United States Administration and 21M-1012
Environmental Protection Resources Management August 1990
Agency (PM-211D)
EPA System Design and
Development Guidance
EPA/ADP
Application Guidance to
Hardware/Software Selection
Supplement Guide to
Volume B
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Document Contents 3
SECTION 2 - METHODOLOGY
2.1 Overview 4
2.2 Relationship to System Design and 6
Development Guidance
SECTION 3 - HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND
COMMUNICATION OPTIONS SELECTION PROCESS
3.1 Develop Operational Specifications 7
3.1.1 System Input Worksheet 9
3.1.2 System Files Worksheet 12
3.1.3 System Output Worksheet 14
3.1.4 General System Requirements Worksheet 17
3.2 Identify Available Hardware, Software, and 21
Communication Options
SECTION 4 - CRITERIA IMPACTING DECISION
4.1 Operational Worksheets and Questionnaire 23
4.1.1 System Input Worksheet 23
4.1.2 System Files Worksheet 23
4.1.3 System Output Worksheet 23
4.1.4 Factors for Relating the Worksheets to 24
the Matrices
4.2 General Requirements 25
4.2.1 Available Equipment or CORE Technology 25
4.2.2 Audience and User Community 26
4.2.3 Data Sharing Requirements 26
4.2.4 Security Requirements 26
4.2.5 Telecommunication Requirements 26
Printed on Recycled Paper
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EPAJADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Page
APPENDIX A - HARDWARE/SOFTWARE SELECTION FORMS 27
APPENDIX B - DECISION MATRICES 31
APPENDIX C - EPA HARDWARE DESCRIPTIONS 39
C.I EPA Hardware Architecture 44
C.2 EPA Hardware Descriptions 45
C.2.1 Mainframes 45
C.2.2 Minicomputers 45
C.2.3 Microcomputers 46
C.3 Communications 47
C.3.1 IBM Environment 47
C.3.2 VAX Environment 47
C.3.3 Prime Environment 48
C.3.4 Personal Computer Environment . 48
C.3.5 Macintosh Environment 48
APPENDIX D - EPA SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS 50
D. 1 Communications Software 52
D.2 Computer Aided Design 55
D.3 Data Base Management 55
D.4 Desktop Publishing 56
D.5 Development Software 57
D.6 Electronic Spreadsheets 58
D.7 Geographical Information Systems 60
D.8 Graphics 60
D.9 Project Management Tools 62
D. 10 Statistical Software 63
D.ll Text Searching 63
D. 12 Word Processing Systems 63
APPENDIX E - REFERENCES 65
GLOSSARY 67
11
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
TABLE OF EXHIBITS
Guidance Audience 1-1
Relationship of EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to 2-1
Hardware/Software Selection to EPA System Design
and Development Guidance
System Input Worksheet 3-1
System Files Worksheet 3-2
System Output Worksheet 3-3
General Requirements Worksheet 3-4
Sample System Input Worksheet A-l
Sample System Files Worksheet A-2
Sample System Output Worksheet A-3
EPA Computing Architecture C-l
EPA Data Communication Architecture C-2
Data Communication Architecture Connectivity Options C-3
EPA Software Architecture D-l
111
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
TABLE OF MATRICES
Small Systems Software Support Tool Selection Matrix B-l
Medium Systems Software Support Tool Selection Matrix B-2
Large Systems Software Support Tool Selection Matrix B-3
EPA Hardware/Software Matrix B-4
EPA Hardware Location Matrix B-5
Host to Host File Transfer Matrix B-6
IV
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION
The EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection document is to be
used as a supplement to the guidance provided in the EPA System Design and Development
Guidance. Volume B: Preliminary Design and Options Analysis.
This document is to be used by Agency program and management officials and
responsible staff to identify available hardware, software, and communication options that meet
identified system requirements. Exhibit 1-1 identifies the intended audience of this document.
1.1 Background
The Environmental Protection Agency has diverse computer hardware, software, and
communications configurations available to meet its automated data processing needs. A wide
variety of applications for automated information systems are developed in the Agency. These
range from applications for use by a single employee in one location to those used by national
Headquarters, EPA Regional offices, State offices, and the general public. For any application,
a number of hardware, software, and communication options may be available. For this reason,
it can be difficult for the program managers and their staff to choose the hardware, software, and
communications configuration when developing a particular application.
The EPA has previously established life cycle guidance for system design and
development. Although these guidelines describe the selection of system options, specific
procedures for selecting available hardware, software, and communications options are not
provided in detail. This document will address these specific procedures.
1.2 Objectives
The objective of the EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
document is to provide guidelines and specific procedures for selecting available EPA hardware,
software, and communications options for new systems that meet the minimum identified
requirements of those systems. This document is not all encompassing and is only intended as
high-level guidance. Program offices should contact OIRM for assistance with specific
requirements.
These guidelines will ensure that EPA standards, platforms, and architectures are utilized
for the overall benefit of the Agency and that a balance is achieved in satisfying program office
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Guidance Audience
Project Manager
EPA/ADP
Applications
Guidance to
HW/SW Selection
System Manager
Senior Analyst
Mid-Level Analyst
Junior Analyst
Exhibit 1-1
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
and overall Agency needs. The guidelines help to establish whether or not existing EPA
technologies can support the system requirements. Identifying this fact early in the systems
development life cycle facilitates the procurement of hardware and software with minimal impact
on system development. When existing technologies do not meet the minimum requirements of
the system, alternative options will be identified with the assistance of OIRM and NDPD.
1.3 Document Contents
In order to achieve these objectives, the document is organized into the following sections
and appendices:
Available Options Selection Methodology: This section provides an understanding
of how the hardware/software selection guidelines support the guidance provided
in Volume B: Preliminary Design and Options Analysis of the System Design
and Development Guidance document.
Available Options Selection Process Section: This section provides the step by
step process to be performed in order to select available hardware and software
that supports the end users functional and operational requirements.
Criteria Impacting Decision Section: This section identifies the key factors
affecting a selection decision and describes the way it affects the decision.
Sample Hardware/Software Selection Forms Appendix: This section provides
sample formats for the forms utilized in the selection process.
Decision Matrices Appendix: This section provides the comparison matrices used
to decide upon hardware and software that meet the requirements.
EPA Hardware Appendix: This section provides a description of available
hardware at the Agency.
EPA Software Appendix: This section provides a description of available
software at the Agency.
References Appendix: This section identifies the information sources utilized in
preparing this document.
Glossary: The Glossary provides an alphabetical list of technical terms with
definitions.
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
SECTION 2 - METHODOLOGY
2.1 Overview
The EPA/ADP Applications GuiHan^. to Hardware/Software Selection provides
management officials and staff with a structured approach to selecting the feasible configuration
options that best meet their system requirements. This manual supports the EPA System Design
and Development Guidance, which describes the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
methodology.
The EPA System Design and Development Guidance is a three-volume set of guidelines
and standards to assist with EPA's system development efforts. The volumes are:
Volume A: Mission Needs Analysis
Volume B: Preliminary Design and Options Analysis
Volume C: System Design, Development, and Implementation
Volume A provides assistance to program offices and end users in conducting initial
studies of system requirements, needs, feasible options, and cost benefit to meet information
needs.
Volume B provides guidance and a methodology for structuring design options to meet
the requirements defined in Volume A, and provides guidance for selecting the most cost
effective option.
Volume C provides guidance and standards for automated system development efforts.
The intent of the three volumes is to provide a consistent focus for system development
efforts and to allow both EPA program managers and OARM IRM staff to cost-effectively
develop and maintain the Agency's systems.
The EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection provides a
structured approach for selecting hardware, software, and coinniunicauun options to meet the
requirements of an automated system. It should be used in conjunction with Volume B to
provide assistance during the stages of preliminary options design, and to define feasible options
for cost/benefit analysis.
4
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Relationship of EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software
Selection to EPA System Design and Development Guidance
EPA Systerti Design and
Development Guidance
i{Preitontoaiy Options
Design an^ Options
Analysis)
OPTION SELECTION
& DOCUMENTATION
-"- PRELIMINARY
OPTIONS DESIGN
OPTIONS
ANALYSIS
IDENTIFY AVAILABLE
HW/SW
DEVELOP OPERATIONAL
SPECIFICATIONS
Worksheets and Questionnaire
1 Matrices
Identify Available HW/SW/
>'| Comm Options (2.2.2)
^ '* 'Exhibits
Identify Available
HW/SW/Comm Options
; -* -ReviewwithOIRM/SIRMO
Define Outputs (2.1.3)
Define Files (2.1.2)
Define General Requirements
(2.1.4)
Rank Significance (2.2.1)
Complete Summary Data
Questionnaire
RESULT
Operational Specifications
RESULT
Available HW/SW/
Comm Options
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
2.2 Relationship to System Design and Development Guidance
The EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection can be used in
conjunction with the EPA Systems Design and Development Guidance Volume B. Chapter Two.
Preliminary Options Design. Exhibit 2-1 identifies the relationship between the two documents.
Volume B sets forth high-level guidance, while the EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to
Hardware/Software Selection defines specific procedures and methods to accomplish it. The
purpose of these documents is to assist users in translating the identified management and
functional requirements of their organization into operational specifications, and then to assist
them in selecting among software, hardware, and communication options available at EPA. This
is achieved by using a simple, structured method. The remainder of this section will discuss the
steps of this methodology, and will describe how both Volume B and this document address each
step.
Volume B, Section 2.1 describes the first step of the Preliminary Options Design in terms
of the kind of information to collect. Using the EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to
Hardware/Software Selection, the user accomplishes this step by translating functional
requirements into operational parameters using four operational worksheets presented in Section
Three of this document. These worksheets identify and summarize data required to determine
the volume and frequency parameters for the proposed system, as well as any requirements that
set constraints and limitations on the system.
Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 of Volume B provide high-level guidance in accomplishing the
subsequent steps of the Preliminary Options Design: data summarization and options
identification. Using the EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection, the
user accomplishes these two steps by identifying requirements as mandatory or desirable and then
prioritizes them to create a profile of the system. In this way, the system profile is refined,
critical decision parameters are defined, and a ranking of all the parameters and specifications
for the proposed system is developed. Then, by reviewing a series of decision matrices, the user
identifies the hardware, software, and communication options available at EPA.
