oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Radiation
(6202J)
EPA 430-K-92-031
November 1992
Office of Atmospheric
Programs
1992 Accomplishments
and Prospects for 1993
Volume 1: Global Change Division
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Mission Statements
The Office of Atmospheric Programs is located within the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Office of Air and Radiation.
The Office of Atmospheric Programs' missions are:
• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• To protect stratospheric ozone.
• To prevent acid precipitation.
As an office we are dedicated to four guiding principles:
• Creating partnerships with the private sector.
• Finding profitable solutions.
• Using economic incentive mechanisms that create markets.
• Establishing the U.S. as a leader in global environmental issues.
The past year has been a fruitful one for our office. In three volumes of Accomplishments for
1992, Prospects for 1993, we describe our achievements and plans.
Our goal is to serve the American public. The purpose of these volumes is to assure strong
communications. Listed on each accomplishment page is a contact person. Please don't hesitate to
contact us. We believe in continual improvement and solicit your views, help, and perspectives.
Eileen B. Claussen, Director
Office of Atmospheric Programs
The Global Change Division's mission is to profitably prevent pollution, including greenhouse
gases, using voluntary market enhancing programs.
We seek partnerships and alliances with corporations, universities, producers, and consumers in
order to increase investment and jobs in profitable pollution prevention through more productive
investments in the supply and demand sides of the energy sector, agriculture, and industry.
This booklet of accomplishments and prospects is intended to stimulate inquiries, ideas, and
greater cooperation. We hope you find it useful.
John S. Hoffman, Director
Global Change Division
EPA Headquarters Library
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Contents
The Global Change Division's Accomplishments for 1992 and Prospects for 1993 are as follows:
Green Lights
Statement of Challenge ...1
f/*-i"
'• Lights Marketing Accomplishments 2
Implementation Accomplishments 3
Buildings
Statement of Challenge 5
Variable Speed Drives Accomplishments 6
Chillers and Cooling Systems Accomplishments 7
Efficient Office Equipment
Statement of Challenge 9
Energy Star Computers Accomplishments 10
CFC-Free, Energy-Efficient Refrigerator/Freezers
i£ Statement of Challenge 11
1Q0 The "Golden Carrot™" Super-Efficient Refrigerator Program Accomplishments 12
"Lorenz Cycle" Accomplishments 13
"KOPKO" Cycle Accomplishments 14
Refrigerator Technology Modeling Accomplishments 15
Linear Motor Based Compressor Accomplishments 16
Improved Door Seals Accomplishments 17
Super Insulation Accomplishments 18
Carbon Black Insulation Accomplishments 19
Sino-U.S. Accomplishments 20
India-U.S. Accomplishments 21
Sensible Utility Investments
Statement of Challenge 23
Reform Accomplishments 24
The Regulatory Assistance Program (RAP) Accomplishments 25
The Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) Accomplishments 26
Efficient Space Conditioning Equipment
Statement of Challenge 27
Space Conditioning Accomplishments 28
Page iv
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CONTENTS CONT'D.
f
•f>
^k
Refrigerant Technology
Statement of Challenge 29
Residential A/C Accomplishments 30
Ammonia Chiller Accomplishments 31
Refrigerant Additives Accomplishments 32
Coalbed Methane
Statement of Challenge 33
International Accomplishments 34
U.S. Accomplishments 35
Landfill Methane
Statement of Challenge 37
U.S. Accomplishments 38
Animal Waste Methane
Statement of Challenge 39
U.S. Livestock Accomplishments 40
Ruminant Livestock Methane
Statement of Challenge 41
International Accomplishments 42
U.S. Accomplishments 43
Oil and Natural Gas Systems Methane
Statement of Challenge 45
International Accomplishments 46
U.S. Accomplishments 47
Global Warming Treaty Negotiations
Statement of Challenge 49
Global Warming Accomplishments 50
Global Change Division Management Team
and Staff 51
The Global Change Division is Making News 53
Page v —I
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The Global Change Division
The Global Change Division seeks to develop voluntary programs that stimulate profitable pre-
vention of pollution, create jobs, and free up capital for investment in other sectors of the econo-
my. The programs described in this booklet are part of a cohesive set of seven strategies for pre-
venting pollution from the energy sector by increasing productivity. These strategies seek to:
• Encourage corporate-wide purchasing.
• Identify energy-efficient products.
• Promote mass purchases.
• Encourage commercialization of resource-efficient technologies.
• Promote sensible utility regulation and legal frameworks.
• Create environmental best practices.
• Expand international markets for resource-efficient U.S. technologies.
These strategies and the Global Change Division's programs are presented in greater detail in
The Climate is Right for Action: Voluntary Programs to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions (October
1992), and EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy for the Energy Sector, a document that will be
released in early February 1993.
1— Page vi
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Statement of Challenge
reen
Lights
Green
Lights
Lighting accounts for 20-25 percent of the electricity used in the United States. Inefficient light-
ing systems:
• Waste electricity.
• Increase ratepayer electricity bills.
• Cause air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy-efficient lighting can:
• Cut lighting electricity use and the pollution caused by lighting by 50 percent.
• Free $18.6 billion from ratepayer bills for investment.
• Allow $60 billion of capital to be invested in new jobs rather than new power plants.
Only a tiny portion of the potential of efficient lighting has been achieved because of:
• Lack of organizational motivation.
• Lack of technical information.
• Inadequate financing.
Green Lights is an innovative program developed by the Global Change Division that encour-
ages major U.S. organizations to install energy-efficient lighting. Under this voluntary, non-regula-
tory program, facilities are being upgraded with energy-efficient lighting wherever it is profitable
and maintains or improves lighting quality. Corporations, state governments, and other institu-
tions are organizing themselves to upgrade 90 percent of their facilities.
Pagel —'
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reen
Lights
GREEN LIGHTS
Marketing Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• 668 organizations join Green Lights
as of November 2, 1992.
• Participants commit 2.9 billion
square feet of commercial, manufac-
turing, retail, and government facilities
nationwide, or 3 percent of all com-
mercial/industrial space.
