United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Roberts Kerr Environmental Research EPA 600 2-79-175
Laboratory August 1979
Ada OK 74820
Research end Development
Indicatory Fate
Study
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution-sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-79-175
August 1979
INDICATORY FATE STUDY
by
Leon H. Myers
Thomas E. Short, Jr.
Bill L. DePrater
Fred M. Pfeffer
Donald H. Kampbell
John E. Matthews
Source Management Branch
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or com-
mercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was established to
coordinate administration of the major Federal programs designed
to protect the quality of our environment.
An important part of the Agency's effort involves the search
for information about environmental problems, management tech-
niques and new technologies through which optimum use of the
nation's land and water resources can be assured and the threat
pollution poses to the welfare of the American people can be
minimized.
EPA's Office of Research and Development conducts this
search through a nationwide network of research facilities.
As one of these facilities, the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory is responsible for the management of programs
to: (a) investigate the nature, transport, fate and management of
pollutants in ground water; (b) develop and demonstrate methods
for treating wastewaters with soil and other natural systems;
(c) develop and demonstrate pollution control technologies for
irrigation return flows; (d) develop and demonstrate pollution
control technologies for animal production wastes; (e) develop
and demonstrate technologies to prevent, control, or abate pollu-
tion from the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries;
and (f) develop and demonstrate technologies to manage pollution
resulting from combinations of industrial wastewaters or indus-
trial/municipal wastewaters.
This report contributes to the knowledge essential if the
EPA is to meet the requirements of environmental laws that it
establish and enforce pollution control standards which are
reasonable, cost effective and provide adequate protection for
the American public.
W. C. Galegar
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
This report is concerned with media disposition of specific
priority pollutants. Composite samples were obtained from'the
influent, effluent, residuals, and air from 12 industrial biologi-
cal treatment systems. These samples were extracted and analyzed
by gas chromatography for organic constituents, by atomic absorp-
tion for metals, and by EPA methodology for phenolics, cyanide,
and mercury.
Participating industries include: (1) organics and plastics,
(2) Pharmaceuticals, (3) pesticides, (4) rubber, (5) wood preserv-
ative, and (6) petroleum refining. Each of the 12 cooperating
companies reviewed and commented on the draft report for descrip-
tion of its biological treatment system, accuracy of the study
conditions as well as comments on the completed analytical data.
The data in this report represent potential disposition of spe-
cific priority pollutants during 3-day study periods and should
not be construed to represent a mass balance study.
This work covers a period from May, 1978, to February, 1979,
and work was completed as of March, 1979.
iv
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CONTENTS
Foreword ill
Abstract . iv
Figures. . . „ vi
Tables „....„...„ vii
Abbreviations and Symbols ............. viii
Acknowledgments .»..<>.. = ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Sampling Program 2
3. Plant Studies 7
Organics and Plastics Industries
Plant 1 7
Plant 2 ............. 15
Plant 3 22
Pharmaceuticals Industry
Plant 4 29
Plant 5 35
Pesticides Industry
Plant 6 41
Plant 7 48
Rubber Industry
Plant 8 55
Plant 9 „....„ 61
Wood-preservatives Industry
Plant 10 68
Plant 11. ............ 76
Petroleum Refining Industry
Plant 12. ............ 83
4. Observations 91
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Activated sludge sampling points 3
2 Aerated lagoon sampling points 3
3 Air-stripper sampler 5
4 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 1. . . 8
5 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 2. . . 16
6 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 3. . . 23
7 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 4. . . 30
8 Wastewater treatment sys'tem - Plant 5. . . 36
9 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 6. . . 42
10 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 7. . . 49
11 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 8. . . 56
12 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 9. . . 62
13 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 10 . . 69
14 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 11 . . 77
15 Wastewater treatment system - Plant 12 . . 84
VI
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Biological Treatment Plant Material Balance
(Plant 1) 9
2 Sampling Schedule (Plant 1) 11
3 Daily Flow Data (Plant 1) 11
4 Analytical Data (Plant 1) 12
5 Sampling Schedule (Plant 2) 17
6 Daily Flow Data (Plant 2) 18
7 Analytical Data (Plant 2) 19
8 Sampling Schedule (Plant 3) 24
9 Daily Flow Data (Plant 3) 25
10 Analytical Data (Plant 3) 26
11 Sampling Schedule (Plant 4) 32
12 Daily Flow Data (Plant 4) 32
13 Analytical Data (Plant 4) 33
14 Sampling Schedule (Plant 5) 37
15 Daily Flow Data (Plant 5) 38
16 Analytical Data (Plant 5) 39
17 Average Flow Data (Plant 6) 43
18 Sampling Schedule (Plant 6) 44
19 Analytical Data (Plant 6) 45
20 Sampling Schedule (Plant 7) 50
21 Daily Flow Data (Plant 7) 51
22 Analytical Data (Plant 7) 52
23 Sampling Schedule (Plant 8) 57
24 Analytical Data (Plant 8) 59
25 Sampling Schedule (Plant 9) 63
26 Daily Flow Data (Plant 9) 64
27 Analytical Data (Plant 9) 65
28 Sampling Schedule (Plant 10) 72
29 Daily Flow Data (Plant 10) 71
30 Analytical Data (Plant 10) 73
31 Sampling Schedule (Plant 11) 78
32 Daily Flow Data (Plant 11) 79
33 Analytical Data (Plant 11) 80
34 Sampling Schedule (Plant 12) 86
35 Daily Flow Data (Plant 12) 86
36 Analytical Data (Plant 12) 87
37 Metric Conversion Table 90
vii
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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
cfh
EGD
EPA
gpm
1C
mg
mgd
mg/1
ml
mm
pac
RSKERL
TOG
VOA
SYMBOLS
u
Mg/1
cubic feet per hour*
Effluent Guidelines Division
Environmental Protection Agency
gallons per minute*
inorganic carbon
million gallons*
million gallons per day*
milligrams per liter
milliliter
million
powdered activated carbon
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
total organic carbon
volatile organics analysis
micron
micrograms per liter
micrograms per kilogram
*See Table 37, Metric Conversion Table, on page 90,
viii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To successfully complete any applied research study, the
research team needs the full cooperation of all interested
parties. Our sincere appreciation is extended to EPA's Office
of Research and Development (OEMI and OALWU) and Office of Water
and Hazardous Materials (EGD) for participation in planning and
administrative tasks associated with the study. A special
acknowledgement is due the industrial plants—their executives,
supervisors, and operators—for the excellent cooperation ex-
tended to the RSKERL teams during this study.
IX
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
In June 1978, the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory (RSKERL) began an applied research study at the re-
quest of EPA's Effluent Guidelines Division (EGD). The purpose
of the study was to determine what happens to specific priority
pollutants as they pass through a biological treatment system.
A mass balance study on a biological treatment system would con-
sume considerable time, manpower, and resources. It was there-
fore decided that an indication of the fate of specific priority
pollutants would be conducted in lieu of a mass balance study.
This "Indicatory Fate Study," planned and conducted by RSKERL,
represents a screening study to view the removal of specific
priority pollutants via air, water, or residuals routes.
Specific organic pollutants were analyzed by gas chroma-
tography using methodology supplied by EGD. Quality control for
the specific organic priority pollutants was provided by gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometer analysis on one sample obtained
from each plant site visited. Total metals, phenol, and cyanide
analyses were conducted in accordance with EPA's April, 1977,
Protocol.
Twelve industrial participants representing six industrial
categories were selected by Effluent Guidelines: (1) organic
chemicals, (2) petroleum refining, (3) Pharmaceuticals, (4) wood
preserving, (5) pesticides, and (6) rubber. Based on analytical
data generated during previous screening studies, EGD requested
sampling for specific priority pollutants from each participant.
Responsible company officials for each plant selected were
notified by a letter from the Director, RSKERL, explaining the
purpose of the proposed study and requesting their participation,
Each of the plants visited cooperated fully in completing the
field sampling portion of the study.
The data in this report provide only an indication of the
route of removal of specific priority pollutants and are not
intended to represent a mass balance across a biological treat-
ment system.
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SECTION 2
SAMPLING PROGRAM
\.
The sampling program was designed to examine three possible
removal routes for each type of treatment system: (1) air,
(2) water, and (3) residuals.
SAMPLE LOCATIONS
Two basic types of biological treatment systems were studied:
(1) activated sludge and (2) aerated lagoons.
Sampling points established to examine removal routes from
activated sludge treatment systems were: (Figure 1)
Sample Location Sample Type Media
1. Primary Effluent 72-hr Composite, Water
VOA Grab
2. Final Effluent 72-hr Composite "
VOA Grab
3. Aeration Basin Stripper Sampler Air
Composite
4. Return Sludge 72-hr Composite Residuals
Sampling points established for aerated lagoon treatment
systems were; (Figure 2)
Sample Location Sample Type Media
1. Inlet to First 72-hr Composite Water
Lagoon VOA Grab
2. Outlet from Last 72-hr Composite "
Lagoon VOA Grab
3. Near first Lagoon Stripper Sampler Air
Inlet Composite
4. Bottom Deposits 72-hr Composite Residuals
2
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Primary
Clarifier
Aeration Basin
Return Sludge
Figure I . Activated Sludge Sampling Points
Figure 2 . Aerated Lagoon Sampling Points
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
Air (Figure 3)
At the beginning of the sampling program, an air sampler was
installed in the aeration basin (mixed liquor) of the activated
sludge treatment system or in the first lagoon of the aerated
lagoon treatment system. The air sampler was designed at RSKERL
for this study and is a combination stripper/adsorber. A 20-
gallon/minute submersible pump continuously supplied a fresh
sample of water to the stripper, while a carbon-filtered air sup-
ply was used to sparge volatile organic compounds from the water
sample-v The sparged air was fed to a slurry pot containing
XAD-2^ ' resin for adsorption of the air strippable polynuclear
aromatic and phenolic compounds. The sparged air was also fed/Rx
intermittently to a gas chromatograph column packed with Tenax^ '
for adsorption of purgeable organic compounds.
Water
Water samples were collected at the inlet and effluent
points of the biological treatment system. A 3-day composite
sample was prepared at each sample point by collecting 24
aliquots at specified times during the 72-hour sampling period.
In addition, VGA grab samples were collected at the influ-
ent and effluent sampling points. These samples were collected
in previously prepared 30-ml sample vials. Blank VOA vials con-
taining Super Q water were uncapped prior to, and resealed fol-
lowing, collection of VOA samples at each location. The VOA
samples were used to supplement samples collected using the air-
stripper sampler.
Residuals
At plants employing an activated sludge system, the return
sludge was sampled in the same mode as the water samples. At
those plants where an aerated lagoon was being studied, a single
dredge sample was obtained near the inlet to the first lagoon.
SAMPLE HANDLING
Samples were preserved in accordance with the April, 1977,
Protocol. Water and residual samples were kept iced for the du-
ration of the sampling program. In addition, metal samples were
(R) Registered trademark - Rohm & Haas (XAD-2)
(R) Registered trademark - ENKA N.V., Holland (Tenax)
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Vent
Stripper Air
Float
Glass pipe
Section
Water
Meter
Sparger
,—iSub. Pump for
-I I mixed-liquor
recirculation
w &
it-——c
leaned Compressed
Air
Foam
Knock-out
Trap
Tenas Column
i SB- To vacuum
XAD-2 Resin
Slurry
Rota meter
r~] Filter
T
j [Activated
j Carbon
A
Comp.Air
Figure 3 - AIR - STRIPPER SAMPLER
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preserved with redistilled nitric acid; phenol samples were
preserved with phosphoric acid; and cyanide samples were pre-
served with sodium hydroxide. No additional preservative was
used for the organics samples.
After the sampling study was complete, sample chests,
filled with ice, were transported to RSKERL, where they were
transferred to a 4 C walk-in constant-temperature box. The sam-
ples remained in this environment until they were ready to be
extracted and/or analyzed.
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SECTION 3,
PLANT STUDIES
ORGANICS AND PLASTICS INDUSTRY
Plant 1
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 1's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 4. Wastewater generated by the manufacturing of
organic chemicals and plastics is treated by a series of proc-
esses that generally consist of (1) neutralization, (2) denitri-
fication, (3) aeration, and (4) nitrification. Sludge produced
by the wastewater treatment process is digested aerobically,
filtered in a dual-cell gravity unit, and landfilled. An approx-
imate material balance for the treatment system is shown in
Table 1.
Raw wastewater from the manufacturing process is first
neutralized in a limestone reactor. Here the pH of the raw
wastewater is increased from about 1.5 to about 4.8. From the
neutralization pit, the wastewater flows to a 1-million-gallon
denitrification pond. Here the wastewater is mixed with a por-
tion of the return sludge. A single 75-horsepower (hp) aerator
is used to mix the contents of the denitrification pond. Some
aeration does occur; however, the amount of oxygen transferred
is low enough that the pond remains essentially anaerobic.
From the denitrification section, the wastewater flows to a
1.1-million-gallon aeration basin, where another portion of the
return sludge is added to the wastes, and is aerated using three
mechanical aerators. One aerator is a variable speed, 150-hp
aerator and is fixed mounted. The other two aerators are float-
ing, high-speed, 50-hp aerators. From the aeration section, the
wastewater flows to a 1.1-million-gallon nitrification pond,
where the final portion of return sludge is added to the waste-
water, and is aerated with three mechanical aerators. One
aerator is a fixed speed, 150-hp aerator and is fixed mounted.