Completion of the steps identified in the EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to
Hardware/Software Selection results in a list of feasible hardware, software, and communication
configuration options that meet the system requirements.
While the EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection helps in
identifying the available hardware, software and communication options at EPA, it does not
provide step-by-step procedures for options analysis. The EPA System Design and Development
Guidance. Volume B. beginning at Sections 2.2.3 describes the remaining steps of this phase of
the system development life cycle: determination of manual/automated functions, operational and
technical feasibility analysis, and life cycle benefit-cost analysis for the selected options.
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
SECTION 3 - HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND COMMUNICATION
OPTION SELECTION PROCESS
This section describes how the worksheets are used to identify available hardware,
software, and communication options at the EPA. Exhibit 3-1 identifies all the steps in the
process. At this point, functional system requirements should already be defined. There are four
worksheets used to define the system's characteristics or operational specifications. These
worksheets are then used in conjunction with the matrices and exhibits to define available
hardware, software, and communication options.
Each of these steps are described in detail in the following paragraphs.
3.1 Develop Operational Specifications
The Operational Specification Worksheets assist the user in translating the functional
system requirements, developed using Volume B, into operational specifications. Operational
specifications define the physical attributes of the proposed system. Physical attributes and
system constraints developed from the four worksheets and the questionnaire create a profile of
the system. From this profile, the user will have a set of criteria that define one or more
acceptable hardware, software, and communication options to meet the stated needs.
Completion of the Worksheets will define important system characteristics or physical
attributes. These factors provide an initial basis for determining available options within the
Agency environment. Section 4 of this document provides more information on how these
factors impact the decision making process. These factors may include:
Type of application
(Statistics, project management, CIS)
Type of audience or users (present and future)
(National, Regional, Laboratory)
Response Time
(Seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.)
Volume of data
(in bytes: K, MB, GB)
Data sharing needs
(Departmental, Regional, National)
Number of simultaneous users
(Single user, 2-15, 16-50)
Integration with an existing system or other program's information
(Name of the EPA system or program)
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EPA/ADP'Applicatioat Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
Security
(Access controls, Failure Contingency, Criticality of key outputs)
The four worksheets used for translating functional requirements into operational
specifications are:
The System Input Worksheet, which identifies and summarizes data or
information to be entered in the proposed system.
The System Files Worksheet, which identifies and summarizes data or information
that will reside in the proposed system.
The System Output Worksheet, which identifies and summarizes data or
information to be produced by the proposed system.
The General System Requirements Worksheet, which identifies, summarizes, and
prioritizes requirements that set constraints and limitations on the system.
The Input, System, and Output Worksheets define the volume and frequency parameters.
The prioritized general requirements define required and desirable specifications for the system.
The operational parameters and prioritized specifications help in further refining the profile of
the system and defining the parameters to be used in review of the decision matrices.
8
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
3.1.1 System Input Worksheet
The System Input Worksheet identifies and summarizes data or information to be entered
in the proposed system. System input refers to data defined as recorded facts or figures that will
be entered into the proposed system for processing. A list of inspections performed during the
past month by 15 TSCA inspectors is an example of data. This data may reside on a variety of
media, including hard copy form for data entry, computer tape, or floppy disk.
This worksheet identifies the existing types of media to use for data input; the projected
frequency of input; and the projected input volume. Be sure to include information where the
same type of input is received from multiple sources on different media. Completion of this
worksheet will help identify the type of media and type of input hardware to be used for the
proposed system, if not otherwise clearly indicated. These factors will provide information on
selection of hardware platform (micro computer, minicomputer, mainframe) for the proposed
system.
The information to be entered in System Input Worksheet, Exhibit 3-1, is described
below:
Column TnfonnfltiQti {o be Entered
Input Name/ The name and a short description of the incoming information:
Description
Data in automated form, for example a dBase file or ASCII file.
Data from source documents, such as handwritten information in
unpredictable format, Financial Report Form 102, or Regional Lab
Survey Form.
Source System, program office, region, state, or person providing input data.
Media The physical means by which the information is received, such as
paper/hardcopy, floppy disk, magnetic tape, or disk file. Indicate
distinctions between typed and handwritten forms, data in Macintosh or
IBM PC format, etc.
Frequency The rate of input or the timeframe in which information is received:
Hourly, Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Semi-Annually, Annually, On Demand.
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EPAJADP AppUcaOant Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
Volume The total volume of data received in the timeframe stated above:
If the data is on paper, then estimate the number of characters per
record/word and multiply that by the number of records/words
which have to be entered in a particular timeframe. Each character
is one byte. One K is 1024 bytes. One MB is K*K (1024*1024)
bytes. One GB is MB*MB (1048576*1048576).
If the data is computer readable, first calculate the number of bytes
per record and then multiply that by the number of records.
10
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OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM INPUTS
Input NamtlDfttriptio*
field Surveys
Site Inspection Repots
Enforcement Sum Suimniiy
SMVM
Regions
Sutes(lO)
Suie* 9)
Sue* 08)
Region 1
Regions
Region 5
Region 2
Rcgion3
Region5
Region?
M«fe
Tsfe
Piper
Psper
Elearonic
tttndwnssi
Msc
IBM PC
Ekcutmc
Ekcnaak
IBM PC
IBM PC
Fntfiaxy
Duly
Duly
Monthly
Weekly
Monthly
Weekly
Weekly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
fc* •-« —
Monuuy
Volame
K€COfO
Size (Bytes)
500
125
150
200
too
1400
2JOOO
2
3
2
4
#*
Records
500
50
5
800
50
100
SO
750
750
750
750
Total Volume
(Bytes)
250.000
6.250
750
160.000
5.000
UOOjOOO
100.000
1400
2.250
1.500
3.000
Exhibit 3-1
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EPA/ADP-Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
3.1.2 System Files Worksheet
The System Files Worksheet identifies and summarizes data or information that will reside
in the proposed system. System files are the data stores that have been defined in the logical
design and represented on the system's data flow diagrams or system flow charts. System files
are temporary or permanent data stores that keep historical data and occupy storage space in the
computer.
The information gathered during the analysis stage will be used to determine the file sizes,
management projections, and reports from current systems. Further analysis may be necessary
if this information is not available.
Completion of this worksheet will determine the volume of system files, expressed in
number of records or bytes. The volume will provide information on selection of a hardware
platform for the proposed system. The Matrices, Exhibit B-4 and B-S, should be completed to
help identify the type of hardware and its location. The EPA Data Communication Architecture
and Data Communication Architecture Connectivity Options, Exhibit C-2 and C-3, may also
prove helpful.
The type of information to be entered in System Files Worksheet, Exhibit 3-2, is
described below:
Information to be Entered
T^ -: Name Enter the names of data files/data stores defined in the data flow diagrams
or the record names from the data dictionary. Identify temporary or
permanent collections of data. This type of documentation should have
already been completed for the initial system concept and the high-level
design.
Volume Approximate the extreme conceivable volume for system files in a five
year system life cycle:
If the data is on paper, then estimate the number of characters per
record/word and multiply that by the number of records/words.
Each character is one byte. One K is 1024 bytes. One MB is
K*K (1024*1024) bytes. One GB is MB*MB( 1048576* 1048576).
If the data is computer readable data, first calculate the number of
bytes per record and then multiply that by the number of records.
12
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OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM FILES
File Name
PCS - General Facility Information
PCS - Effluent Discharge Monitoring Report Data
Site Data
Volume
Record
Size (Bytes)
560
720
980
#of
Records
100
200
100
Total
Total Volume
(Bytes)
56.000
144.000
98,000
Exhibit 3-2
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
3.1.3 System Output Worksheet
The System Output Worksheet identifies and summarizes data or information to be
produced by the proposed system. This information can be in the form of standard reports,
screen displays, or computer readable files.
Completion of this worksheet will identify: the number of accesses in relationship to
time, the frequency at which information is retrieved, and the number of records for each access.
Output Name/
Description
The format of the system output will define requirements for output hardware such as
printers, plotters, or high resolution graphic displays. The location of hardware peripherals and
the audience for whom the report is being produced influence the selection of communication
links.
The type of information to be entered in System Output Worksheet, Exhibit 3-3, is
described below:
Information to be entered
A short description of what is being produced.
This could be a hard copy report, screen display, or special
presentation/graphics. If the output is a magnetic/electronic file,
then supply the name of the file.
A brief description of the destination of the output, for example, regions
or on-site.
Graph, report, screen display, tape, or disk file.
The output rate or the timeframe in which information is produced:
Hourly, Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Semi-Annually, On Demand.
The total volume of data required to create this output:
If the data is on paper, then estimate the number of characters per
record/word and multiply that by the number of records/words for
each output. Each character is one byte. One K is 1024 bytes.
One MB is K*K (1024*1024) bytes. One GB is MB*MB
(1048576*1048576).
Destination
Output Media/
Description
Frequency
Volume
14
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
If the data is computer readable, first calculate the number of bytes
per record and then multiply that by the number of records.
15
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OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM OUTPUTS
Oigput NaatttDtstriplio*
Enfofmnfni SiBiBiMfy
SPMStoub
JDCDCCuQD ^NflDfltft^^^
DtttimiMi
Repou
Repons
"-"»—
******
OmpvMttial
Dtscriptio*
Efecuonie
IBM PC
Qcctnnc
Scma
Fn^nej
S-^—l
QDMedy
Qatledy
Monthly
Volume
R*md
Sot(Byut)
400
800
300
200
•if
tCtCORa
2JOOO
10.000
20,000
800
Total Velum,
(Byut)
WOflOO
8.000.000
6.000.000
160000
Exhibit 3-3
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
3.1.4 General System Requirements Worksheet
The General System Requirements Worksheet identifies and summarizes requirements that
set constraints and limitations on the system. These requirements may influence the location and
type of hardware platform, the communication links, and the software selection. They may
include the factors mentioned in Section 3.1, requirements that are mission critical, or
requirements necessary for successful implementation of the proposed system.
Users should be sure to consider requirements such as user interface requirements (for
example, the number of simultaneous users performing retrievals or updates), ability to store and
reproduce images of handwritten documents, input data validation routines, integration
requirements with existing systems or other program's information, potential system users, type
of application, required processing capabilities, existing hardware at processing location(s),
specific response time requirements, and special output verification routines. Describe special
security and disaster recovery requirements on this worksheet and then refer to the EPA
Information Security Manual. The functional system requirements for the proposed system will
help in defining general requirements. Section 4.0 of this document describes how to evaluate
these type of requirements in further detail.