• Green Lights receives extensive
media coverage through editorials,
Green Lights is Growing
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jui
'91 '92
Manufacturer
Allies
Lighting
Management
Company Allies
articles, public service advertisements, endorsements, and television coverage.
• 1,000 institutions are considering joining Green Lights.
• Green Lights won the National Environmental Achievement Award.
Prospects for 1993:
• Recruit participants representing an additional 4 billion square feet.
• Living landmarks join Green Lights and begin informing the public of its benefits.
• Wider marketing by utilities and state organizations expand the circle of prospects.
• Launch residential Green Lights Program.
Lead Contact: Susan Bollard 202 233-9065
Page 2
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GREEN LIGHTS
B
~ Lights
Implementation Accomplishments
Green Lights
Decision
Support System
HEADLINES:
• Developed state-of-the-art software,
documents, and hotline services on
energy-efficient lighting.
• Trained over 830 people on use of Green
Lights software and lighting survey and
upgrade practices.
• Facility upgrades have already prevented
133.5 million pounds of CO2 emissions;
1.2 million pounds of SO2 emissions; and
482,000 pounds of NOX emissions (as of September 30, 1992).
• Some participants achieve over 90 percent reductions with innovative approaches.
• Initiated occupancy sensor program to expand use of this technology.
Prospects for 1993:
• Square footage in the upgrade pipeline increases as participants shift from surveys to
action, expanding market for products, creating jobs and investment.
• New versions of tools such as the Lighting Upgrade Manual, lighting analysis software,
financial analysis software, and the Green Lights Financing Data Base issued.
• Rate of occupancy sensor installation more than doubled.
Lead Contact: Bob Kwartin 202 233-9313
PageS —\
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Statement of Challenge
Buildings
Buildings account for approximately 7 percent of all U.S. energy consumption. Few companies,
governments, or other institutions are investing in efficient technologies. Inefficient technologies
are:
• Wasting energy.
• Costing ratepayers money.
• Causing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Total wasted resources exceed $15 billion.
Proven energy-efficient technologies can reduce 30-50 percent of building energy use.
Upgrading existing buildings can:
• Save money.
• Reduce pollution.
• Increase comfort.
• Improve indoor air.
To capture these benefits, the Buildings program will:
• Create corporate commitment.
• Provide technical support for staged maximization of profitable reductions.
• Organize vendor industries to fully support this market expanding opportunity.
Page 5 —'
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BUILDINGS
Variable Speed Drives Accomplishments
Variable Speed Air Handling Systems
• Improves efficiency by varying
the speed of fan motors
• Cost of conserved energy
~1.5-30/kWh
HEADLINES:
• EPA initiates Phase 1 of Buildings
program—Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
Demonstration Study—to verify energy
savings and implementation for VSDs.
• Several Green Lights Partners agree to par-
ticipate in program. EPA plans expansion.
Prospects for 1993:
• Complete VSD demonstration study.
• Organize mass purchase of VSDs by Buildings program participants to create economies of
scale and increase market penetration of this energy-saving technology.
• Start phase-in of chiller program, pumps, and cooling towers.
• Sign up many Green Lights participants for staged implementation of Buildings program.
Lead Contacts: Tracy Narel 202 233-9145
Chris O'Brien 202 233-9146
I— Page6
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BUILDINGS
Chillers and Cooling Systems Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Analysis concludes that HCFC-123 is a
safe substitute for CFC-11 in chillers.
• Studies indicate HCFC-123 is the most
energy-efficient CFC-free building cool-
ing system currently available.
• Surveys show that air conditioning units
typically used on rooftops to cool small
office buildings and shopping malls have
the worst efficiency of all systems on the
market.
Prospects for 1993:
• Hold national conference on Efficient Cooling Systems Without CFCs for building owners
across the country. The conference will help building owners make optimum choices in
selecting new CFC-free systems, and provide guidance in how to take advantage of
incorporating new, efficient technology at a profit.
• A prototype "Golden Carrot™" rooftop air conditioning system will be designed for
high efficiency.
Lead Contact: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124
Page? —I
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Statement of Challenge
A EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
Efficient Office
Equipment
Office equipment is the fastest-growing electricity load in the commercial sector:
• Computer systems account for 5 percent of total commercial electricity consumption.
• Energy consumption by computers may reach 10 percent of building energy by the year
2000.
• The vast majority of the nation's 30-35 million personal computers are left turned on while
not in use.
• 30-40 percent of personal computers are left running overnight and on weekends.
To reduce wasted electricity, we must:
• Develop products which use less energy, especially when not actually producing work.
• Make consumers aware of energy-efficient products and their benefits.
• Create a new market for energy-efficient office equipment.
Page 9 —!
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EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
EFFICIENT OFFICE EQUIPMENT
Energy Star Computers Accomplishments
Pollution Prevented by 2000:
• 20 million tons CC>2
• 140,000 tons SOa
• 75,000 tons N2O
Annual Electricity Bill Savings:
$1.5-2 billion
HEADLINES:
• EPA creates Energy Star Program.
• Companies become members by agreeing
to produce PC's that use about 75 per-
cent less energy than current prod-
ucts.
• 13 leading manufacturers sign up, repre-
senting 40 percent of U.S. personal com-
puter sales.
• "World's leading supplier of computer
microprocessors—Intel Corporation—announces support of Energy Star Program. Intel to
incorporate energy-saving technologies into all future microprocessors.
• EPA works with General Services Administration and Department of Energy to develop feder-
al procurement guidelines to promote energy-saving computers and office equipment.
Prospects for 1993:
• Partners introduce energy-efficient products by early 1093—at no extra cost to consumers.
• Bring printer manufacturers into the EPA Energy Star Program.
• Recruit all major computer manufacturers as EPA Energy Star Partners by June 1993.
• Expand Energy Star Program to other non-office products.
Lead Contacts: Brian Johnson 202 233-9114 (computers)
Diane Niedzialkowski 202 233-9167 (other technologies)
Page 10
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Statement of Challenge
CFC-Free, Energy-Efficient
Refrigerator/Freezers
Household refrigerators:
• Consume 15-20 percent of all electricity used in U.S. households.
