DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS • AND HEALTH ADVISORIES by Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 202-260-7571 SAFE DRINKING WATER HOTLINE 1-800-426-4791 Monday thru Friday, 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM EST October 1991 ------- LEGEND Abbreviations column descriptions are: MCLG - Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. A non-enforceable concentration of a drinking water contaminant that is protective of adverse human health effects and allows an adequate margin of safety. MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level. Maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system. RfD - Reference Dose. An estimate of a daily exposure to the human population that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious effects over a lifetime. DWEL - Drinking Water Equivalent Level. A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, non-cancer health effects, that assumes all of the exposure to a contaminant is from a drinking water source. (*) The codes for the Status Reg and Status HA columns are as follows: F - final D - draft L - listed for regulation P - proposed (Phase II and V proposals) Other codes found in the table include the following: NA - not applicable PS - performance standard 0.5 NTU-'1.0 NTU TT - treatment technique ** - No more than 5% of the samples per month may be positive. For systems collecting fewer than 40 samples/month, no more than 1 sample per month may be positive. *** - guidance Large discrepancies between Lifetime and Longer-term HA values may occur because of the Agency's conservative policies, especially with regard to carcinogenicity, relative source contribution, and less than lifetime exposures in chronic toxicity testing. These factors can result in a cumulative UF (uncertainty factor) of 10 to 1000 when calculating a Lifetime HA. ------- DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES October 1991 Page 1 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals ORGANICS Acenaphthylene Acifluorfen Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Adipates (diethylhexyl) Alachlor Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone Aldicarb sulfoxide Aldrin Ametryn Ammonium Sutfamate Anthracene (PAH) Atrazine Bavqon Bentazon Benz(a)anthracene (PAH) Benzene Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH) Benzo(b)fluoranthene (PAH) Benzo(g,h.i)perylene (PAH) Benzo(k)fluoranthene (PAH) bis-2-Chloroisopropyl ether Bromacil Bromobenzene Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) F zero TT L P 0.5 0.5 F zero 0.002 P 0.001 0.003 P 0.001 0.002 P 0.001 0.004 F 0.003 0.003 P zero 0.0001 F zero 0.005 P zero 0.0002 P zero 0.0002 P zero 0.0002 Status HA* F F D F F F F D F F F F F F F F D 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term j mg/l mg/l mg/l 2 2 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 9 9 0.9 20 20 20 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 44 4 553 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at KT1 mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 0.06 0.4 0.013 0.4 - 0.1 0.07 0.0002 0.007 - 0.001 0.004 0.0001 0.004 - 0.007 0.7 20 0.5 0.01 0.4 - 0.04 0.0002 0.004 0.001 - 0.002 0.004 0.001 - 0.0002 0.004 0.001 - 0.0003 0.00003 0.001 - 0.0002 3 0.009 0.3 0.06 80 0.28 8 2 0.3 - - - 0.2 0.005 0.2 0.003 - 0.1 0.004 0.1 0.003 - 0.9 0.0025 0.09 0.02 0.1 13 0.04 1 0.3 9 0.13 5 0.09 Cancer Group B2 B2 B1 C B2 D D D B2 D D D C C D • B2 A B2* B2 D B2 D C * Under review. NOTE: Anthracene and Benzo(g,h,i)perylene -- not proposed in Phase V. ------- Octobor 1991 Page 2 