After developing the operational specifications, it is important to rank significance or set
priorities for the general requirements, based on the factors most important for successful
implementation of the proposed system.
The General System Requirements Worksheet, Exhibit 3-4, is described below:
Column flnfQrmfltion to be Entered
Question 1: Identify current and future users of the system. They may be national, regional,
departmental, or single users. The answers in this worksheet should help identify
available national, regional, and personal computing resources at EPA in the
matrices and exhibits.
Question 2: The laboratory environment is considered scientific computing, while the non-
laboratory environment (national and regional offices) is considered business
computing.
Question 3: Project an approximate number of simultaneous users of the system. This may
influence the review of the Database Management Decision Matrix.
Question 4: Project the maximum amount of storage required for the system. The System
Files Worksheet should provide this information.
17
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Bontwon/Softwan Selection
Question 5: Identify all types of hardware at location/site or which is accessible at remote
site(s)/location(s). The answer to this question should help in making a choice of
software in the Hardware/Software Matrix or communication options in the Host
to Host File Transfer Matrix.
Question 6: Identify integration requirements with other Agency systems or program offices.
Import or sharing of data from an existing system should provide insight into
software selection and communication links.
Question 7: Reporting requirements: Interactive, standard format, random retrieval or standard
batch report runs. Frequency of output, volume, and response time requirements
will provide information on hardware requirements and communication links.
Question 8:
Question 9:
Priority
Provide information on all specialized input/output devices, including location and
type of hardware. Software may be required to provide the appropriate drivers
necessary to support the device. This information should help in using the
software, hardware, and communication matrices and exhibits.
Describe any remaining requirements that set constraints or limitations on the
system.
Numerically prioritize the requirements. This is very important, because for
many systems the available solutions will not meet all the requirements.
Prioritized requirements will help in determining options.
18
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS WORKSHEET
Priority
1. Who will be the users of this system? (Select all that apply)
Present Future
National
Regional
Departmental
Single User
National
Regional
Departmental
Single User
2. What is the type of computing required? (Select one)
Laboratory (Scientific)
Nonlaboratory (Business)
3. How many simultaneous users must the system support?
1-15
4. What is the maximum number of records the system will have to process/
store? (Select one)
Small Systems - # Records < 10K or Total Size < 10 Megabytes
Medium Systems - 10K Records < #Records < 100K or
10 Megabytes < Total Size < 100 Megabytes
Large Systems - ^Records < 100K or Total Size > 100 Megabytes
5. What hardware do users have access to at the location or site? (Select all
that apply)
Macintosh
IBM PC or PS/2 or compatibles
LAN (Local Area Network)
PRIME
VAX/VAX Cluster
IBM 3090
Exhibit 3-4
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6. Integration Requirements
Priority
Is data accessed or used from other Agency systems? If so, location
and type of hardware platform:
Hardware
Macintosh
IBM PC or PS/2 or compatibles
LAN (Local Area Network)
PRIME
VAX/VAX Cluster
IBM 3090
Location
If data is accessed from other Agency system, in what type of
system does the data reside?
ADABAS
Focus
INFO
Lotus
dBase
SAS
COBOL VSAM
PL/1 VSAM
Other
Is data from other program offices accessed or used ?
Piugram Office Type of Data
7. Report Requirements:
Interactive display/reporting
Standard format (SF) or random retrieval (RR)
Standard batch report runs (defined data paths)
8. Are spedaij*fd input/output devices required? (Select all that apply)
Scanner/OCR
Graphics Printers
Plotter
Other
Exhibit 3-4
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EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
3.2 Identify Available Hardware, Software and Communication Options
This step provides feasible configuration options that match the requirements. The list
of available hardware, software, and communication choices shown in the matrices and exhibits
is analyzed to select feasible options. The matrices in Appendix B briefly summarize the range
of hardware software, and communication options currently supported by the Agency. The other
appendices provide further detail about available options.
The decision matrix approach was developed to reduce the complexity of the selection
process. The matrices and exhibits provide a view of available options at the EPA. For some
applications, multiple software and hardware combinations can be considered. For others, there
may be only a single software package, but multiple hardware platforms on which it could be
implemented. In some cases, the choice of the appropriate selection is quite limited, because
there may be only one software package or one hardware platform available.
Existing options should be analyzed in detail in comparison to system requirements for
appropriateness. When existing technologies do not meet the minimum requirements of the
system or an appropriate software package is not available on the required hardware platform,
alternative options will be identified with the assistance of OIRM and NDPD.
After the selection of hardware and software options, existing communication architecture
at the Agency can be reviewed for network options. File transfer matrices and exhibits provide
information on available communication protocols, terminal emulation software, network
operating system software, and hardware.
To use the matrices and exhibits:
Using the information from the worksheets, review the matrices or exhibits.
There are several decision criteria illustrated along the borders of the matrix, with
numbers or hardware/software choices listed in the intersections of the rows and
columns, representing available options.
Document the selected software, hardware, and communication options. The
options can now be evaluated against requirements.
Finally, collect and staple all the forms used during this process to provide to
OIRM/NDPD.
Finishing all the steps in Section 3.0 will lead to available hardware, software,
and communication options or to no available options. In either case, contact
OIRM/NDPD for assistance.
21
-------
EPA/ADP Application! Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
• Proceed to Section 3.0 - Options Analysis. Volume B. in EPA System Design
and Development Guidance
22
-------
EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
SECTION 4 - CRITERIA IMPACTING DECISION
Each step in the process of translating functional requirements into operational
specifications and subsequent selection of hardware, software, and communication options has
decision factors. These factors influence every step of the process for selecting feasible
hardware, software, and communication options. The user of this document should have clear
insight into these factors in order to reach conclusive feasible options for the proposed system.
These key factors are explained in the following paragraphs.
4.1 Operational Worksheets and Questionnaire
The major outcome of completing the operational worksheets is an estimate of the volume
of information that the proposed system will have to process. The volume provides information
for selection of a hardware platform (micro computer, minicomputer, mainframe) for the
proposed system. The higher the volume, the more time required to complete the activity, and
the faster and bigger computer necessary to get the job done on time.
4.1.1 System Input Worksheet
The System Input Worksheet specifies the frequency and volume of data that will be
entered into the computer (throughput) for processing and the media on which this data resides.
Completion of this worksheet will identify information such as the type of media that will
be used for data input, input hardware, and based on throughput, a hardware platform for the
proposed system.
4.1.2 System Files Worksheet
The System File Worksheet identifies data or information that will reside on the proposed
system.
The total volume expressed in records and bytes provides information on storage
requirements for the proposed system. The higher the storage requirements, the bigger the
hardware platform required. The location of the selected hardware platform influences response
time and communicatioii links.
4.1.3 System Output Worksheet
The System Output Worksheet identifies information that has to be produced by the
proposed system. This information can be in the form of standard reports, screens displays, or
23
-------
EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
computer readable files.
Completion of this worksheet will result in the number of accesses in relationship to time,
or the frequency at which information is retrieved. Frequency of output and volume will
provide information for the selection of the hardware platform for the proposed system. Vertical
integration for reporting requirements will influence the location of output hardware and
communication links.
The output format will define requirements for output hardware such as printers, plotters,
or high resolution graphic display. The selection of communication links is influenced by the
location of hardware peripherals and the audience for whom the report is being produced.
4.1.4 Factors for Relating the Worksheets to the Matrices
The guidance user should consider all factors that influence the decision when using the
matrices. The following factors may be used to relate the worksheets to the matrices.
System Users
The type of audience may help determine the type, size, and location of the
hardware. This may place constraints on software selection and communication
architecture. For example, if the audience is national, then an IBM 3090 may be
needed. This would require ADABAS database management software and
national communication links to the IBM 3090 at RTF.
The higher the number of simultaneous users, the bigger the hardware platform
and the faster processing speeds required. For example, two to fifteen
simultaneous users requires a local area network or Tier 2 platform.
Computing Environment
The computing environment provides information on both software and hardware.
For example, if the environment is a lab, then the hardware option possibly
include Sun/PCs or DEC VAX computer and software for applications
development is 4GL Focus or 3GL Fortran. The network environment is
DECnet/Ethernet.
System Volume
The volume or maximum number of records provides information on storage and
processing requirements. The more bytes, the bigger the storage requirement and
hardware platform. For example, if the number of records is 50K to 100K and
the storage requirements are 100MB to 1GB, a Tier 2 platform is suggested.
24
-------
EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
Existing Hardware
Access to existing hardware at a user location influences many factors. These
include limited choice in software selection, predefined communication links, or
system integration constraints.
Data Integration
Data import or sharing from an existing system or program office should provide
insight into software selection and communication links. For example, if data
sharing is required with an existing FOCUS application platform, then the
FOCUS database management software package might be a good choice for future
DBMS applications.
Response Time
Response time places constraints on the selection of hardware and communication
links. The faster response time and higher the number of records to be processed,
the bigger the machine or faster communication links are needed.
Reporting Requirements
Reporting requirements may determine the number of records accessed +
time/frequency of accesses on each occasion. The higher the numbers, the bigger
the machine/platform required. Online and batch processing requirements are also
a deciding factor for location and size of the hardware platform. The location
effects which communication link is selected.
Peripherals
Software should provide the appropriate drivers to support the selected
input/output devices. Selected input and output device should connect with
hardware of choice.
4.2 General Requirements
These are requirements that influence the selection process for hardware, software, and
communication options from an organizational or system design perspective.
4.2.1 Available Equipment or Core Technology
The Hardware/Software Matrix provides information on all available hardware, software,
and communication options at EPA. There is a difference between available options and Agency
standard/core technology. Available means the hardware, software, and communication options
25
-------
EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
shown in the matrix exists, but are not supported by NDPD or are being phased out.
Standard/core technology are the preferred tools and will be the best supported packages in terms
of overall training and technical support.
4.2.2 Audience and User Community
It is important to define the audience or the user community for the proposed system.
Different end-user communities influence different aspects of system design for the proposed
system. If the system is going to be used as a national resource, then many factors influence
system design efforts, including location of hardware, size of CPU, communication links, and
response time. These factors vary with the changing user community.
