ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
EPA 330/2 — 75 — 003
Water Quality Study
St. Andrew Bay, Florida
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
DENVER, COLORADO
AND
REGION IV-ATLANTA GEORGIA
JUNE 1975
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
WATER QUALITY STUDY
ST. ANDREW BAY, FLORIDA
June 1975
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER - Denver, Colorado
and
REGION IV - Atlanta, Georgia
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5
III. RECOMMENDATIONS v 11
IV. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 13
Estuarine System 13
Sources of Pollution 14
V. INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY 19
Physical Description of Facilities ... 20
Wastewater Treatment
and Control Practices 20
Proposed Changes 28
NPDES Permit Limitations 29
1974 Operating Conditions 30
1975 Observed Conditions 31
VI. ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS . 41
Weather Conditions 41
Hydrology 42
Effluent Dispersion Characteristics ... 42
Chemical Conditions 46
Bacteriological Conditions 55
VII. ST. ANDREW BAY FISHERIES 63
Shellfisheries . 63
Recreational Fin-Fishing 66
REFERENCES 69
APPENDICES
A Remote Sensing Techniques 71
B Bacteriological and Chemical
Methods of Analysis 91
m
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TABLES
1 Sampling Locations ^
2 Sources of Pollution 15
3 International Paper Company
Wastewater Discharge 24
4 Untreated Waste Material Balance ... 26
5 Summary of Chemical Analysis 52
6 Summary of Bacterial Densities .... 57
7 Acreage, Shellfish Harvesting 65
FIGURES
1 St. Andrew Bay Estuarine System .... 2
2 Water Sampling Locations 6
3 Sources of Pollution in Study Area . . 16
4 IPC Mill Site 21
5 Aerial Photograph of IPC Mill Site . . 22
6 1971 Wastewater Treatment Facilities . 25
7 Thermal Map - Bay Co. Aerated Lagoon . 33
8 IPC 1975 Wastewater
Treatment Facilities 35
9 Thermal Map of IPC . . . 38
10 Color Boundary - St. Andrew Bay and
Gulf of Mexico, 19 March 1975 .... 44
11 Color Boundary - St. Andrew Bay and
Gulf of Mexico, 20 March 1975 .... 45
12 Water Color Demarkation 47
l3 Color Boundary - Twu Waler Quality
Types, East Bay, 19 March 1975 ... 48
14 Color Boundary - Two Water Quality
Types, East Bay, 20 March 1975 ... 49
15 Physical and Chemical Data 53
16 Comnari<;nn nf Rar.t<=>riolnaical Oualitv . 60
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION
The St. Andrew Bay estuarine system at Panama City on the northern
Gulf coast of Florida consists of four coastal plain bays: East, West,
North and St. Andrew Bays [Fig. 1]. The entire estuarine system is
shallow and has little freshwater inflow. •
International Paper Company (IPC) operates a Kraft process pulp and
paper mill at Panama City on the north shore of St. Andrew Bay adjacent
to Watson Bayou [Fig. 1]. Until 1974, process and cooling wastewaters
from the mill were discharged to the north side of St. Andrew Bay follow-
ing primary treatment. In mid-1974, all wastewaters from the mill were
reportedly connected to an aerated lagoon operated by Bay County on
Tyndall Air Force Base land across St. Andrew Bay from the mill.
A number of environmental problems have allegedly been caused by
the IPC wastewater discharges both before and after completion of the
lagoon. In January 1974, a fish kill occurred in Watson Bayou. The
State of Florida filed suit against IPC, charging that the company was
responsible for the fish kill and that pollution was continuing. A
court hearing will be held in the near future.
Areas of East Bay are closed to shellfish harvesting because of the
presence of high bacterial levels. The IPC wastewaters discharged from
the Bay County lagoon reportedly contain excessive levels of coliform
bacteria and were suspected of being a major contributor to the unsatis-
factory water quality conditions in East Bay.
A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
has been issued to Bay County for the lagoon discharge. The permit
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INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY
WATSON BAYOU
PANAMA C/TY
1X3
Figure 1. St Andrew Bay Estuarine System
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conditions have been appealed by I PC. The lagoon effluent does not
presently meet the permit limitations. An adjudicatory hearing will be
held in the near future to review the appeal.
On 14 Feb. 1975 the National Enforcement Investigations Center was
requested by the Enforcement Division, EPA Region IV, Atlanta, Ga. to
conduct a study of the estuary near the IPC mill. The study was to de-
termine if IPC wastewater discharges were contributing to violations of
water quality standards in East Bay and the associated closure of shell-
fish harvesting areas. The results of the study would provide technical
data for both the State and Federal enforcement actions.
Allegedly the primary violations of water quality standards occur-
ring in this case were excessive coliform bacteria concentrations; there-
fore, a bacteriological survey of the receiving waters was planned. A
water quality (chemical-physical conditions) study and a remote sensing
study also were planned to correlate coliform bacterial densities with
dispersion patterns of the mill discharge.
Objectives of the joint bacteriological, water quality and remote
sensing investigations of the estuarine waters of St. Andrew and East
Bays were as follows:
1. Define the dispersion characteristics of the discharge of
International Paper Company wastewaters from the Bay County
Wastewater Treatment Plant (aerated lagoon) and determine
the extent to which this discharge is dispersed into the
East Bay by tidal action.
2. Assess the chemical and bacteriological quality of the waters
overlying shellfish beds in East Bay to determine if viola-
tions of water quality standards are occurring.
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3. Through correlation of observed wastewater dispersion pat-
terns and bacterial levels, evaluate the contribution of
International Paper Company to the observed water quality
problems.
4. Determine the distribution of commercially harvestable shell-
fish in East Bay and estimate the economic impact of closure
of shellfish areas to harvesting.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A nine-day field investigation of the St. Andrew estuarine system
was conducted from 19-27 Mar. 1975 to determine the presence and source
of water quality standards violations. The study area was limited to
the eastern portion of St. Andrew Bay between Redfish Point and the
DuPont Bridge (U. S. Hwy 98) and East Bay from the bridge to Little
Oyster Bay Point [Fig. 2]. Water samples were collected from 12 sta-
tions [Table 1], 169 samples for bacteriological analysis and 218 for
chemical analysis. Remote sensing data were collected by reconnaissance
aircraft on 19-20 Mar. during the field investigation and also on 3 Apr. 1975.
Bacteriological analyses of water samples showed that estuarine
waters in the study area were in violation of quality standards for such
beneficial uses as water contact recreation and shellfish harvesting.
Two Locations in Watson Bayou (Stations 7 and 8) contained fecal coli-
form bacterial densities that exceeded State of Florida limits estab-
lished for these Class III recreational waters. Three locations in
areas of East Bay contained coliform bacteria densities that exceeded
the State of Florida and Food and Drug Administration standards for
shellfish propagation and harvesting.
Aerial imagery showed that International Paper Company wastewater
was dispersed eastward about 10 km (6 mi) into East Bay. Concurrent
sampling and analyses of water collected from this area revealed bac-
terial contamination violating State and Federal Water Quality Standards.
Effluent samples collected from the Bay County aerated lagoon
contained a geometric density of 1,200 fecal coliform bacteria/100 ml
and a maximum of 3,300/100 ml. This violates the NPDES permit limita-
tions specifying a daily maximum of 400 fecal coliform bacteria/100 ml.
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PANAMA CITY
LEGEND
SAMPLING STATION »(T
Figure 2. Water Sampling Locations, St Andrew Bay, Florida
19_27 March 1975
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Table 1
SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Station Station Description
1 2,000 m (2,200 yd) 40° NE of Buoy 35
Fl 4 Sec
2 Buoy 40 Fl R
3 1,100 m (1,200 yd) 60° NE of Buoy 45
Fl 4 Sec
4 C Buoy 3
5 Day Beacon 29
6 International Paper Company discharge
. . 270 m (300 yd) offshore in line with
the westernmost border of the Inter-
national Paper Company lagoon
7 Mouth of Watson Bayou
8 Millville WWTP discharge in Watson Bayou
9 Buoy 24 Fl R
10 Buoy 17 Fl
11 Effluent from Millville WWTP
12 Effluent from Bay County WWTP
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8
Although it was reported that only industrial wastes from IPC were
discharged into the lagoon, pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis
ser Carrau) were found in the lagoon effluent, indicating that the
International Paper Company wastewaters were contaminated with sewage.
Improvement in the bacteriological quality of St. Andrew and East
Bays concurrent with the temporary shu_tdownof_the paper mill (23 Mar.-
6 Apr. 1975) provided additional evidence that the mill was a major
contributor to the bacterial contamination of the St. Andrew Bay estuar-
ine system.
Bacteriological studies indicated that the Millville Wastewater
Treatment Plant discharges contributed to the poor bacterial quality of
Watson Bayou. Despite the potential health hazards resulting from the
high bacterial concentrations in Watson Bayou (St. Andrew Bay) and East
Bay, water contact sports and shellfish harvesting occurred during the
March 1975 survey.
On 23 Mar. 1975, dissolved oxygen levels in a portion of St. Andrew
Bay (Station 9) were depressed to 3.5 mg/1. This is a violation of the
State of Florida dissolved oxygen criterion for Class III waters. The
cause of this single violation was not determined. At other times
during the survey, dissolved oxygen concentrations were low in St.
Andrew Bay (at Stations 6 and 10) but did not violate the applicable
criterion. Other physical and chemical changes observed in the St.
Andrew-East Bay waters during this survey appeared to be closely related
to weather, hydrographic, or other natural conditions in the estuarine
system, htfects of industrial wastes on salinity, temperature, pH, and
lignin-tannin content of the Bay waters were not detected.
On 19-20 Mar. and 3 Apr. 1975 aerial infrared imagery indicated a
thermal discharge from International Pappr Company v.'hich would violate
the mill NPDES permit limitations. Infrared imagery also strongly
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indicated that IPC wastewater seeped into St. Andrew Bay through leaks
in the treatment lagoon dike.
The Bay County aerated lagoon was designed for the future con-
nection of municipal sewage from Tyndall Air Force Base and the com-
munities of Callaway, Cedar Grove, Parker and Springfield. Construc-
tion of a force main across St. Andrew Bay and a treatment plant next
to the lagoon would be required before these wastewaters could be
treated in the lagoon. By the end of 1975, all air base wastewaters
will go to land disposal. No construction on the necessary municipal
facilities has been initiated.
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III. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. St. Andrew Bay east of Redfish Point, and East Bay should be
declared water quality limiting with respect to total and fecal coliform
bacteria for the purpose of establishing National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit limitations. A comprehensive sanitary
survey of the St. Andrew Bay estuarine system should be conducted to
determine if other water quality limiting areas or parameters exist.
2. To alleviate potential public health problems associated with
bacterial contamination in Watson Bayou and East Bay, these areas should
be properly posted and patrolled until bacterial quality meets State of
Florida standards for body contact recreation and shellfish propagation
and harvesting.
3. The sources of sewage contamination of the International Paper
Company wastewaters treated in the Bay County aerated lagoon should be
determined and eliminated. A field inspection of the Bay County lagoon
system should be made to evaluate the significance of reported leaks.
4. Future plans to discharge treated sewage to the Bay County
Wastewater Treatment Plant which treats paper mill wastes prior to dis-
charge of these wastewaters into St. Andrew Bay, should be reconsidered.
The potential health hazards as documented in this report indicate that
such a plan could increase pollution in the St. Andrew Bay estuarine
system.
5. International Paper Company should submit a revised NPDES
permit application showing actual wastewater sources, characteristics
and discharges, as well as a proposed compliance schedule to connect
these discharges to the Bay County Wastewater Treatment Plant.
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12
6. A complete evaluation of process and wastewater treatment
systems at International Paper Company should be conducted to determine
the sources and characteristics of the wastewater discharge from Outfall
016.
