United States
Environmental Pro
Agency
Office of
Ground-Water Proti
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 440/6-87-014
August 1987
Water-
c/ERA
An Annotated Bibliography
on Wellhead Protection
Programs.
-------
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAMS
Office of Ground-Water Protection
Office of Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
August 1987
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The OGWP Project Manager for this document was Wendy
Blake-Coleman. Dr. Norbert Dee, Director of the Research
and Data Management Staff, provided guidance. Kris Oravec
in OGWP assisted on the project.
OGWP extends its appreciation to the staff in the
Regional Ground-Water Protection Offices and the Reference
librarians at the EPA Headquarter's Library, who helped
identify and collect references included in this
document. OGWP would also like to extend its thanks to
its consultant, Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc., on this
effort. Nina Bonnelycke served as the Booz, Allen &
Hamilton Inc. staff person on the project.
Marian Mlay
Director
Office of Ground-Water Protection
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
INTRODUCTION 1
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX 3
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 24
California 24
Connecticut 26
Delaware 29
Florida 30
Illinois 34
Kansas 35
Maine 36
Massachusetts 37
Michigan 44
Minnesota 45
Montana 46
Nebraska 47
New Jersey 48
New York 49
North Carolina 53
North Dakota 54
Oklahoma 55
Pennsylvania 56
South Dakota 57
Tennessee 59
Texas 60
Utah 62
Vermont 63
Virginia 65
Washington • 66
Wisconsin 67
Other 69
ii
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INTRODUCTION
This bibliography is part of a continuing effort by the
U.S. EPA's Office of Ground-Water Protection (OGWP) to
provide Technical Assistance Documents (TADs) for State and
local officials developing Wellhead Protection (WHP)
Programs under Section 1428 of the 1986 Safe Drinking Water
Act Amendments. This bibliography references 142 documents
that contain information on one or more of the six
statutorily required WHP Program elements. The purpose of
the document is to provide a mechanism by which State and
local officials can use the experience of others as they >
begin to develop their WHP programs.
'• i ; ;' v ""•
The document is divided into two sections. The first
section contains a matrix of all 142 references and
indicates which WHP Program elements are discussed in the
individual references. The vertical axis of the matrix
consists of an alphabetical listing, by author, of the
142 references. The page number which appears after each of
these references identifies the location in this document of
the complete citation and an abstract of the reference.
The horizontal portion of the matrix lists the six
required WHP program elements:
Specify duties of State and local agencies and
public water supply systems with respect to: the
development and implementation of programs required;
For each wellhead, determine the wellhead
protection area as defined in subsection 1428(e)
based on all reasonably available hydrogeologic
information on ground-water flow, recharge and
discharge and other information the State deems
necessary to adequately determine the wellhead
protection area;
Identify within each wellhead protection area all
anthropogenic sources of contaminants which may
have adverse effect on the health of persons;
Describe a program that contains, as appropriate,
technical assistance, financial assistance,
implementation of control measures, education,
training and demonstration projects to protect the
water supply within wellhead protection areas from
such contaminants;
Include contingency plans for supplying water in
case of contamination of wells or wellfields;
-1-
-------
Include a provision for consideration of
contamination within the expected wellhead area of
new water wells serving public water supply systems.
The pertinent program elements are checked for each document
cited in the matrix. Thus readers can scan the matrix to
identify which program elements are discussed in each
reference.
The second section of the document is an annotated
bibliography of the 142 documents listed in the matrix. The
documents have been grouped first by State and within each
State section alphabetically by author. State groupings
were used so that the reader could easily identify those
documents that discuss programs in areas either
hydrogeologically or institutionally similar to the one in
which the reader is working. Additionally, an "other"
section has been included which contains material written by
the Federal government or other organizations not associated
with a specific State. EPA requests that you contact your
library or the organization for which a telephone number is
listed should you wish to obtain a copy of any document
listed in the bibliography.
The bibliography contains a selected group of documents
that has been collected by EPA Headquarters and the Regional
offices during the development of the Wellhead Protection
Program. It was felt that these documents might be useful
to States as they begin to develop WHP programs. It should
be noted that the EPA library did a search of several data
bases and that pertinent abstracts have been included.
As additional information on documents relevant to WHP
becomes available, it will be provided to the States and
others as either an update to this bibliography or as part
of a topic-specific Technical Assistance Document. The
States and others are encouraged to identify and/or submit
documents that they feel would be useful to others as they
develop WHP programs to:
Dr. Norbert Dee
Office of Ground-Water Protection (WH-550G)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460.
-2-
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WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX
AUTHOR
American Water Works Association,
1 984, Emergency Planning for Water
Utility Management . Other, p. 69
American Water Works Association,
Committee on Material Spills Hazardous
to a Water Supply, 1975, Hazardous
Materials Spills Emergency Handbook .
Other, p. 69
Amsden, Timothy L., 1987, "Assembling
Your State Groundwater Protection
Strategy," University of Kansas Law
Review. Other, p. 69
Anderson-Nichols & Co., Inc., 1985,
Edgartown Water Resources Protection
Proaram. Final Reoort: Phase 3. MA. D. 37
Association of Central Oklahoma
Council of Governments, 1984,
Protocol for Establishment of a
Ground Water Management and
Protection Plan . OK. p. 55
Barnes, Robert P., and Mack G. Croft,
1 986, Ground Water Quality Protection
Strateav for the State of Utah • UT. p. 62
Booth, Richard S., and Albert Bronson,
1 983, Major Institutional Arrangements
Affecting Ground Water in New York
Slate., NY, p. 49
Agency
Duties
X
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
Management
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Born, Stephen, et al., 1987, A Guide
to Groundwater Planning and
Management for Local Governments
(Draft), Wl, p. 67
Bowes, Gerald W., et at., 1984, Water
Quality and Pesticides: A California
Risk Assessment Program (Volume One) .
CA, p. 24
Broward County Environmental Quality
Control Board, 1984, Regulation
No. 84-3. FL p. 30
Broward County Water Resources
Planning and Programming Section,
1 983, The Potable Water Wellfield
Protection Program for Broward
County, Florida. FL. p. 30
Burchett, Charles R., et al., 1986,
The Edwards Aquifer, Extremely
Productive. But TX. p. 60
Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., 1982,
Wellfield Travel Time Model for
Selected Dade. Broward. and Palm
Beach Counties. Florida: Final
Report, 9243-1 10, FL, p. an
Canter, Larry, 1986, Functions and
Activities of Groundwater Protection .
Other, p. 69
Agency
Duties
X
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project,
1987, Water Supply Planning
Recommendations . MA. n. 37
Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project,
Aquifer Assessment Committee, 1986,
Evaluation of Approaches to Determine
Recharge Areas for Public Supply Wells
(Draft), MA, p. 37
Cape Cod Planning and Economic
Development Commission, 1985, Model
Health Regulation to Prevent Leaking
of Underground Fuel and Chemical
Storaae Svstems . MA. D. 37
Central Connecticut Regional Planning
Agency, 1981. Guide to Groundwater
and Aquifer Protection. Town of
Burlinaton. Staff Paoer 43 . CT. D. 26
City of Austin, Texas, 1980-1982,
Watershed Ordinances . TX. p. 60
Clarke County Planning Commission,
Water Study Committee, 1987, CJadse.
County Ground Water Protection Plan .
VA, p. 65
Connecticut Department of Environmental
Protection, 1981. A Handbook for
Connecticut's Water Quality Standards
and Criteria • CT. p. 26
Agency
Duties
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
X
Management
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
X
New
Wells
X
01
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Connecticut Department of Environmental
Protection, 1987, Connecticut's Ground
Water Protection Strateav . CT. D. 26
Connecticut Department of Environmental
Protection, 1986, Connecticut's Potable
Water Law. CTr p. 27
Connecticut Department of Environmental
Protection, 1987, Protection of High and
Moderate Yield Stratified Drift Aquifers .
CT,p.27
Connecticut Department of Health
Services, 1986. Summary of Recent
Legislation Pertaining to Public
Water Supplies , CT, p. 27
Connecticut Solid and Hazardous Waste
Siting Committee, 1981, Connecticut
Solid and Hazardous Waste Land
Disposal Siting Policy . CT. p. 27
Conservation Law Foundation of New
England, Inc., 1984, A Local Groundwater
Protection Program Primary Focus: Leaking
Underground Storage Tanks. Other, p. 70
Cooperative Extensions of Suffolk
County and Nassau County, 1985, Land
Use Management , NY. p. 49
Agency
Duties
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
Management
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
X
New
Wells
o>
I
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Cornell University, Center for Environmental
Research/Cooperative Extension, 1981, Long
Island's Groundwater and Your Lawn. . . How
Are They Related?, NY, p. 49
Dade County, 1981, Dade County Code.
Section 24-12.1 . Protection of potable water
supply wells . FL, p. 31
Dade County Department of Environmental
Resources Management and Dade County
Planning Department, 1984, Dade County's
Current Program to Improve and Maintain the
Qualitv of Potable Water. FL p. 31
Dade County Water Resources
Management Division, 1984, Ordinance
No. 84-60 (Potable Water Supply,
Wellfield Protection Ordinance) and
Resolution 84-2025 (Regulations
resulting from Ordinance 84-60), FL, p. 31
Dade County Wellfield Policy Advisory
Committee and Wellfield Technical
Committee, 1985, Northwest Wellfield
Protection Plan . FL p. 31
Dehan, Rodney S., 1984, New Approach
to Protection of Sensitive Aqujfgrs
in Florida. FL p. 32
Dehan, Rodney S., 1984, Trends in Ground-
Water Protection in Florida . FLr p. 32
Agency
Duties
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
Management
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Delaware Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control, 1987, State of
Delaware Regulations Governing the
Construction of Water Wells, np. n 2Q
DiNovo, Frank, and Martin Jaffe, 1984,
Local Groundwater Protection: Midwest
BeoJQQ, Other, p. 70
Dutram, Paul, 1986, The Planning Process .
for Local Groundwater Protection ME. D. 36
Edwards Underground Water District, 1987,
Suggested Design and Construction of
Edwards Aauifer Wells . TX. D. 60
Gallagher, Tara, and Susan Nickerson,
1986. The Cape Cod Aquifer Management
Project: A Multi-Agency Approach to
Ground-Water Protection . MA. D. 38
Giese, R.G., 1982, "State Ground-Water
Management Program," in Ground Water
Monitoring Review - Other, p. 70
Glatt, David L, 1985, Ground-Water
Investigation to Determine the Occurence of
Pidoram in Selected Well Sites of Rolette
County. North Dakota , ND, p. 54
Governor's Ground-Water Advisory Council,
1985. ISSUQS in Ground- Water Management —
An Evaluation of Montana's Ground-Water
Poiides and Programs r MT. p. 46
Agency
Duties
X
X
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
X
X
I
oo
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Harrison, Ellen T., and Mary Ann Dickinson,
1984, Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater:
A Guide to Groundwater Protection for Local
Officials, CT, p. 28
Heath, Douglas L, 1985, Hydrogeoioqic
Considerations of Zone of Contribution
Methods U^sd by Cape Cod Planning and
Economic Development Commission and
SEA Consultants Inc for Public Supply
Wells in Barnstable. Massachusetts (Draft).
MA, p. 38
Hodges, Jr., Arthur L., 1967, Ground-Water
Favorability Map of the Otter Creek Basin.
Vermont, vrr p. 63
Holman, David, 1986, Groundwater
(Drinking Water) Protection Alternatives
for Pesticides and Fertilizers Based on
Local Information and Comparable
Potential Risk index for Rock County.
Wisconsin. Wl. p. 67
Holman, David, 1986, Groundwater
Pollution Potential Risk Index System .