4.2.3 Data Sharing Requirements
Data sharing or distributed processing systems create more complex requirements. The
computers must be connected to one another and the software must interact. Close coordination
is required throughout the distributed system to ensure that all data is compatible. Distributed
systems often use a mixture of equipment. The computers may be supplied by a variety of
vendors; the programs by other vendors; and the communication lines by other vendors. Making
the equipment work together may be difficult. Particular attention must be paid to the
operational requirements of systems that involve data sharing with states and regions.
4.2.4 Security Requirements
Security measures must be cost effective. System developers should refer to the EPA
^ 4 A ^^—^^^»
Information Security Manual for guidance in determining information security, and in selecting
appropriate, cost effective safeguards.
Because implementing security controls can be costly, it is important to thoroughly review
security requirements and available controls. System security requirements and proposed controls
should be reviewed by OIRM, NDPD, and the SIRMO. Security requirements should be
documented in the general requirements because they might limit the selection of hardware,
software, and communication options.
1 f lf«-lniiHiimn->.. .....
Data sharing or interorganizational involvement pose constraints on telecommunication
capabilities. Availability and accessibility of a specific hardware platform may also define
communication options. These factors should be documented and considered when reviewing
the matrices and exhibits for a feasible option.
26
-------
EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
APPENDIX A - HARDWARE/SOFTWARE SELECTION FORMS
27
-------
SYSTEM INPUTS
lapMNane/Detcriptson
Source
Media
Frtquaty
Volume
Record
Size (Bytes)
»of
Records
Total Volume
(Bytes)
Exhibit A-1
-------
OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM FILES
File Name
Volume
Record
Size (Bytes)
#of
Records
Total Volume
(Bytes)
Total.
Exhibit A-2
-------
OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS WORKSHEET
SYSTEM OUTPUTS
Dtteripuam
Frt+mtcf
Volume
'<*
Ruardt
Exhibit A-3
-------
EPA/A&P Application! Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
APPENDIX B - DECISION MATRICES
31
-------
icr
SOFTWARE SUPPORT SELECTION MATRIX
SMALL SYSTEMS
SMALL SYSTEMS - ^RECORDS < 10K OR TOTAL SIZE < 10 MEGABYTES
VOLVntlTY
NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS USERS
COMPLEX RANDOM RETRIEVALS?
LOCATION OF
RELATED DATA
NONE
MAINFRAME
MINICOMPUTER
PC
MODERATE AMOUNT OF
CHANGE PER DAY
1
YES
2,3.6,7
2.3
6
7,8.9
NO
2.3.4.6.7
2.3.4
6
7.«,9
VOLATILE
11S
YES
2
2
2
2
NO
2.3.4
2.3.4
2.3.4
2.3.4
NOTES
1-Mainframe 3GL/DBMS
: . Mainframe 4GL/DBMS
: - Mainframe 4OL
4 - Mainframe 4OL
J> - Minicomputer 30L
(COBOL. PL/I, FORTRAN)
(Natural/ADABAS)
(FOCUS)
(Natural/VSAM)
(COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal)
6 - Minicomputer 4GL (FOCUS. INFO)
7 - Microcomputer/LAN 40L (INFO, FOCUS, dBASE)
8 - Microcomputer 4GL/DBMS (dBASE)
9 - Microcomputer 30L (FORTRAN, Pascal)
-------
SOFTWARE SUPPORT SELECTION MATRIX
MEDIUM SYSTEMS
MEDIUM SYSTEMS - 10K RECORDS < ^RECORDS <100K OR
10 MEGABYTES < TOTAL SIZE < 100 MEGABYTES
VOLATILITY
NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS USERS
COMPLEX RANDOM RETRIEVALS?
LOCATION OF
RELATED DATA
NONE
MINICOMPUTER
MAINFRAME
MODERATE AMOUNT OF
CHANGE PER DAY
SI 5
YES
2,3,6
6
NO
2.3,4.
6
6
>15
YES
2
2
NO
2.4
2,4
VOLATILE
£15
YES
2,6
5,6
NO
2.3,4.
6
5.6
>15
YES
2,3
2,3
2,3
NO
2.4
2.4
2.4
HIGHLY VOLATILE
£15
YES
1,2.5,
6
5.6
1.2
NO
1,2.5,
6
5.6
1.2
>15
YES
1.2.5.
6
1.2
1.2
NO
1.2
1.2
1.2
m
x
s
NOTES
1 - Mainframe 3GL/DBMS
2 - Mainframe 4GL/DBMS
3 - Mainframe 4GL
4 - Mainframe 4GL
(COBOL. PL/I, FORTRAN)
(Natural/ADABAS)
(FOCUS)
(Natural/VSAM)
5 - Minicomputer 3GL
6 - Minicomputer 4GL
(COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal)
(FOCUS. INFO)
SW SPT MTRX 01
-------
SOFTWARE SUPPORT SELECTION MATRIX
LARGE SYSTEMS
LARGE SYSTEMS - ^RECORDS >100K OR TOTAL SIZE MOO MEGABYTES
VOLATILITY
NUMBER OF SIMULTANEOUS USERS
COMPLEX RANDOM RETRIEVALS?
FILE PASS
FREQUENCY
n=lPERDAY
Kn<40PERDAY
n> 40 PER DAY
ALMOST STATIC
(UPDATE WEEKLY OR
LESS)
£15
YES
2,3
2
Hybrid
1.2
NO
2,3,4
2,4
4
>I5
YES
2
2
Hybrid
1.2
NO
2.4
2,4
4
MODERATE AMOUNT OF
CHANGE OR VOLATILE
£15
YES
2
2
Hybrid
1,2
>15
NO
2,4
2,4
4
HIGHLY VOLATILE
£15
YES
1.2
1,2
Hybrid
1.2
>15
NO
1.2
1.2
Hybrid
1.2
55'
sr
or
NOTES
1 • Mainframe
2 - Mainframe
I - Mainframe
4 - Mainframe
3GL/DBMS (COBOL, PL/I. FORTRAN)
4GL/DBMS (Natural/ADABAS)
4GL (FOCUS)
4GL (Natural/VSAM)
MTRX02
-------
EPA HARDWARE/SOFTWARE MATRIX
HARDWARE ENVIRONMENT
SOFTWARE/TOOL
IBM 3090 I IBM 4381 I DEC/VAX I PRIME I DOS I MAC I LAN
"COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWAREtCAPAf^Uflfl-
3270 PC File Transfer
Arbiter
Asvnch ASCII
Cropitiiltr
DECnet
HASP
ivermit
Natural/Connection
Novell Netware
Primelink
PrimeNet
SAS/RLINKRTERM
SNA (3270/RJK
X.25
MAC Terminal
RedRider
Smartcom
TOPS
Data Transfer Facility full*)
5
•*•
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
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+
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+
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.
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
AutoCad
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT
AD ABAS
dBase
Focus
Prime biro n i **** on
Svstem2000-SAS
+
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-
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-
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DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
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+
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+
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.
.
-
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4.
ELECTRONIC MAIL
Dialcom Service
Bitnet
VAX Mail
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
20/20
ixcel
V>cCalc
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SAS/FSP
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+
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.
.
+
+
4-
-
+
+
•»•
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
' ARC/INFO
PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
Microsoft Chart
Exhibit B-4
-------
EPA HARDWARE/SOFTWARE MATRIX
SOFTWARE/TOOL
Cricket Draw
Cin^lr^t ^JrBwti
Frcdincir Plus
Info Vei"it"'i'>'
MacDnw
MnrP*inf
SASGnah
Tellaonf
HARDW/
mM3090
•«•
+ •
IBM 4381
DEC/VAX
+
REENVIR
PRIME
-
.
-
)NMENT
DOS
+
+
MAC
.
.
.
LAN
PROGRAMMER PRODUCTIVITY AIDSlFACILn
COBOL Debu2«x
EMACS
EVE/TPI*
FORTRAN DebnoEer
ISPP
I jbnrifn
Turin Pf ***'
IBS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
-
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Microsoft Project
Tellapl«n Bfert
Timeline
+
-
+
STATISTICAL SOFTWARE
SAS 1 + 1 + 1 +
.
4-
+
TEXT SEARCHING
Basis
WORD PROCESSING
Info-Tact
Lexitvoe
MacWrite
MnltiM»««r
TextWP
Microsoft Word
^rOIQIP"^
inr OIuDC^IOCC
Woidslar
+
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+
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+.
.
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-
TBOomncudod met folly coppoftBd* - • wnublc but not snppoctDd
Exhibit B-4
-------
EPA HARDWARE LOCATION MATRIX
— 'IBM IBM I VAX
•DCATION 1 3090 1 4381 1 11/78X
VAX
Cluster
VAX
8600/6420
MICRO
VAXn
MICRO
VAX 2000
PRIME
National Computer Ci
'
Rffiotu (Non fiuborotorv
WIC/Headouarten
Atlanta
Boston
Chicaro
Dallas
>enver
Cansas Citv
New York
Philadebhia
San Francisco
Seattle
Environment
P
•
Laboratories
Ada. OK
Aimaoolis. MD
Athens. GA
ChaoelHiU.NC
Cincinnati. OH
CorvaUis. OR
Duluth.MN
GrosseDe.MI
Gulf Brr^Tp FL
LasVeeas NV
( M_ontffoniCTv. A^
NamcansctL RI
Newoort-OR
•
•
"•
•
*
•
•
*
*
» ••
,
*
potential
Exhibit B-5
-------
DATABASE COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
Host-to-Host File Transfer
PC
MAC
VAX/VAX CLUSTER
LMF/3090
•NETWARE:
•TOKEN RING
•BTHERNEr
•KERMTT
•TOPS/HASHCARD
• APPLBTALKTO NETWARE
V2.ULAN
• VMS SERVICES FOR MS-DOS (PCS A)
• D6CNBT-DOS
• KERMTT
• ARBITER
• KERMTT
• SNA Scad/Receive
MAC
•TOPSJRASHCARD
• APPLBTAIX TO NETWARE
VZULAN
•TOPS
•APPLBTALK
VAX/4/AX
CLUSTER
• VMS SERVICES FOR MS-DOS (PCSA)
•DBCNBT-DOS
• KERMTT
• DBCNBT/K2S
• SNA GATEWAY
• NETWORK JOB ENTRY,
DISTRIBUTED FILE TRANSFER.
