U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION
SURVEY METHODS
1973 - 1976
WORKING PAPER NO. 175
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of the
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
•&GPO 697-032
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION
SURVEY METHODS
1973 - 1976
WORKING PAPER NO. 175
National Environmental Research Center
Las Vegas, Nevada
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
June 1975
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY METHODS
1973 - 1976
by
Water and Land Monitoring Branch
Monitoring Applications Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Las Vegas, Nevada
and
Eutrophication Survey Branch
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Con/all is, Oregon
Working Paper No. 175
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
June 1975
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CONTENTS
Page No.
INTRODUCTION 1
PARTICIPATING LABORATORIES 3
SELECTION OF LAKES 5
FIELD SAMPLING METHODS 6
LAKES AND RESERVOIRS 6
STREAMS 13
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 15
ANALYTICAL METHODS 16
NUTRIENT ANALYSES - 16
USGS ESTIMATES OF STREAM FLOWS AND DRAINAGE AREAS 16
ESTIMATES OF NUTRIENT LOADINGS 18
TRIBUTARIES AND OUTLETS 18
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 21
SEPTIC TANKS 21
PRECIPITATION 22
ALGAL ASSAY 22
ALGAL IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION 24
QUALITY CONTROL 25
NERC-CORVALLIS 25
NERC-LAS VEGAS LABORATORY 25
INTERLABORATORY 26
MOBILE FIELD LABORATORY 26
FIELD TECHNIQUES 26
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Page No.
DRAINAGE AREA STUDIES 27
LITERATURE CITED 28
APPENDICES 29
APPENDIX A - LAKES AND RESERVOIRS SAMPLED IN 1973 29
APPENDIX B - LAKES AND RESERVOIRS SAMPLED IN 1974 45
APPENDIX C - LAKES AND RESERVOIRS SAMPLED IN 1975 57
APPENDIX D - LAKE SAMPLING FIELD FORMS 68
APPENDIX E - MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 76
GUIDELINES AND FORMS
APPENDIX F - TRIBUTARY SAMPLING GUIDELINES AND FORMS 79
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INTRODUCTION
The National Eutrophication Survey (NES) originated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nationwide
threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and reservoirs.
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with State environmental
agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations, and impact on
selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating comprehensive and
coordinated national, regional, and State management practices relating
to point source discharge reduction and nonpoint source pollution abatement
in lake watersheds.
The Survey was initiated in 10 Northeastern and Northcentral States
in May 1972. In October 1972, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500) which reprioritized Federal
water quality research goals. Consequently, program objectives were
recast in concert with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
strategies. Sampling emphasis was shifted from only point source impacted
lakes to those subject to nonpoint pollution problems as well. This
transition, coupled with substantial improvements in equipment design,
field techniques and analytic protocols, has necessitated two separate
documents on Survey methodology. The first, Working Paper No. 1,
described the approach utilized during the first year of the Survey
(1972-1973) in the initial ten-State area. This paper details methods
employed throughout the balance of the program in the remainder of the
contiguous United States from 1973 through 1976. Figure 1 indicates
the distribution by State and year of lake sampling of Survey lakes and
reservoirs.
The mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency endorsement or recommendation for use.
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
NUMBER OF LAKES a YEAR SAMPLED
1975-152
1973-250
GRAND TOTAL- 812
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PARTICIPATING LABORATORIES
Each of the participating laboratories, the National Environmental
Research Center-Corvallis (NERC-Corvallis), the National Environmental
Research Center-Las Vegas (NERC-LV), the Headquarters Staff, National
Eutrophication Survey, Office of Research and Development, Washington,
D.C. (NES/HQS), and others have clearly defined roles in the functional
organization of the Survey. Table 1 lists the primary responsibilities
of the participating agencies, laboratories, and/or individuals.
NES/HQS initiated contacts with the States through EPA Regional
Offices. Briefing of appropriate State water officials was arranged and
conducted by NES/HQS personnel. The NES program and procedures were
discussed and a suggested lake list was presented. Upon commitment of
each State to the Survey and receipt of the final lake list from each
State, contacts were arranged and subsequent NES/State coordination was
performed by NERC-LV or NERC-Corvallis personnel as appropriate. Requests
for participation of State National Guards were originated by the Secretary
of Defense Liaison Officer to EPA (located at NES/HQS) through formal
Defense Department channels. Meetings were arranged with State Adjutant
Generals, the NES effort explained, and details of the proposed National
Guard involvement presented. Upon commitment of participation by the
State National Guard, formal press conferences were held in that State
to announce its participation in the Survey and the involvement of State
National Guard personnel in collecting stream samples.
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Table 1. NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY RESPONSIBILITIES
I.
II.
FUNCTION
Planning and Coordination
Selection of Lakes
A. Preliminary
B. Final
PNERL
X
X
NERC-LV
X
X
NE5/HQS
X
X
X
OTHERS
1,2
1
III. Lake Sampling
A. Procedures X
B. Sample procurement X
C. Field analyses X
D. Preliminary lake evaluation X
E. Aircraft support X
F. Sample and data handling X
IV. Stream Sampling
A. Procedures X
B. Sample procurement X 1,3
C. Sample and data handling X
D. Stream flow data X 4
V. Sewage Treatment Plant Sampling
A. Procedures X
B. Sample procurement X 1,5
C. Sample and data handling X
VI. Chemical Analyses
A. Lake samples X
B. Tributary samples X
C. Sewage treatment plant samples X
D. Quality control
1. Within lab X X
2. Interlab X X
VII. Biological Analyses
A. Chlorophyll-a X.
B. Phytoplankton identification X 6
C. Algal Assay Procedure X
0. Pathogenic protozoa, bacte1"1'? * 7 R
VIII. Land-Use Studies
A. Watershed selection X
B. Imagery acquisition X
C. Imagery interpretation X
IX. Data Analyses and Report Preparation X X X 1*,
Key:
1. State pollution control agency
2. EPA Regional Office
3. State National Guard
4. U.S. Geological Survey
5. Municipal sewage treatment plant operators
6. Desert Research Institute
7. Dr. Shin L. Chang, Water Supply Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio
8. Dr. Victor Cabelli, Northeast Water Supply Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island
9. Florida Lake Reports by Dr. Patrick Brezonik, University of Florida
*Review and comment
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SELECTION OF LAKES
Freshwater lakes and impoundments in the Survey were selected
through deliberations with EPA Regional Offices and State pollution
control agencies (as well as related State agencies managing fisheries,
water resources, or public health). Selection criteria were established
by EPA to limit the type and number of candidate water bodies consistent
with existing Agency water goals and strategies. For the 27 States in
the Eastern United States, where screening and selection were accomplished
prior to passage of PL 92-500, strongest emphasis was placed on lakes
faced with actual or potential accelerated eutrophication problems. As
a result, the selection was limited to lakes:
(1) impacted by one or more municipal sewage treatment
plant (MSTP) outfalls either directly or by discharge
to an inlet tributary within approximately 25 miles
of the lake;
(2) 100 acres or larger in size; and
(3) with mean hydraulic retention time of at least 30 days.
Specific selection criteria were waived for some lakes of particular
State interest.
In the Western States, these criteria were modified to reflect revised
Federal water research mandates, as well as to address more prevalent
nonpoint source problems in agricultural or undeveloped areas. Thus,
each State was requested to submit a list of candidate lakes for the
Survey that were:
(1) representative of the full range of water quality
(from oligotrophic to eutrophic);
(2) in the recreational, water supply and/or fish and
wildlife propagation use categories;
(3) representative of the full scope of nutrient pollution
problems or sources (from municipal waste and/or
nutrient-rich industrial discharges as well as from
nonpoint sources).
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The size and retention time constraints were retained from Eastern States
as was the waiver provision.
In all cases, listings of potential candidate lakes or reservoirs,
generated in conjunction with the EPA Regional Offices, were made
available to the States to initiate the selection process. Table 2
summarizes by year of lake sampling, the numbers of lakes, associated
stream monitoring stationss and MSTP effluents sampled,, and indicates
the month stream sampling was initiated for each State. (Stream and
MSTP sampling continued for 12 months following start-up.) Appendices
A, B, and C present the names of all lakes and reservoirs by State and
County included in the 1973, '74, and '75 coverage areas respectively.
FIELD SAMPLING METHODS
LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
Lake sampling was accomplished by two sampling teams, each consisting
of a limnologist, pilot, and sampling technician, operating from pontoon-
equipped Bell UH-1H helicopters. A mobile field laboratory provided
analytical support.
Lake and reservoir sampling site locations were selected primarily
to attempt to define the character of the lake water as a whole, but also
to investigate visible or known problem areas (such as an algae bloom in
a bay, a visible sediment plume, an area of submerged sewer discharge,
etc.). Sites were located based upon available information of lake
morphology, potential major sources of nutrient input, known hydrologic
characteristics, and the on-site judgment of the limnologist aboard the
helicopter. Primary sampling sites were chosen to reflect the deepest
portion of each major basin in a Survey lake. Where many basins were
present, selection was guided by nutrient source information on hand.
Ths riumbcr of aaiiiyVIny a I Lea was limited commensurate with the survey
HUUUIC vi Liic piuyram emu varieu ill accordance Wl t(1 I3K6 S1Z6,
morphological and hydrological complexity, and often because of practical
considerations of available time, helicopter range, and weather.
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Table 2. THE NUMBER OF LAKES, STREAM SITES, AND MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENTS SAMPLED IN EACH STATE INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY
State
1972
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
Wisconsin
Number of Lakes
Included in Survey
8
9
9
39
78
4
30
2
6
46
Number of Lake
Tributaries and
Outlets Sampled
74
59
37
170
231
52
242
28
52
170
Number of Municipal
Sewage Treatment
Plants Sampled
17
5
15
51
56
5
36
1
23
16
Month and Year
Tributary and
Outlet Sampling
Was Started
August 1972
September 1972
September 1972
October 1972
October 1972
August 1972
November 1972
August
July 1972
September 1972
Subtotal
231
1,115
225
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Tab'e 2 (continued).
THE NUMBER OF LAKES, STREAM SITES, AND MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENTS SAMPLED IN EACH STATE INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY
00
State
1973
Alabama
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Maryland
Mississippi
New Jersey
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
Number of Lakes
Included in Survey
11
5
41
14
31
27
5
\
5
n
16
20
15
15
Number of Lake
Tributaries and
Outlets Sampled
118
17
104
100
122
101
73
28
35
52
102
97
75
96
195
61
33
Number of Municipal
Sewage Treatment
Plants Sampled
35
6
46
46
28
44
14
8
12
21
38
14
52
59
44
42
24
Month and Year
Tributary and
Outlet Sampling
Was Started
March 1973
April 1973
March 1973
March 1973
June 1973
June 1973
March 1973
May 1973
August 1973
July 1973
March 1973
May 1973
May 1973
February 1973
April 1973
July 1973
July 1973
Subtotal
550
1,409
533
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Table 2 (continued). THE NUMBER OF LAKES, STREAM SITES, AND MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENTS SAMPLED IN EACH STATE INCLUDED IN THE SURVEY
UD
State
1974
Arkansas
Iowa
Kansas
Louisiana
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
Oklahoma
South Dakota
Texas
Subtotal
1975
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
Subtotal
GRAND TOTAL
Number of Lakes
Included in Survey
16
15
15
19
6
10
14
15
31
39
180
11
25
13
13
15
10
8
8
25
12
14
154
841
Number of Lake
Tributaries and
Outlets Sampled
132
44
95
77
58
45
45
113
68
244
921
42
119
73
90
89
45
39
44
104
56
8J_
782
4,227
Number of Municipal
Sewage Treatment
Plants Sampled
29
3
45
18
9
8
5
7
5
50
172
19
9
26
8
7
4
8
0
25
2
126
"1,056
Month and Year
Tributary and
Outlet Sampling
Was Started
June 1974
August 1974
October 1974
June 1974
September 1974
August 1974
September 1974
November 1974
October 1974
September
December 1974
November 1974
September 1974
October 1974
October 1974
November 1974
December 1974
October 1974
November. 1974
September 1974
October 1974
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Site locations were marked and numbered using U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) 7-1/2' quadrandrangles whenever possible. When these were not
available, 15' or 1:250,000 series USGS maps were employed. In some
instances, bathymetric maps were obtained through the assistance of State
or regional agencies, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, or other sources;
these were invaluable in selecting sampling sites. Unfortunately, many
of the lakes and reservoirs included in the Survey either had not been
bathymetrically mapped or the maps could not be obtained prior to sampling.
From the marked maps, geographic coordinates were determined and entered
on a site description form (Appendix D). Occasionally a sampling site
was modified, deleted, or added on subsequent sampling rounds because of
a change in lake level or receipt of information relevant to the basic
site-selection criteria.
The Survey helicopters were equipped with electric winches and
approximately 200 feet of hollow-core, multi-conductor cable attached to
a submersible pump and an Interocean Systems sensor package capable of
making in situ measurements of conductivity, temperature, optical
transmissivity, and depth. An in situ pH sensor was added to this system
for the final sampling round in 1974 and for portions of 1975. Rack-
mounted equipment located inside the helicopter provided analog recording
capabilities and a digital display of the sensor values. An echo sounder,
Secchi disc, sample containers, and related equipment items necessary for
water sampling were also carried in each helicopter.