7. An evaluation of the Millville Wastewater Treatment Plant
should be conducted to determine if operational procedures or design
problems result in reduced treatment efficiency or contribute to the
bacterial pollution of Watson Bayou.
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IV. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
ESTUARINE SYSTEM
The St. Andrew Bay estuarine system consists of four coastal plain
bays on the northern Gulf coast of Florida [Fig. 1]. The estuary in-
cludes East, West, North and St. Andrew Bays and covers about 233 km2
(90 mi2).
St. Andrew Bay forms the estuary's central portion and is the only
bay in the system directly linked to the Gulf. The entire bay system is
shallow; St. Andrew Bay has a mean depth of 5 m (17 ft) while the mean
depths of East, North, and West Bays are 2.2, 1.8 and 2.1 m (7.0, 5.7,
6.7 ft), respectively.1 East Bay, the longest bay in the system opens
into St. Andrew Bay and extends about 32 km (20 mi) to the southeast
where it heads in Wetappo Creek. The creek, East Bay and other ad-
joining bays are dredged, buoyed and maintained as part of the Florida
Intracoastal Waterway System.
Panama City and adjacent small communities on the north shore of
St. Andrew Bay and the smaller city of Lynn Haven on North Bay are the
only significant population centers. Much of the area next to the bays
is swampland, limiting the area that can be developed. International
Paper Company on St. Andrew Bay and the Gulf Power Company powerplant on
West Bay are the only large water-using industries in the area.
The study area was limited to the eastern portion of St. Andrew Bay
between Redfish Point and the DuPont Bridge (U.S. Hwy 98) and East Bay
from the bridge to Little Oyster Bay Point [Fig. 2]. The eastern por-
tion of Panama City, including the Millville area and the communities of
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14
Calloway, Cedar Grove, Parker and Springfield, occupy the north shore-
line of St. Andrew Bay in the study area. Also, the International Paper
Company is on the north shoreline of St. Andrew Bay. Tyndall Air Force
Base property lies along the south shorelines of St. Andrew and East
Bays. Most of the remaining shoreline in the study area is uninhabited
swampland.
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
There are about 30 known point sources of pollution that discharge
municipal, industrial and commercial wastewaters to the St. Andrew Bay
estuarine system. Most of these are minor discharges. Fourteen of the
sources are in the study area, and all but two are on St. Andrew Bay.
The two East Bay sources are very small. The characteristics of these
fourteen sources of pollution are summarized in Table 2; locations are
shown in Figure 3.
The largest wastewater discharge in the study area originates from
the Bay County Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), an aerated lagoon
across St. Andrew Bay from IPC, which treats process wastes from the
International Paper Company. IPC also discharges minor volumes of
miscellaneous wastewaters from 15 outfalls and an unknown volume of
wastewater from an outfall reportedly discontinued. Details of waste-
water treatment and disposal practices at the International Paper Com-
pany mill and the Bay County WWTP are discussed in the-following section.
With the exception of the Bay County and Millville WWTP's, the
other sources of pollution listed in Table 2 discharge minor volumes of
wastewater. Until 1975, the Capehart housing area at Tyndall Air Force
Base was served by a secondary treatment facility that discharged eff-
luent to Pearl Bayou. This facility has been abandoned and the waste-
waters have been diverted to land disposal. The main base area is
served by a secondary treatment plant with effluent discharged to the
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Table 2
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Mapf Source
1 Bay County WWTP
2 International Paper
Company
3 Cape hart WWTP
4 Millville WWTP
5 Oil Terminals (Bulk)
6 Panama City
7 Springfield
8 Parker
9 McLemore Trailer Park
10 Morris Manor Trailer
Park
11 Parkway Apts.
12 Parker Elementary School
13 GKMZ Corp.
14 Pines Mobile Home
Park
Treatment
ST. ANDREW BAY
Aerated Lagoon
Settling or none
Unknown
Secondary and
Land Disposal
Secondary
---
None
None
None
Extended aeration
Extended aeration
Extended aeration
Extended aeration
EAST BAY
Extended aeration
Extended aeration
Type Waste
Pulp and Paper
Miscellaneous
(15 outfalls)
Unknown (1 outfal 1 )
Municipal
Municipal
Oil Seepage
Storm drainage
Storm drainage
Storm drainage
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Laundry
Domestic
Volume
(m3/day
105,560
4,700
1,885
7,918
---
---
---
T--
52.78
15.08
30.16
15.08
56.55
22.62
mgd)
28.0
0.6
0.5
2.1
---
---
---
---
0.014
0.004
0.008
0.004
0.015
0.006
t See Fig. 3 for source locations.
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NOTE: See Table 2 For
Des cription Of Sourc
-N-
MIUVIUE j MAKJIN
BAYOU
CT>
Figure 3. Sources Of Pollution In Study Area
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17
Gulf of Mexico. Additional treatment facilities are under construction
to divert this effluent to land disposal.
In addition to the sources of pollution listed in Table 2, surface
runoff from agricultural areas adjacent to Galloway Bayou and resi-
dential areas on the north side of the study area may contribute pol-
lution.
Millville Wastewater Treatment Plant
The Millville municipal WWTP serves the eastern portion of the
Panama City urban area and treats domestic sewage from this area and
from IPC. The facility is a standard high-rate trickling filter plant,
reportedly designed for a hydraulic loading of 11,310 m3/day (3 mgd) but
currently treating about 7,900 m3/day (2.1 mgd).18 Treatment units
include an influent structure containing a bar screen and grit chamber,
two primary clarifiers, two trickling filters, two secondary clarifiers,
chlorination facilities, sludge digesters and sludge drying beds.
Disinfection of the effluent is provided by chlorination of the influent
to the secondary clarifiers. Plant effluent is discharged into Watson
Bayou through a short, near-surface outfall.
Examination of the remote sensing data indicated that both trick-
ling filters were in use on 19 and 20 Mar., but the south filter was not
operating on 3 Apr. Biological growth was present on the surface of
both filters. Markings were present on the surface of the south filter
that indicated that this filter has been operated with the distributor
arm in a fixed position on several occasions.
An NPDES permit was issued for the Millville facility on 13 Dec. 1974.
The permit limits effluent BOD to a monthly average of 30 mg/1 or 340
kg (748 lb)/day and a weekly average of 45 mg/1 or 510 kg (1,124 lb)/day).
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18
Total suspended solids are limited to a monthly average of 50 mg/1 or
567 kg (1,250 lb)/day and a weekly average of 75 mg/1 or 850 kg (1,874
lb)/day. Fecal coliform bacteria are limited to a monthly geometric
mean of 200/100 ml and a weekly geometric mean of 400/100 ml.
Self monitoring data submitted for the period November 1974 through
March 1975 showed that because of the low flow relative to design flow,
the plant effluent easily meets allowable load limits. In four out of
five months, however, the monthly average BOD concentration exceeded the
allowable limit of 30 mg/1. These violations occurred in November (33
mg/1), December (45 mg/1), February (37 mg/1) and March (31 mg/1).19
Concentrations of other parameters were in compliance with allowable
limits. Low fecal coliform levels were reported.
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V. INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY
The Southern Kraft Division of International Paper Company operates
a mill in the Mi 11vilie area of eastern Panama City on the north shore
of St. Andrew Bay between Watson and Martin Bayous [Fig. 3]. Using the
Kraft sulphate process, the mill produces pulp from various hardwoods
and pine. Average production is 1,360 m. tons (1,500 tons)/day which is
about equally divided between bleached pulp and unbleached liner board,
the two primary products.15
The mill began operation in 1931 and has undergone several ex-
pansion and modernization programs including air and water pollution
control improvements. The mill employed 1,150 people in 1971,2 although
the current employment may be about 900 people.
In addition to the pulp and paper mill, a water treatment plant and
a tall oil byproducts plant are located at the mill site. Raw water
purchased from Bay County is processed in the water treatment plant for
use in the mill. The tall oil facility is operated by Arizona Chemical
Company. Process units include tall oil, rosin treating, semicommer-
cial, crude tall oil, terpene rosin, soap and ester, pinene, anethole
and synthetic pine oil plants. The main raw material is a tall oil
byproducts stream from I PC.
All three industrial operations produce wastewaters that are dis-
charged into St. Andrew Bay or adjoining Watson Bayou. These waste-
waters and associated treatment and control measures are discussed in
the following sections.
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PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF FACILITIES
The general layout of the IPC mill site is shown in Figure 4;
Figure 5 is an aerial photograph of the mill site taken on 19 Mar. 1975.
The water treatment plant is north of the pulp and paper mill next to an
eastern arm of Watson Bayou. Treatment provided by the facility in-
cludes clarification, filtration and demineralization. Process facil-
ities include a large storage reservoir, a backwash pond, clarifiers,
sand filters, demineralizers and other associated equipment. Nine
miscellaneous wastewater streams originate at this plant.
The wood receiving and storage yard is south of the mill. Wood is
received either as cord wood or chips by both railroad cars and by
trucks. The cord wood is either unloaded onto large storage piles or
directly onto mechanical conveyors that move the logs into the pulping
facilities. Chips are unloaded directly onto conveyors. The only
source of pollution from this area appears to be surface runoff from the
storage yard.
Arizona Chemical Company facilities are northeast of the mill with
associated wastewater treatment ponds adjacent to U. S. Highway 98.
The main IPC wastewater treatment facilities are between the mill
and the highway. To the east of the highway next to Martin Bayou are
ash and sludge lagoons. In 1971 there were reportedly only two waste-
water discharges from the mill, Arizona Chemical Company, and the area
east of the mill.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL PRACTICES, PRE-1974 CONDITIONS
In 1971 International Paper Company filed a Refuse Act Permit
Program (RAPP) application describing all reported wastewater discharges
from its Panama City mill complex. The volume and type of wastewater
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WATER
TREATMENT
PLANT
KIZONA
CHEMICAL
COMPANY
ST ANDREW BAY
Figure 4. International Paper Company Mill Site
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*
Figure 5. Aerial Photoqraph Of
International Paper Company Mill Site
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23
discharged from the 17 sources identified are summarized in Table 3.
Most of the discharges were minor in terms of both pollution potential
and volume. The 15 discharges originating from the water treatment
plant and the west side of the mill complex had a total flow rate of
29270 m3/day (0.6 mgd) and discharged into Watson Bayou [Fig. 4].
Sanitary sewage was reportedly discharged to the municipal sewerage
system for treatment at the Millville WWTP. In contrast to these minor
discharges9 the two wastewater discharges to St. Andrew Bay totalled
more than 170,000 m3/day (45 mgd) and contained major pollution loads.
An engineering study completed in 1971 documented waste treatment
and control practices associated with the two major discharges and
provided information on the sources of the wastewaters.15 Figure 6
shows wastewater treatment facilities used in 1971. Average wastewater
flows and BOD loads for the 11-month period, Dec. 1969 to Oct. 1970, are
shown in Table 4. In late 1970 a once-through saltwater cooling system
was used in conjunction with an evaporator system. The evaporator
wastes added a major BOD load averaging 149700 kg (32,400 lb)/day to
this waste stream with an average flow rate of 90,800 m3/day (24 mgd).
This wastewater stream was discharged to St. Andrew Bay without treat-
ment. The discharge [Fig. 6, point #1] flowed in ditches along the west
and south edges of the waste pond, and then was discharged through a
pipe to the saltwater ditch designated as Outfall 016. Heated outflow
from the ditch entered St. Andrew Bay as a surface discharge.
