United State*
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences Research EPA-600 2-79-167
Laboratory August 1979
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
Beta Gauge
Operation Manual
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-79-167
August 1979
BETA GAUGE
OPERATION MANUAL
by
Joe Seibert
Tom Sager
Brower Electronics Laboratories
Raleigh, N.C. 27613
Contract No. 68-02-2431
Project Officer
William Karches
Emission Measurement and Characterization Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for public-
ation. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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ABSTRACT
Commercial beta gauges are presently beir.0 utilized to monitor particu-
lates from stacks and for atmospheric monitoring. However, no instrument
has been available that is programmed to obtain collections from separate
portions of the federal test cycle for mobile sources, with the sensitivity
exhibited by EPA's present development unit. Such an instrument is needed in
the field as a means to measure mobile source emissions for implementing a
possible particulate standard for light duty and diesel equipped vehicles.
This project has addressed the urgent need for such an instrument.
Under the terms of the present contract, a previously produced instru-
ment was modified to provide the necessary operations. This instrument was
completely rewired to provide reliable field operation. In addition, the
control electronics were replaced with a micropr©cessorLbased controller.
This controller was provided with all necessary control and computation al-
gorithms for automatic sampling, and for automatically processing the varia^
bids to compute the final emission rate in grams per kilometer. The instru-
ment was specifically designed to comply with the sampling sequence described
in the Federal Register, Part II, Volume 37, Number 221, November 15, 1972,
and it is fully compatible with the Federal Exhaust Emission Testing proced-
ure.
Major modification to the instrument has created significant changes in
operating procedures. This manual details the changes made to the instrument
and provides complete operating instructions for the unit. From the opera-
tor's viewpoint, this manual is complete and self-contained. However, any-
one wishing to gain a detailed knowledge of the inner workings of the instru-
ment must use this manual in conjunction with previous operating manual (EPA
Report Number EPA-650/2-74-065). Appendix B of this manual lists the sec-
tions of the previous manual which are still applicable.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2431 by
Brower Electronics Laboratories under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. This report covers the period August 17, 1976 to
May 24, 1979.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Tables vi
Abbreviations and Symbols vii
1. Introduction 1
2. Beta Gauge Changes 2
Sample Unit Changes 2
Flow Unit Changes 5
Computer Unit Changes 5
Interpretation of Output 9
3. Beta Gauge Operation 16
Set-up 16
Power-up Sequence 17
Initialization 18
Inlet Heater 21
Flow Rate 21
Single Cycle 22
Federal Cycle 23
Calibration Cycle 25
Power-down Sequence 27
Flow Constant Calibration 27
4. Troubleshooting Guide 28
Appendices
A. Reference Manual 29
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Cassette drive switches 3
2 Cassette drive positions 4
3 Computer unit front panel 6
TABLES
Number Page
1 System Status Listing 10
2 Single Cycle Listing , , 12
3 Federal Cycle Listing ,..., 14
4 Calibrate Cycle Listing 15
5 System Constants 20
6 System Status Listing 20
7 Valid References 29
vl
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
CTS — counts
G/KM — grams per kilometer (g/km)
M — cubic meters (m3)
M/C -- cubic meters per count (m3/cts)
M/KM -- cubic meters per kilometer (m^/km)
SEC — seconds
UG — micrograms (yg)
UG/M -- micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m)
SYMBOLS
AC —air counts (cts)
BC —beta constant (yg)
Bl —background count #1 (cts)
B2 —background count #2 (cts)
B3 —background count #3 (cts)
C --concentration (yg/m3)
FC --flow constant (m3/cts)
Fl --flow count #1 (cts)
F2 —flow count #2 (cts)
F3 --flow count #3 (cts)
M —sample mass (yg)
SC —sample units (cts)
SI —sample count #1 (cts)
S2 —sample count #2 (cts)
S3 --sample count #3 (cts)
Tl --sample time 1 - single cycle (sec)
T2 —sample time 2 - unused (sec)
V --volume collected (m3)
VI --volume collected #1 (m3)
V2 —volume collected #2 (m3)
V3 —volume collected #3 (m^)
XQ —X/QM (m3/km)
Y —emission rate (g/km)
Yl —particulate mass #1 (yg)
Y2 —particulate mass #2 (yg)
Y3 --particulate mass #3 (yg)
vii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This manual provides a description and operating instructions for the
redesigned Beta Gauge. Section 2, BETA GAUGE CHANGES, describes the changes
and new controls of the three units. The Computer Unit is described in de-
tail because it differs radically from the former unit, both in controls and
operations. Section 3, BETA GAUGE OPERATION, provides complete operating in-
structions for the Single and Federal Cycles, as well as set-up and calibra-
tion procedures. A Troubleshooting Guide completes the manual with instruc-
tions for locating problems. Illustrations accompany all sections when
needed.
A previous manual, Advanced Prototype Direct Reading Instrument for
Particulate Mass Measurement (EPA-650/2-74-065, June 1974), supplied by a
previous contractor, provides valuable information about the present Beta
Gauge and is referred to as the "previous manual" in this report. Appendix A
lists the valid sections of this previous manual.
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SECTION 2
BETA GAUGE CHANGES
INTRODUCTION
All units of the Beta Gauge have undergone revision, The following two
sections describe changes in the Sample and Flow Units which affect the oper-
ation. The previous manual provides additional details not covered here.
The Computer Unit is described in detail in the last section. The only valid
Computer Unit information in the previous manual is the cassette slide se-
quencing and the formulas.
Sample Unit Changes
There are two changes in the Sample Unit which need to be mentioned.
The first concerns controls available to the operator. The second concerns
the cassette slide position.