• Use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—ozone-depleting substances—that will be phased out of
production by 1995.
The 1995 phaseout of CFCs presents a unique opportunity:
• For improving refrigerators design to be more efficient.
To increase efficiency, we must:
• Develop full information as to the impacts of the existing, emerging, and long-term options
available for manufacturing refrigerators.
• Give the manufacturers freedom to develop the most cost-effective set of technologies.
• Overcome the unwillingness of customers to pay higher first costs even when economically
warranted.
• Reduce the financial risks of introducing super-efficient technologies.
Page 11 —I
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
The "Golden Carrot™" Super-Efficient
Refrigerator Program (SERF) Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• 25 utilities pool $30 million in program
to accelerate commercialization of
super-efficient, non-CFC refrigerators.
• Manufacturer that can build best refrigera-
tor the quickest, and at the lowest cost,
will receive prize.
• Participating utilities pay prize to manu-
facturer as refrigerators are shipped to
stores in their service territories, keeping
prices as low as less efficient refrigerators.
• All but one major U.S. manufacturer enters SERF competition.
SERF
SUPER EFFICIENT
REFRIGERATOR
PROGRAMING.
Over a refrigerator's
lifetime, 300-400 kWh
saved per year
leads to:
- Electricity bill
reductions $500
- CO2 reductions
over 9000 Ibs
Prospects for 1993:
• Two finalists build prototypes to support their bids.
• SERF determines the competition winner and awards the contract.
• EPA begins work on trade-in programs that take old energy guzzlers off the grid and replace
them with "Golden Carrot™" refrigerators.
Lead Contact: Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127
I— Page 12
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
"Lorenz Cycle" Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• CFC-free "Lorenz Cycle" refrigerators
reduce energy consumption by 8-16
percent EPA funded research at
University of Maryland successfully
demonstrates new technology.
• New technology optimizes temperatures in
each section and reduces energy con-
sumption by cooling freezer and fresh
food compartments separately.
Evaporator A Evaporator B
Prospects for 1993:
• Optimize the refrigerant blend for maximum energy efficiency and no ozone depletion
potential.
• Identify and resolve barriers to commercialization.
Lead Contact: Bob Rose 202 233-9106
Page 13 —'
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
"KOPKO" Cycle Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA develops "KOPKO" cycle—achieves
20 percent energy savings over cur-
rent CFC-12 cycle.
• "KOPKO" cycle reconfigures current
vapor compression cycle.
Prospects for 1993:
• Demonstrate savings with CFC-free
refrigerant.
• Evaluate cost, reliability, and commercial feasibility.
Benefits of "Kopko" Cycle:
• Significant energy savings
• Single component refrigerants
• Simple controls
Lead Contact: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124
I— Page 14
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Refrigerator Technology Modeling
Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA releases software model—"EPA
Refrigerator Analysis" (ERA version 1.0)—
to predict energy consumption of
household refrigerator/freezers by sim-
ulating alternative technological
configurations.
• EPA report evaluates technology options
for producing super-efficient
refrigerator/freezers.
• Computer software modified for Chinese refrigerator designs—supports Chinese efforts to
evaluate CFC-free, energy-efficient technologies.
Prospects for 1993:
• Distribute software worldwide.
• DOE and appliance industry likely to use "EPA Refrigerator Analysis" as the basis for 1998
Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards revision.
• Final software version available for Chinese refrigerator designs. Modify version to simulate
Indian refrigerator designs and conditions.
Lead Contact: Alan Fine 202 233-9094
Page 15 —'
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Linear Motor Based Compressor
Accomplishments
Comparison of Compressor Performance
at Standard Rating Conditions
2.5-1
2.0-
1.5-
1.0-
0.5-
I I 1 i I I I I I I 1 | I I I I I I I I | I I I I
50 100 150 200 250 300
Capacity (W)
HEADLINES:
• EPA funds research at Sunpower
Corporation. Research produces oil-free
super-efficient compressor.
• Prototype testing confirms that new com-
pressor is 20 percent more efficient
than most efficient compressor in the
world. The increased capacity control
inherent in the compressor design should
provide an overall energy reduction of
30 percent.
• Efficient linear design can be used with new non-CFC refrigerants.
• Present value of new compressor exceeds $14 billion if commercialized in the
United States.
Prospects for 1993:
• Validate savings in a working refrigerator/freezer.
• Prove cost-effectiveness and manufacturability.
I—8.5
-6.8
-5.1 ;
t-3.4 X.
LLJ
Ul
1-1.7
—O— Linear Compressor
--o-- Current Compressors
Projected Potential of Crank
Projected Potential of Linear
Lead Contact: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124
I— Page 16
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Improved Door Seals Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA concept for door seal modifications
increases energy efficiency by up to 8
percent. Demonstrations verify results.
• Cost analysis shows door seal modifica-
tions provide savings at cost of only
$0.02/kWh conserved.
Prospects for 1993:
Door Seals
Technology likely to be used in Super-Efficient Refrigerator Program model or 1993 refrigera-
tor models.
Lead Contact: Alan Fine 202 233-9094
Page 17 -
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Super Insulation Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA analysis shows vacuum panel insu-
lation saves money and energy in large-
volume refrigerator/freezers.
• Prototype testing shows advanced insula-
tion can increase efficiency by over 10
percent.
• Thicker foam insulation cost-effectively
reduces energy use. Studies indicate con-
sumer acceptance.
Evacuated
Super
Insulation
Panels
Prospects for 1993:
• Publish analysis indicating competitiveness of thicker insulation and super insulation across a
range of performance conditions for refrigerators of different sizes.
• Focus on marketing thicker walled units. Emphasize labeling with environmental benefits.
• Commercialize vacuum insulation panels.
Lead Contact: Alan Fine 202 233-9094
Page 18
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Carbon Black Insulation Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Major foam supplier to adapt carbon black
foam to appliance formulations. New tech-
nology blocks heat and increases energy
efficiency.
• Tests show carbon black can increase
foam efficiency by at least 8 percent in
commercially available insulation products.
