SERA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA 600/2 79 114a
November 1979
Research and Development
Particulate Sampling
and Support: Final Report,
Executive Summary
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environrrv
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad i
gories were established to facilitate further development and application o
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was conscic
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fi
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TE
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and c
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This v
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatr
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessj
reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade name:
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Infon
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-79-114a
November 1979
Particulate Sampling and Support:
Final Report, Executive Summary
by
Kenneth M. Gushing
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
Contract No. 68-02-2131
Program Element No. INE623
EPA Project Officer: D. Bruce Harris
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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Number
10101
10201
10301
10401
10501
10602
10703
10804
10904
11007
11102
11202
11301
11401
11506
11601
11708
20101
20201
20302
20402
20502
Table of Contents
Title Page
Introduction 1
Cascade Impactor Computer Data Reduction 3-4
HP-65/HP-25 Source Sampling Program Booklets 5-6
Nonideal Cascade Impactor Behavior 7
Cascade Impactor Sampling of Charged Particles 8
Cascade Impactor Substrate Study 9
Develop and Evaluate a Five Stage Series Cyclone System 10
Develop an Electrostatic Precipitator Back-up for
Sampling Systems 11
Guidelines for Particulate Sampling and Bibliography 12-13
Technical Manual on Particle Sampling 14-16
Evaluation of the PILLS IV 17
Investigation of Cyclone Performance and Theory 18
Cyclone For Fugitive Source Assessment Sampling System 19
Impactor Sampling of Charged Polydisperse Aerosols 20
Design, Construct, and Test Optimized Cascade Impactors 21
Assorted 100 man-hour tasks (Research and Development) 22
Design a High Temperature Aerosol Test Facility 23
Develop and Test a High Volume Particle Sampler 24-25
Calibration and Evaluation of Commercial Impactors 26
Soviet Impactor - Cyclone Calibration 27
Calibration of Source Assessment Sampling System
(SASS) Cyclones 28
SASS Cyclone Calibration - 4 SCFM 29
High Temperature Recalibration and Modification of
SASS Cyclones 30
11
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Number
20604
20705
20806
20906
21002
21104
21207
21306
21406
21506
21608
Table of Contents-Continued
Title
Procedures Manual for ESP Evaluation
Review EPA Documents
Soviet - USA Information Exchange Program
Coordinate Arrangements for The EPA-IERL 1977 APCA
Exhibit Booth
Calibration of SASS Cyclones for HERL
Procedures Manual For Fabric Filter Evaluation
Comparative Evaluation of Commercial and Prototype
Mass Monitors
1978 Particulate Sampling Technology Symposium
Assorted 100 man-hour tasks (Support Services)
Presentation To Federal Republic of Germany
Particulate Sizing Instrument Evaluation
Page
31-32
33
34
35
36
37-38
39
40
41
42
43-44
ill
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INTRODUCTION
The scope of the research, development, and support performed for the
Environmental Protection Agency under Contract 68-02-2131 (November 20, 1975-
November 19, 1978) by Southern Research Institute covered many aspects of
particulate sampling in gaseous process and effluent streams. Specific
objectives which were identified and given priority during this contract
were to:
1. Identify current and future requirements for particulate sampling -
the nature of the particles (shape, volatility, concentration, size distri-
bution, charge, etc.), the sampling conditions (temperature, pressure,
entrained fluids, etc.), and the goals of the sampling programs (control
device evaluation, health effects, etc.).
2. Continue research on the -nonideal or unmodelled behavior of cascade
impactors. Investigate problems in using impactors on nonroutine process
streams (wet, high temperature, high pressure)„ Design cascade impactors
which incorporate all that we have learned about their fundamental behavior
and operational problems.
3. Design, fabricate, and test cyclone systems for particle sizing.
Evaluate existing cyclone systems for particle sizing effectiveness. Consider
alternatives to back up filters in high flow rate applications.
4. Study alternatives to impactors and cyclones for particle sizing
such as optical, electrical, or hybrid systems. Concentrate on devices which
offer the possibility of real time, automatic, sampling and analysis.
5. Study methods of Quality Assurance in sampling and calibration programs.
6. Generate and review documents on particulate sampling and continually
update our bibliography and literature survey.
7. Continue to study and evaluate new techniques, ideas, and instruments
for particulate sampling.
8. Attend and organize meetings and symposia on particulate sampling.
9. Provide consulting and research and development support to EPA programs.
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In this Executive Summary of the work performed under this contract, a
short description of each of the thirty-three Technical Directives issued
during the three year period (11/75 - 11/78) is presented. Information
includes the task description and task summary and/or published document(s)
and abstract(s), hardware fabricated (if any), oral presentation of results and
expenditures in dollars and manhours.
Complete descriptions of the technical directives that did not result in
published documents can be found in the annual report for 1977 and the final
report. These documents are entitled:
Particulate Sampling Support: 1977 Annual Report
EPA-600/7-78-009, January 1978 NTIS PB (239-170/AS)
Particulate Sampling and Support: Final Report
EPA-600/2-79-114, May 1979
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Technical Directive Number 10101
Cascade Impactor Computer Data Reduction
Published Documents and Abstracts
A Computer-Based Cascade Impactor Data Reduction System
Jean W. Johnson, George I. Clinard, Larry G. Felix,
Joseph D. McCain
.EPA-600/7-78-042, March 1978, NTIS (PB 285 433/AS)
This document describes a cascade impactor data reduction system
written in the FORTRAN IV language. The overall system incorporates
six programs: MPPROG, SPLINI, GRAPH, STATIS, PENTRA, and PENLOG.
Impactor design, particulate catch information, and sampling conditions
from single impactor runs are used to calculate particle size distri-
butions. MPPROG and SPLINI perform data analysis and make curve fits,
while GRAPH is totally devoted to various forms of graphical presentation
of the calculated distributions. The particle size distributions can
be output in several forms. STATIS averages data from multiple impactor
runs under a common condition and PENTRA or PENLOG calculate the control
device penetration and/or efficiency. The plotting routines have been
written for a PDP15/76 computer and are not compatible with other
computing systems without modification.
A Data Reduction System for Cascade Impactors
Joseph D. McCain, George I. Clinard, Larry G. Felix, Jean W. Johnson
EPA-600/7-78-132a, July 1978 NTIS PB (283-173/AS)
A computer based data reduction system for cascade impactors has
been developed. The system utilizes impactor specific calibration
information together with operating conditions and other pertinent
information such as stage weights, sampling duration, etc., to determine
particle size distributions in several forms for individual runs. A
spline technique is applied to fit a curve to the cumulative size
distribution obtained from each individual impactor run. These fitted
curves have forced continuity in co-ordinates and slopes. Averages
of size distributions for multiple runs are made using the fitted
curves to provide interpolation values at a consistent set of particle
diameters, irrespective of the diameters at which the data points fall
in the original individual run data sets. Statistical analysis are
performed to locate and remove outliers from the data being averaged,
following which averages, variances, standard deviations and confidence
intervals are calculated. The averages and statistical information are
available in tabular and graphical form in several size distribution
formats (cumulative mass loading, cumulative percentage by mass,
differential mass, differential number). The averaged data are stored
in disk files for subsequent manipulation. Additional programs permit
data sets from control device inlet and outlet measurements to be
combined to determine fractional collection efficiencies and confidence
limits of the calculated efficiencies.