The front and back-panel controls on the Sample Unit have remained un-
changed in labeling and function. The manual drive controls inside the Sam-
ple Unit have been relabeled (Figure 1). The ENABLE/DISABLE DRIVE switch
directly disables the drive motor. No control signals reach the motor when
this switch is in the DISABLE position. The LEFT/RIGHT DRIVE switch moves
the cassette slide.left or right (facing the front panel) when the drive is
enabled and the Computer Unit is not trying to move it in the opposite direc-
tion. The center position is "OFF". UBien not in use, this switch is left in
the "OFF" position. These are the only operator controls inside the Sample
Unit.
Figure 2 illustrates the cassette slide mechanism and defines the pos-
ition numbers used throughout the manual. There are four positions. Pos-
ition 1 is the left-most cassette slide position (facing the front panel).
Position 4 is the right-most position.
NOTE: Ignore the cassette slide position numbers in the previous man-
ual — these are different.
All cassette positions are sensed with mechanical switches. Hystersis
is removed by always positioning the cassette with movement to the right.
Thus, if the cassette moves from position 4 to position 3, it will actually
move left past position 3, then move back and stop at position 3.
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Figure 1. Cassette Drive Switches
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Figure 2. Cassette Slide Positions
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Refer to the previous manual for information on external Sample Unit
controls.
Flow Unit Changes
The Flow Unit controls have not changed, except the SET FLOW switch func-
tion. There are no operator controls inside 'he Flow Unit.
The SET FLOW switch turns the cassette clamp and pump on when it is "ON".
If the SET FLOW switch is turned on after the cassette slide moves to pos-
ition 3 during the Calibration Cycle, the Computer Unit waits until it is
turned off before continuing the cycle. This provides convenient position-
ing of the test filter cassette for setting the flow.
Refer to the previous manual for information on other Flow Unit controls
Computer Unit Changes
The following sections define the Computer Unit controls and their func-
tion, the subsystems, and interpretation of the output. Instructions on when
and how to use the controls are in the section on Beta Gauge Operation.
Front Panel—
The controls on the front panel may be grouped into seven units:
1) Numeric Keypad
2) Control Keypad
3) Status Display
4) Numeric Display
5) Cycle Controls
6) Printer
7) Power Switch
Each unit is described in the following paragraphs. Figure 3 illus-
trates the front panel controls.
1) Numeric Keypad - The numeric keypad is a group of twelve keys ar-
ranged in a 3 x 4 pattern. The keys are labeled 0 through 9, ".", and "-".
They are used in the selection and entry of constants. These keys are active
only when the PUSH TO CONTINUE switch is illuminated.
2) Control Keypad - The control keypad is a group of eight keys arran-
ged in a 2 x 4 pattern. Six of the keys are defined as follows:
CNTL - The CONTROL key, when followed by a numeric key between 1
and 8, inclusive, selects one of the program constants for
review and change. When held down simultaneously with the
ABRT key, the CNTL key initiates an abort sequence (see ABRT
below).
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PTST - The PRINT STATUS key prints the system status at that in-
stant. Table 1 shows a sample listing generated when the
PTST key is used. The section on System Status explains the
constants used.
EXP - The EXPONENT key separates the exponent from the mantissa
when entering floating point constants.
CLR - The CLEAR key erases any constant being entered. It is used
to recover from an entry mistake when changing constants.
ENTR - The ENTER key stores the displayed number into the constant
selected by the CNTL and number keys. This action terminates
examination and entry of constants.
ABRT - The ABORT key, when held down simultaneously with the CNTL
key for at least one second, initiates an abort sequence.
This sequence has the following effects:
1. Termination of any constant examination and entry routine.
2. Termination of all cycles. No results are printed. The
cassette slide moves to its initial position, which de-
pends on the MODE switch setting.
When the abort sequence starts, the CNTL key must be released first,
followed by the ABRT key. When the abort sequence has finished, the PUSH TO
CONTINUE (PTC) switch will light. A constant may now be examined or a cycle
started.
With the exception of the ABRT key, the control keypad is recognized
only when the PTC switch is illuminated. The CNTL and ABRT keys are recog-
nized at any time if held down simultaneously for at least one second.
*
3) Status Display - The status display is a group of three labeled col-
umns of eight lamps per column. These indicate the present status of the
gauge and define what is presently shown on the numeric display. The left
column is active when examining and entering constants. The center column is
active during the Single Cycle. The right column is active during the
Federal Cycle.
4) Numeric Display - The numeric display contains twelve seven-segment
digits with decimal points. The system clock is shown when the gauge is in-
active. Constants are shown during the Single or Federal Cycles. The status
display defines the contents of the numeric display.
5) Cycle Controls - The MODE switch and PTC switch are the cycle con-
trols. The MODE switch is a rotary switch which chooses the cycle to be ex-
exuted. If the MODE switch is left in an undefined position, the status
listing indicates "???« for MODE and the Federal.Cycle is executed. The
PTC switch initiates all cycles and is used by some cycles to continue the
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cycle at a certain point. A lamp inside the PTC switch illuminates the
switch when the gauge is waiting for input.
6) Printer - The printer lists the results from each cycle and the sys-
tem status. The output is alpha-numeric and contains data names and units.
The interpretation of these listings may be found in the section on Inter-
pretation of Output. A button marked PAPER FEED advances the printer paper
when held down. Loosening the two silver knobs on the printer face enables
removal of the mechanism for changing paper. The two black knobs hold the
replaceable printer ink pad.
7) Power Switch - The power switch supplies power to the Computer Unit.
When "OFF", no control signals are provided to the Sample and Flow Units.
Therefore, to avoid any mishap, the Computer Unit should be turned "ON" first
and "OFF" last. A Power-On feature resets the Computer Unit when power is
first applied.