• •
A recirculating cooling system was completed in 1971 that substan-
tially modified this discharge. The system cools the evaporator and
thus eliminates once-through saltwater cooling. Slowdown from the
system was expected to average 6,400 m3/day (1.7 mgd). The cooling
tower was expected to reduce the BOD load from the evaporator by 40%,
leaving 99900 kg (21,900 lb)/day of BOD in the blowdown. As discussed
below, this discharge is reportedly combined with other wastewaters for
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24
Table 3
INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY WASTEWATER DISCHARGE
Outfall
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
on
012
013
014
015
016
017
Type Wastewater
Reservoir Seepage
Reservoir Seepage
Surface Drainage
Water Treatment
Backwash Pond Drain
Sand Filter Drainage
Demineralizer
Drainage
Boiler Water
Reservoir
Raw Boiler Water
Overflow
Coal Filter
Drainage
Water Treatment
Plant Drain
Storm Drain
Paper Machine
Basement Drain
Cooling Water
and Condensate
Storm Drain
Storm Drain
Evaporator Cooling
Water
Primary Treatment
Effluent
(mgd)
0.058
0.007
0.036
0.072
0.036
0.014
0.001
0.014
0.072
0.072
0.072
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.014
20.1
25.2
Volume
(m3/day)
220
26
136
270
136
53
4
53
271
271
271
136
136
136
53
75,800
95,000
Receiving Water
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
Watson Bayou
St. Andrew Bay
St. Andrew Bay
Sanitary Sewage
0.03
113
Millville WWTP
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25
ARIZONA CHEMICAL
S ett ling Pond
-N-
Outfall 016
ST ANDREW
BAY
Figure 6. 1971 Wastewater Treatment Facilities
International Paper Company
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26
Table 4
UNTREATED WASTE MATERIAL BALANCE15
[11 Month Averages for IPC; Dec. '69 - Oct. '70~]
No
1
1
2
3
4
t
tt
Sewer
Evaporator Wastes
Saltwater - Evaporator
Condensing Water
Fiber Bearing Process
Sewers - To Clarifier
Non-Fiber-Bearing Process
Sewers - Bypass Clarifier
Arizona Chemical
Total Waste Existing
Total Waste to Proposed
Treatment Facilities
Purchased and Well
Water Consumption
See Figure 6 for discharge
Flow
(m3/day)
6,435
90,840
95,382
1,893
4,920
199,470
108,630
113,172
location
BOD5
(mgd) (kg/day)
1.7 14,710
24.0
25.2 18,432
0.5 272
1.3 136
52.7 33,550
28.7 33,550
29.9
(Ib/day)
32,400
--
40,600
600
300
73,900
73,900
m^/day (24 mgd) saltwater that exited the mill mixed with the
evaporator waste. The mill converted to a recirculating cooling
tower in 1971 which eliminated saltwater condensing water from
waste flow.
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27
secondary treatment and the actual wastewater volume and characteristics
are not reported to EPA.
The second major source of pollution was the fiber-bearing process
wastewaters with an average flow rate and BOD load of 95,400 m3/day
(25.2 mgd) and 18,400 kg (40,600 lb)/day, respectively. These waste-
waters entered the clarifier ditch [Fig. 6, point #2] and were then
pumped to the center of a 122 m (400 ft) diameter primary clarifier.
With a center depth of 7.3 m (24 ft), and 10 hr detention at design
flow, the clarifier achieved a 10% BOD reduction. Sludge was mechani-
cally removed, dewatered, and incinerated in the mill. The clarifier
effluent flowed through a buried pipeline to a screen structure at the
southwest corner of the waste pond, then through a submerged outfall to
St. Andrew Bay (Outfal.l 017). An overflow on the clarifier ditch pro-
vided an alternate flow path through the waste pond to the Bay outfall,
completely bypassing the clarifier.
Minor volumes of non-fiber-bearing wastewaters were discharged to
the waste treatment system at three points [Fig. 6, points #3]. Waste-
waters discharged at the point adjacent to the clarifier flowed directly
to the saltwater ditch and St. Andrew Bay. Wastewaters discharged to
the tall oil pond flowed through an additional small pond and into the
waste pond. The third discharge of this type wastewater entered the
waste pond directly on the northwest side. Waste pond effluent flowed
to St. Andrew Bay through either the screen structure and the Bay out-
fall or an overflow at the southeast corner connected to the saltwater
ditch.
Wastewaters from Arizona Chemical Company passed through an API
separator, a settling pond, and two smaller ponds (total area, 6 hectares
or 15 acres) north of the clarifier before direct discharge to the
saltwater ditch. An unspecified volume of supernatant return from the
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28
ash lagoons east of the highway was also discharged to the Arizona
Chemical Company ponds. Apparently the ash lagoons were also previously
used for sludge disposal.
PROPOSED CHANGES
As a result of the engineering study, various changes and waste
treatment improvements described below were recommended in 1971.15
1. Divert the evaporator cooling system blowdown to the clarifier
ditch.
2. Divert the clarifier effluent and all other wastewater dis-
charges to an emergency primary clarifier constructed by
diking off the north end of the waste pond.
3. Construct a pumping station and force main to convey all
wastewater discharges across St. Andrew Bay to Military Point
for further treatment.
4. Construct a 34 hectare (69 acre) aerated lagoon to provide
secondary treatment of all wastewaters.
5. Construct a deepwater outfall and diffuser from the lagoon to
St. Andrew Bay.
As discussed in the following sections, the changes listed above in
Nos. 3, 4, 5 were completed as proposed. Whether No. 1 has been com-
pleted is questionable. Modifications similar to No. 2 were made but
not all discharges have been intercepted.
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29
NPDES PERMIT LIMITATIONS
Based on the 1971 RAPP application data and the scheduled diversion
of the two major wastewater discharges to the aerated lagoon under
construction, EPA issued an NPDES permit to I PC in January 1974. Eff-
luent limitations, to be met by 15 Aug. 1974, were based on existing
flow volumes and wastewater characteristics. The permit required no
additional controls on the 15 minor miscellaneous discharges to Watson*
Bayou.- For the two major discharges, the permit prescribed no effluent
limitations but indicated the discharges were to be connected to the
lagoon by 1 Jan. 1974.
The aerated lagoon system which serves I PC is owned and operated by
Bay County. A RAPP application for the proposed lagoon discharge was
thus filed by Bay County in 1972.2 The application indicated that the
lagoon influent would consist of 6,400 m3/day (1.7 mgd) of cooling water
(the cooling system blowdown) and 107,000 m3/day (28.2 mgd) of process
wastes (the clarifier effluent and other miscellaneous process wastes).
An NPDES permit for the lagoon effluent was issued to Bay County on
1 Apr. 1974. The permit limited average daily and maximum daily BOD*
loads to 3,270 and 3,760 kg (7,200 and 8,300 Ib) respectively. Corres-
ponding total suspended solids limits were 4,340 and 6,780 kg (9,560 and
14,952 Ib). Fecal coliform bacteria were limited to a daily average of
200/100 ml and a daily maximum of 400/100 ml.
International Paper Company appealed the permit limitations but
was denied an adjudicatory hearing. On 27 June 1974, EPA notified IPC
that it would consider modifying the permit; a modified permit was
issued on 8 Jan. 1975. The new permit increased the daily average
* The BOD limitations are based on the Florida requirements for 90%
removal of BOD and.are more stringent than effluent guidelines for
the pulp and paper industry.
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30
limits for BOD to TSS to the values prescribed as daily maximums in the
original permit. New daily maximum limits were set at 5,647 kg (12,450
lb)/day of BOD and 10,206 kg (22,500 lb)/day of TSS. The fecal coliform
limit is effective only when sanitary sewage is discharged to the system
for treatment.
The modified permit conditions were appealed by IPC. On 14 Mar.
1975, EPA granted the IPC request for an adjudicatory hearing; the hear-
ing date has not yet been set.
1974 OPERATING CONDITIONS
On 15 July 1974, the Bay County Wastewater Treatment Plant (aerated
lagoon) began treating wastewaters from International Paper Company.
The 34 hectare (69 acre) lagoon is unlined except for asphalt erosion
protection on the dikes. Water depth is 3.7 m (12 ft) with 1 m (3 ft)
freeboard; detention time is 8 to 9 days; aeration is provided by 23
75-hp mechanical surface aerators.
The lagoon is near Military Point on land leased from Tyndall Air
Force Base. Ultimate plans call for the lagoon to receive domestic
sewage from the Capehart housing and main base areas at Tyndall and from
the municipalities of Callaway, Cedar Grove, Parker and Springfield.
These municipalities currently are served by septic tanks. Two second-
ary treatment plants serve the base. To date no construction has begun
to connect the municipal sewage to the lagoon system.
A number of environmental problems have been blamed on the lagoon.
On 20 Dec. 1974, the Commander of Tyndall Air Force Base sent a memoran-
dum to Air Defense Command Headquarters describing these problems.17
Odors in the lagoon vicinity had affected personnel working there. Dry
foam from the lagoon surface had become airborne in strong winds and re-
portedly had fallen in various directions over habitations up to several
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31
kilometers away from the lagoon. These foam particles allegedly have
caused allergy problems for personnel living on the air base and in
Panama City. Trees were reportedly dying on the west side of the la-
goon. Three leaks in the dike were observed during Nov. 1974 but two
of these had stopped by the 21st of the month.
The lagoon has not achieved expected levels of BOD reduction. To
meet the Florida requirements for 90% reduction of raw waste BOD, the
lagoon was designed to produce an effluent containing not more than
3,760 kg (8,300 lb)/day of BOD. Effluent data indicates that for the
three-month period Dec. 1974 to Feb. 1975, the effluent BOD averaged
5,040 kg (11,100 lb)/day, or 34% above design.19 Total suspended solids
averaged 9,950 kg (21,940 lb)/day for the same period. Much higher
loads were discharged during the previous three months, but operational
changes were made at the I PC mill that reduced raw wasteloads to the
lagoon with a corresponding effluent load reduction.
1975 OBSERVED CONDITIONS
Bay County Wastewater Treatment Plant
The lagoon was observed on several occasions using remote sensors,
and during field trips to the lagoon to collect effluent samples. Odors
were noticeable at the lagoon but were judged by several observers to be
weaker and less offensive than odors near the IPC mill.
A foam layer a few centimeters thick covered essentially the entire
surface of the lagoon on most occasions. On 27 Mar. 1975, observed foam
conditions were at their worst. Winds from the north and northeast with
gusts to 45 km/hr (24 kn) caused a foam layer about 6 m (20 ft) wide and
20-25 cm (8-10 in) thick to accumulate along the southern edge of the
lagoon.
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32
Air and wastewater temperatures were well below summer maximums
during the study. Winds were also adequate to substantially dilute
odors. Ambient conditions were thus not favorable to produce severe
odor and foam problems.
Observed foam conditions were substantially less severe than re-
ported in the past. IPC reportedly adds a chemical (Dixielub anti-foam)
to its wastewater disharged to the lagoon for foam control. If observed
conditions are typical of current foam production, this approach may
have eliminated the airborne foam problem.
Examination of low altitude color photographs of the lagoon vicin-
ity indicated several leaks along the west, east, and north sides of the
dike. Thermal infrared imagery obtained at night on 19 Mar. showed
three probable leaks. A positive print of the thermal image is pre-
sented in Figure 7. Light areas in this image are warmer than dark
areas.
The warm wastewaters in the lagoon are the lightest, indicating
they are substantially warmer than St. Andrew Bay. In fact, field
measurements showed the lagoon contents averaged 6.5°C (11.7°F) warmer
than the Bay during the March 1975 survey. The dark U-shaped patterns
are cool lines of surface foam blown eastward from each aerator by a
west wind. Note that one of the 23 aerators was not operating. The
wastewater plume from the submerged diffuser in St. Andrew Bay is vi-
sible offshore north of the west edge of the lagoon. The small area of
the plume indicates only a small volume of wastewater was reaching the
surface directly.
Three probable leak locations indicated by warm (light) spots near
the dikes are shown by arrows on Figure 7. The largest spot is halfway
between the northwest corner of the lagoon and the bay shoreline. A
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];
Figure 7. Thermal Map Of Bay County Aerated Lagoon
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34
second smaller warm spot indicates a small flow into the swamp on the
north of the lagoon at a point about 1/3 of lagoon length from the east.
