oEPA
        United States
        Environmental Protection
        Agency
           Air and Radiation
           (6202J)
EPA 430-K-92-031
November 1992
Office of Atmospheric
Programs
1992 Accomplishments
and Prospects for 1993
        Volume 1: Global Change Division

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Mission  Statements

  The Office of Atmospheric Programs is located within the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Office of Air and Radiation.

  The Office of Atmospheric Programs' missions are:

  •  To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

  •  To protect stratospheric ozone.

  •  To prevent acid precipitation.

  As an office  we are dedicated to four guiding principles:

  •  Creating partnerships with the private sector.

  •  Finding profitable solutions.

  •  Using economic incentive mechanisms that create markets.

  •  Establishing the U.S. as a leader in global environmental issues.

  The past year has been a fruitful one for our office. In three volumes of Accomplishments for
 1992, Prospects for 1993, we describe our achievements and plans.

  Our goal is to serve the American public. The purpose of these volumes is to assure strong
 communications. Listed on each accomplishment page is a contact person. Please don't hesitate to
 contact us. We believe in continual improvement and solicit your views, help, and perspectives.
                                            Eileen B. Claussen, Director
                                            Office of Atmospheric Programs
   The Global Change Division's mission is to profitably prevent pollution, including greenhouse
gases, using voluntary market enhancing programs.

   We seek partnerships and alliances with corporations, universities, producers, and consumers in
order to increase investment and jobs in profitable pollution prevention through more productive
investments in the supply and demand sides of the energy sector, agriculture, and industry.

   This booklet of accomplishments and prospects is intended to stimulate inquiries, ideas, and
greater cooperation. We hope you find it useful.
                                            John S. Hoffman, Director
                                            Global Change Division
                          EPA Headquarters Library

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 Contents
 The Global Change Division's Accomplishments for 1992 and Prospects for 1993 are as follows:

             Green Lights
             Statement of Challenge	             ...1
    f/*-i"
    '• Lights     Marketing Accomplishments	2
             Implementation Accomplishments	3

             Buildings
             Statement of Challenge	5
             Variable Speed Drives Accomplishments	6
             Chillers and Cooling Systems Accomplishments	7

             Efficient Office Equipment
             Statement of Challenge	9
             Energy Star Computers Accomplishments	10

             CFC-Free, Energy-Efficient Refrigerator/Freezers
     i£      Statement of Challenge	11
   1Q0      The "Golden Carrot™" Super-Efficient Refrigerator Program Accomplishments	12
             "Lorenz Cycle" Accomplishments	13
             "KOPKO" Cycle Accomplishments	14
             Refrigerator Technology Modeling Accomplishments	15
             Linear Motor Based Compressor Accomplishments	16
             Improved Door Seals Accomplishments	17
             Super Insulation Accomplishments	18
             Carbon Black Insulation Accomplishments	19
             Sino-U.S. Accomplishments	20
             India-U.S. Accomplishments	21

             Sensible Utility Investments
             Statement of Challenge	23
             Reform Accomplishments	24
             The Regulatory Assistance Program (RAP) Accomplishments	25
             The Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) Accomplishments	26

             Efficient Space Conditioning Equipment
             Statement of Challenge	27
             Space Conditioning Accomplishments	28
Page iv

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CONTENTS CONT'D.
 f
 •f>
^k
        Refrigerant Technology
        Statement of Challenge	29
        Residential A/C Accomplishments	30
        Ammonia Chiller Accomplishments	31
        Refrigerant Additives Accomplishments	32

        Coalbed Methane
        Statement of Challenge	33
        International Accomplishments	34
        U.S. Accomplishments	35

        Landfill Methane
        Statement of Challenge	37
        U.S. Accomplishments	38

        Animal Waste Methane
        Statement of Challenge	39
        U.S. Livestock Accomplishments	40

        Ruminant Livestock Methane
        Statement of Challenge	41
        International Accomplishments	42
        U.S. Accomplishments	43

        Oil and Natural Gas Systems Methane
        Statement of Challenge	45
        International Accomplishments	46
        U.S. Accomplishments	47

        Global Warming Treaty Negotiations
        Statement of Challenge	49
        Global Warming Accomplishments	50

        Global Change Division Management Team
        and Staff	51

        The Global Change Division is Making News	53
                                                                        Page v —I

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     The Global Change Division

       The Global Change Division seeks to develop voluntary programs that stimulate profitable pre-
     vention of pollution, create jobs, and free up capital for investment in other sectors of the econo-
     my. The programs described in this booklet are part of a cohesive set of seven strategies for pre-
     venting pollution from the energy sector by increasing productivity.  These strategies seek to:
        •  Encourage corporate-wide purchasing.
        •  Identify energy-efficient products.
        •  Promote mass purchases.
        •  Encourage commercialization of resource-efficient technologies.
        •  Promote sensible utility regulation and legal frameworks.
        •  Create environmental best practices.
        •  Expand international markets for resource-efficient U.S. technologies.
        These strategies and the Global Change Division's programs are presented in greater detail in
      The Climate is Right for Action: Voluntary Programs to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions (October
      1992), and EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy for the Energy Sector,  a document that will be
      released in early February 1993.
1— Page vi

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Statement of Challenge
                                                                                    reen
                                                                               Lights
Green
Lights
  Lighting accounts for 20-25 percent of the electricity used in the United States. Inefficient light-
ing systems:
   • Waste electricity.
   • Increase ratepayer electricity bills.
   • Cause air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
  Energy-efficient lighting can:
   • Cut lighting electricity use and the pollution caused by lighting by 50 percent.
   • Free $18.6 billion from ratepayer bills for investment.
   • Allow $60 billion of capital to be invested in new jobs rather than new power plants.
  Only a tiny portion of the potential of efficient lighting has been achieved because of:
   • Lack of organizational motivation.
   • Lack of technical information.
   • Inadequate financing.
  Green Lights is an innovative program developed by the Global Change Division that encour-
ages major U.S. organizations to install energy-efficient lighting. Under this voluntary, non-regula-
tory program, facilities are being upgraded with energy-efficient lighting wherever it is profitable
and maintains or improves lighting quality. Corporations, state governments, and other institu-
tions are organizing themselves to upgrade 90 percent of their facilities.
                                                                                    Pagel  —'

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       reen
   Lights
                                                                             GREEN LIGHTS
     Marketing Accomplishments
   HEADLINES:
     • 668 organizations join Green Lights
        as of November 2, 1992.
     • Participants commit 2.9 billion
        square feet of commercial, manufac-
        turing, retail, and  government facilities
        nationwide, or 3 percent of all com-
        mercial/industrial space.
     • Green Lights receives extensive
        media coverage  through editorials,
       Green Lights is Growing
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jui
'91                      '92
         Manufacturer
         Allies
Lighting
Management
Company Allies
        articles, public service advertisements, endorsements, and television coverage.
     • 1,000 institutions are considering joining Green Lights.
     • Green Lights won the  National Environmental Achievement Award.