3270 EMULATION
LMP/JOfO
•AKBIIUK
• KERMFT
•SNASnUieodve
•SNA GATEWAY
• NETWORK JOB ENTRY.
DISTRIBUTED POLE TRANSFER.
3270 EMULATION
• SNA.BULK DATA TRANSFER
FEATURE
-------
EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
APPENDIX C - EPA HARDWARE DESCRIPTIONS
39
-------
EPA COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
IBM
3090-s
MVS/XA
PRODUCTION
DATABASES
RTF
VAX
CLUSTER
VMS
E-MAL
HOST
SCeNHFIC
COMPUTMQ
E-MAO.
SERVICES
NATIONAL SERVICES
/•
LMF
IBM
4381
MVS/SP
f
VAX
VMS
IBM
30MM80E
MVS/XA
S
R.OJWIC
LAB SITES
CINCINNATI
RLE
SERVER
PC
RLE
SERVER
MCROVAX
IBM 3174
CLUSTER
CONTROLLER
SPECIAL
PURPOSE
MINI
LANS AND LOCAL SITE SERVERS
Exhibit C-1
-------
EPA DATA COMMUNICATIONS
ARCHITECTURE
TER1
TIE ft 2
TIERS
COMMUNICATIONS
.'ETHERNET
1—i—i
local C3ble connection
network connection
Exhibit C-2
-------
DATA COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
NNECTIVITY OPTION:
I. Universal terminal access to Tier 1 and Tier II hosts
A. IBM 3178 TERMINAL
VAX OR OTHER
ASCII HOST
(E-MML. PRIME)
CLUSTER
CONTROLLER
B. ASCII Terminal or PC/Mac with Terminal Emulation Access
Exhibit C-3
-------
DATA COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS
RTF
VAX
CLUSTER
X.25
SWITCH
DESKTOP
WORKSTATION
TYMNET
ENGINE
EPA X.25
NETWORK
TYMNET
PRIVATE X.25
NETWOR
TYMNET
ENGINE
DESKTOP
WORKSTATION
Exhibit C-3
-------
EPA1ADP Applications Guidance 10 Hardware/Software Selection
APPENDIX C - EPA HARDWARE DESCRIPTIONS
C.1 EPA Hardware Architecture
EPA has an extensive ADP environment consisting of mainframes, minicomputers,
microcomputers, and terminals located throughout the Agency. In addition, EPA has a
nationwide data communications network in place that enables EPA users throughout the country
to access EPA computers and data.
EPA's computing architecture is a three tier configuration. Each tier addresses the
specific functions and capabilities required by different user groups within the Agency. The tiers
are briefly described below.
Applications that have large data storage requirements or data that needs to be shared
globally reside on computers located at RTP, North Carolina. This facility consists of the IBM
3090, the VAX cluster, and the E-mail Prime. The IBM 3090 mainframe is the Tier 1 platform
for large applications that are non-scientific in nature and are accessed nationally. The VAX
minicomputer cluster, connected to the laboratory sites nationwide using DECnet, is for scientific
computing. The Prime minicomputers are used as an E-MAIL host over PRIMEnet. The
computers at the RTP facility are considered a national resource.
The Tier 2 platform contains the regional and laboratory hardware. It consists of IBM
4381s, VAX 78X and 86XX series computers, and eventually, an additional midframe computer
currently under procurement. The 4381s, also called Logical Mainframes (LMF), act as
gateways to the 3090. They also provide the power and storage capacity of a mainframe for
large regional applications. Each LMF site links to the IBM 3090 using IBM Systems Network
Architecture (SNA). The VAX systems are located at laboratory sites and are used for scientific
computing. They are linked to each other and the VAX Cluster at RTP via DECnet using the
X.25 communications protocol. Special purpose minicomputers are available for specific
dedicated applications.
Tier 3 is the Agency's end-user environment. It consists of 3270 terminals, ASCII
terminals, personal computers (PCs), Macintoshs, and local area networks (LANs). The EPA
standard LAN for administrative and non-scientific professional functions is a Token-Ring
network. On the Token-Ring, users can share EPA standard software such as WordPerfect,
Lotus 1-2-3, PC SAS, and dBASE. For laboratories, the standard LAN is Ethernet. It is used
to connect PCs, Macintoshes, and ASCII terminals to VAX computers.
44
-------
EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
C.2 EPA Hardware Descriptions
C.2.1 Mainframes
C.2.1.1 The IBM 3090
The IBM 3090 is a mainframe computer that is capable of supporting large applications
and many simultaneous users. The number of users supported depends on the application, but
this system is capable of supporting hundreds to thousands of users at a time. It is commonly
accessed through use of a 3270-type terminal or a PC with a 3270 emulation card. It may be
accessed from any of the regions through the IBM SNA network.
C.2.1.2 Logical Mainframes (LMFs) - 4381
The Logical Mainframe (LMF) provides EPA regional offices and major field sites
access to the resources of the IBM 3090. The LMF is an IBM 4381 that acts as a gateway, or
front-end processor, to the 3090. It is also used for the development and support of large
regional applications.
C.2.2 Minicomputers
C.2.2.1 DEC/VAX Environment
The VAX family of processors ranges from high capacity mid-range systems to multi-user
microcomputer systems. Agency laboratories use the VAXs for scientific data collection,
computing, and analysis. The X.25 network links all the laboratory VAXs to the NDPD VAX
cluster and to each other. A strength of the VAX line is the high degree of compatibility
between processors. Software developed for one machine may easily be transported and installed
on another member of the VAX family. This supports easy upgrade of system capacity when
necessary. The VAX processors provide multi-user support ranging from 12 to 100 users
depending upon the size of the processor.
The standard operating system for the VAX processors is VMS. This operating system
provides an environment that will support interactive time-sharing, batch applications, and on-line
program development. A UNIX based operating system, ULTRIX-32, is available to support
application software requiring a UNIX environment.
VAX processors at RTP are linked together in a special configuration called a cluster.
The cluster architecture allows up to 16 processors to be connected together using special
hardware called a star coupler. In the VAX cluster, processing power is shared between
45
-------
EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
processors and each processor has access to common data storage. The cluster architecture
allows the total processing power to be increased simply by adding another VAX computer. The
cluster also allows sharing of specialized hardware and software between many users.
The VAX processors at EPA range from VAX 11/750 to VAX 6420, and the MicroVAXs.
C.2.2.2 Prime Environment
The EPA uses Prime minicomputers at the regional level to support the Agency's office
automation functions - especially E-mail. The Prime environment is not focused on the
development of customized application programs. Each Prime can support from 16 to 128
simultaneous users. The Primes are linked via the Primenet network over LAN and wide area
network (WAN) segments. Documents, files, and printing can be moved from system to system
easily.
C.2.3 Microcomputers
C.2.3.1 IBM-Compatible
IBM-compatibles, as defined here, are microcomputers such as the IBM PC-XT, IBM PC-
AT, or the PS/2. These machines provide the platform for software services such as word
processing, spreadsheet analysis, and project management tools. The processors in this category
are single user desktop machines. They may be customized to meet specific computing needs
of a user by installing specialized software packages: database management system, spreadsheet,
or desktop publishing. These machines are frequently connected to larger systems to access
common data files or specialized software tools.
C.2.3.2 Macintosh
The Macintosh line of microcomputers is the Agency standard for Desktop Publishing
applications. The Mac Plus and the Mac SE are similar to the IBM PC-AT in computing power.
The Macintosh's user-friendly graphical interface and support for postscript laser printers make
these machines ideal for desktop publishing, drawing, and painting applications. The more
powerful Mac n is also well suited to publishing tasks, although the enhanced computing power
is not required to support this application.
C.2.3.3 High Performance Workstations
High performance workstations meet the needs of applications requiring powerful
processors. High performance workstations are used as LAN file servers, high performance
graphics workstations, sophisticated CAD/CAE workstations, and workstations where multi-
46
-------
EPA/ADP Applications Guidance to Hardwan/Soflwart Selection
tasking, multi-user capabilities are needed. Processors in this category are based upon the Intel
80386, the Motorola MC 68020, and the Motorola MC 68030. Microcomputers available at
EPA in this class are the IBM PS/2 model 80, the Sun 3861, and the Mac H.
C.3 r'nmmnnlraHnns
A key element of the Agency's communications philosophy is that users have access to
all computing resources transparently. Users do not need to understand the physical location of
computing resources. This communication plan supports both the IBM SNA and X.25
environments. SNA is the network architecture for communication between the Agency's
mainframes and remote sites. The X.2S network supports VAX communications and sites not
requiring the full range of mainframe support.
LANs are used to provide data and peripheral sharing between users within a department,
or regional office. Users on a LAN may share printers, modems, software, and access to
Agency mainframes and VAXs. LANs can be connected together by a bridge, which is
software that runs on the file server or a workstation and permits communication between LANs.
Gateways give multiple users on a local area network access to mainframe computers or VAXs.
For further assistance please refer to HP As LAN Technical Guidelines Volume 1 - Design and
Planning and Volume 2 -Technical Manual.
C.3.1 IBM Environment
The IBM communications environment centers around the SNA communications
protocol. SNA is the protocol used to access the first tier IBM mainframes as well as the second
tier LMF machines. Users needing access to the computers on these tiers would first access the
National Data Communications Network, which connects these platforms via SNA. The SNA
architecture supports the LU6.2 protocol, which forms the basis for IBM's Advanced Program
to Program Communications facility (APPQ. APPC allows PCs to communicate with the
mainframe as a peer rather than a dumb terminal. APPC is IBM's basic building block for
developing distributed applications.
C.3.2 VAX Environment
Ethernet is the LAN used by EPA to connect PCs and terminals to VAX computers. This
is a bus architecture implemented on coaxial or fiber optic cable. Ethernet provides the platform
on which DECnet is run. DECnet is the generic term for VAX communications software.
DECnet provides connectivity between DEC computers in much the same way that SNA is used
in the IBM environment. DECnet is also used on the X.25 network to connect all Agency VAX
computers.
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Ethernet
Ethernet is a popular LAN developed by Digital Equipment Corp., Intel Corp.,
and Xerox Corp. Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD protocol and has a bandwidth of
10 megabits (that is, 10 million bits) per second.