The third spot is a small warm flow into the swamp south of the lagoon.
An IPC staff member indicated an interest in thermal imagery of the
lagoon as a means of detecting short circuiting. The broken thermal
pattern produced by the aerators and foam lines precluded such an
evaluation.
International Paper Company
The aerial imagery revealed several differences between present
wastewater treatment and control practices and the system proposed in
1971 (previously discussed). The most significant finding was that,
contrary to information supplied by IPC for the NPDES permit, waste-
waters appeared to be discharged from Outfall 016 into St. Andrew Bay.
Existing wastewater facilities are shown in Figure 8; a comparison
with Figure 6 shows the changes that have been made since 1971. Moving
north to south, the large Arizona Chemical settling pond has been filled
in to make room for storage tanks. The sludge pond is now occupied by a
large pile of waste materials. The large waste pond has been divided
into three sections. A pumping station has been built between the
clarifier ditch and the small north section. The middle section is an
aeration basin with one mechanical surface aerator. The large south
section is almost dry. The screen structure to Outfall 017 has been
diked off from the waste pond and was not in use.
The largest wastewater flow observed (assumed to be the fibre-
bearing process wastes) enters the west end of the clarifier ditch at
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35
ARIZONA CHEMICAL\
Sett I ing Pond
-N-
Tall Oil Pond
Possible
Connection
Pipe
O Id w aste Pond
over flow
screen
structure
(OUTFALL O17)
(OUTFALL O16)
Figure 8. International Paper Company
1975 Wastewater Treatment Facilities
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36
point A and flows to the pumping station. Three pumps lift this flow
(and a small volume of wastewater that enters the tall oil pond at point
B) into the clarifier. Flow from the outer effluent channel of the
clarifier is conveyed to a small basin on the south side of the pumping
station. Four larger pumps lift the clarifier effluent into a force
main that is assumed to lead across St. Andrew Bay to the lagoon.
An elongated tank near the pumping station may be for anhydrous ammonia,
used as a source of nutrients for the lagoon. On 3 Apr., the discharge
at point A was inactive, but a small discharge was entering the clari-
fier ditch from the tall oil pond.
It appeared that in the case of the extended pumping station fail-
ure, the process wastewater stream could be bypassed to St. Andrew Bay.
Overflow structures are situated to allow the clarifier ditch to over-
flow into the aeration basin which, in turn, overflows into the old
waste pond. Overflow from this pond goes to the saltwater ditch and the
Bay. Detention time before an overflow to the Bay would occur is not
known, although the large waste pond would provide little detention at
observed overflow conditions.
A discharge into the east end of the aeration basin was observed at
point C; the source of the discharge was not observed. An overflow
structure connects the aeration basin with the small basin south of the
pumping station. The aeration basin effluent apparently goes to the
pumping station, but an active discharge could not be detected. The
aerator was operating on 19 and 20 Mar. but not on 3 Apr. during the
mill shutdown. A small discharge from point C was observed on 3 Apr.
It appears that more than one wastewater stream contributes to the
observed discharge from Outfall 016. This discharge could not be
defined in the aerial photographs because the pipe through the dike at
the mouth of the saltwater ditch is submerged and water color is similar
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37
in the ditch and Bay. Because of its warm temperature, however, the
discharge was clearly visible in the thermal imagery. Figure 9 is a
thermal image of the area recorded at about 8 p.m. on 19 Mar. Note that
a thermal plume (light area) extends south from the ditch for almost
490 m (1,600 ft) before dispersing.
During all aerial observations including the one on 3 Apr. during
the mill shutdown, a pipe at point D [Fig. 8] in the northwest corner of
the old waste pond was discharging dark wastewater. The flow rate was
estimated to be in the range of 3,800-7,600 m3/day (1-2 mgd). The
discharge ponded in a narrow strip along the north dike and then trickled
in several shallow channels leading to the overflow structure. On 19
and 20 Mar., the bottom of the saltwater ditch could not be defined.
Foam patterns indicated surface movement from north to south. On 3
Apr., the bottom of the north third of the ditch was exposed, indicating
a lower water level. A dark wastewater stream similar in volume to the
discharge at point D was flowing from the north end of the ditch toward
Outfall 016. In 1971, the waste pond overflow discharged at this point.
The area of ponded water in the old waste pond did not change size
between any of the aerial observations, indicating storage was not
changing. It thus can be concluded that the wastewater discharged at
point D ultimately was discharged to St. Andrew Bay through Outfall 016.
On 3 Apr., it appeared to be the only source of this discharge.
Since the water level in the saltwater ditch is higher than in the
Bay, the drop in water level between 20 Mar. and 3 Apr. was more likely
the result of a decrease in inflow to the ditch rather than tidal
fluctuations. Since the discharge at point D did not visibly change
volume, a second source must have been discharging to the ditch on 19
and 20 Mar. but not on 3 Apr. Examination of the imagery for these
three days showed that discharges at points E and F [Fig. 8] were
active in March but not in April.
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INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY
ST. ANDREW BAY
Figure 9. Thermal Map Of International Paper Company
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39
In 1971, Arizona Chemical Company discharged wastewater to a set-
tling pond at point E that then flowed to the long narrow pond adjacent
to the highway. The settling pond has been filled in, but the long pond
is still used. Although an actual discharge to the pond was not: observed,
on 19 and 20 Mar. there was flow in the effluent ditch leading to a
small triangular depression near point F. This flow is presumed to be
from Arizona Chemical. A disharge was also active at point F in March.
This discharge was described in 1971 as non-fiber-bearing wastewaters.
In April, no discharges were visible at points E and F.
The ultimate discharge point for the flows leaving the confluence
at points E and F could not be defined from the remote sensing data. In
1971, however, these flows were connected to the saltwater ditch. The
March and April observations strongly indicate that this connection is
still in operation.
Close examination of the thermal imagery recorded the night, of 19
Mar. [Fig. 9] indicates that heated discharges were originating from
points D, E, and F at the same time the thermal plume was recorded orig-
inating from Outfall 016.
The source of the discharge at point D could not be defined from
the remote sensing data. The discharge point is very close, however, to
the 1971 discharge point for the evaporator condenser water. The volume
of the discharge is consistent with the expected evaporator cooling
system blowdown; the color suggests contamination with black liquor.
The data thus indicate the possibility that the cooling system blowdown
has not been connected to the lagoon system but instead is being dis-
charged without further treatment. If the Outfall 016 discharge con-
sists of the cooling system blowdown, the Arizona Chemical Company
discharge and a small non-fiber-bearing process wastewater stream, then
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40
this discharge would have a flow rate of about 12,100 m3/day (3.2 mgd),
containing a BOD load of more than 9,980 kg (22,000 lb)/day based on the
1971 engineering report.15 This is more than 2.5 times the allowable
wasteload for the entire mill prescribed by the Florida water quality
standards.
In addition to the active wastewater discharges described above,
there are several other potential sources of pollution from the IPC
mill. All storm drains included in the 1971 RAPP application are lo-
cated on Watson Bayou on the northwest edge of the mill site. A ditch
south of the wood yard, draining part of the wood storage yard and some
waste piles, discharges to St. Andrew Bay. A large area between the
waste pond and St. Andrew Bay is occupied by waste piles of undetermined
makeup [Fig. 4]. Surface runoff and seepage from this area enters St.
Andrew Bay at several points. The area south of the ash lagoons, east
of the highway and next to Martin Bayou, contains piles of waste ma-
terials and small ponds of water of a variety of colors [Fig. 4].
Surface runoff from this area enters Martin Bayou. No discharge points
in this area are included in the permit application.
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VI. ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS
WEATHER CONDITIONS5
Temperature
Air temperatures were considered seasonal during the survey (19-27
Mar. 1975) with an average high of 24°C (75°F) and an average low of
13°C (56°F). Relatively low temperatures during the first days of the
survey were associated with a front which passed through the area;
temperatures were warmer the second half of the survey.
Wind
Recorded wind velocities during the survey never exceeded 46 km/hr
(25 kn). Moderate winds, ranging from 19-28 km/hr (10-15 kn), usually
occurred in the afternoon. The more consistently stronger winds blew
from the NNE at 28-37 km/hr (15-20 kn).
Winds blew from every sector except easterly. The first two days,
the winds accompanied weather fronts which approached from the west.
The following four days, the winds shifted to southerly between SE and
SW with moderate velocities. The remaining days, the winds gradually
swung to the northern sector blowing from a steady NNE direction.
Precipitation
Before the survey there were scattered showers in the Panama City
area, including a rainfall of 4.8 cm (1.89 in) on 18 Mar. 1975. No
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42
precipitation was recorded by the weather bureau for the St. Andrew Bay
watershed during the remainder of March.
HYDROLOGY
Along the northern Gulf coast, including the St. Andrew Bay area,
diurnal tides usually consist of a single high and low stage. The mean
tidal range is small and under ordinary conditions is from 30-60 cm (1-2
ft).6 Surface currents in the St. Andrew Bay system are" slow with
maximum velocities about 2 km/hr (1 kn).1
The combination of shallow water, small tidal range and a daily
tide in this bay system produces a condition in which the disturbing
effect of the wind on the tides is quite pronounced.12 Strong northerly
winds that occur principally during the winter depress the water surface
as much as 1.2 m (3.5 ft) below mean low water.
Drainage into the East, North, West and St. Andrew Bays is small
but generally positive -- that is, evaporation is less than drainage
inflow. As a result, ebb currents endure longer than flood currents.1
Vertical differences in temperature are reportedly small, even during
the summer months. Surface temperatures vary slightly during a 24 hr
period due to surface heating and cooling and tidal currents.
As discussed in the following sections, wind, surface runoff and
tidal conditions all exerted a significant influence on observed water
quality conditions and dispersion patterns for the 1PC effluent during
the study period.
EFFLUENT DTSPERSION CHARACTERISTICS
The dispersion pattern of I PC wastewater discharged from the Bay
County WWTP was not known before the survey. A remote sensing study was
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43
made to define the dispersion pattern and to determine the spatial
extent of IPC wastewaters dispersing into East Bay. This information
was needed to assist in the interpretation of the bacteriological and
chemical conditions observed during the study and to determine if a
cause and effect relationship existed between the IPC discharge and East
Bay conditions.
Remote sensing data consisted of photographic imagery recorded in
the ultraviolet, visible (blue through red) and the near-infrared re-
gions of the optical spectrum and thermal infrared imagery. (Data col-
lection and analysis methods are discussed in Appendix A). The data
used for this part of the study were recorded in early afternoon on 19
and 20 Mar. 1975. Aerial imagery was recorded over the study area from
which water quality samples were taken. Also, for comparison, imagery
was recorded over the eastern portion of East Bay and limited areas of
the Gulf of Mexico and West Bay.
Examination of the true-color photographs (imagery recorded in the
visible part of the optical spectrum) showed the entire St. Andrew Bay
system to contain waters with dark gray-brown color in sharp contrast to
the clear blue-green waters of the Gulf of Mexico [Figs. 10, 11]. The
dark color levels in the estuary made it impossible to define a specific
discharge plume resulting from the IPC submerged discharge. When the
IPC wastewaters and various areas of the estuary were characterized
optically, a definite correlation existed between the wastewater dis-
charge and estuarine color [App. A].
