QUARTERLY
PROGRESS REPORT
January 1981
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program
Environmental Protection Agency
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Contents
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
HIGHLIGHTS 2
FINDINGS 12
STATUS OF NURP PROJECTS 15
STRATEGY FOR 1990 58
RECENT URBAN RUNOFF STUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS 69
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Introduction
The purpose of the NURP Quarterly Progress Report is to summarize
developments, progress, and findings of the overall NURP program and
individual NURP prototype projects. In addition, the Quarterly Pro-
gress Reports update project participants on subjects such as EPA
staff assignments, new policies, strategy, events, and urban runoff
research and publications.
This quarterly report begins by describing new developments at
EPA Headquarters, followed by a review of experiences the Tri-County
Planning Commission had while implementing their sampling and analysis
program. This is followed by a section describing the status of all
NURP prototype projects. A section describing proposed NURP Strategy
for 1990 follows the status reports. The quarterly report concludes
with abstracts and other bibliographic information from research and
studies on urban runoff.
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Highlights
In this section, a number of events and changes are described
including:
• 28 active NURP projects are now distributed among the 10 EPA
Regions; the Southern California Association of Governments
and the Burlington, Vermont projects were dropped from the
program.
• Some Project Officers within EPA Headquarters have been re-
assigned since Ernest Cobb left the NURP staff.
• A new progress tracking system at EPA Headquarters has been
developed and is now being implemented.
• Information on the availability and ordering of Quarterly
and Annual Reports.
• Two major conferences are scheduled for 1981. £\,
• A description of a visit to EPA headquarters by representa-
tives from USSR technical agencies.
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NURP PROJECTS
There are 28 active NURP projects distributed among the 10 EPA
Regions. Over the past several months, two candidate projects were
dropped from the program:
• Southern California Association of Governments (Long Beach,
CA)
• State of Vermont (Burlington, VT)
Both candidates moved well into the Work Plan development stage but
were not able to progress to the point of completing grant arrange-
ments with the Regions and Headquarters.
The locations of the 28 active NURP projects are shown on the
following map. A later section of this report, entitled, "Status of
NURP Projects", presents brief descriptions of the projects and their
status.
HEADQUARTERS PROJECT OFFICERS
Some Project Officers within the EPA Headquarters have been
reassigned. Ernest Cobb, who was on loan from USGS, has left the NURP
staff to fill a key USGS post in Reston, VA. His presence is missed
day-to-day, but the overall NURP program will still have the benefit
of his contributions since his USGS assignment keeps him involved with
urban runoff studies.
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LOCATION OF ACTIVE NURP PROJECTS
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The new assignments of NURP projects to Headquarters Project Of-
ficers are as follows:
Patty Bubar - Regions I, IV, VII, and VIII
Stuart Tuller - Regions II, IX, and X
Phillip Graham - Region III
Norman Whalen - Regions V and VI
PROGRESS TRACKING SYSTEM
A new system has been developed to assist EPA Headquarters in
keeping track of the NURP projects' progress. For the past year, NURP
Headquarters staff have been tracking individual projects by means of
charts which display actual accomplishments against the schedules
given in the respective final Work Plans. Regional, state and area-
wide project officers have provided monthly information updating these
tracking charts. The system worked smoothly and was proven effective
during the formative phase of NURP. However, now that most projects
are operational, timing has become more critical.
The former tracking system was very broad in focus, summarizing
overall project activity. During the next year, however, data gather-
ing analysis and data management will be the key tasks. Therefore,
Headquarters has developed a more specific tracking format for use
during this phase of NURP activity. A copy of the proposed form and
instructions for its use were circulated for review and comment. The
system was modified in a major way on the basis of comments received,
and has been distributed in final form. The first round of reports
are undergoing review.
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REPORTS AVAILABLE
Quarterly and Annual reports from the individual NURP projects
are being received and reviewed at Headquarters. Many of these con-
tain information which could be of use to other NURP Project person-
nel. As time permits, findings of general importance will be present-
ed in subsequent copies of the Quarterly Progress Report. In the
meantime, individual investigators can use the following list to order
reports.
Lake Quinsigamond
Mystic
Durham
Long Island
Lake George
Irondequoit Bay
Myrtle Beach
Winston-Salem
Tampa
Knoxville
Lans ing
SEMCOG
- Quarterly Reports for July 1979 through
October 1980
- Quarterly Reports for July 1979 through
October 1980
- Quarterly Reports for July 1979 through
October 1980
- Quarterly Reports for July 1979 through
March 1980 (10 pages each)
- Quarterly Report
- Quarterly Report
- Data Interpretation and Analysis Report
and Final Evaluation of Stormwater Control
Alternatives (100 pages each)
- Quarterly Reports for September 1979
through September 1980
- Quarterly Reports for July 1980 through
September 1980
- Quarterly Reports for June 1980 through
November 1980
- Quarterly Reports
- Progress Report
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Ann Arbor - Annual Report (147 pages)
IEPA - Quarterly Reports and Annual Report for
first year
NIPC - Draft Annual Report (127 pages)
Milwaukee - Quarterly Report for October 1979 through
December 1979 (3 pages)
Denver - Quarterly Reports for June 1979 through
September 1980 (50 pages each)
Salt Lake - Quarterly Reports for September 1979
through August 1980 (5 pages each)
Rapid City - Quarterly Reports for January 1980 through
September 1980
Castro Valley - Annual Report (56 pages)
Eugene/Springfield - Quarterly Reports for February 1979
through March 1980 (5 pages each)
Bellevue - Quarterly Reports for October 1979 through
December 1979 (16 pages)
Copies of the above listed reports can be obtained by contacting your
Headquarters Project Officer or:
Dennis Athayde, Chief
Urban Nonpoint Sources Section, U.S. EPA (WH-554)
401 M Street SW
Washington, DC 20460
TRAINING PROGRAMS
One of NURP's major objectives is to broaden the understanding of
urban runoff mechanisms, problems, and controls. Important elements
in this program are workshops, conferences, training programs, and
other means of fostering communication and education.
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Earlier this year, NURP participants attended three major con-
ferences of this type:
• the technology transfer workshop presented by USGS and EPA
in Denver (March 1980)
• the Water Quality Management conference held by EPA in
Atlanta (June 1980)
• the toxic pollutant monitoring workshop held by EPA in
Springfield (July 1980).
The two major conferences scheduled for 1981 are:
• Baltimore (January 13-15)
This will be a NURP technology transfer workshop. It will
be similar to the one held last year in Denver but will pro-
vide significantly more opportunity for project participants
to interact and work toward solutions to problems that have
arisen (e.g., sampling, analysis, data management). Three
major topics will be addressed at this workshop: methods
for analyzing the effectiveness of street sweeping; methods
for analyzing the effectiveness of detention basins; and
methods for assessing the scope of runoff problems in urban
areas. It addition, an updated Data Management Manual will
be distributed and discussed. Appropriate NURP project per-
sonnel are encouraged to attend.
• Chicago (October 21-23)
This will be the Second Annual Water Quality Management Con-
ference. It will be similar to the one held last summer in
Atlanta. Plans are presently underway within the Water
Planning Division.
COORDINATION WITH FMAP
For several months, a sense of cooperation has been developing
between the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program and the Financial Manage-
ment Assistance Program (FMAP), which both operate within the Water
Planning Division. The need for such cooperation and coordination
became evident during numerous discussions at the Water Quality
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Management Conference (Atlanta, June 1980). Since then, the staffs
and respective consultants of both programs have met several times to
establish details of how they will coordinate their efforts.
FMAP was established in 1979 to assist state and local govern-
ments in implementing their Water Quality Management plans. In par-
ticular, FMAF assistance concentrates on helping resolve the finan-
cial, management, institutional, and legal issues which often stand in
the way of implementing otherwise technically sound projects. The
program offers several types of management assistance to state and
areawide agencies for non-point source projects with special emphasis
on groundwater, agricultural, and urban runoff programs.
Depending on needs of the particular project, the resources
available, and the general applicability of the project, FMAP assis-
tance can take the following forms:
• Major Management Assistance: A limited number of local or
state projects in groundwater, urban runoff, and agricul-
tural runoff will receive intensive management assistance
(three to four person weeks) from the FMAF team. The team
will provide guidance and instruction to project staff in
the development of tasks, the identification of financial
management issues, and the selection and design of appropri-
ate financial management analysis techniques. Although the
FMAF team will not perform the tasks or analysis, they will
be available to guide these efforts and review the outputs.
• Short-term Management Assistance. Between 10 and 20
local and state WQM projects will receive short, intensive
(three to five person days) management assistance directed
toward the solution of a specific financial management prob-
lem. FMAP team members will visit the project to provide
guidance and information about the application of financial
management analysis to project specific problems.
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Major and short-term management assistance will be made available
to selected NURP and non-NURP WQM agencies during FY 81. Preliminary
discussions regarding agency selection and coordination have already
begun between the staff of the Urban NFS Section and the members of
the FMAP team who will be working in the urban runoff area. These in-
clude Don Niehus (EPA/WPD), Larry Scully (Peat, Marwick & Mitchell),
and Cathy Spain (Municipal Finance Officers Association).
VISIT BY SOVIET DELEGATES
Several representatives from USSR technical agencies visited EPA
Headquarters in November. The purpose of their trip was to continue
work being done under the US-USSR Water Protection Joint Working
Group. The Soviets were given a tour of the U. S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency's NURP Data Processing Terminal Center and given a
demonstration of the computer graphics terminal using the pollutant
washoff function.
A tour of selected data collection sites for the Washington COG
NURP project also took place. Data were presented showing the ex-
pected annual pollutant contribution of urban runoff to the Potomac
Estuary. Data was also taken from one of the recently installed moni-
toring stations in Maryland to show the effectiveness of the three
best management practices for control of pollution from urban runoff.
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Their Washington, D.C. visit was followed by field trips which
included visits to two NURP projects, including the project in
Champaign, Illinois. This visit covered data collection of rainfall,
run-off, and the management practice of sweeping streets. The
Lansing, Michigan NURP project was also visited. Several low cost,
simple best management practices were shown. They were a small deten-
tion basin, a large detention basin, and an oversized pipe which pro-
vides instream storage.
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Findings
This newly-instituted section of the report will be used to pass
on experiences noted in individual project reports. In this way it
will be possible to keep abreast of what is occurring elsewhere.
Whenever experiences produce circumstances, solutions, and results
that might be applicable to other projects, this forum is available to
spread the news. It will be successful if project experiences are
shared and the applicability of the experiences to situations at other
locations are kept in mind. Submit articles not included in the nor-
mal project reports to:
EPA Headquarters,
ATTN: Dennis Athayde,
WH-554,
401 M Street S.V. ,
Washington, DC. 20460.
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FINDINGS FROM THE TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION
The Tri-County Regional Planning Commission has included in their
September 30, 1980 quarterly report, experiences encountered in imple-
menting their sampling and analysis program. These experiences might
be helpful to others, and so are reported below by Dale Scherger,
project officer for ENCOTEC, consultants:
". . . .Field blanks have been collected using the procedures
outlined in the last quarterly report. The frequency and
breadth of the analytical program for these tests have been
reduced recently based on the earlier data collected. The
field blanks have shown that sampler cleaning, line cleaning,
and other maintenance procedures have been effective. The
field blank sampling program did indicate one possible prob-
lem in that a couple of the field blank samples showed slight-
ly elevated chromium levels. It was suspected that residual
chromium from the bottle washing procedures may be the diffi-
culty. A special emphasis on the nitric acid washing and
rinsing procedures was instituted and the problem was resolv-
ed. "
A second problem, and its remedy are described as follows:
"The redesign of the flow recorders (located) in the manholes,
using large dessicant containers, helped reduce flow recorder
failure. The solution utilized incorporated removing the in-
ternal battery from the flow recorders. External battery
holders and batteries were installed at each station. The
space in the flow recorder where the internal battery had been
located was used to hold the dessicant containers. This de-
sign, which minimizes moisture in the unit, has greatly re-
duced the failure rate."
A third problem encountered, and efforts to resolve it, follow:
"Due to some marginal and/or negative numbers being generated
when calculating the dryfall fallout from the wetfall and bulk
fallout, the bulk fallout is not presented in this report.
Concern over these numbers makes it necessary to reevaluate
the entire wetfall/dryfall collection and analysis procedures.
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Under the present procedures a monthly bulk composite repre-
sents the monthly fallout due to precipitation. By subtract-
ing the wetfall fallout from the bulk fallout a value for the
dryfall fallout should be obtained.
A number of steps are currently under way to resolve this problem
of negative and/or marginal dryfall values. These include the follow-
ing:
1. Review of literature on wetfall/dryfall collection procedures
to see if any discrepancies exist in the current collection
and analysis procedures.
2. Reevaluation of dust bucket design concerning size, shape,
and construction material.
3. Quality assurance check on dust buckets concerning potential
for materials being leached out of the buckets into the
water. (Results are currently being analyzed).
4. Designing new equipment to collect dryfall information by
collecting fallout only during dry weather and closing up
during wet weather. (Results of both collection procedures
can then be compared for determing dryfall information.)