These results are available in graphical form with a choice of
log-probability or log-log presentations and as tabular output. The
program is set up to handle all commercially available round jet cascade
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impactors, including common modifications, which are in current use in
stack sampling. Other round jet impactors can be easily substituted and
slot type impactors could be accommodated with slight program revision.
Presentation: The results of this work were presented at the First?Advances
In Particle Sampling and Measurement Symposium, Asheville, NC, May, 1978.
Authors of the paper were Joseph D. McCain, George I. Clinard, Larry G. Felix,
and Jean W. Johnson. (See Technical Directive 21306)
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Technical Directive Number 10201
HP-65/HP-25 Source Sampling Program Booklets
Published Documents and Abstracts
HP-65 Programmable Pocket Calculator Applied To Air Pollution
Measurement Studies: Stationary Sources
James W. Ragland, Kenneth M. Gushing, Joseph D. McCain, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/8-76-002, October 1976, NTIS (PB 264 284/AS)
This report is intended to provide a useful tool to persons concerned
with Air Pollution Measurement Studies of Stationary Industrial Sources.
Detailed descriptions are given for twenty-two separate programs that
have been written specificly for the Hewlett Packard Model HP-65 card
programmable pocket calculator. Each program includes a general
description, formulas used in the problem solution, numerical examples,
user instructions, and program listings. Areas covered include the
following: Methods 1 through 8 of the EPA Test Codes (Federal Register,
December 23, 1971), calibration of a flame photometric detector by the
permeation tube technique, determination of channel concentrations for
a droplet measuring device, resistivity and electric field strength
measurements, determination of stack velocity, nozzle diameter, and
isokinetic delta H for a high volume stack sampler, and several programs
for cascade impactors. Those for cascade impactors include: determination
of impactor stage cut points, calculation of the square root of the
Stokes number for round jet and for rectangular slot geometries, nozzle
selection and determination of delta H for isokinetic sampling, determi-
nation of sampling time required to collect 50 mg total sample,
determination of impactor flow rate, sample volume, and mass loading,
and calculation of cumulative concentration curves and their differentials.
HP-25 Programmable Pocket Calculator Applied To Air Pollution
Measurement Studies: Stationary Sources
James W. Ragland, Kenneth M. Gushing, Joseph D. McCain, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/7-77-058, June 1977, NTIS (PB 269 666/AS)
This report is intended to provide a useful tool to persons concerned with
Air Pollution Measurement Studies of Stationary Industrial Sources.
Detailed descriptions are given for twenty-two separate programs that have
been written specifically for the Hewlett Packard Model HP-25 manually
programmable pocket calculator. Each program includes a general
description, formulas used in the problem solution, program listings,
user instructions, and numerical examples. Areas covered include the
following: Methods 1 through 8 of the EPA Test Codes (Federal Register,
December 23, 1971), calibration of a flame photometric detector by the
permeation tube technique, determination of channel concentrations for
a droplet measuring device, resistivity and electric field strength
measurements, determination of stack velocity, nozzle diameter, and
isokinetic delta H for a high volume stack sampler, and several programs
for cascade impactors. Those for cascade impactors include: determi-
nation of impactor stage cut points, calculation of the square root of
the Stokes number for round jet and for rectangular slot geometries,
nozzle selection and determination of delta H for isokinetic sampling,
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determination of sampling time required to collect 50 mg total sample,
determination of impactor flow rate, sample volume, and mass loading,
and calculation of cumulative concentration curves and their differentials.
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Technical Directive Number 10301
Nonideal Cascade Impactor Behavior
Description of Task:
Particle size distributions of particulate emissions from industrial
sources are frequently determined using cascade impactors. Errors in size
distributions measured with impactors arise through the lack of sharp (step
function) stage collection efficiencies with varying particle size and
from particle bounce and carry over from stage to stage.
Computer models of particle collection by two widely used impactors
(Brink and Andersen) were used to determine the extent of errors arising
from the nonideal stage collection characteristics given above. The models
were based on measurements of stage collection efficiencies, including
effects of particle bounce, which were obtained in a previous study involving
the complete stage by stage calibration of a number of commercially available
cascade impactors.
Results of the study reveal: (1) systematic errors in measured mass
median diameters and geometric standard deviations when aerosols having
log-normal size distributions are sampled, (2) larger errors occur when
sampling aerosols having small (1 ym) mass median diameters than for those
having larger (10-20 pm) mass median diameters, (3) Particle bounce has very
little effect on the weights of particulate caught on the various impactor
stages but has a pronounced effect on the weight of material caught on back
up filters. This results in substantial overestimates of the concentrations
of very fine particles when sampling dry, hard particulates.
Presentation:
The results of this study were presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association in Toronto, Canada, in June, 1977. Authors
of Paper No. 77-35.3 were Joseph D. McCain and James E. McCormack.
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Technical Directive Number 10401
Cascade Impactor Sampling of Charged Particles
Published Document and Abstract
Sampling Charged Particles With Cascade Impactors
William E. Farthing, David H. Hussey, Wallace B. Smith, Rufus Ray Wilson, Jr.
EPA-600/7-79-027, January 1979 NTIS PB 290 897/AS
In performing particle size distribution measurements at control
devices operating on industrial process streams, investigators are
'.usually aware that in some cases charged particles will be present in
the gas stream. In order to assess the influence of particle charge,
three different experiments were performed to determine whether or
not cascade impactors sampling charged aerosols can yield erroneous
particle size distribution measurements. The commercially available
cascade impactors utilized in this study were the Andersen Mark III
Stack Sampler, the Meteorology Research, Inc. Model 1502 Cascade
Impactor, and the University of Washington Mark III Source Test Cascade
Impactor. In general, the measured distributions indicated more large
particles and fewer small particles than actually existed. The devia-
tions from the true size distribution was found to be a function of
the magnitude of charge. This deviation was smaller if glass fiber
substrates were used as impactor collection surfaces instead of the
metal collection plates alone. For charge levels representative of
electrostatic precipitators operating at normal charging conditions
(an electric field strength of 400,000 V/m and a current density of
3 x 10"1* A/m2) , the differences between the true and measured
polydisperse size distributions with glass fiber substrates were small.
(This work was performed in conjunction with Technical Directive 11301).
Presentation: The results of this work were reported at the 72nd Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in Cincinatti, Ohio on
June 27, 1979. Authors of Paper No. 79-28.2 were.W. E. Farthing, D. H.
Hussey, W. B. Smith, and R. R. Wilson, Jr.
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Technical Directive Number 10501
Cascade Impactor Substrate Study
Published Document and Abstract
Inertial Cascade Impactor Substrate Media For Flue Gas Sampling
Larry G. Felix, George I. Clinard, George E. Lacey, Joseph D. McCain
EPA-600/7-77-060, June 1977, NTIS (PB 276 583/AS)
This report summarizes Southern Research Institute ' s experience
with greases and glass fiber filter material used as collection
substrates in inertial cascade impactors.