"Back Panel—
The back panel has four details of interest. Each is described below:
RESET - The MASTER RESET switch is located just above the 37-pin con-
nector. Depressing and releasing this switch simulates a power-on
clear which, (1) initializes the Computer, (2) erases the system clock,
date, and runs number, and (3) restores the preset system constants.
POWER - The Computer Unit requires about one ampere at 120 volts a-c,
grounded. The line cord is detachable.
FUSE - The Computer Unit uses a SAG, 2A fuse rated at 125V for overcur-
rent protection.
SAMPLE UNIT CONNECTOR - The control and data signals from the Sample
Unit enter the Computer Unit through this 37-pin connector.
Internal Subsystems—
The right side of the unit houses a four-card, 8080 microprocessor con-
trol system. These cards are, from right to left: (1) the CPU card, (2) the
V/F and DUAL COUNTER card, (3) the I/O card, and (4) the MEMORY card. Each
card is described briefly in the following paragraphs.
The CPU card contains the 8080 CPU, clock and system bus electronics.
The operations of the gauge are sequenced by a program executed by the CPU
card.
The V/F and DUAL COUNTER card contains two 8-digit BCD counters and one
voltage - to-frequency converter. One counter accumulates beta counts from
the photomultiplier tube (PMT). The second counter accumulates flow counts
8
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from the V/F converter, whose input voltage comes from the flow meter in the
Flow Unit. Both counters may be independently read and reset by the CPU.
The I/O card consists of several buffered input and output ports. Each
port provides eight signal lines which sense and control the Beta Gauge mech-
anisms. Provision is made for additional lines for future refinements. A
separate circuit on the I/O card generates a one-second timing signal for the
CPU program's internal clocks.
The MEMORY card contains both volatile and non-volatile memory for pro-
gram storage and use. The program and initial constants are stored in eras-
able, reprogrammable read-only memories. These retain their contents when
power is removed but may be erased and reprogrammed using special equipment.
Variables and temporary data are stored in random access memories which lose
information when power is removed. Additional capacity is available for en-
larging the present program.
The left side of the unit houses the printer and its electronics. The
front panel controls and power supplies make up the remainder of the Computer
Unit. A fan exhausts air out of the back of the unit to ensure cooling of
the printer and control electronics.
Interpretation of Output
The output from the Computer Unit is in the form of labeled listings
from the printer. The contents of these listings depend on the cycle which
generated them. In addition, all listings contain a common sectitm, the sys-
tem status, which can also be printed on demand with the PRINT STATUS (PTST)
switch. Therefore, this section on interpretation of output begins with the
system status output, then covers the Single, Federal and Calibration Cycles.
All abbreviations used in the output listings are given on page vii.
System Status—
Table 1 is an example of the system status portion of any listing. The
following paragraphs describe each line of the listing:
LINES 1-4: HEADER. The heading "EPA BETA GAUGE" is printed at the be-
ginning of all listings.
LINE 5: TIME AND DATE. The system clock is printed first (hoursmin-
utes), followed by the date (month-date-year). These are initial-
ized by the operator after a RESET of Power-On-Clear. The clock is
a twenty-four hour format.
LINE 6: RUN NUMBER. A four-digit run number is printed. The run num-
ber is initialized to zero after a RESET or Power-On-Clear. The
run number is incremented after a Single, Federal or Calibrate
Cycle has been completed. The PRINT STATUS (PTST) switch does not
affect the run number.
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LINE 7: TIME CONSTANT 1 (Tl),. Time Constant 1 is a four-digit number
which determines the collection time (in seconds) during the Single
Cycle. Tl is initially zero and must be set by the operator before
starting the Single Cycle.
LINE 8: TIME CONSTANTS (T2). Time Constant 2 is a four-digit number
which is presently unused.
LINE 9: FLOW CONSTANT (FC). The Flow Constant is a seven-digit float-
ing-point constant used exclusively in the Federal Cycle. This
number is initially zero and must be set by the operator before
running the Single of Federal Cycles.
LINE 10: X/QM CONSTANT (XQ). The X/QM Constant is a seven-digit float-
ing-point constant used exclusively in the Federal Cycle. This
number is initially zero and must be set by the operator before
running the Federal Cycle.
LINE 11: BETA CONSTANT (BC). The Beta Constant is a seven-digit float-
ing-point constant used to calculate particulate mass from count
ratios. This number is initially zero and must be set by the op-
erator before running any cycles.
LINES 12-14: MODE. The present setting of the MODE switch is printed,
Question marks (?????) are printed if the setting is not defined.
This completes the common portion of all listings.
TABLE 1. SYSTEM STATUS LISTING
Line Listing Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
to
x&
13
*******************
EPA
BETA GAUGE
*******************
12:34 08-05-77
RUN No. 0000
Tl 0000 SEC
T2 0000 SEC
FC 0.000000 M/C
XQ 0.000000 M/KM
BC 0.000000 UG
?????????????
HEADER
TIME DATE
RUN NUMBER
TIME CONSTANT 1
TIME CONSTANT 2
FLOW CONSTANT
X/QM CONSTANT
BETA CONSTANT
MODE
10
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Single Cycle—
Table 2 shows a listing from a Single Cycle. The top 14 lines are the
system status as described above.The bottom 6 lines are generated by the
Single Cycle.
LINE 15: BACKGROUND COUNT (Bl). This number of counts is taken on the
filter before collecting particulates.
LINE 16: SAMPLE COUNT (1). This number of counts is taken on the fil-
after collecting particulates.
LINE 17: FLOW COUNT (Fl). This number of counts records the volume
increments during collection.