After landing at the approximate site, the helicopter was water-taxied
in the area to locate the deepest nearby water. There a small buoy was
deployed to serve as a reference to the pilot for maintaining the helicopter
on station. Compass bearings were taken to prominent landmarks from each
sampling site to permit return to the same location on subsequent sampling
rounds. Observations were recorded on the field data sheet (Appendix D)
concerning the site location, general lake appearance, phytoplankton bloom
conditions, and shoreline development. Secchi disc measurements were made
and bucket-dipped surface water samples were collected. A field observation
form (Appendix D) was prepared and put into use midway through the 1974
sampling year.
10
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After the sensor-pump package was immersed, sensor outputs were
checked, analog recorders were activated and initialled, and the sensor
package was lowered slowly through the water column until it contacted
bottom (or the cable end was reached). It was then raised to a point
4 feet off the bottom to avoid pump damage from sediments entering the
intake. The digital readout of each sensor at that depth was recorded
on the field data sheet and the submersible pump was activated. Water
samples were collected after allowing sufficient time for the pump to
completely purge the hollow cable of water from the previous station.
(Purge times were routinely measured for each system.) Sampling depths
for the collection of other water samples were chosen after inspection
of the analog strip-chart records to best represent the water column.
Upon completion of sampling near the bottom, the sensor was raised to
the next level, digital values were recorded, the hose was purged, and
water samples pumped. This process was repeated at each depth selected
for collection of water samples at a given site.
Integrated samples for algal identification and chlorophyll-a
analysis were collected by continuing to pump while raising or lowering
the sensor package. Water collection was timed to provide a uniform
mixture of water from the surface to 15 feet, to the lower limit of the
photic zone as determined by the light meter, whichever was greater, or
to a point just off the bottom within water less than 15 feet deep.
At each sampling depth water samples were collected for nutrient,
alkalinity, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen determinations. For
nutrient analysis two 4-ounce sample bottles were filled and the samples
immediately preserved with 0.25 ml of mercuric chloride solution
(25 g HgCl2/liter of water).*
Samples for dissolved oxygen determinations were collected in 300-ml
BOD bottles, immediately fixed with Hach powder pillow reagents, and stored
out of direct sunlight. Samples for pH, conductivity, and chlorophyll-a
analyses were collected in polyethylene bottles and refrigerated in the
dark until completion of the day's sampling operation. Algal identifi-
cation samples were preserved with acid Lugol's solution aboard the
helicopter.
*In 1973 contamination of mercuric chloride preservative with pH buffer
occurred. Consequently, nutrient samples collected during a period of
several weeks were improperly preserved and results of the subsequent
analyses were inaccurate and not entered into the STORET system.
11
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During the first sampling round in 1973 a 5-gallon algal assay water
sample was obtained by compositing water collected at each sampling depth
and combining these sub-samples from each site on a lake. If a lake had
more than four stations, groups of sites were combined into two or more
polyethylene cubitainers. Coincident with this, a surface sample for
heavy metal analyses was collected in a 1-quart cubitainer that had been
pre-rinsed with fuming nitric acid. Surface water from up to four sites
(corresponding to the algal assay composite sample) per lake was
combined into a single sample. Upon return to the mobile field laboratory
these were preserved with additional amounts of nitric acid.
In 1974 and 1975 similar water samples for algal assay and heavy
metal analyses were collected on both the first and last sampling rounds.
Two-gallon polypropylene jugs were substituted for the five-gallon
cubitainers. This change allowed autoclaving to be performed in the
original sample container and minimized nutrient loss by adsorption
onto container walls. Heavy metal samples were collected in acid
rinsed bottles as before, however, they were not preserved with
additional nitric acid. Recent investigations have indicated that
nearly complete recovery of metals of interest can be made by acid
rinsing just prior to analysis.
Both algal assay and heavy metal samples were forwarded to
NERC-Corvallis for processing.
Beginning in 1974 bottom sediment samples were attempted at
each site using a small brass grab sampler. Samples obtained
were placed in plastic bags and labeled. Sediment samples obtained
during one sampling round were forwarded to NERC-LV for nutrient
analyses and those from the next round to NERC-Corvallis for heavy
metal determinations. If sediment sampling was successful at a
given site on only one of the sampling rounds, data will only be
available for heavy metal and not the nutrient analyses (or vice
versa).
Conductivity and pH electrode determinations were made as soon
as possible following their delivery to the field laboratory at the
end of the day's sampling. A Beckman Electromate portable pH meter
and combination electrode were used to determine pH. These deter-
minations were the reported value until the final 1974 sampling
round. The reported values for that round were obtained by means
of an in situ pH probe. Daily calibration checks against the
laboratory pH meter were made during this period. Subsequent failure
of the sensors and inability to obtain timely replacements forced a
return to laboratory determined pH values for the 1975 sampling period.
Conductivity measurements were made with a Beckman Model RB338
conductivity bridge. These were utilized as a check on the in situ
sensors. Dissolved oxygen samples were titrated with phenylarsine
oxide in the mobile field laboratory within 16 hours after collection.
12
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Chlorophyll-a analyses were performed at the end of each day in the
trailer laboratory according to the fluorometric procedure described
by Yentsch and Menzel (1963). One of each pair of nutrient samples
was filtered through a type HA 0.45-micron Millipore filter into a
clean unused polyethylene bottle, recapped, and, along with its
unfiltered counterpart, forwarded to NERC-LV for analysis.
Table 3 provides a summary listing of the lake water samples
collected.
STREAMS
Sampling sites were selected on significant tributaries to each
lake near the point where the tributary discharged to the lake. Where
municipal waste discharges were located on tributaries, sampling sites
were also designated upstream from the point of effluent discharge.
Sampling sites for outlets of lakes or reservoirs were located at the
nearest feasible sampling point downstream from the water body being
surveyed.
Monthly samples at the designated stream sites were collected
through the volunteer efforts of the National Guard in each of the
involved States. When sampling was started in any of the States,
a scientist from EPA or the State agency accompanied each National
Guard sampling team to each site during the first sampling to train
the team in proper techniques of sample collection, preservation and
handling. During the first sampling, the unique six-digit station
number was stenciled on the bridge or another permanent landmark at
the sampling site to insure positive identification of the site.
Subsequent monthly sampling for a period of 1 year, plus two additional
samples during high flow periods, was done exclusively by the National
Guard sampling teams.
Stream samples were collected in clean, previously unused,
wide-mouth, 1-liter polyvinyl chloride bottles. These were inserted
in a sampler consisting of a section of plastic pipe with a cross-
bar bottle retainer at one end and rubber tubing stretched across
the other end to secure the bottle. A rope was attached to the
sampler to lower it from a bridge or stream bank to the water surface.
The water collected in the sample bottle at each site was essentially
a surface grab sample, although the sampling rig was lowered to mid-
depth in the stream before it was retrieved.
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Teble 3. LAKE WATER SAMPLE ANALYSES SUMMARY
PAR/M TERS
Temperature
Depth
Conductivity
Turbidity
PH
Dissolved oxygen
Chlorophyll -a
Algae identification
SAMPLE
VOLUME
4-ounce
300-ml
4-ounce
4-ounce
FIELD TREATMENT
Refrigerated
Hach chemicals
Refrigerated
Lugo! 's solution
WHERE PERFORMED
In situ
In situ
In situ
In situ
Field lab
Field lab
Field lab
NERC-LV
DEPTH
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Select levels
Select levels
Photic zone
integration
Photic zone
integration
Total phosphorus, Kjeldahl-N
Dissolved ortho-pi osphorus,
Nitrite-nitrate-N. Aminonia-Ns
Total Alkalinity
Algal assay*
Heavy metals*
4-ounce Unfiltered, HgCl2 NERC-LV
4-ounce Filtered, HgCl2 NERC-LV
l!-gallon
1-quart
Take sub-samples
for nutrient
analyses
None
NERC-Corvallis
NERC-Corvallis
Select levels
Select levels
Water column
integration
and combined
stations
Surface dip,
combined stations
*Not collected on all sampling rounds
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Following sample collection at each site, the Guard team completed
a label attached to each bottle recording the stream name, station
number, date, time, and signature of the individual responsible for
collecting the sample. The sample was preserved at the site with
mercuric chloride. Following inventory at the Guard base, samples were
sent to NERC-Corvallis for analysis.
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP) effluent data was desired to
evaluate MSTP contribution to a lake's nutrient budget. This information,
in turn, allowed estimation of the nonpoint source contribution and
ultimately permits assessment of the impact of regulating either or both
pollution sources. The data obtained have also proven useful in evalua-
ting the efficiency of various types of sewage processing systems as well
as the impact of State phosphate detergent bans upon lake eutrophication.
With the cooperation of State agencies, an attempt was made to
identify all MSTP's discharging directly or indirectly into each lake.
The operator at each MSTP was requested to provide monthly effluent
samples for a period of 1 year. Each operator who agreed to cooperate
was provided with a sampling kit, mercuric chloride preservative,
shipping boxes, and pre-addressed, franked shipping labels.
He was asked to provide one of the following samples (listed in
order of descending preference):
(1) a once-monthly 24-hour composite sample (proportional
composite if flows were metered or measured),
(2) a once-monthly 8-, 10-, or 12-hour composite sample
(proportional if flows were metered or measured),
(3) a once-monthly modified composite sample consisting
of about 500 ml collected at 11 a.m. and another
500 ml collected at 4 p.m. of the same day, or
(4) a once-monthly single grab sample of about 1 liter
collected on a weekday between the hours of 8 a.m.
and 8 p.m.
15
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Following collection, the plant operator preserved the sample by
adding to it the contents of a vial containing sufficient mercuric
chloride to achieve a concentration of 400 mg/1 in the sample. The
sample label (Appendix E) was completed by the sample collector and
included data on sample type, date, mean flow for the day of sampling,
and mean daily flow for the month in which the samples were collected.
Samples were mailed to NERC-Corvallis for analysis of phosphorus and
nitrogen content.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
NUTRIENT ANALYSES
The analytical methods utilized to process the samples at both
NERC-Corvallis and NERC-LV are outlined in Table 4. All of the analyses
were performed utilizing adaptations of automated procedures described
in "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes" (EPA, 1971).
There were some differences in the analyses performed at each
laboratory. The lake water samples were analyzed at NERC-LV for total
alkalinity, an analysis not performed at NERC-Corvallis. Conversely,
NERC-Corvallis performed independent analyses for nitrite-N and
nitrate-N as well as nitrite-nitrate-N. Only the last analysis was
conducted at NERC-LV. In addition, Kjeldahl-N digestions were
accomplished automatically on the analyzer at NERC-LV, while at
NERC-Corvallis a manual digestion procedure was utilized.
USGS ESTIMATES OF STREAM FLOWS AND DRAINAGE AREAS
For each sampled stream the various District Offices of the USGS
made estimates of the mean flow for the day of sampling, the flow for
each month of sampling, and the "normalized" mean flow for each month
(i.e., flows expected during a period of average precipitation and
hydrology). In addition, runoff estimates were made for the unsampled
portion of the total watershed of each lake and the area of the drainage
basin for each sampled tributary stream and for each lake or reservoir
was provided.
16
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Table 4. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND PRECISION OF LABORATORY ANALYSES*
PARAMETER
METHOD
Dissolved
Orthophosphate
Total Phosphorus
Nitrite-N
Nitrite-Nitrate-N
Nitrate-N
Ammonia-N
Kjeldahl-N
Total Alkalinity
Single reagent methods involving
colorimetric determination of
antimony-phosphomolybdate complex.
Persulfate oxidation followed by the
above method for dissolved orthophos-
phate.
Diazotization of sulfanil amide by
nitrite coupled with
N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine.
Cadmium reduction followed by the
above method for Nitrite-N.
Determined by difference between the
preceding two reactions.
Alkaline phenol hypochlorite reaction
producing indophenol blue.
Acid digestion followed by the above
procedure for ammonia nitrogen.
Methyl orange colorimetric.
PRECISION
+0.005 mg/1 P
or + 5%
+0.005 mg/1 P
or + 5%
+ 0.001 mg/1 N
or + 2%
+0.010 mg/1 N
or + 5%
+ 0.010 mg/1 N
or + 5%
+ 0.005 mg/1 N
or + 5%
+ 0.10 mg/1 N
or + 5%
+ 0.5 mg/1
or + 5% as
CaCCs
*Although the % precision value does not change, wastewater analyses precision
values are an order of magnitude higher than those expressed (i.e. , ±0.05 mq/1
vice +0.005 mg/1).
17
-------
In some instances, flow gages were present at sampling sites or
within a reasonable distance and were used to provide flow estimates.
In cases where sampled tributaries were ungaged, flow estimates were
based on correlations with runoff patterns at the nearest gaged stream
system. Where available, flow information was also obtained from
other sources, such as the Corps of Engineers or power companies which
maintained records of reservoir discharge.
The errors in drainage area measurements and flow estimates varied
from one area to another and were highly dependent on the availability
of topographic maps of the appropriate scale, the number of gaged stream
sites for a given lake system, land relief, and other factors. In general,
measurements or estimates which were provided by USGS for the larger
drainage areas were better since these were subject to less severe
fluctuations in stream flow within a given period of time.
Accuracy of drainage area measurements ranged from +_ 1% to +_ 10%
depending on the quality of available maps. Stream flow measurements
varied in accuracy from + 5% in the larger gaged drainage areas to more
than +_ 100% in some smalT ungaged drainage areas. Due to extreme
fluctuation in stream flow in many of the Western States, staff gages
were installed by USGS and read at each sampling event by National Guard
teams or else tapedowns from fixed reference points were performed by
the Guard. These procedures were initiated to improve the accuracy of
stream flow data in areas where the existing network of stream flow
gages was insufficient to provide adequate data.