Wl, p. 67
Horsley, S.W., 1983, "Delineating Zones
of Contribution for Public Supply Wells to
Protect Groundwater," Proceedings from the
National Water Well Association Eastern
Regional Conference on Ground Water
Management, MA, p. 38
Agency
Duties
X
WHPA
Determination
X
X
X
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
VO
I
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Agency
Duties
WHPA
Determination
Source
Identification
Management
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
I
o
Horsley, S.W., et al., 1985, The Town
of Duxbury, Massachusetts, Aquifer Protection
Plan: A Case Study in Innovative Water
Quality Protection Strategies," Proceedings
from the National Water Well Association
Eastern Regional Conference on Ground
Water Management, MA, p. 39
Horsley, Scott W., and Thomas C. Cambareri,
1986, "Delineating Zones of Contribution for
Public Supply Wells to Protect Ground Water
In New England," Journal of the New England
Water Works Association. Other, p. 39
Hrezo, Margaret, and Pat Nickinson, 1986,
Protecting Virginia's Groundwater: A
Handbook for Local Government Officials .
VA, p. 65
Hrezo, Margaret, and Mattie Quesenberry,
1985, Options for Managing Underground
Storage of Petroleum Products in Virginia.
Bulletin 150. VA, p. 65
Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, 1986, A Plan for Protecting
Illinois Groundwater. IL, p. 34
Jaffe, Martin, and Frank DiNovo, 1987, LccaL
Groundwater Protectiori. Other, p. 71
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Agency
Duties
WHPA
Determination
Source
Identification
Management
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
Kilner, S.M., et al., 1984, "Aquifer Protection
Planning: Groundwater Protection in Two
Massachusetts Communities," Journal of the
New England Water Works Association
MA, p. 39
Koppelman, Lee E., et al., 1984, Nonpoint
Source Management Handbook NY, p. 49
Long Island Regional Planning Board, 1986,
Special Ground Water Protection Project for
the Oyster Bay and Brookhaven Pilot Areas.
NY, p. 50
Maine Association of Conservation
Commissions, 1986. Ground-water Quality:
A Handbook for Community Action . ME, p. 36
Maine Department of Environmental
Protection, 1986, Threats to Groundwater
in Maine. ME, p. 36
Maine Groundwater Classification
Subcommittee, 1986, Groundwater
Classification System. ME, p. 36
Massachusetts Audubon Society, Community
Groundwater Protection Project, 1986,
Landfills and Groundwater Protection.
Groundwater Information Flyer #8. MA, p. 40
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Massachusetts Audubon Society, Community
Groundwater Protection Project, 1984,
Groundwater and Contamination: From the
Watershed into the Well. Groundwater
Information Flyer f 2- MAr p. 40
Massachusetts Audubon Society,
Community Groundwater Protection
Project, 1 985, Local Authority for
Groundwater Protection. Groundwater
Information Flyer #4. MA. p. 40
Massachusetts Audubon Society.
Community Groundwater Protection
Project, 1984, Mapping Aquifers and
Recharge Areas, Groundwater
Information Flyer f 3 • MA. p. 40
Massachusetts Audubon Society, Community
Groundwater Protection Project, 1985,
Pesticides and Groundwater Protection.
Groundwater Information Flyer #7 . MA. p. 41
Massachusetts Audubon Society,
Community Groundwater Protection Project,
1984. Underground Storage Tanks and
Groundwater Protection. Groundwater
Information Flyer # 5- MA. p. 41
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering, 1987, Recommendations
of the Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project
Concerning Enhanced Groundwater
Protection in Landfill Programs . MA. p. 41
Agency
Duties
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
X
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
N>
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering, 1983, Groundwater
Protection Strateav. MA. o. 42
Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Quality Engineering, 1983,
Groundwater Quality and Protection. . .
A Guide for Local Officials. MA. p. 42
Meyer, Michael, 1986, A Summary of
Ground-Water Pollution Problems in
South Dakota . SD. p. 57
Meyer, Michael, 1986, Assessment of
the Feasibility of Establishing an Aquifer
Classification System for South Dakota .
SD, p. 57
Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
1 983, Site Assessment System (SAS) for the
Michigan Priority Ranking System Under the
Michigan Environmental Response Act
(Act 307, P.A. 1982) (Review Draft),
Ml, p. 44
Michigan Department of Natural Resources,
1980, Critical Materials Register . Ml, p. 44
Miller, D.W., 1981, "Guidelines for Developing
a State-Wide Ground-Water Program,"
Ground-Water Monitoring Review . Other, p. 71
Agency
Duties
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
X
X
X
X
Management
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Minnesota Water Planning Board. 1981,
Toward Efficient Allocation and
Management: Special Study on Local
Water Management. Ml< P- 45
Montana Department of Agriculture, 1985,
A Survey of Ground- Water Contamination by
Pesticides in Montana. MT. o. 46
Moore, V. Suzanne, and Larry A. Pinkston,
1 986, Utilization of Aquifer Data Collection.
Storage and Manipulation Techniques by a
Nonregulatory Ground Water Management
Agency. OK, p. 55
Morissey, Daniel J., 1987, Estimation of the
Recharge Area Contributing to a Pumoed
Well in a Glacial-Drift. River Valley Aquifer .
Other, p. 71
Mullikin, Elizabeth B., 1984, An Ounce of
Prevention. A Ground Water Protection
Handbook for Local Officials . VT. p. 63
Murphy, Jim, 1986, Protecting Our
Groundwater. What Every Community Can
Oft, CT, p. 28
Nebraska Association of Resources Districts,
1 984, Handbook on the Preparation of
Groundwater Management Plans . NB. p. 47
Agency
Duties
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Nebraska Department of Environmental
Control and Nebraska Environmental
Control Council, 1987, Alternative
Funding Mechanisms for the Nebraska
Department; of Environmental Control's
Water Quality Related Programs and
Activities^, NB, p. 47
New York Department of Environmental
Conservation, 1986, Long Island Ground
Water Manaaement Proaram . NY. D. 50
New York Department of Environmental
Conservation, 1985, Draft Upstate New York
Groundwater Management Program . NY.
p. 50
New York Department of Environmental
Conservation, 1978, Ground Water
Classifications Quality Standards and
Effluent Standards and/or Limitations .
NY, p. 50
New York State Legislative Commission
on Water Resource Needs of Long Island,
1985, Progress Report. NY, p. 51
Newton, David F., 1984, Groundwater
Manaaement in the Northeast . Other. D. 72
Nickerson, Susan, 1986, Local Participation
in Regional Groundwater Management: A
Cape Qod Example . MA. p. 42
Agency
Duties
X
X
X
X
X
WHPA
Determination
Source
Identification
Management
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
X
X
New
Wells
01
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
North Carolina Department of Natural
Resources and Community Development,
1985. North Carolina Administrative Code.
Tffle 1 5^ Subchaoter 2L Classifications and
Water Quality Standards of North Carolina .
NC, p. 53
Northwest Kansas Groundwater
Management District No. 4, 1982,
Groundwater Management District Act .
KS. p. 35
Northwest Michigan Regional Planning
and Development Commission, 1981,
Brine Contamination of Groundwater:
An Investigation of Brine Mud-Pits and
Road Brinina . Ml. o. 44
Pacenka, Steven, et al., 1984, Protecting
Ground-Water Supplies in River Valley
Communities . NY. p. 51
Pinkston, LA., and V.S. Moore, 1986,
Zone Specific Ground Water Sampling
Prior to Well Completion • OK. p. 55
Raymond, Lyle, 1984, Collecting Information
(Synopsis Series, File No. 85-1 (c)), NY, p. 51
Raymond, Lyle S., Jr. (ed.), 1981,
Groundwater Use Management in the
Northeastern States* Legal and Institutional
issues, Other, p. 72
Agency
Duties
X
WHPA
Determination
X
Source
Identification
X
X
X
Management
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
I
0>
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Reiter, Paul F., 1985, Estimating Pumping
Well Recharge Areas with Computer Models
Other, p. 72
Rodon, Rafael, 1980, Dade County's
Regulatory Approach to Wellfield Protection .
FL, p. 32
Santa Clara County. California, 1983,
Memorandum on adoption of the hazardous
materials ordinance, CA, p. 24
Schenectady County Planning
Department, 1984, Groundwater Supply
Source Protection: A Guide for Localities in
Upstate New YprH . NY. p. 52
Shade, Diane, 1986, A Brief Assessment of
Ground-Water Contaminants Associated with
Health Effects in South Dakota . SD. D. 57
Shade, Diane, 1986, Pesticides Used in
South Dakota Ground-Water/Health Risks .
SD, p. 57
Shade, Diane, 1985, South Dakota
Vulnerable Shallow Public Wells Study .
SD, p. 58
Shade, Diane, 1986, Summary of Ground-
water Regulations for South Dakota: Federal.
States and Local r SD. p. 58
Agency
Duties
X
X
WHPA
Determination
X
X
X
s
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Shifrin, Neil S., et al., 1981, Ground Water
Protection by Recharge Zone Management :
Institutional Arranaements . VA. D. 65
Singh, Udai P., et al., 1985, The Biscayne
Aauifer Protection Plan . FL D. 32
-i ..•• •...._•. r ^
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, 1979,
Community Planning for Water Resources
Manaoement: A Guide Book. Other. D. 73
South Dakota Department of Water and
Natural Resources, 1985, The BiO SlOUX
Aquifer Water Quality Study. SD. p. 58
Southern Water Authority, 1985, Aquifer.
Protection Policy. 1985 r Other, p. 73
Spokane County Planning Commission,
1 983, Aquifer Sensitive Area Overlay
Zone. Section 4, 16 A. 000 . WA. p. 66
Spokane County 208 Coordination Office,
Critical Materials Handbook (Draft). WA. p. 66
St. Ores, Jeffrey, et al., 1982, Groundwater
Prevention in Southeast Minnesota's Karst
Region. Extension Bulletin 465-1982 . MN.
p. 45
State of California Legislature. 1983. Assembly
BillNo. 1803.CA .p. 24
)
Agency
Duties
X
X
WHPA
Determination
Source
Identification
X
X
X
Management
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
X
New
Wells
00
I
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
State of California Water Resources Control
Board. 1984. Title 23. California Administrative
Code. Rules and Regulations for Water.
CA, p. 24
State of New Jersey, 1979, Articles 5 and 6
in the Pinelands Protection Act . NJ, p. 48
Stroman, Michael J., 1986, The Aquifer
Land Acquisition Program: An Approach
for Protecting Groundwater Resources in
Massachusetts. MA. p. 43
Suffolk County Department of Health Services,
1983-1986, Article 6 (Health Subdivisions,
Developments, and Other Construction
Projects) and Amendments; Article 7
Amendments (Water Pollution Control);
Article 12 Amendments (Toxic and Hazardous
Materials Storage and Handling Controls),
with the article's "Standards for Administration,"
in the Code of Administrative Regulation.
Suffolk County Sanitary Code r NY. p. 52
Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985r Conceptual
Qnsite Wastewater Management Plan for
Residential Developments Along Cedar
Creek Reservoir. TN. p. 59
Texas Rural Water Quality Network Project,
1 987, Protecting Texas Groundwater:
Opportunities for State and Local Action .
TX, p. 60
Agency
Duties
X
WHPA
Determination
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
X
I
to
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Texas State Legislature, 1959. Text of the Act
Creating the Edwards Underground Water
District. TX, p. 61
Texas Water Commission, 1985, Chapter
313. Edwards AQuifer , in the Commission
regulations, TX, p. 61
Tri-County Regional Planning Commission,
1 979, Tri-County Region 208 Water Quality
Manaaement Plan , Ml, p. 44
Trippe, J.T.B., et al., 1979, "Preventing
Groundwater Pollution: Towards a
Coordinated Strategy to Protect Critical
Recharge Zones," Harvard Environmental
Law Review r other, p. 73
U.S. Water Resources Council, 1979,
Essentials of Ground-Water Hydrology
Pertinent to Water Resources Planning .
Other, p. 73
U.S. Water Resources Council, 1981,
State of the States: Water Resources
Planning and Management. Gro/urKJwater
SUDDlerfient . Other, p. 74
University of Wisconsin, Environmental
Resources Center, 1984, Groundwater
Protection Through Local and Land Use
Controls. Other, p. 74
Agency
Duties
X
WHPA
Determination
X
X
Source
Identification
Management
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Van der Heijde, P.K.M., et al., 1987, Model
Assessment for Delineating Wellhead
Protection Area.S (Draf* Report), Other, n 74
Van Waegeningh, H.G., 1985, "Overview
of the Protection of Groundwater Quality,"
Theoretical Background. Hydrology and
Practice of Groundwater Protection Zones .