Tests have been performed to ascertain which of the available
greases and glass fiber filter media are most suitable for flue gas
sampling. Greases are probably not useful for temperatures above
177 C (350 F) . For higher temperatures glass fiber filter material
can be used.
Of nineteen greases tested, by heating in the laboratory and by
exposure to flue gas in the field, only Apiezon H grease was found to
perform satisfactorily at temperatures above 149 C (300 F) .
In experiments designed to evaluate the use of filter materials
as impactor substrates it was found that mass increases occurred as a
result of exposure to flue gas for all of the fiber media tested.
Laboratory and field studies are described which were directed toward
development of a method by which glass fiber filter material can be
passivated to SO induced mass gains. These studies indicate that an
wash followed by a thorough distilled water and isopropanol
rinse, drying, and baking, augmented by in situ conditioning, offers
the best hope for reduction of SO induced mass gains. Reeve Angel
934AH glass fiber filter material performed best among the media tested.
Presentation: Portions of this work were reported at the Workshop on Primary
Sulfate Emissions From Conbustion Sources, EPA-600/9-78-020a, August, 1978.
The paper, "Particulate Sampling in Process Streams in the Presence of
Sulfur Oxides", was presented by Kenneth M. Gushing. Portions of this work
were reported at the First Advances In Particle Sampling and Measurement,
Asheville, NC, May, 1978. Authors for the paper "Substrate Collectors For
Cascade Impactors-An Evaluation", were D. Bruce Harris, George Clinard,
Larry G. Felix, George Lacey, and Joseph D. McCain. (See Technical Directive
21306)
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Technical Directive Number 10602
Develop and Evaluate a Five Stage Series Cyclone System
Published Document and Abstract
Development and Laboratory Evaluation of a Five-Stage Cyclone System
Wallace B. Smith, Rufus Ray Wilson, Jr.
EPA-600/7- 78-008, January 1978, NTIS (PB 279 084/AS)
This report describes the development and calibration of a Five-Stage
Cyclone System for in situ sampling of process streams. Cyclones may be
used to advantage for collecting large samples, and in sampling aerosols
of high particulate concentration. The system was designed to operate
instack at a sample flow rate of 28.3 £/min and to have aerodynamic cut
points between 0.1 and 10 ym. Dimensions were selected based on previous
cyclone evaluations. The cyclone system was calibrated using a Vibrating
Orifice Aerosol Generator to produce monodisperse organic dye and ammonium
fluorescein spheres and a pressurized Collison nebulizer to disperse mono-
disperse latex spheres. At 25°C (77°F) , 28.3 5,/min (1.0 ft3/min) and for
a particle density of 1.0 gm/cm3, the DSO cut points of the cyclone system
were 5.4 ym, 2.1 ym, 1.4 ym, 0.65 ym, and 0.32 ym for Cyclones I-V, respec-
tively. Results from calibrating the cyclones at several conditions of
flow rate (7.1, 14.2, 28.3 Jl/min) , temperature (25, 93, and 204°c) , and
particle density (1.05, 1.35, and 2.04 g/cm3) suggest that the
cutpoints are proportional to the flow rate of the gas raised to a negative
exponent which is between -0.63 and -1.11, linearly proportional to the
viscosity of the gas, and proportional to the reciprocal of the square
root of the particle density.
Presentation: This work was reported at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association in Cincinnati, Ohio on June 27, 1979. Authors
of Paper No. 79-28.1 were Wallace B. Smith, Rufus R. Wilson, Jr. and D. Bruce
Harris.
Hardware Fabricated: One aluminum prototype Five Stage Cyclone.
10
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Technical Directive Number 10703
Develop an Electrostatic Precipitator Back-Up for Sampling Systems
Published Document and Abstract
An Electrostatic Precipitator Backup for Sampling Systems
P. Vann Bush, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/7-78-114, June 1978, NTIS (PB 283 660/AS)
This report describes the program carried out to design and
evaluate the performance of an electrostatic collector to be used as
an alternative to filters as a fine particle collector. Potential
advantages of an ESP are low pressure drop and high capacity. Potential
problems are unreliability and poor collection due to back corona or
lack of particle adhesivity.
The electrostatic precipitator back-up filter was designed to be
operated at a nominal sample flowrate of 6.5 ft3/min., at a temperature
of 205 C, and to achieve near 100% collection of submicron particles.
Since it is possible that there would be a need to operate the collector
in situ, a secondary requirement was that the collector pass through a
4 inch diameter port. Furthermore, the system was designed to be con-
venient to operate and clean, and to require a minimum of operator
training or attention.
The prototype ESP collector is a highly efficient collector of
submicron particles. When set to 200 y& °n the corona disc electrde
and 2 kv on the collector (both well below breakdown values), no
further adjustments are necessary for proper operation. The power
supply developed for the ESP collector facilitates correct operation.
Since there is a potential for degraded performance due to back corona
if the collected particles are of high resistivity, it is suggested
that the collector be routinely used with a back-up filter following
it in the sampling train. If experience has shown the system to operate
reliably at a particular source, the filter can be eliminate.
After the sample is collected, the ESP is disassembled, immersed
in a suitable liquid, and agitated ultrasonically. The wash can be
filtered or evaporated to dryness, depending on the nature of the dust
and the objectives of the test.
The electrostatic collector prototype developed and tested in this
research effort fulfills the design criteria: near 100% collection of
submicron particles when operated at a nominal sample flowrate of 6.5
ft3/min and a temperature of 200 C, sized to fit through a 4 inch
diameter port for in situ operation, convenient to operate, and clean.
Hardware Fabricated: One prototype stainless steel electrostatic
precipitator back-up filter and power supply console.
11
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Technical Directive Number 10804
Guidelines For Particulate Sampling, and Bibliography
Published Document and Abstract
Guidelines For Particulate Sampling In Gaseous Effluents From Industrial
Processes
Rufus R. Wilson, Jr., Paul R. Cavanaugh, Kenneth Gushing, William E.
Farthing, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/7-79-028, January, 1979 NTIS PB 290 899/AS
The guideline document written under this technical directive
lists and describes briefly many of the instruments and techniques
that are available for measuring the concentration and/or size
distribution of particles suspended in process streams. The standard,
or well established, methods are described as well as some experimental
methods and prototype instruments.
Descriptions of instruments and procedures for measuring mass
concentration, opacity, and particle size distribution are given.
Procedures for planning and implementing tests for control device
evaluation are also included.