Since most creeks and bayous which feed the estuarine system drain
swamp areas, they had high color levels (light red-brown) characteristic
of swamp drainage. Optical characterization of the bayous, the IPC waste-
water, and the waters of St. Andrew Bay showed that the characteristic
dark gray-brown color in most of St. Andrew Bay and the western portion
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:
ST. ANDREW
STATE PARK
COLOR BOUNDARY
Figure 10. Color Boundary Between The Water Of St Andrew Bay
And Water Of The Gulf Of Mexico
19 March 1975
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COLOR BOUNDARY
GULF OF
WATER (WEDGE)
Figure 11. Color Boundary Between The Water Of St Andrew Bay
And Water Of The Gulf Of Mexico
20 March 1975
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46
of East Bay was directly related (color characteristics) to the IPC
lagoon wastewater. Also, the dark gray-brown water differed signifi-
cantly in optical characteristics from the waters of the various bayous.
On 19 Mar. the dark gray-brown waters containing IPC wastewaters
extended about 10 km (6 mi) east from the discharge point near Military
Point into East Bay to near Piney and Goose Points [Fig. 12]. A de-
finite color demarcation was observed with the characteristic dark gray-
brown waters to the west of the demarcation and light red-brown sediment
laden waters to the east [Fig. 13]. This sediment apparently was from
Wetappo and Sandy Creeks. Similar conditions were observed on 20 Mar.
[Fig. 14].
The low tidal range and limited freshwater flow into the estuarine
system apparently result in long residence times for substances dis-
charged into the estuary. The color characterization indicates that IPC
wastewaters disperse through a major portion of St. Andrew and East
Bays. They are slowly flushed from the system resulting in relatively
uniform color levels throughout the affected area. When wind conditions
are favorable, such as during the remote sensing study, estuarine waters
containing IPC wastewaters are displaced several miles eastward into
East Bay.
CHEMICAL CONDITIONS
Applicable Water Quality Regulations7
The State of Florida has designated the waters of St. Andrew Bay to
be used for recreation, and propagation and management of fish and
wildlife (Class III waters). East Bay is classified for shellfish
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* OPTICAL CHARACTERISTIC SAMPLE POINTS
19 MARCH 1975
20 MARCH 1975
WETAPPO CSffK
Figure 12. Water Color Demarkation 19 — 20 March 1975
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48
EAST BAY
ARROWS INDICATE
COLOR BOUNDARY
GRAY-BROWN
WATERS
WATERS WITH SUSPENDED
SEDIMENT
Figure 13. Color Boundary Between Two Water Quality Types In East Bay
19 March 1975
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49
X
P/NEY POINT
ARROWS INDICATE
COLOR BOUNDARY
WATERS WfTH HEAVY
SUSPENDNDED SEDIMENT
GOOSE POfNT
Figu re 14. Color Boundary Between Two Water Quality Types In East Bay
20 March 1975
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50
harvesting (Class II waters). The following physical and chemical
criteria are common to both Class II and Class III waters.
Sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes shall be effec-
tively treated by the latest modern technological advances as
approved by the regulatory agency.
The pH of receiving waters shall not be caused to vary more
than one (1.0) unit above or below normal pH of the waters;
and the lower value shall be not less than six (6.0), and the
upper value not more than eight and one-half (8.5). In cases
where pH may be due to natural background or causes outside
limits stated above, approval of the regulatory agency shall
be secured prior to introducing such material in waters of the
State.
Dissolved oxygen concentration in all surface waters shall not
average less than 5 mg/1 in a 24 hr period and never less than
4 mg/1. Normal daily and seasonal fluctuations above these
levels shall be maintained. Dissolved oxygen concentrations
in estuaries and tidal tributaries shall not be less than 4.0
mg/1 except in naturally dystrophic waters. In those cases
where background information indicates prior existence under
unpolluted conditions of lower values than required above,
lower limits may be utilized after approval by the regulatory
uthority. Sampling shall be performed according to the
methods approved by the Florida Pollution Control Board.
Receiving waters shall be free from substances attributable to
municipal, industrial, agricultural or other discharges in
concentrations or combinations which are toxic or harmful to
human, animal or aquatic life.
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51
Class III waters to be used for recreational purposes, including
such body contact activities as swimming and water skiing, and for the
maintenance of a well-balanced fish and wildlife population have these
additional physical or chemical criteria:
Receiving waters shall be free from materials attributable to
municipal, industrial, agricultural, or other discharges
producing color, odor or other conditions in such degree as to
create a nuisance.
Turbidity shall not exceed fifty (50) Jackson units as related
to standard candle turbidimeter above background.
Class II waters used for shellfish propagation and harvesting have
one additional criterion:
The threshold odor number is not to exceed 24 at 60°C (140°F)
as a daily average.
Survey Findings
A total of 218 water samples were collected from 12 locations for
physical-chemical analysis [Table 5]. Field measurements of salinity,
dissolved oxygen, water temperature and pH were made for each sample
collected in St. Andrew and East Bays. Also, water samples were sent to
the NEIC laboratories in Denver for 1ignin-tannin determinations and
analysis of optical properties. Data were compiled on the basis of
results obtained from 20-23 Mar. and 23-27 Mar. 1975. These dates
corresponded with the temporary closure on 23 Mar. of International
Paper Company. Consequently, physical-chemical conditions in the St.
Andrew estuary could be compared during the paper mill operation and
shutdown. Daily fluctuations and overall survey trends for various
parameters are graphically presented in Figure 15.
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Table 5
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
WATER QUALITY STUDY OF ST. ANDREW BAY,
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Station Description
2,010 m (2.20C yd) 40°
northeast of tiuoy
35 Fl 4 Sec.
Buoy 40 Fl R
1,100 m (1,200 yd) 60°
northeast of buoy
45 Fl 4 Sec.
C Buoy 3
Day Beacon 29
I.P.C. discharge:
270 m (300 yd) offshore
in line with the
westernmost border
of the Bay County WWTP
Mouth of Watson Bayou
Millville WW1P
discharge in
Watson Bayou
Buoy 24 Fl R
Buoy 17 Fl B
Millville WtTP
after chlorination
prior to discharge
Bay County WUTPt
prior to discharge
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Rangg
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Salinity
(o/oo)
5.0-12.9
8.8
4.9-12.7
10.2
7.0-14.6
10.7
10.7-17.4
12.7
13.1-18.4
14.3
14.1-20.2
16.7
13.5-19.8
15.5
11. 4-14. 8
13.1
13.0-20.5
16.4
14.1-22.3
17.0
20-27 Mar. 1975
Dissolved
Oxygen
(mg/1)
CLASS II WATERS
7.5-11.5
8.9
5.1-10.3
8.6
7.4-11.9
8.6
CLASS III WATERS
7.0-9.5
8.5
7.1-12.0
8.3
5.3-8.9
7.6
6.0-10.0
8.0
5.0-11.0
9.3
3.5-9.4
7.4
4.3-9.6
7.7
FLORIDA
Temperature pH
(°C)
15.0-22.0 7.1-7.8
19.4
16.6-22.2 7.3-7.8
19.4
15.5-22.2 7.4-7.8
19.6
15.5-22.0 7.8-7.9
19.3
16.0-21.5 7.8-8.0
19.4
16.3-21.2 7.9-8.1
19.6
16.5-22.4 7.9-8.1
19.9
18.3-23.0 7.5-8.4
20.8
16.5-21.8 7.8-8.2
19.6
16.5-21.8 8.0-8.1
19.3
24.5-27.5
26.1
en
ro
Lignin-Tannin
Tannic Acid
(mg/1)
0.54
0.39
0.14-0.36
0.25
0.21-0.32
0.14-0.21
0.21-0.29
0.36
0.07-0.18
0.07-0.18
35.0
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53
ST ANDREW - EAST BAY
WATSON
BAYOU
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
12.0
JO. 0
8.0
6.0
4.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
8.6
.4
.2
8.0
.8
.6
.4
7.2
o
o
o
>-
»-
Z
<
. 11
1
E
Z
ui
O
X
O
Q
ui
>
^
O
«>
1
ee
UJ
a.
I
Wttttl
I
f
STATION
NUMBER
LEGEND
IPC OPERATIONAL
\PC SHUTDOWN
FigurelS. Physical and Chemical Data
St Andrew Bay Florida
20—27 March 1975
-------
54
Initially an east to west salinity gradient ranging from 5-23 parts
per thousand was observed in the St. Andrew-East Bay study area. This
was attributed to a 4.8 cm (1.89 in) rainfall recorded on 18 Mar. Lower
salinities occurred in areas normally receiving the most drainage. From
20-27 Mar., freshwater intrusion slowly diffused into the western region
of East Bay and into St. Andrew Bay. This was reflected in a gradual
increase of salinity in the eastern reaches (Stations 1, 2, 3) and a
concomitant decrease in salinity in the western reaches (Stations 9, 10)
of the Bay. This diffusion rate was retarded by prevailing SSW winds
through 25 Mar. There was no indication that significant changes in
salinity occurred at any of the stations from 18-25 Mar. due to tidal
exchange.
The pH values also reflect the influence of the freshwater in-
trusion. In general, pH was slightly lower immediately following the
rain on 18 Mar. A slight upward pH gradient existed from the eastern to
western section of the Bay.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels fluctuated erratically. No apparent
geographical pattern for DO levels was established. A single grab
sample collected at the surface of St. Andrew Bay (Station 9) on 23 Mar.
contained a DO concentration of 3.5 mg/1. This is in violation of the
DO criterion for these State of Florida Class III waters; however, the
cause of this single violation was not determined. At other times
during the survey, dissolved oxygen levels in St. Andrew Bay at Stations
6 and 10 approached but did not violate the applicable criterion.
Surface water temperatures at any given station differed as much as
5°C (9°F) in a 24 hr period. However, such fluctuations were constant
throughout the bay and no isolated variance was noted. Daily fluctua-
tions appeared due to wind and solar changes rather than tidal exchange.
-------
55
Lignin- and tannin-like compounds were found to exist throughout
the survey area. In general, higher levels were observed in the East
Bay area. However, the concentrations of these materials were low,
ranging from 0.07 mg/1 (as tannic acid) at Stations 9 and 10 to the
maximum of 0.54 mg/1 at Station 1.
In summary, the physical and chemical changes in the St. Andrew and
East Bay waters during this survey appeared to be closely related to
weather, hydrographic, or other natural conditions in the estuarine
system. Effects of industrial wastes on salinity, temperature, pH, and
lignin-tannin content of the Bay waters were not detected.
BACTERIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Applicable Water Quality Regulations7
The study area in the St. Andrew estuarine system has two bacterio-
logical criteria currently in effect. The State of Florida has designa-
ted East Bay as Class II waters for shellfish harvesting. The State
complies with standards adopted by the National Shellfish Sanitation
Program (NSSP) for classification of waters in areas which either
actually or potentially can support recreational or commercial shellfish
propagation and harvesting. Bacteriological standards for Class II
waters require that the median total coliform bacteria MPN (Most Prob-
ably Number) cannot exceed seventy (70) per one hundred (100) ml and not
more than ten (10) % of samples exceed an MPN of two hundred and thirty
(230) per one hundred (100) ml in those portions of areas most probably
exposed to fecal contamination during most unfavorable hydrographic and
pollutional conditions.7
The State of Florida has designated St. Andrew Bay as Class III
waters, which must be of a suitable quality to be used for recreational
purposes and to maintain a well-balanced fish and wildlife population.
-------
56
With respect to bacteriological quality this classification includes:
waters designated for body contact recreation such as swimming and water
skiing; and water not normally used for body contact recreation. The
Florida Department of Pollution Control has assigned the latter classi-
fication to the Class III waters in the study area.1* The following
bacteriological criteria apply to these Class III waters:
Fecal coliform bacterial densities shall not exceed a monthly
average of 500/100 ml of sample, nor exceed 750 fecal coliform
bacteria per 100 ml of water in 10% of the samples. Monthly
averages shall be expressed as geometric means based on a
minimum of 10 samples taken over a 30 day period.
Survey Findings
A total of 169 water samples were collected from 12 sampling lo-
cations for bacteriological analyses during a 9-day sampling period.
