United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Policy,
Planning, And Evaluation
(PM-221)
EPA 230-R-92-009
July 1992
&EPA
Selected Summary of
Current State Responses
to Climate Change
Printed on Kccycleil Riper
-------
Selected Summary of
Current State Responses to
Climate Change
July 1992
Prepared for:
Climate Change Division
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
US. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
FOREWORD
This document is a selected summary of current state responses to climate change. It is
an update of the January, 1991 publication of the same tide. In addition to many new entries, all
entries have been updated and revised for clearer presentation. While not intended to be a
comprehensive summary of all climate change-related programs, the Selected Summary of Cur-
rent State Responses to Climate Change is intended to provide an overview of the variety of state
initiatives and legislative actions that address climate change. It was prepared in order to promote
an exchange of ideas for responding to climate change among states and other interested parties.
Many of the ideas described in this report were developed to meet goals other than climate change
response, such as the promotion of utility demand-side management, pollution prevention, and
economic competitiveness. Yet, they do have important climate change implications.
States are important players in the climate change arena due to their influence and
authority over utilities, land use, transportation, taxation, and environmental programs and
policies. The EPA Climate Change Division's State Outreach Program is designed to provide
information and assistance in the understanding and evaluation of mitigation and adaptation
policies. This publication is one of many tools to provide assistance to state and local govern-
ments. Another recent Climate Change Division supported project, by the University of
Maryland's Center for Global Change, provides analytical discussion of state policies that will
complement this report.
The Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change has five sections that
list state mitigation efforts: broad-based climate change response, energy (cross-cutting measures,
energy efficiency, utility regulations, renewables/alternative energy, and education/technical assis-
tance), transportation, forestry, and CFC reduction. A separate section addresses adaptation mea-
sures. Wherever possible, the report identifies a person to contact for additional information. It
also includes a list of resources for further information. Please note that some entries are taken from
sources not listed in this section. Finally, the summary includes a state and a subject index.
We are interested in expanding the scope of this summary and are also preparing a
comprehensive database of state responses to climate change. The database will build on the
legislative database initiated in 1990 by the Center for Global Change. We would appreciate
any comments or corrections that could contribute to either of these efforts. Information
should be sent to:
Katherine D. Sibold
Climate Change Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
PM-221
401 M Street, SW.
Washington, DC 20460
Questions regarding this report should be directed to the authors, Ron Gravis (Bruce
Company) at 202/488-0678, and Andrew Silbiger (Bruce Company) at 202/863-2225 or
myself at 202/260-4314.
Katherine D. Sibold
July 6,1992
-Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 page i
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals provided valuable assistance in the preparation of this report. We
would particularly like to thank Nancy Gonring and Jennifer Shively for their valuable research
support and Lynn Sherman for her contribution to the CFC section. In addition, we gratefully
acknowledge the comments on drafts provided by Ron Benioff (EPA), Kitty Sibold (EPA), Joel
Smith (EPA), Mike Totten (International Institute for Energy Conservation), Ruth Cherenson
(International Institute for Energy Conservation), Sam Sadler (Oregon Department of Energy),
Larry Morandi (National Council of State Legislatures), Barbara Wells (National Governors'
Association) and Carl Walter (EPA Region VII). We would also like to thank Paula Batchelor,
Joel Rosen, Karen Medailleu, and Colleen Doyle for their desktop publishing work.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page ii
-------
CONTENTS
Foreword i
Acknowledgments ii
I. Broad-Based Measures 1
n. Energy Sector Responses
1) Cross-Cutting Measures 5
2) Energy Efficiency 9
3) Utility Regulations 16
4) Renewables and Alternative Energy Sources 19
5) Education and Technical Assistance 21
m. Transportation Sector Responses 29
IV. Forestry Responses 33
V. CFC Reduction Responses 37
VI. Adaptation Responses 41
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page Hi
-------
I. BROAD-BASED CLIMATE CHANGE
RESPONSE MEASURES
Legislation
HCR 56, Alaska, (1990)
A House Concurrent Resolution supporting a nationwide effort to pursue policy options
to effectively respond to global climate change. Contact: Lana Decker, (907) 561-1199.
Chapter 1506, California (1988)
Requires the California Energy Commission to study potential impacts of climate change on
the state's energy supply/demand, economy, environment, agriculture, and water resources. A
subsequent report, Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts and Policy Recommendations, was
completed in December of 1991. Contact: Kari Smith, (916) 654-4568.
AB 2360, Chapter 218, California (1989)
Ensures Office of Planning and Research review on specific provisions/guidelines under
the state Environmental Quality Act. The effort will determine whether these measures should
be changed to respond to potential impacts of global climate change. Contact: Kari Smith,
(916) 654-4568.
An Act Concerning Global Warming, Connecticut (1990)
Establishes a broad range of energy efficiency measures. Included are building code changes
maximizing energy savings and calls for purchase of energy efficient appliances and vehicles. Also
mandated: goals for improving public transportation and Connecticut Public Transportation
Commission (CPTC) monitoring of progress toward these goals. The Act appropriates $80,000
from the Special Transportation Fund for CPTC. It also allows the state Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to require tree/grass planting in connection with air discharge
permits. Another aspect of the Act weakens municipality plans that give tax breaks to multi-level
parking garages (see also pgs. 5,9,29, and 33). Contact: Nancy Pitblado, (203) 566-2047.
An Act Relating to Energy Efficiency, SF2403, Iowa, (1990)
A consortium of Iowa scholars began research on climate change in 1990. As a result, the
Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research at the University of Iowa was formed.
SF2403 provides funding to sustain the Center's work (see also pgs. 7 and 23). Contact: Greg
Carmichael, (319) 335-1399.
Beginning July 1,1992, investor-owned, municipal, and cooperative utilities will be required
to remit one-tenth of 1 percent of their revenues for support of the Iowa Energy Center and the
Center for Global Warming. Eighty-five percent of these revenues will go to the Energy Center
and 15 percent to the Center for Global Warming. SF2403 (1990) also directed the DNR to
study "activities related to energy production and uses which contribute to global climate change
and depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer." The DNR developed a strategy to reduce
emissions (see also pgs. 7 and 23). Contact: Sharon Tahtinen, (515) 281-7066.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Pagel
-------
SB 576, Oregon (1989)
Requires the Oregon Department of Energy (ODOE) to develop strategies to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. The study target is to cut 1988 emissions levels 20 percent by 2005.
Priority is placed on conservation, renewable resources, and alternative fuels. The plan is
published in the Oregon Fourth Biennial Energy Plan, (1991). Contact: Sam Sadler, ODOE
(503) 373-1034.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
Global Climate Change Report, California
The California Energy Commission published Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts and,
Policy Recommendations, Vols. I and II, a 1991 report focusing on methods for adapting to
impacts of climate change, and least cost/zero net cost recommendations to reduce greenhouse
gases. A follow-up report to outline CO2 reductions was ordered by the Governor. It will be
published later this year. Contact: Kari Smith, (916) 654-4568.
Climate Change Task Force, Eastern Regional Conference/Council of
State Governments
Task force activities include:
Collecting data on the Northeast area greenhouse gas output.
Tracking possible effects of climate change.
Identifying state strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate
change. (A report, Survey of State Global Warming Reduction Activities, was distributed
to 10 states and Quebec in August, 1990.)
Planning cooperation in areas relevant to climate change.
Model legislation.
Recommendations.
Regional hearing.
Task force recommendations cover energy efficiency, transportation, non-fossil energy re-
sources, tree-planting/land resource management, greenhouse gas utilization, recycling, sea
level rise, agriculture, forestry, and water quality. Contact: Russell Riggs, (212) 912-0128.
Commission on Global Climate Change and Ozone Depletion, Missouri
A special 14-member panel formed in 1989 to assess Missouri's contribution to ozone
depletion and climate change and to form policy options to deal with the effects of these
problems. The Commission's report suggests that action should be taken in diverse areas. The
changes include: initiatives calling for a 20 percent reduction in state carbon emissions by the year
2005; a 30 percent reduction in energy consumption in public buildings over the next decade;
statewide minimum energy standards for new construction or renovations; soil protection
planning; mandating crops that will sustain weather change; a comprehensive statewide refores-
tation program; development of biomass programs to provide alternative fuels; educational
Page 2 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Juty 1992
-------
initiatives that teach sound ecology and energy efficiency to grade levels K-12; community
education and public awareness programs; a University of Missouri Climate Change Center to
study and monitor air quality, gather and disseminate climate data, and act as a clearinghouse for
educational information; utilizing the Missouri Corporation for Science and Technology to
foster the development, application, and growth of emerging energy technologies; and motor
vehicle fee and fuel taxes to compensate for the environmental effects of transportation. Contact:
David Bulletine, (314) 751-4666.
The New Jersey Climate Change Initiative, New Jersey (1989)
Program's main focus is on energy conservation and CFC use. It includes lighting and air
conditioner efficiency standards, increases in carpooling and mass transit, improved mainte-
nance of existing state-owned vehicles, and expanded purchasing of recycled products. It also
mandates the purchase of capture and recycling equipment for automobile and stationary air
conditioner repair operations. Additional measures include use of non-CFC air conditioners
and investigating the bulk purchase of natural gas to facilitate conversion from oil to natural
gas at state facilities.
Other elements of the initiative include: Encouraging energy conservation and reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions through regulatory and other means; considering regulatory steps to
reduce CFC use including recycling of auto radiators; maximizing New Jersey's forestation (tree
for tree replacement strategy); understanding and planning for sea level rise; using greenway
policies (providing corridors for migration of plants and animals as sea level rises and climate
changes); and improving public education about the causes and effects of climate change.
Contact: Scott Weiner, (609) 292-2885.
Task Force on Global Warming: Report to the Governor and Legislature, Oregon (1990)
A report examining the impacts of climate change on energy, water resources, and forestry in
Oregon. Twelve state agencies took part in the study, which concluded that global climate
change is a serious threat and that the state should act now to mitigate its effects. The work
recommends adjusting policies to promote the development of flexible responses to climate
change, to enhance resource resiliency to climate change impacts, to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, and to take climate change into account when forming state agency programs.
Contact: Sam Sadler, (503) 373-1034.
Global Warming Report, Southern Growth Policy Boant
Twelve southern states and Puerto Rico have released a 1990 report entitled The Global
Warming Challenge: What States Can Do. It includes a discussion of human impacts on climate,
principles that may be helpful in making decisions about global climate change, and a four-
pronged response strategy. Included are specific steps that states, localities, and businesses can
take to help mitigate or adapt to climate change. One notable argument the report makes is that
the South "may be more susceptible than other regions to many of the negative changes any
global warming might cause, [and] may also be more affected by steps taken to minimize global
warming." Contact: John Hodges Copple, (919) 941-5145.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 3
-------
Evaluation of Strategics to Limit and Adapt to Climate Change, South Carolina
The South Carolina Water Resources Commission is evaluating various mitigation and
adaptation options through the work of a state intcragency task force. The state will conduct an
analysis of the impacts of climate change on various resources, including agriculture, forests,
energy, and water. The task force will evaluate options to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
and adapt to die impacts identified by the state research. Contact: D.J. Smith, (803) 737-0800.
Int^ratedPoliqr Assessment of ClumteOiange for Vulnerabilities and Policy Optk)^ Texas
The Texas Water Commission is developing an inter-disciplinary approach to assess potential
impacts of climate change, evaluate adaptive responses, and design strategies to reduce state
greenhouse gas emissions. The project cites over 50 businesses or public land lease candidates
whose activities help mitigate potential climate change effectors. It outlines business practices
that would help Texas pursue economic growth goals while preventing pollution and analyzes
adaptive strategies relating to water supply and demand and freshwater inflows to estuaries. The
final component is to use the results of these analyses and other studies to identify and analyze
key greenhouse policy options for Texas. Contact: George Bomar, (512) 371-6382.
Selected Svmmtuy of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
II. ENERGY
Energy-related responses to climate change are not easily categorized. For example, utility
regulations and education projects; seek to increase energy efficiency. Similarly, state legislation
may address many energy issues from renewable power sources to technical assistance programs.
For organizational purposes, energy measures have been subdivided into five categories: cross-
cutting measures, energy efficiency, utility regulations, education and technical assistance, and
renewables and alternative energy sources. However, many programs, in addition to those listed
under Cross-Cutting Measures, could fall into several categories.
(1) Cross-Cutting Measures
Legislation
Chapters 105,106, California (1989)
Increases the state gasoline tax from 9 cents to 14 cents per gallon in 1990, and to 18 cents
per gallon in 1994. ($10 million in revenue to be raised annually from the tax will go to mitigate
environmental damage.) Contact: John Wolfson, (916) 654-5000.
An Act Concerning Global Warming, Connecticut (1990). Includes the following measures
to improve efficiency and promote alternative energy sources:
Revision of the state building code to require cost/energy-efficient building design
that matches standards of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
Requires an Office of Policy and Management (OPM) advisory group to dovetail these
standards with plans for new and renovated buildings. As part of its mandate, the group
must consider the above measures against effects on future generating capacity costs and
factors identified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Group mem-
bers include: the OPM Secretary, the Building Inspector, Chairmen of the Codes and
Standards Committee, or their designees, and a representative from Northeast Utilities
and United Illuminating. A report was released in January, 1992. Related regulations will
be put into effect in early 1993.
Prohibits providing electric power to new/renovated buildings using electric heat after
January 1,1993 unless the structure complies with energy efficiency standards adopted
by OPM. Electric rates may increase for buildings that do not meet the standards.
These requirements, however, do not apply to old buildings or additions of less than
800 square feet.