C.3.3 Prime Environment
Ethernet is also used in the Prime environment to connect PCs and terminals to prime
computers. PRIMEnet is the communication software used to implement connectivity over
Ethernet. PRIMEnet offers network services, including disk and printer sharing, E-mail, and
remote login. Prime devices connect to the National Data Communications Network using
PRIMEnet.
C.3.4 Personal Computer Environment
PCs in non-laboratory environments at EPA are connected using the IBM Token-Ring
LAN. It provides the same type of services to the user as Ethernet does in laboratory
environments. The network operating system on the Agency Token-Ring LANs is Novell's
Advanced Netware. This software provides the ability for sharing of software, storage devices,
printers, and mainframe connectivity.
Token Ring
Token Ring is a network connection method that routes messages through each
station on the network in turn. Most ring networks use token-passing protocol,
which allows the station to transmit/receive a message when it receives a special
bit pattern.
C.3.5 Macintosh Environment
Macintosh microcomputers are connected using PhoneNET. PhoneNET is implemented
using twisted pair cabling or phone line connections. The network operating system that runs
on PhoneNET is Appletalk or TOPS. TOPS is a sophisticated network operating system that
allows the sharing of files between PCs, Macintoshes, and UNIX systems. Appletalk is the
network operating system that is provided by Apple with Macintosh computers.
Appletalk
Apple's overall network architecture is called AppleTalk, a layered system
consistent with the International Standards Organization (ISO) Reference Model
for Open Systems Interconnect (OSI). The physical level of the network-the
cabling and communications ports is referred to as LocalTalk. All Macintosh,
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ApplellGS, and LaserWriter products are shipped with Appletalk support in the
form of LocalTalk ports. Macintosh and ApplellGS systems can be connected to
each other, to peripherals, or to MS-DOS computers using a subset of RS-422
communications.
PhoneNet
Apple endorses Farallon Computing's PhoneNET as an alternate cabling scheme
that allows users to carry LocalTalk connections on standard twisted-pair
telephone wires.
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APPENDIX D - EPA SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS
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EPA SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
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EPA/ADP-Apptieatlaa n^**** to Hardware/Software Selection
APPENDED - EPA SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS
Appendix D provides short descriptions of the types of software and the software
packages available and supported by the EPA. These descriptions are not meant to inclusive.
They have been written to provide EPA personnel who have limited computer knowledge a
general overview of the features of these packages. The descriptions can be used as a companion
to the Hardware/Software Matrix in Appendix B. The Matrix lists the software available at EPA
and the hardware that it is implemented on. The software descriptions are listed by category,
in the order defined in the Hardware/Software Matrix.
D.I Communications Software
Communications software permits computers to exchange information. This exchange
can take the form of a file transfer or a dialogue with an application system. Because the EPA
has such a diverse suite of computers, there are many communications packages available to
accomplish these tasks. For further assistance please refer to FPAs PAN Technical Guidelines
Volume 1 - Design and Planning and Volume 2 - Technical Manual.
3270 PC File Transfer
3270 PC File Transfer enables a personal computer (PC) equipped with a 3270
emulation board to transfer files to and from an IBM mainframe computer. This
capability is available for the PC or Macintosh. They can connect to the IBM
3090 in Research Triangle Park or one of the regional IBM 4381 (LMF) systems.
Arbiter
Arbiter is a software package that is installed on mainframe computers, LMF's
and PCs. It enables the PC to have access to mainframe disk space and
applications using a 3270 emulation board or a modem. Arbiter provides three
capabilities: a remote disk environment that makes mainframe disk space looks
like a PC hard disk, the ability to transfer files to and from the mainframe, and
the ability to emulate a 3270 type terminal for access to mainframe applications.
The mainframe disk space acts as a virtual disk for PC. It is transparent to the
user, and appears as an available drive on the PC. The drive can be used for
storage of data files and installed application programs.
Asynch ASCII
Asynchronous ASCII is a method of communication that enables a user to connect
to a computer system as a dumb terminal. The terminal (or PC) and the host
must be capable of supporting one of several American National Standards
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Institute (ANSI) Standards. The X3.64 standard is the description of a DEC
VT100 or IBM 3100 terminal's display capabilities. Many communications
packages for PCs support a subset of X3.64. This allows a PC user to access
application software on another computer.
Crosstalk
Crosstalk is a communications package available for IBM-compatible PCs. It
gives PCs the capability of emulating an asynchronous ASCII terminal. Crosstalk
allows the user to store telephone numbers and will dial-up computers
automatically when directed. In addition, Crosstalk provides the ability to transfer
files between the PC and another computer. The industry and EPA standard file
transfer protocol, Kermit, comes with this package.
DECnet
DECnet is a generic term for Digital Equipment Corporations networking
software. EPA uses DECnet to connect geographically separated DEC computers,
and to connect terminals and other devices on an Ethernet LAN. DECnet
connects the DEC computers located at laboratories with the DEC. The DEC'S
are connected to the IBM computers at RTP via an SNA gateway.
HASP
HASP (Houston Asynchronous Spooling Package) was one of the first remote
communications packages developed on IBM mainframes that was widely used.
It offers limited file transfer capabilities. EPA has implemented HASP on the
IBM 3090, the IBM 4381s, the DEC VAX, the PRIME, and PCs.
Kermit
Kermit is a file transfer protocol supported as a public service by Columbia
University in New York. It allows a PC or Macintosh to emulate a VT102
terminal and to connect to another computer running Kermit. To perform a file
transfer, Kermit must be run on both computers. Files can then be transferred in
either direction. The protocol checks for data errors and retransmits as needed
automatically. The EPA has installed Kermit on the IBM 3090, the DEC VAX,
and the Prime. Crosstalk can use the Kermit protocol as one of its file transfer
options.
MAC Terminal
MacTerminal is terminal emulation package for Macintoshs. It includes the
ability to emulate an ASCII Asynchronous terminal, such as DEC VT-100, and
to access the Agency's E-Mail system.
Natural/Connection
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Natural/Connection runs on the PC and works with NATURAL running on the
mainframe. It allows the PC to exchange data with the mainframe while
maintaining security and data integrity. It formats data downloaded from the
mainframe for PC use and will reformat the data for later uploading to the
mainframe. It also allows users to develop NATURAL mainframe applications
on the PC for transfer to, and use by, the mainframe.
Novell Netware
Novell Netware is the network operating system used on the IBM Token-Ring
network at EPA. It allows PCs connected to the network to share files, printers,
and access to mainframe computers.
Prime/Link
Prime/Link is a software package that provides virtual disk space on the Prime
minicomputer for PCs.
PRIMEnet ...-..,'
PRJMEnet is the network operating system that connects the various
administrative Prime terminals on the Prime Ethernet LAN. It provides file
sharing, print sharing, and electronic mail.
Red Ryder
Red Ryder is an emulation and terminal support program for Macintosh
computers. It provides terminal emulations of TTY, VT52, and VT100. It offers
full text selection, a clipboard and works with all modems as well as direct cable
connections. It allows user to capture and send files straight to/from disk and
provides a command procedure language.
Smartcom
Smartcom is a file transfer and terminal emulation package for PCs and MACs.
This product is from the same company which makes Hayes modems.
SNA
IBM's System Network Architecture (SNA) is the communications architecture
used by EPA to link the Agency's Token-Ring LANs. LMFs. and IBM 3090
mainframe together. SNA networks via gateways have access to computers on
DECnet and X.2S.
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TOPS
TOPS network operating software for Macintosh systems is designed to connect
Macintosh to PCs, UNIX systems and other Macintoshes over TOPS distributed
LAN. TOPS translates file format so it can be read and serviced by DOS, UNIX,
or Macintosh computers.
VMS Services For MS-DOS (PCSA)
VAX/VMS Services for MS-DOS running on a VAX server provides services to
PCs running DECnet/PCSA Client software. DECnet/PCSA Client is a
combination of five software packages: an MS-Windows applications interface,
network software (DECnet-DOS, MS-Net, and NETBIOS), network management
utilities, terminal emulation software, and the Online User Information System.
X.25
X.25 is a data communications standard that defines the procedures for the
exchange of data between devices in a packet-switching network. At EPA, X.25
is used for connection to the Prime office automation systems, and to interconnect
the VAX laboratory systems running DECnet
D.2 Computer Aided Design
Computer aided design programs are tools that used for technical design and drafting.
EPA supports only one CAD product, described below.
Autodesk Aiaocad 2
AutoCad is the EPA standard for computer-aided design software. It is a general
purpose design and drafting program that runs on any of the Agency IBM-
compatible PCs. Digitizing tablets, graphics input devices that allow a user to
trace a drawing on a flat surface while data coordinates are being reflected on the
computer, are often used with this program.
D.3 Data Base Management
Data base management programs allow virtually unlimited amounts of data to be stored,
easily retrieved, modified, sorted and printed. The EPA has several data base management
systems (DBMS) available for use. The decision of which DBMS is best for a given application
is based on the audience for the data, the volume of data, the use of the data, and the number
of simultaneous users. For future developments the Agency encourages a 4GL environment.
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ADABAS
ADABAS is installed on the IBM 3090. It is a DBMS with several utility
programs, supporting concurrent batch and on-line processing and featuring data
compression, separation of physical data storage from representation of logical
relationships in the data base, a comprehensive security system, and automatic
restart/recovery capabilities. It is an EPA standard DBMS for use in high volume
environments and national systems.
dBase
dBase is a powerful relational DBMS for use on PCs and LANs. It is the EPA
standard for PC applications. It features a menu interface, compatibility with
many other PC programs, data security, a report generator, a programming
language, and a host programming language interface.
Focus
Focus is a user-oriented 4GL and DBMS. It combines an English-like language
with a data base that supports both relational and hierarchical structures. It is also
a standard DBMS for EPA. Because Focus is implemented on the IBM 3090,
VAX cluster, LMFs, LANs, and PCs, it is the best DBMS choice where data is
distributed among many locations or where the system may need to be transported
across different hardware platforms. It is limited by not being a good choice for
high-volume transaction systems. Focus provides a good environment for initial
systems development and prototyping on PCs. In later stages, applications can
be ported to second and third tier platforms. Focus may be used for national
systems but must obtain special approval for OIRM/NDPD.