Other, p. 74
Van Waegeningh, H.G., 1985, "Protection
of Groundwater Quality in Porous Permeable
Rocks," Theoretical Background. Hydrology
and Practice of Groundwater Protection
Zones. Other, p. 75
Vermont Department of Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering, 1985,
Vermont Ground Water Law. Chapter 48 .
VT, p. 63
Vermont Department of Water Resources,
1 983, Vermont Aquifer Protection Area
Reference Document. VT. p. 63
Washington Department of Ecology, 1986,
Guidelines for Designating Groundwater
Management Areas and Programs . WA. p. 66
Washington Department of Ecology, 1986,
Probable Ground Water Management
Area Evaluation Prpcedure . WA. p. 66
Agency
Duties
X
WHPA
Determination
X
X
X
X
Source
Identification
Management
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Water Resources Agency for New Castle
County, 1987. New Castle County Resource
Protection Area Proaram Revision . DE. D. 29
Werner, James D., 1983, Elements of a
Groundwater Management Program*.
Other, p. 75
Willey, Richard E., and David Butterfield,
1983. Ground-Water Resources of the Rutland
Area. Vermont. Water-Resources
Investigations 92-4057 , VTr p. 64
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources,
1986, "NR 140 Becomes Administrative Rule,"
Groundwater Report. Wl. p. 67
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources,
1985. Chapter NR 140, "Groundwater Quality,"
Wisconsin Register No. 358, Wl, p. 68
Wisconsin Legislative Council Staff, 1984,
New Law Relating to Groundwater
Management. Information Memorandum .
Wl, p. 68
Wooding, Jr., N. Henry, 1983, Make Your
Water Supply Safe (Special Circular 45,
revised), PA, p. 56
Yoder, Douglas, 1986, Protection of
Wellfields and Recharge Areas in Dade
Co.untylf:lQriclar FU p. 33
Agency
Duties
WHPA
Determination
X
X
X
X
Source
Identification
X
X
Management
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
ro
ro
-------
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM MATRIX (continued)
AUTHOR
Zuena, A.J., 1985, "Hydrogeologic Aspects
of Landfill Siting and Design," Journal of
the New England Water Pollution Control
Association . Other, p. 75
Agency
Duties
WHPA
Determination
Source
Identification
Management
X
Contingency
Plans
New
Wells
ro
CO
-------
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
CALIFORNIA
BOWES, GERALD W., and DAVID B. COHEN, 1984, Water Quality
And Pesticides: A California Risk Assessment Program
(Volume One), California State Water Resources Control
Board (SWRCB), Sacramento, Calif. Tel.: (916) 322-8401.
The report summarizes the major accomplishments over
the past four years for the identification, control,
and prevention of water contamination by agricultural
chemicals. The primary focus of this report and nine
companion volumes is on those pesticides with the
greatest potential for adverse impacts on the quality
of both surface and ground water. The in-depth
pesticide risk assessment program, pesticide
registration evaluations, and pesticide-related
special studies are discussed. Cooperative efforts
between the SWRCB and the California Department of
Food and Agriculture are highlighted.
SANTA CLARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, 1983, Memorandum on
adoption of the hazardous materials ordinance, San Jose,
Calif., November 15, 1983, 5 pp. plus attachments. Tel.:
(408) 299-2424.
The memorandum includes text of the Santa Clara
Hazardous Materials ordinance, which California has
used as a statewide model ordinance. It discusses a
strategy for the implementation of the ordinance,
including the creation of a hazardous materials unit
and budget and staff requirements.
STATE OF CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE, 1983, Assembly Bill No.
1803, Sacramento, Calif., 5 pp. Tel.: (916) 445-2323.
This bill, passed in 1983, imposes a State-mandated
program which requires local health officials, in
consultation with the State Department of Health
Services, to conduct an evaluation of all small public
water supply systems under their jurisdiction. The
purpose of the evaluation is to determine the
potential for ground-water contamination by organic
chemicals and to develop a sampling plan for each
system.
-24-
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STATE OF CALIFORNIA WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD, 1984,
Title 23, 'California Administrative Code, Rules and
Regulations for Water, Subchapter 15, Discharges of Waste
to Land, Sacramento, Calif. Tel.: (916) 322-8353.
The regulations discuss the water quality impacts of
waste discharge to land. They establish waste and
site classifications and waste management requirements
for waste treatment, storage or disposal in landfills,
sur'face impoundments, waste piles, and land treatment
facilities. Ground-water 'monitoring is discussed.
-25-
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CONNECTICUT
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT REGIONAL PLANNING AGENCY, 1981, Guide
to Groundwater and Aquifer Protection, Town of Burlington,
Staff Paper 43, Burlington, Conn., 34 pp. Tel.:
(203) 589-7820.
The guide was written as a general primer for local
officials on how different sources can contaminate
water supplies. It contains specific recommendations
on how the town can protect its aquifer. Appendix B
contains an Aquifer Protection Model Ordinance/ and
Appendix C contains model aquifer protection
regulations on underground fuel storage.
CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, .1981,
A Handbook for Connecticut's Water Quality Standards and
Criteria, Water Compliance Unit, Connecticut DEP,
Hartford, Conn. Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
Table III-2 in this handbook clarifies the
relationship between water quality classification and
wastewater discharge. The report also contains a
discussion of the relationship between Connecticut's
classification system and nondegradation policy. To
improve understanding of use of source controls, the
report summarizes BMPs applied to various sources.
CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1987,
Connecticut's Ground Water Protection Strategy, Water
Compliance Unit, Natural Resources Center, Connecticut
DEP, Hartford, Conn., 14 pp. Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
The strategy discusses the roles of both State and
local governments in the State's comprehensive
ground-water quality management program. Statewide
programs include drinking water standards, water
quality standards and classifications, source
controls, enfo/rcement,- statewide bans, best management
practices, victim compensation, planning, water use
and allocation, monitoring, research, data management,
local assistance, and education. Regional and local
programs include land use controls, aquifer
identification, performance standards, well
protection, household hazardous waste, and local
monitoring, inspections, and enforcement.
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CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1986,
Connecticut's Potable Water Law, Hartford, Conn., 3 pp.
Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
The Potable Water Law establishes a procedure by which
a party responsible for contaminating a ground-water
supply may have to provide potable drinking water to
the affected population. If a responsible party
cannot be located, the municipality in which the
contamination occurs may have to supply the water.
The law also includes a provision for the State to
provide grants to municipalities not responsible for
contamination, if the communities are ordered to
provide potable drinking water. The document includes
a flow chart of actions to be taken by the State staff
when they find a contaminated well.
CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1987,
Protection of High and Moderate Yield Stratified Drift
Acruifers, Hartford, Conn., 29 pp. Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
This report identifies Connecticut's high and moderate
yield aquifers and examines methods of increasing
protection of these aquifers. Chapter III,
"Implementing a Protection Strategy," describes
various techniques for protecting critical aquifers.
Techniques discussed include land acquisition, BMPs,
and zoning.
CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES, 1986, Summary
of Recent Legislation Pertaining to Public Water Supplies,
Hartford, Conn., 10 pp. Tel.: (203) 566-1253.
A collection of brief summaries of several important
pieces of legislation pertaining to public water
supplies passed in 1984, 1985, and 1986 by the
Connecticut legislature. Several laws pertain to
improved ground-water protection through planning as
well as through emergency assistance.
CONNECTICUT SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE SITING COMMITTEE,
1981, Connecticut Solid and Hazardous Waste Land Disposal
Siting Policy, State of Connecticut, Hartford, Conn., 24
pp. Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
The policy builds on the "Connecticut Water Quality
Standards and Criteria" (Classification) System,
Federal and State solid and hazardous waste
regulations and criteria, and Federal and State
wetland and flood planning regulatory programs.
Includes explanatory text.
-27-
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HARRISON, ELLEN T., and MARY ANN DICKENSON, 1984,
Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide to
Groundwater Protection for Local Officials, Connecticut
Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, Conn.,
40 pp. plus appendices. Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
A planning document explaining ground water: what it
is, how it becomes polluted, where it needs to be
protected, and what is being done to protect it. The
- document concentrates on what local communities can do
to identify and protect ground water.
Topics covered include Connecticut's inspection and
enforcement programs, how to identify program
inadequacies, how to choose a mix of protection
mechanisms, technical assistance available in
Connecticut, use of educational methods for alerting
the public, and land use options.
MURPHY, JIM, 1986, Protecting Our Groundwater, What Every
Community Can Do, a series of articles in a Connecticut
Department of Environmental Protection publication,
Citizens' Bulletin, Hartford, Conn. Tel.: (203) 566-2588.
A series of articles explaining local government roles
and activities. The articles summarize the planning
process suggested for local governments who are
assessing ground-water protection needs.
Mentions (1) seminars offered by the University of
Connecticut's Cooperative Extension Service on topics
such as ground-water protection, (2) mandatory
certification training for zoning officials.
-28-
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DELAWARE
DELAWARE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL, 1987, State of Delaware Regulations Governing the
Construction of Water Wells, Division of Water Resources,
Groundwater Management Section, Water Supply Branch,
Delaware DNREC, Dover, Del., 27 pp. Tel.: (302) 736-4793.
The report contains the Delaware regulations on new
wells. Topics covered include location, design,
installation, use, disinfection, modification, repair,
and abandonment of all wells and associated pumping
equipment. Section 4.01 outlines the siting criteria
for new wells and describes minimum horizontal
separation distances from a variety of sources,
including septic tanks and seepage pits.
WATER RESOURCES AGENCY FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY, 1987, New
Castle County Resource Protection Area Program Revision,
Water Resources Agency for New Castle County, Newark,
Del., 51 pp. Tel.: (302) 731-7670.
The report presents results of a detailed
investigation into land management approaches to local
water ground-water protection. It proposes improved
land management measures to protect water resources
through expanded use of New Castle's Resource
Protection Area program; presents rationale and
criteria used to define resource areas to be
protected; and presents proposed land use restrictions
for each area.
-29-
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FLORIDA
BROWARD COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL BOARD, 1984,
Regulation No. 84-3/ Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 20 pp. Tel.:
(305) 765-5881.
Adds a new section on above ground or underground
storage tanks to the Broward County Environmental
Quality Control Board's Code of Regulations. The
regulation discusses licenses required, approvals to
construct and operate tanks, required containment
barriers, monitoring wells, leak detection fees, and
exemptions.
BROWARD COUNTY WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
SECTION, 1983, The Potable Water Wellfield Protection
Program for Broward County, Florida, Broward County Public
Works, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 135 pp. Tel.:
(305) 357-6318.
A discussion of the development of Broward County's
program to protect public drinking water supply
wellfields. It explains the need to protect drinking
water supplies and presents an implementation strategy
to provide this protection. Topics covered in the
report include identification of existing potential
sources of ground-water contamination, gaps in the
existing regulatory process, methodology used to
determine wellfield protection areas, and computer
simulation used to determine aquifer conditions and
contamination.
The report summarizes three components that at a
minimum should be in a program. These elements are:
all existing regulations and regulatory functions with
additional legislation to fill gaps, clear delineation
of the responsibilities of the various agencies and
any necessary coordinating mechanisms, and the
recognition of all potential sources of contamination
along with necessary control mechanisms. The report
presents alternative wellfield protection programs
based on the consideration of the above components.
CAMP DRESSER & MCKEE, INC., 1982, Wellfield Travel Time
Model for Selected Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties,
Florida: Final Report, 9243-110, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.,
165pp. Tel.: (305) 776-1731.
The report describes the methodology, assumptions, and
procedures used to develop a numerical flow/transport
model based on ground-water pollutant travel time.
The computer program written to implement the model is
described along with a listing of the computer input
data.
-30-
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BADE COUNTY, 1981, last amended in 1986, Dade County Code,
Section 24-12.1, Protection of potable water supply wells,
Miami, Fla. Tel.: (305) 375-5137.
This is Dade County's "Potable Water Supply Well
Protection Ordinance." It contains sections on source
controls for various source categories. Source
controls are based on the contaminant time travel
model.