Requires completion of a comprehensive energy plan to become effective by January 1,
1994. The plan must assess current energy resources and recommend ways to decrease
dependance on fossil fuels through building design, alternative energy use, and home
energy efficiency measures.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 5
-------
Calls for reductions in average energy use in state buildings: 15 percent cuts by 1995,30
percent by 2000, and 50 percent by 2010.
Mandates Ac Department of Administrative Services to purchase energy-efficient appli-
ances (see also pgs. 1,9,29, and 33). Contact: Nancy Pitblado, (203) 566-2047.
An Act Relating to Energy Efficiency, SF2403, Iowa (1990)
Addresses efficiency issues in all energy sectors of Iowa's economy. SF2403 also promotes
research on and demonstration of energy efficiency and the use of alternative energy resources.
The initiative enables the following measures: a building energy efficiency rating system;
alternative fuels demonstration grants; the Iowa Energy Center; energy efficiency planning by
all utilities; energy efficiency implementation and cost recovery by utilities; a global warming
research center; alternative energy production purchase rates; a comprehensive sate transpor-
tation efficiency study; car care clinics; and a proposal for new tailpipe emissions standards.
Utility Regulation/Energy Efficiency: Electric companies will have to spend 2 percent of
their revenues on energy efficiency programs. Investor-owned gas utilities will spend 1.5
percent. This is expected to generate investments of at least $38 million in energy efficiency.
In addition, all utilities and rural electric cooperatives (BECs) will be required to submit plans
to the Utilities Board detailing their energy saving efforts. Although the Board has no utility
oversight responsibilities, the efficiency plans will help REC's and municipal utilities to better
understand Iowa's energy needs.
Alternative Enerjjy Production (AEP): The Act makes AEP more competitive through
measures including clarification of terminology; granting the Utilities Board authority to set
one uniform, statewide buyback rate, or to set individual rates for each utility; granting the
Board power to consider environmental and economic factors in the determination of a
buyback rate; and granting the Board discretion in setting state-wide rates (determined on a
wide range of data).
Energy Efficiency/Alternative Fuels: The law seeks to improve efficiency through a wide
range of measures:
Vehicle purchases: State and local governments must purchase new automobiles and light
trucks that meet minimum fuel efficiency standards.
High-blend ethanol: The definition of gasohol has been changed to increase the allow-
able amount of ethanol from 10 to 13 percent. Gasoline with 13 to 25 percent will be
known as high blend ethanol.
Alternative fuel consortium: The Governor will explore inter-state plans to research,
produce, and market alternative fuels.
Comprehensive transportation study: Iowa DOT officials plan to review the relationship
between transportation planning, systems development, management of urban and rural
development, land use planning, and energy demand.
Page 6 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
Traffic signals: The DOT has compiled a traffic signal inventory. Its purpose is to
identify energy efficiency, safety, and traffic service improvements.
Telecommuting: An interest survey on telecommuting for state employees was con-
ducted. Results show that almost 62 percent of the respondents believe telecommuting
to be a workable alternative. Almost 75 percent of those surveyed would save 15 miles or
less travel distance. Eighty-five percent of those questioned commute by automobile.
Car care clinics: DNR sponsored a free program emphasizing energy efficiency ori-
ented vehicle maintenance.
Tail pipe emissions standard study: A report explored a potential DNR proposal to
phase in automotive tail pipe emission standards similar to those in California.
Bus routing for schools: DNR made recommendations to reduce fuel costs and other
expenses incurred by school districts.
Driver education: Department of Education courses will emphasize operation and
maintenance for energy efficiency.
Energy Center: The newly created Energy Center at Iowa State University will pursue
energy efficiency programs and examine alternative energy systems and alternative fuels.
Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research: Located at the University of
Iowa, the Center will examine the regional impact of environmental change. (See also
pgs. 1 and 23.) Contact: Patti Cale, (515) 281-8665.
Chapter 1265 of the 1990 Acts, Iowa,
Allocates $6.8 million in oil overcharge funds to low income weatherization, other
energy efficiency measures, and groundwater protection programs. Contact: Sharon
Tahtinen, (515) 281-5145.
Chapter 1246 of the 1990 Acts, Iowa,
Mandates the Iowa Affordable Heating Program which receives $4.8 million in
federal Low Income Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) funds. The initiative is
designed to provide additional energy bill payment assistance to qualified low-income
households which participate in LIHEAP's weatherization assistance program. Contact:
Iowa Energy Bulletin, (515) 281-7066.
Agency said Other Administrative Measures
National Association of State Energy Offices (NASEO), Arizona, California, Georgia,
Iowa, Illinois, New York, Washington and Pennsylvania
Consortium project to estimate the effect of a variety of energy conservation mea-
sures and renewable energy projects on greenhouse gas emissions. Contact: Bruce
Schillo (EPA), (202) 260-1030 or Frank Bishop (NASEO), (202) 546-2200.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, My 1992.
-------
Reports, Iowa (1992)
A newly formed DNR energy plan, 1992 Comprehensive Energy &**' Toward a Sustainable
Future, addresses energy needs and appropriate responses. It also explores environmental and
economic impacts of various energy options. DNR's findings have helped to shape much of
Iowa's recent energy conservation legislation. Contact: Sharon Tahtinen, (515) 281-5145.
Alternative Energy: Solar for Schools, Massachusetts
The State Division of Energy Resources' photovoltaic program produces 40 kWh daily
while it educates Nantucket elementary school children. The on-site grid-connected system
provides energy and a hands-on experiment in water pumping. The investor-owned Nan-
tucket Electric Company maintains the device. Photovoltaic lights have also been added to
illuminate the school's parking lot. Contact: David Dilts, (617) 727-4732.
Executive Order 118 Establishing an Energy Manning Process, New Tork (1988)
Charges the State Energy Office, Department of Public Service, and the Department of
Environmental Conservation to plan, update, and put in force an integrated energy re-
source plan. The Order also requires a biennial report on implementation of these goals.
The 1991 Energy Planning Report outlines measures to lessen global warming, including:
1) actions to assure petroleum product supplies and environmentally sound petroleum prod-
uct infrastructure; 2) changes to better align these priorities and available resources; 3) actions
to combine transportation, energy, and environmental policies; 4) initiatives to assure natural
gas supplies and pipeline capacity; 5) checking regulatory changes controlling sites for new
natural gas pipelines and electric utilities; 6) actions necessary to assure affordable, reliable,
and environmentally safe electricity; 7) required changes for utility competitive bidding; 8)
ensuring environmentally safe energy plans and policy; 9) making decisions on energy and
environmental taxes; 10) actions to speed up marketplace penetration of new, safe energy
technologies; and 11) studying the effects of interaction among fuel types on energy security
and economics. Contact: Brenda Magill, (518) 474-2218.
Toward a Secure Energy Future, New York
The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority released a multi-year
research, development, and demonstration plan (1988-1993) stressing energy efficiency and the
contribution it can make to economic development, expansion of state energy resources, and
reducing adverse effects of energy facilities on the environment.
The Energy Authority's research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) program is
organized into three program areas: energy efficiency and economic development; energy
resources and environmental research; and radioactive waste management. The purpose is to
review/rcsolvc/communicate state energy RD&D needs. Funding comes from an assessment
on the intrastate sale of gas and electricity, a yearly contribution from the New York Power
Authority and corporate contributions. This support is supplemented by co-sponsors including
State and national energy research organizations, State and Federal government agencies,
universities, and businesses. Contact: Gunner Walmct, (518) 465-6251 ext. 212.
PageS Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
State Energy Plan, Oregon
The Oregon Department of Energy's Fourth Biennial Energy flan includes a chapter on
global climate change and an appendix with Oregon's 1988 greenhouse gas inventory and 2005
forecast. The plan places priority on conservation, renewables, and sustainable use of energy
resources. It also contains a 2-year action plan to achieve state energy objectives. Contact: John
Savage, (503) 378-8278.
Executive Order, Vermont (1989)
In October, Vermont's governor committed the state to an aggressive program of energy
conservation and use of renewable energy resources. The Order directed the development of a
Department of Public Service/Agency of Natural Resources Comprehensive Energy Plan to
protect the environment, increase energy efficiency, and reduce overall energy costs. The plan's
objectives include reducing greenhouse gases by 15 percent and reducing per capita non-
renewable energy consumption 20 percent by the year 2000.
The Order also calls for a task force to oversee energy efficiency/emission reduction strategies
for state government; assigning monetary costs for use of electricity and various fuels; and use of
life cycle costs in place of purchase cost for energy consuming items. Contact: Scudder Parker,
(802) 828-2393.
(2) Energy Efficiency
Legislation
Conservation and Load Management, Connecticut
Orders the state Energy Division of the Office of Policy and Management, state agencies,
and gas/electric utilities to pursue energy conservation and load management programs. The
Act stresses the use and evaluation of conservation plans in industrial, commercial, residential,
and agricultural sectors. Large petroleum vendors and gas and electric utilities are also
required to participate. Residential Conservation Services are also mandated. There has been
an additional focus on fusing energy conservation measures and state facilities. A separate bill,
"An Act Concerning Global Warming," (see pgs. 1,5,29, and 33) stipulates reduction of
average energy use in state buildings by 50 percent over the next 20 years. State college
campuses have been used to perform energy management strategy and life cycle cost analyses.
The Task Force on Energy Efficiency in State Buildings recommended a study on decoupling
utility profits from sales in order to create incentives for conservation. Contact: Timothy
Bowles, (203) 566-2800.
Energy Bank Program, Iowa
Calls for a two-phase attack on energy waste in government buildings. The state issued bonds
to fund energy improvements in the Iowa facilities. The measure requires the aggregated payback
to be accomplished in less than 6 years. Iowa reports significant cost, energy, and carbon
dioxide savings.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992 Page 9
-------
The program's second phase finances energy audits/improvements in schools, hospi-
tals, and local governments. Each agreement involves a lease-purchase contract for all
devices installed. Qualifying time for each institution averages 2 weeks and must follow
state approval of all technical work to be done. Loan amounts begin at $15,000 and arc
derived from a $200 million finance pool overseen by Norwest Bank, Financial Division.
State energy officials draft and supply all necessary documents. Contact: Roya Stanley,
(515) 281-6682.
Statewide Energy Rating System, Iowa. (1990)
Iowa legislation ordered DNR to develop a building energy efficiency rating system.
It applies to new and existing residential, public, commercial, and industrial structures.
As a result, real estate purchasers or leasees can request energy ratings of prospective
purchases. Officials hope that by giving energy-efficient buildings a marketing advan-
tage, owners/sellers will clear up energy problems before they become financial prob-
lems. Implementation schedules vary by type and building age. Energy Rated Homes of
America offers a national rating system already in use by five states. Iowa plans to meet
these specs. Contact: Iowa Department of Natural Resources, (515) 281-5145.
LD 527, Chapter 75, Maine (1989)
Requires utilities to purchase all electricity offered for sale by area cogenerators. The
Public Service Commission sets purchase rates equal to the utility's full avoided costs.
The law also forces new construction or renovation of multifamily structures to
comply with ASHRAE 90 standards. Areas covered include building envelope, heating,
ventilating and air conditioning systems, water heating and lighting power limits, and
controls. Contact: Patrick Norton, (207) 289-1670.
Loan Program, Missouri (1992)
Puts in place an industrial/commercial loan program for energy conservation mea-
sures and use of alternative fuel vehicles in state fleets. Contact: Bob Jackson, (314)
751-4000.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
Analysis of Demand Side Technologies, California
The California Air Resources Board is analyzing the potential of demand side mea-
sures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in California's South Coast Air Quality
Management District and in Vermont. It is employing economic end-use modeling to
identify cost-effective technological options for reducing energy demand in the residen-
tial, commercial, and industrial scoots in the two study areas. It will also identify policies to overcome
obstacles to the widespread use of these technologies. Contact: Maria Mueller, (916) 323-1529.
Page 10 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
Expanding State Energy Efficiency Agriculture Programs, Georgia
Includes two plans: 1) an irrigation efficiency initiative to save farmers more than $3.5 million
annually while eliminating 50,000 tons of CO2 and 2) a dairy farm energy efficiency measure that
should allow owners to spend less by using "waste" heat in fresh milk to heat wash water. The
average dairy recoups its costs through energy savings in about 2 years.
A state technical assistance program also helps improve energy efficiency by evaluating
irrigation systems for the Cooperative Extension Service of the University of Georgia's College of
Agriculture. Farmers use these evaluations to reduce fossil fuel consumption. Energy efficiency
programs have also been instituted for poultry farms. Contact: Paul Burks, Director of Energy
Resources, (404) 656-5176.
Improved Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Illinois
The state Home Energy Loan Program provides grants and low-interest loans for home
energy efficiency improvements. Participating dwellings have cut their heating bills by an average
of 22 percent. Contact: Henry Kurth, (217) 785-5222.
Performance Study of Energy Conservation Measures, Iowa
The Iowa State Department of Mechanical Engineering has studied energy conservation
measures (ECMs) installed in Iowa schools and hospitals between 1983 and 1985. It claims that
87 percent of predicted savings are being achieved. As part of its energy reduction push, die
DNR will emphasize quality engineering analyses, ECMs, and improved facility management.
Contact: Vada Gratham, (515) 281-8094.
Evaluating Market Barriers to the Acceptance of New Lighting Technologies, Kentucky
The state Division of Energy of die Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
Cabinet is evaluating various delivery mechanisms to overcome market penetration barriers to
compact fluorescent light bulbs and other high efficiency lighting technologies in die residential,
institutional, and small commercial sectors. The project is also analyzing die potential for energy
savings in commercial lodging and conference facilities. Contact: Greg Guess, (502) 564-7192.