5. Reevaluate all laboratory results and calculations on exis-
ting wetfall bulk fallout data already collected.
Through these measures the current problems encountered while de-
terming dryfall should be resolved."
Further inquiry concerning these problems may be addressed di-
rectly to Dale Scherger or Steve Luzkow, (313) 761-1389.
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Status of NURP
Projects
The following pages are summaries of the current status of each of
the 28 active NURP projects.
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LAKE QUINSIGAMOND
(Region I)
GRANTEE: Commonwealth of Massachusetts
LOCATION: Worcester and Shrewsbury, MA (Lake Quinsigamond)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Madeline Snow (617) 727-7436
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Joe McGinn (617) 727-6983
EPA REGION: Roger Duwart (617) 223-5131
EPA, HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Lake Quinsigamond is located in a highly urbanized area. The
shoreline is densely developed with homes and some commercial
establishments. Two state parks and several private beaches and
marinas are also located along the shore. A considerable amount of
construction is going on in the basin, with more planned in the near
future. Beneficial uses of Lake Quinsigamond are primarily recrea-
tional (e.g., fishing, boating, water skiing, swimming).
Because of increased development within the basin, lake quality
has degenerated over the past 20 years, causing public concern. Past
studies have identified stormwater runoff as the major cause of
eutrophication.
The NURP project will attempt to meet the following objectives:
• identify and quantify the pollutant loads generated by
stormwater runoff
• determine the relationship between pollutant loads and water
quality in order to identify or predict present and future
trends
• evaluate possible controls (structural and non-structural)
and their effects on water quality
• analyze data for controls in terms of their costs, effective-
ness, and the benefits derived from their implementation.
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PROJECT STATUS:
Nine storm events have been monitored. Available data are being
processed and filed on the computer. Samples have been taken to ana-
lyze for priority pollutants and sampling is continuing. Interpretive
analysis of the new data will be done during the winter months.
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MYSTIC
(Region I)
GRANTEE: Commonwealth of Massachusetts
LOCATION: Boston, MA (Mystic Lake)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Madeline Snow (617) 727-7436
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bill Pisano
EPA REGION: Roger Duwart (617) 223-5131
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The study will take place in the Aberjona River —• Upper Mystic
Lake area. This area has undergone a tremendous urban expansion.
At present, the water quality conditions throughout the Aberjona River
system and in the Upper Mystic Lake are generally below the standards
assigned by the Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Controls.
The effects of urban runoff on water quality in the study area have
not been assessed.
The Upper Mystic Lake is mostly residential, but the water quality
conditions in the Mystic Lake have deteriorated to the point where
recreational activities have been occasionally restricted and game fish
can no longer be supported. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc have been
identified as the problem pollutants.
The major objectives of the study are to identify the characteris-
tics of urban runoff and their impacts on receiving water quality in
the Aberjona River and Upper Mystic Lake. Another objective is to
recommend control strategies and management practices.
PROJECT STATUS:
All sites have been selected and approved. Several storm events
were missed during the period of transition between technical
consultants. New consultants have been selected and monitoring is
scheduled to begin.
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DURHAM
(Region I)
GRANTEE: New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission
LOCATION: Durham, NH (Oyster River)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Paul Hirtzler (603) 271-3503
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Paul Oakland (603) 271-3503
EPA REGION: Roger Duwart (617) 223-5131
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The area being studied is projected to have a very high growth
rate. Of concern to local and state officials are the impacts that
this rapid development will have on the entire coastal area, including
water quality resources. Previous Section 208 studies have identified
urban runoff as a significant source of pollution.
Baseline monitoring of storm runoff for a year from a downtown
parking lot, a small urban stream, and the Oyster River (fresh water
above the dam and a tidal water below the dam) will provide the basis
for control selection and impact modeling. The project will also
provide a basis for establishing controls in the rapidly urbanizing
coastal region. Beneficial uses in the area are water supply, recrea-
tion and wildlife. Shellfish areas in the estuary are sensitive to
toxicants.
PROJECT STATUS:
At least ten storm events have been monitored to date. Data is
being processed and stored in the computer. Interpretive analysis of
the data will be done this winter.
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LONG ISLAND
(Region II)
GRANTEE: Long Island Regional Planning Board
LOCATION: Long Island, NY
GRANTEE CONTACT: Lee Koppleman (516) 724-1919
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Sy Robbins (516) 360-5200
EPA REGION: John Ulshoefer (212) 264-8959
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart Tuller (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Stormwater runoff has been identified as a major source of
bacterial and nutrient pollutants to surface and marine waters within
the Long Island area. As a result, many productive shellfish areas
and recreational beaches have been closed or are threatened with
closure. Additionally, there is the possibility that groundwater
quality is being degraded by aquifer recharge with stormwater runoff.
Of primary concern is the possible contamination with organic
compounds of aquifers used for potable water supplies.
The overall goals of the Long Island NURP study are to determine
the source, type, quantity, and fate of pollutants in stormwater
runoff, and to determine the effects of selected management practices
on water quality. BMPs to be studied include street sweeping,
detention basins, wetlands treatment, retention basins and recharge,
and slotted storm sewers for infiltration.
PROJECT STATUS:
Sampling equipment has been received and installed. Sampling has
been underway for the last two quarters but due to drought conditions
has not kept pace with the sampling plan. The project consultant is
currently preparing a plan for intensified monitoring to assure
collection of data for the requisite number of storms at each study
site and to return the monitoring program to schedule. Input of the
data to STORET will begin soon.
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A detailed computerized literature search on urban runoff control
measures has been conducted by the project technical consultant and
will be available in summary form shortly.
A plan to study salmonella instead of viruses, as originally
proposed, has been submitted and approved.
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LAKE GEORGE
(Region II)
GRANTEE: New York Department of Environmental Control
LOCATION: Lake George, NY
GRANTEE CONTACT: N.G. Kaul (518) 457-4351
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: N.G. Kaul (518) 457-4351
EPA REGION: John Ulshoefer (212) 264-8959
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart Tuller (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Lake George is a long, narrow water body with a relatively small
watershed in- relation to the lake's surface area. Its primary uses
are for recreational activities. Algal growth in the lake has
increased exponentially in recent years and is believed to be caused
by phosphorus input from urban runoff. Additional problems with
coliform pollution and sediments have also occurred.
Although extreme nuisance conditions have not yet occurred, there
is growing concern for the water quality of Lake George because of its
unique natural characteristics and its recreational value. The
objective of the NURP study is to determine whether or not urban run-
off is an important cause of Lake George's water quality problems, and
if so, what controls and management practices would be most effective
in improving water quality.
PROJECT STATUS
Contracts have now been finalized with USGS and the State Health
Department.
After initial delays in acquiring equipment, sampling of storm
events was begun in September and is now proceeding according to plan.
Data from two storm events in each of the months of September and
October has been reduced and was submitted as part of a special report
to EPA Region II and Headquarters on December 1, 1980.
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The public participation effort at Lake George is well underway
with the establishment of an advisory group and the scheduling of
periodic public information meetings for concerned citizens.
A quality assurance/quality control plan has been prepared and is
under review by EPA Region II.
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IRONDEQUOIT BAY
(Region II)
GRANTEE: New York Department of Environmental Control
LOCATION: Irondequoit Bay, NY (Rochester)
GRANTEE CONTACT: N. G. Kaul (518) 457-4351
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: N.G. Kaul (518) 457-4351
EPA REGION: John Ulshoefer (212) 264-8959
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart Tuller (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The immediate watershed surrounding the Irondequoit Bay is highly
urbanized. The water quality of the bay is very poor and is charac-
terized by an advanced state of eutrophication caused by long-term
input of nutrient compounds. Heavy algal blooms occur frequently,
and the bottom sediments consist of a sludge layer. An intensive
effort is being made to control point-source input of pollutants by
diverting sewage effluents from the bay and reducing combined sewer
overflow into the bay. Through these actions it is hoped that-water
quality will be improved so that Irondequoit Bay may be used for con-
tact recreation and fishing.
The primary objectives of the NURP study are twofold. First, it
will assess the magnitude of urban runoff effects on the water quality
of Irondequoit Bay. Secondly, it will measure the effectiveness of
selected Best Management Practices. A secondary objective of the pro-
gram is to measure the effectiveness of point source/combined sewer
overflow controls currently in use.
PROJECT STATUS:
No findings have been made to date. Instrumentation has been
installed in various sub-basins with homogenous/hetrogenous land-use
characteristics. Storm event sampling and analysis was begun follow-
ing two trial runs in July and early August which were used to fine-
tune collection procedures and sampling protocol. A USGS core
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splitter is being used to split the samples but has necessitated some
modifications to analysis procedures.
A biweekly technical meeting is held between representatives of
several participating Monroe County Departments, the U.S. Geological
Survey, the consulting engineers and the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation and has proven useful in keeping the pro-
ieet on schedulp.
ject on schedule.
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WASHCOG
(REGION III)
GRANTEE: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
LOCATION: Washington, DC
GRANTEE CONTACT: Cameron Wiegand (202) 223-6800
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Cameron Wiegand (202) 223-6800
EPA REGION: Jim Hagan (215) 597-9131
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Phillip Graham (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The metropolitan Washington area is a rapidly growing urban
region located on a major riverine estuary. The principal rivers in
this area are the Potomac and Patuxent. Problems in water quality
associated with urban runoff are:
• bacterial and dissolved oxygen standards violations
• increased treatment costs for public water supplies
• low diversity of aquatic life in upper Potomac estuary
• decreased nursery potential for anadromous fish
• nuisance algae blooms
• reduction in storage volume in Occoquam Reservoir due to
sediments.
PROJECT STATUS:
Eighteen station-storms have been monitored since August 1980
for flow, precipitation, and quality parameters at two urbanized
watersheds in Maryland, three urbanized watersheds in Virginia, and
four undeveloped control watersheds in Virginia.
Ninety station-storms have been monitored since August 1980 for
similar parameters at two wet ponds, two dry ponds, two grassed
swales, and two infiltration BMP sites in Virginia and Maryland.
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BALTIMORE
(REGION III)
GRANTEE: Baltimore Regional Planning Council
LOCATION: Baltimore, MD
GRANTEE CONTACT: Sam Martin
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Sam Martin
EPA REGION: Lee Murphy
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Phillip Graham
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
(301) 383-5863
(301) 383-5863
(215) 597-9597
(202) 755-2114
Jones Falls, a major watershed of the Patapsco River Basin,
drains the metropolitan Baltimore area and empties into the Baltimore
Harbor. The nonurbanized area of the watershed north of Lake Roland
is characterized by high water quality and is used for contact
recreation and as a spawning ground for trout. The lower third of the
watershed is highly urbanized with such characteristic land uses as
residential, commerical, industrial, and institutional. The water
quality of this reach of Jones Falls and the Baltimore Harbor is
highly degraded. State Water Quality Standards are in routine
violation for such parameters as: coliforms, nutrients, sediments,
heavy metals, and recalcitrant organic compounds (e.g., chlorinated
hydrocarbons). As a result of these contaminations beneficial use for
contact recreation, fish and wildlife propagation, and aesthetic
enjoyment has been impaired.
Important areas of interest studied in this project are:
pollutant sources, problem magnitude, transport mechanisms, receiving
water impact assessment, and control effectiveness. Specific goals
are:
• determine pollutant load delivered to Baltimore Harbor
• determine pollutant loads and transport mechanisms occurring
in individual watersheds with homogenous land uses. Assess
the transferability of this data to other urban areas.
• Determine the role and effectiveness of Lake Roland as a
management control
• Develop a cost-effective urban runoff management program.
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PROJECT STATUS:
No findings have been made at this time. To date, the following
conditions exist:
• sampling began in November 1980 at the three receiving water
stations
• all major equipment has been received and installed; now
awaiting rain. Some equipment was returned.
• all staff have been hired as of September 1980.
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MYRTLE BEACH
(Region IV)
GRANTEE: Waccamaw Regional Planning Council
LOCATION: Myrtle Beach, SC (Atlantic Ocean)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Larry Schwartz (803) 546-8502
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Newt Colston (803) 238-0833
EPA REGION: John I shell (404) 881-2913
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Myrtle Beach's economy is highly dependent upon tourists attrac-
ted to the area by the beaches. Because of stormwater runoff from
discharge pipes and paved parking lots, major problems in water
quality, beach erosion, and beach appearance have occurred which may
affect the public health and tourist economy of the area.
The purpose of the Myrtle Beach Stormwater Study has been to
obtain specific information concerning water quality-related problems
caused by urban runoff. This study defined two main objectives as
its goals. First, to determine the seriousness of the water quality
problems by using an extensive sampling program. Second, to identi-
fy possible solutions which would effectively mitigate the pollution
problems caused by stormwater runoff.
PROJECT STATUS:
The data collection phase of this project is essentially com-
pleted. A summary report of the findings from this study will be
presented in the next quarterly report.