Advanced
Carbon Black
Insulation
Prospects for 1993:
• Demonstrate energy savings in appliances.
• Test material compatibility with refrigerator liners.
Lead Contact: Alan Fine 202 233-9094
Page 19 -
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
Sino-U.S. Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Joint EPA/Chinese research evaluates CFC
substitutes and increases energy efficiency
of household refrigerator/freezers.
Research aids in securing Chinese par-
ticipation in Montreal Protocol.
• Developed full testing program of all CFC
alternatives. Results demonstrate that
refrigerant blends can produce 20 per-
cent improvements in energy with the
"Lorenz Cycle," and 7 percent without the cycle. Tests confirm thicker insulation is viable
option for Chinese refrigerator designs.
• Chinese support development of super-efficient refrigerators.
Prospects for 1993:
• Convert refrigerator factory line in China to CFC alternatives.
• Conduct prototype demonstration of super-efficient refrigerator designs.
• Increase U.S. exports of CFC-free, energy-efficient technology.
Lead Contact: Jean Lupinacci 202 233-9137
Page 20
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CFC-FREE, ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATOR/FREEZERS
India-U.S. Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• CFC-free, energy-efficient refrigerator
project in India gains U.S. Department of
State and Indian government approval.
Prospects for 1993:
• Demonstrate CFC alternatives for Indian
refrigerator designs and conditions.
• Modify "ERA" software model to simulate
Indian refrigerators.
• Demonstrate energy-efficient technologies in India.
Lead Contact: Jean Lupinacci 202 233-9137
Page 21
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Statement of Challenge
Sensible Utility
Investments
Utilities are being urged to meet growing energy service demands:
• At the least cost.
• Through the Integrated Resource Planning process.
Traditional regulation:
• Penalizes utilities that reduce demand through parallel losses in revenue.
• Provides few incentives for reducing customer bills.
• Provides few incentives for changing business culture.
To create incentives for the acquisition of least cost resources, we must:
• Decouple profits from sales.
Or at minimum:
• Provide lost revenue recovery.
• Create incentives such as shared savings.
• Improve utility capability to market, provide technical services, or aggregate demand.
Page 23 —'
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SENSIBLE UTILITY REGULATION AND INVESTMENTS
Reform Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA holds briefings and workshops,
and testifies on utility reform for regu-
latory commissioners in Washington DC,
Georgia, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Maryland, Florida, the National
Association of Regulatory Utility
Commissioners (NARUC), and the National
Association of State Energy Officials
(NASEO).
• EPA offers seminars and workshops with consumer advocates to increase support for rate
reform in several states and before the National Association of State Utility Consumer
Advocates (NASUCA).
Prospects for 1993:
• Pursue aggressive outreach to commissions and consumer advocates in support of rate
reform and favorable treatment of specific strategic DSM programs.
• Support tariffs that provide for strong customer bill reduction programs. Link tariffs to
specific programs such as "Green Lights Super Ally Program."
Responsibilities for this program are shared by the Global Change Division and the Acid
Rain Division.
Lead Contacts: Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127—Global Change Division
Rick Morgan 202 233-9143—Acid Rain Division
1— Page 24
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SENSIBLE UTILITY REGULATION AND INVESTMENTS
The Regulatory Assistance
Program (RAP) Accomplishments
RAP
HEADLINES:
• EPA and Pew Charitable Trust fund
RAP for $400,000.
• RAP holds intensive integrated resource
management -workshops for public utili-
ty commission staffs in Ohio, Texas,
Florida, and Michigan.
• RAP trains staff in key demand-side man-
agement areas: program analysis and eval-
uation, rate designs, IRP profitability and
incentives, Clean Air Act Compliance, and consideration of environmental externality costs.
Prospects for 1993:
• Offer integrated resource management workshops in more states.
• Hold workshop for Federal agencies.
Responsibilities for this program are shared by the Global Change Division and the Acid
Rain Division.
Lead Contacts: Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127—Global Change Division
Rick Morgan 202 233-9143—Acid Rain Division
Page 25 —'
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SENSIBLE UTILITY REGULATION AND INVESTMENTS
The Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE)
Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• CEE incorporated as national,
public/private collaborative organiza-
tion consisting of utilities, public agencies,
and environmental groups.
• EPA provides start-up funding to CEE.
• CEE establishes mission to promote
market penetration of technologies to
cost-effectively conserve energy and
prevent pollution.
• CEE plans to expand "Golden Carrot™" and similar strategic programs to other technology
areas.
Prospects for 1993:
• Initiate several new "Golden Carrot™"-type programs, potentially including: commercial
rooftop chillers; horizontal-axis, high-speed spin washers; and advanced heat pumps.
Lead Contact: Cathy Zoi 202 233-9178
I— Page 26
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Statement of Challenge
Efficient Space
Conditioning Equipment
Heating and cooling homes:
• Accounts for 9 percent of U.S. energy consumption.
• Emits over 400 million metric tons of CO2.
• Contributes to global warming.
Advanced electric and gas heat pumps and furnaces:
• Heat and cool homes efficiently.
• Save consumers money.
• Reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Nevertheless, advanced space conditioning technologies face significant market barriers:
• Higher installation costs.
• Consumers' unwillingness to pay more up front for long-term savings.
• Manufacturers' and dealers' lack of inventory or promotion of advanced technologies.
• Consumers' lack of awareness of efficient alternatives.
In order to move advanced space conditioning technologies out of niche markets and into the
mass market we must:
• Increase consumer awareness.
• Broaden dealer and installer networks.
• Increase utility investments that reduce first costs through rebates.
Page 27 —'
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EFFICIENT SPACE CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
Space Conditioning Accomplishments
Ground Source Heat Pumps:
( - Save $
- Prevent Pollution
HEADLINES:
• EPA draft report compares costs and envi-
ronmental impacts of residential space
conditioning systems.
• EPA draft study demonstrates cost-
effectiveness of advanced space condi-
tioning technologies. Encourages utility
promotion.
• EPA co-sponsors national Geothermal
Heating and Cooling Teleconference '92.
Research presented to utilities, regulators, and energy policy makers.