ESTIMATES OF NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TRIBUTARIES AND OUTLETS
Lake tributary and outlet nutrient loads included in each of the
lake reports were estimated for a "normalized" or average flow year
rather than for the year in which samples were collected. This approach
was used because it was deemed more important to determine what sewage
treatment plant contributions or land runoff contributions were under
average conditions rather than during any extreme hydrological conditions
which may have occurred during the year of sampling.
Normally, 14 samples were collected from each stream site. Occasionally
the number of data points was less than 14 due to a sample or 2 not being
collected during winter ice conditions, sample loss, breakage, or laboratory
error. Although these are adequate data to provide a reasonable estimate of
the average concentration for a given stream for the sampled year, the data
from any one site are not adequate to satisfactorily estimate the relation-
ship between flow and concentration at that site. Variations in flow both
within and between years make it unsatisfactory to obtain a loading estimate
simply by multiplying the observed average concentration times the annual
normalized flow.
18
-------
The procedure used was to estimate from combined data on a large number
of streams the extent of the relationship between concentration and flow
for each nutrient. The value so estimated represented the percent change
in concentration resulting from a given percent change in flow. This
relation does seem to be reasonably constant from stream to stream,
although different for the two major nutrients (a stronger relation for
phosphorus than for nitrogen). The appropriate statistical procedure
for estimating this parameter is to compute the average slope from a large
number of linear regressions, for individual streams, of log concentration
on log flow. This was carried out using 250 sampling sites in Northeastern
and Northcentral States. It was found that, on the average, a 1% change
in flow results in a -0.11% change in phosphorus concentration and a
-0.06% change in nitrogen concentration. In all other States the slopes
used computing phosphorus and nitrogen loads were obtained by averaging
the result of all stream sites within the specific State.
The method of estimating loading was essentially to use these
estimated relationships to adjust the concentrations to what they would
have been for each month under normalized flow conditions, and then add
up the estimated loadings for the 12 months. The annual nutrient load,
expressed as kilograms/year, was thus calculated by:
12
Annual load = 74.604 c" Y S Z NFj
i 1
Where:
74.604 = factor including average number of days per
month and conversion of concentration and
flow to kilograms per day,
c" = mean nutrient concentration in the sampled stream,
NF.j = normalized flow for i**1 month,
b{log NF - log MF}
Y = 10
12 b(log NF,. - Tog~NF) 12
S = (Z NF, 10 }/ i NF,,
i « i i
log NF = mean log normalized flow,
log MF = mean log monthly flow for year sampled,
and b = average slope for nitrogen and phosphorus
for all stream sites within each State.
19
-------
The "Y" factor adjusts the data to account for the fact that the
year in which the samples were collected may have been extremely wet or
dry which would have had an influence on measured contributions. The
"S" factor adjusts the data to account for seasonal flow variations.
The net result of the regression analysis and subsequent calculations
is an annual loading value which is generally within a few percent of the
loading which would be estimated if it were assumed that nutrient concen-
trations did not vary with changes in stream flow.
In analyzing the data for a tributary having a point source upstream
from the sampling point, the total stream load was estimated first by the
method detailed above. If the point source was located reasonably close
to the sampling site, the total annual contribution to the stream was
subtracted from the total rutrient load at the sampling site, and the
difference was attributed to nonpoint source input. If the point source
was located several miles upstream from the sampling point, the scientist
determining the nutrient leadings analyzed the total stream load (including
the point source), the magritude of the point source load, and the nonpoint
source load of other stream systems in the area to determine what portion
of the nutrient load at the; sampling site could logically be attributed
to the point source and subtracted from the total stream load. This
procedure was not standardized and was performed on an individual basis
for each stream system. Hcwever, the general rule was to assume that
100% of the point source lead eventually reached the lake or reservoir.
Sampled streams usually included most, but not all, of the lake
watershed. Unsampled streams, if any, and drainage from the lakeshore
area also contributed nutrients. The nutrient contribution of the unsampled
portion of the drainage areia was usually estimated by using the average
nutrient export per unit area of sampled stream drainage and multiplying
that by the area of the unsampled portion. Judgment factors often influenced
this estimate and how it we.s made. If point sources strongly influenced one
or more sampled streams in a particular lake system, the scientist may have
selected nutrient export ve.lues from a representative stream(s) to estimate
loadings from the unsamplecl portion of the drainage area.
Variations from the abc>ve procedure, if any, are noted in the
individual lake reports.
20
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTKWATi-a TREATMENT PLANTS
If the operator "6f an MSTP impacting a surveyed lake submitted
effluent samples for analysis, the results were used to estimate nutrient
discharge. For these sampled plants, the nutrient loads were calculated
for each day z? sampling and averaged for the total sampling period.
Mean daily flows for each month of sampling were also averaged and the
total annual loads in kg/year were estimated according to the following
equation:
Annual Load = (D)(F)(365)
where: D = Mean daily load in kilograms per cubic meter.
F = Mean daily flow in cubic meters.
If a plant was not sampled, the nutrient loads were estimated on
the basis of sewered population or the 1970 census figures for the
municipality if no better sewered population estimate could be obtained.
Flows were estimated at 0.38 m3/capita/day (100 gallons/capita/day).
For areas not under a phosphate detergent ban, the following per capita
estimates of total phosphorus and nitrogen contributions were used:
Treated Waste
Raw Waste
Total P
(Ibs/capita/year)
2.5
3.5
Total N
(Ibs/capita/year)
7.5
9.4
The 3.5 Ibs total P/capita/year for raw waste discharge was taken from
Bartsch (1972). For treated waste it was assumed that regardless of treat-
ment type, approximately 29% of the total phosphorus would be removed leaving
a contribution of 2.5 Ibs/capita/year.
The nitrogen value of 3.401 kg/capita/year was derived from the
information that nitrogen to phosphorus ratios in wastewater range
from 3 to 6 (Bartsch, 1972) and that, on the average, treatment removes
only 20% of the total nitrogen.
21
-------
SEPTIC TANKS
Whenever data on the number of lakeshore septic tanks or septic tank
nutrient contributions were available, which was infrequently, they were
used. In the absence of any given data, the number of dwellings within
100 meters of the lake were counted on the most recent USGS quadrangle
map. It was assumed that on a year-long average, 2.5 people occupied
each dwelling. Where lakeshore resorts, parks, and/or campgrounds
were known, it was assumed that all were served by septic tanks and that
each resort was the equivalemt of 10 dwellings, that the population of
each park was 25 persons per day for 4 months, and that the population
of each camp was 50 persons per day for 4 months.
It was also assumed that: after septic tank treatment and discharge
to the adsorption field that only 0.1134 kg P/capita/year reached the
lake. For nitrogen, which is less amenable to removal by treatment or
by adsorption to soil particles, it was assumed that 100% of the nitrogen
or 4.263 kg N/capita/year reached the lake from septic tank systems on
the lakeshore.
PRECIPITATION
A figure of 10.796 kg of total nitrogen/hectare lake surface/year
was used as an estimate of nitrogen in precipitation. The estimate was
the average result reported by Weible (1969) and Corey et al. (1967) for
areas receiving approximately 30 inches of rainfall per year.
An estimate of 0.175 kg total phosphorus/hectare/year was used to
represent total phosphorus in precipitation. This estimate, which is
probably conservative, lies between the number reported by Corey et al.
(1967) for soluble phosphorus and the lower end of the range reported
by Weible (1969) for the Cincinnati, Ohio area.
ALGAL ASSAY
The procedures used in the algal assay were basically those outlined
in the publication entitled Algal Assay Procedure Test (EPA, 1971). The
basic differences in the algal assay test between the samples collected
in 1973 and in subsequent years (1974-75) were sample containers and
storage prior to sample processing. The 1973 lake samples were shipped
from the field to the laboratory in nonautoclavable polyethylene con-
tainers. Following receipt in the laboratory, the samples were frozen
until processing could begin. The 1974-75 samples were shipped to the
laboratory in autoclavable polypropylene containers which were placed in
a cooler at 4° C, rather than frozen, until they could be processed.
Storage time in the cooler was approximately 1 week; however, many samples
were processed within 24 hours after receipt at the laboratory.
22
-------
I o
After the storage period, the lake samples were autoclaved at 121
and 15 psi for 30 minutes to kill indigenous organisms and solubilize
nutrients bound by particulate matter. The 1973 samples were transferred
from the original container to a polypropylene container before autoclaving,
whereas the samples collected in 1974-75 were autoclaved in the same con-
tainers used to ship the sample. After autoclaving, all samples were
filtered (0.45-micron filter) to remove particulate matter. Chemical
analyses for nutrients and other constituents were performed before and
after autoclaving.*
Each lake water sample was spiked with several nutrient levels in
separate flasks. In addition, a lake water control with no nutrient
supplement was assayed. Nutrient spikes included 0.05 mg/1 phosphorus,
1.0 mg/1 nitrogen, and a combination of 0.05 mg/1 phosphorus plus 1.0 mg/1
nitrogen.
After the various nutrient additions had been made to each set of
lake water samples, each flask was inoculated with 1,000 cells/ml of the
test alga, Selenastmon aapricornutum. Following inoculation, the cultures
were incubated for 14 days at 24° C on gyrorotary shakers under 400 foot-
candles of continuous light. Algal growth was monitored throughout the
incubation period by cell counts and mean cell-volume measurements made
with electronic particle counters. The maximum biomass attained was
quantified in terms of milligrams/liter dry weight equivalents of the cell
counts and mean cell volumes.
*Results of nutrient analyses performed on unpreserved water samples
prior to autoclaving often differed substantially from those of corres-
ponding mercuric-chloride-preserved water samples. Some of these discrep-
ancies may be attributed to the differences in sampling procedures for
the two types of samples. Most, however, were due to adsorption onto the
container walls during prolonged storage. In particular, significant
losses of phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen were sometimes noted. When
these losses occurred, the algal assay results were somewhat suspect but
were believed to be usable if considered in context with inorganic nitrogen:
dissolved orthophosphorus ratios computed from preserved water samples ob-
tained on the date of algal assay sampling. In 1975 two 4-ounce subsamples
were taken from the filled and mixed 2-gallon algal assay sample in the
field. These were treated similarly as the nutrient lake water samples and
forwarded to NERC-Corvallis with the assay samples to aid in determining
if adsorption had occurred.
23
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ALGAL IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION
Samples preserved with acid LugoTs solution for algal identification
from each sampling station were forwarded to NERC-LV. Small library
sub-samples were taken from each sample. The samples from each site
were then mixed to provide a specific lake-date composite sample. These
composite samples were concentrated by decanting and examined under
a compound microscope by a single investigator. Phytoplankters were
identified routinely to genus and, whenever possible, to species.
Taxonomic problems were discussed and resolved jointly by the research
staff and with outside expertise, when necessary.
Following the identification of phytoplankters present in the sample,
the investigator enumerated the algae utilizing a Neubauer counting
chamber. These differential counts were continued until at least 100
units of the dominant form had been noted or until a minimum of 100 fields
of view (X40 objective, XI0 ocular) had been observed. Periodically,
blind duplicate samples were analyzed and enumerated independently by
both investigators or by the original investigator.
Library samples of concentrated algae and permanent slides were
prepared and filed at NERC-LV. In additions permanent Hyrax-mounted
diatom slides were prepared after removal of volatile organic matter
by incineration.
Identification and count data, converted to organisms per milliliter,
were entered into a WYLBUR computer file to increase accessibility and
facilitate their use. Data reported include total counts of the number
of isolated cells, filaments, and colonies per milliliter, Shannon-Wiener
Diversity Index (Shannon and Weiner, 1963), Palmer's Organic Pollution
Index (Palmer, 1969), Nygaard's Trophic State Indices (Nygaard, 1949),
and phytoplankton associations (Hutchin<;rm. iQfi7)
External quality control checks were performed under contract by
Dr. G. W. Prescott of the University of Montana on 30 samples per year.
Objectives were to verify the dominant genera list (five most abundant
genera), order of dominances and relative abundance; verify the total
number of organisms per milliliter; and verify the species identification
and total number of species present.
24
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QUALITY CONTROL
NERC-CORVALLIS
Quality control began with the receipt of the sample. After all
identifying information was logged, a laboratory number was assigned
identifying the sample and the analyses to be performed.
The data, entered on laboratory request forms, were teletyped to
the Oregon State University computer and processed through the sample
handling and verification system (SHAVES) program (Krawczyk and Byram,
1973).
At the request of the analyst, the SHAVES program produces a "run
list" for samples indicating, by laboratory number, the sequence in
which the sample should be analyzed and also which samples should be
replicated and/or spiked with known quantities of the material being
analyzed. The run list usually specified a set of standards, 120 samples,
and then another set of standards. Every 8th sample was replicated,
and every 20th sample was spiked.
Analytical data readouts were entered into the computer which
performed a check on calculations and analytical accuracy and precision.
Blind samples (10 sub-samples identified as separate samples) were
sent through the system to check both the analysts and the equipment.
Scheduled replicate samples provided regular checks on analytical pro-
cedures.
NERC-LAS VEGAS LABORATORY
In the Laboratory Operations Branch at NERC-LV every 20th sample
was replicated and also spiked with a known amount of the constituent
being analyzed. An average of 15 blind samples per month was sent
through the laboratory as a check on analysts and instrumentation.
Samples of known concentrations were also processed periodically to
determine the accuracy of the analytical process.
In addition, unused sample bottles and filters were randomly pulled
from incoming shipments and tested to assure that no uptake or loss
occurred from contaminated supplies. Periodic tests with duplicate
samples forwarded from the field on different dates were also made to
assure sample stability.