The other two aerators are floating, high-speed, 50-hp aerators.
The wastewater is then clarified, and the effluent is dis-
charged into a local river. The total retention time of the
treatment system is 1.48 days at 1,500 gallons per minute (gpm),
and it has a total volume of 3.2 million gallons.
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SAMPLE POINTS
0- INFLUENT
©-EFFLUENT
©-SLUDGE
(?)- AIR STRIPPER
LANDFILL
WASTEWATER
U
LIMESTONE
REACTOR
B
DENITRIFICATION
AERATION
NITRIFICATION
H
CLARIFICATION
l<
TO
RIVER
E
Figure 4 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM-PLANT
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TABLE 1. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANT MATERIAL BALANCE—PLANT 1
Stream Flow TOG 1C NH -N NO^-N TSS 09
# #/hr. #/hr. #/hr. #/Kr. #/nr. #/hr. pH #/hr.
Total Influent A 952,000 490 9 84 350 180 1.5
Limestone Reactor B 952,700 490 85 84 350 180 4.8
Clarifler Recycle C 605,000 24 163 9 36 9,070 8.0
Denitrification D 1,545,700 190 480 93 42 9,250 8.2
Clairfier Recycle E 305,000 12 82 5 18 4,570 8.0
Aeration F 1,850,700 74 594 65 77 7,570 8.1 230
Clarifler Recycle G 460,000 18 124 7 28 6,900 8.0
Nitrification H 2,310,700 92 62 35 139 20,914 8.0 150
Effluent I 937,700 37 250 14 56 60 8.0
Wasted Sludge J 15,000 - - - 211 8.0
Aerobic Digestor K 15,000 - - - - 211 7.5
Land-Fill L 3,000 - 210 7.5
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Sample Collection--
Based on previous screening conducted at Plant 1 under the
direction of EPA's Effluent Guidelines Division, a list of pri-
ority pollutants was compiled for investigation in this study
(Table 4). This list represents the priority pollutants which
have been identified in Plant 1's influent to the treatment sys-
tem. From this list, it was determined that six 1-gallon samples
of composite were required for specific organic compound analysis
The sampling point locations are shown in Figure 4. The
influent sample was taken immediately following the limestone
reaction pit. The effluent sample was taken out of the clarifier
overflow channel. The return sludge sample was taken off the
discharge side of the recycle pump. The air-stripper sampler
was placed just off the walkway in the denitrification pond.
Samples of the influent, effluent, and return sludge were
composited. Every 3 hours, beginning at 9 pm on July 10, 1978,
six 130-milliliter (ml) aliquots were taken at each sample point
for specific organic analysis. In addition, three 40-ml aliquots
were taken for cyanide, phenolics, and metals. Each metals,
cyanide, and phenolics sample was "preserved" at 10:30 am on
July 11, by adding 5 ml of nitric acid to the metals samples,
1 ml of sodium hydroxide to the cyanide, and 2 ml of phosphoric
acid to the phenolics samples. At all times each of the samples
taken was kept on ice. At 5 pm on July 13, 1978, VGA grab sam-
ples were taken from the influent and effluent. A detailed sam-
pling schedule is presented in Table 2.
The air-stripper sampler was placed into operation at 9:30
pm on July 10, 1978, and operations were concluded at 6 pm on
July 13, 1978, for a total operating time of 68 1/2 hours. Air
charged to the stripper averaged 60 cubic feet per hour (cfh),
and the quantity of air to the XAD-2 scrubber was 30 cfh.
Stripped air was collected on the Tenax columns for 10 minutes
each day. At this plant two Tenax columns were used. On the
first day one column was used; for the second and third days an-
other column was used.
Table 3 contains flow data for this plant's treatment sys-
tem on the days sampled.
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 4. All extractions and analyses
of samples were conducted at RSKERL.
10
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TABLE 2. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 1)
Date
7/10/78
Time
Samples taken
Remarks
7/11/78
11
it
7/12/78
M
M
II
II
II
II
7/13/78
9:00 pm
12:00 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
Composites*
10:30
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
3:00
6:00
9:00
12:00
3
6
:00
:00
9:00
12:00
am
Noon
pm
pm
pm
Midnight
am
am
am
Noon
pm
pm
pm
Midnight
Composites
11
Added 5 ml HNOs, 2 ml
NaOH, 2 ml H3P04 to
metals, cyanide, and
phenolics composites
Tenax col. 5, 10 min.
Tenax col. 6, 10 min.
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12:00 Noon
3:00 pm
5:00 pm
6:00 pm
VOA
Composites
Tenax col. 6, 10 min.
^Composites consist of six
40-ml aliquots for metals,
130-ml aliquots for organics,three
cyanide, and phenols.
TABLE 3. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 1)
Date
Time
Flow
7/10/78
7/11/78
7/12/78
7/13/78 »
7/13/78
7/13/78
Daily average
8 am
12 Noon
4 pm
1,623
1,404
1,698
1,590
2,340
2,280
11
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TABLE 4. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 1)
Priority Pollutant
Sparged Air, XAD-2
(ue)
Sparged Air, Tenax
(ug)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthane
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1,2-Benzanthracene
Chrysene
3,4-Benzopyrene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chloro-m-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Pent achlor opheno1
4-Nitrophenol
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
5,910
4,410
4.
7.
890
590
<7
<6
10
57
<3
<3
<38
1,060
360
2,400
304
13,300
530
1,880
366
507
225
1
.7
8
.7
<.05
380
.6
.4
<.025
<.05
<.25
17
1.1
.06
.08
2
.7
14
<.25
48
<.05
<.08
<.025
<.05
<.25
2
<-025
.4
.07
.03
12
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TABLE 4. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Ant imony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGE ABLE S
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
Benzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
Ethylbenzene
Trans-dichloroethylene
Influent
(ug/D
.62
21
12
<10
3
<3
160
650
81
770
<10
<10
10
<1.0
<10
405
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
Return Sludge
(ug/D
.16
<50
200
<10
48
11
4,000
18,000
3,900
15,000
13
<10
530
<5.0
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Effluent
(ug/D
<.08
<20
<10
<10
1
<3
17
50
65
89
<10
<10
<10
<.05
<10
<40
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
DINITROTOLUENE
Nitrobenzene
HALOETHER
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Phenanthr ene/Anthracene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
N.P.
<49
<50
<64
<22
N.P.
<43
<50
<64
<22
N.P.
<47
<50
<64
<22
(Continued)
13
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Priority Pollutant
Influent
0*8/1)
Return Sludge Effluent
PHENOLICS
Phenol
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitrophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
PHTHALATE ESTERS
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
25
40
1,780
N.D.
53
<49
20
N.D.
N.D.
44
115
<43
2
5
566
N.D.
41.2
<47
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
14
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Plant 2
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 2's biological wastewater treatment
system is shown in Figure 5. The biological system has been in
operation since August, 1971, and has incorporated powdered
carbon in the mixed liquor since May, 1977. Stormwater meeting
permit limits is combined with final effluent, both of which
ultimately enter an estuary.
Specifically, Plant 2 process wastewater receives primary
clarification in a separator, is neutralized, and is then
fed to an equalization basin having a volume of 2.1 million gal-
lons (mg) and a retention time of approximately 2 days. Waste-
water in the equalization basin is lifted to two identical
activated sludge bays employing surface-type extended aeration
and incorporating PAG added on a batch basis to maintain an
estimated 1,800 pounds of PAC in both basins. The operational
result is 3,500 milligrams per liter (mg/1) of mixed-liquor
volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), of which approximately 5-6
percent is PAC.
The total volume of the aeration basins is 1.1 million gal-
lons, and the retention time is 31 hours. Mixed liquor flows by
gravity to one final clarifier having a diameter of 50 feet and
a retention time of 3.4 hours.
Sample Collection--
The study period at Plant 2 was from July 31-August 3, 1978.
Based on screening conducted under the direction of EPA's Efflu-
ent Guidelines Division, a list of priority pollutants and two
common wastewater parameters (total cyanide and total phenols)
was compiled for investigation in this study (Table 7). Three-
liter samples were composited in 1-gallon glass bottles for
analyses of specific organic compounds (no preservative added).
Samples of approximately 1-liter volume were composited for the
total metals (acid preservation), total cyanide (alkaline preser-
vation) , and total phenols (acid preservation).
Referring to Figure 5, the bioinfluent (point 1) was collec-
ted from a tap on the discharge side of the lift pump transfer-
ring equalization pond wastewater to the aeration basins.
Return sludge (point 2) was sampled from a tap on the discharge
side of the return sludge pump. Final effluent (point 3) was
sampled at the weir used in monitoring for permit parameters
(prior to introduction of Stormwater). An air-stripper sampler
equipped with both XAD and Tenax traps was floated in a corner
of the south aeration bay adjacent to the point where bioinfluent
and return sludge are introduced. Volatile organics were sampled
in the bioinfluent and final effluent using the standard 28-ml
VGA (volatile organics analysis) septum vials.
15
-------
PLANT
API
SEPARATOR
CHEMICAL
SUMPS
CAUSTIC
RETENTION
PLANT
DITCHES
EMERGENCY
RETENTION
NEUTRALIZATION
STORMWATER
BASIN
SLUDGE
DIGESTER
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
TO LAND.
FILL
INFLUENT PLANT FE
I SLUDGE SAMPLE
I EFFLUENT
I AIR STRIPPER
Figure 5 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT" 2
16
-------
Samples of bioinfluent, return sludge, and final effluent
were composited every 3 hours, beginning at 6 pm on July 31, 1978,
and ending at 3 pm on August 3, 1978. Preservatives were added
at the initiation of sampling. Preservatives used were concen-
trated phosphoric acid to achieve a final pH£ 4 (total phenols),
50-percent sodium hydroxide solution to pH->12 (total cyanide),
and glass-redistilled nitric acid to pH£ 2 (total metals). The
compositing procedure for each of these parameters was 40 ml of
grab sample every 3 hours to obtain 1 liter of composite. For
organics, no preservative was used, and final sample of 3 liters
was obtained by compositing 125 ml every 3 hours. All sample
containers were iced throughout the period of compositing. A
detailed sampling schedule is presented in Table 5.
TABLE 5. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 2)
Date
7/31/78
Time Sample taken
3:30 pm
6 pm Composite
9 pm
12 Midnight
Remarks
Air stripper on
8/1/78
8/2/78
8/3/78
3 am
6 am
9 am
12 Noon
2 pm Tenax
3 pm Composite
6 pm
9 pm
12 Midnight
3 am
6 am
9 am
12 Noon
2 pm Tenax
3 pm Composite
6 pm "
9 pm
12 Midnight
2 am
3 am Composite
6 am
9 am
12 Noon Composite;
3 pm Composite
Forward flow stopped
Forward flow resumed
Air stripper off
VOA
17
-------
The air-stripper sampler was placed in operation at 3:30 pm,
July 31, and continued uninterrupted until 2 am on August 3, for
a total operating time of 58 hours. Air charged to the stripper
averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air to the XAD-2 scrubber
was 30 cfh. Duplicate Tenax traps each received a slipstream
from the stripper sampler for 15 minutes on two of the three
sampling days, at 2 pm on August 1 and at 2 pm on August 2. One
of the Tenax traps was left with Plant 2. The VGA samples were
collected at 12 noon on August 3.
Two operational anomalies were noted which could result in
atypical results for Plant 2. At 9 am on August 1, the forward
feed pumps to the aeration basins were shut down, resulting in
noticeable reduction in final effluent flow. The pumps resumed
in 2 hours, and final flow was "normal" by 12 noon. During the
morning of August 2, wastewater containing a high concentration
of aniline was diverted to the emergency retention basin and
bled slowly to the equalization basin. The normal 24-hour com-
posite value for aniline in the discharge from the equalization
basin is 0-5 mg/1 as C^-HcNI^. The value for the last 24-hour
period of the study (August 3) was 86 mg/1, as determined by the
Plant 2 laboratory.
The daily average flows for this period are found in
Table 6. Sludge wastage is not normal at this facility and did
not occur during the study; therefore, the forward flow to the
aeration basins equals the effluent flow.
TABLE 6.
DAILY FLOW DATA
(PLANT 2)
Date
7/31/78
8/01/78
8/02/78
8/03/78
Return Sludge
(mgd)
0.3283
0.3283
0.3283
0.3010
Effluent
(mgd)
1.3450
0.9915
0.6828
1.1199
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants, total cyanide, and total phenolics for
which samples were collected and analyzed are presented in
Table 7. All extractions and analyses of samples were conducted
at RSKERL.
18
-------
TABLE 7. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 2)
Sparged Air, XAD-2 Sparged Air, Tenax
Priority Pollutant ' (yg) (yg)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene 40
2-Chloronaphthane <10
Acenaphthalene <10
Acenaphthene <10
Fluorene <13
Phenanthrene/Anthracene <10
Fluoranthene 14
Pyrene <10
1,2-Benzanthracene <10
Chrysene <10
3,4-Benzopyrene <35
l,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene N.D.