Residential Relamping Pilot Project, Maryland
One hundred and fifty weadierization assistance homes will receive new, energy-efficient
fluorescent lighting supplied by two major Maryland Utilities. Maryland Energy Assistance
and die Weadierization Assistance Program sponsor die initiative, which will provide technical
support and data analysis over a 12-month period. The project began in September, 1991. The
final report is due in September, 1992. Contact: Scott Layne, (410) 974-3751.
Commercial Lighting Pilot, Michigan (1990)
The State Office of Energy Programs (OEP) sponsored a lighting rebate program. Thirty-one
of 650 eligible businesses took part. They received 30 percent rebates on purchase and installation
of energy efficient lighting technologies with a payback of 7 years or less. Included were:
fluorescent tubes, daylight controlled dimmers, screw-in florescent lamps, reflectors, electronic
ballasts, occupancy sensors, total fixture replacement, fluorescent static controllers, and custom
lighting. Rebates varied by equipment type. The maximum per building did not exceed $4,000. A
Selected Summary of 'Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 11
-------
large state utility also offered some customers free on-site evaluations and written recommendations
for further improvements. OEP compared costs, participation level and actions of groups receiving
lighting analysis/rebate with those who received lighting analysis only. In addition, two marketing
approaches for the rebates were evaluated. Of the nearly $400,000 spent, $326,245 went to
retrofits. The rebate offer ran from August 1 through November 1,1990. Contact: Rose Hughs,
(517) 334-6261.
Community Based Programs, Minnesota
Minnesota supports community utility energy efficiency programs. Each is locally designed and
provides services selected by the community. Participating electric or gas utilities fund inspections.
Major energy rehabilitation money comes from a state loan program. The overall program is funded
\
by oil overcharge levys. Heating, lighting, and air conditioning efficiency improvements are identified
for owners and renters in residential and medium sized commercial structures. Contact: Made
Schoenbaum, (612) 297-3602.
Paper to Trees Project, Missouri
Program swapped 3-foot newspaper stacks for a native tree. Information on plans to reduce
energy consumption through strategic tree planting was included. Ten to twelve thousand
people participated, creating waiting lists for swaps. Sixteen thousand five hundred trees were
given away in eight Missouri cities. Contact: Cindy Carroll, (314) 751-5953.
Dairy Energy Management Program, New Mexico
Seeks to help energy-intensive dairies reduce operating costs through related conservation
measures. Provides on-site audits, follow-up, and technical assistance. State-of-the-art computer
software is provided by Pacific Gas & Electric Co. The effort is jointly sponsored by the state
university and utilities. Contact: JoAnn Emmel, (505) 646-3425.
Energy-Efficient Construction, New Mexico
Southwestern Public Service Company (SPS) gives rebates for energy-efficient home con-
struction in eastern New Mexico. Roughly $600 goes to builders whose homes meet SPS criteria
(which exceed state energy code requirements). Officials report 90 percent market penetration in
1989. The Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources Department (EMNRD) and the U.S.
Department of Energy's Western Area Power Administration also provide funding to Plains
Electric Generation and Transmission Cooperative which adapts SPS's rebate program for use in
rural New Mexico. Contact: James Gauge, (806) 378-2100.
Low Cost Weatherization, New Mexico
A 1988 alternative to DOE's Residential Conservation Service (RCS) Program developed
by EMNRD and Public Service Company of New Mexico. The plan allows installation of
about $120 worth of weatherization materials in low income households. The work is done by
local civic organizations. EMNRD is expanding the program by offering to cost-share with
other utilities. DOE also pays for a similar initiative with the Arizona Energy Office's Seniors
Helping Seniors Program. Contact: Ingrid Kelley, (505) 827-5973.
Page 12 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
Energy Star Program, New York
Developed to help home buyers compare new home efficiency levels. Provides the latest
ideas/research on energy-wise construction methods. Officials say this program will prove to be
a valuable buying guide while putting pressure on builders to bring the latest technology to bear
on their product. Homes meeting NYSR-STAR thermal requirements will average 25 percent
higher efficiency than those meeting normal New York code. Builders meeting specs on this new
rating will receive New York state certification. Contact: Michael Gorman, (518) 473-8593.
Energy Advisory Service to Industry (EASI), New York (1984)
A plan providing free on-site energy surveys to small and medium-sized commercial and
industrial firms. Of 8,500+ audits, experts claim over 4 million therms of natural gas and more
than 600 million kWh of electricity saved. Contact: Charles Guinn, (518) 473-4377.
University-Industry Energy Research Program, New York
Planned and supported by the state Energy Authority, the program combines strengths and
resources of academia and industry. Faculty and students team up with business to find energy-
efficient solutions to industrial problems. The result: reduced energy consumption, industrial
and economic gains, and real world learning for students. Eligible research projects generally fall
within the following development or demonstration areas: optimizing industrial processes,
pursuing innovative energy technologies/products/processes, and alternative fuel use. Contact:
Edward Kear, (518) 465-6251.
Conservation Report, Oregon
The Public Utilities Commission and ODOE arc gauging investor-owned electric and
natural gas utility conservation efforts. Their reports focus on the advisability of recapturing
wasted energy and the need to deliver other conservation savings. The studies should help shape
policy on older utilities and provide a framework for reviewing least-cost plans. Contact: Phil
Carver, (503) 378-6874.
Oregon Residential Energy Efficiency Project, Oregon
The state has upgraded conservation standards for the construction industry. Officials
estimate the January, 1992 building code changes will reduce energy use by 30 to 40 percent in
new homes and save 50+ megawatts (MW) electric and 20 million therms natural gas annually in
the next 20 years. The measure concentrates on reducing energy waste due to windows, assessing
building/design costs on affordable energy efficient housing, ascertaining whether emphasis
should be placed on gas or electricity for space heating, and evaluating whether there should be
subsidies or payments to support the above measures. Contact: Peggy Collins, (503) 373-1238
or John Kaufmann/Gary Curtis, (503) 378-4040.
Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing, Bonnevillt Power Administration, Oregon
Because most mobile homes are HUD-code preapproved, states have a hard time putting in
place local energy improvements. The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) has been mixing
experimental, demonstration, and marketing approaches to promote construction of more
energy-efficient manufactured housing. Public and private utilities, along with BPA, are provid-
ing cash incentives ($2,500/unit) to manufacturers so that every new mobile home in the
Selected Summary of Current State Responses To Climate Change, Jufy 1992 Page 13
-------
Northwest will be built to high efficiency standards. BPA is also pursuing information exchanges
with other utilities and the Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Contact: Allen Lee, (503) 230-7584.
Expanding State Government Energy Efficiency Programs, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania's "Critical Needs" Program is researching advanced weatherization tech-
nologies by applying them in low-income homes. Energy savings average 29 million Btu's
or about 34 tons of CO2 per household projected over 20 years. Contact: Dan Desmond,
(717) 783-9981.
Improved Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Vermont
The state offers technical assistance through the Vermont Industrial Conservation Advisory
Program (VICAP). Energy savings estimates run 20 percent for fossil fuels and 10 percent saving
for electricity use. More than 700 industries have been visited since 1980. Annual CO2 output
has been reduced by roughly 3,600 tons. Contact: Larry Ogden, (802) 878-8728.
Electric Motor Research, Washington
A Washington State Energy Office project for the Bonneville Power Administration. WSEO
has developed what may be the most comprehensive motor database in the United States. More
than 2,700 motors are listed. Information includes size, speed, enclosure, full and part-load
efficiency, power factor, and list price. As a result, Bonneville may offer high-efficiency motor
rebates in its industrial energy conservation activities throughout the Pacific Northwest. Contact:
Todd litman, (206) 956-2081.
Energy Codes, Washington
One of the most aggressive new residential construction energy codes in the country. It is
said to be about 30 percent more effective than the ASHRAE Standard 90. The new code
covers more efficient doors/windows, increased levels of floor/wall/ceiling/duct insulation,
and more efficient heating/cooling systems. The state has also passed a major upgrade of the
energy code for new commercial construction. Contact: Jim Erickson, (206) 956-2039 or
Dick Byers, (206) 956-2022.
Energy Edge and the Governor's Energy Team, Washington
These initiatives are targeted at the commercial building sector. Energy Edge is a competitive
design contest to encourage installation of cost-effective energy conservation measures in new
commercial buildings. The Energy Team identifies ways to reduce energy use and costs in state
facilities, such as prisons, state hospitals, and colleges. The BPA program is offered state-wide.
Contact: Tony Usibelli, (206) 956-2125.
Energy Partnerships, Washington
Funds measures to reduce energy use in schools and state facilitiespotential reductions of
30 percent are forecast. The state energy office will provide low-cost, up-front financing using
funding from bond sales. Affected facilities will keep the net savings they realize from each
project. Contact: Victoria Lincoln, (206) 956-2079.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
Energy Savings for Non-Profit Organizations, Washington
The Washington State Energy Office (WSEO) helps non-profit human service agencies lower
their energy expenditures through technical and financial measures. Contact: Tony Usibelli,
(206)956-2125.
Energy Savings for Schools, Washington
A WSEO initiative identifies energy efficiency measures and funding sources. Other initia-
tives include a school energy free accounting software program and new school design reviews.
Contact: Cynthia Putnam, (206) 296-5637.
Lighting Design Lab, Washington
Seattle City Light and WSEO have developed a unique lighting design lab. It markets no
specific product line, but instead focuses on energy-efficient designs/products and natural light
uses. In addition to providing information on energy-efficient lighting, die lab provides a place
where designers can experiment and demonstrate lighting alternatives. Contact: Tony Usibelli,
(206) 956-2125.
Energy Efficient Appliances, Washington
The Energy Office is managing a consortium of utilities, state energy offices, and Bonneville
Power Administration to make energy-efficient appliances available to consumers and encourage
appliance manufacturers to meet or surpass new federal efficiency standards. Contact: Liz Klump,
(206) 956-2071.
Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Demonstration, Washington
Bonneville Power Administration and the Northwestern states are working with area manu-
facturers to improve mobile home energy performance. A new program demonstrates produc-
tion and promotes sales of 150 trailer designs. It also monitors related monetary costs/savings.
Contact: Tom Hewes, (503) 373-7875.
Direct Use of Waste Heat and District Heating, Washington
Numerous statewide projects demonstrate the use of industrial waste heat and low-tempera-
ture water-wells. Software has been developed to help evaluate district heating potential for
residential, commercial, and other heating applications. Contact: Gordon Bloomquist,
(206) 956-2016.
Cogeneration of Electricity at State Owned Facilities, Washington
Assesses cogeneration potential at large state-owned operations (Washington State Univer-
sity and others). Excess heating plant capacity will be used to generate electricity for sale and for
use within the facility. Contact: Dick Byers, (206) 956-2022.
Washington Environment 2010, Washington
A multi-agency environmental project coordinated by the Department of Ecology. As part of
WSEO's participation, it evaluated energy conservation, CO2 reduction, and air quality proposals
for technological, economic, and institutional feasibility plans. Additionally, the state energy
office plans to develop/evaluate tools and methods to assess natural resources and the environ-
mental costs of energy development. Contact: John Lesser, (206) 956-2007.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 15
-------
Puget Sound Telecommuting Demonstration Project, Washington
Pilot state agency program, to help ease the effects of urban growth and traffic congestion in
the Puget Sound and King County areas. The effort will document motor fuel savings and study
workplace benefits and problems. Contact: Dee Christiansen, (206) 956-2024.
(3) Utility Regulations
Legislation
HB 7325, California. (1989)
Requires gas utilities to submit yearly conservation plans to die Public Utility Commission.
These must include: measurable conservation and load management targets, conservation
options, analyses and evaluation methods, and cost/benefit findings. The options should be
selected using integrated supply and demand planning. Contact: Les Johnson, (916) 322-0704.
HB 1491, Missouri
HB 1491 proposed legislation requires utilities to place 4.5 percent of annual gross
operating revenue into energy conservation and renewable energy projects. Contact: Bob
Triplett, (314) 751-2979.
HB 1639, Act 114, Pennsylvania
Mandates utilities to file yearly power demand and use projections. Included are alternative
scenarios for demand growth in residential, commercial, industrial, and utility sectors. Also
required each year: filing of all available supply sources, including cogeneration and renewable
energy resources; an assessment of potential/existing conservation sources; reports showing links
between demand/supply side options that meet customer energy requirements; and compari-
sons showing customer and company costs as they pertain to the above mentioned requirements.
Contact: Pennsylvania Bill Status and Legislation, (717) 787-2342.
HB 2198, Chapter 2, Washington (1990)
Adopts the Northwest Power Planning Council's energy conservation standards for new
residential construction. Requires electric utilities to make payments to homes ($900) and
apartments ($390) to offset up-front costs of upgrades. The Public Utility Commission must
consider policies that allow power companies a return on their investment to protect them from
short-term financial losses. Contact: Amy Bell, (206) 956-2001.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
California Polytechnic Institute-Pacific Gas & Electric Energy Conservation, California
Institutional energy saving program. Upon completion of Cal-Poly's study to build a gas
turbine, the university agreed to put off installation plans in lieu of PG&E incentives. Rather man
lose income from the plant, the utility put in place just under $600,000 to fund Cal-Poly chosen
(and California Public Utility Commission approved) energy conservation measures. Anticipated
school savings: $3.8 million in projected construction fees and substantial monetary gains from
resulting energy reductions. Contact: Wayne A. Rechnitz, (415) 973-8494.
Page 16 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
Utility Sponsored Conservation Project, Connecticut
Comprehensive energy saving project pursued by Northeast Utilities and supported with funds
by the U.S. Department of Energy Institutional Conservation Program. To help defer construction
of new power plants, Northeast Utilities' "EnergyCHECK" conservation initiative focuses on
Connecticut school systems, hospitals, and non-profits. Resulting installation of energy efficiency
measures realized significant marginal savings. One school cited roughly $35,000 and 150,000
kWh worth of annual cash/energy saving with 60 to 80 kW of demand reduction from the winter
peak. Efficiency measures include: reducing water temperature in domestic water heaters; replacing
incandescent with fluorescent, metal halide and high-pressure sodium lighting; more efficient
lighting fixtures and lamps; storm window/weather stripping installation; cleaning/servicing/
replacing heating equipment; roof/ceiling insulation projects; energy-saving ballasts; and infrared
sensor lighting controls. Contact: William Leahy, (203) 245-5232.