25
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INTERLABORATORY
Samples for interlaboratory comparison originated from several
sources including NES lake and stream samples, Methods Development and
Quality Assurance Research Laboratory, NERC-Cincinnati (MDQARL) reference
samples and unknown material furnished by International Field Year -
Great Lakes personnel. The results of the 1973 interlaboratory testing
program for various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus showed no signifi-
cant differences between laboratories, and compare very favorably with
interlaboratory comparisons for nutrients presented in Method Study 2
of the MDQARL. Subsequent analyses performed on duplicate NES lake
water samples also indicated no significant difference in the results
of nutrient analyses performed at NERC-LV and NERC-Corvallis.
MOBILE FIELD LABORATORY
Close attention was paid to field calibration of analytical instru-
ments. The fluorometer was routinely calibrated between rounds using
spinach extract. No significant drift was detected. Replicate analyses
of chlorophyll-a were made for each sample. Standardization of dissolved
oxygen chemicals were checked periodically, usually about every 2 weeks.
No significant errors were detected. Several replicate dissolved oxygen
analyses were performed daily and if differences greater than +_ 0.2 mg/1
were encountered, additional replicates were run.
Calibration of pH sensors were checked against standard buffer
solutions of 4, 7, and 10 every 10 to 15 samples. Laboratory conduc-
tivity determinations were made routinely for comparison with the
in situ sensors.
Periodically, analyses of duplicate samples were also performed.
FIELD TECHNIQUES
Periodically, duplicate samples were obtained at each sample depth.
These were treated as previously described. One set of duplicate nutrient
samples was forwarded to NERC-LV and the other to NERC-Corvallis for
analyses.
In addition, when schedule permitted, occupation of a lake sampling
site by one helicopter sampling team would be followed by resampling by
the second helicopter team. This allowed direct comparison of differences
in field procedures, equipment performance, and individual judgment. No
major discrepancies were observed between data collected by one team as
opposed to the other.
26
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DRAINAGE AREA STUDIES
The basic objective of the nonpoint source land-use study is to
develop nutrient runoff coefficients based on land use and related
geographical characteristics. Ambient nutrient levels in streams
tributary to NES lakes are determined and compared with land-use
patterns in selected watersheds.
Nearly 1,000 drainage areas were selected for study in a variety
of geographic and climatic areas. Selection was made from the
tributaries to NES lakes based on the following criteria:
(1) availability of accurate topographic maps;
(2) availability of usable aerial imagery;
(3) sufficient relief to permit significant surface runoff;
(4) absence of indirect drainage areas (sub-watersheds
associated with upstream nutrient traps such as
impoundments);
(5) absence of identifiable point sources; and
(6) homogeneity of land use.
Areas are determined for each selected watershed and determinations
of the amount of each general land-use category in each are made. The
land-use categories presently being considered are: (1) forest;
(2) cleared, unproductive; (3) agriculture; (4) urban; (5) wetland;
and (6) other (including barren, extractive, and open water). These
may be modified as analyses continue.
Ambient nutrient levels and nutrient loading values of streams
draining each watershed are correlated with land use. Details of the
methods used and preliminary results obtained from data in the north-
eastern and northcentral United States are presented in NES Working
Paper Number 25, "Relationships Between Drainage Area Characteristics
and Non-point Source Nutrients in Streams" (EPA, 1974).
27
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LITERATURE CITED
Bartsch, A. F. 1972. Role of Phosphorus in Eutrophication. EPA Ecological
Research Series #EPA-R3-72-001.
Corey, R. B., A. D. Hasler, G. F. Lee, F. N. Schraufnagel and T. L. Wirth.
1967. Excessive Water Fertilization. Report to the Water Sub-Committee,
Natural Resources Committee of State Agencies.
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol II. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York. pp. 391-397.
Krawczyk, D. F., and K. V. Byram. 1973. Management System for an Analytical
Chemical Laboratory. American Laboratory Vol. 5, pp. 55-64.
Nygaard, G. 1949. Hydrobiological Studies in Some Ponds and Lakes.
Part II: The Quotient Hypothesis and Some New or Little Known Phyto-
plankton Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skrifter 7(l):l-293.
Palmer, C. Mervin. 1969. A Composite Rating of Algae Tolerating Organic
Pollutions. Journal of Phycology 5:78-82.
Shannon, E. E. and W. Wiener. 1963. The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Methods for Chemical Analysis
of Water and Wastes. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati,
Ohio. 312 pages.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Algal Assay Procedure Bottle
Test. National Eutrophication Research Program, Con/all is, Oregon.
82 pages.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Relationships Between Drainage
Area Characteristics and Non-point Source Nutrients in Streams. National
Eutrophication Survey Working Paper No. 25. National Eutrophication
Research Program, Con/all is, Oregon. 49 pages.
Weibel, S. R. 1969. Urban Drainage as a Factor in Eutrophication. In: Eu-
trophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives. National Academy of
Science, Washington, D.C. pp. 383-403.
Yentsch, C. S. and D. W. Menzel. 1963. A Method for the Determination of
Phytoplankton Chlorophyll cind Phaeophytin by Flourescence. Deep Sea
Research. Vol. 10, pp. 221-231.
28
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APPENDIX A
LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
SAMPLED IN 1973
29
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ALABAMA
STORET # LAKE NAME
0101XX Bankhead
0103XX Gantt Reservoir
0104XX Guntersville Reservoir
0105XX Holt Lock and Dam
0106XX Lay Lake
0107XX Martin Lake
0108XX Mitchell Lake
0109XX Pickwick Lake
0112XX Weiss Lake
0114XX Wilson Lake
0115XX Lake Purdy
COUNTY
Waiker
Covington
Marshall, Jackson
Tuscaloosa
Chi 1 ton, Coosa
Elmore, Tallapoosa
Coosa, Chi 1 ton
Colbert, Lauderdale
(Tishomingo in MI & Hardin in TN)
Cherokee
Lauderdale, Colbert, Lawrence
Jefferson, Shelby
STORET #
LAKE NAME
DELAWARE
COUNTY
1002XX
1005XX
innTYY
1008XX
1009XX
1010XX
Kill en Pond
Moores Lake (Pond)
Mr\vniTf-r>i.in DnnH
Silver Lake
Williams Pond
Trussum Pond (Moores Pond)
Kent
Kent
Mow Tac-Mo
New Castle
Sussex
Sussex
30
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FLORIDA
STORE! #
1201XX
1202XX
1203XX
1206XX
1207XX
1208XX
1209XX
1210XX
1211XX
1212XX
1214XX
1215XX
1217XX
1219XX
1220XX
1221XX
1223XX
1224XX
1227XX
1228XX
LAKE NAME
Alligator Lake
Lake Apopka
Banana Lake
Lake Crescent
Doctors Lake
Lake Dora
Lake Effie
Lake George
Lake Gibson
Glenada Lake
Lake Griffin
Lake Haines
Lake Hancock
Lake Horseshoe
Lake Howe11
Lake Istokpoga
Lake Jessup
Lake Kissimmee
Lake Lulu
Lake Marion
COUNTY
Columbia
Orange, Lake
Polk
Putnam, Flagler, Volusia
Clay
Lake
Polk
Volusia
Polk
Highlands
Lake
Polk
Polk
Semi nole
Seminole, Orange
Highlands
Seminole
Osceola
Polk
Polk
31
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STORET #
LAKE NAME
(FLORIDA - continued)
COUNTY
1229XX
1230XX
1231XX
1232XX
1234XX
1236XX
1238XX
1239XX
1240XX
1241 XX
1242XX
1243XX
1246XX
1247XX
1248XX
1249XX
1250XX
1252XX
1258XX
1261XX
1264XX
Lake Minnehaha
Lake Minneola
Lake Monroe
Lake Okeechobee
Lake Poinsett
Lake Reedy
Lake South
Lake Talquin
Lake Thonotossassa
Lake Tohopekaliga
Trout Lake
Lake Weohyakapka
Lake Yale
Lake Munson
Lake Semi no! e
Lake Lawne
Lake Tarpon
Lake Eloi'se
Lake Jessie
East Lake Tohopekaliga
Payne's Prairie
Orange
Lake
Seminole, Volusia
Okeechobee, Glades, Palm Beach,
Martin, Hendry
Brevard, Osceola, Orange
Polk
Brevard
Gadsden, Leon
Hillsborough
Osceola
Lake
Polk
Lake
Leon
Pinellas
Orange
Pinellas
Polk
Osceola
Alachua
32
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GEORGIA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
1301XX Allatoona
1302XX Blackshear Lake
1303XX Chatuge Lake
1304XX Clark Hill Reservoir
1309XX Jackson Lake
1310XX Lake Sidney Lanier
1311XX Nottley Lake
1312XX Lake Seminole (Jim Woodruff
Reservoir)
1313XX Lake Sinclair
1314XX Lake Eufaula
(Walter F. George Reservoir)
1316XX Blue Ridge Lake
1317XX Bartlett's Ferry Reservoir
(Harding Lake)
1318XX Lake Burton
1319XX High Falls Lake
COUNTY
Cherokee, Bartow, Cobb
Crisp, Sumter, Lee
Towns (Clay in TN)
Columbia, Lincoln, Elbert
(Edgefield, McCormick in SC)
Butts, Jasper, Newton
Hall, Forsyth, Dawson
Union
Decatur, Seminole
(Jackson, Gadsen in FL)
Baldwin, Hancock
Quitman, Clay, Stewart (Henry,
Barbour, Russell in AL)
Fannin
Harris (Lee in AL)
Rabun
Monroe
33
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ILLINOIS
STORE! # LAKE NAME
1703XX Lake Bloomington
1706XX Lake Carlyle
1708XX Lake Charleston
1711XX Coffeen Lake
1712XX Crab Orchard Lake
1714XX Lake Decatur
1725XX Long Lake
1726XX Lake Lou Yaeger
1727XX Lake Marie
1733XX Pistakee Lake
1735XX Rend Lake
1739XX Lake Shelbyville
1740XX Highland (Silver) Lake
1742XX Lake Springfield
1748XX Vermilion Lake
1750XX Wonder Lake
1751XX Lake Story
1752XX Depue Lake
1753XX Lake Sangchris
1754XX Lake Holiday
COUNTY
McLean
Clinton, Fayette, Bond
Coles
Montgomery
Jackson, Williamson
Macon
Lake
Montgomery
Lake
Lake, McHenry
Franklin, Jefferson
Shelby, Moultrie
Madison
Sangamon
Vermilion
McHenry
Knox
Bureau
Christian
LaSalle
34
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(ILLINOIS - continued)
STORE! # LAKE NAME
1755XX Fox Lake
1756XX Grass Lake
1757XX East Loon Lake
1758XX Slocum Lake
1759XX Cedar Lake
1761XX Lake We-Ma-Tuk
1762XX Raccoon Lake
1763XX Baldwin Lake
1764XX Lake Vandalia
1765XX Old Ben Mine Reservoir
1766XX Horseshoe Lake
COUNTY
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Fulton
Marion
Randolph
Fayette
Franklin
Madison
INDIANA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
1805XX Cataract Lake
1811XX Geist Reservoir