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol <25
2-Nitrophenol <25
Phenol 11
2,4-Dimethylphenol < 25
2,4-Dichlorophenol <50
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <10
4-Chloro-m-cresol 60
2,4-Dinitrophenol <100
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 80
Pentachlorophenol <25
4-Nitrophenol <25
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride Undefinable results
1,1-Dichloroethane because of high
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene background inter-
Chloroform ference.
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
19
-------
TABLE 7.
(Continued)
II-T-I '- -• __m— -i ._ _ IT— -1— -a- — • — I- • II
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
NITROTOLUENES /NITROBENZENE
Nitrobenzene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
2 , 6-Dinitrotoluene
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene /Anthracene
Benzo-a-pyrene
Acenaphthene
Influent
<.08
372
fin
\j\j
i n
Xly
j» 1
-1-
^q
^3
32
260
36
530
<10
<10
27
<5
N.P.
N.S.
N.S.
<10
63
<10
<70
<10
Return Sludge
Gig/1)
.43
1,300
90
*s v/
10
^, \-f
80
U \J
1,700
31,000
4,200
39,000
<10
<10
1,500
18
N.P.
N.S.
N.S.
<10
<25
320
<70
<10
Effluent
dig/1)
.23
263
f S\
60
O /^
20
,. -i
-------
TABLE 7. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
ACRYLONITRILE
Influent
Return Sludge
(/ig/D
Effluent
PHENOLICS
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2 , 4-Dinitrophenol
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
2-Chlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
5
24
20
39
35
24
14
53
N.D.
8
16
11
6
36
62
N.D,
2
4
22
24
27
-No sample-
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectables Or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
21
-------
Plant 3
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 3's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 6. Wastewaters generated by the manufacturing of
organic chemicals are treated by a process consisting of (1) grit
removal, (2) primary API, (3) compositing and neutralization,
(4) secondary API, (5) aeration lagoon, (6) flocculation, and
(7) clarification.
The typical inlet feed from the chemical sewer to the grit
chamber is 1,100 gallons per minute. Wastewater flows from the
grit chamber through a primary API separator into a compositing
pond. The pond has a volume of about 2.5 million gallons and con-
tains two 2-horsepower mechanical agitators. Detention time is
about 1 day. The wastewater then flows through a secondary API
separator before being pumped into a large aerated lagoon. Addi-
tional lagoon loading is from waste acid transferred to the com-
positing pond, and belt press wash water, landfill pumpout, and
occasionally surface pond water transferred to the aerated lagoon.
The aerated lagoon has a volume of 26 millio^gallons, a
depth of 22 feet, and surface area of 160,000 feet . The lagoon
is equipped with 32 mechanical aerators, each with a horsepower
of either 50 or 75. The average detention time in the lagoon is
10 days. Effluent from the aerated lagoon at the typical rate of
1,700 gallons per minute is pumped to a flocculator, then to a
final clarifier before final discharge. The final clarifier also
receives wastewaters from a surface sewer which have been treated
by a trickling filter.
In addition to the described wastewater treatment system,
this facility employs an activated sludge treatment system for
treating wastewaters generated by specific process units.
Sample Collection--
The survey of this facility was conducted during the period
August 28-31, 1978. Composite samples were collected within a
72-hour period at three locations in the biological treatment
system (Figure 6):
(1) Influent to aerated lagoon (water phase)
(2) Effluent from aerated lagoon (water phase)
(3) Air-stripper samples (air phase)
The air-stripper sampler was located in the aerated lagoon
near the influent point. The stripper sampler was placed in opera-
tion at 11 am, August 28, and operation was concluded at 7 am,
August 31, for a total operating time of 68 hours. Air charged to
the stripper averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air to the XAD-2
scrubber was 30 cfh. Two samples were collected using the stripper
sampler. Stripped air was collected on the Tenax column for 10
minutes on each of the three days the sampler was operated.
22
-------
SAMPLE POINTS
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
AIR STRIPPER
SEDIMENT
AERATED LAGOON
CHEMICAL
SEWER
LANDFILL
SANITARY AND
SURFACE
WATER
BELT
PRESS
FILTER
Figure 6 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 3
23
-------
Twenty-four aliquots were collected manually from the
water-phase sampling points beginning at 12 noon, August 28.
Aliquots were collected at intervals of approximately 3 hours.
The final aliquot was collected at 9 am, August 31. A detailed
sampling schedule is presented in Table 8.
TABLE 8. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 3)
Date
8/28/78
Time
12:00 Noon
Sample taken Remarks
1st CompositeStarted stripper at 11 am.
aliquot Added preservative as
needed
Composite aliquot
, 10" Tenax
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 :00 Midnight
8/29/78 3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12:00 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12:00 Midnight
8/30/78 3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12:00 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 .- 00 Midnight
8/31/78 3:00 am
6:00 am
8:00 am 24th1
M
, 10" Tenax
, 10" Tenax
, VGA grab, bottom sample
Stripper sampler shut off
at 7:30 am.
Samples were collected for those pr.'ority pollutants which
were found in the previous priority pollutants screening survey
or which might be expected to be found if all plant processes
were in operation (Table 10). Samples were preserved by pre-
scribed EPA methods. All samples were kept on ice throughout the
sample period. Duplicate metals, cyanide, and phenolics samples
were provided to plant personnel.
24
-------
At the end of the sample period, grab samples for VGA
analyses were collected from the water-phase sampling points.
At this time, a grab sample for the residual phase was collected
from the bottom of the aerated lagoon.
Daily flow data for the sampling period are presented in
Table 9.
TABLE 9. DAILY FLOW DATA* (PLANT 3)
Date
8/28/78
8/29/78
8/30/78
Influent
(gpm)
1,100
1,100
1,100
Effluent
(gpm)
1,700
1,700
1,700
•*These are typical flow rates under normal operating conditions
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 10. All extractions and analyses
of samples were conducted at RSKERL.
25
-------
TABLE 10. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 3)
Priority Pollutants
Sparged Air, XAD-2
Sparged Air, Tenax
(Ug)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthane
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1,2-Benzanthracene
Chrysene
3,4-Benzopyrene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chloro-m-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Mchloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene ,
70
16
15
50
40
<35
N.D.
<25
<25
18
<25
<50
12
<25
<100
<25
<25
<25
Undefinable results
because of extraneous
matrix.
26
-------
TABLE 10.
(Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
t
ACROLEIN
ACRYLONITRILE
PURGE ABLE S
Benzene
Chloroform
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
Dichlorodibromomethane
Chlorodibromomethane
Toluene
PHENOLICS
Phenol
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
2,4-Nitrophenol
Influent
(^g/D
4.76*
4,730
17
11
2
<3
1,100
<10
1,400
1,600
2,000
< 10
< 10
380
<0.1
<10,000
<10,000
<40
<10
<10
26
N.D.
<10
<10
680
<10
<10
<50
Bottom Sediment
Dry Weight
(jig/kg)
N.P.
N.P.
10,000
<930
670
1,300
360,000
<970
250,000
1,400,000
420,000
<880
<880
30,000
3
N.P.
N.P.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.P.
N.P.
N.P.
N.P.
Effluent
6.70*
<40
34
20
2
<3
960
< 10
1,400
3,300
1,900
<10
< 10
250
<0.5
<10,000
<10,000
<40
<10
<10
<10
N.D.
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<50
(Continued)
27
-------
TABLE 10.
(Continued)
Priority Pollutant
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
3 , 4-Benzof luoranthene
Benzo (k) f luoranthane
Chrvsene
Influent
teg/D
<60
<30
N.D.
N.D.
<20
Bottom Sediment
Dry Weight
(/ig/kg)
N.P.
ii
11
ii
"
Effluent
(pg/D
<60
<30
N.D.
N.D.
<20
Acenaphthylene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Dibenzo( a, h) anthracene,
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
Pyrene
Acenaphthene
Naphthalene
N.D.
<30
N.D.
126
980
N.D.
<30
N.D.
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
28
-------
PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY
Plant 4
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 4's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 7. Wastewater generated by the manufacturing of
Pharmaceuticals is treated by a process that generally consists
of (1) primary clarification, (2) equalization, (3) activated
sludge, and (4) chlorine contact. Sludge produced by the waste-
water treatment process is thickened, aerobically digested, and
finally landfilled. In addition to the manufacturing wastewater,
the treatment system also handles sanitary waste from the plant.
As part of the treatment, approximately 80-100 pounds of granular
activated carbon are added to the aeration basin or equalization
tanks every three to four weeks.
Treatment of the manufacturing wastewater begins when about
90,000 gallons per day of the water flows into the primary clar-
ifier, which has a volume of 20,000 gallons (37.5 feet long by
9.0 feet wide by 7.9 feet deep). From the primary clarifier, the
wastewater flows to two parallel equalization basins, each with
a volume of 90,000 gallons. Then the water is combined with
about 20,000 gallons per day of sanitary wastewater and flows to
a 100,000-gallon aeration basin (64 feet long by 22 feet wide by
9.5 feet deep). Two-hundred twenty-five cubic feet per minute
of air is supplied to the aeration basin through 18 helix air
diffusers. From the aeration basin, wastewater then flows to two
parallel final clarifiers, each one being 26.5 feet long by 6.0
feet wide by 8.4 feet deep. The final effluent is treated in a
7,500-gallon chlorine contact tank (13.0 feet long by 13.0 feet
wide by 5.9 feet deep) prior to final discharge. The total
residence time of the treatment system is 2 to 2 1/2 days. Both
sludges from the primary clarifier and waste secondary sludge are
treated in an aerobic digester and then thickened. Supernatant
from the thickener is returned to the primary clarifier. The
sludge is then finally disposed of in a contract or municipal
landfill.
Sample Collection--
Based on the previous Effluent Guidelines Division screening
survey study, the list of compounds in Table 13 was compiled.
This list represents the priority pollutants that have been
identified in Plant 4's influent to the treatment system. From
this list, it was determined that four 1-gallon samples of com-
posite were required for specific organic compound analysis.
The sampling point locations are shown in Figure 7. The in-
fluent sample was taken immediately preceding the primary clari-
fier. The effluent sample was taken just prior to chlorine con-
tact. The return sludge sample was taken at the point where it
29
-------
SAMPLE POINTS
- INFLUENT
- SLUDGE
- EFFLUENT
)- AIR STRIPPER
to
O
90,000 gpd
INDUSTRIAL^
WASTEWATER
1 1
i
T>
a.
o>
0
O
^
XJX 1 1 ffi)
w -1 r . j
V.
, 1 1 '
n I
PRIMARY EQUALIZATION a AERATION
CLARIFIER BASINS Q BASIN
SLUDGE TO
CONTRACT
DISPOSAL
AEROBIC THICKENER
DIGESTER
1 1
— p l~ (3) IO3,60Ogpd
V CHLORINE
FINAL CONTACT
CLARIFIERS TANK
q 28,8OOgpd 0
INSANITARY
WASTEWATER
Figure 7-WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 4
-------
returns to the aeration basin. The air-stripper sampler was
placed in the aeration basin near the side closest to the con-
trol house.
Samples of the influent, effluent, and return sludge were
composited every 4 hours beginning at 4 pm, November 6, 1978.
Four 170-ml aliquots were taken for cyanide, phenolics, and
metals. Each cyanide, metals, and phenolics sample was "pre-
served" at about 4 pm on November 6, 1978. These samples were
preserved by adding 5 ml of nitric acid to the metals samples
and 2 ml of phosphoric acid to the phenolics samples. At all
times each of the samples taken was kept on ice. At 8 am on
November 9, 1978, VOA grab samples were taken for the influent
and effluent. A detailed sampling schedule is presented in
Table 11.
The air-stripper sampler was placed into operation at 10 pm
on November 6, 1978, and operations were concluded at 10:30 am
on November 9, 1978, for a total operating time of 58 1/2 hours.
Air charged to the stripper averaged 60 cubic feet per hour, and
the quantity of air to the XAD-2 scrubber was 30 cubic feet per
hour. Stripped air was collected on the Tenax columns for 3 1/2
hours on November 8. Tenax sampling began at 8:40 am on
November 8, 1978, and ended at 12:10 pm that day. Tenax column
No. 14 was used for this sampling.
Daily flow data for the sampling period are presented in
Table 12.
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 13. All extractions and
analyses of samples were conducted at RSKERL.
31
-------
TABLE 11. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 4)
Date Time
11/06/78 4:00 pm
Sample taken
Composites*
Remarks
Added 5 ml HNO~ ,
8:00 pm
12 Midnight
11/07 4:00 am
8:00 am
12 Noon
4:00 pm
8:00 pm
12 Midnight
11/08 4:00 am
8:00 am
12 Noon
4:00 pm
8:00 pm
12 Midnight
11/09 4:00 am
8:00 am
12 Midnight
M
ii
M
ii
M
ii
n
ii
n
n
ii
n
M
ii
n
2 ml NaOH, 2 ml H3P0
metals, cyanide, and
phenolics composites
to
& VOA
^Composites consist of four 170-ml aliquots for organics and
three 50-ml aliquots for cyanides, phenolics, and metals.