DADE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT and DADE COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT, 1984, Dade
County's Current Program to Improve and Maintain the
Quality of Potable Water, Miami, Fla., Ill pp. Tel.:
(305) 375-3376.
An in-depth discussion of land use planning and zoning
techniques used in Dade County for aquifer
protection. The report describes different
instruments for land use planning and zoning and how
they can be used together to accomplish aquifer
protection goals.
DADE COUNTY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DIVISION, 1984,
Ordinance No. 84-60 (Potable Water Supply, Wellfield
Protection Ordinance) and Resolution 84-2025 (Regulations
resulting from Ordinance 84-60), Dade County, Miami, Fla.
(Amendment included). Tel.: (305) 375-5137.
Text of the Dade County Wellfield Protection Ordinance
and Regulation Ordinance; includes sections on
"Prohibitions, Restrictions and Permitting within
Zones of Influence" and authority for issuing the Dade
County list of hazardous and toxic substances.
DADE COUNTY WELLFIELD POLICY ADVISORY COMMITTEE and
WELLFIELD TECHNICAL COMMITTEE, 1985, Northwest Wellfield
Protection Plan, Dade County Planning Department and Dade
County Department of Environmental Resources Management,
Miami, Fla., 103 pp. Tel.: (305) 375-3376, 375-3318.
A descriptive report on land use policies and
environmental regulations governing wellfield
protection areas. Contains committee recommendations
on land use policy and environmental regulation and
enforcement.
Also contains the recommendations of the Wellfield
Policy Advisory Committee on public awareness and
involvement. Includes discussion of personnel
commitment for developing public school curriculum and
public presentation materials.
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DEHAN, RODNEY, 1984, New Approach to Protection of
Sensitive Aquifers in Florida, Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, Fla. Tel.: (904)
488-3601.
The document describes Florida's system of aquifer
classification. There are four classes, varying by
such factors as confinement, population served, and
quality. A description of the application of a
-• calculated fixed radius method for delineating zones
of protection is given.
DEHAN, RODNEY, 1984, Trends in Ground-Water Protection in
Florida, Florida Department of Environmental Regulation,
Tallahassee, Fla., 26 pp. Tel.: (904) 488-3601.
A description of Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation activities for assuring high quality ground
water. Covers the Florida ground-water classification
system, injection well controls, monitoring network
set-up, goals for monitoring, and phases necessary to
accomplish established objectives.
RODON, RAFAEL, 1980, Dade County's Regulatory Approach to
Wellfield Protection, Dade County Department of
Environmental Resources Management, Miami, Fla., 40 pp.
Tel.: (305) 375-3307.
A discussion of Dade County's wellfield protection
program. The concept of hydraulic travel times and
how they are applied in a numerical flow/transport
model for wellhead protection area delineation is
reviewed.
SINGH, UDAI P., JAMES E. ORBAN, and A.L. DOCAL, 1985, The
Biscayne Aquifer Protection Plan, in Proceedings from the
American Water Resources Association Symposium on
Groundwater Contamination and Reclamation, Tucson,
Arizona, August 14-15, 1985. Author affiliation:
CH2M-Hill, Fla. Tel.: (301) 493-8600.
The Biscayne Aquifer is the sole source of drinking
water for about three million people in southeast
Florida. Many municipal wellfields have been
contaminated with priority pollutants. A preventive
action plan for protecting the aquifer from hazardous
waste contamination was developed and recommended for
the tri-county Biscayne Aquifer area. The 20 elements
of the plan fit into these four categories:
regulation, waste management, construction/treatment,
and information needs. The development of public
awareness and education programs on hazardous waste
issues is advocated, as is the determination of a
maximum contamination level of pollutants in local
soils.
-32-
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YODER, DOUGLAS, 1986, Protection of Wellfields and
Recharge Areas in Dade County, Florida, Bade County
Department of Environmental Resources Management, Miami,
Fla., 24 pp. Tel.: (305) 375-3318.
A description of two local efforts relating to
recharge area and wellfield protection. Provides a
history of the planning process involved in developing
the East Everglades Management Plan and the Dade
County Wellfield Protection Program. Discusses
variability in political will, legal authorities,
financial capacity, technical resources, and
administrative resources. Presents conclusions about
local well protection programs.
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ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 1986, A Plan for
Protecting Illinois Groundwater, Springfield, 111., 65 pp.
Tel.: (217) 782-2829.
A discussion of ground-water quality problems in
Illinois and the existing laws, strategies, and
ground-water programs for dealing with those
problems. The establishment of well site protection
areas includes the use of arbitrary and calculated
fixed radius methods of delineation.
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KANSAS
NORTHWEST KANSAS GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT NO. 4,
1982, Groundwater Management District Act, Colby, Kansas,
16 pp. Tel.: (913) 462-3915.
The Act establishes ground-water management
districts. Topics discussed include procedure to set
up districts, district powers, procedures for
designating intensive ground-water use control areas,
and financing mechanisms.
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MAINE
DUTRAM, PAUL, 1986, The Planning Process for Local
Groundwater Protection, Maine State Planning Office
No. 38, Augusta, Maine, 32 pp. Tel.: (207) 289-3261.
A review of the planning steps necessary at the local
level for ensuring high quality ground water. Steps
discussed include "form a ground-water committee,"
"inform the public," "gather existing data," etc.
MAINE ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS, 1986,
Ground Water Quality: A Handbook For Community Action,
Maine Association of Conservation Commissions, Hallowell,
Maine, 52 pp. Tel.: (207) 623-4850.
The handbook describes an inventory process to
identify former activities and land uses within a
community that may threaten the quality of water
supplies. Topics covered include organizing and
conducting the inventory, using survey results, and
acquiring land use and title information that might be
useful in the inventory process.
MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1986,
Threats to Groundwater in Maine, Augusta, Maine (poster
matrix). Tel.: (800) 452-1942.
This wallchart identifies eleven threats to
ground-water resources in Maine (e.g., sand/salt
piles, septic systems, etc.). Thirteen categories of
specific information such as health effects, on-going
research is presented for each threat.
MAINE GROUNDWATER CLASSIFICATION SUBCOMMITTEE, 1986,
Groundwater Classificati-on System, Ground Water Standing
Committee of the Maine Land and Water Resources Council,
Augusta, Maine, 16 pp. Tel.: (207) 289-3261.
A description of the draft Maine ground-water
classification system, which consists of one class,
and the process used to develop it. Sets a
nondegradation goal, and prohibits discharges of
pollutants to ground water. The paper discusses
numerous ground-water protection goals and policies of
the State.
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MASSACHUSETTS
ANDERSON-NICHOLS & CO., INC., 1985, Edgartown Water
Resources Protection Program, Final Report: Phase 3,
Edgartown Board of Health, Edgartown, Mass., 16 pp.
Tel.: (617) 627-8594.
The report describes the water quality sampling and
modeling of nitrate concentrations in the ground-water
underlying the Katama Peninsula. Aquifer
characteristics are discussed with regard to data
input to the analytical flow model used in the
analysis of ground-water flow patterns. This model is
a possible method for determining wellhead protection
areas.
CAPE COD AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PROJECT, 1987, Water Supply
Planning Recommendations, Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Quality Engineering, Boston, Mass., 6 pp.
Tel.: (617) 292-5657.
The recommendations of the Cape Cod Aquifer Management
Protection Project Institutions Committee for water
supply planning on Cape Cod. The report comments on
existing provisions for contingency planning and
siting of new wells.
CAPE COD AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PROJECT, AQUIFER ASSESSMENT
COMMITTEE, 1986, Evaluation of Approaches to Determine
Recharge Areas for Public Supply Wells (Draft),
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, Boston, Mass., 4 pp. Tel.: (617) 292-5657.
An evaluation of the Cape Cod Aquifer Management
Protection Project method of delineating zones of
contribution around public supply wells. The report
outlines considerations surrounding the methodology
used and reviews alternative approaches for
delineating zones of contribution.
CAPE COD PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION,
1985, Model Health Regulation to Prevent Leaking of
Underground Fuel and Chemical Storage Systems, Barnstable,
Mass., 4 pp. Tel.: (617) 362-2511.
A sample model ordinance for regulating underground
storage tanks. Topics covered include tank
registration, inventory control, reporting, tank
selection and installation, and product storage.
-37-
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GALLAGHER, TARA, and SUSAN NICKERSON, 1986, The Cape Cod
Aquifer Management Project: A Multi-Agency Approach to
Ground Water Protection, Paper presented at the National
Water Well Association Third Annual Eastern Regional
Ground Water Conference, Springfield, Mass.
Tel.: (617) 292-5657 (Mass. Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering).
The paper summarizes the background leading to the
development of the Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project
(CCAMP), which is a Massachusetts ground-water
protection demonstration project. Responsibilities of
the different levels of government are discussed, and
CCAMP's water management work groups are described.
HEATH, DOUGLAS L., 1985, Hydrogeologic Considerations of
Zone of Contribution Methods Used By Cape God Planning and
Economic Development Commission and SEA Consultants, Inc.,
for Public Supply Wells in Barnstable, Massachusetts
(Draft), Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, Boston, Mass., 11 pp. Tel.: (617) 292-5657.
A description of factors necessary for determining
zones of contribution (well discharge, recharge,
hydraulic gradient, and other hydraulic properties),
outlines sources of information on these factors, and
recommends essential steps for defining the zone of
contribution for public water supplies in Cape Cod.
HORSLEY, SCOTT W., 1983, "Delineating Zones of
Contribution for Public Supply Wells to Protect
Groundwater" in Proceedings from the National Water Well
Association Eastern Regional Conference on Ground Water
Management, October 30 - November 2, 1983. Tel.:
(614) 761-1711.
A basic introduction to methods for delineating zones
of contribution for wells drawing ground water from
glacial deposit aquifers on Cape Cod. Discusses shape
and size of zones of contribution, rate of pumping,
and changes in ground-water flow due to pumping.
Protection measures discussed include travel time
boundaries, zoning modifications in the area of
contribution, land use restrictions, and land
acquisition.
-38-
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HORSLEY, SCOTT W., and CAMBARERI, THOMAS C., 1986,
"Delineating Zones of Contribution for Public Supply Wells
to Protect Ground Water In New England," in the Journal of
the New England Water Works Association, vol. 100, No. 1,
24 pp. Tel.: (617) 329-9650.
A description of the procedures used to delineate
zones of contribution to public water supply wells in
two major geologic settings in New England. Discusses
an analytical flow model with regard to delineation.
HORSLEY, SCOTT W., and J.D. WITTEN, 1985, "The Town of
Duxbury, Massachusetts, Aquifer Protection Plan: A Case
Study in Innovative Water Quality Protection Strategies,"
in Proceedings from the National Water Well Association
Third Annual Eastern Regional Ground Water Conference.
Tel.: (614) 761-1711.
An overview of the Duxbury, Massachusetts,
ground-water protection policy. The article outlines
the steps that'the town took to develop its
ground-water protection policy. Topics covered
include hydrologic and geologic mapping of the
aguifer, ground-water flow modeling, the delineation
of zones of contribution to municipal wells, and the
development of rules and regulations to protect the
town's aguifer from future pollution and degradation.
The main thrust of the policy is the control of
residential and industrial development through a
variety of regulations overseen by the Board of
Health, the Board of Planning, and the Water Advisory
Board.
KILNER, S.M., W.J. RIZZO, and J.F. SHAWCROSS, 1984,
"Aguifer Protection Planning: Groundwater Protection in
Two Massachusetts Communities," in the Journal of the New
England Water Works Association, vol. 98, No. 4, 21 pp.
Tel.: (617) 329-9650.
A description of the Aguifer Protection Plans of two
Massachusetts communities, Burlington and Littleton.
Compares the reasons and approaches taken to develop
each plan. The stimulus in Burlington was
predominately remedial; and in Littleton it was
primarily preventive. The paper discusses the
planning process used in addressing aguifer protection
problems, sampling programs to identify the
contamination sources in Burlington, regulations,
implementation and enforcement of new regulations,
siting of new wells, and the protection plan. The
authors conclude that traditional approaches to well
siting and ground-water protection are inadeguate and
that regional treatment and protection of ground-water
guality is necessary.