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Bromochloroscetonitrile Bromochloromethane Bromodichloromelhane (THM) Bromolorm (THM) Bromomethatie Butyl benzyl phthalale (PAE) Butylate Butylbenzene n- Butylbenzene sec- Butvlbenzene teri- Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon Tetra chic ride Carboxin Chloral Hydrate Chloramben Chlordane Chlorodibromomethane (THM) Chloroethane Chloroform (THM) Chloromethane Chlorophenol (2-) p-Chlorophenyl methyl sullide/suilone/sulloxide Chloropicrin Chlorothalonil Chlorotoluene o- Chlorotoluone p- Chlorpyrifos Chrysene (PAH) Cyanazine Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) L 0.1 L - 0.1 P 0.1 0.1 F 0.04 0.04 F zero 0.005 L F zero 0.002 L - 0.1 L L - 0.1 L L L L L P zero 0.0002 L Status HA* 0 F D D F F D D D F F F F 0 F F D D D F D D F F F D F 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term j mg/l mg/l mg/l 50 1 1 774 5 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 2 2 1 1 1 1 0.05 0.05 0.05 4 0.2 0.07 1 1 1 7 1.4 0.10 3 3 0.2 0.06 0.06 77 2 4 4 0.1 9 0.4 0.4 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2 22 2 22 2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.1 0.02 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at 10^ mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 5 0.013 0.5 0.09 13 0.02 0.6 - 0.03 6 0.02 0.6 - 0.4 0.5 0.001 0.05 0.01 0.2 6 - - 4 0.05 2 0.35 1 0.1 4 0.7 0.2 0.005 0.2 0.04 0.3 0.0007 0.03 - 0.03 4 0.1 4 0.7 - 0.56 0.0016 0.056 0.045 - 0.5 0.015 0.5 0.1 0.00006 0.002 - 0.003 8 0.02 0.7 0.02 0.5 0.01 0.5 - 0.6 1 0.004 0.1 0.003 - 0.2 0.005 0.2 0.04 0.5 0.015 0.5 - 0.15 7 0.02 0.7 0.1 7 0.02 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.003 0.1 0.02 0.07 0.002* 0.07* 0.001 - Canc< Grou| B2 B2 D C D D E B2 D D B2 C B2 C D .- B2 D D D B2 C Under review. NOTE: Chrysene was proposed in second option. ------- October 1991 Page 3 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Cyanogen Chloride Cymene p- 2.4-D l)CPA(Oacthal) Dalapon Di|2-ethylhexyljadipate Diazinon Dibenz(a,h)anlhracene (PAH) Dibromoacetonilrile Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) Dibromomelhane Dibutyl phthalate (PAE) Dioamba Dichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetonilrile Dichlorobenzene p- Dichlorobenzene o-,m- Dichlorodifluoromelhane Dichloroethane (1.1-) Dichloroelhane (1,2-) Dichloroethylene (1,1-) Dichloroethylene (cis-1.2-) Dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-) Dichloromethane Dichlorophenol (2,4-) Dichloropropane (1,1-) Dichloropropane (1,2-) Dichloropropane (1 ,3-) Dichloropropane (2.2-) Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) L F 0.07 0.07 P 0.2 0.2 P 0.4 0.4 P zero 0.0003 L F zero 0.0002 L L L L L F 0.075 0.075 F 0.6 0.6 L F zero 0.005 F 0.007 0.007 F 0.07 0.07 F 0.1 0.1 P zero 0.005 L F zero 0.005 L L Status HA* D F F F F D F F D D D F F F D F F F F F D D F D D 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term | mg/l mg/l mg/l 1 0.3 0.1 80 80 5 3 3 0.3 20 20 20 0.02 0.02 0.005 222 0.2 . 0.05 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 1 0.8 10 10 10 99 9 40 40 9 0.7 0.7 0.7 2 1 1 43 3 20 2 2 10 2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.09 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at 10^ mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 0.4 0.01 0.4 0.07 20 0.5 20 4 0.9 0.026 0.9 0.2 60 0.6 20 0.4 3 0.02 0.00009 0.003 0.0006 - 8 0.02 0.8 0.02 0.003 0.1 4 - - 1 0.03 1 0.2 3 0.008 0.3 0.006 - 40 0.1 4 0.075 - 30 0.9 3 0.6 30 0.2 5 1 - 2.6 - - 0.04 4 0.009 0.4 0.007 - 11 0.01 0.4 0.07 6 0.02 0.6 0.1 0.06 2 - 0.5 0.1 0.003 0.1 0.02 0.05 Cancc Grou) D D D C E B2 C B2 