A bibliography at the end of the report contains 141 citations
to articles pertaining to the topics discussed in the text. The topics
are listed below:
Mass Concentration
Filtration
EPA Test Msthod 5
EPA Test Method 17
ASTM - Test Method 17
ASME Performance Test Code 27
Advantages and Disadvantages
Filter Materials
Process Monitors
Beta Particle Attenuation Monitors
Piezoelectric Mass Monitors
Charge Transfer
Optical Methods
Conventional Transmissometers
Other Optical Methods
Multiple-wavelength transmissometers
Light scattering
Opacity
Particle Size Distributions
Established Techniques
Field Measurements
Aerodynamic Methods
Cascade impactors
Cyclones
Optical Particle Counters
Diffusion Batteries with Condensation Nuclei Counters
Electrical Mobility
12
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Laboratory Measurements
Sedimentation and Elutriation
Centrifuges
Microscopy
Sieves
Coulter Counter
New Techniques
Low Pressure Irapactors
Impactors with Beta Radiation Attenuation Sensors
Cascade Impactors with Piezoelectric Crystal Sensors
Virtual Impactors
Optical Measurement Techniques
Hot Wire Anemometry
Large Volume Samplers
Control Device Evaluation
Bibliography
13
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Technical Directive Number 10904
Technical Manual on Particle Sampling
Published Document and Abstract
Technical Manual: A Survey of Equipment and Methods for Particulate
Sampling in Industrial Process Streams
Wallace B. Smith, Paul R. Cavanaugh, Rufus Ray Wilson, Jr.
EPA-600/7- 78-043, March 1978, NTIS (PB 282 501/AS')
This technical manual lists, and describes the .instruments alnd
techniques that are available for measuring the concentration or size
distribution of particles suspended in gaseous process streams. The
standard, or well established methods are described as are some
experimental methods and prototype instruments. To the extent that
the information could be found, an evaluation of the performance of
each instrument is included.
The manual describes instruments and procedures for measuring
mass concentrations, opacity, and particle size distributions. It
also includes procedures for planning and implementing tests for
control device evaluation, a glossary, and an extensive bibliography
containing 422 citations.
In order to briefly convey the scope of this document, a list of
the topics discussed is presented below.
Mass Concentration
Filtration
Introduction
EPA Test Method 5
Nozzle
Probe
Pitot Tube
Particulate Sample Collector
Gaseous Sample Collector
Sampling Box
Meter Box
Performance
ASTM - Test Method
ASME Performance Test Code 27
Isokinetic Sampling
High Volume Samplers
Filter Materials
Summary
Process Monitors
Introduction
Beta Particle Attenuation Monitors
Instrument Development
Performance
Summary
14
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Piezoelectric Mass Monitors
Performance
Temperature
Humidity
Particle collection characteristics
Linear response limit
Considerations for stack application
Summary
Charge Transfer
Instrument Development
Performance
Summary
Optical Methods
Conventional Transmissometers
Summary
Other Optical Methods
Multiple-wavelength transmissometers
Light scattering
Other Methods
Opacity
Particle Size Distributions
Established Techniques
Field Measurements
Aerodynamic Methods
Cascade impactors
Cyclones
Optical Particle Counters
Diffusion Batteries with Condensation Nuclei Counters
Electrical Mobility
Laboratory Measurements
Sedimentation and Elutriation
Centrifuges
Microscopy
Sieves
Coulter Counter
New Techniques
Low Pressure Impactors
Impactors with Beta Radiation Attenuation Sensors
Cascade Impactors with Piezoelectric Crystal Sensors
Virtual Impactors
Optical Measurement Techniques
Hot Wire Anemometry
Large Volume Samplers
Control Device Evaluation
Objectives of Control Device Tests
Type and Number of Tests Required
General Problems and Considerations
Plant Location
Laboratory Space
Sampling Location and Accessibility
Power Requirements
Type of Ports
Flue Gas Velocity and Nozzle Sizes
Duct Size
Gas Temperature and Dew Point
Water Droplets and Corrosive Gases
Volatile Components
15
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Process Cycles and Feedstock Variations
Long and Short Sampling Times
Planning a Field Test
16
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Technical Directive Number 11007
Evaluation of the PILLS IV
Published Document and Abstract
Evaluation of the PILLS-IV
William E. Farthing, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/7-78-130, July 1978, NTIS (PB 283 173/AS)
The operating characteristics of the PILLS IV in situ particle
sizing instrument have been investigated theoretically and experimentally.
The results of both types of work show large errors in this instrument's
ability to size particles. Attempts to correlate the experimental
findings with qualitative theoretical explanations have been successful.
This investigation established a sensitivity to particle refractive
index and detector response that seems to account for the observed
characteristics of the instrument. Further measurements would be required
to test this explanation quantitatively.
The prototype device, an extension of the PILLS (Particulate Instru-
mentation by L_aser Light Scattering) technology to fine particles, was
designed to measure particle size using the ratio of intensities of light
scattered from a particle at two small angles (14 and 7 ) with respect
to an incident laser beam. The intensity ratio was chosen as the sizing
parameter because of its relative independence of particle refractive
index. However, the magnitude of the scattered intensity at 14 is also
used for several important decisions in the electronic processing logic,
which, for this particular optical system, render it especially sensitive
to refractive index and detector variations for determinations of particle
size distribution. Possible solutions to these problems with only minor
hardware changes are offered.
17
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Technical Directive Number 11102
Investigation of Cyclone Performance and Theory
Description of Task:
1. Complete Five Stage Series Cyclone calibration begun under Technical
Directive No. 10602.
2. Based on the experimental results of this calibration, investigate various
cyclone theories for the determination of cyclone performance at conditions
of temperature, sampling rate, and particle density other than those at
calibration. If necessary, develop a new theory of cyclone performance.
3. Perform tests at a suitable site to compare the performance of these
cyclones with cascade impactors.
Task Summary:
Subtask 1. Completed
Subtask 2. Partially complete; results reported under Technical Directive
Number 10602.
Subtask 3. Not performed.
18
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Technical Directive Number 11202
Cyclone For Fugitive Source Assessment Sampling System
Description of Task:
Investigate available cyclones for use as sizing devices for the Fugitive
SASS. Donaldson Company and Sierra Instruments may have instruments
which may be useful for this application. This cyclone should be able
to fractionate the sample at approximately three micrometers and operate
at a sampling rate of 180 CFM. It is likely that several cyclones in
parallel will be necessary to meet the objectives.
Task Summary:
1. Design of 15 urn aerodynamic diameter DSQ pre-separator impaction
stage.
2. Design of 2.5 ym aerodynamic diameter DSO cyclone.
3. Laboratory calibration of impaction stage and cyclone.
4. Assisted in field testing of FAST system for TRC - The Research
Corporation of New England.
19
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Technical Directive Number 11301
Irapactor Sampling of Charged Polydisperse Aerosols
Published Document and Abstract
Sampling Charged Particles With Cascade Impactors
William E. Farthing, David H. Hussey, Wallace B... Smith, Rufus Ray Wilson, Jr.
EPA-600/7-79-027, January 1979 NTIS PB (290-897/AS)
In performing particle size distribution measurements at control
devices operating on industrial process streams, investigators are
usually aware that in some cases charged particles will be present in
the gas stream. In order to assess the influence of particle charge,
three different experiments were performed to determine whether or
not cascade impactors sampling charged aerosols can yield erroneous
particle size distribution measurements. The commercially available
cascade impactors utilized in this study were the Andersen Mark III
Stack Sampler, the Meteorology Research, Inc. Model 1502 Cascade
Impactor, and the University of Washington Mark III Source Test Cascade
Impactor. In general, the measured distributions indicated more large
particles and fewer small particles than actually existed. The devia-
tions from the true size distribution was found to be a function of
the magnitude of charge. This deviation was smaller if glass fiber
substrates were used as impactor collection surfaces instead of the
metal collection plates alone. For charge levels representative of
electrostatic precipitators operating at normal charging conditions
(an electric field strength of 400,000 V/m and a current density of
3 x 10"1* A/m2) , the differences between the true and measured
polydisperse size distributions with glass fiber substrates were small.