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MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, 1984, Groundwater and Contamination:
From the Watershed into the Well, Groundwater Information
Flyer tt2, Lincoln, Mass., 10 pp. Tel.: (617) 259-9500.
A primer for local officials and citizens who might
develop ground-water protection programs. Pamphlet
discusses how ground water moves through a watershed,
cones of depression, areas of influence, areas
significant to ground-water supplies that must be
identified and protected to prevent contamination, and
common ground-water contaminants and their sources.
MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, 1986, Landfills and Groundwater
Protection, Groundwater Information Flyer tt8, Lincoln,
Mass., 19 pp. Tel.: (617) 259-9500.
A flyer which examines sources of contamination from
landfills. Major sections address how leachate is
produced, and how to evaluate potential leachate
problems. Includes suggestions on the type of
information to collect when assessing the potential
for contamination from landfills.
MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, 1985, Local Authority for Groundwater
Protection, Groundwater Information Flyer tt4, Lincoln,
Mass., 18 pp. Tel.: (617) 259-9500.
A flyer to provide information to help citizens and
local officials protect ground-water resources. It
explains powers for land use regulation held by local
governments in Massachusetts.
MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, 1984, Mapping Ao^iifers and Recharge
Areas, Groundwater Information Flyer tt3, Lincoln, Mass.,
12pp. Tel.: (617) 259-9500.
A discussion of several elements involved in mapping
aquifers and recharge areas. Several delineation
methods are identified that correspond to arbitrary
fixed radius, hydroqeoloqic mapping, and numerical
flow/transport models.
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MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, 1985, Pesticides and Groundwater
Protection, Groundvater Information Flyer #7, Lincoln,
Mass., 21 pp. Tel.: (617) 259-9500.
A flyer which suggests action that local officials and
citizens can take to prevent ground-water
contamination from pesticides. Nonregulatory measures
such as land acquisition and acquisition of
development rights are reviewed.
Contains sections on (1) "Local Authority to Control
Pesticide Use," which reviews major legal cases and
Massachusetts statutes with an impact on ground-water
protection; and (2) "Which Pesticides Will Leach Into
Ground-Water?"
MASSACHUSETTS AUDUBON SOCIETY, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, 1984, Underground Storage Tanks and
Groundwater Protection, Groundwater Information Flyer tt5,
Lincoln, Mass., 15 pp. Tel.: (617) 259-9500.
A flyer intended to help local officials and citizens
understand the problems associated with underground
storage tanks, and to provide information and
suggestions for developing leak-prevention programs.
Contains a section on "How to Detect Leaks," which
discusses Massachusetts inventory requirements.
MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
ENGINEERING, 1987, Recommendations of the Cape Cod Aquifer
Management Project Concerning Enhanced Groundwater
Protection in Landfill Programs, Boston, Mass., 8 pp.
Tel.: (617) 292-5657.
A set of recommendations based on an assessment of
ground-water protection from landfill contamination on
Cape Cod. Current regulations and guidelines are
reviewed. Suggests ways in which public water
supplies could be protected through siting,
construction, and monitoring procedures. The report
makes 37 recommendations concerning topics such as
site evaluation and assessment, expansion requests,
monitoring, inspection and enforcement, leachate
control, landfill capping, intra-agency coordination,
and governmental roles.
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MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
ENGINEERING, 1983, Groundwater Protection Strategy,
Boston, Mass., 22 pp. Tel.: (617) 292-5657.
This strategy is the Massachusetts general plan for
dealing with ground-water resources within the State.
The information in the strategy is most appropriate
for the hydrogeologic mapping method of wellhead
delineation.
MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
ENGINEERING, 1983, Groundwater Quality and Protection...A
Guide for Local Officials, Division of Water Supply,
Massachusetts DEQE, Boston, Mass., 100 pp. Tel.: (617)
292-5527.*
The handbook discusses principles of ground-water
hydrology, common contaminants and their sources, and
local regulatory and management options. A discussion
of ground-water law and a list of Federal and State
agencies providing ground-water assistance is also
included.
NICKERSON, SUSAN L., 1986, Local Participation in Regional
Groundwater Management: A Cape Cod Example, Cape Cod
Planning and Economic Development Commission, Barnstable,
Mass., 21 pp. Tel.: (617) 362-2511.
A description of the Cape Cod Aquifer Management
Program. Implementation of the program is described,
and the strategy for achieving voluntary cooperation
with the regional management program is outlined. The
article describes the Cape Cod Planning and Economic
Development Commission model ground-water protection
ordinance for controlling toxic and hazardous
materials, and the text of the model ordinance is
included as an appendix.
* Citations marked with an asterisk are based on Susan
Turnquist's bibliography, Community Guide to
Groundwater Protection and Management: An Annotated
Bibliography, Northeast Regional Center for Regional
Development, State College, Penn., 1985.
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STROMAN, MICHAEL J., 1986, The Acruifer Land Accfuisition
Program; An Approach for Protecting Groundwater Resources
in Massachusetts, in Proceedings from the National Water
Well Association Third Annual Eastern Regional Groundwater
Conference, 9 pp. Tel.: (617) 292-5526 (Mass. Department
of Environmental Quality Engineering).
A description of the Massachusetts program for
reimbursing communities that acquire development
rights to land above and around drinking water
supplies. Applicants must supply information on the
local aquifer/water supply, land use, resource
protection and land acquisition. Applications are
ranked according to two specific criteria: value and
use of the resource and degree of resource protection.
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MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 1983 (updated
annually), Site Assessment System (SAS) for the Michigan
Priority Ranking System Under the Michigan Environmental
Response Act (Act 307, P.A. 1982) (Review Draft), Lansing,
Mich. Tel.: (517) 373-4800.
A presentation of Michigan's system for prioritizing
actions at hazardous waste sites. Sites are ranked in
terms of the relative risk a site poses to human and
nonhuman populations, ecological systems, and
important resources. Under this system, risk is a
function of exposure and hazard.
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 1980 (updated
annually), Critical Materials Register, Environment
Services Division, Michigan DNR, Lansing, Mich.
Tel.: (517) 373-2190.
A register of critical materials that"are or may be
used or discharged in Michigan. The register is
updated annually with the help of an advisory
committee composed of government, special interest,
and industry representatives. Chemicals reviewed for
inclusion on the list include chemicals with
well-recognized high toxicity (e.g., PCBs, mercury,
cyanide, etc.), those from lists of priority chemicals
developed by the National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health, EPA, etc., and chemicals of
specific concern in Michigan. Document explains
review methodology, hazard assessment process, and
assessment criteria and rationale.
NORTHWEST MICHIGAN REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
COMMISSION, 1981, Brine Contamination of Groundwater: An
Investigation of Brine Mud-Pits and Road Brining, Traverse
City, Mich., 40 pp. Tel.: (616) 946-5922.
A description of local agency use of the Electrical
Earth Resistivity method to link chlorides in ground
water to brine generated in oil drilling and
production phases.
TRI-COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, 1979, Tri-County
Region 208 Water Quality Management Plan, Lansing, Mich.,
75 pp. Tel.: (517) 393-0342.
A summary of the region's ground-water quality
problems. It reviews current management programs, and
makes recommendations to improve these programs.
Recharge area identification is discussed and
hydrogeoloqic mapping is identified as a method to
delineate these areas.
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MINNESOTA
MINNESOTA WATER PLANNING BOARD, 1981, Toward Efficient
Allocation and Management: Special Study on Local Water
Management, St. Paul, Minn., 98 pp. Tel.: (612) 296-1424.
A study of local roles and authorities in water
management; recommends a course of action for
improving and clarifying relationships and authorities
in local water management in Minnesota.
ST. ORES, JEFFREY, CALVIN E. ALEXANDER, JR., and CLIFTON
F. HALSEY, 1982, Groundwater Prevention in Southeast
Minnesota's Karst Region, Extension Bulletin 465-1982
(Ref. No. CDBU 0547), Agricultural Extension Service,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., 19 pp. Tel.:
(612) 625-8173.
A discussion of the hydrogeology of Karst areas,
sources which might cause contamination in Karst
areas, and procedures which can reduce ground-water
pollution potentials.
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MONTANA
GOVERNOR'S GROUND-WATER ADVISORY COUNCIL, 1985, Issues In
Ground-Water Management - An Evaluation of Montana's
Ground-Water Policies and Programs, Montana Department of
Natural Resources and Conservation, Helena, Montana.
Tel.: (406) 444-3742.
A review of Montana's ground-water management
framework, including a description of the agencies
responsible for ground-water management and
recommendations that promote the wise development and
protection of the State's ground-water resources. -
MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1985, A Survey of
Ground-Water Contamination by Pesticides in Montana,
Environmental Management Division, Montana DoA, Helena,
Montana, 7 pp. Tel.: (406) 444-2944.
Study objectives were to (1) characterize three
distinct agricultural production areas in Montana
where pesticides might be found in the ground, water,
and (2) to sample wells in these areas to learn what,
if any, pesticides had contaminated the ground water.
Field investigators selected sampling sites with
permeable soils, high water tables, irrigation, and a
history of pesticide use. Sampling results are
provided as well as an analysis and interpretation of
the data collected.
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NEBRASKA
NEBRASKA ASSOCIATION OF RESOURCES DISTRICTS, 1984,
Handbook on the Preparation of Ground Water Management
Plans, prepared by the Institute of Agriculture and
Natural Resources for the Nebraska Association of
Resources Districts, Lincoln, Neb., 45+ pp. Tel.: (402)
474-3383.
A reference manual for Nebraska's natural resources
districts on preparation of ground-water management
plans. Items discussed include technical
requirements, policy requirements (including
objectives), and preparation and review requirements.
NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL and NEBRASKA
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL COUNCIL, 1987, Alternative Funding
Mechanisms for the Nebraska Department of Environmental
Control's Water Quality Related Programs and Activities,
Nebraska State Legislature, Lincoln, Neb., 49 pp. Tel.:
(402) 471-4700.
A study of funding mechanisms for ground-water quality
protection programs; presents alternatives for funding
Nebraska's ground-water programs.
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NEW JERSEY
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, 1979, Articles 5 and 6 in the
Pinelands Protection Act, Trenton, New Jersey, 14 pp. and
30 pp. Tel.: (609) 894-9342.
Article 5 contains the minimum standards for the
development and use of land that the Pinelands
Commission has deemed necessary to maintain the
essential character of the Pinelands environment.
Article 6 establishes management programs and minimum
standards governing development and land use in the
Pinelands. It is intended that the programs will be
implemented through the administration of municipal
and county master plans and land use ordinances.
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NEW YORK
BOOTH, RICHARD S., and ALBERT BRONSON, 1983, Major
Institutional Arrangements Affecting Ground Water in New
York State, Center for Environmental Research, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 200 pp. Tel.: (703)
487-4650, (National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va.).*
A description and assessment the State, county, and
local government powers a'nd activities whose exercise
affects ground-water use and/or quality, and the
overlaps, gaps, and conflicts in those powers.
COOPERATIVE EXTENSIONS OF SUFFOLK COUNTY AND NASSAU
COUNTY, 1985, Land Use Management, part of the series
entitled, Understanding Our Groundwater, Riverhead,
New York. Tel.: (516) 727-7850.
A series of bulletins on land use management. Topics
covered include land control techniques, zoning and
zoning boards, planning boards, hydrogeologic zones,
and the counties' special management area, "Pine
Barrens."
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH/COOPERATIVE EXTENSION, 1981, Long Island's
Groundwater and Your Lawn...How Are They Related?,
Aquaterra, Water Resources Public Service Program, Center
for Environmental Research/Cooperative Extension, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 2 pp. Tel.: (607)
255-7535.*
An example of a public information/education
pamphlet. Discusses the contamination of ground water
on Long Island by nitrates, particularly as a result
of turfgrass fertilization.
KOPPELMAN, LEE E., EDITH TANENBAUM, and CAROLE SWICK,
1984, Nonpoint Source Management Handbook, Long Island
Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, New York, 437+ pp.
Tel.: (516) 360-5189.