TABLE 12. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 4)
Date
11/6/78
11/7
11/8
11/9
Influent*
(spd)
66,910
72,450
71,830
72,490
Effluent
(*pd)
90,640
93,850
92,070
92,230
*Does not include sanitary wastes
32
-------
TABLE 13. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 4)
Sparged Air, XAD-2 Sparged Air, Tenax
Priority Pollutant pgrams ugrams
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene 90
2-Chloronaphthane <10
Acenaphthalene <10
Acenaphthene <10
Fluorene <13
Phenanthrene/Anthracene <10
Fluoranthene <10
Pyrene <10
1,2-Benzanthracene <10
Chrysene <10
3,4-Benzopyrene <35
l,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene N.D.
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol <25
2-Nitrophenol <25
Phenol <10
2,4-Dimethylphenol <25
2,4-Dichlorophenol 80
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <10
4-Chloro-m-cresol 110
2,4-Dinitrophenol 100
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol <25
Pentachlorophenol <25
4-Nitrophenol <25
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride No results - sample
1,1-Dichloroethane lost. Analytical
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene equipment malfunction.
Chloroform
1,2-Mchloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene . .
33
-------
TABLE 13. (Continued)
Influent Return Sludge
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Ant imony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGE ABLE S
1 , 2-Dichloroethane
Toluene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
PHENOLICS
Phenol
Pentachlorophenol
PHALATES
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
(ng/1)
<.05 *
350
<10
<10
2
3
120
<10
12
<10
620
<10
<10
12
<0.8
<10
<10
<10
<10
<40
<10
10
<10
17
18
<10
<10
(Mg/D
<.05*
74
<10
33
59
<3
8,300
<10
740
110
7,700
160
<10
810
62
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
9
38
<21
<10
Effluent
(/g/D
<.05*
18
<10
<10
<1
<3
29
<10
11
12
260
<10
<10
<10
<0.5
<10
<10
<10
48
<40
<10
<10
<10
19
26
<10
<10
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than
detectable
limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure "
34
-------
Plant No. 5
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 5's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 8. Sanitary wastes from the plant flow into a
grinder, then into a clarifier and digester. After treatment in
a chlorination basin, these wastes are added to the process
stream just after the neutralization basin.
Process wastes from the manufacturing first flow into an
equalization basin, from which they enter a neutralization basin
of about 19,400 gallons. Acid and alkali are added as needed to
adjust pH prior to the flow entering the sedimentation basin.
Wastes from the sanitary system enter between the neutralization
basin and the sedimentation basin.
The sedimentation basin effluent is fed to a roughing trick-
ling filter, then into an activated sludge system which consists
of two tanks in series which have a combined volume of 240,000
gallons. Biological sludge for the activated sludge unit comes
from skimmings from the dissolved air flotation unit (DAF), which
is in line just after the activated sludge tank. At present,
none of the skimmings are wasted. From the DAF unit, the waste
is pumped through a lift station into two parallel final trick-
ling filters of 73,500 gallons each. After treatment by the
trickling filters, the waste enters a splitter and from there
flows into two parallel final clarifiers. The effluent from
these clarifiers is combined, then mixed with cooling water and
surface runoff before discharge to the receiving stream. The
sludge from the final clarifiers is dewatered by centrifugation,
and the solids are incinerated.
The flow through the treatment system averages about 1.2 to
1.4 million gallons a day. The treatment effluent is mixed in a
ratio of approximately 1:9 with cooling water before discharge.
Sample Collection--
The survey of Plant 5 was conducted September 11-14, 1978.
Composite samples were collected within a 72-hour period at four
points. At the final clarifiers, the discharge was mixed under-
ground with no provision for sample-taking prior to the efflu-
ent's being mixed with surface and cooling water. For this rea-
son, samples were taken at each final clarifier overflow, then
mixed in equal proportions prior to compositing so as to produce
one sample for the two locations. The samples taken were from:
(1) The sedimentation basin effluent was sampled as bio-
influent due to the inaccessibility of effluent from the roughing
trickling filter.
(2) The final clarifier sludge taken from a valve on the
discharge side of the pump that lifts sludge to the sludge aera-
tion bays.
35
-------
FLOW FROM
EQUAL. BASIN
AND NEUT.
BASIN
OUGHIN
TRICKLIN
ILTER
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
SLUDGE/FINAL
CLAR.
COOLING WATER
TO
I-INFLUENT
I-SLUDGE
'-EFFLUENT
(4)- DAF SKIMMINGS
-------
(3) The final clarifier effluents flowing into the weir
trough at each final clarifier.
(4) The DAF skimmings which were taken at a valve located
on the lift pump to the head end of the aeration tank.
Due to the inaccessibility, the air stripper was placed in
the sedimentation basin between the skimmer rail and the overflow
weir. The stripper was started at 12 Noon, September 11, and
operation was concluded at 9 am on September 14, for a total op-
erating time of 69 hours. The system was shut down 2 3/4 hours
prior to the prescribed 72-hour time period because of failure of
both the vacuum pump and the water meter that measured flow into
the air stripper. Stripped air was collected on the Tenax col-
umn for 15 minutes three times while the sampler was in operation.
Twenty-four aliquots were collected from the four
sampling points, beginning at 12 Noon, September 11. Aliquots
were collected at intervals of 3 hours. The final aliquot was
collected at 8 am, September 14. A detailed sampling schedule
is presented in Table 14.
TABLE 14. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 5)
Date
Time
Sample taken
Remarks
9/11/78
9/12/78
9/13/78
9/14/78
12 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
8:00 am
Composite aliquots
" - Tenax, 15 min.
Composite & VGA grab samples
Composite aliquots
it
" Tenax, 15 min,
Tenax 15 min.
37
-------
Samples were collected for the priority pollutants which
were found in the priority pollutants survey or which might be
expected to be found in plant wastewater operations. The samples
were preserved by prescribed EPA methods. All samples were kept
on ice throughout the sampling period.
VGA samples were taken of the sedimentation basin effluent
and the final clarifier effluent on September 13 at 9 am. Du-
plicate samples for cyanides and phenol analyses were taken from
the final clarifier effluent for company personnel.
Throughout the sampling period, the underflow in the DAF
unit was approximately 1.185 to 1.275 million gallons per day,
while the skimmings or DAF sludge that was pumped varied between
151,910 to 179,940 gallons per day. The final clarifier sludge
removed to aeration was about .078 million gallons per day, and
the final clarifier effluent was 1.107 to 1.197 million gallons
per day.
Daily flow data for the sampling period are presented in
Table 15.
TABLE 15. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 5)
DAF skimmings Influent Return sludge Effluent
Date returned (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (nigd)
9/11/78
9/12/78
9/13/78
9/14/78
.178 1.2-1.4 .078 1.11-1.20
152 " " "
.114
.118
Analytical Results--
A list of the priority pollutants for which samples were
collected is presented in Table 16. All extractions and analyses
were done at RSKERL. Results of these analyses are presented in
Table 16.
38
-------
TABLE 16. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 5)
Priority Pollutant
Sparged Air, XAD-2
(yg)
Sparged Air, Tenax
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene 940
2-Chloronaphthane 5,000
Acenaphthalene <60
Acenaphthene 60
Fluorene <78
Phenanthrene/Anthracene 150
Fluoranthene <60
Pyrene <60
1,2-Benzanthracene <60
Chrysene <60
3,4-Benzopyrene <210
l,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene N.D.
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol <150
2-Nitrophenol <150
Phenol <60
2,4-Dimethylphenol <150
2,4-Dichlorophenol 1,500
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <10
4-Chloro-m-cresol 1,800
2,4-Dinitrophenol <600
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 600
Pentachlorophenol <150
4-Nitrophenol <150
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene .
Sample lost -
Analytical apparatus
malfunction.
39
-------
TABLE 16. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGE ABLE S
Benzene
Chloroform
Methylene chloride
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
1,1, 1-trichloroethane
1 , 2-dichloroethane
PHENOLICS
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitrophenol
PHTHALATE ESTERS
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
DAF Clarifier Clarifier
Influent Skimmings Effluent Sludge
(jig/1) OiB/D (»K/1) (Mg/D
.25*
945
<1 Q
<1 Q
<01
3
120
10
12
39
41
<10
<10
22
<2.0
127
<10
47
<10
150
<10
<10
N.D.
123
Matrix
removed
.22*
107
16
<10
11
<3
1,900
<10
1,500
42
5,600
17
<10
12
<10
N.A.
"
11
"
11
"
it
381
387
interferences
by procedure
.17* .23*
39 201
<10 21
<10 < 10
<1 16
<3 <3
34 2,800
< 10 < 10
34 2,100
38 32
9 7,800
<10 72
<10 56
<10 30
<2.0 <10.0
-
<40 N.A.
<10 "
<10 "
<10 "
<10 "
< 1 0 "
<10 "
N.D. N.A.
21 N.A.
not sufficiently
cleanup .
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
40
-------
PESTICIDES INDUSTRY
Plant 6
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 6's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 9. Wastewater generated by the manufacturing of
pesticides and organic chemicals is collected centrally after
several streams have been pretreated. The central system con-
sists of (1) neutralization, (2) equalization, (3) activated
sludge, (4) followed by a polishing lagoon. Excess sludge
produced by the wastewater treatment process is disposed of in a
sludge pit with a metal process waste solid. The supernatant
from the sludge pit is chemically oxidized and fed to the feed
of the central organic wastewater system at the pump station.
Approximately 1.7 mgd of process water from the manufactur-
ing process is pumped to a 2.1-million-gallon equalization
basin. The wastewater is mixed with return sludge from the
activated sludge clarifier. This mixture is split and flows to
two parallel 2.4-million-gallon aeration basins. Each basin has
five 50-horsepower mechanical aerators. The mixed liquor flow
from the two aeration basins is combined and flows to a single
250,000-gallon clarifier. This system operates with a return
sludge flow rate of about 750 gallons per minute (gpm) and a
sludge wasting rate of about 3 gpm. Figure 9 indicates the
average flow through the activated sludge unit for a 6-month
period in 1978. Overflow of treated water from the clarifier
flows through the polishing lagoon for final solids removal and
then is mixed with combine non-contact and inorganic process
water streams before discharge into the bay.
Sample Collection--
Based on the previous screening survey studies of the
Effluent Guidelines Division, the list of 24 organic compounds
in Table 19 was compiled. This list represents the priority
pollutants that were anticipated to be in Plant 6's influent to
the treatment system.
The locations of the sampling points are shown in Figure 9.
The influent sample (No. 1) was taken from the channel leading
from the equalization basin just before the return sludge is
mixed with the influent. The effluent sample (No. 2) was taken
from the overflow channel of the clarifier. The return sludge
sample (No. 3) was taken from the sump for the recycle pump.
The air-stripper sampler (No. 4) was placed in the southeast
corner of the south aeration basin due to inaccessibility.
41
-------
PRETREATMENT
CENTRAL TREATMENT
V)
Ul
ac,
ac.
ui
I
HI
j-
M
4
3
O
st
Hi
±"£
JAN 78
FEB 78
MAR78
APR 78
MAY 78
JUN78
CENTRAL ORGANIC WASTEWATER
FLOW DATA
1.77 mm Gol./Doy
1.52
1.72
1.66
1.58
1.81
AVE. 1.68
EQUAUZATIO
(Waste Ave.)
2mm gal.
4-20 Hp
Floating Aer.
AERATION
BASIN
24mmgal.
5-50Hp
Floating
Aero tors
CLARIFIER
.250m gal.
SLUDGE
PIT
(Solids
Removal)
Super.
note
EXCESS
MIXING and
SPLITTING
3 gpm
\
^4.^L
>JS>N>
^r^T
S'
EQUAL.
a
THERMAL
BASIN
SETTLING
BASIN
1 Otf.1 U«
isoiids
Removal)
SAMPLE POINTS:
Figure 9. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 6
I-INFLUENT
2-EFFLUENT
3- RETURN SLU06E
4-AIR STRIPPER
-------
Samples of the influent, effluent, and return sludge were
composited over a period of about 3 days. Every 3 hours begin-
ning at 9 am on the first day, July 25, 1978, four 130-ml ali-
quots were taken at each sample point for specific organics
analysis. Then, beginning at 8 am on the second day, July 26,
composites were taken again every 3 hours. Finally, beginning
at 7 am on the third day, July 27, composites were taken about
every 3 hours. In addition, three 40-ml aliquots were taken for
metals, cyanides, and phenolics at the same time as the organic
samples were taken. These samples were preserved by adding 5 ml
of nitric acid to the metals samples, 2 ml of sodium hydroxide
to the cyanides samples, and 2 ml of phosphoric acid to the
phenolics samples. At all times, each of the samples was kept
on ice. At 2 pm, July 27, VOA samples were taken for the influ-
ent and effluent. A detailed sampling schedule is presented in
Table 18.
The air-stripper sampler was placed into operation at 10 am
on July 25, 1978, and operations were concluded at 7:30 pm, July
27, for a total operating time of 57 hours and 20 minutes. Air
charged to the stripper averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air
to the XAD-2 scrubber was 30 cfh. Stripped air was collected
on the Tenax columns for 10 minutes on each day of sampling. At
this plant two Tenax columns were taken. One column was retained;
the other column was left with the company for its own separate
analysis.