   Prospects for 1993:
     • Recruit participants representing an additional 4 billion square feet.
     • Living landmarks join Green Lights and begin informing the public of its benefits.
     • Wider marketing by utilities and state organizations expand the circle  of prospects.
     • Launch residential Green Lights Program.
   Lead Contact:  Susan Bollard 202 233-9065
Page 2

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GREEN LIGHTS
                                                                              	   B
                                                                              ~ Lights
Implementation Accomplishments
                                                          Green Lights
                                                            Decision
                                                          Support System
HEADLINES:
  • Developed state-of-the-art software,
    documents, and hotline services on
    energy-efficient lighting.
  • Trained over 830 people on use of Green
    Lights software and lighting survey and
    upgrade practices.
  • Facility upgrades have already prevented
    133.5 million pounds of CO2 emissions;
    1.2 million pounds of SO2 emissions; and
    482,000 pounds of NOX emissions (as of September 30, 1992).
  • Some participants achieve over 90 percent reductions with innovative approaches.
  • Initiated occupancy sensor program to expand use of this technology.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Square footage in the upgrade pipeline increases as participants shift from surveys to
    action, expanding market for products, creating jobs and investment.
  • New versions of tools such as the Lighting Upgrade Manual, lighting analysis software,
    financial analysis software,  and the Green Lights Financing Data Base issued.
  • Rate of occupancy sensor installation more than doubled.


Lead Contact:  Bob Kwartin 202 233-9313
                                                                                  PageS —\

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Statement of Challenge
Buildings
  Buildings account for approximately 7 percent of all U.S. energy consumption. Few companies,
governments, or other institutions are investing in efficient technologies. Inefficient technologies
are:
  •  Wasting energy.
  •  Costing ratepayers money.
  •  Causing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

  Total wasted resources exceed $15 billion.
  Proven energy-efficient technologies can reduce 30-50 percent of building energy use.
Upgrading existing buildings can:
  •  Save money.
  •  Reduce pollution.
  •  Increase comfort.
  •  Improve indoor air.

  To capture these benefits, the Buildings program will:
  •  Create corporate commitment.
  •  Provide technical support for staged maximization of profitable reductions.
  •  Organize vendor industries to fully support this market expanding opportunity.
                                                                                   Page 5  —'

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                                                                            BUILDINGS
       Variable Speed Drives Accomplishments
                                                  Variable Speed Air Handling Systems
                                                         • Improves efficiency by varying
                                                          the speed of fan motors
                                                         • Cost of conserved energy
                                                          ~1.5-30/kWh
HEADLINES:
  • EPA initiates Phase 1 of Buildings
    program—Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
    Demonstration Study—to verify energy
    savings and implementation for VSDs.
  • Several Green Lights Partners agree to par-
    ticipate in program. EPA plans expansion.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Complete VSD demonstration study.
  • Organize mass purchase of VSDs by Buildings program participants to create economies of
    scale and increase market penetration of this energy-saving technology.
  • Start phase-in of chiller program, pumps, and cooling towers.
  • Sign up many Green Lights participants for staged implementation of Buildings program.
       Lead Contacts: Tracy Narel 202 233-9145
                     Chris O'Brien 202 233-9146
I—  Page6

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BUILDINGS
Chillers and Cooling Systems Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • Analysis concludes that HCFC-123 is a
    safe substitute for CFC-11 in chillers.
  • Studies indicate HCFC-123 is the most
    energy-efficient CFC-free building cool-
    ing system currently available.
  • Surveys show that air conditioning units
    typically used on rooftops to cool small
    office buildings and shopping malls have
    the worst efficiency of all systems on the
    market.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Hold national conference on Efficient Cooling Systems Without CFCs for building owners
    across the country. The conference will help building owners make optimum choices in
    selecting new CFC-free systems, and provide guidance in how to take advantage of
    incorporating new, efficient technology at a profit.
  • A prototype "Golden Carrot™" rooftop air conditioning system will be designed for
    high efficiency.
Lead Contact:  Bill Kopko 202 233-9124
                                                                                Page?  —I

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Statement of Challenge
                                                               A EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
Efficient Office
Equipment
  Office equipment is the fastest-growing electricity load in the commercial sector:
  • Computer systems account for 5 percent of total commercial electricity consumption.
  • Energy consumption by computers may reach 10 percent of building energy by the year
    2000.
  • The vast majority of the nation's 30-35 million personal computers are left turned on while
    not in use.
  • 30-40 percent of personal computers are left running overnight and on weekends.

  To reduce wasted electricity, we must:
  • Develop products which use less energy, especially when not actually producing work.
  • Make consumers aware of energy-efficient products and their benefits.
  • Create a new market for energy-efficient office equipment.
                                                                               Page 9  —!

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EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
                                                             EFFICIENT OFFICE EQUIPMENT
      Energy Star Computers Accomplishments
                                                      Pollution Prevented by 2000:
                                                       • 20 million tons CC>2
                                                       • 140,000 tons SOa
                                                       • 75,000 tons N2O
                                                      Annual Electricity Bill Savings:
                                                        $1.5-2 billion
HEADLINES:
  • EPA creates Energy Star Program.
  • Companies become members by agreeing
    to produce PC's that use about 75 per-
    cent less energy than current prod-
    ucts.
  • 13 leading manufacturers sign up, repre-
    senting 40 percent of U.S. personal com-
    puter sales.
  • "World's leading supplier of computer
    microprocessors—Intel Corporation—announces support of Energy Star Program. Intel to
    incorporate energy-saving technologies into all future microprocessors.
  • EPA works with General Services Administration and Department of Energy to develop feder-
    al procurement guidelines to promote energy-saving computers and office equipment.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Partners introduce energy-efficient products by early 1093—at no extra cost to consumers.
  • Bring printer manufacturers into the EPA Energy Star Program.
  • Recruit all major computer manufacturers as EPA Energy Star Partners by June 1993.
  • Expand Energy Star Program to other non-office products.
      Lead Contacts:  Brian Johnson 202 233-9114 (computers)
                      Diane Niedzialkowski 202 233-9167 (other technologies)
  Page 10

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Statement of Challenge
CFC-Free, Energy-Efficient
Refrigerator/Freezers
  Household refrigerators:
  • Consume 15-20 percent of all electricity used in U.S. households.
  • Use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—ozone-depleting substances—that will be phased out of
    production by 1995.