LINE 18: SAMPLE VOLUME (V). The volume of gas sampled is:
V = Fl x FC
where V = Volume (m3)
Fl = Flow Counts (cts)
FC = Flow Constant (m3/cts)
LINE 19: PARTICULATE MASS (M). The mass of the particulated collected
is:
M = BC x ln(Bl/Sl)
where M = Mass (yg)
BC = Beta Constant (yg)
Bl = Background Count (cts)
SI = Sample Count (cts)
LINE 20: CONCENTRATION (C). The concentration of particulates in the
volume of air collected is:
C = M/V
where C = Concentration (yg/m3)
M = Mass (yg)
V = Volume (m3)
This concludes the listing from a single cycle.
11
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TABLE 2. SINGLE CYCLE LISTING
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
X«>
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
51
Listing
*******************
EPA
BETA GAUGE
*******************
12:34 08-05-77
RUN No. 0001
Tl 0500 SEC
T2 0000 SEC
FC 9.82150E-08 M/C
XQ 1.000000 M/KM
BC 13711.05 UG
SINGLE CYCLE
Bl 5392507 CTS
SI 5062870 CTS
Fl 5564534 CTS
V .5465066 M
M 864.8510 UG
C 1582.508 UG/M
.Description
HEADER
TIME DATE
RUN NUMBER
TIME CONSTANT 1
TIME CONSTANT 2
FLOW CONSTANT
X/QM CONSTANT
BETA CONSTANT
MODE
BACKGROUND COUNT
SAMPLE COUNT
FLOW COUNT
SAMPLE VOLUME
SAMPLE MASS
CONCENTRATION
12
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Federal Cycle-
Table 3 shows a sample listing from the Federal Cycle. The top 14
lines are the system status described earlier in this section. The bottom
16 lines are generated by the Federal Cycle.
LINES 15, 18, 21: BACKGROUND COUNTS 1, 2, 3 (Bl, B2, B3). These beta
counts are taken on each filter before collecting particulates.
LINES 16, 19, 22: SAMPLE COUNTS 1, 2, 3 (SI, S2, S3). These beta
counts are taken on each filter after collecting particulates.
LINES 17, 20, 23: FLOW COUNTS 1, 2, 3 (Fl, F2, F3). These flow counts
record the volume increments for each sample during particulate
collection.
LINES 24, 25, 26: PARTICULATE MASSES 1, 2, 3 (Yl, Y2, Y3). These are
the calculated partieulate masses (in yg) for each sample.
LINES 27, 28, 29: SAMPLE VOLUMES 1, 2, 3 (VI, V2, V3). These are the
calculated gas volumes (in m3) for each sample.
LINE 30: EMISSION RATE (Y). This figure is calculated using
Y = XQ x (0.45Y1 + 0.57Y2 + Y5) x 10"3
VI + V2 + V3
where Yl, Y2, Y3 = Particulate Masses (yg)
VI, V2, V3 = Sample Volumes (m3)
XQ = X/QM Constant (m3/km)
y = Emission Rate (g/km) •
This concludes the listing from a Federal Cycle.
Calibration Cycle—
Table 4 shows a sample listing from the Calibration Cycle. The top 14
lines are the system status described earlier in this section. The bottom
3 lines are generated by the Calibration Cycle.
LINE 15: AIR COUNT (AC). The background count on the air between the
source and detector.
LINE 16: SAMPLE COUNT (SC). The sample count on the calibrated sam-
ple.
LINE 17: SAMPLE MASS (M). The calculated sample mass.
This concludes the listing from the Calibration Cycle.
13
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TABLE 3. FEDERAL CYCLE LISTING
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Listing
*******************
EPA
BETA GAUGE
*******************
12:34 08-05-77
RUN No. 0002
Tl 0000 SEC
T2 0000 SEC
FC 9.821250E-08 M/C
XQ 1.000000 M/KM
BC 13711.05 UG
FEDERAL CYCLE
Bl 6826693. CTS
SI 4579379. CTS
Fl 7105113 CTS
B2 5059594 CTS
S2 4734257 CTS
F2 1.208027E+07 CTS
B3 5419584. CTS
S3 3002267. CTS
F3 6425761. CTS
Yl 5474.506 UG
Y2 911.2562 UG
Y3 8098.451 UG
VI .6978108 M
V2 1.186434 M
V3 .6310900 M
Y 3.770193E-03G/KM
Description
HEADER
TIME DATE
RUN NUMBER
TIME CONSTANT 1
TIME CONSTANT 2
FLOW CONSTANT
X/QM CONSTANT
BETA CONSTANT
MODE
BACKGROUND COUNT #1
SAMPLE COUNT #1
FLOW COUNT #1
BACKGROUND COUNT #2
SAMPLE COUNT #2
FLOW COUNT #2
BACKGROUND COUNT* 3
SAMPLE COUNT #3
FLOW COUNT #3
PARTICULATE MASS #1
PARTICULATE MASS #2
PARTICULATE MASS #3
COLLECTED VOLUME #1
COLLECTED VOLUME #2
COLLECTED VOLUME #3
EMISSION RATE
14
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TABLE 4. CALIBRATE CYCLE LISTING
Line . Listing Description
1 *******************
2 EPA
3 BETA GAUGE HEADER
4 *******************
5 12:34 08-05-77 TIME DATE
6 RUN No. 0003 RUN NUMBER
7 Tl 0000 SEC SAMPLE TIME 1
8 T2 0000 SEC SAMPLE TIME 2
9 TC 9.821250E-08 M/C FLOW CONSTANT
10 XQ 1.000000 M/KM X/QM CONSTANT
11 BC 13711.05 UG BETA CONSTANT
12
13 CALIBRATE MODE
14
15 AC 9170647. CTS AIR COUNT
16 SC 5257185. CTS SAMPLE COUNT
17 M 7628.992 UG SAMPLE MASS
18
15
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SECTION 3
BETA GAUGE OPERATION
GENERAL
This section gives general operating information which is valid for all
cycles. When power is first turned on, allow 15 minutes of warm-up time be-
fore performing any measurements. This time is needed to stabilize the inlet
heater and photomultiplier circuits. Initialization may be done during this
time.