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WINSTON-SALEM
(Region IV)
GRANTEE: North Carolina Department of Natural Resources
LOCATION: Winston-Sal em, NC (Muddy Creek)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Ryland Brown (919) 733-6126
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Del Williams (919) 727-8060
EPA REGION: John Isbell (404) 881-4793
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Winston-Salem urban area lies within the Muddy Creek drainage
basin. Land use is primarily residential (approximately 80%) with
the remaining area evenly distributed among commercial, industrial,
and open spaces. Two watersheds with different homogenous land uses
and known water-quality problems are being studied:
• the Buena Vista residential development, a well-established,
medium density, high-income neighborhood
• the Central Business District, which is characterized by
high pollutant loading and high imperviousness
(approximately 90%).
Water quality problems associated with urban runoff in Winston-
Salem urban streams include extensive degradation of macrobenthic
populations, high fecal coliform counts, and high concentrations of
lead, zinc, and mercury. Nutrients and dissolved oxygen will also
be monitored in this study.
The primary objective of this study will be to determine the
effectiveness of street-sweeping and catch basin cleaning. Various
combinations of cleaning frequencies and equipment will be assessed.
Other BMP's may be used as the project progresses. A secondary
objective will be analysis of cost data in order to develop an
efficient management program.
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PROJECT STATUS:
Water quality data from storms monitored has been put into
STORET. Rainfall quality and street solids quality data have been
stored on COMNET. Street sweeping effectiveness studies continue.
Interpretive analysis of the data will be performed during the winter
months.
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TAMPA
(Region IV)
GRANTEE: Tampa Department of Public Works (through Florida Department
of Environmental Regulation)
LOCATION: Tampa, FL (Hillsborough River and Bay)
GRANTEE CONTACT: R.M. Salmon (813) 223-8216
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Lydia Moreda (813) 223-8300
EPA REGION: Ernesto Perez (404) 881-4793
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The receiving waters of interest in the Tampa area are the
Hillsborough River and Bay. Both the river and bay suffer from fre-
quent standards violations with the bay occasionally experiencing fish
kills. Organic matter, (with an oxygen demand), and coliform bacteria
are the contaminants of interest.
The focus of this project is problem assessment. Because there
are some point sources of pollutants in the area, the project will be
primarily concerned with determining the magnitude of the effects on
water quality caused by urban runoff. If urban runoff is found to be
a significant water quality problem, the project will be expanded to
include analysis of selected BMP's.
PROJECT STATUS:
Phase I is complete: the information available on the Hills-
borough River and Bay has been inventoried and summarized. The data
was analyzed and a final report for Phase I written. Based on the
Phase I results, a decision will be made whether to continue the
project. '
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KNOXVILLE
(Region IV)
GRANTEE: Knoxville/Knox County
LOCATION: Knoxville, TN (Second Creek, Tennessee River)
GRANTEE CONTACT: John Lutz (615) 521-2500
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Jack Milligan (615) 755-3167
EPA REGION: Nancy Redgate (404) 881-2913
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Second Creek has been designated by TVA as a "critical" water
quality area. Bacterial contamination is so severe that methods to
keep people away, rather than attract them, will be required unless
remedial action is taken.
The major objectives are to determine the sources of pollutants
and to provide preliminary data on BMP effectiveness (at a pilot-scale
level). Other objectives are to improve methodologies for the transfer
of data and to provide a better understanding of the influence of
geological features in the area (Karst terrain, carbonate rock) on
urban runoff.
PROJECT STATUS:
A revised work plan has been submitted and approved. Study sites
have been tentatively selected. Instrumentation will be provided soon
and monitoring will begin in early 1981.
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LANSING
(Region V)
GRANTEE: Tri-Coun6y Regional Planning Commission
LOCATION: Lansing, MI
GRANTEE CONTACT: Bob Roller (517) 393-0342
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dale Sherger (313) 761-1389
EPA REGION: Wayne El son (312) 353-2160
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project is located in the Bogus Swamp Drainage Distric,
which discharges into a section of the Grand River. Dryfall, wetfall,
and runof-f pollutant levels will be evaluated at specific locations
within the sub-basins draining into the BMP's and out of the area into
the Grand River.
Problem pollutants under investigation include solids, nitrogen
and biochemical oxygen demand. Analysis will evaluate the presence
and concentrations of many pollutants generally found associated with
suspended solids in urban runoff. The Sffice of Research and Develop-
ment is participating in this project.
BMP's to be evaluated include a wet retention basin, a dry
retention basin, and an upsized buried storm drain section.
PROJECT STATUS:
The first year of sampling resulted in up to 13 events sampled,
with the sampling occurring at all but two stations. The inlet and
outlet of the normally-dry detention basin are ready to be included in
the sampling program during the second year, following completion of
essential station modifications. Data is being analyzed and coded for
entry into STORET.
Preliminary data shows a high degree of removal of various
pollutants in the wet retention basin. Lower removal rates were
experienced in the,two sections of upsized drain pipe operating in
series, with removals apparently affected by storm intensity. Sedi-
ment removed will be analyzed and results will be included in the next
report from TCRPC.
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SEMCOG
(Region V)
GRANTEE: Southeastern Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG)
LOCATION: Oakland County, MI (Troy)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Dave Morrison (313) 961-4266, Ext. 313
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dave Morrison (313) 961-4266, Ext. 313
EPA REGION: Wayne El son (212) 353-2160
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Surface drainage in Troy is to the Clinton River, and eventually
into Lake Erie. Nutrient input from this region has been associated
with the eutrophication problems in Lake Erie. Urban runoff is a
major source of contaminants, resulting in regional water quality
problems.
Specific project objectives include:
• determining pollutant loading in urban runoff and assessing
its impact on receiving waters
• evaluating the effectiveness of existing control structures
and modifications to develop guidelines for future design and
use
• analyzing institutional structure and controls for responsive-
ness to urban runoff problems, and making recommendations to
improve their effectiveness.
PROJECT STATUS:
Sampling has been stopped for the winter and data is being
encoded for input to STORET. The three BMP test sites were sampled
during three of the ten events which were monitored. The primary
reason complete sampling was not accomplished at all sites for all
events was malfunctioning sampling equipment. Data obtained is being
evaluated with respect to proposed BMP modifications anticipated prior
to initiating a new sampling period.
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ANN ARBOR
(Region V)
GRANTEE: Southeastern Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG)
LOCATION: Ann Arbor, MI
GRANTEE CONTACT: Dave Morrison (313) 961-4266, Ext. 313
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dale Sherger (313) 761-1389
EPA REGION: Wayne El son (312) 353-2160
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Ann Arbor urban area is served by separate storm sewers and
channels, which empty into the Huron River at five major outfalls.
This reach is impounded, causing high residence times, and storm water
runoff has substantial effects on water quality. Water quality data,
and evaluation of BMP's will be accomplished through a sampling and
monitoring program.
Specific goals of the sampling program include:
• monitoring the pollutant inputs from the major storm drain
outfalls
• observing water quality indices within the river->during
and after storm or snowmelt events
• monitoring water quality before and after BMP processes to
determine their effectiveness:, BMP's include detention/
retention basins, wetland treatment, and runofif ordi-
nance's.
PROJECT STATUS:
Sampling has stopped for the winter months, after obtaining four
events for the retention basin and one event for the wetland. Con-
struction is nearly completed on the Traver Creek drain, with only
early spring bank stabilization remaining. It is anticipated that the
sampling proposed for this basin will commence with spring sampling
start-up. Spring snow-melt sampling is planned, given sufficient snow
cover by then.
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IEPA
(Region V)
GRANTEE: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA)
LOCATION: Champaign, IL
GRANTEE CONTACT: Bill Rice (217) 782-3362
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mike Terstriep (217) 333-4959
EPA REGION: John Nagy (312) 353-2163
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project at Champaign, IL, will demonstrate the effectiveness
of a street sweeping program by application in two paired basins to
define accumulation rates, materials composition, and parameters of
washoff and transportation functions. The analysis will:
• determine coefficients of functions of solid accumulation
in streets
• determine washoff functions
• calibrate QUAL-ILLUDAS and MUNP models to update evaluation
and add capability of continuous simulation;
• determine atmospheric contribution
• determine rainfall contribution
• determine significance of deposition and scour in sewers and
fraction of runoff from street surfaces.
BMP's being evaluated include streetsweeping, and storage or
treatment. Streetsweeping effectiveness will be evaluated related
to land use, frequency of sweeping, and other factors.
PROJECT STATUS:
First year sampling effort completed, with discrete sampling ob-
tained for water quality analysis and inputs to computer programs.
Second year sampling will obtain composit samples. Flow data will be
available upon calibration of monitoring equipment.
Street dirt sampling procedures and schedules are being evaluated
for possible modifications, and samples are being analyzed.
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NIPC
(Region V)
GRANTEE: Northeastern Illinois Planning Council (NIPC)
LOCATION: Glen Elly,n, IL
GRANTEE CONTACT: Philip Peters (312) 454-0400
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Don Hey (312) 454-0400
EPA REGION: Mike Phillips (312) 353-2163
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Wha1en (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Glen Ellyn drainage is to the eastern branch of the DuPage River.
An important feature of this drainage basin is Lake Elly'h, which is
used as a flood control basin, primarily. Lake Ellyn's potential as
a control structure for urban runoff pollutants consists of a sampling
program to determine sources and transport mechanisms for pollutants
of interest (i.e., sediment, BOD, nutrients, and heavy metals), and
the evaluation of control practices for effectiveness.
The sampling program will attempt to determine pollutant sources
as a function of land use, and consist of:
• atmospheric sampling to determine the importance of dry
and wet deposition and its water quality relationship
• examination of soil, vegetation, animals, vehicles, decom-
position of impervious surfaces, and chemical use as
sources
• water quality and benthic sampling to determine the
effects of detention on water quality and bottom material
• detention basin maintenance to evaluate operation
practices.
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PROJECT STATUS:
Water quality sampling is continuing as scheduled. Storm sever
construction by the city of Glen Ellyn to relieve inadequate drainage
conditions has resulted in the necessity of sampling an additional
drain flowing into Lake Ellyn. USGS is conducting the sampling
program, with the new location being added. During the winter, snow
and snowmelt sampling will be added. Street sweeping by the city is
curtailed by winter road conditions, but will resume in the spring.
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MILWAUKEE
(Region V)
GRANTEE: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
LOCATION: Milwaukee, WI
GRANTEE CONTACT: Roger Bannerman (608) 266-8805
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Roger Bannerman (608) 266-8805
EPA REGION: Gertrud Matuschkovitz (312) 353-2160
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Water quality data indicated that the areas major rivers, the
Menomonee, Milwaukee, and Kinnickinnic, are polluted with heavy metals
(lead), sediments, nutrient compounds, and BOD. It is estimated that
approximately sixty percent of the pollution load is derived from
nonpoint sources. These conditions decrease propagation of fish and
wildlife, and recreational usefulness.
The primary goal of this study is to determine the effects of
timing and frequency of street sweeping on water quality, and to
develop a practical methodology which can be used by municipalities to
control nonpoint sources of pollutants. Determining the magnititude
of pollutant contribution from roof runoff, atmospheric dry and wet
deposition, and winter accumulation are secondary goals.
PROJECT STATUS:
Water quality analyses of first year sampling program is nearly
completed, and results will be included in the first annual report,
expected to be complete by March, 1981. Samplers are now set to be
triggered by snowmelt flows. Only six sampling sites were operational
in 1980, but this has been increased to eight for 1981. Two areas
(paired) originally selected for street sweeping sampling have been
deleted from the project scope, which is currently in the process of
a project modification. Dryfall-wetfall samplers have experienced
operating problems, with icing causing malfunctions.
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AUSTIN
(Region VI)
GRANTEE: City of Austin (Thru Texas Department of Water Resources)
LOCATION: Austin, TX
GRANTEE CONTACT: Ramon Miguez (512) 477-6511
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: George Chang (512) 477-6511
EPA REGION: Sharon Parrish (214) 767-2662
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Lake Austin, with only limited development within its watershed,
is the principal water supply for the City of Austin. Town Lake, the
former water supply, is located in the highly urbanized area, and now
serves as a supplemental water supply source only, due to urban runoff
conditions. Lake Travis, located upstream of Lake Austin, has no
urbanization, or non-point source pollution. Lake Austin is also used
for recreational activities.
An important objective of this NURP study is to document the
effects of urbanization on a relatively pristine water body. This
will be done by monitoring the effects of nonpoint sources of
pollutants along various stretches of Lake Austin, and by identifying
the pollutants and urban runoff sources to Town Lake. Information
gathered from this phase of the project will be used to develop a
watershed management plan utilizing both nonstructural and structural
controls to moderate the impact of future urban development.
PROJECT STATUS:
Samplers have been installed at two BMP sites and two more should
be installed within the next week. Lack of rainfall has prevented
testing of sampling equipment. As soon after February 1st as this
task has been completed, and as weather conditions permit, event
sampling will begin. No data has been entered into STORET yet. Sed-
iment sampling of Lake Austin and Town Lake will start within the next
couple of months.
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LITTLE ROCK
(Region VI)
GRANTEE: Metroplan
LOCATION: Little Rock, AR
GRANTEE CONTACT: Andy Covington (501) 372-3300
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Warren Brainard (501) 372-3300
EPA REGION: Ann Hartley (214) 767-2624
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Norman Whalen (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Fourche Creek and its tributaries drain approximately 90 percent
of the metropolitan Little Rock area. Ultimate discharge from this
watershed is into the Arkansas River. Water quality problems caused
by urban runoff identified by past 208 studies include high concentra-
tions of coliform bacteria, nutrien-t compounds, and heavy metals.
