
OWOOO Wood Producta
OTXTL Textiles
QROPE RopaandCord
O UNSP UnspeoMed Meteriale
D MLTP Muftipl* Material CJaiaas
OADDE Additional Deeertptor
O SVNT Synthesized Meteriela
O PLST Plastic*
QCHMS Chemicala
OINOR
O OTHR Other Meteiiil*
a
OCOMP Compoaite Material*
D ORCO Organic Composite*
O CRCO Ceramic Compoaite*
O MTCO Metallic Compoailea
O OCCO Organo-Ceramic Composite*
D OMCO OrginO'Metallic Compoaite*
D MCCO Melalo-Ceramic Composile*
DFBCO Fiber (Filamentary) Compolil**
O BVPR By-product*
QSCHP Scrap
Q WAST Waste and Refuaa
D GWST Gasaoua Waste
D LWST Liquid Waste
OSWST Solid Weste
O WSTC Combination Wstie.
OIWST Industrial Wast*
D CWST Commercial Wast*
OAWST Agricullural Walt*
OOWST DomanicWen*
OUREF Urban Refuse
DNUCL Nuclear Waste
24) FUNCTIONS (Stage in Material Cycle)
a EXRES Enptoration for H.
Q GEO Geological
D MAR Marine
C SPA Space
QPERM Preparation tor Enrection ol Raw Meteriale
O MOEV Mine Development
DII Innoculeling. Incubating
O PLCU Planting. CuHivating
O OW Drilling, Well Conditioning
O CRM Extraction of Raw Material*
O MO Mining and Quarrying
O HAR Harvesting
O PUMP Pumping
D PHM Procaseing of Raw Material*
O SR Separation and Recovery (Threshing, Benefication, etc.)
Q CONV Convereion IRoesltng. Smelting. Crushing. Leaching, etc.)
O RET Refining IDillilling. Electrowinning. BOF Processing, etc.)
O MFRM Manufacturing end Fabrication ol Refined Meterlel*
O PRI Primary (Alloyina. Cesling. Spinning, Synthesis, etc.)
O SEC Secondary (Rolling. Drawing, Extruding. Weaving, ale.)
O FIN Finish (Straightening. Heal Treating. Poloning. Coaling, etc I
87
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing]
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-303
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES: NONFERROUS
METALS INDUSTRIES
5. REPORT DATE
December 1976 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
E. S. Bartlett and R. A. Wood
'8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
BATTELLE
Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract 68-02-1323
Task No. 54
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cin., OH
Office of Research and Development
US Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The objectives of this task were to: 1) consider alternative methodologies for
information collection, analysis, and presentation; 2) design a system for maintaining
urrent awareness of the environmental implications of technology in the non-ferrous
netals industry; and, 3) estimate the costs required to implement the detailed plans
developed. Although this task was specific to the non-ferrous metals industries, the
nethodologies developed could be applied to maintain awareness in virtually any field.
Existing information centers and systems were studied and pilot sampling operation;
Here conducted to determine which elements were best suited to serve the considered
awareness task. Investigation and selection of the preferred elements for the task wen
ccomplished under the guidance of the project officer, with input-output options of th<
nformation system being developed to match specific requirements.
The input-output elements recommended to serve this awareness function include
)rimarily the reliance upon a preferred list of periodicals (augmented by symposia,
•eports, and communications with specialists), selection and analysis of information
deemed significant by a senior technologist; and publication of an Awareness Bulletin
on a timely basis.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
jb.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS Ic. COSATI Field/Group
Technological intelligence, awareness, j Continuous awareness,
methodology, environmental surveys, metals ! bulletin methodology,
! environmental impact,
; nonferrous metals
13b
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
98
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977-757-056/5527 Region No. 5-11
------- |