Prime Info
Prime Info is a distributed data management and applications development
environment for the Agency's Prime computers. It is a 4GL, relational-based
DBMS that provides users with all the tools necessary to define and manage data
bases, and write application software.
D.4 Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing software is used for page layout where text and graphics need to be
mixed in the same document. The use of desktop publishing software has grown rapidly in the
last few years as hardware and software capable of producing quality documents has become
more accessible and prices have decreased.
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PageMaker
PageMaker is a desktop publishing package that is available on both PC and
Macintosh systems. It is capable of combining text and graphics and provides a
large amount of versatility in doing a page layout of a document including choices
of fonts and multi-column page layouts.
Ventura Publisher
Ventura Publisher is a desktop publishing system for IBM-compatible PCs. Users
can select preferred combinations of pull-down and pop-up menus. Many
functions are selected either by using the mouse or by simple keyed commands.
It allows color printing on Postscript-compatible printers, or printing on any
black-and-white printer.
D.5 Development Software
This section consists of programming languages and application development tools for use
in a variety of environments. Where possible, EPA encourages 4GL DBMS applications
development.
COBOL
COBOL is a language designed for business application usage. It is probably the
commonly used language for business applications. The language was designed
to be self-documenting by using English-like procedural statements. COBOL is
available on the IBM 3090, Prime, and IBM PC compatibles but is not 4GL.
Easytrieve Plus
Easytrieve Plus is an information retrieval and data management system designed
to serve the needs of both the information center and application development
center environments. It runs on the IBM 3090 at RTP and its capabilities include
automatic report composition and label creation. Users may access data from
most any file structure (VSAM, Sequential) or data base including IMS, PL1,
IDMS, and DB2.
FORTRAN
FORTRAN was one of the first computer languages developed and is intended for
mathematical and scientific applications. It is available on all EPA systems except
the Macintosh.
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Natural
Natural is a comprehensive, 4GL that provides facilities for advanced application
development. These facilities include: intelligent source, screen design, report
and global data editors, structured syntax, an interactive compiler and a library
maintenance system. EPA uses Natural for programming ADABAS DBMS
applications on the IBM 3090.
Pascal
Pascal is a multi-purpose, structured language offering a globally optimized object
code. All implementations of Pascal within the Agency conform to ANSI
standards. The language is implemented on two platforms: Prime and IBM
compatible PCs.
PL/I
PL/I is a programming language developed initially by IBM, intended to combine
the best elements of COBOL and FORTRAN. PL/I is a powerful language that
is often used for software development on IBM mainframes. It is available at
EPA on the IBM 3090.
SAS
SAS, which stands for Statistical Analysis System, provides the ability to perform
a wide variety of analysis on a data base. This data base must be in SAS format
or extracted from another data base management system into a "flat" file (ASCII)
which can then be imported to SAS for analysis.
D.6 Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheets gained popularity on PCs due to the ease with which information
could be entered into the spreadsheet and then manipulated. Spreadsheets are available on a wide
range of computers at the EPA. Choosing the best spreadsheet will be based upon personal
preference and the location of data that will be imported into the spreadsheet.
20/20
2C/2G is a uiuittuser, luicgraicu spreadsheet for uic Agency's Flillic computers.
It combines a spreadsheet with graphics, data base management, and project
modeling. It can transfer data to and from many other programs, including data
bases and word processing programs. It features a 1,000 x 8,192 cell spreadsheet
and can share spreadsheet information with Lotus 1-2-3.
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Excel
Excel is a spreadsheet for the Macintosh that includes business graphics and data
base. Excel's spreadsheet is 16,384 rows by 256 columns. Its major features
include ease of use and rapid model creation through the use of Macintosh's visual
interface; advanced formatting for on-screen viewing and for printing; graphics
with custom built-in formats; spreadsheet Unking; automatic recording of macros;
selective recalculation; 2 way file interchange with Lotus 1-2-3 worksheets; and
compatibility with Chart files on the Macintosh.
FocCalc
FocCalc is a full function spreadsheet that is fully integrated with the Focus 4GL
and data base system. With it, the user can place Focus report writing (table)
requests directly into the spreadsheet cells and automatically populate the
spreadsheet with data. Users can directly access and combine data from Focus
files or any file in the data repository that can be read by Focus. If the
application uses the Focus data base and viewing that information in a spreadsheet
is required, this is the spreadsheet of choice.
Lotus 1-2-3
Lotus 1-2-3 is the Agency standard spreadsheet program for the IBM-compatible
PC. It combines spreadsheet analysis, graphics, and information management
capabilities into one program. 1-2-3's spreadsheet capabilities let users enter
numbers, text, or formulas into a network cell so that, by changing the contents
of certain cells, users can perform a set of calculations automatically. Users can
also copy ranges of cells, insert of delete rows and columns, change the output
format of a range of cells of the width of a column of cells. The size of the
spreadsheet is 8,192 rows by 256 columns, with a half megabyte model capacity.
SAS/FSP
SAS/FSP is available on the IBM 3090 at RTF and the lab VAX's. SAS/FSP
software is the SAS system's integrated information processing tool. It provides
tools to create data entry screen with automatic field verification and cross-field
validation. Information from SAS data sets can be used to produce mass
mailings. Files can be modified and viewed in full-screen mode.
Supercalc/MF
SuperCalc/MF is an electronic spreadsheet and decision support system for
financial modeling and analysis. Functions include: generation, consolidation, and
presentation of reports; sales projections; and preparation of divisional and
departmental plans, and other large corporate financial projects. It offers menu-
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driven access to existing data bases; automated up- and down-loading of
microcomputer spreadsheets; micro-to-mainframe bridge, and link between
dissimilar microcomputers running incompatible spreadsheets.
D.7 Geographical Information Systems
Geographical Information Systems (CIS) are computer-based systems that combine
geographic and cartographic capabilities with data base management capabilities. CIS enable
users to enter, manipulate, and display spatial data easily and considerably faster than any
previous methods have allowed. Geographic files can be overlaid with thematic information
(e.g., population, Superfund sites, geologic fbrmations,land use, etc.) to enhance program
management, analysis, and decision making.
ARC/INFO
ARC/INFO, EPA's standard geographic information system (GIS) software,
provides the functionality for managing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data.
It integrates a cartographic system with a relational DBMS. This integrated
structure facilitates the handling of the two generic classes of spatial data:
cartographic data describing the location and topology of point, line and polygon
features; and attribute data describing these features. Publication quality maps can
be produced with ARC/INFO's display capabilities including symbol sets, fonts,
lines, and shade patterns. Reports can be generated using ARC/INFO's DBMS
capabilities.
D.8 Graphics
Graphics packages have become more popular in recent years. This is probably because
powerful computer hardware has decreased in price, making the use of graphics less costly. The
EPA supports a variety of graphics packages. Choosing the best one for an application will
depend on the type of output expected. One package may be the best for developing
organizational charts while another is appropriate for developing screen or slide shows.
Chan
Microsoft Chart is a presentation quality business graphics program for designing
customized charts and graphs on IBM- compatible PCs. In Chart, data is entered,
edited, and formatted directly on the screen. Data may also be imported from
programs such as dBase ffl and Lotus 1-2-3. Graphics created by this program
can be displayed in a variety of documents, including Microsoft Word and
WordPerfect.
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Cricket Draw
Cricket Draw is an object-oriented drawing program for the Macintosh that takes
advantage of the graphics capabilities of Postscript printers. The package consists
of two integrated programs: a drawing window and a Postscript language editor.
The user has control of object and text design such as rotating, tilting, shadowing
and tinting.
Cricket Graph
Cricket Graph is available for use on the Macintosh. It is a high performance
graphing program for use in business, engineering, and science. It offers 12
graph types; full text editing capabilities; export to page layout and word
processing programs; and the ability to import data from spreadsheets, and data
bases.
Freelance Plus
Freelance Plus is a complete graphics package for IBM compatible PCs. It
integrates charting, graphics, editing, freehand drawing, symbol libraries,
diagrams, maps and word slides that can be used for presentations and reports.
Users may import data from packages like Lotus 1-2-3 or Symphony.
MacDraw
MacDraw is a custom graphics program for the Macintosh. It allows users to
design forms and technical illustrations, prepare slide presentations, customize
graphs and charts, and create floor plans and maps. Using the mouse, the user
can draw circles, rectangles, arcs, straight lines and freehand sketches. Text may
be added for labels and captions.
MacPaint
MacPaint allows users to draw any number of shapes or designs and transfer the
exact graphics contents of the screen to a printed report. Using the mouse, users
select line, rectangles, circles, or draw freehand shapes. Users can choose a
number of paintbrush sizes and shapes, a spray paint can to fill in blank portions
of a screen, and any of the available 38 different shades.
SAS/Graph
SAS/Graph is an information and presentation color graphics tool. It produces
charts, plots, and maps in a variety of colors and patterns. Graphics components
can be created, stored in an on-line catalog, and retrieved as needed and combined
with other graphics. SAS/Graph is a part of the SAS system, an integrated
software system providing data management, analysis and presentation.
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Tellagraf
Tellagraf is a presentation quality graphics system for the IBM 3090 that generates
both one-time ad-hoc charts or high-volume production graphics. It charts data
from multiple sources: data bases, financial systems, spreadsheets, and reports.
Graphs include bar, line, pie, word charts, and tables. It is an English-language,
conversational program that produces output on paper, overhead transparencies,
35mm slides, or CRT screens.
D.9 Project Management Tools
Project management tools allow a manager to enter the events, milestones, and resources
necessary to complete a project. The software will calculate the time and cost of doing the
project. The EPA supports tools that are available on the IBM 3090 and on a PC. Please note
that the use of a project management tool on a specific machine does not imply that the project
must be developed on that machine.
Microsoft Project
Microsoft Project is a scheduling and reporting tool for managers that runs on
IBM compatible PCs. It creates schedules using a row and column format just
like a spreadsheet. Gantt charts showing task durations and PERT chart showing
project flow are created and automatically updated. Project data may be exported
directly to packages such as Lotus 1-2-3 or dBase.
Tellaplan Expert
Tellaplan Expert, available on the IBM 3090 at RTP, is a full-featured project
management tool. With it a manager may use "what if" capabilities to evaluate
project alternatives, calculate, and visually represent critical paths, dependencies,
and slack/float time. Functions included are Gantt charts, PERT/CPM in two
formats (activity-on-arrow and activity-on-node), work breakdown structures,
costs, and resource and tabular reporting capabilities. Options are available to
upload files from PC TIMELINE and SuperProject Expert project management
software packages.