Because of chronic violations of dissolved oxygen, suspended solids,
and biochemical oxygen demand standards, Fourche Creek has been desig-
nated "water quality limited. "
The Little Rock project defined intended objectives as:
• determination of the sources and transport mechanisms for
urban runoff pollutants
• analysis of candidate BMP's for effectiveness
• analysis of benefits to the public from BMP implementation,
such as improvement of the urban drainage system, use of
buffer spaces around waterways, and "green belts" around
impervious areas.
PROJECT STATUS:
The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is under contract to
METROPLAN to conduct the wet and dry dampling program. They have fur-
nished two sets of background results so far; limited rainfall has
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hampered this effort. BMP site selection should allow monitoring and
sampling to begin in the spring. A contract with the State for data
entry into STORE! is under negotiation.
High levels of sediment in background samples appear to result
from rapid development in western Little Rock.
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KANSAS CITY
(Region VII)
GRANTEE: Metropolitan Area Regional Council (MARC)
LOCATION: Kansas City, MO (Indian Creek, Rock Creek, Blue River)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Dave Garcia (816) 474-4240
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Frank Browne (913) 642-5552
EPA REGION: Cecil Taylor (816) 374-5420
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The major participants in this program are Johnson County, Kansas
and Independence, Missouri, in conjunction with the Mid-America Region-
al Council. Water quality problems caused by stormwater runoff are
standards violations in Indian and Rock Creeks. Pollutants of interest
are nutrients and heavy metals.
The primary objectives of this project are:
• to collect data on land use and pollutant loadings
• to measure the effects of urban runoff on stream quality and
benthic organisms
• to evalute detention basins for effectiveness
• to evaluate the applicability of BMP's.
PROJECT STATUS:
All sites have been selected and approved. Monitoring equipment
has not yet been received, so complete monitoring has not begun.
Agreements with local participants are finalized.
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DENVER
(Region VIII)
GRANTEE: Denver Regional Council of Governments (DR COG)
LOCATION: Denver, CO (small creeks, South Platte River)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Larry Mugler (303) 455-1000
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Sherman Ellis (303) 234-4061
EPA REGION: Bruce Zander (303) 837-4963
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Receiving waters in the Denver area are heavily affected by non-
point source pollutants such as heavy metals, nutrients, and
bacteria. During storm events, the pollution load applied to the
receiving waters is of the same order of magnitude as that generated
by point sources. The beneficial use of these waters is impaired for
recreational and agricultural purposes.
The objectives of this study are to assess the nature, causes, and
severity of, and to control urban runoff pollution. The following have
primary emphasis:
• determine pollution load as a function of land use.
• identify specific areal sources of pollutants.
• determine impact of non-point sources of pollutants on
receiving water quality.
• evaluate BMP's and their effects on receiving water quality.
• determine dry weather pollutant accumulation patterns
characteristic of semi-arid urban environments.
• evaluate local institutional structures for efficient and
effective utilization of BMP's.
• develop an efficient and cost-effective urban runoff
management program.
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PROJECT STATUS:
A contract is being negotiated with a commercial lab for priority
pollutant analysis. Atmospheric deposition samplers are being
installed. Data continues to be entered into the WATSTORE and STORET
data systems. Coordination has been established with the Clean Lakes
grant on Sloans Lake.
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SALT LAKE
(Region VIII)
GRANTEE: Salt Lake County Council of Governments
LOCATION: Salt Lake County, UT (Jordan River)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Gerald Kinghorn (801) 535-7210
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Terry Way (801) 535-7210
EPA REGION: Doug Johnson (303) 837-4963
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Water quality criteria for designated beneficial uses are being
violated in the Jordan River and its major tributaries. This has
resulted in their being designated as 'Water Quality Limited". Desired
beneficial uses include secondary contact recreation, cold and warm
water fisheries, aesthetics, and agricultural irrigation. Urban runoff
has been identified as a major cause of water quality degradation.
The overall objective of this project is to evaluate and
demonstrate the effectiveness of structural and non-structural BMP's
and to reduce the effects of urban runoff pollution on surface waters.
The project will be accomplished in three phases. The first phase is
devoted to problem assessment. Flow and water quality data are being
monitored at approximately 40 sites. Both dry and wet weather data are
being collected. Data are also being obtained at five control
facilities in order to determine their effectiveness and to obtain
design criteria. Contribution of pollutants from atmospheric
deposition are also being monitored at eight sites. The second phase
will be concerned with the design and construction of control
facilities. The final phase will evaluate the effectiveness of the
controls by monitoring water quality before and after facility
processes. Cost data will be applied to determine cost-effectiveness
of controls.
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The BMP's studied in this project are:
• modification of inlet/outlet structures at existing detention
basins
• modification of storm drain catch basins
• use of wetland flow treatment
• use of existing canals as linear detention/percolation basins
• public information/education.
PROJECT STATUS:
The second and third year work plan has been submitted for
approval. The scope of work has been cut back to make better use of
project funds. The contract with a commercial lab for priority
pollutant analysis is being negotiated. Atmospheric deposition
samplers have been installed.
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RAPID CITY
(Region VIII)
GRANTEE: 6th District Council of Governments
LOCATION: Rapid City, SD (Rapid Creek)
GRANTEE CONTACT: Mike Strub (605) 394-2681
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bruce Zander (605) 394-2443
EPA REGION: Roger Dean (303) 837-2721
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Patty Bubar (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The beneficial uses of Rapid Creek include public water supply and
fish and wildlife propagation. Water quality problems associated with
this stream are coliform contamination and algae blooms caused by
nitrogen and phosphorus input. The stream's use as a supplemental
municipal water supply has been impaired by chronic high coliform
counts.
The program will be concerned primarily with problem assessment,
determination of pollutant sources, and the identification of pollutant
loading and land-use relationships. An evaluation of BMP's may be
added as the project progresses.
PROJECT STATUS:
All monitoring sites have been selected and approved. Flow
monitors are in place and calibrated; sampler installation awaits
equipment delivery. Several storms have been manually sampled and
analyzed. Data collected to date has been summarized and is reported
in this quarterly report. Samples have been collected for priority
pollutant analysis.
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CASTRO VALLEY
(REGION IX)
GRANTEE: Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District
LOCATION: Castro Valley, CA
GRANTEE CONTACT: Paul Lanferman (415) 881-6470
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Gary Shawley (415) 881-6485
(Alameda Co. FCWCD)
EPA REGION: Craig Vassel (415) 556-5693
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart Tuller (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Castro Valley watershed is a 5.5 square mile area near the
San Francisco Bay. It is primarily residential in nature with less
than 10 percent of the land area devoted to commerical development.
Castro Valley is considered representative of many suburban neighbor-
hoods in the Bay Area. Important characteristics of the study area
include: no municipal or industrial point sources of water borne pol-
lutants; limited, small capacity storm sewers; unchannelized stream-
beds; residential development along streambeds.
The primary objective of this study is to determine the effec-
tiveness of street sweeping as a Best Management Practice (BMP) in
suburban environments such as Castro Valley. This objective is being
accomplished in three phases:
• estimation of the pollutant Loading from various sources
(e.g., roofs, parking lots, streets)
• evaluation of the effectiveness of street sweeping in meet-
ing desired water quality goals
• analysis of the cost-effectiveness of street sweeping com-
pared with other possible control measures.
Important emphasis will be placed on monitoring storm events in
order to compare runoff quality with the estimated pollutant loading
and to identify the relationship between BMP use and receiving water
quaiity.
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PROJECT STATUS:
All data gathering and analysis tasks associated with this
project have been completed. The final report is under preparation
and due for completion by April 1, 1981.
Selected data summaries and the results of preliminary analyses
were incorporated in Castro Valley's last Annual Report. Copies of
this report may be obtained from the EPA Headquarters.
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FRESNO
(REGION IX)
GRANTEE: State of California
LOCATION: Fresno, CA
GRANTEE CONTACT: Gordon Lee Boggs (916) 322-1587
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Doug Harrison(Fresno Co. FCWCD)(209) 485-6350
EPA REGION: Jorita Pajarillo (415) 556-5078
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart Tuller (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The 166 square-mile project site lies within the Fresno-Clovis
metropolitan area located in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
This area is semi-arid with much of the yearly rainfall occurring only
during a few months in the winter. The watershed under study has no
major water courses into which stormwater may flow, thus making the
use of retention/recharge basins necessary.
The object of the Fresno NURP study is to determine the effects
of urban runoff recharge on a sole source aquifer. Retention/recharge
basins currently in use for stormwater disposal will be monitored to
determine the following:
• the variables (e.g., land use) which affect the quantity and
quality of urban runoff;
• the filtering capacity of the soils, contaminant loading,
depth of penetration for various contaminants, and the
effects of basin ground cover (e.g., grass, landscaping);
• contaminants which are not removed by soil treatment and
their effects on groundwater quality; and
• management practices which will alleviate groundwater
degradation caused by urban runoff recharge.
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PROJECT STATUS:
Sampling was scheduled to begin early in 1981 but equipment
delays coupled with drought conditions have caused a revision of the
monitoring schedule. It is likely that full scale sampling will not
occur until the winter of 1981-82.
The contract between the State of California, the county of
Fresno, and the Flood Control District has been signed and approved.
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BELLEVUE
(REGION X)
GRANTEE: City of Bellevue
LOCATION: Bellevue, WA
GRANTEE CONTACT: Pam Bissonnette (206) 455-6923
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Pam Bissonnette (206) 455-6923
EPA REGION: Al Ewing (206) 455-7218
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart Tuller (202) 755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The water quality of the urban streams within the city of
Bellevue has been degraded due to contamination by nutrients,
bacteria, heavy metals, BOD, and pesticides. Of particular concern is
sediment input from urban runoff which has substantially decreased the
nursery potential for salmon propagation and aesthetic enjoyment.
This project will assess the effectiveness of street sweeping and
basin cleaning in terms of pollutant load removal and resultant
effects on receiving water quality. First-year work has been devoted
to street sweeping analysis of various sweeping frequencies and
equipment type. The second-year work will be concerned with detention
basin analysis using various cleaning frequencies of basins in
conjunction with street sweeping. These data will be used to develop
a cost-effective strategy for pollutant removal from urban runoff.
PROJECT STATUS:
The USGS is inventorying precipitation and resultant discharge
from three urban containments, collecting and analyzing rainfall and
dry deposition samples, and collecting discrete runoff samples in
order to define pollutant hydrographs for each of the catchments
during approximately twelve storms per year. Sampling has been under-
way since March 1980.
In two of the catchments, street sweeping has been conducted
since April 1980 on alternate schedules and with varying frequencies.
In the third catchment, stormwater has been sampled without detention
in the basins. The detention gates will be reinstalled in the control
basins in February of 1981.
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Seattle METRO'S toxicant inventory is progressing well.
Seventeen samples for priority pollutant analysis have been collected
and partial results are back from four stormwater runoff samples and
two street dirt samples.
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EUGENE/SPRINGFIELD
(REGION X)
GRANTEE: Lane Council of Governments (L-COG)
LOCATION: Eugene/Springfield, OR
GRANTEE CONTACT: Gerritt Rosenthal (503) 687-4283
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Gerritt Rosenthal (503) 687-4283
EPA REGION: Cecil Ouellette (503) 221-3250
EPA HEADQUARTERS: Stuart luller (203)755-2114
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Past studies of surface water quality in the Eugene/Springfield
metropolitan area have identified urban stormwater runoff as an impor-
tant source of contamination. This contamination has been responsible
for the creation of potential public health hazards, has interfered
with beneficial uses downstream, and has caused regular instream stan-
dard violations. Pollutants of specific concern are heavy metals,
nutrient compounds, sediments, and pathogenic bacteria.
The purpose of the L-COG NURP study is to assess the source,
magnitude, nature, and controls of pollutants in urban runoff.
Possible BMP's to be reviewed in this study are instream sedimentation
ponds, wetland treatment, and street sweeping.
PROJECT STATUS:
Rainfall, water quality baseline, and stormwater sample collec-
tions are proceeding according to schedule. Data from the analysis of
the samples is now being input into STORET with the assistance of EPA
Region X.
Full-scale monitoring of the vegetation management site was
carried out from June through October. The site was harvested in
mid-June; cattail tissues were digested and analyzed for trace metal
concentrations.
The sediment control site on the Amazon Channel was cleaned and
is now being monitored intensively. It became necessary to abandon
56
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the street sweeping task when equipment was diverted for use in the
Mount St. Helens ash zone.
Monitoring has begun at an industrial site to evaluate the
effectiveness of straw bales as oil/grease traps.
57
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Strategy for 1990
For nearly 9 months, EPA has been developing a comprehensive
strategy to assure achievement of maxiumum water quality improvement
from the dollars to be obligated through the wastewater treatment
construction grant program over the next decade.
The following proposed strategy for management of urban storm-
water runoff was prepared as one element of the overall strategy.
Public hearings on the full 1990 Strategy will be conducted across
the country during March.