State Guide to Purchasing Renewable Energy Technologies, Interstate Solar
Coordination Council
This project develops and evaluates the effectiveness of a handbook for use by state procure-
ment officials in selecting renewable energy systems for their facilities. The handbook will serve as
a catalog of cost-effective renewable energy technologies and will be distributed to approximately
75 officials in 50 states. A follow-up survey will determine the number of systems installed and
avoided greenhouse gas emissions. Contact: Judy Carroll, (512) 463-1871.
Development of a Consistent Environmental Externalities Cost Methodology for New
England States, Massachusetts
The Department of Public Utilities (DPU) is assessing environmental externality ap-
proaches that account for CO2 emissions. It will also evaluate other environmental impacts
while factoring the cost-effectiveness of new resources. The DPU is conducting a regional
conference and a series of working group meetings with the six state utility departments and
commissions to discuss their analyses. Contact: Paul Hibbard, (617) 727-9748.
Considering Environmental Externalities, Massachusetts (1988)
Under a 1988 initiative, the Department of Public Utilities ordered electric companies to
identify and consider environmental externalities in cost and environmental impact planning-
where possible, practicable, and quantifiable. Subsequent hearings, technical sessions, and plan-
ning discussions have also included greenhouse gases. Work to develop regional plans is
underway. Contact: John Cosmas, (617) 727-4732, cxt. 32.
Utility Conservation Program, Michigan
In response to a 1988 Public Service Commission order, eight utilities filed energy conserva-
tion reports describing current related programs and projected costs/benefits. A non-adversarial
review process led to approval of plans with all respondents. As a result, plans for 58 separate
conservation programs have been approved. These address the needs of residential, commercial,
and industrial customers. Each utility offers an energy audit and some type of incentive program.
Incentives for efficient lighting, climate control equipment, temperature controls, insulation,
industrial applications, and cooking fryers/griddles are also offered. Office of Energy Programs
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 17
-------
staff will work closely with the utilities to monitor and evaluate related costs and benefits. The
annual utility costs arc roughly $18 million. Program descriptions are available on request.
Contact: Rose Hughes, (517) 334-6258.
Utility Competitive Bidding Program, Opinion #8815, New York (1988)
Scheme to help control and track external environmental costs. The process adds an
additional penalty cost to the projected cost of coal plant combustion. This accounts for the
environmental impact of unregulated pollutants such as CO2, SO2, NOX, and partriculate
matter. The coal plant's costs are then compared with alternatives. The bidding process assists
in the evaluation of more environmentally sound-efficient energy or alternative energy supply
systems. Contact: Anthony Joseph, (518) 473-8045.
Consumer Assistance, Audits and DSM Planning, New "fork
Since 1982, state investor-owned public utilities have worked with New York to pursue
energy savings. One result is the Energy Conservation Bank's Low Income Grants and Zero
Interest Loan program. These are administered by the State Energy Office and Utilities'
Savingpower Energy Audit and Loan (RCS) Program. Several state utilities have also coordi-
nated their Savingpower audit services with New York's Weatherization Assistance Program.
In 1989, the Public Service Commission ordered electric power companies to start several
demand side management customer programs. One result has been greater emphasis on
coordinating and augmenting existing conservation services. For example, joint state/utility
efforts are underway to promote appliance efficiency and industrial/commercial conservation
audits. Contact: Kevin O'Brien, (518) 474-3393.
Environmental Externalities, Oregon
The Public Utility Commission (PUC) is holding a public process to set the environmental
cost adders that utilities will have to use in least cost planning. Contact: Phil Carver, (503)
378-6874.
Least Cost Planning, Oregon
The Public Utility Commission (PUC) requires investor-owned natural gas and electric
utilities to submit a long-range/least-cost plan and 2-year action plans. These plans must
consider external environmental costs and include energy conservation plans. Contact: Lee
Sparling, (503) 378-6137.
Ratemaking Incentives, Oregon
The PUC is evaluating me impact of utility incentives on conservation. The goal is to ensure
that utilities have incentives for resource acquisitions that are consistent with least cost planning.
Contact: Marc Hellman, (503) 378-6355.
Utility Regulatory Reforms, Vermont
When evaluating alternative energy supply systems, Vermont uses competitive bid-
ding systems that account for external environmental costs. Contact: Scudder Parker,
(802) 828-2393.
Page 18 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
Utility Regulation, Wisconsin
The Public Service Commission ordered major electric utilities to pursue least-cost
plans that employ 15 percent credits for buying/using noncombustion options, pro-
grams and plans. The credit recognizes avoided cost of acid deposition, global climate
change and health care. Utilities will also have to develop estimates of the economic
costs of reducing CO2 to 85 percent of 1985 levels by the year 2000. The initiatives will
be reviewed and used to develop the next set of long-range least-cost plans; among
them, energy use projects. Methods to assess costs of non-renewable resources will also
be addressed. Contact: Nancy Korda, (608) 267-3599.
Additional energy efficiency measures compiled from utility conservation programs
across the country are listed below.
Source: Institutional Manager's Guide to Utility Conservation Programs, U.S. De-
partment of Energy.
Raising A/C temperature point; converting HVAC to variable air volume; chilled
water reset; use of clock thermostats; boiler adjustments; heat pumps; energy surveys;
water heater wraps; efficient shower heads; contracted demand reduction (choice) that
includes interruptible service; heat recovery; glass area/window reduction; ventilation
systems improvement; daylighting sensors; occupancy sensors; current limiters; window
film; low temperature dishwashers; load control receiver; delamping with reflectors; do-it-
yourself non-demand-billed customers; appliance rebates; roadway and protective light-
ing; new construction and retrofits; chiller rebates; easy energy financing; customers
needing financial assistance to implement conservation measures; cool storage; limited off-
peak service rate; electric work vehicles; ground source heat pumps; dual fuel heating
systems; air-to-air heat pumps; off-peak water heaters; air-to-air heat exchangers; efficient
building envelope design; natural gas air conditioning or heat pumps; custom load
management; solar assisted electric water heaters; and self-contained heat recovery heat
pump system for water heating.
(4) Renewables and Alternative Energy Sources
Legislation
Legislation, Arizona
Two related 1991 bills have been signed into law. The first (chapter 65) of the
Arizona Revised Statutes mandates solar energy features on public buildings where cost
effective and expands related design/engineering roles for state energy officials. The
second bill (chapter 176) commits the state to use more alternate fuel vehicles in state
fleets. It also places emphasis on fuel saving by promoting car pooling, exemption of
qualifying solar devices from state sales tax, funding for solar projects and consumer
protection projects to assure quality of devices and installation. Contact: Stephen
Ahearn, (602) 280-1420.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jidy 1992 Page 19
-------
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
The Arizona Renewable Energy Program, Arizona
The State Energy Office program promotes renewable energy technology. The National
Governor's Association (NGA) will do a study on the energy savings for this and other sate
projects. Contact: Maxine Robertson, (602) 280-1440.
Solar Energy Troubleshooting, Colorado
Since 1988, institutional and residential solar system owners have received technical/maintenance
advice from the Colorado Office of Energy Conservation. Although federal taxpayers received credits for
installing these devices in past years, no provision was made to help users keep their systems in
good repair. Homeowners will also receive results of a statewide survey that identifies and helps
to correct persistent solar device problems. Contact: Andy Walker, (303) 620-4292.
Alternate Fuel Research, Development and Demonstration Project, Florida
The Florida Energy Office, through the Florida Solar Energy Center, will evaluate the
potential use of a mixture of hydrogen and compressed natural gas as a fuel for conventional
passenger vehicles. The project involves testing of the mixed fuel and an assessment of the
economic and logistical problems associated with the introduction of a new mixed-gas fuel. The
mixture is 12 percent methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and 88 percent gasoline. MTHF levels
will increase to 75 percent in the future. Contact: Jan Rickey, (904) 488-2475.
Amorphous Silicon Semiconductor Project, Iowa
Iowa State University is producing photovoltaic cells on flexible plastic film using amorphous
silicon. Low cost, high capacity, flexible solar electric generation is expected. Contact: Ed
Woolsey, (515) 281-7015.
Passive Solar Workshop, Kentucky
The state Division of Energy offered "Cost Effective Energy Design Strategies for Kentucky
Homebuilders," a workshop teaching builders and architects cost-effective energy conservation
and passive solar design measures. Sponsors for the fall 1990 workshop included: natural gas and
electrical utilities and the state Public Service Commission and Homebuilders Association.
Materials were provided by Solar Energy Research Institute, the Passive Solar Industries Council,
and the Florida Solar Energy Center with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy. Many
of the teaching aids used resulted from long-term studies by the National Association of
Homebuilders. A final report on the workshop communicated the costs and benefits of the
energy-saving and passive solar products studied. A manual is available. Contact: John Stapleton,
(502) 564-7192.
Renewable Energy Initiatives, Massachusetts
Current initiatives include: a federal oil overcharge funded Alternative Fuels Demonstration
Project; local zoning controls to preserve/protect solar access; photovoltaic system placement in
state facilities; development of a Center for Excellence in Photovoltaics through a state/
university/business partnership; streamlining of the hydropower permitting process; and active
redevelopment of old hydropower sites. Contact: Nils Bolgen, (617) 727-4732.
Page 20 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, My 1992
-------
Clean Power Rules, Nevada
The State Public Service Commission recently put into effect rules that give preference to
dean alternative energy over fossil fuel generated electrical power. The plan also encourages
wind, geothermal, and solar approaches. It requires utilities to consider environmental costs
when planning new facilities or purchasing power from other producers. Contact: Tom
Henderson, (702) 687-6004.
Solar Seminars for Builders, New Mexico
This initiative offers solar design seminars for home builders. El Paso Electric Company and
Public service Company of New Mexico also sponsor this one-day presentation by die Passive
Solar Industries Council of Washington, D.C. Four additional seminars are set for 1992.
Contact: Ingrid Kelley, (505) 827-5973.
Solar Home Design, New Mexico
Provides blueprints for energy-efficient passive solar homes. EMNRD cost-shares with
Public Service Company of New Mexico and El Paso Electric Company. The utilities also
provide follow-up assistance to builders. Contact: Charles Wood, (505) 827-5973.
Renewable Energy Initiatives, Vermont
Includes assistance in developing a manure digester and wood gasification generating tur-
bine. The digester produces 1 megawatt of energy from methane. It has been in operation for
three years. The wood gasification generator reduces chips to a gas which in turn powers a jet
engine-propelled generator. The device produces 20 megawatts of electricity. Contact: Norm
Hudson, (802) 828-2393.
Bioenergy, Washington
As part of the regional Biomass Energy Program, WSEO seeks to determine die economic
and environmental costs/benefits of using biomass as an energy source. The Biomass Program
examines the availability, energy potential, and environmental impact of using biomass as a fuel.
Biomass workshops are also offered to legislative, state, and private sector workers. Contact:
Barbara Smith, (206) 867-7000.
Alternative Fueled Vehicles, Wisconsin
A 2-year pilot program to test costs/benefits of these vehicles. Eleven communities around
the state have received $120,000 grants to pursue reduced dependence on foreign oil/improve
air quality. Contact: Jeff Knight, (608) 267-7693.
(5) Education and Technical Assistance
Legislation
Energy Educational Programs, Chapter 1252 of the 1990 Acts, Iowa
Establishes energy efficiency as a learning priority. The law calls for a plan to develop,
recommend, and implement education and communication programs in energy efficiency,
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Pa8e 21
-------
conservation, and conversion to alternative sources of energy. Developing responsive industry
and effective public information/education is crucial to the plan's success. To achieve these
objectives, Iowa's Division of Natural Resources (DNR) will rely on seminars given at local
colleges. The law requires DNR to work with state engineering boards, land surveyors, and
architectural examiners to offer design courses and interdisciplinary cooperation/education on
energy efficiency strategies for construction professionals. For example, Iowa State University
plans to train consultants and to offer technical analyses. The anticipated result is a trained set of
state energy efficiency professionals (see also pgs. 1 and 6). OxttacfcRoya Stanley, (515) 281-6682.
DNR will also establish a central depository of energy data. Uses will include forecasting
future energy demands. A resulting clearinghouse will provide information on slated efficiency
practices. Areas covered include design, construction, retrofitting, and maintenance of buildings
for state and local governments. Contact: Sharon Tahtinen, (515) 281-7066.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
Energy Education Services, Arizona
The Energy Office and National Energy Foundation provides teacher workshops and classroom
materials to Arizona educators. Over 300 teachers and 22,000 students have benefited by the offering.
The kindergarten-level "OSalot" teaching aid is similarly sponsored by The General Federation of
Women's Clubs-Arizona. It offers stickers, kits, flash cards, audio cassettes, and a teacher's guide on
energy efficiency. Contact: Jack Haenidien, (602) 280-1402.
Residential Retrofit, Arizona
Arizona's Corporation Commission and the state Energy Office will conduct a 2-year
residential retrofit program to determine energy-saving measures that reduce peak summer
utility demand. Two hundred homes will be monitored to evaluate which new products and
services best reduce energy demand. Phoenix utilities are especially interested after experienc-
ing a record 122 °F day, causing diem to reach near maximum generating capacity. Contact:
Kirk Rossi, (602) 280-1430.