Average flow data for this plant are presented in Table 17.
TABLE 17. AVERAGE FLOW DATA (PLANT 6)
Date
1/78
2/78
3/78
4/78
5/78
6/78
Average
Influent
(mgd)
1.77
1.52
1.72
1.66
1.58
1.81
1.68
Return Sludge
(mgd)
750
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 19. All extractions and analyses
were conducted at RSKERL.
43
-------
TABLE 18. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 6)
Date
Time
Sample taken Remarks
7/25/78
7/26/78
7/27/78
9:00 am
12 Noon
1:00 pm
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
8:00 am
11:00 am
2:00 pm
5:00 pm
8:00 pm
11:00 pm
2:00 am
5:00 am
7:00 am
10:00 am
1:00 pm
2:00 pm
4:00 pm
5:30 pm
7:00 pm
10:00 pm
11:00 pm
12 Midnight
Composites
Composites
Added 5 ml HN03 2 ml NaOH,
2 ml H3P04 to metals,
cyanides, and phenolics.
II
II
VGA
Composites
Effluent grabs
Composites
44
-------
TABLE 19.. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 6)
Sparged Air, XAD-2 Sparged Air, Tenax
Priority Pollutant (p g) (y g)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene .12
2-Chloronaphthane <5
Acenaphthalene 7
Acenaphthene <3
Fluorene <13
Phenanthrene/Anthracene 10
Fluoranthene 5
Pyrene <4
1,2-Benzanthracene <6
Chrysene <4
3,4-Benzopyrene <35
l,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene N.D.
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol 1,380
2-Nitrophenol 250
Phenol 520
2,4-Dimethylphenol 500
2,4-Dichlorophenol 340
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,200
4-Chloro-m-cresol 240
2,4-Dinitrophenol <.l
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 100
Pentachlorophenol 290
4-Nitrophenol <.02
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride „ , ., , ,
1 , ~. i i . i_ No results available
1,1-Dichloroethane , _ .
i o m j. , i 4.1.1 because of instru-
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
.,' ,. ment malfunction.
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenz ene
Ethylbenzene
45
-------
TABLE 19. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGE ABLE S
Benzene
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
Bromoform
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
1,1, 1-tr ichloroethane
1 , 2-dichloroethane
1,1,2, 2-tetrachloroethane
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthalene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
3,4-Benzofluoranthene
Benzo (k) f luoranthene
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene /Phenanthrene
Benzo (g ,h , i) perylene
Fluorene
Dibenzo (a ,h) anthracene
Indeno (1 , 2 , 3-cd) pyrene
Pyrene
(Continued)
Influent
Qig /I)
.26*
190
20
<10
<1
<5
130
<10
88
23
130
<10
<10
<10
<2.0
<40
2,240
10,400
56
37
1,620
N.D.
-------
TABLE 19. (Continued)
Influent Return Sludge Effluent
Priority Pollutant Qig/1) Qig/1) fog/D
PHENOLICS
Phenol 23 12 1.3
PESTICIDES
Lindane <10 105 <10
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
47
-------
Plant 7
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 7's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 10. Wastewaters generated by the manufacturing of
agricultural chemicals, including pesticides, are treated by a
process consisting of (1) lime precipitation, (2) equalization,
(3) acid/base neutralization, (4) activated sludge treatment, and
(5) polishing in an aerated lagoon. Normally the activated sludge
unit is operated without wasting sludge.
The average wastewater flow entering the treatment system is
200 gpm. The flow may be split to enter two parallel equaliza-
tion basins. Normally equalization basin No. 1 receives 134 gpm,
and equalization basin No. 2 receives 66 gpm. The average deten-
tion time for each basin is 3 days. Flows from the two basins
are recombined for acid/base neutralization prior to being fed
into the aeration basin of the activated sludge unit.
The aeration basin has a volume of 956,001) gallons, a depth
of 15 feet, and a surface area of 16,800 feet . The basin is
equipped with five 75-hp mechanical aerators. Each aerator is
rated for an oxygen transfer rate of 240 pounds per hour. The
average detention time in the basin is 3 days.
The final clarifier is 30 feet in diameter and 12 feet deep,
with an average detention time of 5 hours. The treated water
flows from the clarifier to an aerated polishing lagoon contain-
ing five 30-hp mechanical aerators prior to final discharge.
Little additional biological removal as measured by TOG occurs in
this lagoon. The average detention time in the lagoon is 13 days.
In addition to the described wastewater system, this facil-
ity employs two deep-well systems for disposal of wastewaters
from specific process units. The plant currently produces only
two pesticide products; a third pesticide producing unit has been
idle since October, 1977. Wastewater from only one of the oper-
ating pesticide units goes to the biological treatment system;
wastewater from the other unit goes into one of the deep-well
systems.
Sample Collection--
The survey of this facility was conducted during the period
June 27-30, 1978. Composite samples were collected within a
72-hour period at four locations in the biological treatment
system (Figure 9):
(1) Influent to aeration basin (water phase)
(2) Effluent from final clarifier (water phase)
(3) Return sludge (residual phase)
(4) Air-stripper sampler (air phase)
48
-------
HERBICIDE
CONC. WASTES
LIME
PRECIPITATION
TO LANDFILL
FLUME
CLARIFIER
AERATION
BASIN
HERBICIDE, ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC WASTES
ACID
COLLECTION
TANK
BASE
NEUT.
TANK
1 f
ACID BASE
TO ni«r«;TPR
T0 DIGESTER
^FINAL DISCHARGE
(\) -INFLUENT
©-EFFLUENT
©-SLUDGE
($)- AIR STRIPPER
FLUME
EQUALIZATION
BASIN NO. I _
EQUALIZATION
BASIN NO. 2
J FLUME
LPL
Figure 10 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 7
-------
The air-stripper sampler was located in the aeration basin
near the influent point. The air-stripper sampler was placed in
operation at 8:30 am, June 27, and operations concluded at
3:30 pm, June 29, for a total operating time of 55 hours. Air
charged to the stripper averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air
to the XAD-2 scrubber was 30 cfh. Stripped air was collected on
the Tenax column for 10 minutes on each of the 3 days the sampler
was operating.
Twenty-four equal aliquots were collected manually from the
water and residual phase sampling points beginning at 8:45 am,
June 27. Aliquots were collected at intervals of approximately
3 hours. The final aliquot was collected at 3 am, June 30.
Samples were collected for those priority pollutants which
were found in the previous priority pollutant screening survey,
or which might be expected to be found if all plant processes
were in operation. Samples were preserved by prescribed EPA
methods. All samples were kept on ice throughout the sampling
period. At the end of the sampling period, grab samples for VGA
analyses were collected from the water-phase sample points. A
detailed sampling schedule is presented in Table 20.
TABLE 20. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 7)
Date Time Sample taken Remarks
6/27/78 8:45 am Composite aliquots
12:00 Noon "
3:00 pm " Tenax, 10 min.
6:00 pm " each
12:00 Midnight
6/28/78 3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12:00 Noon
3:00 pm " Tenax, 10 min.
6:00 pm " each
9:00 pm
12:00 Midnight
6/29/78 3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12:00 Noon " Tenax, 10 min.
3:00 pm VGA grab samples each
6:00 pm Composite aliquots
9:00 pm'
12:00 Midnight
6 /30 /78 2:00 am
4:00 am
50
-------
Duplicate sets of all samples, with the exception of the
XAD slurry and Tenax columns, were collected and given to plant
representatives.
Influent and effluent flow data for the sample period are
presented in Table 21.
TABLE 21
. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 7)
Date
June 27 ,
June 28,
June 29,
1978
1978
1978
Influent*
(mgd)
0.25
0.27
0.38
Return Sludge
(mgd)
Not Available
it
it
Effluent**
(mgd)
0.13
0.13
0.14
[ows entering the bio system before equalization.
**Flows exiting aerated lagoon (final plant discharge).
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 22. All extractions and analyses
were conducted at RSKERL.
51
-------
TABLE 22. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 7)
Sparged Air, XAD-2 Sparged Air, Tenax
Priority Pollutant (n.g) (ug)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene <.005
2-Chloronaphthane <.005
Acenaphthalene <.006
Acenaphthene .5
Fluorene <.013
Phenanthrene/Anthracene 6
Fluoranthene 2
Pyrene <.004
1,2-Benzanthracene <.006
Chrysene <.005
3,4-Benzopyrene <.035
l,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene N.D.
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol 74
2-Nitrophenol <.02
Phenol 260
2,4-Dimethylphenol 8
2,4-Dichlorophenol 39
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 16
4-Chloro-m-cresol <.l
2,4-Dinitrophenol 100
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 11
Pentachlorophenol 14
4-Nitrophenol <.02
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride <.02
1,1-Dichloroethane <.01
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene <.25
Chloroform 1
1,2-Dichloroethane .01
1,1,1-Trichloroethane <.05
Carbon tetrachloride <.l
Dichlorobromomethane .3
1,2-Dichloropropane <.01
Benzene .01
Trichloroethylene .002
Chlorodibromomethane <.01
1,1,2-Trichloroethane <.05
Methyl bromide <.25
Bromoform <.01
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane <.025
Tetrachloroethylene <.05
Toluene .006
Chlorobenzene <.01
Ethylbenzene <.QI
52
-------
TABLE 22. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
Influent
Return Sludge
(Mg/D
Effluent
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGEABLES
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethylene
PESTICIDES
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Chlordane
DDT
4,4'-DDT
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-ODD
a-endo su1f an-Alpha
b-endosulfan-Beta
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin
Endrinaldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
.04
13,700
10
.25
79
.04
<100
10
2
10
40
220
51
1,600
1,500
<5
<5
5
<5.0
<40
11
1
230
350
190
2
4,300
<5
<5
110
Sample lost
N.A.
ii
ii
<5
60
31
510
830
<5
<5
5
<5.0
<40
(Continued)
53
-------
TABLE 22. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
Influent Return Sludge Effluent
(jig/D
PESTICIDES (Continued)
a-BHC-Alpha
b-BHC-Beta
r-BHC (lindane)-Gamma
g-BHC-Delta
Toxaphene
PHENOLICS
Phenol
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitrophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
,290
103
17
N.D.
2
36
4
18
N.D.
2
N.D.
3
14
1
24
N.D.
71
N.D.
20
96
4
NITROSAMINES
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-N-propylamine
A nitroso specific thermal
detector not available
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
54
-------
RUBBER INDUSTRY
Plant 8
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 8's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 11. Wastewater generated by the manufacturing
of rubber and associated products is treated by a process con-
sisting of (1) equalization, (2) neutralization, and (3) activated
sludge treatment. Normally, the activated sludge unit is operated
without wasting of sludge.
Treatment of the wastewater begins when process water from
the various plant units enters the equalization basin at the
design flow of 1,200 gpm. Volume of the basin is 8.0 million
gallons with an average detention time of 110 hours at the design
flow rate of 1,200 gpm.
From the equalization basin, wastewater is pumped to a
neutralization basin for pH adjustment and addition of nutrients.
An antifearning agent is also added here if needed. Volume of
the neutralization basin is 138,000 gallons with an average de-
tention time of 2.0 hours at the design flow of 1,200 gpm.
From the neutralization basin, the wastewater is split to
flow into two parallel aeration basins with a combined volume of
700,000 gallons. The design influent flow to each basin is 600
gpm. Each basin contains three 25-horsepower mechanical aerators.
Average detention time in the aeration basins is 6.5 hours at
the design flow rate.
Effluent from the aeration basins flows into a clarifier
which has a diameter of 60 feet and a volume of 300,000 gallons.
Retention time is 4 hours at the design flow of 1,200 gpm. Ef-
fluent from the clarifier merges with chlorinated effluent from
the plant's sanitary waste treatment system for final discharge.
The plant has a 25-million-gallon stormwater basin to retain
excess waters during heavy rainfall. Water from the basin is
bled back through the treatment system.
Sample Collection--
The survey of this facility was conducted during the period
July 10-13, 1978. Composite samples were collected within a
72-hour period at four locations in the biological treatment
system:
1. Influent to aeration basin (water phase)
2. Effluent from final clarifier (water phase)
3. Return sludge (residual phase)
4. Air-stripper (air phase)
55
-------
SLUDGE
STORMWATER
BASIN
EQUAL.
SUMP
1200 GPM
TOWER MAKE-UP
I60OO GPD
SANITARY
WASTE
CHLORINE
_L
pH NUTRIENTS
NEUT.
©
BASIN
FINAL DRAINAGE
SAMPLE POINTS
0 - INFLUENT
@ -EFFLUENT
(D - SLUDGE
f4) -AIR STRIPPER
Figure II - WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 8
-------
The air-stripper sampler was located in one of the aeration
basins as near the influent point as possible. The air-stripper
sampler was placed in operation at 5:30 pm, July 10, 1978, and
operation was concluded at 1:30 pm on July 13, for a total oper-
ating time of 68 hours. Air charged to the stripper averaged
60 cfh, and the quantity of air to the XAD-2 scrubber was 30 cfh.
Stripped air was collected on the Tenax column for 15 minutes on
each of the three days the sampler was operating.