The handbook discusses the cumulative impacts of
nonpoint source pollutants; recommends various
nonpoint source controls for each pollutant source;
offers guidelines for siting layout and density of
development for single properties and subdivisions;
shows how plan implementation strategies can be
developed; facilitates preparation of Environmental
Assessments and Impact Statements; furnishes technical
justification for the adoption of needed nonpoint
source controls; and provides model ordinances.
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LONG ISLAND REGIONAL PLANNING BOARD, 1986, Special Ground
Water Protection Project for the Oyster Bay and Brookhaven
Pilot Areas, Hauppauge, New York, 140 pp. Tel.: (516)
360-5189.
The document presents specific ground-water management
programs for two pilot areas in Long Island. It
discusses the use of local land use controls,
including site plan review, the transfer of
development rights, and other measures directed
primarily at the reduction or exclusion of point and
nonpoint sources of contamination.
NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, 1986,
Long Island Ground Water Management Program, Division of
Water, New York DEC, Albany, New York, 239+ pp.
(Executive Summary available.) Tel.: (518) 473-4641.
An assessment of management needs and identifies the
full range of governmental activities available for
managing ground-water resources. Ground-water
problems on Long Island are described, and geographic
targeting of protection efforts is discussed.
NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, 1985,
Draft Upstate New York Groundwater Management Program,
Division of Water, New York DEC, Albany, New York, 200+
pp. (Summary Document also available, 37 pp.) Tel.:
(518) 473-4641.
A review of facts about ground water, problems with
upstate New York ground waters, and government
programs which affect ground water. The report
recommends a program of management actions that
Federal, State, regional, and local governments should
take.
Chapter III describes existing program roles and
responsibilities for Federal, State, and local
agencies. Chapter IV, Section C is an extensive
review of pollution source control programs in New
York. Chapter IV, Section E, is a review of response
and remediation programs in New York State. Chapter
IV also reviews public participation and education.
NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, 1978,
Ground Water Classifications Quality Standards and
Effluent Standards and/or Limitations, Albany, New York,
16pp. Tel.: (518) 473-4641.
A list of specific contaminant standards as set by the
New York Department of Conservation.
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NEW YORK STATE LEGISLATIVE COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE
NEEDS OF LONG ISLAND, 1985, Progress Report. Albany, New
York, 441 pp. Tel.: (516) 482-7722. (Document is
produced annually.)
Chapter V discusses local ordinances for land use
protection and control. Summaries of several model
ordinances dealing with transfer of development
rights, open space preservation, and minimum
disturbance of natural vegetation are included. A
proposed tenant registration program that describes a
method by which illegal discharges of wastewater in
unsewered areas can be identified and controlled is
also discussed.
Chapter VI, "Water Supply," contains a section on
alternatives for obtaining potable water supplies.
Alternatives presented include deepening contaminated
wells and increasing capacities of contaminant-free
wells.
Chapter X presents legislation introduced by the
Commission to require water supply systems to draft
emergency water supply plans.
PACENKA, S:, M.J. HEATHER, K. PORTER, B. SILVERMAN, and L.
MALLER, 1984, Protecting Ground-Water Supplies in River
Valley Communities, Miscellaneous Bulletin 131, Cornell
Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, New York.
Tel.: (607) 256-2080.*
The bulletin sets out basic principles and procedures
for assessing and preventing threats to ground-water
quality. A sample study area is described,
information needs are outlined, and the methods for
gathering data are defined. Hydrogeological theory is
presented as background for the analysis of the data.
The concluding section outlines the components of a
ground-water protection program: adequate mapping,
appropriate control over contaminating activities,
monitoring, and community education.
RAYMOND, LYLE, 1984, Collecting Information (Synopsis
Series, File No. 85-KC)), Cooperative Extension, Cornell
University, Water Resources Program, Ithaca, New York, 7
pp. plus abstract. Tel.: (607) 255-7535.*
One of a series to be included in a handbook for local
officials and groups, the article is a digest of
recommended steps by which a community may evaluate
the area of their ground-water resource and sources of
contamination.
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SCHENECTADY COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT, 1984, Groundwater
Supply Source Protection: A Guide for Localities in
Upstate New York, Schenectady, New York, 68 pp. Tel.:
(518) 382-3286.
Chapter III, Section B describes various source
categories and appropriate protective measures. Also
has a section on local laws and ordinances and
discusses the options for local control. Appendix C
- provides examples of special zoning districts.
Chapter V on implementation techniques contains a
section on joint local/State regulations.
Chapter on "Financial Considerations" addresses
potential revenue sources and related considerations
dealing with property ownership, management, and use.
Sources of assistance covered include issuance of
municipal bonds, Federal assistance, and related
issues.
SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES, 1983-1986,
Article 6 (Health Subdivisions, Developments, and Other
Construction Projects) and Amendments; Article 7
Amendments (Water Pollution Control); Article 12
Amendments (Toxic and Hazardous Materials Storage and
Handling Controls), with the article's "Standards for
Administration," in the Code of Administrative Regulation,
Suffolk County Sanitary Code, Suffolk County, Hauppauge,
New York. Tel.: (516) 348-2755.
These articles in the Suffolk County Code of
Regulations deal with regulatory controls on potential
sources of ground-water contamination.
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NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, 1985, North Carolina
Administrative Code, Title 15, Subchapter 2L,
Classifications and Water Quality Standards of North
Carolina, Environmental Management Division, North
Carolina DNR&CD, Raleigh, N.C., 18 pp. Tel.:
(919) 733-3221.
Contains the North Carolina code setting out the
State's ground-water classification system and quality
standards. Specific classes and standards for ground
water are described.
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NORTH DAKOTA
GLATT, DAVID L., 1985, Ground-Water Investigation to
Determine the Occurrence of Picloram in Selected Well
Sites of Rolette County, North Dakota, Division of Water
Supply and Pollution Control, North Dakota Department of
Health, Bismarck, North Dakota, 35 pp. Tel.: (701)
224-2354.
This study was initiated to determine the presence of
picloram in ground-water resources in Rolette County,
North Dakota, due to leafy spurge eradication
techniques. One hundred and twenty-six water samples
were collected from existing private and public wells
in areas considered sensitive to ground-water
contamination during 1985. All water samples were
analyzed for nitrate, secondary inorganics, and
picloram concentration.
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OKLAHOMA
ASSOCIATION OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS,
1984' Protocol for Establishment of a Ground Water
Management and Protection Plan. U.S. EPA, Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ground Water Research
Branch, Ada, Okla., 55 pp. Tel.: (405) 848-8961.
The report provides information on the development of
a management plan for a specific aquifer in Oklahoma.
It outlines major steps that were taken by local
officials to accomplish this task. These steps are
summarized in a "protocol flow chart."
MOORE, V. SUZANNE, and LARRY A. PINKSTON, 1986,
Utilization of Acruifer Data Collection, Storage and
Manipulation Techniques by a Nonregulatory Ground Water
Management Agency, Association of Central Oklahoma Council
of Governments, sponsored by U.S. EPA, Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, Okla., 80 pp.
Tel.: (405) 848-8961.
The report describes the Association of Central
Oklahoma/Garber-Wellington Association's aquifer
information database, referred to as the Aquifer Data
Management System (ADMS). ADMS houses information of
water wells, oil and gas wells, and underground
storage tanks. The system can be used by cities and
communities to examine and complement State and
Federal regulations, local land use regulations, and
zoning ordinances.
PINKSTON, L.A., and V.S. MOORE, 1986, Zone Specific Ground
Water Sampling Prior to Well Completion, Association of
Central Oklahoma Council of Governments, sponsored by U.S.
EPA, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory,
Ada, Okla., 51 pp. Tel.: (405) 848-8961.
The study describes zone-specific ground-water
sampling in uncased test holes. Two methods, the
dual-wall reverse circulation drilling method and the
open-hole inflatable packer method are discussed. In
the study, three wells were sampled using these
methods, and the sampling results were compared to
expected water quality. The study describes the
capabilities and uses of each testing method.
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PENNSYLVANIA
WOODING, N. HENRY, JR., 1983, Make Your Water Supply Safe
(Special Circular 45, revised), Cooperative Extension
Service, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Penn., 7 pp. Tel.: (814) 863-2713.*
A description of how water supplies become
contaminated and how to locate and protect new wells
as well as reconstruct old wells to protect water
supplies. Discusses testing for bacteria, and ways
(emergency and long-term) to treat contaminated water
sources.
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SOUTH DAKOTA
MEYER, MICHAEL, 1986, A Summary of Ground-Water Pollution
Problems in South Dakota. Office of Water Quality, South
Dakota Department of Natural Resources, Pierre, South
Dakota, 17 pp. Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
The paper provides a brief summary of ground-water
pollution problems within the State. Twelve sources
of contamination are described, including information
on cause and impacts on gtound water and human health.
MEYER, MICHAEL, 1986, Assessment of the Feasibility of
Establishing an Aquifer Classification System for South
Dakota, Office of Water Quality, South Dakota Department
of Water and Natural Resources, Pierre, South Dakota, 44
pp. Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
The paper assesses the feasibility of establishing an
aquifer classification system for South Dakota and
offers classification options for consideration. The
investigation includes a vulnerability-based system
for classification and the establishment of wellhead
protection zones.
SHADE, DIANE, 1986, A Brief Assessment of Ground-Water
Contaminants Associated with Health Effects in South
Dakota, Office of Water Quality, South Dakota Department
of Water and Natural Resources, Pierre, South Dakota,
7 pp. Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
The paper summarizes the health effects associated
with ground-water pollution within the State.
Contaminants reviewed include petroleum products,
agricultural chemicals, and nitrates.
SHADE, DIANE, 1986, Pesticides Used in South Dakota
Ground-Water/Health Risks, Office of Water Quality, South
Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources, Pierre,
South Dakota, 22 pp. Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
A description of (1) pesticide use and characteristics
in relation to ground-water investigations, and (2)
the potential for ground-water contamination in South
Dakota. The ten most commonly used pesticides in
South Dakota are discussed. Pesticides that have been
detected in or have a strong potential to enter ground
water are reviewed. Discussions focus on the purpose
or function of each pesticide, the potential for
contamination, and health effects.
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SHADE, DIANE, 1985, South Dakota Vulnerable Shallow Public
Water Supplies Study, Office of Water Quality, South
Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources, Pierre,
South Dakota. Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
The study identifies public ground-water supplies in
South Dakota which are most vulnerable to
contamination based on well depth and local geology.
Using appropriate hydraulic parameters, the radius of
influence or distance to zero drawdown was estimated
for the wells included on the most vulnerable list.
SHADE, DIANE, 1986, Summary of Groundwater Regulations for
South Dakota: Federal, State and Local, South Dakota
Office of Water Quality, Pierre, South Dakota, 119 pp.
Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
A summary of laws pertaining to ground water in South
Dakota. Identifies agency roles and authorities,
including institutional and legal barriers to
ground-water protection. Appendix C contains the text
of two local ordinances that regulate hazardous
materials and require product registration.
SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES,
1985, The Big Sioux Aquifer Water Quality Study, Pierre,
South Dakota, 338 pp. Tel.: (605) 773-3351.
In 1978, available water quality data indicated that
the Big Sioux Aquifer contained elevated nitrate
levels. In response to this finding, the Department
of Water and Natural Resources completed this study of
the aquifer. The study includes baseline data, an
assessment of the overall quality of water in the
aquifers, describes potential contamination problems,
and describes a method for protecting the aquifer for
future use.
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TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, 1985, Conceptual Onsite
Wastewater Management Plan For Residential Developments
Along Cedar Creek Reservoir, Division of Air and Water
Resources, Office of Natural Resources and Economic
Development, TVA, Chattanooga, Tenn., 19+ pp. Tel.1.
(615) 751-7338.
The report describes the TVA wastewater management
plan to guide the siting of onsite sewage disposal
systems for residential developments along the
reservoir. Although the report focuses on averting
surface water,contamination, Appendix B contains a
description of alternative onsite sewage disposal
systems that may be applicable to ground-water
protection efforts.