• EPA begins analysis of possible utility programs for capturing resource.
Prospects for 1993:
• Launch major national initiative to promote advanced heat pumps with a group of utilities.
• Co-sponsor additional national teleconferences aimed at architects and installers.
Lead Contact: Michael L'Ecuyer 202 233-9127
I— Page 28
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Statement of Challenge
Refrigerant
Technology
Replacing CFCs in refrigeration technologies will have implications for:
• The energy efficiency of these technologies.
• The direct effects of refrigerant emissions and their greenhouse and ozone
depletion contributions.
• The usefulness of existing equipment.
A variety of problems impede the rapid and efficient replacement of CFCs. For example:
• No replacements for HCFC-22 are available.
• Oils for new refrigerants are not always compatible with new equipment.
• Some replacements raise safety or toxicity concerns.
Replacement requires combined analysis and decision making for:
• Many industries.
• Safety organizations.
The Global Change Division's efforts to identify energy-efficient CFCsubstitutes are coordinated
with the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division's programs to phase out ozone-depleting chemi-
cals and identify safe alternatives.
Page 29 —>
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REFRIGERANT TECHNOLOGY
Residential A/C Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA report confirms efficiency gains
from HCFC-22 replacements.
• Results indicate some refrigerant blends
can be used to retrofit existing systems.
• Testing of CFC and HCFC alternatives
accelerated by EPA efforts to supply refrig-
erants and data to industry.
Prospects for 1993:
• Evaluate issues of compatibility, serviceability, and optimized performance.
• Conclude flammability risk assessment for refrigerant blends that are flammable or contain a
flammable component.
• Optimize HCFC-22 alternatives in an EPA co-sponsored air conditioning laboratory at the
University of Maryland.
Lead Contacts: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124—Global Change Division
Reva Rubenstein 202 233-9155—Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division
I— Page 30
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REFRIGERANT TECHNOLOGY
Ammonia Chiller Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Ammonia may replace CFC refriger-
ants and provide energy savings.
• EPA concludes agreement with U.S. Air
Force to evaluate ammonia as refrigerant
in building A/C applications.
Prospects for 1993:
• Complete site location, specifications, and
NH-
engineering design for Air Force project to evaluate ammonia system.
Achieve preliminary results from building and safety code evaluation.
Lead Contacts: Jean Lupinacci 202 233-9137—Global Change Division
Reva Rubenstein 202 233-9155—Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division
Page 31
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REFRIGERANT TECHNOLOGY
Refrigerant Additives Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA identifies lubrication problems with
chlorine-free HFCs in new and existing
A/C equipment.
• Chemicals identified for use as additives in
existing mineral oil. Resolved lubrication
issue for HFC refrigerants. (Initial appli-
cation is for automobile A/C retrofits, but
may prove applicable to household refrig-
erators and any refrigeration or A/C sys-
tem using HFCs.)
Refrigerant Additives
Prospects for 1993:
• Complete testing for automobile air conditioning retrofit systems.
• Complete preliminary testing in other applications.
Lead Contacts: Bill Kopko 202 233-9124—Global Change Division
Reva Rubenstein 202 233-9155—Stratospheric Ozone Protection Division
I— Page 32
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Statement of Challenge
Coalbed
Methane
Coalbed methane is emitted to the atmosphere during mining. These emissions:
• Waste usable energy.
• Create worker safety hazards.
• Cause global warming.
Recovering the methane from coal mines provides:
• A low-cost, clean energy supply.
• Increased mine productivity.
• Increased worker safety.
• Opportunities for increased U.S. exports internationally.
To increase methane recovery we are working to remove barriers such as:
• Conflicting incentives.
• Lack of technology.
• Need for training.
• Lack of information concerning the extent and value of the wasted resource.
Page 33
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COALBED METHANE
International Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• China: EPA develops $10 million pro-
ject to demonstrate key methane recovery
technologies at Chinese coal mines.
• Poland: EPA launches program to
recover methane from Polish mines.
Project opportunities publicized through
clearinghouse.
• Czechoslovakia, Russia, Ukraine: Coalbed
methane resources assessed.
Prospects for 1993:
• Demonstrate technologies, transfer information, and create U.S. business opportunities in
China, Czechoslovakia, Russia, and Ukraine.
• Workshop on Coalbed Methane Investment Opportunities in China, Russia, and Ukraine
to be held in Alabama, May 1993-
• Expand U.S. exports of methane recovery technologies and encourage international
joint ventures.
Lead Contact: Dina Kruger 202 233-9039
I— Page 34
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COALBED METHANE
U.S. Accomplishments
Creating Jobs
HEADLINES:
• EPA study concludes Appalachian
methane recovery could:
• Create jobs.
• Generate revenue.
• Profitably reduce emissions.
Prospects for 1993:
• Remove legal and regulatory barriers to
coalbed methane development in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
• Implement recovery projects at three to five gassy mines in Appalachia.
• Establish national program to encourage methane recovery from coal mines.
Lead Contact: Dina Kruger 202 233-9039
Page 35
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Statement of Challenge
Landfill
Methane
Methane is emitted to the atmosphere when garbage in landfills decomposes. These
emissions:
• Waste usable energy.
• Create hazards for the local community.
• Contribute to global warming.
Over 100 landfills in the U.S. collect methane and use it to produce electricity and fuel local
industry. Recovery of methane from landfills provides:
• A low-cost, clean energy supply.
• Increased landfill and community safety.
• Control of non-methane pollutants, including toxic and smog-forming compounds.
In order to increase landfill methane recovery we must remove barriers such as:
• Limited technological understanding.
• Limited economic incentives.
• Lack of information regarding the extent and value of the potential methane resource.
Page 37 —'
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Landfill
U.S. Accomplishments
LANDFILL METHANE
HEADLINES:
• Landfills are largest anthropogenic
source of U.S. methane emissions—
EPA study confirms.
• Identified viable approaches to reducing
and using landfill methane.
• Proposed rule encourages energy
recovery systems—participated in devel-
opment of proposal to reduce emissions
of methane and other gasses from U.S.
landfills.