  The 1995 phaseout of CFCs presents a unique opportunity:
  • For improving refrigerators design to be more efficient.

  To increase efficiency, we must:
  • Develop full information as to the impacts of the existing, emerging, and long-term options
    available for manufacturing refrigerators.
  • Give the manufacturers freedom to develop the most cost-effective set of technologies.
  • Overcome the unwillingness of customers to pay higher first costs even when economically
    warranted.
  • Reduce the financial risks of introducing super-efficient technologies.
                                                                       Page 11 —I

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                                     CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
      The "Golden Carrot™" Super-Efficient
      Refrigerator Program (SERF) Accomplishments
      HEADLINES:
        • 25 utilities pool $30 million in program
          to accelerate commercialization of
          super-efficient, non-CFC refrigerators.
        • Manufacturer that can build best refrigera-
          tor the quickest, and at the lowest cost,
          will receive prize.
        • Participating utilities pay prize to manu-
          facturer as refrigerators are shipped to
          stores in their service territories, keeping
          prices as low as less efficient refrigerators.
        • All but one major U.S. manufacturer enters SERF competition.
SERF
SUPER EFFICIENT
REFRIGERATOR
PROGRAMING.
Over a refrigerator's
lifetime, 300-400 kWh
saved per year
leads to:
 - Electricity bill
  reductions $500
 - CO2 reductions
  over 9000 Ibs
      Prospects for 1993:
        • Two finalists build prototypes to support their bids.
        • SERF determines the competition winner and awards the contract.
        • EPA begins work on trade-in programs that take old energy guzzlers off the grid and replace
          them with "Golden Carrot™" refrigerators.
      Lead Contact:  Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127
I— Page 12

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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
"Lorenz Cycle" Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • CFC-free "Lorenz Cycle" refrigerators
    reduce energy consumption by 8-16
    percent EPA funded research at
    University of Maryland successfully
    demonstrates new technology.
  • New technology optimizes temperatures in
    each section and reduces energy con-
    sumption by cooling freezer and fresh
    food compartments separately.
Evaporator A     Evaporator B
Prospects for 1993:
  • Optimize the refrigerant blend for maximum energy efficiency and no ozone depletion
    potential.
  • Identify and resolve barriers to commercialization.
Lead Contact: Bob Rose 202 233-9106
                                                                             Page 13 —'

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                                     CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
      "KOPKO" Cycle Accomplishments
      HEADLINES:
        • EPA develops "KOPKO" cycle—achieves
          20 percent energy savings over cur-
          rent CFC-12 cycle.
        • "KOPKO" cycle reconfigures current
          vapor compression cycle.

      Prospects for 1993:
        • Demonstrate savings with CFC-free
          refrigerant.
        • Evaluate cost, reliability, and commercial feasibility.
Benefits of "Kopko" Cycle:

•  Significant energy savings
•  Single component refrigerants
•  Simple controls
      Lead Contact:  Bill Kopko 202 233-9124
I— Page 14

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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Refrigerator Technology Modeling
Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • EPA releases software model—"EPA
    Refrigerator Analysis" (ERA version 1.0)—
    to predict energy consumption of
    household refrigerator/freezers by sim-
    ulating alternative technological
    configurations.
  • EPA report evaluates technology options
    for producing super-efficient
    refrigerator/freezers.
  • Computer software modified for Chinese refrigerator designs—supports Chinese efforts to
    evaluate CFC-free, energy-efficient technologies.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Distribute software worldwide.
  • DOE and appliance industry likely to use "EPA Refrigerator Analysis" as the basis for 1998
    Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards revision.
  • Final software version available for Chinese refrigerator designs. Modify version to simulate
    Indian refrigerator designs and conditions.
Lead Contact:  Alan Fine 202 233-9094
                                                                               Page 15 —'

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                                        CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
       Linear Motor Based Compressor
       Accomplishments
                                                   Comparison of Compressor Performance
                                                       at Standard Rating Conditions
                                                   2.5-1
                                                   2.0-
                                                   1.5-
                                                   1.0-
                                                   0.5-
                                                         I I 1 i I I I I I I 1 | I I I I  I I I I | I I I I
                                                         50   100   150   200  250   300
                                                                Capacity (W)
HEADLINES:
  • EPA funds research at Sunpower
    Corporation. Research produces oil-free
    super-efficient compressor.
  • Prototype testing confirms that new com-
    pressor is 20 percent more efficient
    than most efficient compressor in the
    world. The increased capacity control
    inherent in the compressor design should
    provide an overall energy reduction of
    30 percent.
  • Efficient linear design can be used with new non-CFC refrigerants.
  • Present value of new compressor exceeds $14 billion if commercialized in the
    United States.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Validate savings in a working refrigerator/freezer.
  • Prove cost-effectiveness and manufacturability.
                                                                                  I—8.5
                                                                                   -6.8
                                                                                   -5.1 ;
                                                                                  t-3.4 X.
                                                                                     LLJ
                                                                                     Ul
                                                                                  1-1.7
                                                —O— Linear Compressor
                                                --o-- Current Compressors
    Projected Potential of Crank
	Projected Potential of Linear
       Lead Contact:  Bill Kopko 202 233-9124
I— Page 16

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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Improved Door Seals Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • EPA concept for door seal modifications
    increases energy efficiency by up to 8
    percent. Demonstrations verify results.
  • Cost analysis shows door seal modifica-
    tions provide savings at cost of only
    $0.02/kWh conserved.

Prospects for 1993:
Door Seals
    Technology likely to be used in Super-Efficient Refrigerator Program model or 1993 refrigera-
    tor models.
Lead Contact:  Alan Fine 202 233-9094
                                                                           Page 17 -

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                                     CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
   Super Insulation Accomplishments
   HEADLINES:
     • EPA analysis shows vacuum panel insu-
       lation saves money and energy in large-
       volume refrigerator/freezers.
     • Prototype testing shows advanced insula-
       tion can increase efficiency by over 10
       percent.
     • Thicker foam insulation cost-effectively
       reduces energy use. Studies indicate con-
       sumer acceptance.
Evacuated
   Super
Insulation
   Panels
   Prospects for 1993:
     • Publish analysis indicating competitiveness of thicker insulation and super insulation across a
        range of performance conditions for refrigerators of different sizes.
     • Focus on marketing thicker walled units. Emphasize labeling with environmental benefits.
     • Commercialize vacuum insulation panels.
   Lead Contact:  Alan Fine 202 233-9094
Page 18

