&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Sciences Research L-!
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NIC 27711
Research and Development
Passenger Car
Hydrocarbon Emissions
Speciation
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
EPA-600/2-80-085
May 1980
PASSENGER CAR HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS SPECIATION
by
Frank Black and Larry High
Emission Measurement and Characterization Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
FORWARD
Air quality criteria exist for ozone and other photochemical oxidants.
These compounds are formed by a complex chain of reactions in the atmosphere
involving hydrocarbons and other source pollutants. The Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory contributes to the understanding of atmospheric photo-
chemistry through programs engaged in
0 examination of the time resolved, concentrations of the
chemical reactants and products in the atmosphere, and
0 definition of mathematical models permitting computer simu-
lation of the photochemical system, and
0 determination of source emission factors for the ozone and
oxidant precursors.
This document reports individual hydrocarbon emission factors for passen-
ger car tailpipe and evaporative sources. Reaction rates of the hydrocarbon
compounds in the photochemical system vary with chemical structure. Specia-
tion data is thus necessary input to the mathematical models used to predict
atmospheric ozone peak concentrations.
A. E. Ellison
Director
Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory
iii
-------
PREFACE
Detailed hydrocarbon emissions inventories for passenger cars are
not abundant in the literature, particularly so for evaporative sources.
Care must be exercised when applying the available data. Speciation of
hydrocarbon emissions is sensitive to many variables, e.g., fuel composition,
emissions control configuration, driving patterns, and ambient temperature.
The limited reported studies have examined limited ranges of these important
variables. The data reported in this document describe hydrocarbon emissions
from four passenger cars, for one driving pattern, under summer temperature
conditions. Four fuels were used in the study. Extrapolation from a limited
data base to .vehicle fleet emissions character is difficult.
Evaporative and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions have significantly
different speciation. Further, they are emitted under different operating
conditions. Evaporative emissions from recent generation passenger cars are
inconsequential while the vehicle is being operated over the highway. Thus,
evaporative speciation will be important to urban grid areas dominated by
parking lots and tailpipe speciation to those dominated by moving vehicles on
streets and highways. Fuel composition is very important to emissions
speciation of hydrocarbons of the molecular weight of butane and higher.
Typically, marketed gasolines will vary in aromatic hydrocarbon content
from 20 to 50 percent. This is a primary source of variability between
reported emissions factors for individual hydrocarbons and those in actual
urban areas. Tailpipe hydrocarbon speciation also varies significantly
with emissions control configuration.
When attempting to define the composition of hydrocarbon emissions from
passenger cars in urban areas, extrapolation from the literature must
consider fuel composition, vehicle configurations, driving patterns, and
ambient conditions.
iv
-------
ABSTRACT
Emission factors for over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds were deter-
mined for four passenger cars. The cars included a 1963 Chevrolet, 1977
Mustang, 1978 Monarch, and 1979 LTD-II. The speciation data is reported for
both tailpipe and evaporative emissions. The tailpipe emissions were for the
urban driving conditions of the Federal Test Procedure used in motor vehicle
certification. The evaporative emissions were for both diurnal and hot soak
conditions, also prescribed in the Federal Test Procedure for certification.
The vehicle tests involved four gasoline fuels of varying composition.
-------
CONTENTS
Forward ill
Preface iv
Abstract v
Figures viii
Tables ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Results 4
References 14
vii
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
1. Vehicle emissions test sequence 3
viii
-------
TABLES
Number Page
1 Test Vehicle Specifications 1
2 Test Fuel Specifications 2
3 Vehicle - Test Fuel Combinations 4
4 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1963 Chevrolet, Fuel D . . . . 5
5 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1977 Ford Mustang-II, Fuel B . 6
6 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1977 Ford Mustang-II, Fuel C . 7
7 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1978 Mercury Monarch, Fuel A . 8
8 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1978 Mercury Monarch, Fuel B . 9
9 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1978 Mercury Monarch, Fuel C . 10
10 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1979 Ford LTD-II, Fuel B . . . 11
11 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1979 Ford LTD-II, Fuel C . . . 12
Note: In Tables 4 through 11, line 16 N-pentene should read N-pentane.
ix
-------
INTRODUCTION
Emission rates of over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds have been
determined for four passenger cars including a 1963 Chevrolet, 1977 Mustang,
1978 Monarch, and 1979 LTD-II. Vehicle specifications are given in TABLE 1.
These vehicles are representative of a wide range of emissions control con-
figurations. The rates were determined for both tailpipe and evaporative
emissions. Four gasoline fuels were used, specifications for which are re-
ported in TABLE 2. The vehicle test procedures were as required for emissions
certification (1). Figure 1 presents a graphic flow diagram of the vehicle
test sequence.