Seniors Retrofit, Arizona
The Seniors Helping Seniors energy conservation program has weatherized more man
10,000 homes statewide since 1982. This free service is sponsored by South Gas Corporation,
the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and Arizona's Energy Office. Training to install water
heater jackets, wall and switch plate gaskets, caulking, weather-stripping, and pipe insulation is
included. The service has saved Arizonans an estimated $2 million in utility costs. Contact: Kirk
Rossi, (602) 280-1430.
School Initiatives, California
Indian Retrofit Program: Project SPECTRUM teaches students technology/installation of
lighting retrofits, weatherization and renewable energy applications. One hundred and fifty
homes, 28 schools and 12 tribal buildings have benefited so far. A "California Indian Energy
News" letter has featured photovoltaic projects, energy-efficient lighting, and California Energy
Extension Service funded projects.
Page 22 Selected Summary of Current Slate Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
Energy Management: 40 percent of California schools have acted on low/no-cost conserva-
tion recommendations supplied by the state's ENACT program. An average $1,750 annual
saving was realized on participating school utility bills.
Energy Dividend Program: Schools receive a percentage of energy they save to invest in local
activities. Substantial energy and cash earnings were realized thanks to such initiatives as student
energy patrols and staff supervision of other energy-efficient practices. Contact: Bonnie
Cornwall, (916) 323-4388.
Technical Assistance and Training to Local Governments, California
The state Energy Commission has funneled over $4 million toward an Energy Partnership
Programa one-on-one energy efficiency consulting effort to towns and cities. Identifying
needs, planning, design, and bid specification development are central aspects of the initiative.
Training to reduce energy use in building systems is also included. Also offered: advice on
energy auditing, fleet management, legal/financial aspects of energy projects, new construc-
tion energy design planning, energy project monitoring, special projects, technical training,
and waste/fresh water treatment. A low interest loan program to finance the above is available.
Contact: Daryl Mills, (916) 654-5070.
Farm Technology Assistance, California
The state Energy Commission is funding low interest loans/grants for energy related on-site
demonstrations, technical assistance, and training. Three million dollars will go to support low-
volume irrigation, greenhouse roofing, electrostatic low-volume pesticide sprayers and solar
energy pumps. Demonstration projects include: water management, biological pest control,
organic soil fertility methods, conservation tillage, and improved range management practices.
Irrigation education is also planned. Contact: Tony Wong, (916) 654-4015.
Illumination Program, California
A joint state Energy Commission and utility funded degree program at California State
Polytech University, Pomona. Contact: Energy Efficiency and Local Assistance Division,
(916) 654-4015.
Residential Conservation Videotapes, District of Columbia
The City's Far Southeast Community Organization has produced four 60-minute features on
window replacement, plumbing repair/insulation, electrical outlet insulation, and installation of
set back thermostats. Contact: Carl Williams, (202) 727-1800.
Iowa Energy Center, Iowa
Iowa State University will be the home of a new center for energy-efficient research and
demonstration programs. Designed after the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, the
Center will focus on state efforts to decrease dependence on imported fuels. The Center will
provide support for education, technical assistance to energy professionals, and advice on
alternative energy systems. One program offshoot: an advisory council representing state col-
leges, government and the utility industry (see also page 6). Contact: Jim Cain, (515) 294-0589.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
Energy Audit Training, Kentucky
Weatherization education aimed at vocational schools. Since 1987, 5-day workshops have
been given to selected student/teacher pairs who bring dieir learning back to home campuses.
Audits have also been performed by students outside the campus setting. Contact: Greg Guess,
(502) 564-7192.
Energy Assistance Task Force, Michigan
Since 1989, about $18.5 million from Michigan power companies has been used to fund
energy efficiency improvement for public assistance clients. Homes with annual energy usage in
excess of 300 Mcf or 20,000 kWh will receive Fitness Audits, during which low cost measures
will be installed and a walk-through analysis conducted. If needed, cost-effective measures such
as high-efficiency furnaces, attic and wall insulation, and replacement of old appliances will be
offered. Minor repairs will also be considered. Families using above the maximum payment
caps200 Mcf or 13,800 kWhbut less than 300 Mcf/20,000 kWh will be contacted by
Michigan's Social Services Energy Intervention Unit (EIU). EIU will provide education on
efficient energy use and provide efficient products for householders to install. Program recom-
mendations were made in the Energy Assistance Task Force Report to Michigan's legislature this
year. Utilities, consumer groups, legislative professionals, the Public Service Commission, De-
partment of Labor, and Social Services are all represented on the task force. Contact: Tom Gray,
(517) 334-6252.
Modernizing Industry, Michigan
The Electrotechnology Applications project (ETA) assists small and medium-sized indus-
tries in using modern, efficient electrotechnologies. Partners in this unique cooperative
venture include state public service commissioners, municipal and investor-owned utilities, and
the Electric Power Research Institute. The Industrial Technology Institute in Ann Arbor
oversees the effort. One significant benefit of the program is helping plant managers understand
the technical/economic usefulness of new electrotechnologies. Questionnaires evaluate spe-
cific applications of new equipment. In addition, ETA staff evaluates vendor proposals for
participating industries. The project receives referrals from participating utilities and the Michi-
gan Modernization Service, a state program that helps small manufacturers to adopt automa-
tion technologies. The ETA staff also pilots a Plant Modernization Audit Procedure that
evaluates plant operations and energy efficiency. The first of these efforts was completed in
April 1990. Contact: Ken Saulter, (313) 769-4234.
Energy Education Camps, Nevada
The Nevada Energy Office sponsors two summer camp sessions featuring a "kids teach kids"
format. In the program, honor students coach other students on suggested topics in National
Energy Education Development (NEED). Included are energy efficiency/conservation courses
and discussions of alternative energy sources. Contact: Pamela Calhoun, (702) 784-4921.
Commercial Energy Assistance, New Mexico
Funded by Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department (EMNRD), DOE's West-
ern Area Power Administration, and Plains Electric, the program is modeled on the New York
Page 24 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, My 1992
-------
Office's Energy Advisory Service to Industry (EASI) (see pg. 25). Thirteen rural electric
cooperatives take part. They target energy-intensive industries such as ski resorts, catde fecdlots,
and food processing plants to educate on energy efficiency methods. Contact: Ingrid Kelley,
(505) 827-5973.
Irrigation Efficiency, New Mexico
Provides on-site irrigation audits, seminars and instructional materials. The plan is guided
by EMNRD, DOE's Western Power Administration, and the New Mexico Rural Electrifica-
tion Cooperative Association. Instructional materials include manuals, videos, and computer
software. Contact: Ingrid Kelley, (505) 827-5973.
Institutional Design Assistance, New Mexico
A new program for small public school districts. EMNKD, the New Mexico Rural Electrifica-
tion Cooperative Association and DOE's Western Area Power Administration will participate.
The approach is similar to Washington State Energy Office's design assistance program. Seven
public school districts currently receive help from architects and engineers with recognized
energy management experience. Contact: Ingrid Kelley, (505) 827-5973.
Publications Distributed, New Mexico
Numerous state energy publications are sent to local utilities by EMNRD. The program
provides much needed information/literature to electric cooperatives. As a result, customers
get conservation and renewable energy technology source material. Contact: Ingrid Kelley,
(505) 827-5973.
Summer Energy Camp, New Mexico
A summer energy camp for 4-H club members is sponsored annually by local electric
utilities and EMNRD. Roughly 80 students from around the state attend. Contact: Ingrid
Kelley, (505) 827-5973.
Energy Advisory Service to Industry (EASI), New York (1984)
Since 1984, New York has offered technical energy audits to industry. Potential energy
savings and related costs are assessed. Zero interest loans supported by oil overcharge refunds
provide financial support for resulting projects. State officials report annual energy savings
totaling $50 million. The program also evaluates associated carbon dioxide emission reduction
savings. A reported 2.75 million tons of CO2 was conserved through the program as of 1990.
Contact: Charles Guinn, New York State Energy Office, (518) 473-4377.
Energy Auditing and Demand-Side Management Workshops, North Carolina
The State Energy Division supported workshops for utility employees. Its purpose was to
instruct them in performing commercial energy audits for then" customers. The 3-day seminar
helped to hone skills and knowledge for walk-through energy audits and related data checks on
commercial structures. Curriculum included information on climate control/ventilation equip-
ment and instruction in calculating heat loss/gain and plans to reduce energy consumption.
Contact: David Smith, (919) 733-2230.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992 Pase &
-------
Wcatherization Services, Ohio
The Department of Development, Office of Energy Conservation (ODOD/OEC), and state gas
utilities provide weatherization assistance to low-income customers. $5.2 million in oil overcharge
funds are matched with more than $8 million in utility moneyto provide assistance to 12,000 homes.
Eligible parties fall under the Percentage of Income Payment Plan (PEPP) and Home Energy
Assistance Program (HEAP). Since 1987, the utilities have matched ODOD funds with an additional
$14.3 million. The resulting assistance has profited 23,000 units. The PIPP is carried out by
community based organizations (CBOs) that install attic and sidewall insulation, air filtration devices,
make heating system safety checks, repairs and retrofits, and replace unsafe and inefficient gas fired
equipment. Audits determine the most cost effective measures. Referrals between the utility spon-
sored programs and the Home Weatherization Assistance Program maximize the use of limited
resources. They also insure that clients receive proper weatherization assistance. Contact: Paul
Haytcher, (614) 466-6797.
Energy-Efficient Home Construction Video, Oregon
A 20-minute instructional video for high school apprentice builders/contractors that intro-
duces students to conservation methods and highlights associated cost reductions. Oregon State
University produced the video with funds from Bonneville Power Administration. Contact:
OSU Extension Energy Program, (503) 737-3004.
Schools Efficiency Task Force, Oregon
The group focused on instruction in building energy efficiency for grades K-12. The Oregon
State University, Oregon Dept. of Energy and Oregon Dept. of Education endeavor employs
various community professionals to teach energy efficiency and strengthen information/training
networks. Contact: David Philbrick, (503) 737-3004.
Education and Training, Washington
Washington Energy Extension Service (WEES) encourages efficient energy use in a variety of
sectors through literature, coursework, newspaper columns, and seminars. This program also acts
as a clearinghouse that maintains a database of energy efficiency measures for commercial and
industrial applications. A toll-free telephone number provides information access for utilities and
consumers in the Pacific Northwest. Contact: Cynthia Putnam, (206) 296-5637.
Climate Change Education Programs, Washington
In order to educate the public on global climate change, Energy Office officials have
contacted the legislature, Northwest Power Planning Council, schools, colleges, and other
interested parties. Newspaper articles have also been offered on the subject, and an issue of the
agency's Energy Policy and Planning Research Series was devoted to explaining the greenhouse
effect. The work identifies CO2 sources by sector. Contact: Dick Byers, (206) 956-2022.
Partnership Program for Low-Income, Washington
Developed by TaconM City Light and the Washington Energy Extension Service (WEES),
this initiative studied the combined effect of education and home weatherization. The project
involved two groups of low-income customers. One received home weatherization along with
education materials including energy-saving tips. The other group only received home weather-
Page 26 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, My 1992
-------
ization. As part of its rationale, Tacoma City light officials cited an Ohio program that produced
14 percent savings with weatherization alone and 21 percent with both weatherization and
education. The State Department of Community Development and the Pierce County Commu-
nity Action Agency also participate in the project. Contact: Wally Croshaw, (206) 593-8363.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 27
-------
Page 28 Selected Summary of 'Current State Responses to Climate Change, My 1992
-------
III. TRANSPORTATION
Legislation
Chapters 105 and 106, California (1989)
The California code has increased the state gasoline tax from 9 cents to 14 cents per gallon in
1990, and to 18 cents per gallon in 1994. $10 million in revenue raised annually from the tax will
go to mitigate environmental damage. Contact: Dan Pong, (916) 654-4638.
Chapter 236, Colorado (1989)
Encourages motor vehicle owners to switch to alternative fuels, reimbursing the con-
version costs of up to $200 per vehicle or $1,000 per owner. Contact: John Leary, (303)
331-8502.
An Act Concerning Global Warming, Connecticut (1990)
Transportation: This Act establishes the following transportation goals: 1) to increase passen-
ger vehicle occupancy levels and use of public transportation; 2) to increase the average car
occupancy level to 1.2 people per car by the year 2000 and mandate a report on progress toward
this goal by the Department of Transportation; and 3) to increase public transportation and ride
sharing so that at least 10 percent of all trips between home and work occur in vehicles occupied
by more than one person.
The Act requires the Department of Transportation to include an analysis of public transpor-
tation, paratransit, or traffic management options as part of its alternative analysis for new multi-
landed expressways on new locations. Public transportation includes rail and bus service.
Paratransit includes vanpooling and carpooling. Traffic management programs include employer
incentives to promote carpooling, vanpooling, and public transportation.
The Act requires the Connecticut Public Transportation Commission to make recommenda-
tions on disincentives to free parking, off-peak transit services, and the establishment of urban-
center loop shuttles as part of its existing annual report to the transportation commissioner,
governor, and legislature. The Act also requires the Commission to monitor progress toward
achieving the goals described above. The Commission must report annually on its findings and
recommendations to the Transportation and Environment committees.
Motor Vehicles and Fuels: The Act requires the standardization committee, which develops
specifications for state government supplies, to consider motor vehicles using alternative fuels
when developing specifications for vehicle purchases. It also sets fuel efficiency standards for
state-purchased vehicles. By January 1,1993, state cars must have at least a 29 mpg combined
rating and light duty trucks must have at least a 24 mpg combined rating. Four years later, cars
must have at least a 38 mpg combined rating and light duty trucks a 30 mpg combined rating. By
January 1,2000, cars must have at least a 45 mpg combined rating and light duty trucks a 35
mpg combined rating. The Act does not apply to law enforcement or other special-use vehicles
designated by the Department of Administrative Services. "Car" and "light duty truck" are
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 p°Se 29
-------
defined as die Federal Department of Energy defines diem. The Act requires fuel importers or
manufacturers to keep records on the specifications of fuels delivered to Connecticut. These
records must be available to the Environmental Protection Commissioner on demand. A sworn
annual report must also be submitted to die Commissioner indicating that the fuel meets
standards established by the American Society for Testing and Materials.