58
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OVERVIEW
Stormwater management is a major problem facing most cities
today. It is not yet clear whether urban runoff is actually a water
quality problem that must be controlled, or if it is simply a
nuisance. Currently, the "red book", Quality Criteria for Water is
the principal gauge of a problem's importance. In light of the
potential cost and uncertainty associated with hydrologically-induced
pollution events, we need to refine our tools of measurement.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500) as amended by
the Clean Water Act (PL 95-217) views urban drainage as a potential
water quality problem, albeit of unknown severity and extent. At the
, nt-ajfT «rr>/v"
municipal level, however, urban runoff is viewed as a quantity
problem. In reality, the urban runoff problem is both, but not in
equal terms: the quantity problem is greater than the quality problem
in most cities. The EPA strategy for urban runoff control recognizes
this duality and involves an approach to problem solution wherein
funds used to control pollution can be combined with funds being
expended on drainage and erosion control.
Sewerage systems have traditionally been classified as one of
three types: sanitary, combined, and storm. This traditional
classification is based on design and original intent, and is very
often misleading in terms of what actually happens during a storm. In
- 59
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reality, there is a continuum ranging from one intent (pollution con-
trol) to the other (drainage control). Where any given system falls
within the continuum can be determined only by local examination. The
key point here is that urban runoff quantity and quality problems can
be associated with all conveyance system types.
The strategy for urban runoff control advocates a holistic ap-
proach wherein all sources are considered and the spectrum of control
options available are examined in order to select the most workable
solution.
A prerequisite step in establishing any control program is to de-
fine the nature of the "problem". What is lacking from our previous
guidance to date is a clear statement of what constitutes a problem.
The Clean Water Act provides an objective... "to restore and maintain
the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's
waters." Also provided are six goals to help meet the objective. How-
ever, translating these goals into target levels of abatement requires
clear problem definition in terms of technical, political, social, and
financial feasibility, as well as in terms of what harm is being
done.
The beneficial uses of a given water body are typically defined
in the following terms:
("• domestic water supply
\» agricultural water supply (e.g., livestock, irrigation)
(• industrial water supply (including cooling)
• propagation of aquatic and marine life
60
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• recreation (e.g., "contact, noncontact, aesthetics)
• hydroelectric power generation
• navigation
• waste assimilation.
The relative importance of these uses depends upon the specific loca-
tion. The emerging strategy requires that problems be defined in
terms of denial of a designated beneficial use (or the degree of im-
pairment). This must be determined in relation to a specific loca-
tion. The concept of denying or impairing a designated beneficial use
will be considered as the first priority level for problem definition.
The second priority level for problem definition will be the failure
to meet an established water quality criterion.
This approach breaks water quality standards into two main ele-
ments: the beneficial use and the criterion adopted to protect that
use. In dealing with urban runoff, criteria based upon dry-weather
flows are generally not met during wet-weather events. In many cases
where there is a temporary violation of criteria, the beneficial use
is not actually denied or impaired to a measurable degree.
The third priority level of problem definition is represented by
instances where the public may perceive a water quality problem and
forego normal use of the water. An example would be: on a clear sun-
ny day the public views a river which is muddy from a previous day's
rain storm and suspends use of the river for recreation. Although the
61
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water's condition may only be caused by natural erosion, it causes
concern.
When discussing urban runoff or any hydrologically-related event,
several points must be kept in mind:
• it results in an intermittent discharge; the frequency,
duration, volume, and areal extent of which are highly
variable
• the sources of pollutants are equally variable
'' • the pollutants themselves are highly variable.
Given the above, it is prudent to move cautiously into the approach of
control of hydrologically-related pollution events, especially urban
runoff.
Once the problem has been identified and pollutants associated
with the impacted beneficial use have been determined, the next step
is to determine their source. If, for example, the problem is fish
dying from oxygen starvation, how much oxygen-demanding material is
coming from urban runoff and how much comes from other contributors
(e.g., upstream loads, combined sewer overflow loads, separate storm
sewer loads, WWTP effluent loads, industrial loads)?
APPROACH
Two basic approaches can be considered for addressing the control
of urban stormwater pollutant loads. One strategy wouLd reauire tWe
62
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application of available technology (this would be roughly analagous
to prescribing secondary treatment for municipal discharges and BPT or
BAT for industrial discharges). The other would be based on determin-
ing control needs on the basis of the water quality effects of the
urban storm induced load. (This is analagous to the basis for estab-
lishing advanced treatment requirements.)
Current plans favor the latter approach. With this approach, any
decisions with regard to urban stormwater control would be based on
the impact such waste loads would have on beneficial uses of the local
receiving waters. The need for control and the level of control re-
quired would be determined on a case-by-case basis. This would re-
quire an investigation and evaluation of uses of the water body, pol-
lutants which relate to the use or uses in question, and the relative
contribution of storm water loads compared with loads from other
sources. A determination of the degree to which various levels of re-
duction in receiving water pollutant concentrations provides addition-
al protection or enhancement of the designated use (i.e., the benefit)
would be made. The decision on the level of control to apply to urban
runoff sources would be based on a comparison of the costs to achieve
the selected improvement in water quality, by applying treatment to
each of the significant, controllable sources.
63
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The advantages of such an approach would be as follows:
• Construction and O&M expenditures have the best chance of
being cost effective (i.e., based on tradeoffs between point
and non-point sources and on effective cost-benefit rela-
tionships).
• The approach would be compatible with current EPA efforts to
develop PS/NPS tradeoffs for AWT decisions.
• It can help avoid situations where controls arbitrarily
selected may not provide enough reduction in load to protect
a desired use - or where urban storm water controls have no
effect on a water quality problem because these loads are
insignificant contributors.
Disadvantages would be as follows:
• The level of technical analysis upfront would be signifi-
cantly higher than normal past practice for 201s addressing
point sources. Additional resources would be required in
planning or Step 1 phases of a project.
• Monitoring requirements and associated costs would be high-
er.
• State and EPA review activities would in most cases require
the assignment of additional personnel with appropriate
technical background.
• Control requirements and funding would vary from project to
project - and would probably not be uniform from one EPA
Region or geographic area to another.
• Appropriate guidance, training, and technical support would
be required to help ensure that analyses and decisions are
technically sound.
In light of the current level of our understanding of urban run-
off and the need for its control, the moratorium on the funding of
treatment for separate storm sewer discharges should probably be
64
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continued until the mid 80's. This would allow time for the Agency's
current work in this area to be completed.
The current funding policy for combined sewer overflows probably
does not need to be changed. It recognizes the dual nature of urban
runoff and allows for partial funding of multi-purpose projects. How-
ever, the strategy does recommend changes in emphasis with respect to
the methods for controlling pollution from combined sewers.
The strategy to control urban runoff is based on containment of
the runoff, management of the sewer system, and treatment where need-
ed—each overall system tailored so as to meet locally developed and
State-recognized priority problems.
• Containment - In order for the nation to avoid playing
"catch up" on CSO, runoff in identified problem areas must
' be contained. Methods to control the rate of runoff and, to
some extent, the amount of runoff, have been with us for
some time. Detention basins, for example, are currently
used widely to attenuate runoff in developing areas. In the
majority of older, larger cities, sewer systems are in a
deplorable state. Much can be done, expecially with CSOs,
by means of sewer system rehabilitation.
• Management - In controlling CSOs, there are many steps
that can be taken short of costly treatment. Instream and
offstream storage, coupled with flow control devices, proved
successful in controlling the problem at a much lower cost
than complete separation.
• Treatment - Since much has been written on methods to con-
trol and treat CSOs, no further discussion will be provided
here. Readers are referred to thexJLQTS Needs Survey"Bor a
good presentation of the alternatives.
65
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IMPLEMENTATION
The following are recommendations based upon consideration of the
above issues:
• The moratorium on the funding for treatment of separate
storm sewer discharges should be continued. Planning for
the control of separate storm sewer discharges should be
grant eligible, under section 201, where this contreTwould
be part of a cost-effective control package.
-
• Appropriate changes to the regulation to reflect the
lative amendment need to be made (PRM-61 covers this).
• Six types of activity will be required at the federal level:
planning, administration, standards, regulation, funding,
and research:
Planning
- In the short term, planning should continue with the de-
velopment of methodologies and the transfer of informa-
tion from current, ongoing projects to states and local
governments.
- Attention should focus on answering the question of
whether urban runoff is a significant contributor to a
problem by thoroughly investigating current results of
projects.
- Planning efforts should support other functions with
information, data, and analysis (for such functions as
research, standards, permits, grants, etc.).
- Education, training, and technology transfer programs
should be developed.
- Monitoring and inspection programs should be developed
to test for results.
Administration
-Regulations for states should be changed to emphasize
importance or urban runoff and their own role.
66
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A specialized group dealing with states only on urban
runoff needs to be established. Functions would include
regulation-writing, grants administration, technical
assistance, etc.
In the short term, 208 grants would be administered; in
the long run, 106 grants.
Standards
- We need to work with the standards people—not to devel-
op new criteria—but to develop new methods of using the
established criteria (e.g., for wet weather episodes it
may be more appropriate to allow for a certain frequency
of not meeting the criteria).
- A means for using dilution ratios as a basis for measur-
ing impacts must be worked out.
- The concept of stream categories (i.e., urban feeder vs.
urban tributary) needs to be developed.
Regulation
- New concepts of r^eguktarion need to be developed for
hydrologically-related pollutant discharges.
- In the long term, general permits will need to be
issued.
Funding
- In the short term, funding will be withheld until the
need for funding can be established.
- Should there be a need, a small-scale funding program,
(e.g., Rural Clean Water Program) may be appropriate for
separate storm sewer discharges.
- A small-scale Urban Clean Water Program may be all that
is required to focus on controlling well-defined prob-
lems.
67
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- Needs Survey work must consider new approaches in defin-
ing needs. Current ongoing work must be funneled into
the next surveys.
Research
- In the short term, ORD should continue current work.
- The primary focus must switch to evaluating the impacts
on receiving waters.
- The data base being developed by current EPA and USGS
work must be used. Much work will remain to be done in
the long term to gain a good understanding of cause and
effect.
• The 80's should see a closer working together of the agency
and the states through the use of state-EPA agreements and
a restructuring of the administrative infrastructure of the
agency. The real burden of implementation will fall upon
the states to:
- determine and develop priorities for problem areas
- develop a control framework
- develop priority lists
- develop educational programs
- develop monitoring programs
- develop regulatory programs.
It is at the local level that implementation of control will
actually occur. It is at this level that problems will be
defined, beneficial usage defined, and the need for con-
trol defined. Local agencies will have to:
- define problems based on denial of beneficial usage
- develop administrative infrastructure
- develop educational programs
- develop operational programs f °'a.*i <*
- develop local monitoring programs.
68
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Recent Urban Runoff
Studies and Publications
Beginning with this Quarterly Progress Report, we will be
presenting abstracts and other bibliographic information on
urban runoff studies.
69
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The following list of descriptions of urban runoff research and
abstracts notes were obtained from the NTIS data base.
TITLE
TITLE NOTE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
PAGINATION/DATE
ISSUE
NTIS PRICES
CONTACT/GRANT NOS.
PROJECT NOS.
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS
ABSTRACT
Settleability of Urban Runoff Pollution
Partial completion rept.
Whipple, William Jr; Hunter, Joseph V.
Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick, NJ.
Water Resources Research Inst. *0ffice of
Water Research and Technology, Washington,
DC.
/
April 80; 25p
U8017
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
W80-04807, /OWRT-A-058-NJU)
DI-14-34-0001-0132
OWRT-A-058-NJ
8H; 68D; 48G; 91A
*Runoff; Water pollution control; *Urban
areas; Settling; Reservoirs; Lagoons (Ponds);
Coliform bacteria; Effectiveness; Biochemical
oxygen demand; Removal; Copper; Zinc;
Sediments; Feasibility
*Storm water runoff; Heavy metals; Nonpoint
sources; Urban hydrology; NTISDIOWRT
Because of the growing interest in stormwater
management, and particularly of the
possibility of using detention basins for
removing particulate pollution, it is
important to determine the effectiveness of
such basins for removal of various polluting
substances. In the study reported upon
samples of urban runoff were allowed to
settle in a large tube, and the quantity of
each pollutant settling in a given time
period determined. There was more
variability in rate of settlement of specific
pollutants than for total supspended solids.
Lead and hydrocarbons settled out 60-65
percent in 32 hours, only slightly slower
70
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than total suspended solids. BOD and copper
were removed at somewhat lower rates, and
zinc even lower. Coliform counts were
reduced by an order of magnitude. These
results indicate the probable effectiveness
of retention of stormwaters in removing
particulate pollutants.
71
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TITLE
TITLE NOTE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
PAGINATION/DATE
ISSUE
NTIS PRICES
INDEX TERMS
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS
ABSTRACT
Characteristics of Nonpoint Source Urban
Runoff and Its Effects on Stream Ecosystems
Final rept.
Porcella, Donald B.; Sorensen, Darwin L.
Utah Water Research Lab., Logan. *Corvallis
Environmental Research Lab., OR.