Constants may be changed anytime the PUSH TO CONTINUE (PTC) switch is
illuminated. A new cycle may be started only if (1) the PTC switch is illum-
inated, (2) the display shows the system clock, and (3) no cycle status lights
are on.
Any cycle or entry of constants may be aborted at any time by pushing
the CTRL and ABRT buttons simultaneously for at least one second. This ac-
tion cancels the cycle, prints no results, and leaves the constants unchan-
ged. This also moves the cassette slide to its initial position.
The CASSETTE DRIVE lamp on the Sample Unit is "ON" when the Computer
Unit moves the cassette slide during a cycle. If the cassette slide is jam-
med or disabled, this lamp remains on and the Computer Unit waits at that
step until the cassette slide reaches the requested position. The operator
may use the DRIVE ENABLE switch to stop the cycle during the cassette moves
if difficulties arise. The cycle will be resumed when the drive is enabled.
The system clock is displayed on the front panel when the Computer Unit
is idle or a cassette is being moved. This is a pair of two-digit numbers,
separated by a space, indicating the hour and minute. At all other times,
the front panel display shows a single four-digit number indicating time in
seconds. The status columns indicate the occurring event whose time is shown
on the display.
Set-up
The Beta Gauge must be set up with cables connected before power can be
turned on. The following sections describe the necessary procedure for each
unit and the whole system.
16
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Complete these switch position checks before plugging any unit in:
Computer Unit - The front panel power switch must be "OFF". All
other switches are momentary (except MODE, which
is not important at this point) and are in their
correct positions. Install new roll of printer
paper if warning color is visible.
Sample Unit - The HEATER switch should be "OFF". The two DRIVE
switches (inside the unit) should be "QFFM and
"ENABLE". No filters should be in the cassette
magazine or slide. The circuit breaker on the
back panel should be "OFF",
Flow Unit - The FLOW METER and FLOW CONTROLLER power switches
(front panel) should be left "ON". The AUTOMATIC/
MANUAL FLOW CONTROL switch should be AUTOMATIC.
The INCREASE/DECREASE FLOW CONTROL switch is mom-
entary and should be in its center "OFF" position.
The SET FLOW switch should be "OFF". The circuit
breaker on the back panel should be "OFF".
Now connect the units as follows:
1) Use the cable with 37-pin connectors to connect the Computer
Unit to the Sample Unit.
2) Use the cable with 26-pin connectors to connect the Sample Unit
to the Flow Unit.
3) Use the thick-walled hose to connect the Sample Unit gas outlet
to the Flow Unit suction inlet.
4) Connect the Sample Unit gas inlet to the gas source to be
measured.
5) Plug all units into a grounded, llSvac power receptacle fused
for 15 amperes.
This completes the set-up requirements.
Power-Up Sequence
The Computer Unit is always turned "ON" first and turned "OFF" last.
Otherwise, the Sampling and Flow Units operate randomly because computer
control is not present.
The power-up sequence is (1) Computer Unit, (2) Sampling Unit, and (3)
Flow Unit. The flow pump, cassette drive, and cassette clamp will be off
and "1" will be displayed on the Computer Unit if power-up is successful.
17
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If this is not the case, press and release the RESET button on the back
of the Computer Unit. If this does not produce the above results, turn the
power off (Computer Unit last), check all connections (see section on Set-up),
then try again. Refer to Troubleshooting Section for additional help.
Initialization
When power is first turned on, allow 15 minutes for the inlet heater and
photomultiplier to stabilize. During this time, the Beta Gauge may be init-
ialized as described in the sections below. Initialization must be completed
before the first cycle begins.
Time and Date--
The TIME and DATE must be initialized (1) when the power is turned "ON",
or (2) after the RESET button is pushed. Do not use the ABRT key until TIME
and DATE are initialized.
The TIME is entered when the Computer Unit displays "1". The format is
two digits of hours followed by two digits of minutes (12 34). The system
clock uses the 24-hour format. The TIME is keyed in most significant digit
first. Leading zeroes must be entered. The CLR key erases the display al-
lowing reentry in case of an operator entry error. The ENTR key sets the
system clock to the entered time and advances to the DATE.
The DATE is entered when the Computer Unit displays "2". The format is
a two-digit month, two-digit day, and two-digit year (08 02 57). The DATE
is entered left-to-right, including leading zeroes. Six digits must be en-
tered before continuing. The CLR key erases the display allowing reentry of
the date. The ENTR key stores the number on the display as the system date.
At this time, the Computer Unit checks the cassette slide position. De-
pending on the MODE switch setting, the cassette slide will move to position
1 or 2. When the correct position is reached, the display shows the system
clock, the status lights are off, and the PTC switch is illuminated. The
Computer Unit is ready to-.change constants or begin a cycle.
NOTE: The RESET switch must be used to reset the TIME and DATE. ABRT
should not be used until the TIME and DATE have been entered.
Constants--
There are five system constants which may be changed by the operator.
These are listed in Table 5 along with their initial value and code number.
The initial value is always set when power is turned on or after the RESET
switch is pushed. The code number is used to select and change the constant
from the front panel keyboard.