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TEXAS
BURCHETT, CHARLES R., PAUL L. RETTMAN, and
CHARLES W. BONING, 1986, The Edwards Aquifer, Extremely
Productive, But...., U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation
with the Edwards Underground Water District,
San Antonio, Texas, 38 pp. Tel.: (512) 222-2204.
This document is an example of a public education
publication. It summarizes investigations and
research concerning the Edwards Aquifer and presents
information in a manner intended to be useful to
individuals who make decisions relating to
ground-water protection. The document focuses on
aquifer hydrogeology and factors affecting quantity
and quality of ground water in the area.
CITY OF AUSTIN, TEXAS, 1980-1982, Watershed Ordinances.
Tel.: (512) 499-2296.
Text of development ordinances relating to use and
development in Austin aquifer-related watersheds.
Discusses special controls required for all
development of land within these aquifers.
EDWARDS UNDERGROUND WATER DISTRICT, 1987, Suggested Design
and Construction of Edwards Acruifer Wells, San Antonio,
Texas, 16 pp. Tel.: (512) 222-2204.
This publication contains the minimum well
construction standards recommended by the District.
The manual addresses primarily the construction of
domestic wells. It is directed towards area residents
unfamiliar with drilling procedures, practices, and
construction specifications for wells drawing ground
water from the Aquifer.
TEXAS RURAL WATER QUALITY NETWORK PROJECT, 1987,
Protecting Texas Groundwater: Opportunities for State and
Local Action, Texas Department of Agriculture,
Austin, Texas, and National Demonstration Water Project,
Inc., Arlington, Va. Tel.: (512) 463-7504.
This report contains recommendations on how to improve
ground-water protection in Texas. Topics examined
include ground-water districts, source controls, and
water well construction regulations. For each topic,
the report describes the current Texas program and
recommends program improvements.
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TEXAS STATE LEGISLATURE, 1959, Text of the Act Creating
the Edwards Underground Water District (Article 8280-219),
as amended in 1979 and 1983, Austin, Texas, 11 pp. Tel.:
(512) 222-2204 (Edwards Underground Water District).
This document contains the text of the act
establishing the Edwards Underground Water District.
The act delineates the District's geographic
boundaries, powers of the District, election of the
governing board, and bond issuance.
TEXAS WATER COMMISSION, 1985, Chapter 313, Edwards
Aquifer, in the Commission regulations, Austin, Texas,
17 pp. Tel.: (512) 222-2204 (Edwards Underground Water
District).
Portions of the Texas Water Code allow the Texas Water
Commission to regulate and promulgate rules related to
water quality. This publication contains the text of
the Commission's regulations for controlling
activities with the potential to contaminate the
Edwards Aguifer. Topics covered include establishing
a water pollution abatement plan, design of sewage
collection systems, and permitting materials storage
facilities.
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UTAH
BARNES, ROBERT P., and MACK G. CROFT, 1986, Ground Water
Quality Protection Strategy for the State of Utah, Utah
Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, 115 pp.
Tel.: (801) 538-6146.
The strategy reviews facts about ground water,
describes government programs that affect ground
water, and discusses potential sources of ground-water
pollution. Provides management proposals for public
consideration and comment.
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VERMONT
HODGES, JR., ARTHUR L., 1967, Ground-Water Favorability
Map of the Otter Creek Basin, Vermont. Vermont Department
of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering,
Montpelier, Vt. Tel.: (802) 244-5638.
The map illustrates the relative favorability for
developing ground-water supplies in areas drained by
Otter Creek. Four geologic types are mapped based on
their potential for yielding ground water.
Hydroqeologic mapping was the delineation method used.
MULLIKIN, ELIZABETH B., 1984, An Ounce of Prevention, A
Ground Water Protection Handbook for Local Officials,
Vermont Ground Water Coordinating Committee, Montpelier,
Vt., 48 pp. Tel.: (802) 828-2761.
This booklet contains a chapter on choosing
ground-water protection techniques. The chapter
describes public education, observation techniques,
long-term protection, regulatory schemes, and interim
techniques. The next chapter, entitled "A Guide to
Implementing Your Ground Water Protection Program,"
suggests a procedure for deciding which combination of
techniques is appropriate for any one community.
VERMONT DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING, 1985, Vermont Ground Water Law, Chapter 48,
Montpelier, Vt., 8 pp. Tel.: (802) 244-5638.
This document lays out the provisions of the
ground-water protection laws in Vermont. The chapter
covers the Vermont ground-water classification system
and licensing of water well drillers.
VERMONT DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING, 1983, Vermont Aquifer Protection Area
Reference Document, Montpelier, Vt., 47 pp. Tel.:
(802) 244-5638.
A summary of summarizes Vermont's ground-water
protection policy. The document discusses the types
of aquifers present in Vermont, location of aquifer
protection areas, and ways to delineate aquifer
protection areas for each type of aquifer. Results of
the land use survey to determine types of ground-water
uses and potential sources of pollution in each
aquifer region are discussed.
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WILLEY, RICHARD E., and DAVID BUTTERFIELD, 1983,
Ground-Water Resources of the Rutland Area, Vermont,
Water-Resources Investigation 82-4057, U.S. Geological
Survey, 38 pp. Tel.: (802) 244-5638.
A description of the ground-water resources in the
vicinity of Rutland, Vermont. The report indicates
the location and potential yield of unconsolidated
water-bearing deposits, evaluates the yield of the
bedrock aquifers, and characterizes ground-water
quality. It also provides an example of hydrogeolocric
mapping delineation methods.
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VIRGINIA
CLARKE COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION, WATER STUDY COMMITTEE,
W87, Clark County Ground Water Protection Plan, Lord
Fairfax Planning District Commission, Front Royal, Va.,
12pp. Tel.: (703) 635-4146.
This study attempts to answer a variety of issues
pertaining to local ground-water protection, including
determination of areas of risk, probable sources of
contamination, and additional activities needed to
protect local ground water.
HREZO, MARGARET, and PAT NICKINSON, 1986, Protecting
Virginia's Groundwater: A Handbook for Local Government
Officials, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, Va., 44 pp. Tel.: (703) 961-5624.
This text includes a section on regulatory and
nonregulatory tools available to local officials for
ground-water planning. It lays out a step-by-step
approach to ground-water protection planning.
Regulatory tools covered include zoning and mandatory
BMPs. Nonregulatory tools covered include purchase of
development rights and voluntary BMPs. Also addressed
in the appendices are zoning and site plan ordinances
in Virginia and model ordinances for overlay zoning.
HREZO, MARGARET, and MATTIE QUESENBERRY, 1985, Options for
Managing Underground Storage of Petroleum Products in
Virginia, Bulletin 150, Virginia Water Resources Research
Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, Va., 99 pp. Tel.: (703) 961-5624.
The bulletin includes discussion on the use of risk
assessment in policy making. It reviews briefly
current uses and criticisms of risk assessment for
analysis of contamination threats.
SHIFRIN, NEIL S., and MICHAEL NOLAN, 1981, Ground Water
Protection by Recharge Zone Management: Institutional
Arrangements, JBF Scientific Corp., Mass. Tel.: (703)
487-4650 (National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va.).
The report explores protection of ground-water quality
by proper management of recharge zones. State,
regional, and local agencies are analyzed for their
possible roles in ground-water quality control, both
nationally and in the three case study areas in
Virginia. A State-oriented approach with active
municipal participation is found to be the best
alternative.
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WASHINGTON
SPOKANE COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION, 1983, Aquifer
Sensitive Area Overlay Zone, Section 4.ISA.OOP, Spokane,
Wash., 10 pp. Tel.: (509) 456-2205.
This zoning ordinance fulfills the Spokane Section 208
programs specifications for development of land use
regulations for aquifer protection.
SPOKANE COUNTY 208 COORDINATION OFFICE, 1984, Critical
Materials Handbook (Draft), Spokane, Wash. Tel.:
(509) 456-6024.
The handbook contains the Spokane Critical Materials
Activity List and the Critical Materials List. The
Activity List identifies sources of aquifer
contamination in the Spokane area, and the Materials
List is a list of 650 chemicals regulated both by
State and Federal laws. Also contains some suggested
BMPs intended to help users of potentially
contaminating materials comply with the requirements
of the County Aquifer Overlay Zone. Presents the
Spokane model spill prevention, control, and clean-up
plan.
WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY, 1986, Guidelines for
Designating Groundwater Management Areas and Programs,
Water Resources Planning and Management Section,
Washington DEC, Olympia, Wash., 16 pp. (Includes the
Washington Administrative Code sections that address
establishment of Ground Water Management Areas.) Tel.:
(206) 459-6120.
The booklet is intended to help local governments and
water user groups understand the Washington law that
establishes ground-water management areas (Chapter
173-100 of the Washington Administrative Code). It
serves as a guide for -setting up local ground-water
management plans and attempts to answer questions
about the new process.
WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY, 1986, Probable Ground
Water Management Area Evaluation Procedure, Water
Resources Planning and Management Section, Washington DEC,
Olympia, Wash., 11 pp. Tel.: (206) 459-6000.
This report presents the procedures used by the
Washington Department of Ecology to evaluate
applications for designations of Ground Water
Management Areas. Evaluation criteria and calculation
of scores are described.
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WISCONSIN
BORN, STEPHEN, DOUGLAS A. YANGGEN, and ALEXANDER
ZAPOREZEC, 1987, A Guide to Groundwater Planning and
Management for Local Governments (Draft). Wisconsin
Geological and National History Survey, Madison, Wise.,
159 pp. Tel.: (608) 263-2627.
A planning guide or manual for local ground-water
quality management. The guide provides information on
a range of techniques for ground-water protection, and
is designed to offer insight on how these techniques
can be tailored to individual communities. Contains a
section on "scope of local effort," which discusses
establishing goals and objectives and identifying key
participants.
The guide also includes sections on environmental
assessment and management techniques and options for
local controls on potential sources.
HOLMAN, DAVID, 1986, Groundwater (Drinking Water)
Protection Alternatives for Pesticides and Fertilizers
Based on Local Information and Comparable Potential Risk
Index for Rock County, Wisconsin, Environmental Health
Division, Rock County Health Department, Janesville,
Wise. Tel.: (608) 755-2641.
This report discusses Rock County's Risk Index System;
it applies risk assessment techniques to rank
contaminant sources, including pesticides and
fertilizers. Risk assessment computations are laid
out. Toxicology information is not used.
HOLMAN, DAVID, 1986, Groundwater Pollution Potential Risk
Index System, Environmental Health Division, Rock County
Health Department, Janesville, Wise. Tel.: (608)
755-2641.
A more comprehensive discussion of the Rock County
risk index than in the previous reference. Discusses
the methodology used and how to interpret risk scores.
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 1986, "NR 140
Becomes Administrative Rule," Groundwater Report, Madison,
Wise., 2pp. Tel.: (608) 266-9276.
The article describes Wisconsin's new numerical
standards for 46 substances of health or welfare
concern. NR 140 establishes two sets of ground-water
standards, the enforcement standard and the preventive
action limit (PAL), which serves as a "trigger" for
protective measures.
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WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 1985, Chapter
NR 140, "Groundwater Quality," in Wisconsin Register No.
358, Madison, Wise. Tel.: (608) 266-9265.
This chapter of the Wisconsin Administrative Code
establishes a two-tiered system of ground-water
quality standards. Portions of the rule deal with
where the standards apply (outside "design management
zones" around regulated facilities/activities).
WISCONSIN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL STAFF, 1984, New Law
Relating to Groundwater Management, Information Memorandum
84-11, Madison, Wise., 45 pp. Tel.: (608) 266-1304.
The memorandum describes 1983 Wisconsin Act 410, which
was the basis for NR 410, the rule setting out
Wisconsin's new ground-water quality standards.
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OTHER
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, 1984 (reprint),
Emergency Planning for Water Utility Management, Denver,
Colo., 69 pp. Tel.: (303) 794-7711.
Chapter 5 contains a section listing key elements of
an emergency plan. The paper is oriented primarily
toward responding to water supply contamination.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, Committee on Material
Spills Hazardous to a Water Supply, 1975, Hazardous
Materials Spills Emergency Handbook, Denver, Colo., 47 pp.