Feb 80; 112p
U8016
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
EPA-600/3-80-032; 8H; 6F; 68D; 48G; 57H; 91A
*Runoff; *Water pollution; *Streams; *Urban
areas; *Ecology; Ecology; Environmental
impacts; Invertebrates; Primary biological
productivity; Respiration; Carbon cycle
Stormwater runoff; *Nonpoint sources; Water
pollution effects (Animals); NTISEPARORD
Literature on urban nonpoint source runoff
was surveyed to determine the magnitude of
the effects of that source of contaminants to
stream ecosystems. Ecological literature
provided a basis for evaluating such impacts
based on benthic invertebrate biomass and
diversity, measurement of community primary
production and respiration, carbon cycling,
and variables related to the contaminant
concentrations in the stream.
72
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TITLE
TITLE NOTE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
PAGINATION/DATE
ISSUE
NTIS PRICES
INDEX TERMS
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS
ABSTRACT
Characteristics of Nonpoint Source Urban
Runoff and Its Effects on Stream Ecosystems
Final rept.
Porcella, Donald 8.: Sorensen, Darwin L.
Utah Water Research Lab., Logan. *Corvallis
Environmental Research Lab., OR
Feb 80; 112p
U8016
NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
EPA-600/3-80-032; 8H; 6F; 68D; 48G; 57H; 91A
*Runoff; *Water pollution; *Streams; *Urban
areas; *Ecology; Environmental impacts;
Invertebrates; Primary biologial
productivity; Respiration; Carbon cycle
Stormwater runoff; *Nonpoint sources; Water
pollution effects (Animals); NTISEPAORD
Literature on urban nonpoint source runoff
was surveyed to determine the magnitude of
the effects of that source of contaminants to
stream ecosystems. Ecological literature
provided a basis for evaluating such impacts
based on benthic invertebrate biomass and
diversity, measurement of community primary
producton and respiration, carbon cycling,
and variables related to the contaminant
concentrations in the stream.
73
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TITLE
TITLE NOTE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
PAGINATION/DATE
ISSUE
NTIS PRICES
NOTES
CATEGORY CODES
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS
ABSTRACT
Effects of Land Use and Urbanization on Water
Resources and Water Quality. 1977-April,
1980 (Citations from the NTIS Data Base)
Rept. for 1977
Brown, Robena J.
National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA
Apr 80; 146p*
U8014
(Supersedes NTIS)PS-79/0448 and
NTIS/PS-78/0488. See also 1971-1976,
NTIS/PS-78/0487.
13B; 48B*; 68D*; 91A; 91H; 86W
*Bibliographies; *Land development; *Water
resources; Urbanization; *Land use;
Regional planning; Urban planning; Benefit
cost analysis; Surface water runoff;
Recreation; Water supply; Flood control;
Water pollution; Water quality management;
Government policies
NTISNTISN
General studies on the effects of land use
and urbanization on water supply and water
quality are presented. Reports on specific
localities are included. If they may be
applied to other areas. These citations not
only include local, state, and national
government policies and planning affecting
land development, but also basic research on
the relationship between land use and water
quality management. (This updated
bibliography contains 139 abstracts, 23 of
which are new entires to the previous
edition.)
-------
TITLE
TITLE NOTE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
PAGINATION/DATE
ISSUE
NTIS PRICES
CATGEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS
ABSTRACT
Sediment-Pollutant Relationships in Runoff
from Selected Agricultural, Suburban, and
Urban Watersheds. A Statistical Correlation
Study
Final rept. Sep 77-Sep 78
Zison, Stanley W.
Tetra Tech. Inc., Lafayette,
CA. *Environmental Research Lab., Athens, Ga.
Jan 80; 150p
U8013
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
EPA-600/3-80-022; EPA-68-03-2611
8H; 68D; 48G
*Runoff; *Water pollution; Simulation;
Statistical analysis; Sediment transport;
Particles; Corelation techniques;
Variability; Estimating
*Nonpoint sources; Suspended solids;
Stormwater runoff; Agricultural watersheds;
NTISEPAORD
Data from agricultural, subruban, and urban
watersheds were subjected to statistical
correlation analysis to estimate potency
factors. These factors are coefficients
that, when multiplied by sediment mass
emission rates (transported in runoff),
provide estimates of mass emission rates for
other pollutants. The potency factors are
required input for such lumped-parameter
runoff models as the Nonpoint Source (NPS)
Model and the Stormwater Management Model
(SWMM). The data were also subjected to
multiple regression analysis to examine the
effect of storm parameters on runoff water
quality and the interrelationship among
runoff water quality constituent
concentrations themselves (other than
sediment load).
75
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TITLE
TITLE NOTE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
PAGNATION/DATE
ISSUE
NTIS PRICES
CONTRACT/GRANT NOS.
PROJECT NOS.
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS
ABSTRACT
The Influence of Urbanization on the
Transport of Heavy Metals in New Jersey
Streams
Technical completion rept. (Final)
Wilber, William G.; Hunter, Joseph V.
Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick,
NJ. Water Resources Research and Technology,
Washington, DC.
Feb 80; 128p
U8012
NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
W80-03774, /OWRT-A-050-NJ(5)
DI-14-34-0001-8032
OWRT-A-050-NJ
13B; 68D; 91A
*Metals; *Water pollution; *Saddle River;
*Urban areas; Sampling; Runoff; Precipitation
(Meteorology); Sediments; Industrial wastes;
Concentration (Composition); Lead (Metal);
Copper; Zinc; Nickel; Tables (Data); New
Jersy
Heavy metals; Lodi (New Jersey); NTISDIOWRT
A study of the transport of heavy metals was
performed on a higly developed 4.6-mile
stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New
Jersey. Heavy metal concentrations in
stormwater runoff entering the study area
varied significantly throughout runoff events
and from storm to storm. Lead, zinc and
copper contributed from 90 to 98 percent of
the total metals measured. Distribution of
metals in precipitation samples collected in
the study was similar to that in runoff
samples, with lead and zinc predominating,
although concentrations of metals in rainfall
were much lower than those in runoff. Base
flow metal concentrations in tributaries to
the Saddle River were variable, with highest
levels occurring during wet weather.
76
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The following list of descriptions of urban runoff research notes
and abstracts were obtained from the SSIE database.
TITLE
INVESTIGATOR
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
FUNDING
PROJECT MONITOR
ABSTRACT
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO DEFINE WATER
QUALITY EFFECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF
Mancini, JL; DiToro, DM
Manhattan College, School of Engineering,
Dept. of Environmental Engineering & Science,
4513 Manhattan College Pkwy., Bronx, New York
10471, United States of America (Mancini);
College, New York, United States of America
(DiToro)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research & Development, Municipal Eviron-
mental Research Lab., 26 W. St. Clair St.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, United States of
America
9/79 to 9/81 (1980) (GRANT) Proj. No.
RB06828, CC35 - S1T75 (Prior Funding: FY79
($20,000)
Ammon, DC
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to develop information and a methodology
for defining criteria for wet-weather water quality standards.
APPROACH: The approach involves development of load matrices for
governing pollutants as a function of size of urban area and size and
frequency of wet-weather events. These load matrices will act as in-
puts to short-term effects matrices that consider receiving water size
and type and the organism/contaminant transformations.
77
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TITLE
INVESTIGATOR
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
FUNDING
PROJECT MONITOR
ABSTRACT
EVALAUTION OP URBAN RUNOFF MUTAGENICITY
Murphy, CB; Karanik, JM
O'Brien and Gere Engineers, Inc., 1304
Buckley Rd., P.O. Box 4873, Syracuse, New
York, 13221, United States of America
(Murphy); Onondaga County Government, New
York, United States of America (Karanik)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research & Development, Municipal Environ-
mental Research Lab., 26 W. St. Clair St.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45168, United States of
America
7/79 to 7/80 (1980) (GRANT) Proj. No.
RB06640, CC35 - S1T59A (Prior Funding: FY79
$0)
Turkeltaub, R
OBJECTIVE: a) The determination of the mutagenic potential of urban
runoff and combined sewer overflow (CSO) in test catchment areas in
Onondaga County of New York and its applicability to urban areas in
general, b) The correlation of mutagenicity results with baseline
analytical data for each catchment area, relating mutagenic potential
to unique catchment area characteristics, and c) The evaluation of
four treatment methodologies for their applicability to the reduction
of the toxic potential imposed by untreated urban runoff and CSO.
APPROACH: Runoff and CSO samples will be collected from a cross
section of urban areas in Onondaga County and from three other urban
areas for a comparison of data. The Ames mutagenicity test will then
be performed on the samples and the results will be analyzed and
evaluated.
78
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TITLE
INVESTIGATOR
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
FUNDING
PROJECT MONITOR
ABSTRACT
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN URBAN RAINFALL/RUNOFF
QUALITY DATA BASE
Huber, WC; Heaney, JP
State University System of Florida, Univer-
sity of Florida School of Engineering
Sciences, Dept. of Environmental Engineering
Sciences, 220 Black Hall, Gainsville,
Florida, 32611, United States of America
(Huber); State University System of Florida,
Florida, United States of America (Heaney)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research & Development, Municipal Environ-
mental Research Lab., 26 W. St. Clair St.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, United States of
America
3/78 to 4/80 (1980) (CONTRACT) Proj. No.
68-03-2663, CC35 - S1T030 (Prior Funding:
FY79 $5,000)
Ammon, DC
The University of Florida has attempted to obtain urban rainfall/
runoff quality data, collected by others, to fulfill modeling needs as
first priority with attention also to characterization needs.
Specific objectives have been, broadly: 1. identify sources of data;
2. establish criteria for collection of data; 3. acquire available
data; 4. construct initial data base; 5. define how continuing main-
tenance of the data base is to be accomplished; and 6. define how
data dissemination should be done.
The data collection and evaluation process is a continuous one.
Hence, data will be continually acquired as part of the project and
addenda with new data from new or the same sources will be issued
periodically. Work also includes statistical and loading analyses of
much of the data.
PROGRESS: Statistical analyses have been completed.
runoff quality data have been included.
New rainfall/
79
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TITLE
INVESTIGATOR
ORGANIZAITONAL SOURCE
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
FUNDING
WATER QUALITY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF URBAN
RUNOFF ON COYOTE CREEK
Sartor, J
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 600 Montgomery
St., San Francisco, California, 94111, United
States of America (Sartor)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research & Development, Municipal Environ-
mental Research Lab., 26 W. St. Clair St.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, United States of
America
11/77 to 4/80 (1980) (GRANT) Proj. No.
R805418, CC35 - S21023 (Prior Funding: FY79
$85,000)
PROJECT MONITOR
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to quantify the biological and water
quality changes of a small stream as it passes through the San Jose,
California urban area. The selected stream has no industrial or
municipal point discharges and the expected stream quality gradient
will be a function only of non-point urban runoff. Detailed field
measurements will be periodically conducted over a period of one year
both upstream of the urban area and at selected locations within the
urban area.
Another task of the project is to measure the stormwater pollutant
removal effectiveness and water quality changes that occur within an
idealized catehbasin.
This project will be conducted in conjunction with a current EPA
sponsored demonstration project in San Jose titled "Demonstration of
Non Point Pollutant Abatement through Improved Street Cleaning
Practices".
80
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TITLE ANALYSIS OF APPLIED BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
FOR STORMWATER QUALITY CONTROL
INVESTIGATOR Bissonnette, P
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE Bellevue City Government, Box 1768, Bellevue,
Washington, 98009, United States of America
(Bissonnette)
FUNDING 11/78 to 11/81 (1980) (GRANT) Proj. No.
R805929, CC35 - S1T024 (Prior Funding: FY79
$0)
PROJECT MONITOR Field, R
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To analyze, at the field demonstration level, the cost
and effectiveness of Best Management Practices (BMPs), individually
and in combination. During a portion of the first year some initial
monitoring of two basins with no BMPs will be conducted to see if one
is a reasonable replicate of the other. Such studies will include a
complete street and drainage system inventory, non-storm surface and
drainage system sampling, and as well as a few storms. Following the
successful conclusion of these tasks, BMP application (street
cleaning, culvert cleaning, catch basin cleaning, etc.) would begin in
one of the basins, maintaining the other as a control. In this manner
BMP effectiveness could be determined by direct comparison during the
first year. Using such tools as a desktop annual load model, differ-
ences in annual load could be calculated using regional precipitation
data. Each basin would be modeled and the study of parameter sensi-
tivity could be improved using real data. During the second year the
basins could be switched; direct comparison between basins on both an
event and an annual bad basis would yield information on BMP effec-
tiveness.
FINAL OUTPUTS: To report on and disseminate the results of the above
objectives.
81
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TITLE
INVESTIGATOR
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
FUNDING
TREATMENT OF STORMWATER RUNOFF BY A MARSH/
FLOOD BASIN
Litwin, YJ; Bursztynsky, T
Ramlit Asociations, Inc., Hotel Claretnont,
Berkeley, California, 94705 United States of
American (Litwin); Assn. of Bay Area Govern-
ments, California, United States of America
(Bursztynsky)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research & Development, Municipal Environ-
mental Research Lab., 26 W. St. Glair St.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, United States of
America
9/78 to 3/81 (1980) (GRANT) Proj. No.