TimeLine
Timeline is a project planning and tracking tool that runs on IBM compatible
PCs. Using Gantt, PERT, and resource histogram charts, the user can enter an
unlimited number of tasks, dependencies, resources and cost categories. It can
print summary, detail and periodic reports for tasks, resources, and costs, or
select portions of the project for custom reports. Project data may be exported
directly to packages such as Lotus 1-2-3 or dBase.
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D.10 Statistical Software
There is one product supported by EPA to perform statistical analysis. It is considered
the superior product in the industry and is widely used.
SAS
The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) is used to perform data analysis. The SAS
system also has a data base capability and graphical output capabilities. It is
available on every piece of hardware supported by the EPA except the Macintosh.
D.ll Text Searching
The text searching system such as INFO text is supported by the EPA. In this context
text searching is more than matching a string of characters but contains some capability to
perform context searches of the text.
BASIS
BASIS (Text Information Management System) is used for the retrieval,
manipulation, and storage of full-text, bibliographic and numeric data in either
batch or on-line-mode. The major functional capabilities of BASIS include: term
and phrase searching via inverted indexes, variable length data elements and
records, full thesaurus capabilities and on-line sort. It is available on IBM 3090.
D.ll Word Processing Systems
The EPA supports a variety of word processing systems but encourages the use of
WordPerfect as the standard.
Lexitype
Lexitype is a full-featured word processor with integrated math, sorting,
communications, and form letter merge packages that runs on IBM compatible
PCs. Lexitype became popular at EPA as Lexitron word processing machines
were phased out of the Agency and PCs became the norm. Lexitype allowed
users to use the PCs without being retrained in a new word processing package.
MacWrite
MacWrite is a word processing tool available for the Apple Macintosh line. It
offers a variety of fonts, sizes, and typestyles. There is editing via insert text,
edit by any text length, and search and replace whole or partial words. Special
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features included are page location recorded on a vertical elevator, compatibility
with graphics from other Macintosh programs, the option to save a document as
text only, and an undo function.
MultiMate
MultiMate is a powerful, easy-to-use word processor that allows a wide range of
users to produce professional looking documents. It features a spell checker,
thesaurus, auto-hyphenation, context sensitive help, line and box drawing, and list
management capabilities. There is a direct dBase merge, plus easy import from
Framework, RapidFile, and Master Graphics files.
Word
Microsoft Word is a full-featured word processing package available for both
IBM-compatible PCs and the Apple Macintosh. Its features include spell-check,
thesaurus, spreadsheet-link, forms support, macros, style sheets, glossary, print-
merge, foot/endnotes, redlining, outline processor, lines, boxes and borders.
WordMARC
WordMARC consists of two word processing programs and is available for DOS
machines. WordMARC Author is a simple package suitable for memos, letters
and relatively unsophisticated reports. WordMARC Composer is a sophisticated
package that offers more diverse functions for more complicated documents. It
also has a capability to handle mathematical equations.
WordPerfect
WordPerfect incorporates word processing features with graphic import
capabilities and is available for DOS and Apple (MACs) machines. It allows the
user to create professional looking documents and features columns,
footnotes/endnotes, macros, merge, speller, thesaurus, and many others.
WordPerfect is the EPA standard for word processing.
WordStar Professional
WordStar Professional offers IBM-compatible PC users a range of word
processing capabilities from creating, editing and proofreading documents to
merging data and producing tables of contents and indexes. In addition to
WordStar, the professional package includes MailMerge a text- and data-merging
program; CorrectStar, a spelling checker; and Starlndex, an index/table of
contents builder. The latest version includes graphic capabilities.
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APPENDIX E - REFERENCES
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APPENDIX E - REFERENCES
The following material was reviewed in preparing this manual:
EPA System Design and Development Guidance
Volume A: Mission Needs Analysis
Volume B: Preliminary Design and Options Analysis
Volume C: Systems Design, Development and Implementation
Total Component Report (CNFSOF99- 10/26/88). A report from NDPD listing
current hardware and software at all EPA offices and laboratories.
EPA Office Information Technology Themes, Key Directions, and Functional
Requirements (May 26, 1987), American Management Systems, Inc.
EPA Office Information Technology Strategy and Recommendations (July 20,
1987), American Management Systems, Inc.
Overview of EPA's Information Technology Architecture, October 1989, Viar and
Company.
EPA Site Coordinators Handbook.
EPA Local Area Network Technical Guidelines, Volumes I and n - January,
1988.
DataPro Directory of Software
DataPro Directory of Microcomputer Software.
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
GLOSSARY
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
GLOSSARY
4GL
ADP
Application Software
ASCII
Batch Job
Bus
Byte
Cluster
Computer Security
Core Technology
Data
Data Dictionary
Fourth generation languages. 4GLs are non-procedural languages
(unlike COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and others). Easy to learn and
use. Increase programming productivity.
Automated Data Processing.
Software that solves a specific user need or problem such as
payroll.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A seven-bit
computer code.
The process by which data is collected and processed in groups.
Used primarily for sequential file applications.
A transmission path or channel, by which all the attached devices
receive transmission.
A character is one byte.
The cluster architecture allows processors to be connected together.
In a cluster, processing power is shared between processors and
each processor has access to common data storage. The cluster
architecture allows the total processing power to be increased
simply by adding another computer. The cluster also allows
sharing of specialized hardware and software between many users.
A need in computer systems to ensure only authorized users can
process authorized data at authorized times.
CORE technology are the preferred tools, and will be the best
supported packages in tenns of overall training and technical
support at the Agency.
Data is defined as recorded facts or figures. Information is
knowledge derived from data.
A systems development tool in which are stored the names
structures of all records and files.
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EPA/ADP Application* Guidance to Hardware/Software Selection
Data Flow Diagram A systems development tool that shows processes, dataflows, and
files, and their interfaces.
DBMS Database management system. A large and complex program that
serves as an intermediary between application programs and the
database. It is used to define and process a database.
End User People who are using a computer application to perform a job.
File A group of records.
Functional System The first stage of systems development. During this stage, the
Requirements project team is defined, feasibility is assessed, and specific needs
of the system are determined.
GB Gigabyte. Measurement in bytes. MB*MB (1048576*1048576) is
one GB.
Hardware Computing equipment.
K Kilobyte. Measurement in bytes. 1024 bytes is one K.
Laboratory Environment Scientific computing environment.
LAN Local Area Network. A distributed system in which hardware
components reside within the campus environment.
LMF Logical mainframe. IBM 4381 for regional use and gateway to
IBM 3090 at RTF.
MAC Apple Macintosh computers.
Macro A text file containing a series of frequently used operations that can
be executed by a single command. Can also refer to a simple high-
level programming language with which the user can manipulate
the commands in an Information System.
Mainframe A class of computers having the largest, most powerful CPUs.
Example: IBM 3090.
MB Megabytes. Measurement in bytes. 1024*1024 (K*K) is one MB.
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Microcomputer
Minicomputer
Mission Need Analysis
National Resource
Non-Laboratory
Environment
OCR
ORM
Options Analysis
PC
Preliminary Options
Design
Random Retrieval
Kecord
Regional Resource
A class of computers having the smallest and cheapest CPUs. Also
known as personal computer (PC).
A class of medium-sized computers. Larger and more expensive
than microcomputers, but smaller and less expensive than
mainframes. Example: DEC/VAX or Tier 2 platform.
Assessing and evaluating the need (requirement) for an information
system.
Computing platform or hardware that serves as a national resource
for the Agency. Example: IBM 3090.
Business computing environment.
Optical Character Recognition. Input fonts which can be
recognized by computer when entered via special input devices
such as scanner.
Office of Information Resources Management.
Evaluating identified options against the identified requirements to
determine which alternative most cost-effectively satisfies the
requirements.
Personal computer. See microcomputers.
Using the operational specifications to identify and develop
feasible options meeting the requirements for options analysis.
A style of direct access processing that enables rapid random
access.
A collection of fields about some entity, e.g., an employee record,
a part record, or a customer record.
Computing platform or hardware that serves as regional resource.
Example: IBM 4381.
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Remote
Report
Response Time
SDLC
Software
Storage
Storage Medium
System Access
System Configuration
System Constraints
System Design
System Evaluation
System Flow Chart
System Implementation
The input, processing, and output jobs done on a computer that is
remotely located.
Information obtained from the data.
Time taken by the computer to process a request after return is hit
on the keyboard.
System Development Life Cycle. A methodology used in system
design and development.
Programs or sequence of instructions to satisfy specific needs.
Systems programs control the computer and applications programs
are oriented toward a business need.
Data storage. Data stored on tapes or disks.
A type of storage, e.g., tape or disk.
The time required for a disk's access arm to move to a cylinder
before reading or writing data plus the transfer time to move data
to an Input/Output device.
Description and integration of software and hardware tools
resulting in a computer system.
Factors that restrict system design options.
The third stage of systems development in which specifications for
hardware are developed, program logic is specified, data formats
are constructed, procedures are defined, and personal requirements
are determined.
The second stage of the systems development process in which
alternatives for all five components are identified, and one of the
alternatives is selected.
A diagram that graphically portrays program logic.
The fourth stage of systems development during which the system
is constructed, tested, and installed.
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System Manager
System Profile
System Response
System Requirements
Systems Development
Telecommunication
Tierl
Tier 2
Tier 3
Volatile,
Volume
WAN
Workstation
Computer-center personnel who are responsible for keeping the
equipment running as well as for providing the necessary support
services.
Summarizing data relevant to the proposed system.
The time it takes the computer to respond to a request or
statement.
See functional system requirements.
The four-stage process of building a business computer system. See
also System Requirements, System Evaluation, System Design, and
System Implementation.
Moving data from point to point, terminal to computer, or
computer to computer.
The national resource hardware platform. For example, IBM 3090,
DEC VAX Cluster.
The regional resource hardware platform. For example, IBM 4381,
DEC VAX.
The personal or group resource hardware platform. For example,
PCs or workstations.
Movement or frequency of change in temporary and permanent
data store.
Measurement for number of records or bytes.
Wide area network.
Higher end PC with more memory, faster CPU and a lot of disk
storage.
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