Tel.: (303) 794-7711.
A handbook on how to set up plans for responding to
hazardous materials spills, with sections on drafting
spill plans and ordinances. There is little
discussion of how to promote alternate water supplies.
AMSDEN, TIMOTHY L., 1987, "Assembling Your State
Groundwater Protection Strategy", in the University of
Kansas Law Review, vol. 35, No. 2 (Winter 1987), 10 pp.
Tel.: (913) 864-4550.
An informal guide to developing a State ground-water
protection strategy. The author describes the
preparatory steps for developing a plan. These steps
deal with issues such as uses of classification
systems, understanding the relationship of ground
water with other media, and use of education in
managing ground water.
CANTER, LARRY, 1986, Functions and Activities of
Groundwater Protection: Implications for Institutional
Coordination, Environmental and Ground Water Institute,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. Tel.:
(405) 325-5202.
Action elements within ground-water programs may
include the implementation of ground-water monitoring,
assessment of ground-water usage, prioritization of
pollution sources, usage of permits and inspections
for source control, planning and completion/remedial
actions, and usage of a pollution incident tracking
system. Institutional coordination is needed since
many elements are characterized by shared
responsibilities, and possibly shared funding, among
Federal, State, and local governmental levels. This
paper explores these elements and their respective
coordination needs and identifies several policy
issues.
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CONSERVATION LAW FOUNDATION OF NEW ENGLAND, INC., 1984, A
Local Groundwater Protection Program, Primary Focus:
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks, Boston, Mass. Tel.:
(617) 742-2540.*
A sample ground-water protection program focusing on
implementation on the local level.
DINOVO, FRANK, and MARTIN JAFFE, 1984, Local Groundwater
Protection: Midwest Region, American Planning
Association, Chicago, 111., 327 pp. Tel.: (312) 955-9100.
The intent of this report is to help communities in
the Midwest improve planning and land use control
procedures for protecting ground-water resources.
Chapter IV discusses 15 sources .of point and nonpoint
ground-water contamination, including agricultural
irrigation and underground storage tanks. Chapter V
presents Federal and State laws that have an impact on
ground-water protection. Later chapters discuss how
to develop a ground-water data base and identify
recharge areas (Chapters VI and VII). The report also
provides five examples of programs designed to protect
areas sensitive to ground-water contamination.
GIESE, R.G., 1982, "State Ground-Water Management
Program," in Ground Water Monitoring Review, vol. 2, No.
1, 4 pp. Author affiliation: U.S. EPA, Region V, Ground
Water Protection Section. Tel.: (614) 761-1711.
This article presents a design for developing a
comprehensive ground-water management program. The
suggested design represents a compilation of ideas
from States that are currently developing ground-water
programs. The outline should provide advice to those
States that have not yet begun to develop a program, •
but recognize the need to do so. Given the limited
funds available to develop and implement a
ground-water .management program, the States should
use the design as a guide, and devote their efforts to
defining a State ground-water protection policy,
identifying and evaluating existing and potential
contamination sources, and to developing and
implementing procedures to prevent or mitigate the
contamination problems.
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JAFFE, MARTIN, and FRANK DINOVO, 1987, Local Groundwater
Protection. American Planning Association, Chicago, 111.,
262 pp. Tel.: (312) 955-9100.
A cross-section of existing and proposed ground-water
protection programs that have been put into place by
local government. The book examines ground-water
threats, legislation, data needs, and policies and
Evaluates local controls on ground-water contamination
sources. The appendices present examples of local
source control and sensitive area protection
ordinances.
MILLER, D.W., 1981, "Guidelines for Developing a
State-Wide Ground-Water Monitoring Program," in
Ground-Water Monitoring Review, vol. 1, No. 1, 2 pp.
Author affiliation: Geraghty & Miller, Annapolis, Md.
Tel.: (614) 761-1711.
This article outlines the function of monitoring in a
State regulatory context. The author draws on over
two decades of experience in the field of ground-water
protection, in both the government and private
sectors, to provide information that will be useful to
regulatory officials charged with the design,
implementation, and enforcement of monitoring programs
and useful to those subject to these regulations.
MORISSEY, DANIEL J., 1987, Estimation of the Recharge Area
Contribution to a Pumped Well in a Glacial-Drift, River
Valley Acruifer (Open-File Report 86-543), U.S. Geological
Survey, Washington, D.C., 60 pp. Tel.: (303) 236-7476.
This report discusses wellhead delineation in
glacial-fill river-valley aquifers, a common
hydrogeological setting in New England. It compares
the use of analytical, two-dimensional and
three-dimensional numerical modeling techniques to
delineate the zone of contribution to wells in this
type of aquifer. The models' accuracy, their use in
characterizing this type of aquifer, and the
hydrogeologic information necessary to develop each
model are discussed.
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NEWTON, DAVID F., 1984, Groundvater Management in the
Northeast (Publication No. 34), Northeast Center for Rural
Development, Ithaca, New York (center located at State
College, Perm., after October 1985), 175+ pp. Tel.:
(814) 863-4656.*
A collection of nine bulletins from the Cooperative
Extension on the following topics in ground-water
management: overview, CES programming ideas,
hydrology fundamentals, quality/treatment, summary of
water laws in each northeastern State, institutional
aspects, local planning for management, conservation
as a management strategy, and sources of information
and assistance.
RAYMOND, JR., LYLE S. (ed.), 1981, Groundwater Use
Management in the Northeastern States: Legal and
Institutional Issues, Center for Environmental Research,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 337 pp. Tel.:
(703) 487-4650 (National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va.).*
Topics addressed at the conference include
ground-water hydrology, ground-water rights,
integrated management, land use, permits with respect
to public authority to act, the technical knowledge
base, ground-water allocation, quantity and quality
management, and local government responses to
ground-water shortages.
REITER, PAUL F., 1985, Estimating Pumping Well Recharge
Areas with Computer Models, in Proceedings from the
National Water Well Association Conference on Ground-Water
Models, August 19-20, 1985, Columbus, Ohio. Tel.:
(614) 761-1711.
Ground-water modeling can provide an improved estimate
of recharge areas that contribute water to supply
wells. Case studies are outlined for two commonly
encountered pumping well situations: wells receiving
induced infiltration from nearby streams within a thin
valley aquifer, and wells located in areas where
surface water sources are negligible. In both
situations, a mass balance technique was applied to
steady state flow model results to determine recharge
areas contributing water to the wells.
Three-dimensional schemes were utilized in the
second. For both, the computed recharge area deviated
significantly from a circular area.
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SKIDMORE, OWINGS AND MERRILL, 1979, Community Planning for
Water Resources Management: A Guide Book. Boston, Mass.,
24 pp. Tel.: (617) 247-1070.*
The guide presents six steps in the planning process:
defining problems and goals, collecting and studying
data, generating alternatives, evaluating effects, and
participating in planning. For each step, the guide
directs communities to consider a set of questions,
lists types of information to be gathered, and
suggests actions.
SOUTHERN WATER AUTHORITY, 1985, Acruifer Protection Policy,
1985, West Sussex, England, 47 pp. (The Southern Water
Authority is located at Guildbourne House, Worthing, West
Sussex, England, BNll 1LD.)
Focus is on the Southern Water Aquifer Authority's
ground-water protection zones and the need to balance
hydrogeological features, industrial concerns, and
ground-water protection goals when developing a
policy. The guide describes the various aquifer types
within the authority, and the management controls used
in each aquifer. Fifty-day inflow boundary zones
around pumping stations are the basis for protection.
Contains discussion on how changes in velocity,
pumping rates, conductivity, etc., can affect the
dimensions of a 50-day inflow boundary around wells.
TRIPPE, J.T.B., AND B. JAFFE, 1979, "Preventing
Groundwater Pollution: Towards a Coordinated Strategy to
Protect Critical Recharge Zones," Harvard Environmental
Law Review, vol. 3, No. 3, Cambridge, Mass. Tel.: (617)
495-3110.*
The article expresses the authors' opinion on the
creation of a coordinated strategy to protect critical
recharge zones, with examples of what several States
are doing to protect their drinking water sources.
U.S. WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL, 1979, Essentials of
Ground-Water Hydrology Pertinent to Water Resources
Planning, Washington, D.C., 38 pp. Tel.: (202) 254-6303.*
This bulletin is intended to bridge the communication
gap between the ground-water hydrologist and the water
resources planner, but is informative for any
interested reader. It describes ground-water
principles important to planning and management,
discusses data requirements for ground-water resource
evaluation, and outlines types of decision-making
choices which will be encountered.
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U.S. WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL, 1981, State of the States:
Water Resources Planning and Management, Groundwater
Supplement, State Programs Division, USWRC,
Washington, D.C. Tel.: (202) 254-6303.*
This is the ground-water supplement to U.S. Water
Resources Council's 1980 report, State of the States:
Water Resources and Planning, and profiles
ground-water management and protection programs in
each State.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES CENTER,
1984, Groundwater Protection Through Local Land Use
Controls, Madison, Wise. Tel.: (608) 262-2000.*
A detailed discussion of how local zoning and
subdivision ordinances can be used to protect ground
water. Identifies specific actions local governments
can take; explains relation of local programs to State
ground-water authority and legal basis for local
ground-water protection ordinances.
VAN DER HEIJDE, P.K.M. and M.S. BELIJN, 1987, Model
Assessment for Delineating Wellhead Protection Areas,
(Draft Report), International Groundwater Modeling Center,
Butler University, Indianapolis, Ind.
Tel.: (317) 283-9458.
This document contains a detailed explanation of the
basics of ground-water modeling and a comparison of 64
ground-water models that can be used to delineate
wellhead protection areas. Both ground-water flow
models and contaminant transport and fate models are
examined. The first two appendices include model
descriptions and comparisons of user friendliness,
usability, and reliability. The third appendix is a
detailed annotation of the models.
VAN WAEGENINGH, HJ3. , 1985-, "Overview of the Protection of
Groundwater Quality," in Matthess, G., et al., Theoretical
Background Hydrology and PractJ.ce of Groundwater
Protection Zones, International Association of
Hydrogeologists, vol. 6, 8 pp. Tel.: (614) 761-1711.
This article compares the ground-water protection
policies of several European countries. It summarizes
the criteria each country uses to delineate
ground-water protection zones in tables.
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VAN WAEGENINGH, H.G., 1985, "Protection of the Groundwater
Quality in Porous Permeable Rocks," in Matthess, G., et
al., Theoretical Background, Hydrology and Practice of
Groundvater Protection Zones. International Association of
Hydrogeologists, vol. 6, 10 pp. Tel.: (614) 761-1711.
A brief overview of ground-water quality protection in
the low velocity unconsolidated aquifers of the
Netherlands. Use of a 50-day delayed time method to
^ delineate protection zones is highlighted. The
article also discusses the limitations of this method
in high velocity aquifers.
i £
WERNER, JAMES D., 1983, Elements of a Groundwater ;,.-
Management Program, in Proceedings of the Virginia
Groundwater Symposium, Blacksburg, Va., November 9-10,
1983, sponsored by the Environmental Defense Fund et al.
Author affiliation: ICF, Inc., Washington, D.C. Tel.:
(202) 387-3500.
Broad elements of a ground-water management program
are outlined: goal selection (such as nondegradation,
limited degradation, and differential protection);
management strategy selection; aquifer classification;
contaminant and source classification; uniform
management; recharge area identification and
classification; and program implementation
(encompassing monitoring, enforcement, and
organization).
ZUENA, A.J., 1985, "Hydrogeologic Aspects of Landfill
Siting and Design," in the Journal of the New England
Water Pollution Control Association, vol. 19, No. 2, 8
pp. Tel.: (617) 367-8554.
Individual sections- of the report present an overview
of a typical approach to conducting the tasks involved
in siting sanitary landfills. These tasks may include
research and evaluation of the current data base; the
planning, design, and implementation of the
hydrogeologic investigations program; the analysis of
the resulting data to design the sanitary landfill
(incorporating appropriate measures for ground-water
protection and monitoring); and gas control systems
affording maximum protection to both natural and
man-made sensitive receptors in the potentially
impacted area.
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