Case Study:
PG County Landfill
Size: 380 Acres
Energy Generated: 2.4 MW
Payback: 4.3 Years
IRR: 15%
Prospects for 1993:
• Rule goes final.
• Increase awareness of methane emissions from landfills and options for recovery.
• Work with industry and other agencies to encourage landfill methane recovery.
• Expand program to demonstrate benefits of landfill methane recovery internationally.
Lead Contacts: Kathleen Hogan 202 233-9312
Cindy Jacobs 202 233-9042
I— Page 38
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Statement of Challenge
AGRICULTURE
Animal Waste
Methane
Methane is emitted to the atmosphere when manures ferment. These emissions:
• Waste a usable energy supply.
• Produce odors.
• Cause global warming.
Recovering the methane from manure fermentation:
• Provides low-cost energy supply.
• Provides profitable regulatory alternative for producers.
• Destroys pathogens.
• Eliminates odors.
The challenge is to eliminate misconceptions, and to demonstrate the benefits of methane
recovery.
Page 39
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AGRICULTURE
ANIMAL WASTE METHANE
U.S. Livestock Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• EPA study confirms methane can be
recovered from swine and dairy
manure at a profit.
• Developed dairy methane recovery project
in north central Texas, the fourth-largest
U.S. dairy producing region.
• Initiated joint EPA/USDA methane recov-
ery program.
Prospects for 1993:
• Host national conference with USDA to present benefits of manure management and
successful methane recovery projects.
• Obtain commitments from livestock facilities to install methane recovery systems.
• Expand demonstration projects to include other major swine and dairy areas including
California, North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, and Arkansas.
Methane Capture
Lead Contact: Kurt F. Roos 202 233-9041
I— Page 40
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Statement of Challenge
Ruminant
Livestock Methane
Methane emissions from ruminant livestock systems represent wasted dietary energy and con-
tribute to global warming.
Reducing methane emissions through nutritional management:
• Increases meat and milk production.
• Increases farmer income.
• Increases crop production by increased draft power.
• Improves animal health.
• Is a more efficient use of scarce feed resources.
Obstacles to achieving methane reduction goals include:
• Little experience with new technologies.
• Weak institutional extension service capacities.
* Lack of awareness of benefits of methane reduction strategies.
Page 41 —:
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RUMINANT LIVESTOCK METHANE
International Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• India: Dietary supplementation offers
nutritional improvement of Indian
dairy animals. Cooperative project with
India's National Physical Laboratory to
measure methane emissions from Indian
cattle under field conditions.
• China: Identified methane reduc-
tion/productivity enhancement strate-
gies for China's ruminant livestock.
Prospects for 1993:
• Demonstrate technologies, train extension workers, and initiate a dairy development exten-
sion project in Gujarat State of western India.
• Conduct projects in India and China to measure emissions from cattle and buffalo, and
develop appropriate strategies to enhance productivity and reduce methane emissions.
• Design a dairy development pilot project in Bangladesh.
Lead Contact: Mark Orlic 202 233-9043
— Page 42
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RUMINANT LIVESTOCK METHANE
U.S. Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Studied options to enhance efficiency
and reduce methane emissions from
U.S. beef and dairy industries.
• Developed new technology for measur-
ing methane emissions from ruminant
livestock.
Prospects for 1993:
Better Nutrition = Less CH,
Encourage beef industry to adopt technologies and practices to reduce methane emissions.
Encourage dairy industry to adopt technologies and practices to reduce methane emissions.
Lead Contact: Mark Orlic 202 233-9043
Page 43 —l
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Statement of Challenge
Oil and Natural Gas
Systems Methane
Methane is released to the atmosphere from oil and natural gas systems due to system ineffi-
ciencies and pipeline leakage. These methane emissions:
• Contribute to global warming.
• Waste valuable gas energy.
Capturing these emissions will:
• Improve system efficiency.
• Reduce operating costs.
• Increase public and worker safety.
• Conserve energy supply.
• Create opportunities for technological development and U.S. exports.
• Prevent greenhouse gas emissions.
In order to encourage the development and deployment technologies to reduce system losses
we must overcome:
• Regulatory disincentives.
• A lack of appreciation for the source and magnitude of system losses.
• Capital cost pressures.
• A need for training and technology transfer.
Page 45
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OIL AND NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS METHANE
International Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Russia: EPA works with Russian Gas
Industry to reduce methane releases
from Russian gas system.
• Russia: 15 technology demonstration
projects identified as future Working
Group initiatives.
• Project to demonstrate state-of-the-art gas
production technology in Western Siberia.
U.S./GAZPROM
Prospects for 1993:
Russia:
• Execute projects to demonstrate emission reduction technologies and economic benefits
from improved system efficiency.
• Create programs to replicate successful demonstration projects.
• Facilitate start-up of joint venture operations, technology transfer, and export opportunities
for U.S. technologies.
• Complete co-development of a mobile monitoring device for emissions testing. Continue
point source emissions surveys.
Lead Contacts: 'Kathleen Hogan 202 233-9312
Bruce Craig 202 233-9044
Page 46
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OIL AND NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS METHANE
U.S. Accomplishments
HEADLINES:
• Study identifies profitable emissions
reductions strategies.
• Developed "EPA Natural Gas STAR"
program to promote technologies which
economically reduce methane emissions.
• American Gas Association (AGA) Board of
Directors formally endorses "EPA Natural
Gas STAR" program.
A EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER
Prospects for 1993:
• Work with public utility commissions to reform rate structures to include incentives for effi-
ciency gains, cost reductions, and methane emissions reductions.
• Sign up 40 percent of oil and gas system companies in the "EPA Natural Gas STAR" program
by year end 1993, and 60 percent by 1995.
• Incorporate developing technologies in the "EPA Natural Gas STAR" program deployment
efforts.
I Increase U.S. industry participation in international efforts to reduce system
emissions.
Lead Contacts: Kathleen Hogan 202 233-9312
Bruce Craig 202 233-9044
Page 47 —'
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Statement of Challenge
Global Warming Treaty Negotiations
In order to assess options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through analysis and rational
decision making, we must consider:
• The technical potential of emissions reducing technologies.