1817XX James Lake
1827XX Mississinewa Reservoir
1828XX Monroe Reservoir
1829XX Morse Reservoir
1836XX Wawasee Lake
1837XX Webster Lake
1839XX Whitewater Lake
1840XX Winona Lake
COUNTY
Putnam, Owen
Marion, Hamilton
Kosciusko
Miami, Wabash, Grant
Jackson, Monroe, Brown
Hami1 ton
Kosciusko
Kosciusko
Union
Kosciusko
35
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STORE! #
1841 XX
1842XX
1843XX
1844XX
1845XX
1846XX
1847XX
1848XX
1849XX
1850XX
1851XX
1852XX
1853XX
1854XX
1855XX
1856XX
1857XX
(INDIANA -
LAKE NAME
Westler Lake
Witmer Lake
Lake Maxinkuckee
Tippecanoe Lake
Dallas Lake
01 in Lake
Oliver Lake
Sylvan Lake
Hovey Lake
Versailles Lake
Bass Lake
Crooked Lake
Lake James
Long Lake
Pigeon Lake
Marsh Lake
Hamilton Lake
continued)
COUNTY
Lagrange
Lagrange
Marshall
Kosciusko
Lagrange
Lagrange
Lagrange
Noble
Posey
Ripley
Starke
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
36
-------
KENTUCKY
STORE! #
2101XX
2102XX
2103XX
2104XX
2105XX
STORE! It
2402XX
2403XX
2408XX
2409XX
STORE! #
2801XX
2802XX
2804XX
2805XX
2806XX
LAKE NAME
Lake Cumberland
Dale Hollow Reservoir
Herrington Lake
Kentucky Lake
Barren River Reservoir
MARYLAND
LAKE NAME
Deep Creek Lake
Liberty Reservoir
Loch Raven Reservoir
Johnson Pond
MISSISSIPPI
LAKE NAME
Arkabutla Reservoir
Enid Lake
Ross Barnett Reservoir
Sardis Lake
Grenada Lake
COUNTY
Pulaski, McCreary, Russell,
Wayne, Clinton
Cumberland, Clinton (Clay, Pickett,
Overton in TN)
Boyle, Mercer, Garrard
Marshall, Lyon, Trigg, Livingston,
Calloway (Henry, Stewart, Benton,
Houston, Humphreys, Perry, Decatur
in TN)
Allen, Barren
COUNTY
Garrett
Carroll, Baltimore
Baltimore
Wicomico
COUNTY
Desoto, Tate
Yalo Busha, Panola
Hinds, Madison, Rankin
Panola, Lafayette
Grenada, Yalo Busha
37
-------
NEW JERSEY
STORE! # LAKE NAME
3402XX Budd Lake
3403XX Greenwood Lake
3406XX Oradell Reservoir
3409XX Pined iff Lake
341OXX Pompton Lake
3412XX Duhernal Lake
3413XX Farrington Lake
3415XX Lake Hopatcong
3417XX Lake Musconetcong
3419XX Paulinskill Lake
3420XX Spruce Run Reservoir
3422X Union Lake
3423XX Wanaque Reservoir
COUNTY
Morris
Passaic (Orange in NY)
Bergen
Passaic
Passaic
Middlesex
Middlesex
Morris, Sussex
Morris, Sussex
Sussex
Hunterdon
Cumberland
Passaic
38
-------
NORTH CAROLINA
STORET # LAKE NAME
3701XX Badin Lake
3702XX Blewett Falls Lake
3704XX Fontana Lake
3705XX Lake Hickory (Lake Oxford)
3706XX High Rock Lake
3707XX Hiwassee Lake
3708XX Lake James
3709XX Lake Junaluska
3710XX Lookout Shoals Lake
3711XX Mount Island Lake
3713XX Norman Lake
3715XX Rhodhiss Lake
3716XX Lake Santeelah
3717XX Tillery Lake
3718XX Waterville Lake
3719XX Lake Waccamaw
COUNTY
Montgomery, Stanly
Richmond, Anson
Swain, Graham
Alexanders Caldwell, Catawba
Davidson, Rowan
Cherokee
Burke, McDowell
Haywood
Catawba, Alexander, Iredell
Gaston, Mecklenburg
Catawba, Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg
Caldwell, Burke
Graham
Stanly, Montgomery
Haywood
Columbus
-------
OHIO
STORET # LAKE NAME
3901XX Beach City Reservoir
3902XX Buckeye Reservoir
3905XX Charles Mill Reservoir
3906XX Deer Creek Reservoir
3907XX Delaware Reservoir
3908XX Dillon Reservoir
3912XX Grant Lake
3914XX Hoover Reservoir
3915XX Indian Lake
3917XX Loramie Lake
3921XX Mosquito Creek Reservoir
3924XX Pleasant Hill Lake
3927XX Lake Saint Marys
(Grand Lake)
3928XX Atwood Reservoir
3929XX Berlin Reservoir
3930XX Holiday Lake
3931XX O'Shaugnessy Reservoir
3932XX Rocky Fork Lake
3933XX Shawnee Lake
3934XX Tappan Lake
COUNTY
Stark, Tuscarawas
Fairfield, Licking, Perry
Richland, Ashland
Fayette, Pickaway
Delaware
Muskingum
Brown
Franklin, Delaware
Logan
Shelby, Auglaize
Trumbul1
Richland, Ashland
Mercer, Auglaize
Carroll, Tuscarawas
Stark, Portage, Mahoning
Huron
Highland
Greene
Harrison
40
-------
PENNSYLVANIA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
4201XX Blanchard Reservoir
4204XX . Conneaut Lake
4207XX Greenlane Dam
4213XX Pymatuning Reservoir
4216XX Shenango River Reservoir
4219XX Beaver Run Reservoir
4220XX Beltzville Dam
4221XX Lake Canadohta
4222XX Harveys Lake
4223XX Indian Lake
4224XX Lake Naomi
4225XX Lake Ontelaunee
4226XX Pinchot Lake
(Conewago Lake)
4227XX Pocono Lake
4228XX Stillwater Lake
4229XX Lake Wallenpaupack
COUNTY
Centre
Crawford
Montgomery
Crawford, Mercer
(Ashtabula in OH)
Mercer (Trumbull in OH)
Westmoreland
Carbon
Crawford
Luzerne
Somerset
Monroe
Berks
York
Monroe
Monroe
Pike
41
-------
SOUTH CAROLINA
STORE! ff LAKE NAME
4503XX Fishing Creek Reservoir
4504XX Lake Greenwood
4505XX Lake Hartwell
4506XX Lake Marion
4507XX Lake Murray
4508XX Lake Robinson
451OXX Lake Wateree
4511XX Lake Wylie (Lake Catawba)
4512XX Lake Moultrie
4513XX Lake Keowee
4514XX Lake Secession
4515XX Saluda Lake
4516XX Lake William C. Bowen
COUNTY
Lancaster, Chester
Laurens, Greewood, Newberry
Anderson, Oconee, Pickens
(Franklin, Hart in GA)
Berkeley, Clarendon, Sumter,
Calhoun, Orangeburg
Lexington, Saluda, Richland,
Newberry
Darlington, Chesterfield
Kershaw, Fairfield, Lancaster
York (Gaston, Mecklenburg in NC)
Berkeley
Oconee, Pickens
Abbeville, Anderson
Greenville, Pickens
Spartanburg
42
-------
TENNESSEE
STORE! # LAKE NAME
4701XX Barkley Lake
4704XX Boone Reservoir
4706XX Cheatham Reservoir
4707XX Cherokee Lake
4708XX Chickamauga Lake
4711XX Douglas Lake
4712XX Fort Loudon Lake
4713XX Great Falls Lake
4717XX Nickajack Reservoir
4720XX Old Hickory Lake
4722XX Watts Bar Lake
4723XX Percy Priest Reservoir
4724XX Tims Ford Reservoir
4725XX South Holston Lake
4727XX Reel foot Lake
4728XX Woods Reservoir
(Elk River Reservoir)
COUNTY
Stewart, Montgomery (Trigg, Lyon
in KY)
Washington, Sullivan, Carter
Cheatham, Davidson
Jefferson, Hamblen, Grainger,
Hawkins
Hamilton, Rhea, Meigs, McMinn
Sevier, Jefferson, Cocke
Loudon, Knox, Blount
White, Van Buren
Marion, Hamilton
Sumner, Davidson, Wilson, Smith,
Trousdale
Rhea, Meigs, Cumberland, Roane,
Loudon
Davidson, Rutherford
Moore, Franklin
Sullivan (Washington in VA)
Obion
Franklin, Coffee
43
-------
VIRGINIA
STORET # LAKE NAME
5103XX Claytor Lake
5105XX John W. Flannagan Dam
5106XX John H. Kerr Reservoir
(Buggs Island Lake)
5108XX Occoquan Reservoir
511OXX Smith Mountain Lake
5111XX Lake Chesdin
5112XX Chickahominy Lake
5113XX Rivanna (South Fork)
Reservoir
COUNTY
Pulaski
Dickenson
Mecklenburg, Halifax
(Granville, Vance, Warren in NC)
Fauquier
Bedford, Franklin
Dinwiddle
New Kent, Charles City
Albemarle
WEST VIRGINIA
STORET # LAKE NAME
5401XX Bluestone Reservoir
5402XX Lake Lynn Reservoir
(Cheat Lake)
5403XX Summersville Reservoir
5404XX Tygart Reservoir
COUNTY
Summers
Monongalia
Nicholas
Taylor
44
-------
APPENDIX B
LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
SAMPLED IN 1974
45
-------
ARKANSAS
STORE! #
LAKE NAME
0501 XX
0502XX
0503XX
0504XX
0505XX
0506XX
0507XX
0508XX
0509XX
051 OXX
0511XX
0512XX
051 3XX
051 4XX
051 5XX
0516XX
Beaver Lake
Blackfish Lake
Blue Mountain Lake
Bull Shoals Lake
Lake Catherine
Lake Chicot
DeGray Lake
Lake Erling
Grand Lake
Lake Hamilton
Millwood Lake
Nimrod Lake
Norfolk Lake
Lake Ouachita
Table Rock Lake
Greer's Ferrv Lake
COUNTY
Benton, Carroll, Washington
Crittenden, St. Francis
Logan, Yell
Baxter, Boone, Marion
(Taney, Ozark in MO)
Garland, Hot Spring
Chi cot
Clark, Hot Spring
Lafayette
Chicot
Garland
Hempstead, Howard, Little River,
Sevier
Perry, Yell
Baxter, Fulton (Ozark in MO)
Garland, Montgomery
Boone, Carroll (Barry, Taney in MO)
Van Burpn, Clphnmp
46
-------
IOWA
STORET # LAKE NAME
1901XX Lake Acquabi
1902XX Big Creek Reservoir
1903XX Black Hawk Lake
1904XX Clear Lake
1905XX Lake Darling
1906XX Lost Island Lake
1907XX Lake MacBride
1908XX Prairie Rose Lake
1909XX Rathbun Reservoir
1910XX Red Rock Lake
1911XX Rock Creek Lake
1912XX Silver Lake
1913XX Spirit Lake
1914XX Viking Lake
1915XX West Lake Okoboji
COUNTY
Polk
Polk
Sac
Cerro Gordo
Washington
Palo Alto
Johnson
Shelby
Appanoose, Wayne, Lucas
Marion
Jasper
Worth
Dickinson
Montgomery
Dickinson
47
-------
KANSAS
STORE! # LAKE NAME
2001XX Cedar Bluff Reservoir
2002XX Council Grove
2003XX Elk City
2004XX Fall River Reservoir
2005XX John Redmond Reservoir
2006XX Kanopolis Reservoir
2007XX Marion Reservoir
2008XX Melvern Reservoir
2009XX Mil ford Reservoir
201OXX Norton Reservoir
2011XX Perry Reservoir
2012XX Pomona Reservoir
2013XX Toronto Reservoir
2014XX Tuttle Creek Reservoir
2015XX Wilson Reservoir
COUNTY
Trego
Morris
Montgomery
Greenwood
Coffey
Ellsworth
Marion
Osage
Clay, Geary, Riley
Norton
Jefferson
Osage
Greenwood, Woodson
Marshall, Riley, Pottawatomie
Russell, Lincoln
48
-------
LOUISIANA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
2201XX Anacoco Lake
2202XX Bruin Lake
2203XX Lake Bistineau
2204XX Black Bayou
2205XX Bundicks Lake
2207XX Cocodrie Lake
2208XX Cotile Lake
2209XX Concordia Lake
2210XX Cross Lake
2211XX D'Arbonne Lake
2212XX False River Lake
2213XX Indian Creek
2214XX Saline Lake
2215XX Turkey Creek
2216XX Lake Verret
2217XX Lake Vernon
2218XX Atchafalaya Basin
2219XX Black Lake
2220XX Cocodrie Lake (lower)
COUNTY
Vernon
Tensas
Bienville, Webster
Caddo
Beauregard
Concordia
Rapides
Concordia
Caddo
Union
Pointe Coupee
Rapides
LaSalle
Franklin
Assumption
Vernon
Rapides
49
-------
MISSOURI
STORE! #
2901XX
2902XX
2903XX
2904XX
2905XX
2906XX
STORE! #
3101XX
3102XX
3103XX
3104XX
3105XX
3106XX
3107XX
3108XX
3109XX
3110XX
LAKE NAME
Clearwater Lake
Pomme de Terre Reservoir
Stockton Reservoir
Lake Taneycomo
Thomas Hill Reservoir
Wappapello Reservoir
NEBRASKA
LAKE NAME
Branched Oak
Harlan County Reservoir
Harry D. Strunk
(Medicine Creek)
Hugh Butler (Red Willow)
Johnson Reservoir
Lake McConaughy
Pawnee Lake
Sherman County Reservoir
Site 16
Swanson Reservoir
COUNTY
Reynolds
Polk, Hickory
Dade, Polk, Cedar
Taney
Macon, Randolph
Wayne, Butler
COUNTY
Lancaster
Harlan
Frontier
Frontier, Red Willow
Dawson, Gosper
Keith
Lancaster
Sherman
Douglas
Hitchcock
50
-------
NORTH DAKOTA
STORET # LAKE NAME
3801XX Lake Ashtabula
3802XX Lake Audubon
3803XX Brush Lake
3804XX Lake Darling
3805XX Devils Lake
3806XX Jamestown Reservoir
3807XX Lake La Moure
3808XX Matejcek Lake
3809XX Lake Metigoshe
3811XX Pelican Lake
3812XX Lake Sakakawea
(Garrison Reservoir)
3813XX Spirit Wood Lake
3814XX Sweet Briar Reservoir
3815XX Whitman Lake
COUNTY
Barnes, Griggs
McLean
McLean
Renville
Benson, Ramsey
Stutsman, Foster
Stutsman
Walsh
Bottineau (part in Canada)
Bottineau
Mercer, McLean, Mountrail,
Williams, McKenzie, Dunn
Stutsman
Morton
Nelson, Walsh
51
-------
OKLAHOMA
STORE!