D D D C C D D B2 C D D B2 D B2 ------- Octobor 1991 Page 4 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Dichloropropene (1,1-) Dichloropropene (1,3-) Dieldrin Diethyl phthalate |PAE) Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DENGDN) Diethylhexyl phthalate (PAE) Diisopropyl methylphosphonate Dimethrin Dimethyl methylphosphonate Dimethyl phthlate (PAE) 1 ,3-Dinitrobenzene Dinitrotoluene (2,4-) Dinitrotoluene (2,15) 2,4-/2.6-Dinitrotoluene Dinoseb Dioxane p- Diphenamid Diquat Disulfoton 1 ,4-Dithiane Diuron Endothall Endrin Epichlorohydrin Ethvlbenzeno Ethylene dibromide (EDB) Elhylene glycol ETLI Fenamiphos Fluometuron Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) L L L P zero 0.004 L L P 0.007 0.007 P 0.02 0.02 P 0.1 0.1 P 0.002 0.002 F zero TT F 0.7 0.7 F zero 0.00005 L Status HA* D F F D D D F F D F D D D F F F F D F F F F F F F F F F 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term j mg/l mg/l mg/l 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 88 8 10 10 10 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.3 0.3 0.01 4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.01 0.01 0.003 1 1 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.02 0.02 0.003 0.1 0.1 0.07 30 3 1 0.008 0.008 20 6 6 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.009 0.009 0.005 222 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at 10^ mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cnncer Risk 0.1 0.0003 0.01 - 0.02 0.002 0.00005 0.002 - 0.0002 0.8 30 5 0.02 0.7 - 0.3 30 0.08 3 0.6 40 0.3 10 2 0.2 - - - 0.14 0.0001 0.005 0.001 - 0.2 - - 0.1 - - - . 0.04 0.001 0.04 0.007 - 0.7 1 0.03 1 0.2 0.0022 0.08 0.02 0.009 0.00004 0.001 0.0003 - 0.9 0.002 0.07 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.7 0.1 0.01 0.0003 0.01 0.002 - 0.07 0.002 0.07 - 0.4 3 0.1 3 0.7 0.00004 20 2 40 7 - 0.4 0.00008 0.003 - 0.006** 0.02 0.00025 0.009 0.002 - 5 0.013 0.4 0.09 Cane* Grouj • B2 B2 D B2* D D D D 82 B2 B2 D B2 D D E D D D B2 D B2 D B2 D D * Under review. Not verified yet. ------- October 1991 Page 5 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Fluorene (PAH) Fluorotrichloromethane Fog Oil Fonofos Formaldehyde Gasoline, unleaded (benzene) Glyphosate Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorocyclopenladiene Hexachloroethane Hexane (n-) Hexazinone HMX Hypochlorite Hypochlorous acid lndeno(1 ,2.3.-c,d)pyrene (PAH) Isophorone Isopropyl methylphosphonate Isopropylbenzene Lindane Malathion Maleic hydrazide MCPA Methomyl Melhoxychlor Methyl ethyl ketone Melhyl parathion Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) " P 0.7 0.7 F zero 0.0004 F zero 0.0002 P zero 0.001 P 0.05 0.05 L L P zero 0.0004 L F 2E-4 0.0002 • F 0.04 0.04 L Status HA* F D F D D F F F F F F F F F _ D D D D F D F F F F F F 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term | mg/l mg/l mg/l 773 0.02 0.02 0.02 10 55 20 20 1 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.01 - 0.0001 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.3 0.3 0.1 5 5 0.1 10 4 4 333 555 15 15 15 1 1 0.03 0.2 0.2 0.2 10 10 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 6 2 0.5 80 8 3 0.3 0.3 0.03 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime nt KT* mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 0.04 10 0.3 10 2 0.07 0.002 0.07 0.01 20 0.15 5 1 0.005 - 1 0.1 4 0.7 0.005 0.0005 0.02 - 0.0008 0.0001 1.3E-05 0.0004 - 0.0004 0.2 0.0008 0.03 - 0.002 0.4 0.002 0.07 0.001 - 0.007 0.2 0.5 0.001 0.04 0.001 - 10 - - 9 0.033 1 0.2 20 0.05 2 0.4 15 0.2 7 0.1 0.1 - - 0.1 0.0003 0.01 0.0002 - 0.8 0.02 0.8 0.2 20 0.5 20 4 0.4 0.0015 0.05 0.01 0.3 0.025 