Effluent samples were collected once daily from the Millville Wastewater
Treatment Plant (Station 11) and from the Bay County aerated lagoon
treating wastewater from International Paper Company. Surface water
samples were collected twice daily from 10 locations in Watson Bayou,
St. Andrew Bay and East Bay [Fig. 2].
Chlorinated effluent samples collected at the Millville Wastewater
Treatment Plant (Station 11) contained fecal coliform (FC) bacteria
densities ranging from an MPN of <2 to 940/100 ml [Table 6]. The average
FC density was 9 (median) or 10 (geometric mean). These values are in
compliance with effluent limitations. Water samples collected in the
receiving waters of Watson Bayou, adjacent to the Millville plant dis-
charge (Station 8) contained much higher FC densities, ranging from 11
to 1,700/100 ml. Of the samples, 27% contained more than 750 fecal
-------
Table 6
SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES
WATER QUALITY STUDY OF ST. ANDREW BAY, FLORIDA
19-27 Mar. 1975
Station Station Description Number of
Samples
Maximum
Total Coliforms %
Minimum Median Geometric
Mean
i Samples
Fecal Coliforms % Samples
> 230 Maximum Minimum
(MPN/100 ml)
Median
Geometric > 750
Mean
(MPN/100 ml)
CLASS II WATERS
1
2
3
2,010 m (2,200 yd) 40°
northeast of buoy 35
Fl 4 Sec.
Buoy 40 Fl R
1,100 m (1,200 yd) 60°
northeast of buoy
45 Fl 4 Sec.
15
15
16
230,000
230,000
1,300
33
22
23
330f
130f
150f
500
240
170
67 1,700
27 790
38 490
5
<2
2
49
49
35
68
30
28
CLASS III WATERS
4
5
6
C Buoy 3
Day Beacon 29
Bay County WWTP discharge
270 m (300 yd) offshore
16
16
16
17,000
2,300
2,300
23
11
9
140
79
48
170
83
64
3,300
140
490
2
<2
2
23
14
23
23 6
11 0
19 0
in line with the westernmost
7
8
9
10
11
12
t
tt
ttt
border of the Bay County
lagoon
Mouth of Watson Bayou
Mi 11 ville WWTP Discharge
into Watson Bayou
Buoy 24 Fl R
Buoy 17 Fl B
Millville WWTP
after chlorination
prior to discharge
Bay County WWTPttt
prior to discharge
Violation of USPHS (State of
15
15
15
15
8
7
Florida
110,000
33,000
330
13,000
1,300
79,000
23
80
23
17
20
790
310
2,300
50
49
360
11,000
Class II Waters) Standards
Violation of State of Florida Class III Waters
Salmonella enteritidis ser Cc
irrau isi
elated
(10% of
samples
510
1,300
73
73
160
7,500
for Shellfish Waters
shall not exceed 750
11,000
1,700
79
7,900
940
3,300
for Total Coliforms
fecal coliforms/100 ml)
8
11
2
<2
<2
230
33
460
13
13
9
1,700
55 13ft
160 27t1"
16 0
14 7
10
1,200
en
— i
-------
58
coliform bacteria per 100 ml, which is a violation of the State of
Florida standards for Watson Bayou (Class III water classification
standards). Although the Millville Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge
collected immediately after chlorination (Station 11) was of relatively
good bacteriological quality, the poorer quality of the discharge in the
bayou (Station 8) is apparently the result of bacterial resuscitation in
the presence of organic material as the chlorine becomes diluted.8
Bacteriologically polluted water was also recorded at the mouth of
Watson Bayou (Station 7). Fecal coliform bacteria densities ranged from
8 to 11,000/100 ml and 13% of the samples contained more than 750 FC/100
ml, which is in violation of State standards. Probable sources of
bacterial contamination at Stations 7 and 8 include the combined contri-
bution of International Paper Company, the Millville Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant, water-craft sewage disposal, and seepage from septic tanks
located in the area.
Effluent samples collected from the Bay County aerated lagoon
treating wastewaters from International Paper Company (Station 12)
contained geometric mean densities of 7,500 total and 1,200 fecal coli-
form bacteria per 100 ml [Table 6]. The fecal coliform bacteria density
is a violation of the NPDES permit for the lagoon which limits fecal
coliform densities to a daily maximum of 400 per 100 ml. These results
indicate that wastewater discharges from the paper mill, and subse-
quently from the lagoon, contributed to the bacteriological degradation
of the St. Andrew estuarine system. Additionally, pathogenic Salmonella
enteritidis ser Carrau were isolated from the lagoon (Station 12). The
presence of these pathogens constitutes a serious health hazard to
anyone coming in contact with these waters, as well as a serious public
health threat to anyone consuming shellfish collected from receiving
waters contaminated by this discharge.
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59
Wastewaters from the Bay County lagoon are discharged into St.
Andrew Bay adjacent to Military Point (Station 6) [Fig. 3]. St. Andrew
Bay is defined by the State of Florida as waters not normally used for
body contact recreation (Class III), and bacteriological limitations
previously discussed in Applicable Water Quality Eegulations apply.
Despite the potential health hazards described above, water contact
sports such as swimming and water skiing are practiced in St. Andrew Bay
near the I PC wastewater discharge.
Based on State regulations, no bacteriological water quality violations
were evident for Stations 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10 in St. Andrew Bay. Never-
theless, it is important to note that a marked change in coliform
densities occurred in St. Andrew Bay when comparing samples collected
19-22 and 23-27 Mar. This change toward improved water quality cor-
responded with the shutdown of International Paper Company on 23 Mar.,
as is graphically shown in Figure 16.
St. Andrew Bay connects with East Bay which is classified for
shellfish harvesting (Florida Class II waters). Three sampling sites
were established in East Bay. Bacteriological analyses of water samples
collected from these areas on 19-22 Mar. showed that all were in vio-
lation of State and Federal Food and Drug Administration bacteriological
limitations for shellfish harvesting waters. The dates of these vio-
lations corresponded with the operation of International Paper Company
and its discharge of about 105,500 m3/day (28 mgd) of wastewater into
St. Andrew Bay.
On 23 Mar. the mill ceased operation for two weeks. The shutdown
substantially reduced direct discharges and reduced mill discharges from
the Bay County lagoon to 30,200 m3/day (8 mgd) or less. Bacteriological
analyses of water samples from East Bay collected 23-27 Mar. showed a
marked improvement in water quality [Fig. 16]. Only one of the three
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60
1O.OOO-1
2 1OOO-
1OO-
SHELLFISH HARVESTING WATERS (CLASS //)
PAPERMILL IN OPERATION PAPERMILL SHUTDOWN
Maximum Acceptable Limit
(7O Total Conforms / 1OO ml
I
1 2
STATION
1 2
STATION
10,000-,
o
o
o
100-
RECREATIONAL WATERS (CLASS III)
PAPERMILL IN OPERATION PAPERMILL SHUTDOWN
Maximum Acceptable Limit
( 5OO Fecal Conforms / 1OO ml )
Mi
45678
STATION
6 7 8 9 10
STATION
Figure 16. Comparison of Bacteriological Quality
in the St Andrew Estuarine System
During International Paper Company Operation and Shutdown
March 1975
-------
6.1
sampling sites remained in violation of the bacteriological limits for
shellfish waters and this area showed an 85% reduction in bacterial con-
tamination.
The improvement in water quality in St. Andrew and East Bays con-
current with the shutdown of the paper mill strongly indicates that the
mill contributes to bacteriological degradation of the St. Andrew es-
tuarine system.
-------
VII. ST. ANDREW BAY FISHERIES
SHELLFISHERIES
Two commercial types of shellfish are found in the waters of the St.
Andrew Bay system. The eastern oyster Crassostrea virgim'ca is in-
digenous to the area and, being a sessile mollusk, spends its entire
life on the substrate. The second type of shellfish is the shrimp,
which uses the waters basically as a nursing ground. In this group are
the pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum, brown shrimp P. aztecus, and white
shrimp P. setiferus. The most commercially used shellfish are shrimp,
followed by the oyster which borders between a commercial and sports-
fishery. A third edible shellfish the bay scallop Aequipecten sj).,
occurs sparsely.
Oysters
Oysters are found in most sections of the St. Andrew estuary, but
the moderate abundance limits their entry into a steady commercial
trade. Another limiting factor is the restriction of harvesting to
either handgathering or tonging. Handgathering appears to be the more
common method because oysters are distributed mostly in the shallow
shoreline areas. Private culture is being practiced in East Bay on
leased grounds. The total area currently under cultivation is less than
0.6 km2 (150 acres). The remainder of the oysters in the bay are
classified as wild or uncultivated and are found in small clumps on the
bottom or attached to bridge abutments, dolphins, or stone retaining
walls.
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64
Surveys on the distribution of oysters have established that in
East Bay approximately 2.7 km2 (673 acres) contained scattered oyster
populations; in West Bay the total amounted to 4 km2 (1,028 acres);
while in North Bay only 0.3 km2 (61 acres) were populated.9 Approxi-
mately 3% of the total Bay is populated by oysters with an estimated
value of $225,000 dockside.
A factor preventing increased exploitation of the oyster is the
diminishing number of areas remaining suitable for the safe harvest of
this shellfish. Industrial growth, accompanied by a population in-
crease, has placed a stress on the Bay System which is evidenced by an
increase in the volume of water overlying shellfish beds contaminated
either by industrial or domestic wastes. The effects of these detri-
mental discharges have not been confined to any particular section of
the bay and appear to be steadily spreading into each branch of the
complex [Table 7].
Shrimp
Panama City, on the north shore of St. Andrew Bay, is not con-
sidered one of the larger fishing ports in the Gulf. It does, however,
serve as a landing area for considerable quantities of shrimp. Over the
past several years the annual catch (heads-on) fluctuated around 450 m. tons
(1 million Ib). Nearly all of the shrimp catch is taken in the Gulf
along the west Florida coast, but a small portion of the commercial
catch is harvested in the St. Andrew Bay estuarine system by smaller
day-trip shrimp boats. Their contribution to the total catch is at this
time unknown.
-------
Table 7
ACREAGE CHANGES IN THE SHELLFISH HARVESTING WATERS of
ST. .ANDREW BAY, FLA. 1965-1975
65
Location
West Bay
North Bay
St. Andrew
Bay
East Bay
Status
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
TOTAL
1965
16,656
2,102
6,416
0
4,287
16,593
17,452
255
63,761
Year
1971
16,656
2,102
1,826
4,590
0
20,880
14,361
3,346
63,761
1975
16,656
2,102
1 ,826
4,590
0
20,880
14,361
3,346
63,761
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66
The majority of the local shrimping activity is conducted in East
Bay and, consequently, this section is considered the most productive.
Limited nighttime shrimping is done predominately in North, West and St.
Andrew Bays. Because of poor bottom conditions adjacent to the Inter-
national Paper Company plant, this section of St. Andrew Bay is not
usually used by shrimp fishermen.
Sportfishing for shrimp is also a very popular activity in this
area.' The fact that most of it takes place in East Bay further attests
to the great productivity of the estuary.
Another source of shrimp to the Panama City commercial market is a
privately-owned mariculture farm on the shores of West Bay. Shrimp are
raised from eggs to various market sizes in 1.2 km2 (300 acres) of earthen
ponds. In 1971 this pond culture operation realized a commercial yield
of shrimp of about 225 m. tons (500,000 Ib).
RECREATIONAL FIN-FISHING
St. Andrew Bay, like many other estuaries along the nation's
coasts, is being more fully used by more people as a result of the
relatively easy acquisition of small pleasure boats and the increased
availability of leisure time. To evaluate the use of this estuarine
complex and its use-value to the surrounding communities, the National
Marine Fisheries Laboratory in Panama City studied in 1973 the actual
use of the Bay by recreational fishermen.10
The study revealed that East Bay was considerably less used for
recreational fin-fishing than any other sub-estuary in the complex. The
possible reasons advanced for this underutilization were related to
-------
67
aesthetic values resulting from the International Paper Company activi-
ties, such as paper mill odor in the air, color and foam in the adjacent
waters, and the occasional reports of fish kills. Another important and
obvious reason is the very limited access to the Bay by shore fishermen.