LAKE NAME
4001 XX
4002XX
4003XX
4004XX
4005XX
4006XX
4007XX
4008XX
4009XX
401 OXX
401 1XX
401 2XX
401 3XX
401 4XX
401 5XX
Altus Reservoir
Arbuckle Lake
Lake Ellsworth
Lake Eufaula
Fort Cobb Reservoir
Fort Supply Reservoir
Foss Dam Reservoir
Lake Frances
Grand Lake 0' The Cherokees
Lake Hefner
Keystone Reservoir
Oologah Lake
Tenkiller Ferry Reservoir
Lake Thunderbird
Wister Reservoir
COUNTY
Greer, Kiowa
Murray
Caddo, Comanche
Haskell, Mclntosh, Okmulgee,
Pittsburg
Caddo
Woodward
Custer
Adair
Mayes, Delaware, Craig, Ottowa
Oklahoma
Tulsa, Creek, Osage, Pawnee
Nowata, Rogers
Cherokee, Sequoyah
Cleveland
LeFlore
52
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA
STORET # LAKE NAME
4601XX Lake Albert
4602XX Alvin Lake
4603XX Angostura Reservoir
4604XX Brant Lake
4605XX Lake Byron
4606XX Clear Lake
4607XX Clear Lake
4608XX Cochrane
4609XX Cottonwood Lake
4610XX Deerfield Reservoir
4611XX Enemy Swim Lake
4612XX Lake Herman
4613XX John Lake
4614XX Lake Kampeska
4615XX Madison Lake
4616XX Lake Mitchell
4617XX Lake Norden
4618XX Oakwood Lake East
4619XX Oakwood Lake West
4620XX Pactola Reservoir
COUNTY
Kingsbury, Hamlin
Lincoln
Fall River
Lake
Beadle
Marshall
Minnehaha
Deuel
Spink
Pennington
Day
Lake
Hamli n
Codington
Lake
Davison
Hamli n
Brookings
Brookings
Pennington
53
-------
(SOUTH DAKOTA - continued)
STORET # LAKE NAME
4621XX Pickerel Lake
4622XX Lake Poinsett
4623XX Lake Red Iron South
4624XX Richmond Lake
4625XX Roy Lake
4626XX Sand Lake
4627XX Sheridan Lake
4628XX Stockade Lake
4629XX East Vermillion Lake
4630XX Wall Lake
4631XX Waubay Lake North
COUNTY
Day
Ham!in, Lake
Marshall
Brown
Marshall
Brown
Pennington
Custer
McCook
Minnehaha
Day
54
-------
TEXAS
STORE! # LAKE NAME
4801XX Amistad Lake
4802XX Bastrop Lake
4803XX Bel ton
4804XX Lake Braunig
4805XX Brownwood Lake
4806XX Lake Buchannon
4807XX Caddo Lake
4808XX Calaveras Lake
4809XX Canyon Reservoir
481OXX Lake Colorado City
4811XX Corpus Cristi Lake
4812XX Diversion Lake
4813XX Eagle Mountain Lake
4814XX Fort Phantom Hill Lake
4815XX Garza Little Elm Reservoir
(Lewisville Reservoir)
4816XX Kemp Lake
4817XX Houston Lake
4818XX Lake of the Pines
4819XX Lavon Reservoir
4820XX Livingston Lake
COUNTY
Val Verde (part in Mexico)
Bastrop
Bell, Coryell
Bexar
Brown
Burnet, Llano
Marion, Harrison (Caddo in LA)
Bexar
Comal
Mitchell
Live Oak, San Patricio
Baylor, Archer
Tarrant
Jones
Denton
Baylor
Harri s
Marion
Coll in
Walker, Trinity, Polk, San Jacinto
55
-------
(TEXAS - continued)
STORE! # LAKE NAME
4821XX Lyndon B. Johnson Lake
4822XX Medina Lake
4823XX Lake Merideth
4824XX Palestine Lake
4825XX Possum Kingdom Reservoir
4826XX San Angel o Re<;ervoir
4827XX Sam Rayburn Reservoir
4828XX E.V. Spence Reservoir
4829XX Somerville Lake
4830XX Stamford Lake
4831XX Still house Hollow Reservoir
4832XX Tawakoni Lake
4833XX Texarkana Lake
(Wright-Patman Reservoir)
4834XX Texoma Lake
4835XX Travis Lake
4836XX Trinidad (Texas Power &
Light Co. Lake)
4837XX Twin Buttes Reservoir
4838XX White River Reservoir
4839XX Whitney Lake
COUNTY
Burnet, Llano
Medina, Bandera
Potter, Moore, Hutchison
Henderson, Smith, Anderson,
Cherokee
Palo Pinto, Young
Tom Green
San Augustine, Angelina,
Nacogdoches, Jasper, Sabine
Coke
Burleson, Washington
Haskell
Bell
Hunt, Rains, Van Zandt
Bowie, Cass
Grayson, Cooke (Love, Johnson,
Marshall, Bryant in OK)
Travis
Henderson, Navarro
Tom Green
Crosby
Bosque, Hill, Johnson
56
-------
APPENDIX C
LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
SAMPLED IN 1975
57
-------
ARIZONA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
0401XX Big Lake
0402XX Fools Hollow
0403XX Lake Havasu
0404XX Luna Lake
0405XX Lyman Lake
0406XX Lake Mohave
0407XX Lake Pleasant
0408XX Lake Powell
0409XX Rainbow Lake
0410XX Roosevelt Lake
0411XX San Carlos Reservoir
COUNTY
Apache
Navajo
Mohave (San Bernadino in CA)
Apache
Apache
Mohave (Clark in NV)
Yavapai, Maricopa
Coconino (Kane, Garfield,
San Juan in UT)
Navajo
Gil a
Graham, Gila
58
-------
CALIFORNIA
STORET # LAKE NAME
0601XX Amador Reservoir
0602XX Boca Lake
0603XX Lake Britton
0604XX Casitas Reservoir
0605XX Crowley Lake
0606XX Don Pedro Reservoir
0607XX Lake Elsinore
0608XX Fallen Leaf Reservoir
0609XX Lake Hennessey
0610XX Lake Henshaw
0611XX Iron Gate Reservoir
0613XX Lower Klamath Lake
0614XX Lopez Lake
0615XX Lake Mary
0616XX Lake Mendocino
0617XX Nicasio Reservoir
0618XX Lower Otay Reservoir
0619XX Lake Pillsbury
0620XX Santo Margarita Lake
0621XX Shasta Lake
0622XX Shaver
0623XX Silver Lake
0624XX Tullock Reservoir
COUNTY
Amador
Nevada
Shasta
Ventura
Mono
Tuolume
Riverside
El Dorado
Napa
San Diego
Siskiyou
Siskiyou
San Luis Obispo
Mono
Mendocino
Marin
San Diego
Lake
San Luis Obispo
Shasta
Fresno
Mono
Tuolume
59
-------
(CALIFORNIA - continued)
STORE! #
0625XX
0626XX
LAKE NAME
Upper Twin Lakes
at Bridgeport
Lower Twin Lakes
at Bridgeport
COUNTY
Mono
Mono
COLORADO
STORET # LAKE NAME
0801XX Barker
0802XX Barr Lake
0803XX Blue Mesa Reservoir
0804XX Cherry Creek
0805XX Cucharas Reservoir
0806XX Dillon
0807XX Grand Lake
0808XX Green Mountain Reservoir
0809XX Hoi brook Lake
081OXX Lake Meredith
0811XX Milton Reservoir
0812XX Navajo Lake
0813XX Shadow Mountain Lake
COUNTY
Boulder
Adams
Gunnison, Montrose
Arapahoe
Huerfano
Summit
Grand
Summi t
Otero
Crowley
Weld
Archuleta (San Juan, Rio
Arriba in NM)
Grand
60
-------
IDAHO
STORET # LAKE NAME
1601XX American Falls Reservoir
1602XX Cascade Lake
1603XX Coeur d'Alene
1604XX Dworshak Reservoir
1605XX Hauser Lake
1606XX Hayden Lake
1607XX Island Park Reservoir
1608XX Lake Lowell (Deer Flat
Reservoir)
1609XX Magic Reservoir
1610XX Palisades Reservoir
1611XX Lower Payette
1612XX Lower Twin Lakes
1613XX Upper Twin Lakes
COUNTY
Bannock, Bingham, Power
Valley
Benewah, Kootenai
Clearwater
Kootenai
Kootenai
Fremont
Canyon
Blaine, Camas
Bonneville (Lincoln in WY)
Valley
Kootenai
Kootenai
61
-------
MONTANA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
3001XX Canyon Ferry Reservoir
3002XX Clark Canyon Reservoir
3003XX Flathead Lake
3004XX Georgetown Reservoir
3005XX Hebgen Reservoir
3006XX Koocanusa Reservoir
3007XX Mary Ronan Lake
3008XX McDonald Lake
3009XX Nelson Reservoir
301OXX Seeley Lake
3011XX Swan Lake
3012XX Tally Lake
3013XX Tiber Reservoir
3014XX Tongue River Reservoir
3016XX Whitefish Lake (lower)
COUNTY
Lewis & Clark, Broadwater
Beaverhead
Flathead, Lake
Granite, Deer Lodge
Gallatin
Lincoln
Lake
Flathead
Phillips
Missoula
Flathead
Flathead
Toole, Liberty
Big Horn
Flathead
62
-------
NEVADA
STORE! # LAKE NAME
3201XX Lake Mead
3202XX Lahontan Reservoir
3204XX Rye Patch Reservoir
3205XX Lake Tahoe
3206XX Topaz Reservoir
3207XX Upper Pahranagat Lake
3208XX Washoe Lake
3209XX Wildhorse Reservoir
321OXX Wilson Sink Reservoir
3211XX Walker Lake
COUNTY
Clark (Mohave in Arizona)
Lyon, Churchill
Pershing
Washoe, Carson City, Douglas
(Placer, El Dorado in CA)
Douglas (Mono in CA)
Lincoln
Washoe
Elko
Elko
Mineral
NEW MEXICO
STORET # LAKE NAME
3501XX Alamogordo
3502XX Bluewater
3503XX Conchas Reservoir
3504XX Eagle Nest Lake
3505XX Elephant Butte
Reservoir
3506XX El Vado Reservoir
3507XX Lake McMillan
3509XX Ute Reservoir
COUNTY
De Baca, Guadalupe
Valencia, McKinley
San Miguel
Col fax
Sierra
Rio Arriba
Eddy
Quay
63
-------
OREGON
STORE! # LAKE NAME
4101XX Brownlee Reservoir
4102XX Diamond
4103XX Hells Canyon
Reservoir
4104XX Hills Creek
Reservoir
4105XX Owyhee
4106XX Oxbow Reservoir
4107XX Suttle Lake
4108XX Waldo Lake
COUNTY
Baker (Washington in Idaho)
Douglas
Wallowa, Baker (Adams in Idaho)
Lane
Malheur
Baker (Adams in Idaho)
Jefferson
Lane
UTAH
STORET # LAKE NAME
4901XX Bear Lake
4902XX Lower Bown's Reservoir
4903XX Deer Creek Reservoir
4904XX Echo Reservoir
4905XX Lynn Reservoir
4906XX Fish Lake
4907XX Huntington North Reservoir
4908XX Joe's Valley Reservoir
4909XX Minersville Reservoir
491OXX Moon Lake
4911XX Navajo Lake
COUNTY
Rich (Bear Lake in ID)
Garfield
Wasatch
Summi t
Box Elder
Seiver
Emery
Emery
Beaver
Duchesne
Kane
64
-------
(UTAH - continued)
STORE! # LAKE NAME
4912XX Newcastle Reservoir
4913XX Otter Creek Reservoir
4914XX Panquich Lake
4915XX Pelican Lake
4916XX Pineview Reservoir
4917XX Piute Reservoir
4918XX Porcupine Reservoir
4919XX Pruess (Garrison) Reservoir
4920XX Sevier Bridge Reservoir
4921XX Starvation Reservoir
4922XX Steinaker Reservoir
4923XX Tropic Reservoir
4924XX Utah Lake
4925XX Willard Bay Reservoir
COUNTY
Iron
Piute
Garfield
Uintah
Weber
Piute
Cache
Mi Hard
Sanpete, Juab
Duchesne
Uintah
Garfield
Utah
Box Elder
65
-------
STORE! #
LAKE NAME
WASHINGTON
COUNTY
5301 XX
5302XX
5303XX
5304XX
5305XX
5306XX
5307XX
5308XX
5309XX
531 OXX
5311XX
531 2XX
American Lake
Banks Lake
Chelan Lake
Diamond Lake
Green Lake
Keechelus Lake
Mayfield Lake
Medical Lake
Moses Lake
Ozette Lake
Sammamish Lake
Whatcom Lake
Pierce
Grant, Douglas
Chelan
Pend Oreille
King
Kittitas
Lewis
Spokane
Grant
Clallam
King
Whatcom
66
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WYOMING
STORE! # LAKE NAME
5601XX Big Sandy Reservoir
5602XX Boulder Lake
5603XX Boysen Reservoir
5604XX Lake De Smet
5605XX Flaming Gorge Reservoir
5606XX Fremont Lake
5607XX Glendo Reservoir
5608XX Key Hole Reservoir
5609XX Ocean Lake
561OXX Seminoe Reservoir
5611XX Soda Lake
5612XX Viva Naughton Reservoir
5613XX Woodruff Narrows Reservoir
5614XX Big Horn Lake
(Yellowtail Reservoir)
COUNTY
Sublette, Sweetwater
Sublette
Fremont
Johnson
Sweetwater (Dassett in Utah)
Sublette
Converse, Platt
Crook
Fremont
Carbon
Sublette
Lincoln
Uinta
Big Horn (Big Horn, Carbon
in Montana)
67
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APPENDIX D
LAKE SAMPLING FIELD FORMS
68
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IAT1ONAI
STATION DESCRIPTION (MUST BE COMPLETED FOR NEW STATIONS)
NEW STATION
STATION CODE H H » " « n n STATE.
COUNTY,
TOTAL DEPTH OF WATER (FT) > » » j, LAKE NAME
WORD DESCRIPTION
DATA CODING RECORD
24 25
TOTAL |CHLOR^A|SECCHI t
FT
yj 6/L
IN.
I
LIGHT, COND.,
TEMp
PQ.,
FT.
pMHO (%TRANS{[ °C
mi/~/i I 5 TD.