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.005 0.2 0.04 9 0.00005 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.00025 0.009 0.002 - Cancer Group D D D B1 D B2 B2 B2 C D C U D D B2 ' C D C D D E D D D D ------- October 1991 Page 6 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Methyl tert butyl ether Metolachlor Melribuzin Monochloroacetie acid Monochlorobenzcne Naphthalene Nitrocellulose (ncn-toxic) Nitroguanidine Nitrophenols p- Oxamyl (Vydate) Ozone by-products Paraquat Penlachloroethane Penlachlorophen ol Phenanthrene (P/\H) Phenol Picloram Polychlorinated byphenyls (PCBs) Prometon Pronamide Propachlor " Propazine Propham Propylbenzene n- Pvrene (PAH) RDX Simazine Styrene 2.4.5-T 2.3.7.8-TCDD (Oioxin) Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) L L L L F 0.1 0.1 . ' P 0.2 0.2 L P zero 0.001 P 0.5 0.5 F zero 0.0005 - - P 0.004 0.04 F 0.1 0.1 L - P zero 5E-08 Status HA* D F F D F F F F D F F D F D F P F F F F F D F F F F F 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term | mg/l mg/l mg/l 3 3 0.5 222 5 5 0.3 2 2 2 0.5 0.5 0.4 10 10 10 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05 1 0.3 0.3 66 6 20 20 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.1 1 1 0.5 555 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.07 20 2 2 0.8 0.8 0.8 1E-06 1E-07 1E-08 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at KT* mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 2 0.005 0.2 0.04 5 0.15 5 0.1 0.9 0.025 0.9 0.2 7 0.02 0.7 0.1 1 0.004 0.1 0.02 40 0.1 4 0.7 3 0.008 0.3 0.06 0.9 0.025 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.0045 0.2 0.03 1 0.03 1 - 0.03 20 O.G 20 4 2 0.07 2 0.5 0.0005 0.5 0.015 0.5 0.1 3 0.075 3 0.05 0.5 0.013 0.5 0.09 2 0.02 0.7 0.01 20 0.02 0.6 0.1 0.03 - - - 0.4 0.003 0.1 0.002 0.03 0.07 0.005 0.2 0.004 - 7 0.2 7 0.1 1 0.01 0.35 0.07 4E-08 1E-06 4E-08 - 2E-08 Cane Grou D C D D D D D E E B2 D D B2 D C D C D D C C C D B2 Under review. NOTE: Pherumthrene -- not proposed. ------- October 1991 Page 7 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Tebuthiuron Terhacil Terbulos Tetrachloroethane (1.1,1.2-) Telrachloroethane (1.1 .2.2-) Tetrachloroethylene Tetranitromethane Toluene Toxaphene 2,4.5-TP 1,1,2-Trichloro-1.2.2- trifluoroelhane Trichloroacelic acid Trichloroactonitrile Trichlorobenzene (1 ,2,4-) Trichlorobenzene (1.3.5-) Trichloroelhane (1,1,1-) Trichloroethane (1,1,2-) Trichloroethanol (2.2,2-) Trichloroethylene Trichlorophenol (2.4.6-) Trichloropropane (1,1,1-) Trichloropropane (1,2,3-) Trilluralin Trimethylbenzene (1 ,2,4-) Trimethylbenzene (1,3,5-) Trinilroglycerol Trinitrotoluene Vinyl chloride White phosphorus Xylenes Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) L L F zero 0.005 F 1 1 F zero 0.005* F 0.05 0.05 L L P 0.009 0.009 F 0.2 0.2 P 0.003 0.005 L F zero 0.005 L L F zero 0.002 F 10 10 Status HA* F F F F D F D F F F D D F F F F F D D F F D D F F F F F 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term j mg/l mg/l mg/l 3 3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.005 0.005 0.001 2 2 0.9 2 2 1 20 2 2 0.5 0.04 0.2 0.2 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 100 40 40 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.02 0.02 0.02 3 3 0.01 40 40 40 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime ot 104 mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 2 0.07 2 0.5 0.9 0.013 0.4 0.09 0.005 0.00013 0.005 0.0009 - 3' 0.03 1 0.07 0.1 5 0.01 0.5 - 0.07 7 0.2 7 1 - 0.1 0.0035 - 0.003 0.3 0.0075 0.3 0.05 0.5 0.001 0.05 0.009 - 2 0.006 0.2 0.04 100 0.035 1 0.2 1 0.004 0.1 .0.003 - 0.3 - 0.3 0.3 2 0.006 0.2 0.04 0.3 0.0075 0.3 