Parking Garage Tax Assessments: The law allows municipalities to contract with developers
and others for a specified tax assessment on certain property. This Act limits such fixed
assessments for multilevel parking to those parking garages necessary in connection with a mass
transit system.
Telecommuting: The Act requires the Office of Policy and Management to study which state
agencies are capable of implementing telecommuting and report to the Environment Committee
by January 1,1991 (see also pgs. 1, 5,9, and 33). Contact: Nancy Pitblado, (203) 566-2047.
PL#737, Growth Management Law, Maine
Encourages clustering new development and maintaining open space as opposed to
sprawling, large-lot development. Contact: Maine Law and Legislative Library, (207) 289-1600.
Senate Bills 740 and 769, Texas
SB 740 mandates changeover to alternate fuels for fleets of more than 50 school buses.
The law also applies to state agencies with 15 or more vehicles. Particulars: after September,
1991, schools/agencies will not purchase/lease vehicles that do not burn alternate fuels;
fleets must be 30 and 50 percent converted by September 1,1994 and September 1,1996
respectively. Texas hopes to make 90 percent of its vehicles "clean burning" 2 years later.
SB 769 does much the same, requiring metro transit authorities in cities with population
over 350,000 to similarly convert their fleets. The deadlines and percentages for these city
transportation vehicles are the same as those for school buses/state agencies. Contact: Chris
Roitsch/Jim Mclntyre, (512) 463-1931.
Agency sand Other Administrative Measures
Transportation Initiatives, Connecticut
Included are programs for compressed natural gas powered buses, expanding train
systems, and demonstrations of alternatively fueled vehicles. Contact: Nancy Pitblado, (203)
566-2047.
Free Vehicle Testing, Indiana
The state Fuel Saver Van Program offers free emissions testing, fuel efficiency diagnosis, and a
40-point maintenance checkup to state motorists. The 10-minute service is offered in 30
localities. Tests are controlled by the American Automobile Association (AAA), which also
supplies a publication entitled Haw to Get the Most Out of Every Gallon of Gasoline. Contact:
Steve Wuertz, (317) 232-8955.
Page 30 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
Transportation Initiative, Maine
Included are adoption of low-volatility gasoline standards during the summer and a state
administered rideshare program for state and some private sector employees. Contact: Ron
Severance (gasoline), (207) 289-2437 or Russell Spinney (rideshare), (207) 289-2841.
Alternative Fuels Demonstration Project, Massachusetts
One-year study to evaluate the feasibility of partial fleet conversion to an alternative fuel such
as natural gas, propane, or ethanol. Economic, environmental, safety, convenience, and supply
considerations will be studied. Contact: Irving Sacks, (617) 727-4732.
Regional Gasoline Evaporation Control Agreement, Northeastern States (1989)
A cooperative effort to measure ozone depletion/smog generated by lost gas pump vaporiza-
tion. The Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) has mandated
upper limits for gas evaporationby way of the "Reid Vapor Pressure" standard that measures
vapor escape levels. Previous release limits of 11.5 Ibs. have been lowered to 9.0 Ibs. in.2 Contact:
Arthur Marin, (607) 376-8540.
Oregon Department of Energy-Assessment of the Effectiveness of Economic Incentives
for Promoting Transportation Efficiency, Oregon
The Oregon Department of Energy (ODOE) will evaluate the use of a 35 percent business
energy tax credit and an accompanying educational campaign to promote van pooling and
telecommuting. ODOE will determine the impact of this tax credit on business participation in
van pooling and telecommuting programs. Its cost and benefits will also be evaluated. The
project is an outgrowth of the Oregon Task Force on Global Warming's finding that transporta-
tion was Oregon's single largest source of carbon dioxide emissions, accounting for 53 percent in
1988. Contact: Kathy Kng, (503) 378-5584.
Airport Energy Efficiency, Texas
Includes engineering analyses of airport facilities to identify available energy saving and
alternative energy measures. The program emphasizes solar and wind powered devices and
helping to stem fuel burning take-off and landing delays by studying and correcting design/
systemic flaws that affect runways/taxiways. Contact: Bob Otto, (512) 463-1876.
Transportation Initiatives, Vermont
Recent initiatives include a pilot program to provide interest-free loans for van purchases
and a requirement that the Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation down-size their
fleet vehicles as a demonstration project. Contact: John Gilligan, (802) 828-2215 or
Helene Chapman, (802) 296-2143.
Transportation, Washington
Transportation is a major source of Washington's CO2 emissions. Two programs attempt to
mitigate this problem. First, the Washington State Energy Office (WSEO) is working with
schools to improve school bus routing, scheduling, and maintenance. WSEO is also exploring
the possibility of bus fleet conversion to alternative fuels. Secondly, WSEO is conducting a
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 31
-------
telecommuting demonstration project, studying the energy and environmental impacts of
substituting the movement of information for that of commuters. Contact: Dee Christianson,
(206)956-2000.
Page 32 SelectedSummary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Juty 1992
-------
IV. FORESTRY
Legislation
An Act Concerning Global Warming, Connecticut (1990)
Authorizes the Environmental Protection Commissioner to require air discharge permit
applicants to offset CO2 emissions by planting trees or turf grass. Regulations establish a
formula for the tree/turf grass required based on carbon dioxide emissions levels. The plan
does not require a complete offset of emissions, but may call for planting only for certain types
or sizes of sources. The regulations must require planting in Connecticut where feasible and
appropriate. (See also pgs. 1,5,9, and 29.) Contact: Nancy Pitblado, (203) 566-2047.
Tree Planting, Iowa
State utilities are required to include tree planting as part of the comprehensive energy
efficiency plans they submit to the Iowa Utilities Board. Contact: Gordon Dunn, (515) 281-7051.
SF 1473, Chapter 587, Minnesota, (1990)
Requires commissioners of Natural Resources and Pollution Control to report on carbon
dioxide emissions and incentives to reduce emissions. The reports will consider a fee structure on
sources of CO2 and recommend/plan methods to encourage tree planting in lieu of a fee
program. Contact: David Sampsel, (612) 296-7128.
SF 1473, Chapter 254, Minnesota (1991)
Follow-up legislation to the preceding entry. Chapter 254 requires the Department of Natural
Resources, Pollution Control Agency (PCA), and the Department of Agriculture to prepare and
submit a tree-planting implementation plan to the Legislative Commission on Minnesota re-
sources. The PCA must recommend a fee on industrial CO2 emissions to raise revenue for the tree-
planting program. Contact: David Sampsel, (612) 296-7128.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
Reforestation Program: "Plant the Future", Arkansas
The state Forestry Commission and the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service will oversee
this initiative. Program's goals:
Plant 10 million trees each year. Planners believe growers and the Arkansas Nurserymen's
Association will prove invaluable as teachers and program implementors. Projected resi-
dential planting sites include school grounds, parks, and road sides. Officials estimate that
planting trees near residences can save $4 billion a year through reduced energy con-
sumption (e.g. mitigating the heat island effect).
Pursue a "no net loss policy" on forest land. Planners hope to add 18 million acres of
forested land by the year 2000. The Arkansas Reforestation Program encourages con-
tinuation of related federal/state cost share programs. The American Tree Farm System,
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 33
-------
American Forest Council, and the Arkansas Forestry Association will continue to provide
assistance to woodland owners.
Challenge other states to establish programs that impact on the greenhouse effect and
deforestation.
Establish a bottomland hardwood demonstration forest in east Arkansas to display
various techniques of hardwood regeneration and management; show hardwood
management as productive and profitable endeavors; emphasize these incentives for
managing and regenerating local hardwood forests; and sell growers on new forest
development as a cooperative effort involving the Arkansas Forestry Commission and
other organizations. So far, six state demonstration forests have been planted.
Additional goals include: reforestation of old farmland and harvested forestlands; restora-
tion of bottomland hardwood and wetland forests and forested corridors along streams and
lakes; forested windbreaks and borders along cleared lands; development of urban and
community forests and greenways; maintenance and promotion of the state's forest economy;
and government and private sector cooperation to educate the public, provide technical
assistance, and ensure adequate resources. Contact: Jim Grant, (501) 664-2531.
Forest Improvement Act (CFIP), California
Decade-old state tree planting program. Includes both urban and rural reforestation. The
1992 budget will devote $740,000 to this initiative. Ten to 15 percent of the funding is slated for
wildlife and land conservation. Contact: Don Banghart, (916) 653-9453.
MASS Releaf Program, Massachusetts (1989)
Initiative to encourage planting and care for shade trees. Objectives include combating
global climate change, conserving energy, and improving quality of life. Donations go to
communities through a competitive grant program administered by the Department of
Environmental Management. Localities with tree wardens and related budget inclusions are
eligible. Contact: Jim MacArthur, (617) 727-3180, ext. 671.
Operation TJLE.E: Trees Renew Energy and Environment, Missouri
Reforestation measure sponsored by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
Anticipated effects include minimizing global climate change and soil erosion and promoting
energy conservation.
DNR/Division of Energy allocates $500,000 of oil-overcharge funds for the "Energy
Efficient Landscaping Demonstration Project." This funding will go to public and
nonprofit organizations to show that strategic landscaping can reduce energy consump-
tion by 10 to 50 percent through shading, windbreaks, and evaporative cooling.
DNR/Division of Environmental Quality will work with the Soil and Water Commission to
pilot a Special Area Land Treatment (SALT) site. Its aims are to use innovative reforestation
techniques. Results will guide the development of future woodland SALT sites.
Page 34 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
DNR/Division of Parks will target wooded areas in need of intensive management Of
roughly 5,000 acres, 2,200 will be reforested. Remaining land is slated for natural growth.
DNB/Division of Parks and the Department of Conservation plan a two-phase reforesta-
tion initiative involving public volunteers. 50,000 trees will be planted.
DNB/Division of Environmental Quality will work for reforestation of reclaimed coal
and mineral mines.
DNR/Division of Management Services plans educational programs and materials to
encourage agricultural, residential, and commercial reforestation.
DNR will establish an internal reforestation coordinator to oversee, expand, and en-
hance the department's efforts for Operation T.RJE.E. Contact: Ken McCarty, (314)
751-8660.
New England Governor's Conference Forest Health Monitoring Network, New
England/Eastern Canada (1984)
A regional wilderness oversight measure that promotes woodland protection. The program
pursues improvement in air pollution and CO2 mitigation through a forest health monitoring
network by gauging change in these critical areas. Contact: Steve Leahy, (617) 423-6900.
Hie Centennial Tree Planting Program, North Dakota
A project to encourage increased annual tree planting by making greater use of established
local programs. The goal is to plant 100 million trees by the turn of the century, or an average of
10 million per year for the next decade. North Dakota's current annual plantings are roughly
3,500,000 annually. The Centennial Decade Tree Committee, made up of tree planting
professionals from government and the private sector, guides the program. The program consists
of seven elements:
Centennial Groves tree project will fund 5 to 10 acre replanting sites. Its non-profit/civic/
service organization/local government sponsors hope to receive matching state dollars.
Centennial Arboretums display as many as 100 species of regional plants. Donations
come from local groups-most notably North Dakota's charitable gambling fund.
Centennial Woods can encompass 10 to 24 wilderness acres with up to 12,500 trees.
Sponsors for the planting project span the non-profit, individual, and governmental
gamut. Plantings can be scheduled in three ways: seasonal, incremental, or over the next
decade. Marginal, remnant or idle agricultural lands, or lands with highly credible soils
are potential Centennial Woods sites.
Centennial Forests are rural wildlife planting projects consisting of at least 25 acres and
12,500 trees. Sponsors can range among non-profit groups, individuals, or government.
Centennial Tree Farmer program encourages landowners to concentrate efforts on en-
larging, improving or creating new windbreaks. Qualifying guidelines for numbers of
trees planted differ among districts.
Centennial Tree Buyers purchase and plant from 1 to 99 trees and shrubs. Under the
program, individual plantings on private property are considered major contributions.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 35
-------
Special sales and reduced prices ate available for related endeavors.
Centennial Tree Planters qualify by installing 100 trees and or shrubs per season. The
planting may take place in conjunction with community or organization projects, or it
may be on private property. Contact: Dennis Neumann, (701) 224-2935
Page 36 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
V. CFCs
Legislation
Aerospace Rule 1124, Assembly and Component Manufacturing Operations, California
Tightens emissions standards for aerospace companies. The initiative was adopted by the
South Coast Air Quality Management District. Originally promulgated in 1979, die 1990
amendment to die rule directed a three-pronged approach including: recycling of ozone-
depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) when air conditioners or refrigerators are discarded;
phasing out use of CFCs and halons by January 1, 1997; and studying the feasibility of
reducing carbon dioxide emissions 20/40 percent by the years 2000 and 2010 respectively.
Contact: James M. Lents, (714) 396-2000.
HB 5630 (Public Act 89-227), California (1989)
The law prohibits sale of foam products manufactured with CFCs; requires me motor vehicle
commission to consider regulations establishing CFC emissions standards for automobile air
conditioning equipment; requires state health services to conduct a pilot program to reduce the
use of CFCs in hospital sterilization; requires die Commission of Administrative Services to run a
pilot program for state agency purchase of helium-based refrigerators; requires the environmen-
tal protection commission to issue regulations for recycling and disposal of CFCs in refrigerators
and air conditioners; and requires incineration of insulating foam. Contact: Patrick Norton,
(207)289-1670.