Twenty-four equal aliquots were collected manually from the
water- and residual-phase sampling points beginning at 5:30 pm,
July 10. Aliquots were collected at intervals of approximately
3 hours. The final aliquot was collected at 2:30 pm, July 13.
A detailed sampling schedule is presented in Table 23.
TABLE 23. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 8)
Date
Time
Sample taken
Remarks
7/10/78
7/11/78
7/12/78
7/13/78
5:30 pm
8:30 pm
11:30 pm
2:30 pm
5:30 am
8:30 am
11:30 am
2:30 pm
5:30 pm
8:30 pm
11:30 pm
2:30 am
5:30 am
8:30 am
11:30 am
2:30 pm
5:30 pm
8:30 pm
11:30 pm
2:30 am
5:30 am
8:30 am
11:30 am
2:30 pm
Composite aliquots
Tenax, 15 minutes each
Tenax, 15 minutes each
M
II
II
+ VGA grab samples
Tenax, 15 minutes each
57
-------
Samples were collected for those priority pollutants which
were found in the previous priority pollutant screening survey
or which might be expected to be found if all plant processes
were in operation. All samples were preserved by prescribed EPA
methods and kept on ice throughout the sampling period. At the
end of the sampling period, grab samples for VGA analyses were
collected from the water-phase sample points. Duplicate samples
from the water- and residual-phase sample points were furnished
to company personnel as requested.
Flow measurements are not taken routinely at the points
where samples were collected; however, plant personnel estimated
that throughput during the sampling period averaged approximately
2.4 mgd with a feed rate of 1.9 mgd and return sludge rate of
0.7 mgd.
Analytical Results--
The priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 24. All extractions and analyses
were performed at RSKERL.
58
-------
TABLE 24. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 8)
Priority Pollutant
Sparged Air, XAD-2
& g)
Sparged Air, Tenax
(M g)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthane
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1,2-Benzanthracene
Chrysene
3,4-Benzopyrene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2 ,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chloro-m-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
2,560
<5
66
<3
<13
17
<4
<4
<6
<5
<35
N.D.
54
1,100
7,800
2,100
950
1,800
660
7,000
910
940
1,200
Lost sample -
Analytical equip-
ment malfunction
59
-------
TABLE 24. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Ant imony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGEABLES
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
PHENOLICS
Phenol
2-Nitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
2-Chlorophenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
NITROSAMINES
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than
Influent Return Sludge Effluent
Qig/1) (}Jg/l) (ug/1)
<.08
1,190
<10
<10
1
<3
22
<10
230
89
1,200
<10
-------
Plant 9
Wastewater Treatment System—
A flow diagram of Plant 9's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 12. Wastewater generated by the manufacturing
of rubber and other products is treated by a process that gener-
ally consists of (1) equalization, (2) dissolved air flotation,
(3) cooling, and (4) activated sludge treatment. Normally this
activated sludge unit is operated without any wasting of sludge.
The plant has operated this system for a number of years and has
not found a need for sludge-wasting.
Treatment of the wastewater begins when water from the
rubber plant is split into two 1,000-gpm streams and flows into
two parallel equalization basins. Each basin has a 4-hour deten-
tion time at 1,250 gpm. Wastewater from the equalization basins
is flash-mixed with cat ionic coagulant aid in a 7,500-gallon tank.
The wastewater then flows to a dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit
with anionic coagulant aid added as needed in line to the DAF.
From the DAF unit, a portion of the wastewater (approxi-
mately 1,500 gpm) flows to a cooling tower for temperature con-
rol. After cooling, caustic, acid, and/or ammonia are added to
the wastewater as required. Also, wastewaters from an oil sepa-
rator and oil-skimming basin are combined with the wastewater.
Next, the wastewater flows into the aeration basin of the
activated sludge unit. The aeration basin has a volume of 1.48
x 10~ gallons, a depth of 17 feet, and a surface area of 16,870
feet . The aeration basin is equipped with four 50-horsepower
mechanical aerators. These aerators are rated for an oxygen
transfer rate of 450-500 pounds per hour. The clarifier is about
85 feet in diameter and 18 feet deep. Treated water (effluent)
flows from the clarifier to the bayou.
Sample Collection--
Based on Effluent Guidelines Division's previous screening
survey studies, the list of compounds in Table 27 was compiled.
This list represents the priority pollutants that were expected
to be present in Plant 9's influent to the treatment system.
From this list, it was determined that four 1-gallon samples of
composites were required for specific organic compound analysis.
The locations of the sampling points are shown in Figure 12.
The influent sample was taken just before the wastewater flows
into the aeration basin. The influent sample was taken from the
plant's sample pump. The return sludge sample was taken from the
return sludge pump. The air-stripper sampler was placed in the
aerator basin just in front of the point where influent enters
the basin.
61
-------
SAMPLE POINTS
o
t-
FROM NEUTRALIZE
WASTEWATEfJ
2,000 gpm
O" INFLUENT
CATIQNIC /5\ -AIR CTRIPDPR
COAGULANT ^ AIR STRIPPER
AID @ -PFF! IIFNT
® -SLUDGE
COAGULANT AID (AN ION 1C
i
1 i /
/ '
EQUALIZATION / __
BASINS *J -
i
~>3 i
„ FLASH [\
MIX V J
OAF UNIT
PRODUCT
RECOVERY
OH
5CP£
,500 gpm max.
t'
\ /
COOLING
TOWER
1^^
flATOf T0
< BAYOU
H o 1/5\
coo 2 K^
§5 S AERATION BASIN ^L^
*^ "^ X. S /^ ^*N.
f T f «P D ( CLARIFIER)
ODD V y
c "S — T —
i ,
f ®
— ' ,000 gpm
OIL SKIMMING
BASIN
Figure 12 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 9
62
-------
Samples of the influent, effluent, and return sludge were
composited. Every 3 hours beginning at 3 pm on July 17, 1978,
the first day, four 130-milliliter aliquots were taken at each
sample point for specific organics analysis. Then, beginning at
2 pm on July 18, the second day, composites were taken every 3
hours. In addition, three 40-milliliter aliquots were taken for
cyanide, phenolics, and metals at the same time as the organics
samples were taken. Each cyanide, phenolics, and metals sample
was preserved at 8 pm on July 17. These samples were preserved
by adding 5 ml of nitric acid to the metals sample, 2 ml of
sodium hydroxide to the cyanides sample, and 2 ml of phosphoric
acid to the phenolics sample. At all times, each of the samples
was kept on ice. At 7:30 pm on July 19, VGA samples were taken
for the influent and effluent. . / detailed sampling schedule is
presented in Table 25.
TABLE 25. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 9)
Date
7/17/78
Time
3:00 pm
Sample taken
Composites*
Remarks
7/18/78
7/19/78
6 :00 pm
8:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12 Noon
2:00 pm
5:00 pm
8 :00 pm
11:00 pm
2:00 am
5:00 am
8:00 am
11:00 am
1:00 pm
4:00 pm
Composites
ii
M
Added 5 ml HN03, 2 ml
metals, cyanide, and
phenolics
M
II
II
II
II
:00 pm
:30 pm
7/20/78
10:00 pm
1:00 am
4:00 am
6:00 am
7:30 am
VOA
Composites
Composites
^Composites consist of four 130-ml aliquots for organics,
three 40-ml aliquots for cyanide, phenolics and metals.
63
-------
The air-stripper sampler was placed in operation at 7 pm on
July 18, 1978, and operations were concluded at 7:40 am on July 20,
for a total operating time of 60 hours and 40 minutes. Air
charged to the stripper averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air
to the XAD-2 scrubber was 30 cfh. Stripped air was collected on
the Tenax column for 10 minutes three times while the sampler was
in operation.
Daily flow data for the sample period are presented in
Table 26.
TABLE 26. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 9)
Date
7/18/78
7/19/78
7/19/78
Time
9:00 am
9:00 am
6:30 pm
Influent
(gpm)
2,190
2,220
2,340
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 27. All extractions and analyses
of samples were conducted at RSKERL.
64
-------
TABLE 27. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 9)
Sparged Air, XAD-2 Sparged Air, Tenax
Priority Pollutant (yg) (yg)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene Undefinable gas
2-Chloronaphthane chromatogram obtained
Acenaphthalene because of matrix inter-
Acenaphthene ferences
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1,2-Benzanthracene
Chrysene
3,4-Benz opyrene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol Undefinable gas
2-Nitrophenol chromatogram obtained
Phenol because of matrix inter-
2,4-Dimethylphenol ferences
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chloro-m-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride .01
1,1-Dichloroethane .5
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene .2
Chloroform .2
1,2-Dichloroethane <.l
1,1,1-Trichloroethane <.05
Carbon tetrachloride <•!
Dichlorobromomethane <.05
1,2-Dichloropropane <.01
Benzene <.02
Trichloroethylene -07
Chlorodibromomethane <.01
1,1,2-Trichloroethane <-05
Methyl bromide <.25
Bromoform <.01
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane <.02
Tetrachloroethylene <.05
Toluene <-01
Chlorobenzene <.01
Ethylbenzene <.Q1
65
-------
TABLE 27. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGEABLES
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Methylene chloride
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
1,1, 1-Tr ichloroethane
ACRYLONITRILE
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Naphthalene
Pyrene
PHENOLICS
Phenol
2-Chlorophenol
2,4, 6-Tr ichlorophenol
2 , 4-Dinitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
Influent
Cug/D
<.05
778
<10
<10
1
<3
24
<10
36
<10
120
<10
<10
10
<1.2
<10
<10
<10
35
29
<10
<10,000
235
155
<10
322
7
15
183
252
70
Return Sludge
(ug/1)
<.05
<20
17
<10
2
<3
410
<10
1,300
36
250
<10
10
70
3.5
N.A.
M
ii
ii
n
ii
N.A.
110
<10
12
1,802
207
72
N.D.
N.D.
133
Effluent
(>ig/D
<.05
<20
<10
<10
1
<3
440
<10
30
<10
300
<10
<10
10
<0.5
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10,000
<10
<10
<10
3
3
1
.140
142
224
(Continued)
66
-------
TABLE 27. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
Influent
(ug/D
Return Sludge Effluent
Qig/1) (ug/1)
NIIROSAMINES
N-riitrosodiphenylamine A nitroso specific thermal detector
not available.
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, Or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
67
-------
WOOD-PRESERVATIVES INDUSTRY
Plant No. 10
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 10's wastewater treatment system is
shown in Figure 13. Wastewater generated by the wood-treating
process flows into a cooling-water pond and is recirculated from
the pond through the condenser and back to the pond. As the
level of the pond rises as a result of the addition of waste-
water, a portion of the water is removed and treated. The
treatment system generally consists of (1) chemical flocculation,
(2) nutrient addition, (3) aeration, (4) spray pond evaporation,
and (5) total retention.
Treatment begins when the flocculation tank is filled with
an approximately 5,000-gallon batch of water from the pond. A
Bentonitic clay is then mixed in a drum with water and added to
the tank. This is well mixed into the water, and then a cationic
liquid polymer is added, which serves only to gather the floe
particles together to increase their size and speed settling of
the floe. The tank is allowed to settle for 1 1/2 to 3 hours,
after which the clarified water is pumped from the tank to the
aeration basin. The tank (7 feet high) is decanted to within
only 18 inches of the bottom. The sludge from the first batch
will all be below this point and is not removed at this time;
instead, the tank for the next batch flocculation is refilled as
needed. The sludge will react with the new floe in the same way
as did the clay in the first mix; so no more clay is added, only
the polymers. Again, the tank is allowed to settle. After-
wards it is decanted and remixed until the sludge is near the
decant level, at which time the sludge is pumped to drying beds.
The sludge has excellent drying characteristics, unlike some
others, and when dry is seemingly unaffected by rainfall. When
dry, the sludge from 60 to 80 thousand gallons of water will be
approximately 3 cubic yards and can easily be handled for dis-
posal at a landfill. The next step in the process is aeration
and nutrient addition. Ammonium nitrate and phosphate fertil-
izers are added daily at the rate of approximately 20 pounds of
nitrogen and 1 pound of phosphate for each 100 pounds of COD.
Clarified water is transferred to a 1-million-gallon aerated
lagoon.
Air is supplied by two 10-hp positive displacement blowers
with a rated capacity of 150 cfm each. These blowers supply air
through a pipe system at a depth of 4 feet. After the aeration
basin, the effluent flows to a smaller settling pond where most
of the biological sludge settles and is returned to the aeration
basin. The effluent then flows to a large pond, where it is ex-
tensively sprayed into the air for evaporation and aeration
purposes. Following the spray lagoon, the wastewater finally
68
-------
SAMPLE POINTS
VD
OH
UJ
I
UJ Ul
I- W
w o
g UJ
II
AERATED LAGOON
•o'
a.
COOLING
WATER
POND
©
©
NEW
POND
LOCULATION
TANK
0-INFLUENT
@-AIR STRIPPER
(D-SEDIMENT I
0-SEDIMENT 2
©-EFFLUENT
SLUDGE
DRYING BED
'SLUDGE TO
LANDFILL
Figure 13- WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM-PLANT 10
-------
flows to a 1-million-gallon retention pond. One notable feature
of this plant is the fact that it does not discharge any efflu-
ent. Normally the wastewater is disposed of entirely by evapora-
tion.