(This work was performed in conjunction with Technical Directive 10401).
Presentation: The results of this work were reported at the 72nd Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in Cincinatti, Ohio on
June 27, 1979. Authors of Paper No. 79-28.2 were W. E. Farthing, D. H.
Hussey, W. B. Smith, and R. R. Wilson, Jr.
20
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Technical Directive Number 11401
Design, Construct, and Test Optimized Cascade Impactors
Description of Task:
DEFINITION OF OPTIMIZED CASCADE IMPACTOR — A cascade impactor
which is designed to operate in a laboratory or field environment in such
a way that the effects of; particle bounce, particle reentrainment, wall loss, and
non step function collection efficiency curves, etc. are minimized. Mechanical
reliability and ease of operation will also be included in the design of an
optimized impactor.
1. Based on the current knowledge of impactor operation theory and the
results of field and laboratory use of currently available commercial
and prototype cascade impactors, design high and low flowrate cascade
impactors which will attempt to meet the criteria for an optimized
cascade impactor.
2. Fabricate the impactors.
3. Calibrate and field test the impactors.
Task Summary:
Subtask 1. Design parameters for 0.1, 0.5, and 2.0 ACFM Optimized
Cascade Impactors calculated. Fabrication drawings for
0.5 ACFM Optimized Cascade Impactor completed.
Subtask 2. Not performed.
Subtask 3. Not performed.
21
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Technical Directive Number 11506
Assorted 100 man-hour tasks (Research and Development)
Description of Task:
This technical directive will cover various small research and development
tasks of less than 100 man-hours. These small tasks will be chosen by
the Project Officer.
Task Summary: The majority of the manhours spent on this task were used in
support of other research and development tasks under this
contract.
22
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Technical Directive Number 11601
Design a High Temperature Aerosol Test Facility
Description of Task:
Design toward fabrication of a High Temperature Aerosol Test Facility
Design Goals: (a) Gas Flow to 1000 ACFM;
(b) Gas Temperatures to 1000 F;
(c) Gas Pressures ranging from 380 mm Hg to 760 mm Hg;
(d) Introduction of various aerosols.
Purpose: Provide a test environment for particle measurement instruments
to simulate process streams.
Task Summary: A design for the Test Facility meeting the above requirements
was completed.
Published Document:
Design a Particle Sampling Test Facility
Norman L. Francis, Kenneth M. Gushing
SORI-EAS-78-560, September 22, 1978
23
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Technical Directive Number 11708
Develop and Test a High Volume Particle Sampler
Description of Task:
The Contractor shall design, fabricate, field evaluate, and
deliver a system capable of obtaining large quantities of fine
particulate for use in animal inhalation studies. In addition, the
Contractor shall also study current technology for redispersing and
diluting the collected particulate into the animal exposure chambers
and shall make recommendations to improve this technology. More
specifically, the program shall be conducted as follows:
Hardware Development
The High Volume Particulate Sampler (HVPS) shall be designed to
meet the following criteria:
1. Sample flow rate 200 to 300 acfm
2. Sampling range shall be divided into two intervals; large
particulate and fine particulate
3. Collected mass of fine particulate shall be a minimum of
750 grams
4. The HVPS shall be packaged such that it is shippable by
commercial carriers
5. The HVPS shall be designed such that the length of sampling
lines is a minimum
6. Two fine particle collection devices shall be supplied with
the HVPS (1) a filter type collector, (2) an electrostatic
precipitator type collector
7. The HVPS shall be designed to facilitate sample recovery
8. The HVPS shall be designed to minimize sample contamination.
(1) The Project Officer shall approve the completed
system design prior to fabrication. After approval
by the Project Officer, the Contractor shall
fabricate the HVPS.
(.2) The Contractor shall conduct a rigorous laboratory
evaluation of the HVPS and shall determine:
- The precise size cut
- The percent of the total collected sample that can
be recovered
24
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- Set up and tear down time
- System changes that would improve operability
- Minimum field team needed to operate HVPS
- Operator time required to maintain system while
sampling
Field Evaluation
The Contractor shall recommend a suitable field test site for the
Project Officer's approval. Upon approval by the Project Officer,
the Contractor shall make all arrangements necessary to evaluate
the HVPS at an operating energy conversion process and shall con-
duct the field evaluation. The purpose of the field evaluation is
two fold: (1) to demonstrate the HVPS and to identify potential
problems and (2) to obtain a sample suitable for use in inhalation
tests.
Particulate Delivery to Test Chamber
The Contractor shall evaluate the current state-of-the-art in
redispersing and diluting the collected particulate into the
inhalation chambers. Contact shall be made with the organizations
performing these tests to determine existing problem areas. The
Contractor shall submit his recommendations on the current state-
of-the-art in redispersion and dilution and assess its adequacy.
Task Summary:
The Hardware Development portion of this task was completed under this
contract. The field evaluation and particulate delivery to test chamber were
not performed.
25
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Technical Directive Number 20101
Calibration and Evaluation of Commercial Impactors
Published Document and Abstract:
Particulate Sizing Techniques For Control Device Evaluation: Cascade
Impactor Calibrations
Kenneth M. Gushing, George E. Lacey, Joseph D. McCain, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/2-76-280, October 1976, NTIS (PB 262 849/AS)
(This document assigned to EPA Contract No. 68-02-0273).
A calibration study of five source-test cascade impactors has been
conducted to determine sizing parameters and wall losses. A Vibrating
Orifice Aerosol Generator was used to produce monodisperse ammonium
fluorescein aerosol, particles 18 micrometers to one micrometer in diameter.
A Pressurized Collison Nebulizer System was used to disperse Polystyrene
Latex (PSL) Spheres 2 micrometers to 0.46 micrometer in diameter. Results
are reported showing stage collection efficiencies versus the square root
of the inertial impaction parameter, ¥, and impactor wall losses versus
particle size. It has been determined that the values of the inertial
impaction parameter for 50% collection efficiency are not generally the
same for each impactor stage. Published theories do not successfully
predict these /FTo" values, so empirical calibration is required before these
devices can be accurately used in the field or laboratory.
26
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Technical Directive Number 20201
Soviet Impactor - Cyclone Calibration
Description of Task:
Calibrate and evaluate three Soviet impactor/cyclone devices.
The upper stages are to be calibrated using a Vibrating Orifice Aerosol
Generator.
The lower stages are to be calibrated usine a PSL aerosol generator.
Task Summary:
Under this task three Soviet cascade impactors and one Soviet
impactor/cyclone were calibrated. The three cascade impactors included
one twelve stage device and two fourteen stage impactors. The three
stage impactor/cyclone had a single impaction stage followed by two
cyclonic stages. All four devices had an integral back-up filter
holder which used a plug of glass wool fibers.