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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Carbon Black Insulation Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • Major foam supplier to adapt carbon black
    foam to appliance formulations. New tech-
    nology blocks heat and increases energy
    efficiency.
  • Tests show carbon black can increase
    foam efficiency by at least 8 percent in
    commercially available insulation products.
  Advanced
Carbon Black
  Insulation
Prospects for 1993:
  • Demonstrate energy savings in appliances.
  • Test material compatibility with refrigerator liners.
Lead Contact:  Alan Fine 202 233-9094
                                                                           Page 19 -

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                                      CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
    Sino-U.S. Accomplishments
    HEADLINES:
      • Joint EPA/Chinese research evaluates CFC
        substitutes and increases energy efficiency
        of household refrigerator/freezers.
        Research aids in securing Chinese par-
        ticipation in Montreal Protocol.
      • Developed full testing program of all CFC
        alternatives. Results demonstrate that
        refrigerant blends can produce 20 per-
        cent improvements in energy with the
        "Lorenz Cycle," and 7 percent without the cycle. Tests confirm thicker insulation is viable
        option for Chinese refrigerator designs.
      • Chinese support development of super-efficient refrigerators.

    Prospects for 1993:
      • Convert refrigerator factory line in China to CFC alternatives.
      • Conduct prototype demonstration of super-efficient refrigerator designs.
      • Increase U.S. exports of CFC-free, energy-efficient technology.
   Lead Contact:  Jean Lupinacci 202 233-9137
Page 20

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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
India-U.S. Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • CFC-free, energy-efficient refrigerator
    project in India gains U.S. Department of
    State and Indian government approval.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Demonstrate CFC alternatives for Indian
    refrigerator designs and conditions.
  • Modify "ERA" software model to simulate
    Indian refrigerators.
  • Demonstrate energy-efficient technologies in India.
Lead Contact: Jean Lupinacci 202 233-9137
                                                                             Page 21

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Statement of Challenge
Sensible Utility
Investments
  Utilities are being urged to meet growing energy service demands:

  • At the least cost.

  • Through the Integrated Resource Planning process.


  Traditional regulation:

  • Penalizes utilities that reduce demand through parallel losses in revenue.

  • Provides few incentives for reducing customer bills.

  • Provides few incentives for changing business culture.


  To create incentives for the acquisition of least cost resources, we must:

  • Decouple profits from sales.


  Or at minimum:

  • Provide lost revenue recovery.

  • Create incentives such as shared savings.

  • Improve utility capability to market, provide technical services, or aggregate demand.
                                                                            Page 23 —'

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                                            SENSIBLE UTILITY REGULATION AND INVESTMENTS
       Reform Accomplishments
       HEADLINES:
         • EPA holds briefings and workshops,
           and testifies on utility reform for regu-
           latory commissioners in Washington DC,
           Georgia, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
           Virginia, Maryland, Florida,  the National
           Association of Regulatory Utility
           Commissioners (NARUC), and the National
           Association of State Energy  Officials
           (NASEO).
         • EPA offers seminars and workshops with consumer advocates to increase support for rate
           reform in several states and before the National Association of State Utility Consumer
           Advocates (NASUCA).

       Prospects for 1993:
         • Pursue aggressive outreach to commissions and consumer advocates in support of rate
           reform and favorable treatment of specific strategic DSM programs.
         • Support tariffs that provide  for strong customer bill reduction programs. Link tariffs to
           specific programs such as "Green Lights Super Ally Program."

       Responsibilities for this program are shared by the Global Change Division and the Acid
       Rain Division.

       Lead Contacts:   Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127—Global Change Division
                        Rick Morgan 202 233-9143—Acid Rain Division
1— Page 24

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SENSIBLE UTILITY REGULATION AND INVESTMENTS
The Regulatory Assistance
Program (RAP) Accomplishments
                                                       RAP
HEADLINES:
  • EPA and Pew Charitable Trust fund
    RAP for $400,000.
  • RAP holds intensive integrated resource
    management -workshops for public utili-
    ty commission staffs in Ohio, Texas,
    Florida, and Michigan.
  • RAP trains staff in key demand-side man-
    agement areas: program analysis and eval-
    uation, rate designs, IRP profitability and
    incentives, Clean Air Act Compliance, and consideration of environmental externality costs.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Offer integrated resource management workshops in more states.
  • Hold workshop for Federal agencies.
Responsibilities for this program are shared by the Global Change Division and the Acid
Rain Division.

Lead Contacts:  Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127—Global Change Division
               Rick Morgan 202 233-9143—Acid Rain Division
                                                                           Page 25 —'

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                                        SENSIBLE UTILITY REGULATION AND INVESTMENTS
      The Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)
      Accomplishments
      HEADLINES:
        • CEE incorporated as national,
          public/private collaborative organiza-
          tion consisting of utilities, public agencies,
          and environmental groups.
        • EPA provides start-up funding to CEE.
        • CEE establishes mission to promote
          market penetration of technologies to
          cost-effectively conserve energy and
          prevent pollution.
        • CEE plans to expand "Golden Carrot™" and similar strategic programs to other technology
          areas.

      Prospects for 1993:
        • Initiate several new "Golden Carrot™"-type programs, potentially including: commercial
          rooftop chillers; horizontal-axis, high-speed spin washers; and advanced heat pumps.
      Lead Contact:  Cathy Zoi 202 233-9178
I— Page 26

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Statement of Challenge
Efficient Space
Conditioning Equipment
  Heating and cooling homes:
  • Accounts for 9 percent of U.S. energy consumption.
  • Emits over 400 million metric tons of CO2.
  • Contributes to global warming.
  Advanced electric and gas heat pumps and furnaces:
  • Heat and cool homes efficiently.
  • Save consumers money.
  • Reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
  Nevertheless, advanced space conditioning technologies face significant market barriers:
  • Higher installation costs.
  • Consumers' unwillingness to pay more up front for long-term savings.
  • Manufacturers' and dealers' lack of inventory or promotion of advanced technologies.
  • Consumers' lack of awareness of efficient alternatives.
  In order to move advanced space conditioning technologies out of niche markets and into the
mass market we must:
  • Increase consumer awareness.
  • Broaden dealer and installer networks.
  • Increase utility investments that reduce first costs through rebates.
                                                                          Page 27 —'

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                                               EFFICIENT SPACE CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
       Space Conditioning Accomplishments
                                                       Ground Source Heat Pumps:
                                                     (    - Save $
                                                          - Prevent Pollution
HEADLINES:
  • EPA draft report compares costs and envi-
    ronmental impacts of residential space
    conditioning systems.
  • EPA draft study demonstrates cost-
    effectiveness of advanced space condi-
    tioning technologies. Encourages utility
    promotion.
  • EPA co-sponsors national Geothermal
    Heating and Cooling Teleconference '92.
    Research presented to utilities, regulators, and energy policy makers.
  • EPA begins analysis of possible utility programs for capturing resource.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Launch major national initiative to promote advanced heat pumps with a group of utilities.
  • Co-sponsor additional national teleconferences aimed at architects and installers.
       Lead Contact: Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127
I— Page 28

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Statement of Challenge
Refrigerant
Technology
  Replacing CFCs in refrigeration technologies will have implications for:

  • The energy efficiency of these technologies.