LD 468, Chapter 39, Florida (1989)
Prohibits die sale of any foam products manufactured using CFCs. Contact: Julia Johnson,
(904)488-8466.
HB 951, Chapter 90-290, Florida
Requires UL certified recycling equipment for repair of mobile air conditioners. Service
stations with two or fewer bays will be given one extra year to comply. Service persons will be
required to have training by The Department of Environmental Regulations on the proper use of
recycling equipment. Contact: Julia Johnson, (904) 488-8466.
HB 2388 (Act #77), Hawaii
Amends die 1989 law (SB 1344) which mandates the use of certified recycling equipment, by
changing the definition of CFC to include CFC blends such as CFC-500, CFC-502, CFC-503
and to delete references to CFC-14 and CFC-116. The law currendy includes CFC-11,12,113,
114, and 115. Contact: Mary Rose Tcvcs, (808) 586-4337.
PL 622 (LD 2032), Maine
Effective January 1, 1992, prohibits CFC-12 in cans smaller than 15 Ibs. The law also
requires: die use of UL certified recycling equipment for air conditioner repairs; service station
maintained records for all mobile air conditioner repairs; records to show amounts of CFCs
purchased, sold or used; and a prohibition on registration of 1994 automobiles that use CFC-12
Selected Summary cf Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page37
-------
in the air conditioner (this docs not include blends or HCFC substitutes). Contact: Maine Law
and Legislative Library, (207) 289-1600.
HB 659, Chapter 345, Maryland (1990)
State Income Tax Break: Allows for a modification in state individual and corporate
income tax for 100 percent of the expenses incurred to buy and install equipment to recycle
CFCs. The law will remain in effect until June 30,1993. Contact: Maryland Library Service,
(410) 841-3810.
HB 2173, Chapter 560, Minnesota
Amends the Minnesota Toxic Pollution Prevention Act. Section 2 is entitled: "Comprehen-
sive CFC Reduction and Recycling Act of 1990." Beginning July 1,1993, sale of CFC-12 in
cans smaller than 15 Ibs. is barred to all individuals except those who have proof of purchase of
certified recycling equipment. It also requires use of recycling equipment for mobile air condi-
tioner repairs by July, 1991. One year later, recycling equipment for repair of refrigeration and air
conditioning systems will be mandated. Additionally, die law calls for recapture of CFCs prior to
disposal of air conditioning systems, refrigerators and automobiles. It also prohibits the sale of
non-essential CFC related items, including horns and streamers. The state Department of
Natural Resources will put into effect recycling regulations. This law preempts other local
ordinances. Contact: Office of Policy and Legislative Affairs, (517) 373-9280.
SB 3475/ AB 1538, New York.
Effective Jan. 1,1992, sale of CFC-12 in cans smaller than 15 Ibs. is banned unless the buyer
has proof of purchase for recycling equipment. As of Jan. 1,1991: mandated use of recycling
equipment for all mobile air conditioner repairs is required; shops with less than four bays have
been given one additional year to comply. The law calls for recapture by 1992 of CFCs before
disposal of autos or refrigerators. Beginning Jan 1,1992, sale of hand held fire extinguishers
containing halons is outlawed. The non-essential use of CFCs, i.e. horns, photo cleaning, and
toys, was prohibited beginning 1991. Contact: New York State Legislative information, 1-
800-342-9860.
Legislation (S. 7589), New Tort, (1990)
Restricts and aims to eliminate sale of ozone-depleting compounds such as CFCs and
halons. Calls for recycling/destruction of such compounds when released in the course of
repair, maintenance, or disposal of related products. Authorizes the Commissioner of Envi-
ronmental Conservation to compile lists of restricted CFCs. Contact: New York State Legisla-
tive information, 1-800-342-9860.
Legislation, Oregon, (1977)
CFC recycling and recovery legislation. Oregon was the first state to ban aerosol CFCs. A
1989 amendment to the original law prohibits their sale in containers smaller than 15 Ibs. It
also requires CFC recycling programs for automobile air conditioner servicing and disposal
and bans sale of Polystyrene for food packaging when made from such CFCs. The Fire Marshal
must also ensure/report on lessened halon dumping during industrial fire extinguisher tests.
Contact: Jerry Coffer, (503) 731-3049.
Page 38 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
HB 260, Act 59, Vermont (1989)
Requires recovery and recycling of CFC coolants from automobile air conditioners. Bans the
sale of such coolants for noncommercial or nonindustrial use or in containers smaller than 15 Ibs.
The following are prohibited: the sale and registration of 1995 (as amended in 1991 by Vermont
HB 71) or later automobiles using CFCs; sale of fire extinguishers for noncommercial or
nonindustrial use that contain halons or certain other ozone-depleting substances; and the sale of
certain other equipment and products containing CFCs. The bill also requests the governor to
develop cooperative agreements with other states that work toward early elimination of ozone-
depleting chemicals. Contact: Bichard Valentinetti, (802) 244-8731.
SB 382, Act 284, Wisconsin
Effective February 1991, requires the use of certified recycling equipment to repair mobile air
conditioners. Beginning December 1991, mandates the use of recycling equipment for refrigera-
tion and air conditioning systems with more than 5 Ibs. of CFCs. Beginning December 31,
1992, requires recycling equipment for all refrigeration systems (including those that contain less
than 5 Ibs. of CFCs). Also, in December 1990, sale of CFC-12 in cans smaller than 15 Ibs. was
banned. Beginning June 30,1992, the measure calls for recapture of CFCs prior to disposal of
refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Contact: Paul Heinen, (608) 266-2120.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
The New Jersey Climate Change Initiative, flew Jersey (1989)
Program's main focus is on energy conservation and CFC use. It includes lighting and air
conditioner efficiency standards, increases in carpooling and mass transit, improved maintenance
of existing state-owned vehicles, and expanded purchasing of recycled products. It also mandates
the purchase of capture and recycling equipment for automobile and stationary air conditioner
repair operations. Additional measures include use of non-CFC air conditioners and investigating
the bulk purchase of natural gas to facilitate conversion from oil to natural gas at state facilities.
Other elements of the initiative include: Encouraging energy conservation and reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions through regulatory and other means; considering regulatory steps to
reduce CFC use including recycling of auto radiators; maximizing New Jersey's forestation (tree
for tree replacement strategy); understanding and planning for sea level rise; using greenway
policies (providing corridors for migration of plants and animals as sea level rises and climate
changes); and improving public education about the causes and effects of climate change.
Contact: Scott Weiner, (609) 292-2885.
Selected Summary ofCurrent State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992 Page 39
-------
Page 40 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
VI. ADAPTATION
Legislation
38 M.R.S.A., Section 471-478 Amended, Chapter 355, Coastal Sand Dune Law/
Rules, Maine
Board of Environmental Protection initiative to provide restrictions on the location, size,
and density of development activities in order to prevent future flood hazards and interference
with sand supply and movement due to sea level rise and shoreline retreat. Contact: David
Kceley, (207) 289-3261.
SL3, Wetland Planning Law, Oregon (1987)
Consists of several measures to help develop comprehensive local plans for land .use
activities next to wetlands. These include: 1) improved wetland inventories; 2) development
of local government wetland identification and definition skills; 3) amendment of statewide
planning goals to include the Division of State Land's wetland definition; and 4) allowing
the Division to review and carry out estuary management plans. Contact: Ken Bierley,
(503) 378-3805.
Agency and Other Administrative Measures
Anticipatory Planning for Relative Sea Level Rise Along the Coast of Maine
The Maine State Planning Office will analyze strategies, resource management practices and
governmental programs, laws, and policies to limit adverse environmental and socio-economic
impacts of sea level rise. The project will produce a technical advisory report on response
options that will be circulated to other states vulnerable to sea level rise. Contact: David
Keeley, (207) 289-3261.
Strengthening Coastal Zone Management Programs, New Jersey
A comprehensive study on sea level rise and other coastal changes to better understand
their effects on the New Jersey shore. Policies will be developed to respond to anticipated
changes in consultation with the public and affected government entities. Contact: Steve
Whitney, (609) 984-0058.
The New Jersey Climate Change Initiative, New Jersey
Seeks to reduce greenhouse emissions and ozone-depleting gases and to educate and
prepare residents for anticipated climate change effects. Strategies include: understanding
and planning for sea level rise and continuing expansion of the State Greenway program to
provide corridors for plant and animal migration. To help understand and plan for sea
level rise, New Jersey will also begin a multi-state research program to study effects of sea
level rise and other coastal changes (See Strengthening Coastal Zone Management Pro-
grams above and the the New Jersey Climate Change Initiative, page 3). Contact: Scott
Weiner, (609) 292-2885.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy1992 Page 41
-------
Land Conservation and Development, Oregon
Coastal erosion study by the state Department of Land Conservation and Development. It
will identify and help solve erosion-related problems and review similar work in other states. A
study is planned on state and federal shoreline erosion policies/procedures. Government plan-
ning does not currendy consider mese effects. The rise in sea level will be a key factor in the study.
Contact: Emily Toby, (503) 373-0096.
The Program will include a strategic 5-year plan to identify and deal with coastal and
economic problems. Contact: Don Oswalt, (503) 373-0091.
Page 42 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
RESOURCES
Alternate Fuels Initiatives in Texas. Governor's Energy Management Center, Austin, TX.
Biennial Energy Report: Issues and Analyses for Washington's Legislature. Washington State Energy Office,
Orympia,WA.
Building Energy Management: FY1989 Annual Report. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, DesMoines,IA.
Cost Effective Energy Design Workshop: FinalReport. Commonwealth of Kentucky, Division of Energy
Frankfort, KY.
Comprehensive Program Package: Iowa Local Government Energy Bank. Iowa Department of Natural Re-
sources, Des Moines, IA.
Conservation Update. Kentucky Division of Energy, Frankfort, KY.
Dispatch. Washington State Energy Office, Olympia, WA.
Finding the Forest. North Dakota Centennial Commission, Bismarck, ND.
Focus: Clean Air Washington. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.
Energy Conservation in Agriculture. Energy Resources Division, Atlanta, GA.
Global Climate Change Mitigation ActionsOperation of Buildings and Fleets Management of Personnel.
Arizona Energy Office, Phoenix, AZ.
The Global Warming Challenge: What States Can Do. Southern Growth Policies Board, Research Triangle
Park,NC.
Institutional Manager's Guide to Utility Conservation Programs. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Institutional Conservation Program. Kentucky Energy Cabinet, Division of Conservation, Frankfort, KY.
Iowa Energy Bulletin. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA.
NM Energy. New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department, Albuquerque, NM.
News. South Coast Air Quality Management District, El Monte, CA.
Preliminary Report: Oak Park Commercial Lighting Rebate Pilot. Michigan Public Service Commis-
sion, Office of Energy Programs, Detroit, MI.
Ohio Energy Conservation Programs Communication. Ohio Office of Energy Conservation, Columbus, OH.
Oregon Residential Energy Efficiency Project. Oregon Department of Energy, Salem, OR.
Photovoltaics in Arizona. Arizona Energy Office, Phoenix, AZ.
Press Release. December 30,1988, State of New York, Albany, NY.
Program Guide. Washington State Energy Office, Olympia, WA.
The Statehouse Effect: State Policies to Cool the Greenhouse. Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC.
State and Provincial Responses to Global Climate Change. Center for Environmental Management,
Tufts University, Medford, MA.
Summaries of State CFC Legislation and Regulations. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Waterbury, VT.
Telecommuting. Washington State Energy Office, Olympia, WA.
Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan. Department of Public Service, Montpelier, VT.
Workplanfor the ERC/CSG Global Climate Change Task Force. Eastern Regional Conference of the Council of
State Governments, New York, NY.