The upper stages of these sizing devices were calibrated using
ammonium fluorescein aerosols (20 ym to 2 ym) dispersed by a Vibrating
Orifice Aerosol Generator. The lower stages were calibrated using
monodisperse polystyrene latex or Polyvinyltoluene latex spheres (2.02
ym to 0.46 ym) dispersed by a Pressurized Collison Nebulizer System.
27
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Technical Directive Number 20302
Calibration of Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) Cyclones
Description of Task:
The contractor shall calibrate the SASS cyclones using latex spheres
and the Vibrating Orifice Particle Generator. The calibration shall
be of sufficient accuracy "to characterize the DSQ of the 3ym cyclone
to ± 0.5 ym.
Task Summary:
The calibrations of the Large (10 ym) and Middle (3 ym)
Cyclones were performed using ammonium fluorescein aerosols generated
with Southern Research Institute's Vibrating Orifice Aerosol
Generator (VOAG). Monodisperse ammonium fluorescein aerosols with
diameters of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10.5, and 14.5 micrometers were sampled
at flow rates of 4 ACFM and 3 ACFM.
The Small Cyclone was calibrated using Dow Corning polystyrene
latex (PSL) and polyvinyltoluene latex (PVTL) spheres dispersed with
the Institute's Pressurized Collispn Nebulizer System. Using an
auxiliary pump, aerosols were pulled through the Small Cyclone at two
flowrates, 3.1 ACFM and 1.8 ACFM. The calibration at 75 F and 4 ACFM
gave approximately 0.86 ym, 3.5 ym, and 11.0 ym DSO'S for the Small,
Middle, and Large Cyclones, respectively.
28
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Technical Directive Number 20402
SASS Cyclone Calibration - 45CFM
Description of Task:
The SASS cyclones are to be recalibrated at a flowrate of 4 SCFM and an
operating temperature of 400 F. There are two objectives of the test:
(1) To establish the cut points of the cyclones as they presently
exist and (2) To determine what modifications and design parameters
are required to achieve cut points of 10, 3, and 1 pm at 4 SCFM and
400°F.
Task Summary:
The calibration of the Large and Middle Cyclones was performed
using ammonium fluorescein aerosols generated with Southern
Research Institute's Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator (VOAG).
With the cyclones placed in a heated oven and using a heated
inlet line, the temperature of the gas stream at the inlet to the
Large Cyclone was maintained at 400 F. Particle integrity of the
ammonium fluorescein at high temperature was a major problem.
The Large Cyclone was modified to try to obtain a DSQ closer
to the desired 10 micrometers. This modification involved the
removal of the vortex buster from the Large Cyclone outlet.
The Middle Cyclone was also modified in an attempt to obtain
a D50 closer to the desired 3 micrometers. This was done by
reducing the Middle Cyclone inlet diameter from 0.62 inches to
0.53 inches.
As a result of this laboratory calibration, the approximate
Dso's for the. Large and Middle Cyclones at 400 F and 4 SCFM are
15 micrometers and 4.4 micrometers, respectively.
It was decided that the results of this study were not
sufficiently conclusive to recommend changes in the cyclone
construction to obtain the desired cut points of 10, 3, and 1
micrometer at operating conditions of 400 F and 4 SCFM.
29
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Technical Directive Number 20502
High Temperature. Recalibration and Modification of SASS Cyclones
Description of Task:
Use Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator with suitable compound soluble in
water. This aerosol must have a high melting point.
Generate approximately 10 to 12 sizes of aerosol. Sample and make necessary
modifications and retest.
Concentrate on Middle Cyclone.
Test at 75°F, 200°F, 350°F.
Extrapolate data to 400 F.
Task Summary:
Because previous tests have indicated ammonium fluorescein was
unstable at 400 F, a search was initiated for an aerosol with some or
all of the following characteristics:
Non-toxic
Stable at temperatures up to 500 F or above
Soluble in water or other non-toxic, non-residue forming solvent
Amorphous - dries to form solid, homogeneous spheres when dispersed
in solution from a VOAG
Known or easily measured density
Has a definite, distinct absorption spectrum peak for absorption
spectroscopy measurement between 400 NM and 900 NM.
Of several samples from three chemical companies, du Font's
"Pontamine" Fast Turquoise 8 GLP dye was the first found to satisfac-
torily meet the requirements listed above.
The calibration of the SASS train cyclones was performed using the
Institute's Vibrating Orifice Aerosol Generator (VOAG). The VOAG
generated monodisperse ammonium fluorescein particles and turquoise dye
particles with diameters from 2 micrometers to 7 micrometers.
The SASS Middle Cyclone calibration at 70 F, 200 F, and 350 F
were 2.8, 3.5, and 4.2 micrometers aerodynamic diameter, respectively.
30
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Technical Directive Number 20604
Procedures Manual for ESP Evaluation
Published Document and Abstract
Procedures Manual for Electrostatic Precipitator Evaluation
Wallace B, Smith, Kenneth M. Gushing, Joseph D. McCain
EPA-600/7-77-059, June 1977, NTIS (PB 269 698/AS)
The purpose of this procedures manual is to describe methods to
be used in characterizing the performance of electrostatic precipitators
for air pollution control. A detailed description of the mechanical and
electrical characteristics of precipitators is given. Procedures are
described for measuring the particle size distribution, the mass concen-
tration of particulate matter, and the concentrations of major gaseous
components of the flue gas-aerosol mixture. Procedures are also given
for measuring the electrical resistivity of the dust. A concise discus-
sion and outline is presented which describes the development of a test
plan for the evaluation of an industrial precipitator. Several appendixes
contain detailed information on testing methods as well as a listing of
the Federal Stationary Source Performance Standards and Federal Source
Testing Reference Methods.
To give a better idea of the scope of this document, the contents
listing is reproduced below.
INTRODUCTION
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR INSTALLATIONS
Types of Electrostatic Precipitators
Characteristics of Typical Precipitator Installations
Parameters Which Govern Electrostatic Precipitator Operation
PARTICULATE SAMPLING FOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR EVALUATION
General Problems
Particulate Mass Measurements
Particle Sizing Techniques
Particulate Resistivity Measurements
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
Electrical and Mechanical Design Data
Collecting Electrode System
Discharge Electrode System
Electrical Power Supplies
Rapping Systems
Dust Removal Systems
MASS EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
General Discussion
EPA-Type Particulate Sampling Train
ASTM-Type Particulate Sampling Train
ASME-Type Particulate Sampling Train
General Sampling Procedures
31
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PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
General Discussion
Inertial Particle Sizing Devices
Optical Measurement Techniques
Ultrafine Particle Sizing Techniques
PARTICULATE RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
General Discussion
Laboratory Determination of Particulate Resistivity
In Situ Particulate Resistivity Measurement
PROCESS EFFLUENT GAS ANALYSIS
General Discussion
Qualitative Gas Analysis
Quantitative Gas Analysis
DEVELOPMENT OF TEST PLANS FOR ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR EVALUATION
General Discussion
Level A Evaluation
Level B Evaluation
Level C Evaluation
Appendix A - AEROSOL FUNDAMENTALS, NOMENCLATURE, AND DEFINITIONS
Appendix B - PARTICULATE MASS CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS
Appendix C - CASCADE IMPACTOR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Appendix D - SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SUBMICRON AEROSOL PARTICLES
Appendix E - LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE RESISTIVITY
Appendix F - IN SITU PARTICULATE RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Appendix G - FEDERAL STATIONARY SOURCE PERFORMANCE REFERENCE METHODS
Appendix H - FEDERAL STATIONARY SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
32
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Technical Directive Number 20705
Review EPA Documents
Description of Task:
Critically review the following documents. Submit a list of corrections and
suggestions to the project officer.