• The projected market penetrations of these technologies.
• The appropriate balance of these two components.
Coming to agreement requires:
• Developing evidence.
• Working out differences.
In order to reach a consensus, we:
• Developed analysis.
• Engaged in a communication process to reach agreement.
Page 49 —'
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GLOBAL WARMING TREATY NEGOTIATIONS
Global Warming Accomplishments
Projected Carbon Emissions Reductions From U.S. Programs
1800
1790
1750 -
w 1700
o
1650 -
1600 -
1568
1550
0 J
2000 greenhouse gas emissions
'-DsiuQnenLights
DSM/Green Computers
DSM/Green Industrial Motors
DSM/Green Buildings
mr^fnm
1
^ •
nee \ T
res' I
New Appliance
Technologies^
Other Technologies?
Better Refrigerants
Tire Inflation, I&M
Landfills - CH4
Livestock Waste - CH4
!TTT
gas emissions
NES Actions
NES IRP & Rebound
1991 Transportation Act
Appliance Standards
Forestry Programs
Livestock Dietary - CH4
Green Nylon -
Total
Reductions =
152-200MMTC
Programs Proposed by
Global Change Division and Air Office
Other U.S.
EPA Government
Programs Programs
1 Golden Carrot R/Fs, Low Flow Shower Heads, Clothes Washers, Clothes Dryers, S-T Water Heaters, Advanced Heat Pumps
2 Cooking-Res., Cooking-Comm., Misc. ResJComm., Res. CAC, Res. Room AC, Industrial Electrolytlcs,
Amorphous Core Transformers, Res. Space Heating
HEADLINES:
• U.S. State Department issues U.S. Views on Global Climate Change. Report includes green-
house gas emissions reductions proposed and supported by Green Programs of 123-
166 million metric tons of carbon equivalent.
• Green Programs, coupled with other Federal and state activities, produce a strong basis for
the U.S. action plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Prospects for 1993:
• Add new programs to increase emissions reductions and to support those programs included
in U.S. Views on Global Climate Change as resources made available.
I— Page 50
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Global
;e Division Management
Team and Staff
Global Change Division
John S. Hoffman, Director
Jeanne Briskin
Melanie Shaw, Special Assistant
Lynda Garland, Staff Assistant
Management Operations
and Support Staff
Gloria DeBolt, Acting Chief
Brenda Smith
Susan Donnelly
Energy Productivity
and Pollution
Prevention Branch
Cathy Zoi, Chief
Michael L'Ecuyer
Linda Latham
Diane Niedzialkowski
Brian Johnson
Tracy Narel
Christopher O'Brien
Jeff Webb
Green Lights
Branch
Bob Kwartin, Chief
Susan Bullard
Karen Butler
Michele Guarneiri-Hicks
Jennie King
Jackie Krieger
Jerry Lawson
Chuck Payne
Brian Symmes
Bill Von Neida
Methane Reduction
Branch
Kathleen Hogan, Chief
Dina Kruger
Bruce Craig
Cindy Jacobs
Mark Orlic
Kurt Roos
Technology and
Substitutes Branch
Jean Lupinacci, Chief
Dru Crawley
Alan Fine (IPA)
Sekhar Kondepudi (IAG)
Bill Kopko
Bob Rose
Page 51
-------
The Global Change Division is Making News
THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. I
FORTUNE
(Chicago (Tribune
|tork S
Eos Ancjclce
Jrancisco <£l)ronicie
TMt VOICt Of THt WiST
BusinessWeek
NBC
Page 53
-------
THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
Green Lights
nes
Wednesday. January !''
COMPANY NEWS
Light Bulb
E.P.A. Urging Electricity Efficiency
ettor M***, •*»"»•*'«» I
£00 Angeles
State Switches On
to High-Efficienc
Lighting Progr
-ThtOJ
teflon ngmey and y»» MU of
pdlutkc. fvcvcnuoc p*ct
Lhsn I2SO ir^lhon lhnjut?i slse***
imEABLOW
FORM
E^MRONMENT.
- Page 54
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THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
Energy Star Computers
Jfe\u Jjork Shncs
Desktop C^to^ps
May Become a Trend
Wpo. ,
w m wiiu «
they in t& OM or ml, Ae md.
•ad 39 to 40 p - -
ttat never t)uj9 on the Job, But pmnn- pmaa yum more raw men
^SSSSSfJl%^ jg—*.—•-.*.
ft^ss.ss^te ^laggng
no one
each tiro* tcwnpowruw-lithed
on, * Mw might mit Mrenl fto-
ger-dnimmtnt iMmttet fw.tbe
machine w rak»d lu wftmi*
«nd connect to « mtwwt.
Imriuys that the ttoepdrcu.*-
ry win come firs* oo Ow W chto,
whtebi.tdttec.irtviwxiyear.iDd
wJB OMB be kMUed to new vtrcfen*
Intel Takes Step
To Gel Computers
To Saw Energy
BUSINESS
EPA Unveils 'Star' Program for Low-Energy PCs
nod- the«MH|>no.lrii
to cceue • "dwprti" cenptiur
tilt lh«l (Ira w. only 34wtIU,wift*e
•«P.
of were voritttti oo
Tlte re- wDutt use leu ehctriclty even
ocnUbe while» oper.Uon.Comi«teiu«!
•e fast oat cMer
. eeraotlieiHlleaie
on, desk.
E
Sav«sMoney
and the Planet
*•«** (EH — Emirtraeetal Protection Agency) **
EPA Energy Star frogrm
INFO
ORLD
Page 55 —I
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THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
The "Golden Carrot™" Super Efficient
Refrigerator Program
eimes?
Utilities Offer $30 Million for a Better Refrigerator
In offering ti» prize, "we're buying
the pnxfeictton *nA dehv«o- of super-
efffctott retrfaterators into (he servtoc
murmgtogmcroued efficiency In elec-
tridtywe,asa dieapArlvay to faalanee
supply with demand. The alternative ii
UdKUng new pra«r plans and adding
topolhiUon.