  • The direct effects of refrigerant emissions and their greenhouse and ozone
    depletion contributions.

  • The usefulness of existing equipment.

  A variety of problems impede the rapid and efficient replacement of CFCs. For example:

  • No replacements for HCFC-22 are available.

  • Oils for new refrigerants are not always compatible with new equipment.

  • Some replacements raise safety or toxicity concerns.

  Replacement requires combined analysis and decision making for:

  • Many industries.

  • Safety organizations.
 The Global Change Division's efforts to identify energy-efficient CFCsubstitutes are coordinated
 with the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division's programs to phase out ozone-depleting chemi-
 cals and identify safe alternatives.
                                                                               Page 29 —>

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                                                               REFRIGERANT TECHNOLOGY
       Residential A/C Accomplishments
       HEADLINES:
         • EPA report confirms efficiency gains
           from HCFC-22 replacements.
         • Results indicate some refrigerant blends
           can be used to retrofit existing systems.
         • Testing of CFC and HCFC alternatives
           accelerated by EPA efforts to supply refrig-
           erants and data to industry.
       Prospects for 1993:
         • Evaluate issues of compatibility, serviceability, and optimized performance.
         • Conclude flammability risk assessment for refrigerant blends that are flammable or contain a
           flammable component.
         • Optimize HCFC-22 alternatives in an EPA co-sponsored air conditioning laboratory at the
           University of Maryland.
       Lead Contacts: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124—Global Change Division
                      Reva Rubenstein 202 233-9155—Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division
I— Page 30

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REFRIGERANT TECHNOLOGY
Ammonia Chiller Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • Ammonia may replace CFC refriger-
    ants and provide energy savings.
  • EPA concludes agreement with U.S. Air
    Force to evaluate ammonia as refrigerant
    in building A/C applications.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Complete site location, specifications, and
NH-
     engineering design for Air Force project to evaluate ammonia system.
     Achieve preliminary results from building and safety code evaluation.
Lead Contacts: Jean Lupinacci 202 233-9137—Global Change Division
               Reva Rubenstein 202 233-9155—Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division
                                                                            Page 31

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                                                              REFRIGERANT TECHNOLOGY
       Refrigerant Additives Accomplishments
       HEADLINES:
         • EPA identifies lubrication problems with
           chlorine-free HFCs in new and existing
           A/C equipment.
         • Chemicals identified for use as additives in
           existing mineral oil. Resolved lubrication
           issue for HFC refrigerants. (Initial appli-
           cation is for automobile A/C retrofits, but
           may prove applicable to household refrig-
           erators and any refrigeration or A/C sys-
           tem using HFCs.)
Refrigerant Additives
       Prospects for 1993:
         • Complete testing for automobile air conditioning retrofit systems.
         • Complete preliminary testing in other applications.
       Lead Contacts: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124—Global Change Division
                      Reva Rubenstein 202 233-9155—Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division
I— Page 32

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Statement of Challenge
Coalbed
Methane
  Coalbed methane is emitted to the atmosphere during mining. These emissions:

  • Waste usable energy.

  • Create worker safety hazards.

  • Cause global warming.


  Recovering the methane from coal mines provides:

  • A low-cost, clean energy supply.

  • Increased mine productivity.

  • Increased worker safety.

  • Opportunities for increased U.S. exports internationally.


  To increase methane recovery we are working to remove barriers such as:

  • Conflicting incentives.

  • Lack of technology.

  • Need for training.

  • Lack of information concerning the extent and value of the wasted resource.
                                                                             Page 33

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                                                                     COALBED METHANE
       International Accomplishments
       HEADLINES:
         • China: EPA develops $10 million pro-
           ject to demonstrate key methane recovery
           technologies at Chinese coal mines.
         • Poland: EPA launches program to
           recover methane from Polish mines.
           Project opportunities publicized through
           clearinghouse.
         • Czechoslovakia, Russia, Ukraine: Coalbed
           methane resources assessed.
       Prospects for 1993:
         • Demonstrate technologies, transfer information, and create U.S. business opportunities in
           China, Czechoslovakia, Russia, and Ukraine.
         • Workshop on Coalbed Methane Investment Opportunities in China, Russia, and Ukraine
           to be held in Alabama, May 1993-
         • Expand U.S. exports of methane recovery technologies and encourage international
           joint ventures.
       Lead Contact: Dina Kruger 202 233-9039
I— Page 34

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COALBED METHANE
U.S. Accomplishments
                                                     Creating Jobs
HEADLINES:
  • EPA study concludes Appalachian
    methane recovery could:
    • Create jobs.
    • Generate revenue.
    • Profitably reduce emissions.

Prospects for 1993:
  • Remove legal and regulatory barriers to
    coalbed methane development in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
  • Implement recovery projects at three to five gassy mines in Appalachia.
  • Establish national program to encourage methane recovery from coal mines.
Lead Contact: Dina Kruger 202 233-9039
                                                                             Page 35

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Statement of Challenge
Landfill
Methane
  Methane is emitted to the atmosphere when garbage in landfills decomposes. These

emissions:

  • Waste usable energy.

  • Create hazards for the local community.

  • Contribute to global warming.

  Over 100 landfills in the U.S. collect methane and use it to produce electricity and fuel local

industry. Recovery of methane from landfills provides:

  • A low-cost, clean energy supply.

  • Increased landfill and community safety.

  • Control of non-methane pollutants, including toxic and smog-forming compounds.

  In order to increase landfill methane recovery we must remove barriers such as:

  • Limited technological understanding.

  • Limited economic incentives.