1. Cascade Impactor Guidelines - EPA
2. Sampling Protocol to Minimize Errors Due to Source Fluctuations - GCA
3. Level 1 Assessment - TEW
Task Summary:
All subtasks were performed as required.
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Technical Directive Number 20806
Soviet - USA Information Exchange Program
Description of Task:
Participate as consultants on particle sizing in the Soviet-USA information
exchange.
1. Prepare and ship equipment to the U.S.S.R. for field testing.
2. Send an expert (Joe McCain) to supervise the tests.
3. Prepare reports and papers as required to discuss the results of the
tests and provide information exchange.
Task Summary:
Under this task Southern Research Institute personnel participated
as consultants on particle sizing in a program of technical information
exchange with scientists in the Soviet Union. During July, 1976 particle
sizing equipment was prepared and shipped to the Soviet Union for a field
testing program at a scrubber installed on a metallurgical plant. Mr.
J. D. McCain of the Southern Research Institute staff accompanied several
EPA staff scientists to the test site. The actual field test took place
during August, 1976. No results have been published as of this date.
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Technical Directive Number 20906
Coordinate Arrangements For The EPA-IERL 1977 APCA Exhibit Booth
Description of Task:
Coordinate the development of the EPA-IERL exhibit at the 1977 APCA
Meeting in Toronto, Canada during June, 1977. This exhibit booth will
display the research and development efforts of the IERL Task Level of
Effort contractors. Certain pieces of hardware and software from these
contractors will be displayed.
Task Summary:
On June 21, 22, 23, 1977, the Process Measurements Branch of
IERL/RTP supported an exhibit booth at the 70th Annual Air Pollution
Control Association Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This 10' x
20' booth used a color scheme of dark blue back and side walls, light
blue carpet, and green draped tables. Three tables along the back
wall were used for document display. Two tables, one on each side,
were used to display hardware. On the white I1 x 20' header board
in black letters was printed the following title:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - RTP
Process Measurements Branch
On either side of the title was an EPA LOGO in color.
On the back wall were hung six 3' diameter discs which briefly
described the research and development efforts of the six 1977
Task Level of Effort contractors for the PMB. These six contractors
were Acurex/Aerotherm, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Research Triangle
Institute, Southern Research Institute, The Research Corporation of
New England, and TEW, Inc. Representatives from each of the contractors
were at the booth on a rotating basis to answer technical questions.
The hardware on display included a complete Source Assessment
Sampling System, a KLD Droplet Analyser, and a Five Stage Series
Cyclone and IERL/PMB Advanced Sampling System.
Approximately 200 copies each of twenty-one EPA Research and
Development Reports were distributed on a first-come, first served
basis to the 4200 registrants at the meeting.
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Technical Directive Number 21002
Calibration of SASS Cyclones For HERL
Description of Task:
The contractor shall calibrate the SASS cyclones used to collect the
large volume particulate sample collected for use by the Health Effects
Research Laboratory. The cyclones must be calibrated at the actual run
conditions as operated by test personnel from Exxon Research and Engineering.
Task Summary:
Exxon Research and Engineering Corporation used a Source Assessment
Sampling System at a coal-fired power plant in Padicah, Kentucky early
in 1977. This work was performed for the Health Effects Research
Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Center/RTF. The SASS
was used to size and sample the particulate effluent. In order to
determine the actual Middle Cyclone D50 as run, Southern Research
Institute was requested to calibrate the actual SASS Middle Cyclone used
by Exxon at the actual sampling conditions.
Exxon used the following sampling conditions.
600 F inlet gas temperature to the oven
Oven temperature 375 F
No filter element in the filter housing in the heated oven
Pump flow wide open with filter on pump inlet and muffler
on pump outlet
Vacuum measured ahead of pump filter - 14 inches HaO vacuum
under sampling conditions
Stack moisture 8%
Gas temperature in middle cyclone unknown
Vortex busters in the collection cups of the Large and Middle
cyclones
These conditions and those of the calibration system were not completely
compatible. The inlet gas temperature was 450 F, the constraint being
the temperature limit of the calibration aerosol. The oven temperature
was 375 F. The humidity of the air was not measured.
For a temperature of 450 F, a flow of 13 cfm, and a particle
density of 2.04 gm/cm3, the DSO cut points of the large and middle
cyclones were 7.6 ym and 2.13 ym, respectively. For a particle density of
1.00 gm/cm3 and the same conditions, the DSO cut ]
cyclones would be 11 ym and 3.0 ym, respectively.
1.00 gm/cm3 and the same conditions, the DSO cut point of the large and middle
The D50 cut points of the small cyclone for a flow of 13 ACFM were
estimated to be 0.49 ym for a temperature of 375 F and 0.63 ym for a
temperature of 600 F.
36
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Technical Directive Number 21104
Procedures Manual For Fabric Filter Evaluation
Published Document and Abstract
Procedures Manual For Fabric Filter Evaluation
Kenneth M. Gushing, Wallace B. Smith
EPA-600/7-78-113, June 1978, NTIS (PB 283 389/AS)
The purpose of this procedures manual was to describe methods to
be used in experimentally characterizing the performance of fabric
filters for pollution control. A detailed description of the mechanical
characteristics of fabric filters is presented. Procedures are described
for measuring the particle size distribution, the mass concentration of
particulate matter, and the concentration of major gaseous components of
the flue gas-particle mixture. A concise discussion and outline is
presented which describes the development of a test plan for the evaluation
of a fabric filter installation. By following this outline useful tests
may be performed which range in complexity from qualitative and relatively
inexpensive to rather elaborate research programs.
In order to detail the scope of this document, the Table of Contents
is reproduced below.