R806357, CC35 - S2T026 (Prior Funding: FY79
$65,500)
PROJECT MONITOR
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the qualitative changes of surface runoff as a
result of ponding in a marsh/flood basin. Comparison will be made be-
tween using the marsh/flood basin as a treatment measure for mitiga-
ting for stormwater runoff pollution, other BMPs and structural
techniques used for that purpose.
APPROACH: The objectives will be satisfied by an extensive sampling
and monitoring program which will include collecting data and anal-
yzing characteristics of the basin and the tributary watershed and
cost information of basin operation. Also included via supplemental
funding as described herein will be a thorough literature search up-
dating the state-of-the-art on pollutant control utilizing best vege-
tative and hydraulic practices.
82
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TITLE
INVESTIGATOR
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SPONSORING ORGANIZATION
FUNDING
PROJECT MONITOR
ABSTRACT
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE LAKE WATER
QUALITY
Wanielists, MP; Yousef, Y; Taylor, J
State University System of Florida, Univer-
sity of Central Florida School of
Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering &
Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 25000,
Orlando, Florida, 32816, United States of
America (Wanielista); State University System
of Florida, Florida, United States of America
(Yousef); State University System of Florida,
Florida United States of America (Taylor)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research & Development, Municipal Environ-
mental Research Lab., 26 W. St. Clair St.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, United States of
America
8/78 to 2/80 (1980) (GRANT) Proj. No.
R805580, CC35 - S2T011 (Prior Funding FY79
$0)
Traver, RP
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project is to determine cost effec-
tive means for restoring and maintaining urban lake water quality by
determiing urban stormwater pollution impacts and its necessary man-
agement .
APPROACH: Effectiveness of source managment, diversion, and treat-
ment will be investigated. Nutrients, organics, solids, pathogens,
metals, and other toxicants will be measured and the fate of pollu-
tants documented. Using State-of-the-Art Program Reports O&M cost
data for pollutional abatement and treatment practices will be re-
viewed for site specific applicability at the Lake Eola, Orlando,
Florida location. The Lake input characterization and projected
impacts will be used as parameters for the selection of the most
cost-effective of stormwater management and/or treatment practices.
PROGRESS: One of the results of this project will be the development
of a methodology for stormwater management in an urban lakeland water-
shed. The documented recommendations of this study are being used as
the principal proposal to the USEPA 314 - Clean Lakes Restoration
Program for phase 2 funding and implementation.
83
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
SUPPLEMENTARY TERMS .
ABSTRACT
URBAN STORM RUNOFF QUALITY IN SOUTHEAST
MICHIGAN
Collins, Peter G.; Ridgway, James W.
Environ Res Group, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich
ASCE J Environ Eng Div v 106 n 1 Feb 1980 p
153-162 (JEEGAV)
453; 931; 407; 444; 804
*Water Pollution—Water Quality;
Sedimentation; Rivers—Sedimentation;
Nitrogen Compounds
Sediments; Nutrients
Methods of sampling urban runoff and its
impacts on receiving waters are reviewed nd
classified into three types. The field
designs which yield data on mass emissions
are generally most useful for evaluating
alternatives to control urban nonpoint
pollution. Recent field sampling of urban
runoff in the Detroit, Mich, area (Southeast
Michigan) permits better characterization of
urban runoff quality, distribution of sizes
of solids in runoff, and correlations of
suspended solids with other constituents in
runoff. It is concluded that region-specific
runoff data are useful to planners and
engineers engaged in analysis of alternative
control strategies. Data from Southeast
Michigan indicate that certain aspects of the
urban nonpoint problem are not amenable to
some source controls, such as street
sweeping, but suggest that hydrologic
modifications, such as detention and
increased infiltration, may be more
effective. 10 references
84
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The following list of descriptions of urban runoff research and
abstracts were obtained from the ENVIROLINE data base:
TITLE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
REPORT OF THE URBAN DRAINAGE SUBCOMMITTEE
PROJECTS CONDUCTED 1972-1978
Env. Canada Report 101, 1980 (142)
Microfiche Av. from EIC
Special Report
Water Pollution
*Great Lakes; *Storm Runoff; *Canada; Waste-
water Treatment; Sludge Disposal; Wastewater
Management; Ontario, Nova Scotia
The activities of the urban drainage
subcommittee established under the Canada-
Ontario agreement on Great Lakes quality are
discussed. The significance of urban surface
runoff and overflows from combined sewerage
systems as pollution sources in Canada is
determined. A research strategy is outlined,
and proposed model policies to monitor and
control urban drainage are presented.
Various projects undertaken during 1972-78
are reviewed. These include full-scale
evaluation of high rate screening devices for
treatment of sanitary sewage by-pass flow;
assessment of municipal sanitary sewer by-
pass flows; evaluation of water quality of
urban stormwater runoff in East York, North
York, and Burlington; pilot-scale evaluation
of a physical-chemical wastewater treatment
system for combined sewer overflows; and
hydraulics of sewer pipe connections and
junctions (7 tables)
85
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
LAKE SAMMAMISH RESPONSE TO WASTEWATER DIVER-
SION AND INCREASING URBAN RUNOFF
Welch, E.B; Rock, C.A.; Howe, R.C.; Perkins,
M.A.
Univeristy of Washington
Water Research, 1980, V14, N7, P821 (8)
Microfiche Av. from EIC
Research Report
Water Pollution
*Lakes, Washington; *Wastewater Treatment;
Phosphorus; Entrophication; Storm Runoff;
Phytoplankton; Sediment *XL; Watersheds;
Mathematic Models-Water
The mean annual concentration of phosphorus
in Lake Sammamish has decreased following
diversion of about one/third of the external
loading in 1968. Neither phytoplankton
biomass or secchi visibility has changed.
However, the blue-green component of the
phytoplankton decreased by nearly 50%. The
failure of biomass and visibility to improve
is probabily a result of similar pre- and
post-diversion winter-spring epilimnetic
phosphorus concentrations. Runoff from a
rapidly developing westside portion of the
watershed is contributing substantially to a
phosphorus loading of the lake. Future
development of the eastside portion may
increase phosphorus loading by 20%. (2
graphs, 1 map, 19 references, 2 tables)
86
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
DETENTION STORAGE FOR URBAN FLOOD CONTROL
Smith, David P.; Bedient, Philip B.
Espey Huston & Assoc., Tex; Rice Univ.
J. Water Resources Planning & Management
Div-Asce, Jul 80, V106, N2, P413 (13)
Microfiche Av. from EIC
Technical Report
Renewable Resources-Water
*Flood Control; *Water Storage; Urban Water
Resources; Watersheds; Hydrology; Drainage;
Mathematic Models-Water
A method of evaluating the effects of
detention storage in urban watersheds is
described. Effects of rainfall frequency,
land use condition, and storage policy as
they alter downstream flows are considered.
The Usace HEC-1 model was used to calibrate
flood flows of two recent storms on Brays
Bayou in Houston, Tex. A storage detention
model was used to predict design flows for
both existing land use and project future
developments. (3 graphs, 1 map, 17
references, 6 tables)
87
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TITLE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF URBAN WATER
RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Presented at UN (Pergamon) Water Conf., Mar
Del Plata, Mar. 77, V2, P685 (13)
Microfiche Av. from EIC
Technical Feature
Renewable Resources-Water
*Urban Water Resources; *Water Resources
Management; *Socioeconomics; Water Resources
Planning; Multiple Use-Water; Water Quality
Standards; Urban Planning; Effluent
Standards; Water Supply; Economic Growth; UN
Conf. Paper
Increasing urbanization causes increasing
demand for water resources, changes in the
physical environment that alter natural water
balances, and the disposal of increasing
volumes of waste that may contaminate usable
water resources. This in turn results in
socioeconomic constraints in the use,
managment, and planning of urban water
resources. Escalating costs associated with
water resource developments and sewage
treatment place economic burdens on
consumers. Urban development causes erosion,
stream and runoff pollution, and flooding
condditions (7 references)
88
-------
TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
LAND USE INFLUENCES ON HEAVY METALS IN AN
URBAN RESERVOIR SYSTEM
Helsel, Dennis R.
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
NTIS Report P,-296 724, Jul 78 (243)
Microfiche Av. from EIC
Special Report
Chemical/Biological Contamination
*Heavy Metals; *Land Use Classification;
Reservoirs; Cities; Storm Runoff; Sediment;
Sewage Outfalls; Lead; Zinc; Copper; Cadmium;
Chromium L
Storm water from several basins, each of a
different land use type, was analyzed for the
presence of heavy metals. Atmospheric and
land surface contributions to metal loadings
are considered. Urban land use types are
found to be the greatest contributers of
lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium
compared with agricultural lands. Most
metals absorb onto bottom sediments of the
reservoir. Unless mobilization of the metals
occurs, no public health concern is warranted
for heavy metals in reservoirs.
89
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TITLE AESTHETIC STORMWATER BASINS-THE WINNIPEG
EXPERIENCE
AUTHORS Tottle, Cliff
SOURCE Water & Pollution Control, Jan 80, V118, Nl,
P9 (7)
DOCUMENT TYPE Technical Feature
CATEGORY CODES Water Pollution
INDEX TERMS *Winnipeg; *Impoundments; *Storm Runoff;
*Water Storage; Water Quality Criteria;
Economics, Env-Water; Aerobic Systems; Sedi-
ment; Dissolved Oxygen; Algae; Suspended
Solids; Biochemical Oxygen Demand;
Recreation; Outdoor-Water
ABSTRACT The development of Winnepeg's artificial lake
storage facilities in Manitoba is described.
The water quality, treatment potential, and
sedimentation performance of Winnipeg's
stormwater basins were monitored during the
summers of 1976 and 1977. Water quality was
found to be exceptionally high, DO levels
averaged 8-9 ppm, and algae and weed growth
were controlled at costs of about $7/acre of
drainage area. Treatment of urban runoff in
the basins is examined.
90
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
URBAN RUNOFF CONTROL PLANNING
McPherson, M.B.
ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Program,
Mass.
EPA Report EPA-600/9-78-035, Oct 78 (194)
Microfiche Av. from EIC
Special Report
Water Pollution
*Storm Runoff; *Water Rersources Management;
*Water Quality Criteria; Flow Measurement;
Economics, Env-Water; Flood Control; Erosion
Control, Water; Storm Sewers; Sediment; Flood
Plains
Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act of 1972 encourages areawide
planning for water pollution abatement
management, including urban runoff
considerations where applicable. Areawide
studies are under way or planned in nearly
all metropolitan areas. Information is
presented to assist local governmental
agencies to prepare areawide plans while
considering major urban runoff technical
issues in long-range planning. The
importance of conjunctive Consideration of
urban runoff quantity and quality is
emphasized. A database must be developed to
support decisions regarding proposed actions
and programs. Some technical issues that are
often slighted or poorly handled in water
pollution abatement management planning are
discussed. (Numerous diagrams, graphs,
references, tables)
91
-------
TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
EVALUATION OF DETENTION BASINS FOR
CONTROLLING URBAN RUNOFF AND SEDIMENTATION
Haan, C.T.; Ward, A.D.
NTIS, VA
NTIS Report PB-286-965, Aug 78 (28)
Microfiche Av. From EIC
Special Report
Water Pollution
*Storm Runoff; Sediment; Mathematic
Models-Water; Water Storage; Cities
Studies were initiated to determine the
feasibility of using urban stormwater
detention basins as opposed to individual
basin designs. A mathematical simulation
model of the performance of sediment
retention basins is described. Design
recommendations based on simulations made
with the model are described.
92
-------
TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
CONVIVIAL STORM WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Tourbier, Joachim; Westmacott, Richard;
Goedken, Charles
Univ of Delaware
ENV Comment, Nov 79, P4 (3)
Microfiche Av. From EIC
Feature Article
Renewable Resources-Water
*Water Resources Management; *Flood Control;
Storm Runoff; Erosion Control, Water; Water
Quality Criteria; Infiltration; Sediment;
Storm Sewers; Water Resources Financing;
Watershed Management; Zoning
Through implementation of nonconventional
stormwater management technologies, the costs
of urban flooding and drainage controls could
be reduced by nearly $5 Billion/yr. Four
basic storm water problems and design
solutions for them are outlined. These
alternative management practices include both
structural and nonstructural measures.
Nonstructural control measures include
surface sanitation, chemical use control, and
surface drainage; structural measures involve
at-source controls, such as rooftop
detention, dutch drains,a nd porous
pavements. Political obstacles to the
implementation of unconventional storm
control measures are discussed. (1 drawing,
13 references)
93
-------
TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
DISTRIBUTION OF METALS IN STREET SWEEPINGS,
STORMWATER SOLIDS, AND URBAN AQUATIC
SEDIMENTS
Wilbur, William G.; Hunter, Joseph V.