The constants may be integers or floating-point numbers. Tl and T2 are
positive four-digit integers representing time duration in:seconds. FC, X/QM
and BC are positive, seven-digit floating-point numbers with an exponent
18
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range of 10~38 to 10+38.
Follow these steps to view or change a constant:
1) Wait until the PTC Switch is illuminated. The keyboard is ignored
when this light is off.
2) Choose the constant and note its code number. These are abbreviated
on the left status light column on the front panel.
3) Select the constant for viewing by pressing and releasing the CTRL
key, followed by the code number. After the CTRL key is pressed,
the display is blank. After the code number is entered, the display
shows the present constant value. The status lights indicate
which constant is on display.
4) To keep the constant as is, press ENTR. This saves the constant,
clears the status lights and displays the system clock.
5) To enter a new constant, key in the number one digit at a time, most
significant digit first. The first digit entered clears the dis-
play, which now shows the number being entered.
6) To erase a keying error, press CLR. This erases the entered number
and blanks the display. Now reenter the new constant.
7) To exit and set the new constant, press ENTR. This stores the dis-
played number, clears the status lights and displays the system
clock.
8) To exit and retain the previously stored constant, simultaneously
press and hold the CTRL and ABRT keys for at least one second. Then
release the CTRL key first and the ABRT key1 last. This keeps the
old constant, clears the status lights and displays the system
clock.
The PTST key will print these and other system constants when pushed.
Table 6 gives an example of the listing produced by a PRINT STATUS request.
19
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TABLE 5. SYSTEM CONSTANTS
Code No.
1
2
3
4
5
Descriptipn
SAMPLE TIME 1
SAMPLE TIME 2
FLOW CONSTANT
X/QM
BETA CONSTANT
Abbrv .
Tl
T2
FC
XQ
BC
Initial Value *
0000
0000
0.
0.
0.
* These initial values are stored with the program and may be changed by
the manufacturer by programming one of the PROM memories.
TABLE 6. SYSTEM STATUS LISTING
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 -Z
J. J
1 A
Listing
*******************
EPA
BETA GAUGE
*******************
12:34 08-05-77
RUN No. 0000
Tl 0000 SEC
T2 0000 SEC
FC 0-000000 M/C
XQ 0.000000 M/KM
BC 0.000000 UG
9??????77??97
Description
HEADER
TIME DATE
RUN NUMBER
TIME CONSTANT 1
TIME CONSTANT 2
FLOW CONSTANT
X/QM CONSTANT
BETA CONSTANT
MODE
20
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Inlet Heater
If the Inlet Heater in the Sampling Unit is to be used, turn the HEATER
switch "ON11. Monitor the temperature on the meter and adjust the ten-turn
potentiometer to hold the desired temperature. Once the temperature is set,
the controls should need no readjustments.
Flow Rate
The flow rate on the Flow Unit must be set before beginning any cycles.
To insure proper flow can be maintained, the flow is set using a filter of
the same type as to be used during the measurement cycles. The procedure
is as follows:
1) Empty the cassette slide and magazine using the manual slide control
switch.
2) Set the MODE control to CALIBRATE.
3) Simultaneously press and hold the CTRL and ABRT keys down for at
least one second, then release. The cassette slide will move to
position 1. The display shows the system clock; the status lights
are off, and the PTC switch is illuminated.
4) Load the cassette magazine with one filter cassette.
5) Press the PTC button. The PTC light extinguishes and the cassette
slide carries the filter to position 3.
6) Wait until the CASSETTE DRIVE lamp on the Sample Unit extinguishes,
then turn the SET FLOW switch on the Flow Unit '-'ON". The cassette
is clamped, the pump starts, and the COLLECTING PARTICULATE lamp on
the Sample Unit turns on.
7) Adjust the SET POINT dial on the Flow Unit until the Flow Meter in-
dicates the desired flow.
8) Turn the SET FLOW switch "OFF". The Computer Unit will wait until
it is off before continuing the Calibrate Cycle*
9) Simultaneously press and hold the CTRL and ABRT keys down for at
least one second, then release. The cassette slide moves to posi-
tion 1 and ejects the filter cassette. Then the display shows the
system clock, the status lights are off, and the PTC switch is il-
luminated.
This completes the procedure for setting the Flow Rate.
21
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Single Cycle
This section gives the procedure for using the Beta Gauge in the Single
Cycle. The Single Cycle requires 7 minutes for the two beta counts, plus
the collection time which is variable. Operator intervention is required to
start the cycle and to continue it four minutes later. The procedure and
results are:
1) Complete the Set-up and Initialization first. No filter cassettes
should be in the Sampling Unit. Set constant Tl to the collection
time desired.
2) Set the MODE switch to SINGLE CYCLE. The lamp above the Single
Cycle status column should be lit.
3) Press the CTRL and ABRT switches simultaneously for at least one sec-
ond. The cassette slide moves to position 2, then the PUSH TO CON-
INUE (PTC) switch illuminates.
4) Load the cassette magazine with filter cassettes. One cassette is
required for each Single Cycle.
The Beta Gauge is ready to begin a Single Cycle.
5) To start a cycle, press the PTC switch. The following events should
occur:
a. The PTC switch light turns off. Status lights indicate
BACK. COUNT.
b. The cassette slide moves to position 3. The display shows
the system clock.
c. A 200-second background count is taken on the filter. The
display shows count time remaining.
d. The cassette slide moves to position 4. Status lights indi-
cate COL. PART. The display shows the system clock.
e. The PTC switch illuminates. The Beta Gauge waits for the
operator to continue the cycle.
6) To continue the cycle, press the PTC switch. The following events
should occur:
a. The PTC switch light turns off. Status lights indicate
COL. PART.
b. The filter is clamped, then pumping starts. The filter
collects particulate for the time set by constant Tl.