This restriction occurs essentially along the southern shore where
Tyndall Air Force Base property extends to the water and the northeast
shore of the Bay, which is remote and generally inaccessible by car or
walking.
To arrive at a monetary value for this estuarine system, the
Marine Fisheries service economists used $13 a day for each person using
the Bay for recreational fin-fishing. Using their estimates and observa-
tions for a year, the Bay area was estimated to be worth from three to
four million dollars annually. Estimates for the individual Bays are as
follows:10
Location Millions of Dollars
North and West Bays 0.6 to 0.9
East Bay 0.3 to 0.4
St. Andrew Bay 0.9 to 1.4
Panama City
Coastal Area 0.9 to 1.4
Total 2.7 to 4.1
Boating on the Bay in the form of sailing and powerboat pleasure
cruising has not been estimated, but its annual use-value to the Bay
would, no doubt, increase the overall total substantially.
-------
REFERENCES
1. ICHIYE, T., and M. L. Jones
1961. On the hydrography of the St. Andrew Bay system,
Florida, Limnology and Oceanography 6(3): 302-311.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV-Atlanta, Ga., Refuse Act
Permit Program data files.
3. COOK, George C.
1975. Bay County Water System, Superintendent, Panama City,
Fla. Personal communication to Robert Schneider, Environmental
Protection Agency, NEIC, Denver, Colo.
4. YOUNG, William
1975. Florida Dept. Pollution Control, personal communication
(telecon) to Robert Schneider, Environmental Protection Agency,
Denver, Colo.
5. U. S. Department of Commerce
1975. National Climatic Center, NOAA, Asheville, N.C.,
personal communication (letter) to Robert Campbell, Environmental
Protection Agency, Denver, Colo.
6. U. S. Department of Commerce
1967. United States Coast Pilot 5 Atlantic Coast Gulf of
Mexico, Puerto Eioo and Virgin Islands, 6th Ed.; U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Md., 300 p.
7. State of Florida
July 1973. Rules of the Department of Pollution Control,
Pollution of Waters, Ch. 17-3.
8. MC KEE, J. E., R. T. Mclaughlin and P. Lesgourgues
1957. Application of Molecular Filter Techniques to the
Bacterial Assay of Sewage. Ill Effects of Physical and Chemical
Disinfection Sewage Works 30(3): 245-252.
9. FUTCH, C. R. and J. Martina, Jr.
1967. A survey of the oyster resources of Bay County, Florida,
with special reference to selection of cultch planting sites.
Fla. St. Bd. Conserv., Spec. Sci. Rep 16, 25 p.
-------
70
10. SUTHERLAND, D. F.
Estimated average daily Instantaneous numbers of recreational
and commercial fishermen and boats in St. Andrew Bay system,
Florida and adjacent coastal waters in 1973.
11. TARAS, M. J.t A. E. Greenberg, R. D. Hoak, and M. C. Rand.
1971. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater,
13th Ed., Amer. Public Health Assn., New York, N. Y.
12. GALTSOFF, Paul S.
1954. Gulf of Mexico: Its origin, waters and marine life
fisheries. Bulletin 89, U. S. Dept. Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Service. 55:604 p.
13. American Public Health Assn.
1970. Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Sea Water
and Shellfish, 4th Ed., New York, N.Y.
14. SPINO, Donald F.
July 1966. Elevated Temperature Technique for the Isolation of
Salmonella from Streams: Applied Microbiology, 14, 4; American
Society for Microbiology.
15. J. B. Converse and Co., Inc. Engineers
1971. Engineering Report for Wastewater Treatment Facilities,
International Paper Co. Panama City Mill. Panama City, Fla.
16. Dept. Air Force
1972. Environmental Statement. Land Outlease for Wastewater
Treatment Facilities, Tyndall AFB, Fla.
17. Dept. Air Force
1975. Bay County Wastewater Treatment Facilities (letters).
Tyndall AFB, Fla.
18. Supt. Carol Daugherty, Millville WWTP
29 April 1975. Personal Communication to J. R. Vincent from
Panama City, Fla.
19. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV-Atlanta, Ga., NPDES
Self-monitoring data files.
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APPENDIX A
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Aircraft and Sensor Data
Data Interpretation and Analysis
Data Aquisition
Error Analysis
Film Spectral Sensitivity Data
Optical Filter Transmittance Data
Development Process for Reconnaissance Films
Focal Length, Angle of View
-------
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES*
AIRCRAFT AND SENSOR DATA
Aircraft and Flight Data
A high-performance aircraft, specifically designed and equipped for
aerial reconnaissance work, was used for the remote sensing flights.
The aircraft was used for day and night flights over Saint Andrew Bay.
The flight parameter data that specify the values of the aerial
reconnaissance variables are summarized in Table A-l. These variables
are important at the time the mission is flown and during the analysis
of the airborne data. With rare exception, the airspeed variations are
automatically processed in the aircraft computer system and, combined
with aircraft altitude, are used to calculate the amount of photographic
stereoscopic overlap.
Cameras
Three cameras and an infrared line scanner (IRLS) were the sensors
on board the aircraft. The cameras were KS-87B aerial framing cameras
equipped with 152 mm (6 in.) focal length lens assemblies. They were
mounted in the aircraft in their respective vertical positions as shown
in Figure A-l.
The viewing angle of the KS-87B framing cameras was 41° centered
about the aircraft's nadir as shown in Figure A-2. A diagram of a
typical framing camera is shown in Figure A-3.
Mention of equipment and/or brand names in this report does not consti-
tute endorsement or recommendation by the Environmental Protection Agency,
-------
Table A-l
Flight Parameter Data
St. Andrew Bay
Parameter
Date
19 March 1975
20 March 1975
Duration of Flight
(hours, CDT)
Air Speed
Altitude Above
Ground Level
(Day) 1412 to 1557
(Night)1927 to 2147
360 kn
(Day) 1,830 m (6,000 ft)
(Day) 457 m (1,500 ft)
(Night) 457 m (1,500 ft)
LEGEND
1 -«M7 FRAMING CAMERAS
7 INFRARED LINE SCANNER
(Day) 1211 to 1329
360 kn
1.830 m (6,000 ft)
457 m (1,500 ft)
Sensors
(Day)
(Night)
All
IRLS
(Day)
All
Figure A-l. Aircraft Sensor Locations
-------
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
GROUND LEVEL
Figure A-2. Viewing Angle of Framing Camera
Focal Plane
Film
Guide
Shutter
Lens
Film Advances Frame by Frame
Figure A-3. Framing Camera
-------
Films and Filters
The cameras were loaded with the following film and optical filter
combinations:
Camera Station 1 -- Kodak S0-397 Aerographic Ektachrome Film (127
mm; 5 in.) with a Wratten HF-3/HF-5 gelatin optical filter combination.
The film provides a true color transparency 114 mm sq (4.5 in. sq). The
filter combination prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the film and
eliminates the effects of atmospheric haze.
Camera Station 2 -- Kodak 2402 Aerographic Film with a Wratten 39
glass optical filter. This provides a black and white negative 114
mm sq (4.5 in. sq) which was exposed to ultraviolet and deep blue light.
Camera Station 3 -- Kodak 2443 Aerochrome Infrared Film (127 mm)
with a Wratten 16 gelatin optical filter. The film provides color
transparencies 114 mm sq.
The Wratten 16 filter (deep orange in color) transmits a portion of
the visible optical spectrum (i.e., deep green, yellow, orange, and red)
as well as the near-infrared energy from 0.7 to 1.0 urn. The film pre-
sents a modified-color or false-color rendition in the processed trans-
parency unlike the more familiar true-color films. It has an emulsion
layer that is sensitive to the near-infrared in addition to the red and
green layers, whereas the true-color ektachrome films have red, green,
and blue sensitive layers. (Every color film has various combinations
of red, green, and blue dyes sniiilar tc the red, green and blue dots on
the front of a color television picture tube.) The modified or false-
color rendition comes into play when the exposed image on the infrared
film is processed. In the finished transparency, the scene objects
(trees, plants, algae) producing infrared exposure appear red, while red
and green objects produce green and blue images, respectively. Most
-------
important, this film records the presence of various levels of chloro-
phyll in terrestrial and aquatic plant growth. The leaves on a healthy
tree will record bright red rather than the usual green; unhealthy
foliage will appear brownish-red. The orange filter keeps all blue
light from reaching the film to prevent unbalance in red, green, and
blue.
Infrared Line Scanner
The aircraft was equipped with an AN/AAS-18 Infrared Line Scanner
(IRLS) which images an area along the flight path of the aircraft. The
width of the image area depends upon aircraft altitude; the area is
encompassed by a 120° field-of-view in crosstrack, or perpendicular to
the flight path [Fig. A-4].
> fe •
i
AIRCRAFT
ALTITUDE
GROUND LEVEL
Figure A-4. Field of View of IRLS
-------
An IRLS converts variations in infrared energy emissions from
objects of different temperatures into a thermal map. The three basic
parts of an IRLS are the scanner optics, a detector array, and a record-
ing unit. The scanner optics collect the infrared emissions from ground
and water areas and focus them on the detectors [Fig. A-5].
D etact or
Folding M/i r TO r
'Folding Mirror
Folding Mirror
Rotating
Scan
M irror
Folding Mirror
Figure A-5. IRLS optical Collection System
-------
The detectors, cyrogenically cooled to 26° K, convert the infrared
energy collected by the scanner optics into an electronic signal. This
signal is processed electronically and subsequently transformed into
visible light through a cathode ray tube. This light is recorded on
ordinary 127 mm (5 in.) RAR black-and-white film. The recorded thermal
map is 100 mm (4 in.) wide and its length depends upon the length of a
particular line of flight being imaged.
The IRLS has a sensitivity bandwidth from 8 to 14 pro, the so-called
thermal band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Applying Wien's Displacement
Law, this represents a temperature band from -66° to 89° C. The system
has an instantaneous field-of-view of 1 mrad sq. The total field-of-
view is achieved by the rotating mirror in the optical collection system,
which is 120° x 1 mrad. The measured noise equivalent temperature
(N.E.T.) of the IRLS is 0.32° C with 100 percent probability of target
detection. This represents an effective measurement of the temperature
resolution of the system.
DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
Data is interpreted and analyzed on the original photographic and
Infrared Line Scanner (IRLS) films; prints and duplicated transparencies
degrade the image in scale and color balance. The original films are
true color transparencies, false color infrared transparencies, black-
and-white ultraviolet negatives and the IRLS thermal image black-and-
white negatives.
Standard image analysis techniques were employed in the reduction
of distances/areas and stereoscopic analysis of areas displaying topo-
graphic gradients on land and in the water. The reduced data were
subsequently plotted on U. S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic
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maps (scale 1:24,000) and U. S. Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey Nautical
Charts (scale 1:10,000). To evaluate scale consistency, the map scales
were compared to the imagery empirical scales derived from the optical
focal length of each sensor and the altitude of the aircraft above water
level.
A Macbeth TD-203AM Densitometer was employed during the analysis of
the color films to measure film densities as a function of the three
cardinal colors -- red, blue and green. This system measures film
densities with an accuracy of 0.02 density units and a measurement
repeatability of 0.01 density units.
Temperature levels are represented on black-and-white IRLS film by
various shades of gray in the negative. Areas of low density (clear
film) represent cooler temperatures, and as the temperature of a particu-
lar target becomes warmer the density of gray in the film also increases.
Positive prints presented in this report reflect the reverse of the
negative film. Cool areas are dark while the warm areas are light gray.