Electric utilities are turning up o»
heal In search of a better refrigerator
by offering a 530 million reward to lire
tint company to butM it.
A group oC utilities that serve one-
fifth of the houMhoKfe in the United
Ite prize, which the utftlties are
caittng a "goldeii carrot," represents &
OpBO€J1lata»P«C.tlc
Company and the
cer 2>K>- *
raa^d5Sy!=*i*«Ii»«--'"~''~-!r"- -
Co0 Angeles (Times
ACoolSSOMUlion
14 Entries Vie for the Prize in Super Refrigerator Contt
an?
MKHAH.PARR1SH
r«$im«n. infer [ifttiiMeialljr in h^»toplHMMiMCliliM«I«nU>mtuwttin
«1^«d(.y,wil)a««U»lJm«il«Ma« «r^»:Mmw0-JH0r:ih«0.T>.p*rh4ptli»iriyS
—.—ti»«,»iJJtwriKtu«nE™Saive3it*« ••«>-> . ~ TTT T.
Icebox energy oil the cheap?
W&nted: The worfcTs snosi efScwnt r
frigerator, one tfeai's also free of
• That ofTJer has just gone out to manufao-
utilities, amocg them
&pal Utiia? District, Toother they
supply dtettridty W one-SftJi of U.S. Jioase-
feidK. Since the Arab oil embargo of the
19708, utilities haw learned that teppteg in-
Wc&t&exvx&m i«, iit effist, cheaper than de-
wJopk* ^«^ysoiatws like coal, bydra.oU
or' nfliur*! pa. Thus tlicySre offered subsi-
dies to customers who wart to better iusi-
5ate &e^ hotftBS» reebsw tiwir we of air-con.-
utilities, like SMUP, even pay for
shade trwa.
The twist in this new offi» is thai th« g«b-
saty goes to the mgriafacturer, sot the con-
sumer. That mate* sense, too. fteftigeratore
are MM* of the rae^t voracwus omsumcrs «f
kilowatts in the home, UnJifee the micro-
wave, washer, dryer or air-ccsKJilioner, the
refrigerator runa constantly. For each cus-
tomer who bays the yot-to-be-inyented en*p-
p'-sticgy ftidge. a utility can savfl up to 2V&
barr«i» of oil a par or X^QQ pounds of mai
or 13,000 mibic feet of natural gas.
this qu«st for s superafftdent refrigerator
is one of the positive outgrowths of a coali-
tion fonnad two years ago between Califor-
nia ut£M«* and envirgmaentaliats, Scsoa-
tu^s from the Natural JBasourcoa Defer^e
Ctrancil originally «ugg«stfld the contest.
Tto utflities KJitwrac«3 it. If it produces the-
desired result, everyone b«n«Sts: Consujn-
«rs pay Jess in energy costs, utility share'
boicfers get & sKeo ofiEhs saving In higher
divj&tmfe, the environment is enhanced.
Other industries ought So follow the utiii-
tiea* lead H5«rc must be GOUQ^ASS products
waiting to b» invented that can benefit the
enviromwnt and save mon«y, too, A $30
Bjfll&n tnoantive couJdn't hurt.
§an ^Francisco Chronicle
A Better Ice Box
«fHE$30-MlLUON-REWA»Db«tog offend
• forKmor«fiHtdeatrefrte«rBWrboiityp*ii
of the story. Tbt «a«'i utilitlB b»va com* 10
far in coaservlne the use o( electricity tint
ttey ire expected to baoiila CHUorniil popu-
latioo growth without bmWioi » Hn«l»Ur«e
power plant in tit* next i0y«w.
tie 125 million rtfrigKriton in)Mmnr tint thty
account for »faout ooa-ftftb of »B tft* «laecndiy
useti to Uw home.
w&tt Uus mean:, «ceoMm« w Artliur Ro-
aft&fdd, physics professor tad eaenty tutbert
ty at UC Berkeley, is ttui «id«uhloD«d r*frl|-
arators and freesers reqitirt «uougb pomr to
coasiaae tbe entire output of 43 taxeo power
plmB, He «ys ettlcieat deiign couw rtdnee
this figure by 75 percttQL
SINCE UTILITIES an sow being reward-
r «astwuw.4jec-
leader in tbe energy con»rv«aon fteld. to pat-
ting up $? miiiido *» ia tiww of tbe Mmn.
Retrigeraton are tbe mottdnuMtte ware*
of possible wrtng, tie cunpaua (or much
needed efficiency will also luciudV wldwpmd
use o! Improved U|bt bulbs, poweMfartfty
wuhmg m«c£iic«i tod office *quipment that
will require only & (ractioa ol oc power vied
by older models,
1— Page 56
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THE GLOBAL CHANGE DIVISION IS MAKING NEWS
Coalbed Methane
Long Hatred. Methane Now Valued
lefawfegr, Tax Credits Make Use of Gal-Bed Gas as Fuel Feasible
tbM OR tarn w«»%:9 JAM )«***.
«e tuet
M Mm AitBM1! S«* KM-
riw tan. nd k «* nriM <( S»
WM», I M* Cflttgy IMSa!*? felt
iptnt a? ta UK i*M ft* IOK«
i itewr burs! a &«,-rt*x !>» rawa* IK. » dnfag 28 » 80
-- *^ " ijMUdtefeg
W "
Iks tiKlsf
wtr—ita
bit to}*** mum «i3 tte 8«-
rtMUMWyit ^F9ttKt)0£t lASBACy. i$ in gg)U^ Ujfi «cc^.tbft
£K%r»»
'NeviEngland Utility;
Plata fo Help Save^i
Teesm Malaysia'-, ••
"
xat.T!»8«»orii
WOWOT vfftMCW MmHgr «mwAt, IMIt
*Hie ««d canpsctiH ffi*i(» ffictMgr »r^u
Ht-IM vaM atimme as «- S.SM IM, A «"
" «««)»*(!(!«!"»«
A second offset project it's planning
would extract methane from coal seems
before the* are mined. Methane, another
greenhouse gas, is usual); vented to the
atmosphere as coal is mined."
Page 57
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