Sample Collection--
Based on the previous Effluent Guidelines Division Screen-
ing Survey study, the list of compounds in Table 30-was compiled.
This list represents the priority pollutants that have been
identified in Plant No. 10's influent to the aerated lagoon.
From this list, it was determined that four 1-gallon samples of
composite were required for specific organic compound analysis.
The locations of the sampling points are shown in Figure 12.
The sample of the influent to the treatment system was taken
directly out of the top of the flocculation tank. The "effluent"
sample was taken from the new pond (or retention pond) at a
point farthest from its influent. It should be noted that this
plant does not normally discharge any effluent; however, the
"effluent" sample point represents the water that would be
discharged if an effluent were allowed.
Two sediment samples were taken. One sample was taken from
the aerated lagoon, and the other was taken from the final re-
tention pond. The aerated lagoon sediment sample was taken near
the point where the wastewater flows from this lagoon to the
"quiet" lagoon." The final lagoon sediment sample was taken near
the "effluent" sampling point. The air-stripper sampler was set
up in the aerated lagoon just off the walkway located approxi-
mately 60 feet from the point where the influent enters the
system.
Clarified water from the flocculation tank was added twice
daily (during daylight hours) to the aeration lagoon; thus sam-
pling times were coordinated to the operation of the floccula-
tion tank. All liquid samples were taken during the times
influent was being added to the treatment system. One-sixth of
the total volume of composite required was collected for each
batch of influent. Effluent samples were collected at the same
time as were influent samples. A detailed sampling schedule is
presented in Table 28.
The air-stripper sampler was placed in operation at 2:58 pm
on June 20, 1978, and operation was concluded at 10:50 am on
June 22 (for a total operating time of 12 hours). The air-
stripper sampler was operated during daylight hours to corres-
pond roughly to the liquid sampling. Air charged to the stripper
averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air to the XAD-2 scrubber
was 30 cfh. Stripped air was collected on the Tenax column for
10 minutes each day the stripper was in operation.
70
-------
Daily flow data for the sample period are presented in
Table 29.
TABLE 29. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 10)
Date
6/20/78
6/21/78
6/22/78
Influent
(gal.)
10,000
10,000
10,000
Effluent
(sal.)
0
0
0
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analytical results are presented in Table 30. All extractions
and analyses were conducted at RSKERL.
71
-------
TABLE 28. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 1:0)
Date
Time
Sample taken
Remarks
6/20/78 10:30 am
3:30 pm
5:03 pm
6/21/78 9:30 am
1:38 pm
2:30 pm
6/22/78 9:15 am
9:30 am
10:20 am
2:30 pm
Influent— composites
"Effluent" composites
Influent composites
"Effluent" composites
Tenax (10 min)-'
Influent composites
"Effluent" composites
Tenax (10 min)
Influent composites
"Effluent" composites
Sediment samples
Influent composites
Influent VGA and Blank
"Effluent" composites
"Effluent" VOA and Blank
Tenax (10 min)
Influent composites
"Effluent" composites
Added 2 ml NaOH-/
to cyanides; added
2 ml HoPO^ to phenolics
samples.
]VInfluent and effluent composites consisted of 500 ml each for
three organics samples, 500 ml for metals, 150 ml for cyanides,
and 150 ml for phenolics.
2/Nitric acid was not available for metals preservation.
3/Column No. 4
72
-------
TABLE 30. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 10)
Sparged Air, XAD-2 Sparged Air, Tenax
^Priority Pollutant (yi;g) fog)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene 286
2-Chloronaphthane 45
Acenaphthalene <3
Acenaphthene 54
Fluorene 28
Phenanthrene/Anthracene 55
Fluoranthene <4
Pyrene <4
1,2-Benzanthracene <28
Chrysene <9
3,4-Benzopyrene <15
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene N.D.
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol 390,000
2-Nitrophenol 61,000
Phenol 47,000
2,4-Dimethylphenol 48,000
2,4-Dichlorophenol 74,000
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 42,000
4-Chloro-m-cresol 4,500
2,4-Dinitrophenol 540
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 3,000
Pentachlorophenol 630
4-Nitrophenol 5,100
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride 2
1,1-Dichloroethane .9
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene .1
Chloroform .1
1,2-Dichloroethane .5
1,1,1-Trichloroethane .06
Carbon tetrachloride 3
Dichlorobromomethane 2
1,2-Dichloropropane . .2
Benzene 3
Trichloroethylene <.01
Chlorodibromomethane . 1
1,1,2-Trichloroethane <.05
Methyl bromide <.02
Bromoform -03
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane <.02
Tetrachloroethylene 4
Toluene <.01
Chlorobenzene <.01
Ethylbenzene .
-------
TABLE 30.
(Continued)
— —- ' •*" ™ — —
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDE (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
Influent
GlB/D
<.02*
170,000
60
<10
<1
<5
<10
<10
16
30
160
<5
8
<5
<.5
Bottom Sediment
Dry Weight
(^g/kg)
Aer. Lag. Final Pond
N.P.
"
9,300
<4,500
2,100
<1,900
40,000
<3,700
5,600
19,000
310,000
<2,100
6,300
<2,100
<136
N.P.
ti
7,600
<1,600
<1,300
3,200
4,300
<1,100
3,100
18,000
48,000
<690
<690
27,000
<3.4
Effluent
OiK/D
<.02*
<100
20
<10
<1
<5
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<5
<5
<5
<.5
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGEABLES
Benzene
Chloroform
Methylenechloride
Ethylbenzene
Dichlorobromomethane
Toluene
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
3,4-benzofluoranthene
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Indeiio (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
Pyrene
Acenaphthene
Naphthalene
187
N.P.
N.P.
450
300
<20
<10
N.S.
<10
<10
N.S.
<10
<10
<10
N.S.
<10
13
14,300
If
If
3,700
<310
N.S.
4,500
<100
N.S.
17,600
19,500
N.D.
N.S.
5,300
5,110
<104
"
ii
149
<310
N.S.
2,060
<100
N.S.
210
3,390
N.D.
N.S.
4,140
<250
<104
<40
<20
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
74
-------
TABLE 30. (Continued)
Priority Pollutant
Bottom Sediment
Dry Weight
Influent (jig/kg) Effluent
(ug/1) Aer. Lag. Final Pond (ug/1)
PHENOLICS
Phenol
2 , 4-dimethylphenol
2-chlorophenol
2,4, 6-tr ichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
47,000
N.D.
N.D.
112
1,660
9,030
4,398
396,000
N.D.
302,010
16,000
3,418
1,200
25,000
58,000
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
116
663
*Note: Total Cyanide expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
75
-------
Plant 11
Wastewater Treatment System—
A flow diagram of Plant 11's wastewater treatment system is
presented in Figure 14. Wastewaters generated by a wood-preserv-
ing (creosote) plant are treated by a combined biological/land
irrigation process. The process consists of (1) settling,
(2) storage, (3) aerated treatment, (4) spray irrigation, and
(5) runoff storage. Rainfall runoff water is collected in a
storage pond, recycled through 10 spray nozzles, and then bled
into the settling basin for treatment.
The average wastewater flow entering the treatment system is
50,000 gallons a day. Wastewater flows from the settling basin
to a storage pond prior to entering the aerated lagoon. Deten-
tion time in the storage pond and aerated lagoon is 40 to 60 days
each.
The aerated lagoon contains four 7.5-hp mechanical aerators.
The wastewater is intermittently pumped from the lagoon and
sprayed through 18 spray nozzles in three sections onto an eight-
acre field growing fescue and sericea lespedeza. Runoff from the
field is collected in a runoff storage pond.
Water from the storage pond is recycled to the plant, where
it is treated and used as boiler feedwater, cooling water, etc.
The plant has no wastewater discharge.
Sample Collection--
The survey of this facility was conducted during the period
August 7-10, 1978. Samples were collected at four locations in
the treatment system (Figure 14):
(1) Influent to aerated treatment (water phase)
(2) Runoff storage pond (water phase)
(3) Air-stripper sampler (air phase)
(4) Aerated lagoon bottom sediment, grab (residual phase)
The air-stripper sampler was located in the aerated lagoon.
The air-stripper sampler was placed into operation at 2:50 pm,
August 7, and operation was concluded at 6:50 am on August 10,
1978, for a total operating time of 64 hours. Air charged to the
stripper averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air to the XAD-2
scrubber was 30 cfh. Stripped air was collected on the Tenax
column for 10 minutes on each of the three days the sampler was
operated.
Twenty-four aliquots were collected manually from the
water-phase sampling points, beginning at 3 pm, August 7. Ali-
quots were collected at intervals of approximately 3 hours. The
final aliquot was collected at 10 am, August 10. A detailed
sampling schedule is presented in Table 31.
76
-------
SAMPLE POINTS
-SEDIMENT
BOILER FEEDWATER. COOLING WATER. ETC.
OIL RECYCLE
NUTRIENT
ADDITION
EFFLUENT
BOILER f
SLOWDOWN
CONTAMINATED /
RUNOFF V
8
8
o
o
§
SETTLING
BASIN
/ '
V
L
STORAGE
NO. 2
STORAGE
NO. 3A
y
«C.I»*"% 1 t.1-/
LAGOON
®
g) N0.3B
loo
) SPF
1 o o
0 0
STORAGE
NO. 4
o o o o
SPRAY FIELD
o o o o
o o o o
RAINWATER
RUNOFF
Figure 14 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT II
-------
TABLE 31. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 11)
Date
Time
Sample taken
Remarks
8/7/78
8/8/78
8/9/78
8/10/78
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
12 Noon
3:00 pm
6:00 pm
9:00 pm
12 Midnight
3:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
10:00 am
Composite aliquots Rain showers
IT
II
II
II
II
II
II
It
If
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
No rain
Tenax, 20 min.
Tenax, 20 min,
11 Rain showers
" Tenax, 20 min,
VGA grab samples,
bottom sediment sample
Final composite aliquot
Samples were collected for those priority pollutants which
were found in the previous priority pollutants screening survey.
Samples were preserved by prescribed EPA methods. All samples
were kept on ice throughout the sample period.
At the end of the sample period, grab samples for VGA anal-
yses were collected from the water-phase sample points. At this
time, a grab sample for the residual phase was collected from the
bottom of the aerated lagoon.
78
-------
Daily flow data for the sample period are presented in
Table 32.
Date
8/7/78
8/8/78
8/9/78
Influent*
(mgd)
Not available
for
these
dates
Return Sludge
(mgd)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Effluent
(mgd)
0.05
0.05
0.05
^Average influent flow: 0.05 mgd
Analytical Results--
Priority pollutants for which samples were collected and
analyzed are presented in Table 33. All extractions and analyses
were conducted at RSKERL.
79
-------
TABLE 33. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 11)
Priority Pollutant
Sparged Air, XAD-2
(MS)
Sparged Air, Tenax
(yg)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthane
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1,2-Benzanthracene
Chrysene
3,4-Benzopyrene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chloro-m-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
4,230
7
<3
2
<5
7
15
13
70
24
N.D.
<25
2,410
24
3
<50
<5
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
Undefinable GC results
because of inaccurate
retention time of in-
ternal standard
80
-------
TABLE 33.
(Continued)
Priority Pollutant
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDE (mg/1)*
TOTAL PHENOL
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Beryllium
Copper
Antimony
Chromium
Nickel
Zinc
Silver
Thallium
Lead
Mercury
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGEABLES
Benzene
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Dichlorodibromome thane
Toluene
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
3 , 4-benzof luoranthene
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Dibenzo (a, h) anthracene
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
Pyrene
Acenaphthene
Naphthalene
Influent
Gug/D
<.08*
79,000
530
<10
< 1
< 5
44
<10
260
22
70
<10
<10
<10
<.5
<40
"i /^
<1U
32
156
N.S.
31
<20
<10
N.S.
67
670
N.S.
42
1900
<10
N.S.
570
400
<10
Bottom Sediment
Dry Weight
(ug/kg)
N.P.
N.P.
51,000
940
200
2,500
99,000
<990
56,000
18,000
280,000
<910
910
20,000
<20
N.P.
ii
"
"
1250
5980
N.S.
9280
1400
N.S .
547
43,700
N.D.
N.S.
4250
1840
-• s\ /
<104
Effluent
Ow/1)
<.08*
16
<50
<10
< 1
< 5
16
<10
<10
<10
100
<10
<10
15
<.5
<40
- 1 f\
*-xu
16
<10
N.S.
<10
<20
<10
N.S .
<10
N/^
.s .
<10
<10/10
<10
N.S .
10
<10
81
-------
TABLE 33 (Continued)
Priority Pollutants
Bottom Sediment
Influent Dry Weight Effluent
CuR/1) (ug/kg) Oig/1)
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PHENOL I CS
Phenol
2, 4-dimethylphenol
2-chlorophenol
2,4, 6-trichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol**
10,900
N.D.
200
420
6,820
4,500
N.D.
300
N.D.
4,800
2
26
N.D.
37
105
*Note: Total Cyanide expressed in mg/1.