  • Lack of information regarding the extent and value of the potential methane resource.
                                                                              Page 37 —'

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      Landfill
       U.S. Accomplishments
                                                                       LANDFILL METHANE
       HEADLINES:
         • Landfills are largest anthropogenic
           source of U.S. methane emissions—
           EPA study confirms.
         • Identified viable approaches to reducing
           and using landfill methane.
         • Proposed rule encourages energy
           recovery systems—participated in devel-
           opment of proposal to reduce emissions
           of methane and other gasses from U.S.
           landfills.
            Case Study:
        PG County Landfill
           Size:     380 Acres
Energy Generated:     2.4 MW
        Payback:     4.3 Years
            IRR:     15%
       Prospects for 1993:
         • Rule goes final.
         • Increase awareness of methane emissions from landfills and options for recovery.
         • Work with industry and other agencies to encourage landfill methane recovery.
         • Expand program to demonstrate benefits of landfill methane recovery internationally.
       Lead Contacts:  Kathleen Hogan 202 233-9312
                       Cindy Jacobs 202 233-9042
I— Page 38

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Statement of Challenge
                                                         AGRICULTURE
Animal Waste
Methane
  Methane is emitted to the atmosphere when manures ferment. These emissions:

  • Waste a usable energy supply.

  • Produce odors.

  • Cause global warming.


  Recovering the methane from manure fermentation:

  • Provides low-cost energy supply.

  • Provides profitable regulatory alternative for producers.

  • Destroys pathogens.

  • Eliminates odors.

  The challenge is to eliminate misconceptions, and to demonstrate the benefits of methane

recovery.
                                                                        Page 39

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AGRICULTURE
                                                                ANIMAL WASTE METHANE
        U.S. Livestock Accomplishments

        HEADLINES:
          • EPA study confirms methane can be
            recovered from swine and dairy
            manure at a profit.
          • Developed dairy methane recovery project
            in north central Texas, the fourth-largest
            U.S. dairy producing region.
          • Initiated joint EPA/USDA methane recov-
            ery program.

        Prospects for 1993:
          • Host national conference with USDA to present benefits of manure management and
            successful methane recovery projects.
          • Obtain commitments from livestock facilities to install methane recovery systems.
          • Expand demonstration projects to include other major swine and dairy areas including
            California, North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, and Arkansas.
Methane Capture
        Lead Contact: Kurt F. Roos 202 233-9041
 I— Page 40

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Statement of Challenge
Ruminant
Livestock Methane
  Methane emissions from ruminant livestock systems represent wasted dietary energy and con-

tribute to global warming.

  Reducing methane emissions through nutritional management:

  • Increases meat and milk production.

  • Increases farmer income.

  • Increases crop production by increased draft power.

  • Improves animal health.

  • Is a more efficient use of scarce feed resources.

  Obstacles to achieving methane reduction goals include:

  • Little experience with new technologies.

  • Weak institutional extension service capacities.

  * Lack of awareness of benefits of methane reduction strategies.
                                                                          Page 41  —:

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                                                         RUMINANT LIVESTOCK METHANE
      International Accomplishments
      HEADLINES:
         • India: Dietary supplementation offers
           nutritional improvement of Indian
           dairy animals. Cooperative project with
           India's National Physical Laboratory to
           measure methane emissions from Indian
           cattle under field conditions.
         • China: Identified methane reduc-
           tion/productivity enhancement strate-
           gies for China's ruminant livestock.
       Prospects for 1993:
         • Demonstrate technologies, train extension workers, and initiate a dairy development exten-
           sion project in Gujarat State of western India.
         • Conduct projects in India and China to measure emissions from cattle and buffalo, and
           develop appropriate strategies to enhance productivity and reduce methane emissions.
         • Design a dairy development pilot project in Bangladesh.
      Lead Contact:  Mark Orlic 202 233-9043
— Page 42

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RUMINANT LIVESTOCK METHANE
U.S. Accomplishments

HEADLINES:
  • Studied options to enhance efficiency
    and reduce methane emissions from
    U.S. beef and dairy industries.
  • Developed new technology for measur-
    ing methane emissions from ruminant
    livestock.

Prospects for 1993:
Better Nutrition = Less CH,
    Encourage beef industry to adopt technologies and practices to reduce methane emissions.
    Encourage dairy industry to adopt technologies and practices to reduce methane emissions.
 Lead Contact: Mark Orlic 202 233-9043
                                                                            Page 43 —l

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Statement of Challenge
Oil and Natural Gas
Systems Methane
  Methane is released to the atmosphere from oil and natural gas systems due to system ineffi-

ciencies and pipeline leakage. These methane emissions:

  • Contribute to global warming.

  • Waste valuable gas energy.


  Capturing these emissions will:

  • Improve system efficiency.

  • Reduce operating costs.

  • Increase public and worker safety.

  • Conserve energy supply.

  • Create opportunities for technological development and U.S. exports.

  • Prevent greenhouse gas emissions.


  In order to encourage the development and deployment technologies to reduce system losses

we must overcome:

  • Regulatory disincentives.

  • A lack of appreciation for the source and magnitude of system losses.

  • Capital cost pressures.

  • A need for training and technology transfer.
                                                                          Page 45

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                                           OIL AND NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS METHANE
   International Accomplishments
   HEADLINES:
     • Russia:  EPA works with Russian Gas
       Industry to reduce methane releases
       from Russian gas system.
     • Russia:  15 technology demonstration
       projects identified as future Working
       Group initiatives.
     • Project to demonstrate state-of-the-art gas
       production technology in Western Siberia.
U.S./GAZPROM
    Prospects for 1993:
     Russia:
     • Execute projects to demonstrate emission reduction technologies and economic benefits
       from improved system efficiency.
     • Create programs to replicate successful demonstration projects.
     • Facilitate start-up of joint venture operations, technology transfer, and export opportunities
       for U.S. technologies.
     • Complete co-development of a mobile monitoring device for emissions testing. Continue
       point source emissions surveys.
   Lead Contacts: 'Kathleen Hogan 202 233-9312
                  Bruce Craig 202 233-9044
Page 46

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OIL AND NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS METHANE
U.S. Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
  • Study identifies profitable emissions
    reductions strategies.
  • Developed "EPA Natural Gas STAR"
    program to promote technologies which
    economically reduce methane emissions.
  • American Gas Association (AGA) Board of
    Directors formally endorses "EPA Natural
    Gas STAR" program.
A EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
Prospects for 1993:
  • Work with public utility commissions to reform rate structures to include incentives for effi-
     ciency gains, cost reductions, and methane emissions reductions.
  • Sign up 40 percent of oil and gas system companies in the "EPA Natural Gas STAR" program
     by year end 1993, and 60 percent by 1995.
  • Incorporate developing technologies in the "EPA Natural Gas STAR" program deployment
     efforts.
    I Increase U.S. industry participation in international efforts to reduce system
                     emissions.
Lead Contacts: Kathleen Hogan 202 233-9312
                Bruce Craig 202 233-9044
                                                                                 Page 47  —'

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Statement of Challenge
Global Warming Treaty Negotiations