0.005 - 0.005 - - 0.005 - 0.02 0.0005 0.02 0.002 0.1 0.05 - - - 0.0015 0.00002 0.0005 0.0001 - 100 2 60 10 - Cancer Group D E D C B2 D B2 D D D D C B2 B2 C C A D D * Under review. ------- October 1991 Page 8 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals INORGANICS Aluminum Ammonia Antimony Arsenic Asbestos (fibors/l > 10um) Barium Beryllium Boron Cadmium Chloramine Chlorate Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorite Chromium (total) Copper Cyanide Fluoride* Lead (at source) Lead (at tap) Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Nitrate (as N) Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) L L P 0.0030.01/0.005 * - 0.05 F 7 MFL 7 MFL F 2 2 P zero 0.001 L F 0.005 0.005 L L L L L F 0.1 0.1 P 1.3 1.3 P 0.2 0.2 F 4 4 F zero 0.005 F zero TT F 0.002 0.002 L P 0.1 0.1 F 10 10 Status HA* D D D D F D D F D D D D D F F D F D F F 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term j mg/l mg/l mg/l 0.015 0.015 0.015 .. . 30 30 4 4 0.9 0.9 0.04 0.04 0.005 1 1 1 . . 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 _ 0.08 0.08 0.01 1 1 0.1 10* 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at 10" mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 30 0.015 0.0004 0.015 0.003 - 0.003 700 MFL 0.07 2 2 20 0.005 0.2 - 0.0008 3 0.09 3 0.6 0.02 0.0005 0.02 0.005 - 1 0.1 3.3 2.6 . . . . 0.8 0.005 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.022 0.8 0.2 0.12 ... 0.14 0.002 0.0003 0.01 0.002 - 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.05 0.6 0.02 0.6 0.1 1.6 - - Canci Grou D D A A D B2 D D . - - - - D D D B2 82 D D D t * Under review. ------- October 1991 Page 9 Standards Health Advisories Chemicals Nitrite (as N) Nitrate + Nitrite (both as N) Selenium Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfate Thallium Vanadium Zinc Zinc chloride Status MCLG MCL Reg.* (mg/l) (mg/l) F 1 1 F 10 10 F 0.05 0.05 L L L P 400/500400/500 P 0.0005 0.002/ 0.001 L L Status HA* F F D D D D D D D 10-kq Child Longer- | One-day Ten-day term | mg/l mg/l mg/l • 1* 0.2 0.2 0.2 25 25 25 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.08 0.08 0.03 44 2 70-kq Adult Longer- mg/l term RfD DWEL Lifetime at 10^ mg/l mg/kg/day mg/l mg/l Cancer Risk 0.16* 0.005 0.2 0.005 0.2 0.1 20*** 90 2.5 90 17 0.02 0.00007 0.002 0.0004 - 0.11 0.003 0.11 0.02 9 0.2 9 2 - Cancer Group * * D D D D RADIONUCLIDES Beta particle and photon activity (formerly man-made radionuclides) Gross alpha particle activity Radium 226/228 Radon Uranium | F zero 4 mrem | - | | F zero15pCi/L I - I | F zero 5 pCi/L | - j | T zero - | - | I T zero - I - I | - - 4 mrem/y | .-I I | - - 22/26 pCi/l | | - - 150pCi/l | I - - 170oCi/l I A A A A A Under review. Guidance. ------- SECONDARY MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS April 1991 Page 10 Chemicals Status SMCLs (mq/l) Aluminum Chloride Color Copper Corrosivitv Fluoride* Foaming Agents Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Iron Manganese Odor pH Silver Sulfate Toluene Total Dissolved Solids (TD) Zinc F F F F F F F F F F F F F P F F 0.05 to 0.2 250 1 5 color units 1 non-corrosive 2 0.5 0.008 0.3 0.05 3 threshold odor numbers 6.5 - 8.5 0.10 250 500 5 Status Codes: P - proposed, F - final * Under review. ------- MICROBIOLOGY Status Cryptosporidium Giardia lamblia Legionella Standard Plate Count Total Conforms (after 12/31/90) Turbidity (after 12/31/90) Viruses L F F" Fn F F Ffl MCLG MCL - zero zero NA zero NA zero - TT TT TT ** PS TT Key: PS, TT, F, defined as previously stated. ": Final for systems using surface water; also being considered for regulation under groundwater disinfection rule. ------- |