The display shows collection time remaining.
22
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c. Pumping stops and the filter is released. The cassette slide
moves to position 3. Status lights indicate SAMP. COUNT.
The display shows the system clock.
d. A 200-second sample count is taken the filter. The display
shows count time remaining.
e. The results and data for this cycle are printed. Status
lights are "OFF". The display shows the system clock.
f. The cassette slide moves to position 2. The filter is eject-
ed.
g. The system status is printed.
h. The PTC switch illuminates. The Beta Gauge has finished the
Single Cycle.
To start a new Single Cycle, go to step 5. To start any other cycle,
go to the first step of that cycle's instructions. To interpret the results
from the Single Cycle, see that section under Interpretation of Output.
If the events do not follow the sequence above, refer to the Trouble-
shooting section.
Federal Cycle
This section gives the procedure for using the Beta Gauge in the Federal
Cycle. The Federal Cycle requires 52 minutes to execute. Operator interven-
tion is required to start the cycle and to continue it seven minutes later.
The procedure and results are:
1) Complete Set-up and Initialization first. No filter cassettes
should be in the Sampling Unit.
2) Set the MODE switch to FEDERAL CYCLE. The lamp above the Federal
Cycle status column should be on.
3) Press the CNTL and ABRT switches simultaneously, hold for one second,
then release. The cassette slide moves to position 1, then the
PUSH TO CONTINUE (PTC) switch illuminates.
4) Load the cassette magazine with filter cassettes. Three cassettes
are required for each Federal Cycle.
The Beta Gauge is ready to begin a Federal Cycle.
5) To start a cycle, press the PTC switch. The following events should
occur:
a. The PTC switch light turns "OFF". Status lights indicate
23
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SAMPLE 2, BACK. COUNT.
b. The cassette slide moves to position 2. The display shows
the system clock.
c. A 200-second background count is taken on filter 2. The dis-
play shows the count time remaining (seconds).
d. The cassette slide moves to position 3. Status lights in-
dicate SAMPLE 1, BACK, COUNT.
e. A 200-second background count is taken on filter 1. The dis-
play shows the count time remaining.
f. The cassette slide moves to position 4. Status lights indi-
cate SAMPLE 1, COL. PART. The display shows the system
clock.
g. The PTC switch illuminates. The Beta Gauge waits for the
operator to continue the cycle.
6) To continue the cycle, press the PTC switch. The following events
should occur:
a. The PTC switch light turns "OFF". Status lights indicate
SAMPLE 1, COL. PART.
b. Filter 1 is clamped, then pumping starts. Filter 1 collects
particulate for 505 seconds.. The display shows collection
time remaining.
c. Pumping stops and filter 1 is released. The cassette slide
moves to position 3. Status lights indicate SAMPLE 1, SAMP.
COUNT. The display shows the system clock.
d. A 200-second sample count is taken on filter 1. Filter 2 is
clamped and pumping starts. Both events begin at the same
time. The display shows filter 1 count time remaining.
e. Pumping continues on filter 2. Total collection time for
filter 2 is 866 seconds. Status lights indicate SAMPLE 2.
f. Pumping stops and filter 2 is released. The 600-second hold-
ing clock starts now but does not affect the cycle until
event "k". The cassette slide moves to position 2. Filter
1 is ejected. Status lights indicate SAMPLE 2, SAMP. COUNT.
The display shows the system clock.
g. A 200-second sample count is taken on filter 2. The display
shows count time remaining.
h. The cassette slide moves to position 3. Status lights indi-
24
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cate SAMPLE 3, BACK. COUNT. The display shows the system
clock.
i. A 200-second background count is taken on filter 3. The dis-
play shows the count time remaining.
j. The cassette slide moves to position 4. Status lights indi-
cate SAMPLE 3, HOLDING. The display shows the system clock.
k. The cycle is held until the remaining holding time elapses.
The display shows holding time remaining.
1. Filter 3 is clamped and pumping starts. Filter 3 collects
particulate for 505 seconds. Status lights indicate SAMPLE
3, COL. PART. The display shows collection time remaining.
m. Pumping stops and filter 3 is released. The cassette slide
moves to position 3. Status lights indicate SAMPLE 3, SAMP.
COUNT. The display shows the system clock.
n. A 200-second sample count is taken on filter 3. The display
shows count time remaining.
o. The results and data for the cycle are printed. Status
lights are "OFF". The display shows the system clock.
p. The cassette slide moves to position 1. Filter 3 is ejected,
followed by filter 2.
q. The system status is printed.
r. The PTC switch is illuminated. The Beta Gauge has finished
the Federal Cycle.
To start a new Federal Cycle, go to step 5. To start any other cycle,
go to the first step of that cycle's instructions. To interpret the results
from the Federal Cycle* see that section under Interpretation of Output.
If the events do not follow the sequence above, refer to Troubleshooting
section.
Calibration Cycle
This section gives the procedure for using the Beta Gauge in the Cali-
bration Cycle. The Calibration Cycle uses a cassette loaded with a film of
known thickness and density (such as mylar). The information obtained by
measuring the mass of this film is used to set the Beta Constant.
The results from at least ten runs should be averaged before calculating
the Beta Constant.
25
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The procedure and results are:
1) Complete Set-up and Initialization first. No filter cassettes should
be in the Sample Unit.
2) Set the MODE switch to CALIBRATE. No status lights are used during
this cycle.
3) Simultaneously press and hold the CNTL and ABRT switches down for at
least 1 second, then release. The cassette slide moves to position
1, then the PUSH TO CONTINUE (PTC) switch illuminates.