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992 Page 43
-------
Page 44 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
STATE INDEX
A=Administrative Action L = Legislation
Alaska Broad-based (L): climate change policy options page i
Arkansas Forestry (A): reforestation program page 33
Arizona Renewables (L): solar energy for public buildings/alternate
fiiel vehicles pagel9
Renewables (A): renewable energy program page 20
Education (A): energy education services, residential retrofit,
seniors retrofit page 22
California Broad-based (L): climate change study and policy recommendations page 1
Broad-based (L): review state Environmental Quality Act page 1
Broad-based (A): global wanning study -. page 2
Cross-cutting (L): gas tax to mitigate environmental damage page 5
Energy Efficiency (A): analysis of demand side technology page 10
Utility (L): conservation plans page 16
Utility (A): Cal-Poly and Pacific Gas & Electric,
energy conservation ., page 16
Education (A): school initiatives page 22
Education (A): 1) technical assistance to local governments,
2) farm technology, 3) illumination degree page 23
Transportation (L): gas tax , page 29
Forestry (A): tree planting program page 34
CFC (L): 1) aerospace companies recycle/abolish CFCs,
2) foam/auto/hospital sanctions page 37
Renewables (A): solar energy troubleshooting page 20
Colorado Transportation (L): alternative fuel vehicles page 29
Connecticut Broad-based (L): varied energy efficiency measures page
Cross-cutting (L): building codes standards, electric
power usage, conservation in state facilities, appliances pages 5
Energy Efficiency (L): conservation and load management ?. page 9
Utility (A): conservation project page 17
Transportation (L): vehicle occupancy, public transport,
fuel efficiency, garage tax, telecommuting pages 29-30
Transportation (A): transportation initiatives page 30
Forestry (L): planting to offset carbon dioxide page 33
District of Columbia Education (A): residential conservation videotapes page 23
Eastern States Broad-based (A): climate change task force page 2
Selected Simmary of Current State Responses to CKnuae Change, July 1992 Page 45
-------
Florida
Renewables (A): alternative fuel research page 20
CFC (L): prohibiting foam products, certifying recycled
equipment to repair mobile air conditioning page 37
Georgia Energy Efficiency (A): farm irrigation/dairy conservation page 11
Hawaii CFC (L): CFC recycling, CFC definition changes page 37
Illinois Energy Efficiency (A): building loans page 11
Indiana Transportation (A): free vehicle testing page 30
Interstate Utility (A): solar council, renewable energy technology page 17
Iowa Broad-based (L): climate change research center page 1
Cross-cutting (L): broad-based energy measures, utility regulation,
alternative energy and fuels, transportation, global wanning center,
oil overcharge funds, affordable heating program pages 6-7
Cross-cutting (A): 1992 comprehensive energy plan page 8
Energy Efficiency (L): 1) energy bank, 2) energy rating system pages 9-10
Energy Efficiency (A): energy conservation study page 11
Renewables (A): amorphous silicon semiconductor project page 20
Education (L): energy education programs and data .....pages 21-22
Education (A): energy center :". page 23
Forestry (L): tree planting page 33
Kentucky Energy Efficiency (A): marketing new lighting technologies page 11
Renewables (A): passive solar workshop page 20
Education (A): energy audit training page 24
Maine Energy Efficiency (L): cogeneration, construction, and renovation page 10
Transportation (L): growth management law , page 30
Transportation (A): low volatility gas/ride share page 31
CFC (L): CFC containers, recycling, auto air conditioners pages 37-38
Adaptation (L) and (A): coastal sand dune law, sea level rise planning page 41
Maryland Energy Efficiency (A): residential relamping page 11
CFC (L): tax break for installing equipment page 38
Massachusetts Cross-cutting (A): solar schools page 8
Utility (A): externalities page 17
Renewables (A): solar access, photovoltaics, hydropower permits/sites page 20
Transportation (A): alternative fuels demonstration project page 31
Forestry (A): planting initiative » page 34
Michigan Energy Efficiency (A): commercial lighting page 11
Utility (A): conservation program page 1
Education (A): energy assistance task force, modernizing industry page 24
Page 46 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
CFC (L): CFC reduction and recycling page 3j*
Minnesota Energy Efficiency (A): community-based programs page12
Forestry (L): carbon dioxide reductions, tree planting page 33
Missouri Broad-based (A): global wanning commission pages 2-3
Energy Efficiency (L): commercial conservation loans page 10
Energy Efficiency (A): newspapers for trees exchange page 12
Utility (L): energy conservation and renewable energy projects page 16
Forestry (A): landscaping, reforestation pages 34-35
Multi-state Cross-cutting measures (L): greenhouse gas emissions page?
Utility (A): energy efficiency measures page 19
Nevada Renewables (A): clean power rules page 21
Education (A): energy education camp ..page 24
New England Forestry (A): forest health monitoring page 35
New Jersey Broad-based (A): lighting, reduced energy and
CFC consumption, recycling page 3
CFC Section: climate change initiative page 39
Adaptation (A): sea level rise, animal migration i page 41
New Mexico Energy Efficiency (A): 1) dairy management,
2) energy-efficient construction, 3) weatherization page 12
Renewables (A): solar builder seminar/home design page 21
Education (A): 1) commercial energy assistance,
2) irrigation efficiency, 3) institutional design assistance,
4) publications distributed, 5) summer energy camp .pages 24-25
New York Cross-cutting (A): energy resource plan, energy research
and development pages 8-9
Energy Efficiency (A): 1) energy star, 2) expanding
energy efficiency standards program, 3) energy research page 1
Utility (A): competitive bidding program, consumer assistance page 18
Education (A): energy advisory service page 25
CFC (L): eliminating CFC sales page 38
North Carolina Education (A): energy audits, demand-side workshops r. page 25
Northeastern Transportation (A): regional gasoline evaporation
States control agreement page 31
North Dakota Forestry (A): tree planting page 35
Ohio Education (A): weatherization page 26
Oregon Broad-based (L): greenhouse gas reductions page 2
Broad-based (A): global wanning task force page 3
Cross-cutting (A): energy plan page 9
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Page 47
-------
Energy Efficiency (A): conservation report, residential energy
efficiency project, energy-efficient manufactured housing pages 13-14
Utility (A): environmental externalities, least-cost planning,
ratemaking incentives page 18
Education (A): energy-efficient home construction video,
schools efficiency task force page 26
Transportation (A): economic incentives for transportation efficiency page 31
CFC (L): CFC recycling and recovery page 38
Adaptation (L) and (A): wetiand planning (L)> land conservation (A) ...pages 41-42
Pennsylvania Energy Efficiency (A): expanding state energy efficiency programs page 14
Utility (L): power demand and power use projections page 16
Southern Growth
Policy Board Broad-based (A): global warming policy planning page 3
South Carolina Broad-based (A): climate change adaptation page 4
Texas Broad-based (A): climate change policy page 4
Transportation (L): Alternatively fueled school buses page 30
Transportation (A): Airport energy efficiency page 31
Vermont Cross-cutting (A): energy conservation executive order page 9
Energy Efficiency (A): building energy efficiency page 14
Utility (A): regulatory reforms page 18
Renewables (A): energy initiatives , page 21
Transportation (A): van purchases, downsizing fleets page 31
CFC (L): CFC recovery and recycling, CFC sales ban page 39
Washington Energy Efficiency (A):
1) electric motor research, 2) energy codes, 3) energy edge/governor's
energy team, 4) energy partnerships page 14
S) energy savings for non-profits, 6) school energy saving, 7) lighting design lab,
8) energy-efficient appliances, 9) housing demonstration, 10) waste heat use,
11) cogeneration, 12) Washington environment 2010 page 15
13) telecommuting page 16
Utility (L): residential construction and energy conservation page 16
Renewables (A): bioenergy page 21
Education (A): education and training, climate change
education programs, partnership program for low-income pages 26-27
Transportation (A): school bus routing and fuel conservation pages 31-32
Wisconsin Utility (A): utility regulation page 19
Renewables (A): alternative fuel vehicles page 21
CFC (L): CFC recycling equipment page 39
Page 48 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Adaptation: 4,41-42
Advisory Council on Energy Efficiency Research: 23
Aerosols: 37-39
Aerospace Industry and CFC Use Rules: 37
Agriculture and Energy Conservation: 1.^ 4f gt 23
Air Conditioners and CFCs: 3 37.39
Air Discharge Permits: 1 33
Airport Energy Efficiency: 3j
Alternative Energy Use/Production: , 5.7,23-24,31
Alternative Fuels
General: 2,4-6,10,13
and School Buses: .' 30
Appliances and Energy Efficiency: 1,5,14-15,18,23
Audits, Energy: 9-12,17-18,24-26
Bank, Energy: 9-10
Bidding, Competitive: 8,18
Bioenergy/Biomass Technology: 2,21
Building Standards; and Energy Conservation 2,5-6,9-12,15-16,19-26
Buses, Natural Gas Powered: 30
Business Energy Tax Credit 31
Business/Industrial Sector Responses to Climate Change: 3,8-10,13,14,24,31
Camps, Energy: 24-25
Car Care Clinics: 6
Carbon Sequestration: 33-35
CFCs
and Aerosol Sales: 37-39
and Aerospace Industry Rules: 37
and Air Conditioners: 3,37-39
Container Sizes: 37-39
and Coolant Sales: 37-39
Emissions Standards: 37-39
and Foam/Polystyrene Products: 37-39
General: 3,37-39
andRecycling: 3,37-39
and Taxes: 38
Clean Power Rules: 21
Clearinghouse on Energy Efficiency: ^6
Climate Change
Business/Industry Responses to: 3,8-10,13,14,24,31
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992 Page 49
-------
Impacts of: 1-4
and Policy Options: 1-4
Reduction Strategies: 1-4
CO,
Emissions/Reduction: 2,11,14-15,17-19,25,31,33,35
Fees: 33
Coal/Mineral Mines, Reclammation: 35
Coastal Erosion: , 41-42
Codes, Energy: 14
Costs, Energy: 9,15
Cogenetation: ".. 10,15-16
Competitive Bidding: 8,18
Computer Software: 12,15,25
Consumer Assistance: 18,26
Coolants and CFCs: 37-39
Cooperatives, Electric: 25
Database, Energy Efficiency: 14,26
Demand/Supply Side Technology Management: 10-11,16
District Heating: , 15
Economic Impacts of Energy Conservation: 8,31
Education/Technical Assistance: 3,7,12,21-27
Electric Motors: '. 14
Electrotechnology: .'. 24
Emissions
CFC: 37-39
CO,: 2,11,14-15,17-19,25,31,33,35
Tailpipe: 6-7
and Vehicle Testing: 30
Energy
Audits: 9-12,17-18,24-26
Bank: 9-10
and Building Standards 2,5-6,9-12,15-16,19-26
Camps: 24-25
Codes: 14
Costs: 9,15
Management: 5,12,23
Partnerships: 14,23
Plans: 5,8-9,12,15
Projects and Legal Aspects: 23
Rating System: 10
Recapture: 13
Page 50 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
Solar: 8,19-21,31
Taxes g
Use/Saving and State Facilities: 9 13.14
Workshops on Auditing: 25
Energy Conservation
and Economic Impacts: o 31
Videotapes: 23,25-26
Energy Efficiency
Advisory Research Council: 23
and Airports: 31
and Appliances: , if 5> 14.i5j 18f 23
Clearinghouse: 26
Database: 26
and Farm Technology: [ 11,23
General: 1-3,5-16,21-26
Landscaping: 34
Measures: 19
Erosion, Coastal: 41-42
Estuary Management: 41
Farm Technology and Energy Efficiency: 11,23
Farmland Reforestation: 34
Fleet Con versions: 29-32
Foam/Polystyrene Products: 37-39
Forest Health Monitoring: 35
Forested Windbreaks: 34
Forestry: 2-4,12,33-35
Fuel Efficiency and Monetary Costs: 9,15,29
Fuel Type Interaction: 8
Gas Producing Turbine: 16
Gasoline Conversion Costs: 29
Gasoline Evaporation Control: 31
GasolineTax: : 3,5,29
Generator, Wood Gassification: 21
Grants, Reforestation: 34
Growth Management: 3,30
Halons, Restrictions on: 38
Hardwood Forest Regeneration: 34
Heating Program: '
Hydropowen M
Selected Summary qfCurrent State Responses to Ornate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
Integrated Resource Planning: 8
Insulation and Energy/Monetary Savings: , 17
Irrigation Projects and Energy Conservation: 11,23,25
Land/Resource Management: 2,34,41
Least Cost Planning: .....2,18
Legal Aspects of Energy Projects: 23
Load Management: 9,16
Low Income Weatherization Assistance Programs: 7,26
Low Volatility Gas: 31
Management, Energy: 5,12,23
Manure Digester as Renewable Energy Source: 21
Migration Routes, Plant/Animal: 3,41-42
Natural Gas
Powered Buses: 30
Supplies: 8
Off Peak Transit 29
Paratransit 29
Partnerships, Energy: 14,23
Photovoltaics: 8,20,22
Parking Garage Assessment: .'. 29
Plant/Animal Migration Routes: 3,41-42
Policy Options for Climate Change: 1-4
Plans, Energy: 5,8-9,12,15
Planting, Trees: 1-2,12,33
Publications: 25-26
Public Transportation: 29
Radioactive Waste Management 8
Rating System, Energy: , 10
Recapture of Energy: 13
Reclamation, Coal/Mineral Mines: 35
Recycling and CFCs: 3,37-39
Reforestation
and Volunteer Programs: 35
of Farmland: 34
Grants: 34
with Hardwoods: 34
Renewables
Page 52 Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, Jufy 1992
-------
and Biomass Technology: 2,21
General: 2,1647,19-21,25
and Manure Digests: 21
Research Centers, University: ^ 3t ^ ^ ^ 23
Retrofits: 22
Return on Investment: 16
Rideshare Program: 31
Routing of School Buses: 7^1
Rural Electric Cooperatives:
School Buses
and Alternative Fuels: 30
and Routing: 7,31
Sea Level Rise
and Economics: 3,41-42
General: , 2-3,41^2
Shuttles, Urban Center Loop: 29
Software, Computer 12,15,25
Solar Energy: 8,19-21,31
Soil Protection: 2,34,41
Shoreline Erosion: 41
State Facilities and Energy Use: 9,14-15
Tailpipe Emissions Standards: 6-7
Taxes
Business Energy Credit: 31
andCFCs: 38
Energy/Environmental: 8
Gasoline: 3,5,29
Technology Management, Demand/Supply Side: 10-11,16,25
Telecommuting: 7,16,30-32
Traffic Management/Signals: 7,29
Transportation
General:..... :- 2-3,6,8,29-32
Off Peak: M
Paratransit: ^
Public: ^
Tree Planting: 1-2,12,33
Turbine, Gas Producing: 16
University Research Centers: l>3-6> 13'15'23"24
Urban Center Loop Shuttles: ^
Urban Community Forests: ^
Selected Summary of Current State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992 Paie 53
-------
Utilities
General: ; 11-13,16-19
and Ratemaking Incentives: 18
and Sales/Profits: 9
Van Pooling: 31
Vehicles
and Emissions Testing: 30
and Occupancy Levels: '. 29
Videotapes, Energy Conservation: 23,25-26
WasteHeat 15
Waste Management, Radioactive: 8
Water Resources, Protection of: 3-4
Weatherization
General: 7,11-12,14,22-23,25-26
Low Income Programs: 7,26
Wetland Planning: 41-42
Wind Power 31
Wood Gassification Generator 21
Workshops, Energy Auditing: 25
Page 54 Selected Swnmary of Curreta State Responses to Climate Change, July 1992
-------
__
------- |