MG/L II UNITS
K K X X XXXXHX XKX.» KKKK XKXX KK.K
KX.K KX.K
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
AIR READING
COMMENTS
ADDITIONAL SAMPLES TAKEN:
SEDIMENT CORE [ j|
PAP 5 GAL. CONTAINER
QUAL CONTROL REPLICATES
OTHER (SPECIFY):
INITIALS
69
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DATE COLLECTED:
FILTERED:
EXTRACTED:
BY:
BY:
BY:
SAMPLING SITE:
DOOR
FACTORS
1 "
I 3-
10 =
30 =
TAU =
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION and NO.
IN VIVO
DR
READING
VOLUME
FILTERED
VOLUME
EXTRACTED
OIL
TOTAL
DR
#
Rb
CHL-
PHEOa
CHLa
ST-45
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FIELD OBSERVATION FORM EXPLANATION
Introduction
This form is intended to gather additional data regarding the nature of
the lake. Its intended use is in the preparation of reports; any navigational
or hazard warning information should be noted on the field data sheet, not this
form. For this reason too, the form has been arranged to facilitate coding for
computer entry and yes-no rather than verbal answers are generally requested.
An attempt has been made to organize the form so as to reduce the effort re-
quired by the limnologist in providing much needed information. It is also
realized that many of the judgments are subjective, require estimates, or may
be open to interpretation.
The limnologist is expected to do his best and to temper his judgments
with practical considerations including time constraints. This document is
intended to help describe what information is desired and what its ultimate
use will be in order to assist the limnologist in making these judgments.
Headings
These identify the lake described. In some cases, such as large lakes,
it may be desirable to split the lake into smaller pieces for the purposes of
this form. If this is done, please indicate the STORET numbers covered, or
alternately, the portion of the lake described on this sheet. (For example:
The portion of the lake south of HW35 causeway.)
Sampling Conditions
1. Wind: These data are desired to account for possible anomalies in
depth of the mixed layer, concentrations of algae due to wind drift, and ex-
tent of turbidity. Direction is the direction from which the wind comes
(i.e., direction you look when facing into the wind). Velocity in mph. is
desirable if it is readily available. Visible erosion is usually identified
by the presence of substantially discolored water along the shore line due to
suspended sediment.
2. Cloud Cover: These data are desired to help explain plankton dis-
tribution and related data as well as possible secchi disc and/or color
anomalies, The categories are clear, P/C-Partly cloudy, B/C-Broken clouds,
bright 0/C-Bright overcast, dark 0/C-dark overcast, and thunderheads.
3. Precipitation: The reasons for these data are for the obvious ex-
planation of anomalous data brought about by recent rainfall.
71
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4. Air Temperature: The air temperature in °C is wanted for possible
future correlations involving interface reactions. Relative humidity would
also be desirable if it is readily available.
General Lake Conditions
These data are designed to augment the physical measurements made with
the instrumentation. They will assist in resolving anomalies and may help
to better define the sources of nutrient contributions.
1. Water Level: This is felt to be self-explanatory.
2. Color-causes: T'lis refers to the cause of the actual color of the
water (as it would appear if placed in a large enough glass container).
Generally, it will only apply to green, brown, or discolored water. Very
clear waters obtain their coloration from backscattering and adsorbtion by
the water and are therefore heavily dependent upon light conditions. Waters
with pigments or particulate matter are largely colored due to reflected light
and are not as dependent upon light conditions.
3. Turbidity-causes: Try to identify the source of particulate elements
within the water itself (es opposed to purely color causes such as dissolved
humics). The two categories, color and turbidity, are not mutually exclusive.
"None" would be used with very clear water.
4. Floating Debris: Describe both debris on and in the water. Logs,
twigs, etc. usually float on the surface, but many leaves, paper, etc. are
found in suspension. Again, this information may help to identify contributing
nutrient sources. "Heavy" and "light" are very subjective terms and left to
the discretion of the observer. "Type" is self-explanatory. "Location" will
require some verbage. Concentration of debris near a tributary outlet, around
a marina, along a mid-lake strand line, or along the west shore all describe
different situations with different implications.
5. Emergent Trees or Stumps: This information is generally descriptive
of the lake. However, trees can act as a sediment trap, substrate for peri-
phyton, and if alive, as a source of allochthonous debris. For this reason,
a brief description of the trees as to whether live or dead, brush or stumps,
dense or scattered is requested.
6. Other Observations: 'A place to express yourself. Any comments you
feel are pertinent should be entered here. We won't object even if they aren't
pertinent.
Aquatic Vegetation
These data are needed to assist in determination of the trophic state of
the lake. If the water is obviously green, a plankton bloom can usually be
assumed to exist. The presence of any surface scums, algae mats, or other
72
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nuisance conditions should be noted and their location described. If the bloom
exhibits patchiness, strong interfaces and variations of intensity, etc., please
describe the condition. Information on aquatic vegetation is wanted9 not on sub-
merged terrestrial plants. By the same token, aquatic plants that have been
exposed on the beach due to drops in water level should be noted. Emergents are
generally reedy plants (cattails9 etc.)9 floaters are such things as duckweed,
lily pads, or hyacinths9 and the submerged weeds anachoris (the weed you buy in
aquarium stores) or other types.
Land Use and Development
This information will assist in making nutrient loading estimations and
determining lake use. You are asked to describe by % use the land within
roughly 1/4 mile of the lake. The categories are generally straightforward.
"Fallow" refers to fields that do not presently appear to be under cultivation
but have not been abandoned either. Note any husbandry activities including
the type of animal being raised and a guess as to how many "beasties" are present,
''Campgrounds" should refer to developed campsites with associated privies or rest-
rooms. Overnight trailer parks would be included, mobile home sites would not.
If the lakeshore is rimmed with cottages or houses9 try to estimate either
the total number or density of the dwellings and whether they appear to be year-
round or seasonal dwellings (or a combination). Again the intent is to use this
for loading estimates9 particularly of cess pool contributions. Please note the
number of private docks and/or boats associated with the cottages (even "lots",
"few", "scattered", etc. would be acceptable).
The number of marinas, public access areas9 and swimming beaches will pro-
vide additional information for both loading and lake use purposes. Cattle
watering areas refer to narrow access areas for livestock (as opposed to open
pasture land bordering the lake). Either a number of the total observed or a
check for each one observed may be used. A marina is differentiated from a
boat rental by its larger size and presence of larger, private boats. A boat
rental is envisioned as a dock where you can rent row boats.
Shore Type
These data refer to the immediate shoreline area where the water meets
the land. "Slope" refers to the area leading to the lakeshore. "Steep" is
envisioned as cliffs, bluffs, or slopes where handholds may be required to
navigate it. "Gradual" would be a distinct slope that a person could climb
with full hands and a minimum of slipping and sliding. "Flat" refers to land
that is periodically flooded, marshy or swampy.
"Substrate" refers to the area visible at the edge of the lake. "Muck"
differs from "Mud" in that the former appears to have a much higher organic
content. "Clay" is generally a fairly cohesive sediment although the surface
73
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layer may be in suspension. "Gravel" refers to a gentle sloping beach of
unconsolidated, pebble sized rocks as opposed to "Rocky" which describes
boulder or cobbly beaches, consolidated clumps of aggregate, cliffs, til us
piles, etc. The last two are self-explanatory.
Comments
In this section put any explanatory notes, additional information
(such as fish kills, lots of ducks, etc.), disclaimers, hedges, or personal
feelings. Notes on land use activities, dredging operations, oil wells,
duck blinds, etc. are also desired.
74
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FIELD OBSERVATION FORM - NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
Lake Name State
I. Sampling Conditions
Wind:
Calm
Light
Moderate
Strong
Direction
Velocity*
II. General Lake Conditions
Water Level :
Flooded
Normal
Low
Very Low
Undetermined
Floating Debris:
Heavy
Light
Absent
Type & Location:
Other Observations:
Date
Cloud Cover:
Clear
P/C
B/C
Bright 0/C
Dark 0/C
Thunderheads
Color Causes:
Humics
Sediment
Algae
Other
STORET #(s)
Precipitation:
M1st
L1qht
Heavy
Recent Significant
None
Extended Drought
Air Temp.
Relative Hum.*
Turbidity Causes:
Sediment
Algae
Other
None
Emergent Trees 8/or Stumps:
Many
Few
None
Locate & Describe
III. Aquatic Vegetation (mark if present)
Phytoplankton:
Algae Bloom
Surface Scum
Floating Mats
Open Lake
Discrete Arm or Locality (describe):
Macrophytes (% of
Emergents
Floaters
Submerged Weeds_
shoreline):
IV. Land Use & Development (>s mile perimeter of shore). Enter
Agricultural: Other:
Orchard Urban
Grain
Leafy Vegetable
Pasture
Other
Active
Fallow
Abandoned
Plowed
Husbandry
V. Shore Type (Enter % estimated)
Slope:
Steep
Gradual
Flat '
Parks
Campgrounds
Industrial
Highway, Roadway
Wooded
ChapparaT
Prairie
Desert
Barren Rock
Substrate:
Muck
Mud
Clay
Sand
% estimated
Lakeshore Residences:
Year Round
Seasonal
__ Total »
% of Shoreline
#/mile
# Private Docks
(Check for each case observed)
Marinas
Public Access
Swimming Beaches
Cattle Watering Areas
Boat Rentals
Gravel
Rocky
Obscured by Vegetation
Other
VI. Comments
* Optional
75
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APPENDIX E
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
GUIDELINES AND FORMS
76
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! UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
CORVALLIS. OREGON 97330
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
EFFLUENT SAMPLING GUIDELINES
We are requesting your participation in a most important part of
the National Eutrophication Survey; the once-a-month collection (for
a year) of wastewater treatment plant effluent samples for subsequent
chemical analysis at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratories.
Because of the great nationwide variation in the types and sizes
of wastewater treatment plants, in the degree of plant operation required,
in the numbers of operators per plant, in the sampling equipment avail-
able, etc., we recognize that the kinds of effluent (discharge) samples
that operators can collect will also vary.
Listed below are the general kinds of effluent sampling methods
for conventional treatment plants that can yield needed information,
ranging from the most desirable (number 1) to the least desirable
(number 4). We ask that you select the method, or variation thereof,
that will provide the best samples possible without interfering with
your duties and responsibilities in the operation of your plant.
1. A once-monthly 24-hour composite sample (proportional
composite if flows are metered or measured), or
2. A once-monthly 8-, 10-, or 12-hour composite sample
(proportional if flows are metered or measured), pjr
3. A once-monthly modified composite sample consisting of
about 500 milliliters (ml) collected at 11 AM and another
500 ml collected at 4 PM of the same day, or
4. As the least desirable alternative, a once-monthly single
grab sample of about one liter collected on a weekday between
the hours of 8 AM and 8 PM.
If your treatment facility is a stabilization pond or lagoon with
a detention time of at least 30 days, method 4 is quite acceptable. If
your pond does not overflow ordinarily but is drawn down once or twice
a year, please collect an 8-hour equal-portion composite or, as a mini-
mum, collect a grab sample during draw-down and indicate the area of the
pond and the total amount of the draw-down (for example, "ten acres -
two-foot draw-down").
OVER
77
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Composite samples should be collected in separate glass or plastic
containers (clean gallon jug:;, one-gallon plastic milk containers, etc.,
are suitable), and the samples should be refrigerated, iced, or other-
wise kept as cool as possible during the period of collection. Grab
samples should be preserved immediately after collection, as indicated
below, but can be kept cool until a convenient time to preserve them.
After the final portion of the composite sample or the grab sample
has been collected, add one vial of the mercuric chloride preservative to
the plastic sample container we have provided ("cubitainer") and then fill
the cubitainer with the well-stirred composite or grab sample (leave a
little air space). The mercuric chloride has been supplied to you in vials
and each vial contains the exact amount needed to preserve a one-quart
sample. All you need to do is add the entire contents of the vial to the
cubitainer. Please remember that mercuric chloride is a poison and should
not be handled carelessly. In particular, avoid contact of the solution
with the eyes or mucous membranes such as the lining of the mouth.
After adding the sample, insert the red cup-shaped cap plug in the
opening of the cubitainer, replace the cap, and tighten the cap securely
(don't be afraid to use some force!).
Next, complete the information label (in pencil, please). Except for
draw-down ponds as noted above, the best possible flow data are needed for
the day the sample is collected and, if possible, the average daily flow
for the month in which the sample is collected. Flow units used on these
tags are "millions of gallons per day (MGD). Therefore, a flow rate of
2,000,000 gallons per day would be recorded as "2.0". A flow rate of 500,000
gallons per day would be recorded as "0.5". If you wish to provide flows in
some other units, please specify those units on the tag and cross out the MGD.
If you have no means of measuring flows, please indicate the actual or estimated
number of people served by your plant and note any industries that are also
served by your plant.
Once the label is completed, stick it on the cap of the cubitainer (this
makes it easier to remove in the laboratory), and place the cubitainer in
the preaddressed cardboard shipping carton. Finally, seal the carton with
the tape we have supplied and drop it in the mail (no postage is necessary).
We appreciate your assistance in this important part of the National
Eutrophication Survey.