  In order to assess options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through analysis and rational
decision making, we must consider:
  • The technical potential of emissions reducing technologies.
  • The projected market penetrations of these technologies.
  • The appropriate balance of these two components.
  Coming to agreement requires:
  • Developing evidence.
  • Working out differences.
  In order to reach a consensus, we:
  • Developed analysis.
  • Engaged in a communication process to reach agreement.
                                                                      Page 49 —'

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                                                       GLOBAL WARMING TREATY NEGOTIATIONS
       Global Warming Accomplishments
                       Projected Carbon Emissions Reductions From U.S. Programs
           1800
           1790
           1750 -
         w 1700
         o
           1650 -
           1600 -


           1568
           1550
             0 J
                  2000 greenhouse gas emissions
'-DsiuQnenLights    	
 DSM/Green Computers
    DSM/Green Industrial Motors
        DSM/Green Buildings
mr^fnm
1
            ^  •
           nee   \      T
           res'   I
       New Appliance
       Technologies^
       Other Technologies?
           Better Refrigerants
                 Tire Inflation, I&M
                      Landfills - CH4
                    Livestock Waste - CH4
                           !TTT
gas emissions
                                                          NES Actions
                                                 NES IRP & Rebound
                                           1991 Transportation Act
                                         Appliance Standards
                                       Forestry Programs
                           Livestock Dietary - CH4
                                  Green Nylon -
                                                               Total
                                                          Reductions =
                                                        152-200MMTC
                                  Programs Proposed by
                            Global Change Division and Air Office
                                               Other      U.S.
                                                EPA    Government
                                              Programs   Programs
              1 Golden Carrot R/Fs, Low Flow Shower Heads, Clothes Washers, Clothes Dryers, S-T Water Heaters, Advanced Heat Pumps
              2 Cooking-Res., Cooking-Comm., Misc. ResJComm., Res. CAC, Res. Room AC, Industrial Electrolytlcs,
               Amorphous Core Transformers, Res. Space Heating
        HEADLINES:

          • U.S. State Department issues U.S. Views on Global Climate Change. Report includes green-

            house gas emissions reductions proposed and supported by Green Programs of 123-

            166 million metric tons of carbon equivalent.

          • Green Programs, coupled with other Federal and state activities, produce a strong basis for

            the U.S. action plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


        Prospects for 1993:

          • Add new programs to increase emissions reductions and to support those programs included

            in U.S. Views on Global Climate Change as resources made available.
I—  Page 50

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      Global
          ;e Division Management
       Team and Staff
                              Global Change Division

                              John S. Hoffman, Director
                                  Jeanne Briskin
                            Melanie Shaw, Special Assistant
                            Lynda Garland, Staff Assistant
                                           Management Operations
                                              and Support Staff

                                           Gloria DeBolt, Acting Chief
                                                Brenda Smith
                                                Susan Donnelly
Energy Productivity
   and Pollution
Prevention Branch

  Cathy Zoi, Chief

  Michael L'Ecuyer
   Linda Latham
Diane Niedzialkowski
   Brian Johnson
    Tracy Narel
Christopher O'Brien
    Jeff Webb
    Green Lights
      Branch

  Bob Kwartin, Chief

    Susan Bullard
    Karen Butler
Michele Guarneiri-Hicks
    Jennie King
    Jackie Krieger
    Jerry Lawson
    Chuck Payne
    Brian Symmes
    Bill Von Neida
Methane Reduction
     Branch

Kathleen Hogan, Chief

    Dina Kruger
    Bruce Craig
    Cindy Jacobs
    Mark Orlic
     Kurt Roos
   Technology and
  Substitutes Branch

 Jean Lupinacci, Chief

     Dru Crawley
   Alan Fine (IPA)
Sekhar Kondepudi (IAG)
     Bill Kopko
     Bob Rose
                                                                           Page 51

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The Global Change Division is Making News
   THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. I

                  FORTUNE
  (Chicago (Tribune
                     |tork S
  Eos Ancjclce
                   Jrancisco <£l)ronicie
                   TMt VOICt Of THt WiST
   BusinessWeek
                NBC
                                Page 53

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                                    THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
Green Lights
                               nes
             Wednesday. January !''

      COMPANY NEWS
Light Bulb
      E.P.A. Urging Electricity Efficiency

                ettor M***, •*»"»•*'«»     I
                 £00 Angeles
                       State Switches On
                       to High-Efficienc
                       Lighting Progr
                            -ThtOJ
                       teflon ngmey and y»» MU of

                       pdlutkc. fvcvcnuoc p*ct
                       Lhsn I2SO ir^lhon lhnjut?i slse***
                                                         imEABLOW
                                                           FORM
                                                       E^MRONMENT.
 - Page 54

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THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
Energy Star Computers
    Jfe\u Jjork Shncs
  Desktop C^to^ps
May Become a Trend
             Wpo. ,	
             w m wiiu «	
             they in t& OM or ml, Ae md.
             •ad 39 to 40 p   - -
                                                          ttat never t)uj9 on the Job, But pmnn- pmaa yum more raw men
                                                          ^SSSSSfJl%^ jg—*.—•-.*.
                                                          ft^ss.ss^te ^laggng
                                                                    no one
             each tiro* tcwnpowruw-lithed
             on, * Mw might mit Mrenl fto-
             ger-dnimmtnt iMmttet fw.tbe
             machine w rak»d lu wftmi*
             «nd connect to « mtwwt.
              Imriuys that the ttoepdrcu.*-
             ry win come firs* oo Ow W chto,
             whtebi.tdttec.irtviwxiyear.iDd
             wJB OMB be kMUed to new vtrcfen*
     Intel Takes Step

     To Gel Computers

     To Saw Energy
                            BUSINESS
               EPA Unveils 'Star' Program for Low-Energy PCs
                                                                     nod- the«MH|>no.lrii
                                                                       to cceue • "dwprti" cenptiur
                                                                     tilt lh«l (Ira w. only 34wtIU,wift*e
             •«P.
           of were voritttti oo
         Tlte re- wDutt use leu ehctriclty even
        ocnUbe while» oper.Uon.Comi«teiu«!
                  •e fast oat cMer
                 . eeraotlieiHlleaie
        on, desk.
       E
          Sav«sMoney
          and the Planet
                           *•«** (EH — Emirtraeetal Protection Agency) **
                              EPA Energy Star frogrm
                                                                INFO
                                                             ORLD
                                                                                        Page 55 —I