**Pentachlorophenol is questionable.
***Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, Or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Note Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
82
-------
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
Plant 12
Wastewater Treatment System--
A flow diagram of Plant 12's biological wastewater treatment
system including sample points is shown in Figure 15. The bio-
logical system consists of two completely separated bays receiv-
ing overflow from two dissolved air flotation units. The two
bays are identical in hydraulic characteristics and operation;
but bay A utilizes powdered activated carbon in the mixed liquor,
while bay B does not. At the time of the study, both bays were
operating^at steady state. The type of biological treatment
utilized in each bay is extended aeration with surface aerators.
Waste^sludges, including wasted return sludge, receive thickening
by filtration prior to land disposal.
Specifically, Plant 12 process wastewater (approximately 4.0
mgd) receives primary clarification with two API separators (each
having a volume of 0.084 mg; dimensions, 80 feet long by 20 feet
wide by 7 feet deep). The API effluents are fed to respective
dissolved air flotation (DAF) units (each having a volume of
0.060 mg; dimensions, 55 feet long by 20 feet wide by 7.25 feet
deep). The DAF effluents are combined and lifted to two identical
aeration bays and split equally between the bays. Each bay con-
sists of an aeration basin and final clarifier in concentric
configuration, the clarifier being innermost. Each aeration
basin has a volume of 2.28 mg and dimensions of 184 feet OD, 89
feet ID, and 15 feet deep. Each clarifier has a volume of 0.56
mg and dimensions of 89 feet in diameter by 12 feet deep. The
average daily forward flow for the study period (November 5-8,
1978) was 3.6 mgd. The return sludge pumping rate for each bay
was 0.72 mgd.
Sampling Program--
Based on previous screening of the refining industry by the
EPA's Effluent Guidelines Division, a list of priority pollutant
compounds was compiled for investigation in this study (Table 22).
In addition, two common wastewater parameters were measured:
total cyanides and total phenol. Three-liter samples for analyses
of specific organic compounds were composited in 1-gallon glass
containers (no preservative added). Samples of approximately 1
liter volume were composited for T-metals (nitric acid added);
T-cyanide (sodium hydroxide added); and T-phenols (phosphoric
acid added).
Sample locations can be found in Figure 15. DAF effluent
(sample point 1) was collected atop the aeration bays. Final
clarifier effluents (points 4 and 5) were sampled from separate
taps located beneath the bioreactors. Return sludge samples
(points 2 and 3) were collected on the discharge sides of the
83
-------
RETURN SLUDGE
PAC
API
»
EFF.
DISSOLVED
AIR
FLOTATION
Q) INFLUENT
© RETURN SLUDGE
© RETURN SLUDGE (CONTROL)
© EFFLUENT (PAC)
© EFFLUENT (CONTROL)
© AIR STRIPPER (PAC)
Q) AIR STRIPPER (CONTROL)
WASTE
SLUDGE
PROCESSING
RETURN SLUDGE
Figure 15 - WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM - PLANT 12
84
-------
respective lift pumps. An air-stripper sampler equipped with XAD
resin trap was placed in each aeration basin at a point after
entry of the DAF effluent (points 6 and 7) . Volatile organics
were sampled in the DAF and final clarifier effluents using the
standard 28-ml VOA septum vials. The VGA grab samples were
collected at 2 pm on November 8.
Samples of DAF effluent, return sludges, and final effluents
were composited every 4 hours beginning at 6 pm on November 5,
1978, and ending at 2 pm on November 8, 1978. Preservatives were
added at the initiation of sampling. Preservatives used were
concentrated phosphoric acid to achieve a final pH^4 (total
phenol); sodium hydroxide pellets to achieve a final pH >12
(total cyanides); and redistilled nitric acid to achieve a final
pH ^2 (total metals). The compositing procedure for these sam-
ples was 55 ml every 4 hours. No preservative was used for
organics sampling; a 170-ml grab sample was composited every 4
hours. All sample containers were iced throughout the sampling
period.
The air-stripper samplers were placed in operation at 9 am,
November 6, and performed adequately until 2 pm, November 8,
1978, with the exception of a 4-hour stoppage on November 7
(i.e., 49 hours total operational time). Air charged to the
strippers averaged 60 cfh, and the quantity of air to the XAD-2
scrubber was 30 cfh. A detailed sampling schedule is presented
in Table 34. Flow data are found in Table 35.
Analytical Results--
Pollutants for which samples were collected and analyzed are
presented in Table 36. All extractions and analyses of samples
were conducted at RSKERL.
85
-------
TABLE 34. SAMPLING SCHEDULE (PLANT 12)
Date
Time Sample taken
Remarks
11/5/78 6:00 pm Composite
10:00 pm
11/6/78
11/7/78
11/8/78
2:00 am
6:00 am
9:00 am
10:00 am
2:00 pm
6:00 pm
10:00 pm
2:00 am
6:00 am
10:00 am
2:00 pm
6:00 pm
10:00 pm
2:00 am
6:00 am
10:00 am
2:00 pm
ii
ii
Preservatives added for T-met-
als, T-cyanide, and T-phenols.
Air-stripper on at 9 am.
Air-stripper off at 6:00 am.
Air-stripper on at 10:00 am.
Air-stripper off at 2:00 pm;
VOA grabs collected at 2:00 pm.
TABLE 35. DAILY FLOW DATA (PLANT 2)
Date
Return Sludge
(PAC)
(gpm)
Combined
Return Sludge Final Effluent
(gpm) (mgd)
11/4-5/78*
11/5-6/78
11/6-7/78
11/7-3/78
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
2.9
4.2
3.5
3.4
^Twenty-four hour period, from 6:00 am to 6:00 am.
Note: Sludge wasteage was-VZS gpm, meaning that combined FE
flows approximated bioinfluent (DAF) flow during the
s tudy.
86
-------
TABLE 36. ANALYTICAL DATA (PLANT 12)
Priority Pollutant
Sparged Air, XAD-2
(Mg)
Sparged Air, Tenax
(Vtg)
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Naphthalene
2-Chloronaphthane
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
1,2-Benzanthracene
Chrysene
3,4-Benzopyrene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
PHENOLICS
2-Chlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Phenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
4-Chloro-m-cresol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
Pentachlorophenol
4-Nitrophenol
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene
Chloroform
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichlorobromomethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Chlorodibromomethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Methyl bromide
Bromoform
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
PAC
N.D.
30
Control
N.D.
220
20
20
<35
N.D.
<25
<25
<35
N.D.
<25
<25
<25
<50
<25
<50
200
80 30
<100 <100
<25 <25
<25 <25
<25 <25
No samples taken
due to equipment
malfunction.
87
-------
TABLE 36. (Continued)
Influent
Priority Pollutant (>*g/l)
CLASSICAL
TOTAL CYANIDES (mg/1)* <.05
TOTAL PHENOL 417
TOTAL METALS
Arsenic <10
Selenium <10
Cadmium <1
Beryllium <3
Copper 45
Antimony <10
Chromium 280
Nickel 17
Zinc 390
Silver <10
Thallium <10
Lead 40
Mercury <0 . 6
ORGANICS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY)
PURGEABLES
Methylene chloride <1Q
Chloroform ^-in
PAC Return Return PAC
Sludge Sludge Effluent
(ug/1) (>ig/l) (fig/1)
<.05
386
260
400
31
20
5,800
<10
64,000
1,200
37,000
22
<10
12,000
<10
N.A.
ii
<.05 <.05
67 42
150 <10
280 <10
24 <1
9 < 3
4,900 18
<10 <10
60,000 100
1,100 14
28,000 140
22 <10
<-^Q <1Q
11,000 18
<10 <1.0
N.A. <10
Final
Effluent
Oug/D
<.05
29
<10
<10
<1
<3
16
<10
72
17
130
<10
<10
14
<0.8
<10
Benzene 320
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene <10
Toluene 695
Ethylbenzene 55
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
Pyrene
Benzo-a-pyrene
Chrysene
Fluoranthrene
Phenanthrene/Anthracene <10/<10
Naphthalene 282
Acenaphthene 24
Fluorene
<44
<106
<40
<40
<39
PHENOLS
2,4-dimethylphenol
(Continued)
142
10
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
88
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TABLE 36. (Continued)
PAC Return Return PAC Final
Influent Sludge Sludge Effluent Effluent
Priority Pollutant (ug/1) Qig/1) (yg/1) (jxg/1) (jig/1)
EHTHALATE ESTERS
Dimethyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
*Note: Total Cyanides expressed in mg/1.
**Key: N.D. - Not Detectable, or less than detectable limits
N.A. - Not Applicable
N.S. - No Standard Available
N.P. - No Procedure Available
89
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TABLE 37. ENGLISH-TO-METRIC UNIT CONVERSIONS
Multiply
This
Ibs
short tons
short tons
inches
feet
statute miles
gallons
barrels
Btu
SCF
Btu/lb
Btu/CF
Btu/SCF
109 Btu/day
106 Btu/day
MM Btu/hr
SCFD
MM SCFD
SCF/MM Btu
Ibs/MM Btu
Ibs/CF
psi
gpm
acre-ft/year
horsepower
nautical miles
knot
By
This
0.4536
0.9072
907.2
2.54
0.3048
1.609
3.785
0.1590
0.252
0.02679
0.5556
8.899
9.406
252
252
252
0.02679
0.02679
0.1063
1.8
16.02
0.07031
0.227
0.1408
745.7
1.852
1.852
To Obtain
This
kg
metric tons
kg
cm
m
km
1
m3
kcal
nm
kcal/kg
kcal/m3
3
kcal/nm
Gcal/day
Meal/day
Mcal/hr
nm /day
106 nm3/day
(Mnm3/day)
nm /Gcal
kg/Gcal
kg/m3
2
kg/cm
m /hr
m /hr
W
km
km/hr
kilograms
metric tons (1000 kg)
kilograms
centimetres
metres
kilometres
litres (1000 litres = 1 m3)
cubic metres
kilocalories
normal cubic metres
kilocalories/kilogram
kilocalories/cubic metre
kilocalories/normal cubic metre
gigacalories/day
megacalories/day
megacalories/hour
normal cubic metres/day
million normal cubic metres/day
(mega normal cubic metres/day)
normal cubic metres/gigacalorie
kilograms/gigacalorie
kilograms/cubic metre
kilograms/square centimetre
cubic metres/hour
cubic metres/hour
watts
kilometres
kilometres/hour
90
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SECTION 4
OBSERVATIONS
1. There are five metals that tend to concentrate in the
residuals samples. These metals are: (1) copper, (2) chromium,
(3) zinc, (4) nickel, and (5) lead.
2. For samples showing the presence of phenols by the
4-aminoantipyrine procedure, individual phenolic compounds were
identified by the gas chromatographic procedure. However, min-
imal correlation was found between the sum of the concentrations
of individual phenolics determined by gas chromatograms and the
concentration of total phenols by the 4-aminoantipyrine method.
3. The study required strict adherence to a clearly defined
set of analytical procedures. These procedures did not have
provisions for eliminating matrix interferences. This resulted
in difficulty in quantitating individual compounds identified in
the gas chromatograms.
4. Priority pollutants of the polynuclear aromatics and
phenolics groups are subject to air stripping in biological
treatment systems under the sampling conditions employed in the
study.
5. There is an indication that many of the nonvolatile
organics concentrate in bottom sediment samples.
6. The chromatographic procedures showed the presence of
many unidentified organic compounds in addition to the priority
pollutants specified for each industrial category.
7. The study conditions implemented for 3 days did not
account for process variations and do not represent a mass bal-
ance across a biological treatment system. It appears necessary
to conduct a long-term study, perhaps incorporating additional
techniques, to obtain a mass balance.
8. A surprisingly large number of industrial activated
sludge treatment systems studied did not waste excess sludge.
9. One of the plants studied employed parallel activated
sludge systems, one of which was "enhanced" by the use of powdered
91
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activated carbon. The analytical results showed no significant
differences between the control and bioenhanced systems.
10. The experimental Tenax column used during the study
shows promise in adsorbing volatile compounds. There does need
to be additional research to alleviate the mechanical problems
associated with this system.
92
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-79-175
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Indicatory Fate Study
5. REPORT DATE
August 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
, AUTHOR(S)
L. H. Myers, T. E. Short, Jr., B. L. DePrater,
F. M. Pfeffer, D. H. Kampbell, J. E. Matthews
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
R. S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB610
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Effluent Guidelines Division (WH-552)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 "M" Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final—May 1978 to Feb. 1979
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/15
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report is concerned with media disposition of specific priority pollutants.
Composite samples were obtained from the influent, effluent, residuals, and air from
12 industrial biological treatment systems. These samples were extracted and
analyzed by gas chromatography for organic constituents, by atomic absorption for
metals, and by EPA methodology for phenolics, cyanide, and mercury.
Participating industries included: (1) organics and plastics, (2) Pharmaceuticals,
(3) pesticides, (4) rubber, (5) wood preservative, and (6) petroleum refining.
The data in this report represent potential disposition of specific priority
pollutants during 3-day study periods and should not be construed to represent
a mass balance study.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
13B
Activated sludge process
Plastics Industry
Petroleum Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Pesticides
Rubber
Priority pollutants
Aerated Lagoons
Organic Chemicals Industry
Wood Preservatives
Air stripping
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
103
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
93
ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICt 1979 -657-060/5390
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