4) Load one calibration cassette into the cassette magazine.
5) Press the PTC switch. The following events occur:
a. The PTC switch light turns "OFF".
b. The cassette slide moves to position 3.
c. A 200-second air count is taken on an empty cassette
position. The display shows the count time remaining.
d. The cassette slide moves to position 2.
e. A 200-second sample count is taken on the calibration cas-
sette. The display shows the count time remaining.
f. The two counts and mass are printed. The display shows the
the system clock.
g. The cassette slide moves to position 1. The calibration cas-
sette is ejected.
h. The system status is printed.
i. The PTC switch.illuminates. The Beta Gauge has finished the
Calibration Cycle.
To repeat the Calibration Cycle, go to step 4. To interpret the results
from the Calibration Cycle, see the section on Interpretation of Output.
When ten cycles have been run, the Beta Constant may be calculated using
the formula on the following page.
26
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BC = p X Kd2/4)
In (AC/SC)
where p = material density (jig/mm3)
X = material thickness (mm)
d = 17mm (aperature diameter)
AC = averaged Air Counts
SC = averaged Sample Counts
BC = Beta Constant (yg)
If the calculated Beta Constant differs greatly from the present Beta
Constant, use the keyboard to enter the new Beta Constant (see the section
on Constants).
Power-Down Sequence
When the Beta Gauge is turned off, the Computer Unit is turned off last
unless all three units are turned off simultaneously with one switch. This
avoids random operations of the Sampling and Flow Units.
Before removing power, empty the cassette drive and magazine. Use the
SET FLOW switch to exhaust any sample gases from the system, if deemed nec-
essary. Use the PAPER FEED button to advance the last run from the printer.
The power-down sequence is (1) Flow Unit, (2) Sampling Unit, (3) Com-
puter Unit. Use the circuit breakers on the backs of the Flow and Sample
Units to turn those units off.
Plow Constant Calibration
The Flow Constant is determined by the Voltage-toFrequency (V/F) conver-
sion circuit and the sample gas composition. The V/F conversion circuit is
set by the manufacturer and does not vary. The composition of the sample
gas affects the Flow Constant for the Hastings Linear Mass Flowmeter (see
Appendix b, Gas Flow System in Section 2.5.3 of the previous manual). A
Flow Constant of 9.2571 x 10"9 m3/cts is recommended by the manufacturer for
exhaust gases.
27
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SECTION 4
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
This guide offers suggestions for locating and correcting simple prob-
lems. If these suggestions do not eliminate the problem, call the manufac-
turer for help. This section is not offered as a detailed repair guide.
Firts, repeat the SET-UP procedure. Make sure all connections are tight
and each unit is properly powered. Check all fuses for continuity.
When power is turned "ON", observe the Computer Unit. A "-1-" must be on
display, the PUSH TO CONTINUE switch illuminated, and all other lights "OFF".
If not, press RESET. If that doesn't help, call the manufacturer.
Try the manual controls in the Sample Unit and Flow Unit. Make sure the
cassette drive operates freely in both directions. When the manual controls
are not in use, the units should be inactive.
Proceed with INITIALIZATION. Use the PRINT STATUS (PTST) to verify cor-
rect storage of constants. Run each cycle using the operating instructions
and status lights to check for correct sequencing. Check results using the
equations in the Interpretation of Output section.
If at any time, the Beta Gauge "runs away", try CNTL/ABRT sequence. If
control is not obtained, press RESET.
28
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APPENDIX A. REFERENCE MANUAL
This section lists the portions of the previous manual, Advanced Proto-
type Direct Reading Instrument for Particulate Measurement (EPA-650/22-74-065,
June 1974), which may be referred to for additional information. In general,
references to the Sample Unit, Flow Unit, theory of particulate measurement,
and the cycles remain unchanged. The Computer Unit, all schematics, and op-
erating procedures have changed.
TABLE 7. VALID REFERENCES
Section
Description
Pages
APPENDIX B
1.1
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.4.1
3.5
3.6
4.0
5.0
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
All references below found in
APPENDIX B "OPERATION MANUAL"
Sensitivity and Range 1-3
Temperature Requirements 1-5
Inlet Heater 1-6
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 2-1
System Concept 2-1
Measurement Precision - 2-11
Detector 2-12
Mechanical Assembly - all sections
except Figure 4 2-13 §2-22
Automatic Gain Control 3-25
Selection of a Filter Medium 3-28
Cassette Preparation 3-22
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE 4-1
PRECAUTIONS IN HANDLING THE SOURCE 5-1
PMT Control: Reference Supplies
Schematic B-6
Gear Motor § Heater Supplies
Schematic B-8
29
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-79-167
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
BETA GAUGE OPERATION MANUAL
5. REPORT DATE
August 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Seibert, J. & Sager, T.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Brower Electronics Laboratories
Raleigh, North Carolina
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD605 (FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2431
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND At ORESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triange Park. North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 8/76 - 5/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This manual provides description and operating instructions for a redesigned Beta
Gauge for measuring particles from vehicle exhaust. The improvements and a new
control system including a control unit which is radically different from the prior
unit, are described. Complete Beta Gauge operating instructions for Federal Test
Cycles are included as well as set up and calibration procedures. A trouble shooting
guide completes the manual with instructions for locating problems. The overall
improvements provide (1) all necessary and computation of algorithms for automatic
sampling and (2) processing of the variables to compute the final particulate emissioi
rate in grams per kilometer. The instrument also has a single mode operation for
sampling from sources with various concentration levels.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
* Air Pollution
* Particles
* Motor Vehicles
* Emission
* Beta Particles
Instruments
13B
13F
20H
14B
05B
* Manuals
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
38
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
30
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