INTRODUCTION
FABRIC FILTER INSTALLATIONS
Particle Filtering Mechanisms
Factors Affecting Filter Performance
Filter Fabrics
Types of Fabric Filters
PARTICULATE SAMPLING FOR FABRIC FILTER EVALUATION
General Considerations
Particulate Mass Measurements
Particle Sizing Techniques
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FABRIC FILTER INSTALLATION
Mechanical Design and Operating Data
The Fabric Filter Bags
Filter Fabrics
Dust Removal Systems
Baghouse Operation-General Maintenance Considerations
MASS EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
General Discussion
EPA-Type Particulate Sampling Train (Method 5)
ASTM-Type Particulate Sampling Train
ASME-Type Particulate Sampling Train
General Sampling Procedures
37
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PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
General Discussion
Inertial Particle Sizing Devices
Optical Measurement Techniques
Ultrafine Particle Sizing Techniques
PROCESS EFFLUENT GAS ANALYSIS
General Discussion
Qualitative Gas Analysis
Quantitative Gas Analysis
DEVELOPMENT OF TEST PLANS FOR FABRIC FILTER EVALUATIONS
OBJECTIVES OF CONTROL DEVICE TESTS
TYPE AND NUMBER OF TESTS REQUIRED
Fabric Filter Level A Evaluation
Plant Operating Data
Baghouse-Fabric Filter Design Data
Flue Gas Characteristics, Baghouse AP, Maintenance Data
Fabric Filter Level B Evaluation
Quantitative Gas Analysis
Inlet and Outlet Mass Concentration Measurements Total Mass
Collection Efficiency
Fabric Filter Level C Evaluation
GENERAL PROBLEMS AND CONSIDERATIONS
APPENDICES
Appendix A - AEROSOL FUNDAMENTALS, NOMENCLATURE, AND DEFINITIONS
Appendix B - PARTICULATE MASS CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS
Appendix C - CASCADE IMPACTOR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Appendix D - SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF SUBMICRON AEROSOL PARTICLES
Appendix E - SUMMARY OF SOURCE PERFORMANCE METHODS
Appendix F - FEDERAL STATIONARY SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
38
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Technical Directive Number 21207
Comparative Evaluation of Commercial and Prototype Mass Monitors
Description of Task:
1. Contact mass monitor manufacturers and obtain instruments.
2. Set up, check out, and learn to operate mass monitors.
Pre-test on SRI dry wall ESP, if necessary.
3. Develop test plan for evaluation at IERL wind tunnel, or an alternate
test site.
4. Ship instruments to test site.
5. Conduct tests. Variables may include particle size distributions, dust
loadings, particle density, and duct gas velocity.
6. Write final report on test results.
Task Summary:
This task was not performed.
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Technical Directive Number 21306
1978 Particulate Sampling Technology Symposium
Description of Task:
Coordinate the arrangements for the 1978 Particulate Sampling Technology
Symposium sponsored by the Process Measurements Branch of IERL/RTP. This will
include choosing a meeting site, organizing the program, choosing speakers, etc.
Southern Research will be responsible for reserving the hotel accommodations,
meeting rooms, any food services which are to be provided, and organizing any
recreational activities.
Upon completion of this symposium, the proceedings will be published.
Task Summary:
Southern Research Institute coordinated a symposium for the
Process Measurements Branch/IERL-RTP on May 15-17, 1978 at the Grove
Park Inn and Country Club, Asheville, North Carolina. The number of
attendees was 176. There were five sessions with a total of seventeen
speakers. The symposium had morning and evening sessions with the
afternoons free for recreation. A proceedings from this technical
meeting has been published.
Published Document:
Proceedings: Advances in Particle Sampling and Measurement
(Asheville, North Carolina, May, 1978)
Wallace B. Smith, Compiler
EPA-600/7-79-065, February 1979 NTIS PE 293 363/AS
40
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Technical Directive Number 21406
Assorted 100 man-hour tasks (Support Services)
Description of Task:
This technical directive will cover various small support service tasks of
less than 100 man-hours. These small tasks will be chosen by the Project
Officer.
Task Summary:
The majority of the hours spent under this task were in support of other
contract support tasks.
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Technical Directive Number 21506
Presentation To Federal Republic of Germany
Description of Task:
A paper on manual particulate mass and size measurements will be presented
to the Federal Republic of Germany March 16 and 17, 1978. Preparation of
the paper is estimated to consume approximately three manweeks, and
illustrations will consume approximately three days. Travel expenses for
six days per diem at $75/day and round-trip airfare for one person are
included in this technical directive.
Task Summary:
Under this technical directive Mr. J. D. McCain of Southern Research
Institute wrote and presented a paper on manual particulate mass and size
measurements at a workshop held in Julich, Federal Republic of Germany on
March 16 and 17, 1978.
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Technical Directive Number 21608
Particulate Sizing Instrument Evaluation
Description of Task:
The contractor shall develop criteria for the evaluation of the real time
particle sizing instruments currently being developed for IERL. These
instruments are:
1. a light scattering instrument - Particle Measuring Systems, Inc.
Boulder, CO
2. a light sensing virtual impactor - Meteorology Research Inc.,
Altadena, CA
3. an acoustic instrument - KLD Assoc., Huntington Station, NY
The evaluation shall consider the operational characteristics of each
instrument and shall assess the instruments' performance based on its
principle of operation. Additionally, evaluation criteria shall be
developed which will allow all three instruments to be compared. These
second criteria shall be based on measured parameters that are of
greatest interest to IERL. For example, the evaluation of the PMS
instrument might include an assessment of its sizing capability of
particles with varying indices of refraction. The sampling volume of
the instrument could also be verified. Likewise, the second evaluation
might compare the response of the instrument to the aerodynamic diameter.
In developing these criteria, the contractor shall consider the field
evaluation task that will be conducted by each instrument development
contractor. The criteria developed under this technical directive shall
seek to maximize the information gained during the instrument development
contractor's field evaluation. A copy of the field evaluation scope of
work is included as an attachment.
Task Summary:
Criteria were developed for the evaluation of three real-time
particle sizing instruments. The instruments are:
1. a light scattering instrument—Particle Measuring Systems, Inc.,
Boulder, CO
2. a light sensing virtual impactor—Meteorology Research, Inc.,
Altadena, CA
3. an acoustic instrument—KLD Associates, Huntington Station, NY
The suggested evaluation program is based on the operational
principle of each instrument. The evaluation criteria based on
measurable parameters that are of greatest interest to EPA/IERL/RTP
have been developed to allow comparisons of the three instruments.
43
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Published Document:
Particulate Sizing Instrument Evaluation
William E. Farthing
SORI-EAS-78-595, October 6, 1978
44
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-7Q-1
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Particulate Sampling and Support: Final Report,
Executive Summary
5. REPORT DATE
November 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Kenneth M. Gushing
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
SORI-EAS-79-415
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2131
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Ex. Sum.: 11/75 - 11/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL_RTp project Officer is D.
541-2557. EPA-600/2-79-114 is the final report.
Bruce Harris, Mail Drop 62, 919/
16' A T The report summarizes results of research, development, and support tasks
performed during the 3-year period of the contract (11/75-11/78). The tasks
encompassed many aspects of particulate sampling and measurement in industrial
gaseous process and effluent streams. Under this contract: cascade impactors were
calibrated and evaluated; novel particle sampling cyclones were designed and
evaluated; technical and procedures manuals were prepared for control device evalua-
tion and particle sampling methods; an electrostatic precipitator backup was designed
for high flow rate systems; and advanced concepts in monitoring particle mass and
size, using optical systems, were evaluated. A detailed examination of the results
of this contract is contained in the basic report, EPA-600/2-79-114.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Pollution
Dust
Sampling
Measurement
Optical Measurement
Industrial Processes
Impactors
Cyclone
Electrostatic
Precipitators
Separate rs
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Cascade Impactors
13B
11G
14B
13H
131
07A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
48
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
45
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