-------
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STORET NO.:
PLANT NAME:
COLLECTION DATE:
CIRCLE SAMPLE TYPE: GRAB COMPOSITE
COLLECTION TIME:
SAMPLE DAY FLOW: MGD
AVG. DAILY FLOW FOR MONTH MGD
PRESERVATIVE ADDED
COLLECTORS NAME:
U7oo) (Print)
78
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APPENDIX F
TRIBUTARY SAMPLING
GUIDELINES AND FORMS
79
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THE
NATIONAL
EUTROPHICATI
SURVEY
\
01
O
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
TRIBUTARY SAMPLERS
80
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UNITUD STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
Statement of
Eiefinition of Eutrophication,
Perspective,
Goal cif National Eutrophication Survey,
and Objectives of Phase III Tributary Sampling
I. DEFINITION
Eutrophication is the process of nutrient enrichment
of lakes which usually stimulates algal scums and causes
shallows to be choked with masses of rooted plants.
As a direct result of the high production of aquatic
plants,
a. The value of a lake as a water resource is
greatly impaired,
b. Aesthetic qualities are virtually destroyed,
and
c. Depleted oxygen and reduced water clarity
force valued game species — trout, salmon, and small-
mouth bass, for instance — to be dominated by those
species better adapted to eutrophic conditions such as
carp and suckers.
Eutrophication is accelerated principally by concen-
trations of phosphates and nitrates. A sufficient balance
of these nutrLents, necessary for normal plant and fish
growth, is generally provided through natural land runoff.
Man's technology and advances, however, have created
intense sources of abundant phosphates and nitrates, mainly
municipal sewage treatment plant effluent, industrial
discharges, a:.id fertilized cropland and feedlot drainage.
81
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Evidence indicates th'at eutrophication accelerated
by mankind is a reversible process. Given sufficient
and necessary knowledge of specific growth-stimulating
nutrients and sources involved, the rate of reversal in
a lake is essentially a function of the comprehensiveness
of the management practices relating to:
a. Nutrient removal from sewage treatment plant
effluent and industrial discharges, and
b. Land use controls in the tributary drainage
areas.
II. PERSPECTIVE
Recently, the initial data assessment and final lake
selection of Phase I were completed in your state through
EPA Washington, D. C., coordination with state water
authorities and EPA Regional officials.
Phase I further data assessment and Phase II lake
sampling are now in progress and will be supplemented
by Phase III nutrient input sampling.
The "who," "basic procedure," and "for what scientific
reason" of each phase may be capsulized in the manner:
Phase I — Data Assessment and Lake Selection
State water authorities, EPA Regional officials, and
EPA Washington, D. C., analyze existing data to
select those lakes in need of further study and
sampling. Existing eutrophication data become
integral element of Survey.
Phase II — Lake Sampling
By helicopter, EPA technicians sample selected lakes
to determine present nutrient condition and tolerance
for further nutrient inflow.
82
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Phase III — Nutrient Input Sampling
a. Tributary Sampling
National Guardsmen, on a volunteer basis under
provisions of DoD Domestic Action Directive 5030.37,
sample tributaries of selected lakes. Sampling
procedure aids identification of sources; analysis
of samples indicates degree of nutrient threat to
selected lakes.
b. Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant Sampling
Municipc.l sewage treatment plant operators
provide composite samples; analysis indicates
plant nutriemt outflow.
c. Flow Data
U. S. Geological Survey furnishes tributary
flow data.
III. SURVEY GOAL
The goal of the National Eutrophication Survey is
to provide Phase I existing data assessment and lake
selection, Phase II determination of present nutrient
condition and tolerance of selected lakes, and Phase
III source identification and analysis of nutrient
threat in a for:n and manner significantly contributing
toward fulfillmsnt of the stated goal of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
". . .to restore and maintain the chemical, physical,
and biological integrity of the Nation's waters."
IV. PHASE III TRIBUTARY SAMPLING OBJECTIVES
In support of the National Eutrophication Survey
goal, basic objectives of phase III tributary sampling
are twofold:
a. To develop sufficient and necessary knowledge
of nutrient source, concentration, and threat to selected
fresh water lakes as a basis for recommendations leading
83
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to comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and
state management practices relating to sewage treatment
plant effluent and industrial discharge nutrient removal
and land use controls in tributary drainage areas by:
1. Establishing an effective, statewide
National Guard volunteer organization to plan, direct,
and coordinate experimentally-controlled tributary
sampling-, including obtaining, stabilizing, and shipping
of samples, and
2. Insuring systematic National Environmental
Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon, analysis of tributary
samples.
b. To enhance public awareness of National
Guard commitment to, and participation in, a constructive
community services activity contributing to the restora-
tion and maintenance of the integrity of the Nation's
fresh water resources.
84
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
National Guard Obtaining, Identifying,
Stabilizing, and Shipping
Phas.e III Tributary Samples
I. A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE
Precise attent.ion to detail is an "absolute" in any
scientific project, which involves experimentally-controlled
sampling and rigorous chemical analysis.
It is important, therefore, that sampling techniques
be thoroughly understood. Even what might seem a slight
deviation from established procedures could cause serious
errors in EPA's findings.
II. BEFORE YOU GO OUT
Double-check equipment before leaving your unit. Insure
that you have:
— one bottle for each sampling site your team will
cover, plus several extras (without opening, check
bottles and liis for defects such as cracks and faulty
seams),
— a sampling "rig" (check sturdiness of rubber
strap and nylo:i handle) ,
— a length of nylon rope,
— a #2 pencil (the lid site information must be
completed in pencil inasmuch as ink will smudge when
wet) ,
— a plast:.c pail for wide stream composite
samples (if needed), and
— the site; description list.
85
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III. ACTUAL SAMPLING
EPA's scientists are conducting tributary analyses in
a manner thcit will determine accurately the concentrations
of phosphorus and nitrogen.
But the accuracy begins at the sampling site. Your
personal objective is to draw samples which authentically
represent the stream.
Water taken too close to a muddy bottom, for instance,
or at the surface may yield misleading data. Contamination
by the phosphates from your hand, caused by touching the
inside surfaces of bottles and lids, will significantly
alter the findings.
Thus, by (a) using the proper precautions for handling
the sampling equipment (it is preferred, for example, that
bottles not be opened until you have arrived at the sampling
site and are ready to begin), and (b) taking samples midway
between the surface and bottom and in that portion of the
stream carrying the greatest flow, reasonably assures that
the sample will be a true representation of the stream.
On the; day you take your first samples, an EPA or state
"stream biologist" will accompany you to the various sample
sites. He; will:
-•• select the exact point where the sample will
be collected,
-- identify the site by stenciling the STORET*
code number, and
— review the specific sampling procedures.
Considering the varying1 circumstances of each site,
the biologist will determine whether to sample from
a brj.dge by lowering the rig, sample from the bank
by Ccisting the rig into the flow, hand-dip the
bott.'.e, or take a wide-stream multiple sample.
*STORET (STOrage and RETrieval is a computer system which
processes and maintains water resources data.
86
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In the case of bridge sampling/ first insure that the
bottle is fully "seated" in the rig, with the rubber strap
secured over the top. (In the process, remember to avoid
touching the inside surfaces of the bottle and lid. If
this accidentally occurs, discard the bottle/lid and use
another.)
Second, be sure that the length of nylon rope is tied
to the nylon handle of the sampling rig with a firm knot --
such as a bowline. Avoid square knots, as they tend to
slip on nylon.
Third, lower the rig by its rope to a point approximately
three feet above the water's surface, then drop it the rest
of the way to submerge it. Let it sink halfway to the bottom
before pulling it out of the water and onto the bridge. Use
this first water as a rinse for the bottle and lid. Then,
throw aside the rinse, lower the rig, and collect your sample.
The bottle is filled to the lowermost of the lid thread
marks (approximately 7/8 inches from the top). Essentially,
this is the amount: of sample water necessary for various
analytic procedures at the Corvallis, Oregon, laboratory.
If your sample; is taken from a bank, position yourself
as close as safely possible to the edge, then, in life-buoy
fashion, cast the rig into the stream flow. Let it settle
to the proper dep':h before pulling it in. As in the bridge
sample, use the first water as a rinse, recast the rig, and
draw the sample.
If the rig shDuld scrape the bottom, whereby mud or
rocks get into ths sample, rinse the bottle and retake.
At small streams, the most practical way to take the
sample may be to hand-hold the bottle, facing the mouth
upstream (should the bottle face downstream, the flow by
your hand will pick up phosphates, then contaminate the
sample).
Occasionally, samples must be drawn where a stre-am is
unusually wide, or where the flow is not well mixed. In
these cases, multiple samples will be taken, mixed into a
pail, and then poured into a sample bottle, Your biologist
will inform you when this procedure is necessary, then give
more specific instructions.
87
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IV. LABELING YOUR BOTTLES
When recording site information on the lid, precautions
are necessary to prevent;
— the identified lid of one sample bottle being
erroneously put onto the bottle of another sample, and
— the site identification from becoming obscured
so as to be unreadable.
For these reasons, two guidelines are:
(1) Work with only one sample bottle and lid at
a time. Undo a lid, take the sample, recap, and then
record the site information before becoming involved
with the next sample.
(2) Use a #2 pencil to record the site information.
Inks will smudge.
This is the label attached to each lid:
NATIONAL EUTROPHICAT10N SURVEY
STREAM NAME
STORE! CODE.
DATE Tl M E
SIGNATURE
The STORET code will be provided by the biologist during
the initial sampling, then may be taken from the on-site
stenciled numbers during the remainder of the Survey.
IMPORTANT: Do not pre-record the site number before leaving
your unit, for it is relatively easy for lids to become mixed
with improper sample bottles.
Record the time in the military manner of 0900, 1400,
etc.
88
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V. AFTER THE SAMPLE IS TAKEN
Once taken, you have only three hours to return a
sample to your unit to be chemically stabilized. Beyond
that time, despite precautions, there is a substantial
risk that biological activity will alter the phosphates
and nitrates within a sample, thereby rendering it
virtually useless for analysis.
When your sample has been drawn, use these field
precautions to preserve the integrity of the sample:
— keep as cool as possible (warmth will
significantly increase detrimental biological
activity) , c>nd
— keep from sunlight (which also stimulates
activity).
A solution i:or keeping the sample cool and from
sunlight is to invert a jiffy bag (furnished to your
unit) over the bottle, then emplace the jiffy bag/bottle
in an EPA shipping carton. Place the carton in the shade
in your vehicle.
VI. STABILIZING AND PREPARING SAMPLE FOR SHIPMENT
Once the sanples have been returned to the unit within
the three hour time period, they must be stabilized with
mercuric chloride. This chemical agent kills living
organisms which might otherwise alter the nitrate and
phosphate nutrient content.
For control and safety, one Guardsman should be
designated for this task, as follows:
— Open and stabilize only a single bottle at
a time (which prevents lids from being replace'd on
wrong bottles). When placing the lid aside, be
extremely careful not to contaminate the inside
surface.
89
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— Use the calibrated eye-dropper, and dispense
exactly 1.2 milliliters of mercuric chloride (twice
the eye-dropper filled to the 0.6 ML mark). Improper
amounts of mercury in the sample may not stop biological
activity and will cause difficulties in the chemical
analysis, so be careful to add the precise amount.
WARNING
MERCURIC CHLORIDE IS HIGHLY POISONOUS AND CORROSIVE TO
MUCUOUS MEMBRANES. INGESTION MAY CAUSE SEVERE NAUSEA,
VOMITING, OR EVEN DEATH. HANDLE WITH EXTREME CARE! KEEP
AWAY FROM FOOD AND CIGARETTES; KEEP AWAY FROM CHILDREN.
ANYONE HANDLING THIS CHEMICAL STABILIZER MUST WASH HIS HANDS
IMMEDIATELY UPON COMPLETION OF STAB ILI ZING.
— Replace the lid, making sure that it is tightly
sealed. Shake the bottle well, both to diffuse the
mercuric chloride evenly throughout the sample and to
test the lid seal.
— .Mark two green stripes across the middle of the
lid label with the green wax pencil. (Avoid obscuring
site information, however.) The marks serve as a
procedural-control device at your unit and to inform
Corvallis laboratory technicians that the samples indeed
have been stabilized.
After samples have been stabilized, they must be sealed
with tape around the neck of the bottle. A jiffy bag is
then inverted over the top.
If there are insufficient bottles to completely fill
the shipping container, tightly stuff the remainder of the
carton with newspaper or other packing materials. Mail to
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the state's central collection point using the franked
labels provided for that purpose (or use other channels
as may be designated in your state, such as USP&FO). At
the central collection point, the state Project Officer
will inventory all statewide samples taken, then repack,
as necessary, for shipment to Corvallis.
VII. IN THE EVENT OF AN UNCOLLECTABLE SAMPLE
During the conduct of your stream sampling, it is
foreseeable that samples may be uncollectable at sites
for various reasons, owing primarily to ice, drought,
flood, or other climatic conditions.
In such an event, an empty sample bottle represents
the sample. All label information is to be completed
(stream name, STORET code, date, time, and signature),
and a note included within the bottle explaining, "thick
ice," dry stream," or whatever the reason might be. The
missing-sample bottle is then forwarded, along with
other collected unit samples, to the state collection
center.
VIII. AN E-P-A "THANKS" TO NATIONAL GUARDSMEN
The Administrator of the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency is grateful for the initiatives extended by you and
your fellow National Guardsmen towards the restoration and
maintenance of the Nation's fresh water resources.
The information derived from your samples is unique
for each of the many lake basins throughout the country.
Each monthly sample you draw during the course of the
next twelve months will be irreplacable.
Your samples will contribute to the advancement of the
state-of-knowledge concerning pollution difficulties. In
essence, what you do for the Survey will impact dramatically
on whether a given lake is restorprJ =r.d rr.uincained, or
eventuallv i^t.
xour personal involvement is greatly appreciated!
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