Rutgers Univ
WPCF J. Dec 79, V51, N12, P2810 (13)
Research Report
Chemical/Biological Contamination
*Heavy Metals; *Storm Runoff; *Sediment;
*New Jersey; Rivers; Suspended Solids; Water
Quality Criteria; Water Analysis; Lead; Zinc;
Cooper; Nickel; Chromium; Chemical Oxygen
Demand
The distribution of heavy metals in street
sweepings, stormwater solids, and aquatic
sediments of the Passaic River Basin, N.J.,
is discussed. Samples were analyzed for
lead, zinc, copper, nickel, chromium,
magnanese, and iron. Less than 1 percent of
the total metals in all samples were soluble
in river water. ' (1 diagram, 2 maps, 22
references, 8 tables)
94
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SURGE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
THE BENEFICIAL REUSE OF URBAN STORMWATER
Field, Richard; Fan, Chi-Yuan
EPA, NJ; EPA, New York City
Presented at WWEMA 7th Annual Industrial
Pollution Conf. Philadelphia, Jun 5-7, 79,
P279 (22)
Microfiche Av. From EIC
Technical Report t
Water Pollution
*Stonn Runoff; *Wastewater Reuse; Urban Water
Resources; Combined Sewer Overflows; Water
Quality Criteria; Sedimentation; Filtration;
Water Storage; Chlorination; Biological
Treatment; Economics, ENV-Water; Activated
Carbon Adsorption; Trickling Filters; Conf
Paper
Current urban stormwater control and
treatment technology leading to the
feasibility of urban stormwater reuse are
examined. The reuse of the water for
industrial cooling and process, irrigation,
and recreational water supplies is discussed.
Process treatment efficiencies are surveyed
for sedimentation, fine screening,
filtration, biological treatment methods,
activated carbon adsorption, and
disinfection. A hypothetical case study
provides evidence that the reclamation of
urban stormwater for industrial subpotable
water supply is technically feasible and
economically attractive when compared with
city water sources. Other important
benefits, such as reduction of pollutant
discharges and more effective control of
stormwater drainage, also can be achieved
through stormwater reuse. (3 diagrams, 25
references, 13 tables)
95
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TITLE
AUTHORS
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
URBAN RUNOFF CONTROL PLANNING
McPherson, Murray B.
NTIS Report PB-291 522, Oct 78 (196)
Microfiche Av. From EIC
Special Report
Water Pollution
*Storm Runoff; *Storm Sewers; Urban Planning;
Water Quality Programs; Law, ENV
Major urban runoff issues in long-range
planning are reviewed from a technical
standpoint. Emphasized are the importance of
conjunctive consideration of urban runoff
quantity and quality, and the need to develop
a factual basis that will support expected
reliability of performance of proposed
actions and programs. Important technical
issues that are often slighted or poorly
handled, such as the utilization of
simulation, are examined. Recognizing that
the ultimate test of any plan lies in its
implementation, topics are viewed from the
perspective and experience of the local
government level where implementation takes
place.
96
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
AVAILABILITY
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
POLLUTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STORMWATER
RUNOFF
Bennett, Ediwn R.; Linstedt, K. Daniel
Colorado State Univ
NTIS Report PB-290 309, Sep 78 (226)
Microfiche Av From EIC
Special Report
Water Pollution
*Storm runoff; *Snowmelt; *Sewage outfalls;
Storm Sewers; Colorado; Urban-Rural
Comparisons; Water Analysis; Coagulation;
Filtration
The pollution characteristics of stormwater
runoff were studied by sampling stormsewer
discharges at three locations in Boulder,
Colorado. Sampling locations included a
stormsewer for outfall for an urban
residential area with a population density of
25 persons/acre; a stormsewer for outfall
for a suburban area with a density population
of 12 persons/acre; and an uninhabited,
unsewered mountain watershed. Results
indicate that pollution from snowmelt is
released more slowly than pollution from
rainfall. Presented are data from
preliminary treatment evaluations of
stormwater runoff made using the processes of
plain sedimentation; coagulation
sedimentation with lime, alum, and ferric
chlorides; and sand filtration.
97
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
PHOSPHORUS LOADING FROM URBAN STORMWATER
RUNOFF AS A FACTOR IN LAKE EUTROPHICATION:
I. THEORETICAL CONSIDERTIONS AND QUALITATIVE
ASPECTS
Browman, M.G.; Harris, R.F.; Ryden, J.C.;
Seyers, J.K.
Washington Univ
J ENV Quality, Oct-Dec 79, V8, N4, P561 (7)
Research Report
Water Pollution
*Eutrophication, Phosphate; *Storm Runoff;
^Wisconsin; Monitoring, ENV-Water;
Stormsewers; Particulate Size; Dissolved
Solids
Urban stormwater runoff from two Madison,
Wis., stormsewer was examined to: measure
the concentrations of various phorphorus
species in the stormwater runoff; determine
the effect of various phosphorus species on
Lake Eutrophication; and suggest target
phosphorus species that would optimize the
analytical estimation of the eutrophication
potential of urban runoff. Species
considered were organic, dissolved, and
particulate phosphorus. Data for the
watersheds studied indicated that the
potential contribution of phosphorus in urban
runoff to Lake Eutrophication could
reasonably be determined by two analyses that
measured dissolved and particulate
phosphorus. (1 diagram, 16 references, 4
tables)
98
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
DOCUMENT TYPE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
THE ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND FATE OF HEAVY
METALS IN STORMWATER RUNOFF
Randall, Clifford W.; Grizzard, Thomas J.;
Hoehn, Robert C.; Helsel, Dennis R.
Virginia Polytechnic Inst and State Univ
Presented at Commission of European
Communities/at al. heavy metals in the ENV
Intl Conf, London, Sep 79, P239 (4)
Research Report
Chemical/Biological Contamination
*Storm Runoff; *Heavy Metals; Atmospheric
Pollutant Deposition; Land Use
Classification; Urban-Rural Comparisons;
Sediment; Copper; Lead; Automobile Emissions;
Cadmium; Zinc; Aquatic Ecosystems;
Agricultural Runoff; Conf Paper
An extensive survey of seven heavy metals in
storm runoff was conducted intheNorthern
Virginia portion of the Washington, D.C.,
Metropolitan Area. Iron, Zinc, and Lead were
found to be the most abundant metals, and
only trace quantities of cadium were
detected. It was determined tht rainfall and
dustfall can account for all the metal inputs
in runoff from most land use types. Dry
dustfall was a significant source of lead,
iron, manganese, and chromium in highly
urbanized areas. (8 references, 5 tables)
99
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The following list of descriptions of urban runoff research and
abstracts were obtained from the COMPENDEX data base.
TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
HEAVY METALS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO SOLIDS
IN URBAN RUNOFF
Bourcier D.R.; Sharma R.P.
Utah STate Univ., Logan
Int J Environ Anal Chem v 7 n 4 1980 p
273-283 (IJEAA3) ISSN 0306-7319
453; 442; 444; 445; 801
*Water Pollution; Runoff; Water Analysis
Although a considerable amount of work has
been done in order to develop models for
estimating metal loadings in urban runoff,
some basic information on the relationships
between various storm water parameters is
still lacking. In a previous study at a
viaduct road runoff sit in Pullman, WA, metal
input from sources other than motor vehicles
was excluded and a definite relationship was
observed between total solids and metal
concentrations. This study was undertaken to
determine if the same models can be used for
storm events occurring at different locations
where the input of solids and metals from
sources other than motor vehicles was not
controlled. Significant correlations were
observed between metals vs. total solids and
regression equaitons were developed for the
two parameters. The models were compared to
those obtianed from the earlier study. It
was observed that the regression models are
only similar in the case of chromium and lead
vs. total solids at the two locations
indicating that simple models for the two
metals might be used to estimate metal
loadings at different geogrpahical areas. 16
references
100
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
URBAN RUNOFF MANAGEMNT: FUTURE MODELING
Torno, Harry C
US EPA, Washington, DC
J TEchn Counc ASCE v 106 n 1 Aug 1980 p
165-169 (JTCAD9) ISSN 0148-9909
442; 444; 921; 452; 723; 453
*RUNOFF—Mathematical Models; SEWERS—Storm
Drainage; URBAN PLANNING—Water Supply; WATER
POLLUTION—Water Quality
Several recent studies have demonstrated that
computer based mathematical models are
becoming a standard part of the engineer's
arsenal of tools for anlayzing and designing
urban drainage systems, and for evaluating
the impats of runoff-generated pollution and
the remedial measures therefore. It is
equally clear that while the catalogue of
available models is quite large, only a few
are in common use. Future model use will
emphsize applicaitons. New model development
will proceed at a slower pace until an
adequate data base is available. Receiving
water quality models will receive increased
use. The use of mini/micro computers will
increase rapidly, and models will be dapted
for use with low-cost hardware. 12
references
101
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL SOURCE
SOURCE
CATEGORY CODES
INDEX TERMS
ABSTRACT
BUILDUP STRENGTH AND WASHOFF OF URBAN
POLLUTANTS
Terstriep, Michael L.; Bender, G. Michael;
Benoit, Dennis 4.
ILL State Water Surv, Urbana
J Techn Counc ASCE v 106 n 1 Aug 1980 p 73-91
(JTCAD9) ISSN 0148-9909
453; 442; 444; 403
*Water Pollution; Runoff; Urban
Planning-Water Supply
A study performed to satisfy the requirements
of Section 208 of Public Law 92-500 for the
nondesignated urban area of Illinois is
described. The data collection program
involving up to 34 constituents on both water
samples and dry accumulation samples is
summarized. The data are used to calibrate
an urban runoff, quantity-quality model known
as QUAL-ILLUDAS. The accumulation rates and
composition of street surface pollutants
needed inthe model are determined. Model
results are related to land use and other
parameters by means of regression equations.
It is concluded that water quality modeling
is a useful tool and that urban runoff
contains heavy metals and other constituents
in excess of Illinois Water Quality
Standards.
102
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TITLE
AUTHORS
ORGANIZATIONAL, SOURCE
SOURCE
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URBAN RUNOFF QUALITY: INFORMTION NEEDS
Sonnen, Michael B.
M.B. Sonnen Co. Inc., Wlanut Creek, Calif.
J Tech Counc ASCE v 106 n 1 Aug 1980 p 29-40
(JTCAD9) ISSN 0148-9909
442; 444; 453; 403; 452
*Runoff—Measurements; Water
Pollution—Control; Urban Planning—Water
Supply; Sewers—Storm Drainage
Urban Runoff
Current perceptions of runoff water quality
viewed by government and by university and
private scientists tend to be limited to
immediate and pressing regulatory
requirements. As a consequence, the true
importance or insignificance of urban runoff
as a source of damaging pollution is going
undiscovered. Current mathematical models
purporting to be theoretically sound
expressions of urban runoff and land surface
behavior are shown to be quite rudimentary,
based on statistically invalid informtion,
and are of questionable predictive value.
Newer planning methods are needed on which to
base decisions about costly pollution control
alternatives. These methods can be
forthcoming only through derivation of more
comprehensive theory and by its proof in turn
by more comprehensive sampling. Many
information gaps, which are considered,
should be filled. Limited, though perhaps
still quite expensive, pilot programs of
sampling are proposed. 24 references
103
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EPA RESEARCH IN URBAN STORMWATER POLLUTION
CONTROL
Field, Richard
US EPA, Edison, NJ
ASCE 4 Hydraul Div v 106 n 5 May 1980 p
819-835 (JYCEAJ) ISSN 0044-796X
453; 452; 901; 442; 444
*Water Pollution—Control; Sewers—Storm
Drainage; Environmental Protection; Runoff
Combined Sewers; Urban Runoff
This state-of-the-art on the Environmental
Protection Agency's research in urban
stormwater and combined sewer overflow
pollution control describes the major
elements of the Urban Runoff Pollution
Control Program. Problem definition, users
assistance tools, management alternatives and
technology transfer are covered, including
some of the highlights of the Program's
future direction and products from over 150
of its reserach projects. Capital cost
comparisons for storm and combined sewer
control and treatment are given, along with
a specific example of cost-effect solution
for urban runoff pollution control by in-line
storge in Seattle. In a study done in Des
Moines, using a simplified receiving water
model, four control alternatives were
compared, considering cost and effectiveness
in terms of a frequency of dissolved oxygen
standard violations. 60 references
104
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URBAN STORM RUNOFF QUALITY IN SOUTHEAST
MICHIGAN
Collins, Peter G.; Ridgway, James W.
Environ Res Group, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich
ASCE J Environ Eng Div v 106 n 1 Feb 1980 p
153-162 (JEEGAV)
453; 931; 407; 444; 804
*Water Pollution—Water Quality;
Sedimentation; Rivers—Sedimentation;
Nitrogen Compounds
Sediments; Nutrients
Methods of sampling urban runoff and its
impacts on receiving waters are reviewed nd
classified into three types. The field
designs which yield data on mass emissions
are generally most useful for evaluating
alternatives to control urban nonpoint
pollution. Recent field sampling of urban
runoff in the Detroit, Mich, area (Southeast
Michigan) permits better characterization of
urban runoff quality, distribution of sizes
of solids in runoff, and correlations of
suspended solids with other constituents in
runoff. It is concluded that region-specific
runoff data are useful to planners and
engineers engaged in analysis of alternative
control strategies. Data from Southeast
Michigan indicate that certain aspects of the
urban nonpoint problem are not amenable to
some source controls, such as street
sweeping, but suggest that hydrologic
modifications, such as detention and
increased infiltration, may be more
effective. 10 references
105
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