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                                                                       THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
  The  "Golden  Carrot™"  Super  Efficient
  Refrigerator Program
                                                                      eimes?
                       Utilities Offer $30 Million for a Better Refrigerator
                        In offering ti» prize, "we're buying
                       the pnxfeictton *nA dehv«o- of super-
                       efffctott retrfaterators into (he servtoc
         murmgtogmcroued efficiency In elec-
         tridtywe,asa dieapArlvay to faalanee
         supply with demand. The alternative ii
         UdKUng new pra«r plans and adding
         topolhiUon.
                        Electric utilities are turning up o»
                       heal In search of a better refrigerator
                       by offering a 530 million reward to lire
                       tint company to butM it.
                        A group oC utilities that serve one-
                       fifth of the houMhoKfe in the United
 Ite prize, which the utftlties are
caittng a "goldeii carrot," represents &
                                OpBO€J1lata»P«C.tlc
                                Company and the
                                cer 2>K>- *
             raa^d5Sy!=*i*«Ii»«--'"~''~-!r"- -
   Co0 Angeles  (Times
       ACoolSSOMUlion
                                          14 Entries Vie for the Prize in Super Refrigerator Contt
                                        an?
                                         MKHAH.PARR1SH
                                                 r«$im«n. infer [ifttiiMeialljr in      h^»toplHMMiMCliliM«I«nU>mtuwttin
                                                 «1^«d(.y,wil)a««U»lJm«il«Ma«  «r^»:Mmw0-JH0r:ih«0.T>.p*rh4ptli»iriyS
                                                 —.—ti»«,»iJJtwriKtu«nE™Saive3it*«   ••«>->	.		~ TTT   T.
           Icebox energy oil the cheap?
               W&nted: The worfcTs snosi efScwnt r
               frigerator, one tfeai's also free of
           • That ofTJer has just gone out to manufao-
               utilities, amocg them
               &pal Utiia? District, Toother they
           supply dtettridty W one-SftJi of U.S. Jioase-
           feidK. Since the Arab oil embargo of the
           19708, utilities haw learned that teppteg in-
           Wc&t&exvx&m i«, iit effist, cheaper than de-
           wJopk* ^«^ysoiatws like coal, bydra.oU
           or' nfliur*! pa. Thus tlicySre offered subsi-
           dies to customers who wart to better iusi-
           5ate &e^ hotftBS» reebsw tiwir we of air-con.-
               utilities, like SMUP, even pay for
           shade trwa.
            The twist in this new offi» is thai th« g«b-
           saty goes to the mgriafacturer, sot the con-
           sumer. That mate* sense, too. fteftigeratore
           are MM* of the rae^t voracwus omsumcrs «f
kilowatts in the home, UnJifee the micro-
wave, washer, dryer or air-ccsKJilioner, the
refrigerator runa constantly. For each cus-
tomer who bays the yot-to-be-inyented en*p-
p'-sticgy ftidge. a utility can savfl up to 2V&
barr«i» of oil a par or X^QQ pounds of mai
or 13,000 mibic feet of natural gas.
  this qu«st for s superafftdent refrigerator
is one of the positive outgrowths of a coali-
tion fonnad two years ago between Califor-
nia ut£M«* and envirgmaentaliats, Scsoa-
tu^s from the Natural JBasourcoa Defer^e
Ctrancil originally «ugg«stfld the contest.
Tto utflities KJitwrac«3  it. If it produces the-
desired result, everyone b«n«Sts: Consujn-
«rs pay Jess in energy costs, utility share'
boicfers get & sKeo ofiEhs saving In higher
divj&tmfe, the environment is enhanced.
 Other industries ought So follow the utiii-
tiea* lead H5«rc must be GOUQ^ASS products
waiting to b» invented  that can benefit the
enviromwnt and save mon«y, too, A  $30
Bjfll&n tnoantive couJdn't hurt.
                                                                                              §an ^Francisco Chronicle
                                                                                               A Better Ice Box
                                                                                               «fHE$30-MlLUON-REWA»Db«tog offend
                                                                                               • forKmor«fiHtdeatrefrte«rBWrboiityp*ii
                                                 of the story. Tbt «a«'i utilitlB b»va com* 10
                                                 far in coaservlne the use o( electricity tint
                                                 ttey ire expected to baoiila CHUorniil popu-
                                                 latioo growth without bmWioi » Hn«l»Ur«e
                                                 power plant in tit* next i0y«w.
                                                   tie 125 million rtfrigKriton in)Mmnr tint thty
                                                 account for »faout ooa-ftftb of »B tft* «laecndiy
                                                 useti to Uw home.
                                                   w&tt Uus mean:, «ceoMm« w Artliur Ro-
                                                 aft&fdd, physics professor tad eaenty tutbert
                                                 ty at UC Berkeley, is ttui «id«uhloD«d r*frl|-
                                                 arators and freesers reqitirt «uougb pomr to
                                                 coasiaae tbe entire output of 43 taxeo power
                                                 plmB, He «ys ettlcieat deiign couw rtdnee
                                                 this figure by 75 percttQL
                                                   SINCE UTILITIES an sow being reward-
                                                                r «astwuw.4jec-
                                                 leader in tbe energy con»rv«aon fteld. to pat-
                                                 ting up $? miiiido *» ia tiww of tbe Mmn.
                                                   Retrigeraton are tbe mottdnuMtte ware*
                                                 of possible wrtng, tie cunpaua (or much
                                                 needed efficiency will also luciudV wldwpmd
                                                 use o! Improved U|bt bulbs, poweMfartfty
                                                 wuhmg m«c£iic«i tod office *quipment that
                                                 will require only & (ractioa ol oc power vied
                                                 by older models,
1—  Page 56

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   THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
Coalbed Methane
                       Long Hatred. Methane Now Valued
                       lefawfegr, Tax Credits Make Use of Gal-Bed Gas as Fuel Feasible
                       tbM OR tarn w«»%:9 JAM )«***.
                                 «e tuet
                        M Mm AitBM1! S«* KM-
                       riw tan. nd k «* nriM <( S»
                       WM», I M* Cflttgy IMSa!*? felt
                       iptnt a? ta UK i*M ft* IOK«
                       i itewr burs! a &«,-rt*x !>» rawa* IK. » dnfag 28 » 80
                              --   *^     " ijMUdtefeg
                                       W "
        Iks tiKlsf
wtr—ita
bit to}*** mum «i3 tte 8«-
rtMUMWyit ^F9ttKt)0£t lASBACy. i$ in gg)U^ Ujfi «cc^.tbft
                   £K%r»»
                                                            'NeviEngland Utility;
                                                            Plata fo Help Save^i
                                                            Teesm Malaysia'-, ••
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                                  A second offset project it's planning
                                  would extract methane from coal seems
                                  before the* are mined. Methane, another
                                  greenhouse gas, is usual); vented to the
                                  atmosphere as coal is mined."
                                                                                                         Page 57

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