It is important to note that the IRLS will only record water sur-
face temperatures since water is opaque in this region of the infrared
spectrum. The maximum depth penetration in either fresh or salt water
is 0.01 cm. Therefore, a submerged thermal discharge can be detected
from an aircraft with an IRLS only if the warm wastewater reaches the
surface of the receiving waters.
DATA ACQUISITION
During the day missions, three aerial cameras and an infrared
(thermal) line scanner (IRLS) were flown over the study area, while only
the IRLS was used at the time of the night flights. The three cameras
recorded photographic imagery in the ultraviolet, visible (blue through
red) and the near infrared regions of the optical spectrum.
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At the time of the flight, samples of the IPC wastewater were ob-
tained from the Bay County WWTP [Fig. A-6] and from the 10 biological
sampling stations in the Bay. These samples were subsequently subjected
to optical fingerprint testing in the NEIC Environmental Physics Labora-
tory. The results of these lists were used to calibrate and normalize
the data derived from the chromaticity analyses of the airborne imagery.
The optical fingerprint of the Kraft Mill effluent is shown in Figure A-7.
These data were obtained from sample transmittance lists performed
in a Beckman DK-2A spectrophotometer. The test cell used for the sample
had a 1 cm (0.4 in) optical path length. A tungsten light source was
used with a lead sulfide (PbS) detector. An empty cell optically matched
to the one containing the sample was placed in the reference optical path
to differentially remove any effects imposed by the glass medium.
The optical fingerprint was plotted from 400 nanometers (nm) in
the violet region of the visible spectrum through the red region 700 nm
into the near-infrared stopping at 1.1 microns (1,100 nm). The "100%
curve" is the spectral transmittance curve for the full-strength or un-
diluted effluent. The remaining curves are the transmittance curves
for effluent concentrations ranging from 75% of full strength to less
than 1%. As the sample was further diluted, the transmittance curve
approached the 100% transmittance level in the blue, while in the red it
doubled in value into a condition of minor fluorescence which is charac-
teristic of water in this spectral band.
The regions marked blue, green and red are the spectral bands used
by the laboratory densitometry equipment to carry out chromaticity mea-
surements in the aerial imagery. The laboratory densitometer provided
film (imagery) transmittance data in density units defined as D=log (4^)
where D, T are film density and film transmittance, respectively. As the
film density increases, the film transmittance decreases, indicating the
target area is becoming darker.
-------
A-6. Bay County WWTP Lagoon Containing IPC Wastewater
-------
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A-7. Optical Fingerprint Of IPC Kraft Mill Effluent
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As an Indication of coloration in the St. Andrew Bay area, the
color parameters "green minus red", and "blue minus red" were obtained
from the respective optical testing locations in the imagery, having
been chosen from the analysis of the blue, green and red regions of the
optical fingerprint [Fig. A-7]. The fingerprint depicts the relation-
ship between the red, green and blue transmittance values as a function
of sample concentration carefully controlled in the laboratory. The
"green minus red" and "blue minus red" parameters provide the relative
variations in target color without having to consider the absolute
(radiometric) levels of light recorded by the camera which were re-
flected from the target area. The aforementioned parameters, called
color difference factors, were plotted as a function of predetermined
landmarks within the overall target area, yielding a so-called "color
difference diagram". The color difference diagram of this target area
for the 19 Mar. 1975 flight is shown in Figure A-8. The diagram begins
in the area north of the Hathaway Bridge extending eastward through St.
Andrew Bay and East Bay into the Wetappo Creek Basin, with color analy-
sis points included for the Gulf water and the IPC lagoon (Bay County
WWTP) wastewater. The color profile of "blue-red" and "green-red" is
nearly constant from the Hathaway Bridge to Military Point and then to
the waters in the vicinity of Station 1 near California Bayou in the
East Bay.
There was a marked change in color between the dark gray-brown Bay
water and the blue-green Gulf water as indicated in the aerial imagery
and by the dip of the color difference curve in Figure A-8. The lagoon
wastewater produced a positve peak in the curve as would be expected
because of the full-strength undiluted wastewater. The dark gray-brown
effect in the East Bay waters peaked in the vicinity of Piney Point and
Goose Point, most probably a result of tidal action and induced currents
imposed by the northeasterly wi"ck hpfnre and during the fliqht. A de-
finite color demarcation appeared in the imagery between the west and
east side of Station 1 [text Fig. 13]. To the east, the waters were
-------
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-------
heavily laden with suspended sediment from Wetappo and Sandy Creeks
having a light red-brown color. West of the line, the water was dark
gray-brown as in St. Andrew Bay. This caused the blue density value in
the diagram to increase significantly (red scenes lack blue, thus cau-
sing the blue density to increase while the green region is closer to
the red and was influenced to a much lesser degree). In summary, the
St. Andrew and East Bay waters from Hathaway Bridge to Station 1 had a
characteristic color directly related to the color of the IPC wastewater
in the Bay County WWTP.
To verify the absolute levels of film exposure by the aerial cam-
eras based on the scene reflectance directly below the aircraft, a broad
band yellow or visual diagram was plotted [Fig. A-8], It depicts that
the light level at the water's near-surface region was nearly constant
from the north side of Hathaway Bridge to Station 1. By exception, the
water south of Hathway Bridge was darker gray-brown causing an increase
in film density, while the Gulf water was significantly lighter in color
causing the dip in film density. In the area of heavy suspended sedi-
ment, the light level increased due to scattering of sunlight by the
suspended particles, giving rise to film densities considerably lower
than those from the St. Andrew Bay waters.
A daylight mission was flown on 20 Mar. 1975 over the study area
as before, this time including a small area of West Bay. These data
were also subjected to the aforementioned chromaticity analysis. The
"difference color diagram" for this mission is shown in Figure A-9.
This diagram begins in West Bay extending through the area of the
Hathaway bridge, St. Andrew Bay and East Bay into the Wetappo Creek
basin, with color analysis points included for the Gulf Water and the
IPC lagoon wastewaters. This color profile of "blue-red" and "green-
red" shows some variation in the characteristic dark gray-brown color of
the St. Andrew Bay area. It was nearly constant from West Bay into St.
Andrew Bay.
-------
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The dark gray-brown effect increased over the location of the sub-
merged outfall while decreasing to the previously mentioned levels
around Military Point into East Bay near Ferry Point. From just east of
Ferry Point to the Goose Point-Piney Point area of East Bay the color
levels (dark gray-brown) increase gradually to the sharp or distinct
color boundary that existed between these waters and the waters (west of
Piney Point) heavily laden with suspended sediment. The waters from the
area near Richards Bayou eastward in East Bay into Wetappo Creek were
likewise heavily laden with suspended sediment as indicated by the spa-
tially separated curves. The color of these waters was light red-brown
which caused the blue film density ("minus red" condition as previously
explained) to increase substantially. As an overall picture, the waters
of West Bay, St. Andrew Bay waters from north of the Hathaway Bridge to
East Bay and East Bay eastward to Piney Point-Goose Point displayed a
characteristic color directly related to the color of the undiluted IPC
wastewater present in the Bay County WWTP lagoon. The turbid waters in
East Bay originated from Wetappo and Sandy Creeks.
A yellow film density diagram was plotted for the 20 Mar. flight
[Fig. A-9]. It shows a decrease in film density (increase in target
light level) from West Bay to the location over the submerged discharge.
The density greatly increased (decrease in light level in the lagoon as
compared to St. Andrew Bay to approximately 30% of that of the Bay) in
the IPC lagoon water. Film density decreased significantly in the areas
of Ferry Point and the Dupont Bridge, indicating greater reflectance of
light from the water; it increased proceeding eastward in East Bay to
the color line at which it dropped again. The water near California anci
Richards Bayous were dark gray-brown. From Davis Point eastward into
Wetappo creek the yellow film density decreased to a nearly constant
value. In this area the heavy suspended sediment increased the solar
scattering induced by the suspended particles yielding greater light
levels which were recorded by the airborne cameras.
-------
The chromaticity analysis established that the dark gray-brown
color found in West Bay, St. Andrew Bay and East Bay was directly re-
lated to that recorded in the I PC (Bay County WWTP) lagoon. The in-
fluent waters from the various creeks showed color characteristics
different from this characteristic color. The imagery of several
creeks was analyzed for respective color profiles, the results of which
are plotted in Figure A-10 for 19 Mar. 1975. All included points show
spatially separated curves with the exception of that obtained in East
Bay near Dixon Point in the vicinity of Calloway Bayou. Waters in this
area were dark gray-brown, again directly related to that of the lagoon.
Similar results were achieved for the 20 Mar. 1975 flight.
-------
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-------
DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES FOR BLACK-WHITE
AND COLOR RECONNAISSANCE FILMS
The film was processed in Eastman Kodak Company processors. The
infrared and true-color Ektachrome films were processed in the Ekta-
chrome RT Processor, Model 1811, Type M, Federal Stock Number 6740-109-
2987PK, Part Number 460250. This machine uses Kodak EA-5 chemicals.
The temperature of the respective chemicals in the processor and the
film process rate, in ft/min, are the important parameters. Their
values were specified as follows:
Prehardner 115°F
Neutralizer 115°F
First Developer 115°F
First Stop Bath 115°F
Color Developer 120°F
Second Stop Bath 120°F
Bleach 125°F
Fixer 120°F
Stabilizer 120°F
The film process rate was 9 ft/min. The nine chemical baths,
mentioned above, comprise the EA-5 process used for the color films. The
temperature and pressure of the fresh water supplied to the processor
was 120°F and 45 psi minimum, respectively. The fresh water is used to
wash the film immediately before entering the dryers.
-------
FILM SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY DATA
OPTICAL FILTER TRANSMITTANCE DATA
The spectral curves for each film and optical filter used during
this reconnaissance program are provided on the following pages:
SO-397 with HF3/HF5 filter combination
2443 with 16.
To obtain the optical band width B (x) of each film-filter com-
bination let F(x) be the transmittance function of the respective filter
and S(x) be the spectral sensitivity function for the particular film.
Then:
X2
B(X) = f S(X) F(X) dX.
Xl
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APPENDIX B
BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
-------
BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Bacteriological analyses of total and fecal coliform bacteria were
performed according to standard techniques.11 Using aseptic techniques,
all samples were collected in sterile bottles prepared by the accepted
procedure.
Salmonella sampling involved placement of several sterile gauze
pads at the sampling site for 5 days. The pads were retrieved aseptically,
placed in sterile plastic bags, chilled, and transported to the labora-
tory within 6 hr for analyses. There is no standard procedure for
detection of Salmonella in surface waters. The method employed by NEIC
is the elevated temperature technique of Spino14 with modifications.
Selective enrichment media included dulcitol-selenite broth and tetra-
thionate broth. Incubation temperatures were 35 and 41.5°C (95 and
107°F). On each of four successive days the growth in each of the
enrichment media containing the pads was streaked onto selective plating
media that consisted of brilliant-green and xyloselysine-deoxycholate
agars. After a 24 hr incubation period at 35°C, colonies with character-
istics typical of Salmonella were picked from the plates and subjected
to biochemical and serological identification.
CHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Field analyses were performed twice daily on four parameters:
dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, and salinity. Except for
dissolved oxygen these analyses were performed at the sampling sites.
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Dissolved oxygen samples were fixed at the sampling stations and titrated
by the Winkler method within 2 hr. All analytical procedures were as
defined in Standard Methods.11
Samples for lignin-tannin determination were sent to the chemical
laboratory NEIC-Denver. Analysis was performed spectrophotometrically
as prescribed in Standard Methods.11
Color analysis was performed on duplicate samples both in the field
(using a Bausch and Lomb Mini-Spec 20) and with a Beckman DK-2A spectro-
photometer at the Remote Sensing Laboratory, NEIC.
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