TABLE 1. TEST VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS.
Vehicle
Engine Mileage Test Emission control
inertia wt.
1963 Chevrolet 283V8 66,500 3000
1977 Mustang 302V8 ' 10,000 3000
1978 Monarch 302V8 10,000 3500
1979 LTD-II 351V8 10,000 4500
PCV
EGR/CAT/PCV/fuel tank
canister
EGR/AIR/CAT/PCV/carb &
fuel tank canister
EGR/AIR/CAT/PCV/carb &
fuel tank canisters
A single canister used for control of both fuel tank and
carburetor emissions.
Two canisters, one each for the fuel tank and carburetor,
used for control of emissions.
This document is for the purpose of reporting individual hydrocarbon
emission rates. The impact of the emission control devices used with the
test vehicles on emission rates and patterns, and the sensitivity of emissions
to fuel composition has been presented elsewhere (2).
-------
TABLE 2. TEST FUEL SPECIFICATIONS.
FUEL
RVP
API gravity
Distillation, °F
10%
50%
90%
EP
Hydrocarbon, wt. %
n-butane
i— pentane
n-pentane
benzene
toluene
paraff inic
olefinic
aromatic
A
8.4
61.6
133
207
285
376
3.73
6.94
5.48
0.28
17.55
'65.4
7.2
27.4
B
9.8
54.9
126
219
327
369
3.48
11.19
3.40
1.52
27.91
49.0
7.6
43.4 "~'
C
12.3
62.0
114
219
362
410
9.9.4
7.85
4.13
1.95
6.30
67.0
7.0
25.7
D*
12.8
62.3
108
217
347
418
9.85
8.15
4.08
1.83
6.01
69.0
5.1
25.9
ft
Leaded gasoline 1.98 g/gal.
Analysis by gas chromatography.
-------
r
i
i
i
L.
r
FUEL DRAIN AND FILL
I
DYNO PRECONDITIONING
i
1 HOUR MAX.
5MIN. MAX.
COLD SOAK PARKING
FUELING
DRAIN
40% FILL
T
DIURNAL HEAT BUILD
HEAT FUEL-1 HOUR
60-840 F
EVAP. TEST
NOTREQ
DIURNAL
ENCLOSURE
TEST
12-36 HOURS
> (NO MAX. FOR
DIESELS)
COLD START EXHAUST TEST
EVAP. TEST
NOT
PERFORMED
HC RUNNING
LOSSES AS REQ.
1-1 HOUR
HOT START EXHAUST TEST
}
10MIN.
> 7 MIN. MAX.
HOT SOAK
ENCLOSURE
TEST
j
Figure 1. Vehicle emissions test sequence.
3
-------
RESULTS
The gram-per mile emission rates for the tailpipe hydrocarbon compounds
were for urban driving conditions as specified in the Federal Register for
emissions certification. The evaporative test conditions were also as
specified in the Federal Register. The evaporative hydrocarbon composition
was determined under both diurnal and hot soak conditions. To permit direct
comparison with tailpipe emissions, the diurnal and hot soak emissions were
combined as in equation (1) to give equivalent "gram per mile" evapprative
hydrocarbon rates (3).
Pi + 3.3 trips/day (Hs) (1)
*vap " 29.4 miles/day
where:
Evap = Total evaporative emissions, grams/mile
Di = Diurnal evaporative emissions, grams/day
Hs = Hot soak evaporative emissions, grams/trip.
The fuels with which each vehicle was tested are presented in TABLE 3.
TABLES 4 through 11 present the detailed hydrocarbon emissions speciation
for each vehicle, with each fuel tested. Additionally, 'the percentage
contribution, evaporative and tailpipe, of each compound to the vehicle
aggregate is presented.
TABLE 3. VEHICLE-TEST FUEL COMBINATIONS.
FUEL
Vehicle A B C D
1963 Chevrolet X
1977 Mustang X X
1978 Monarch XXX
1979 LTD-II X X
-------
TABLE 4. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1963 CHEVROLET, FUEL D
Compound
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dime thy Ibutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2,3-dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane; 2,3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl-2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 ,4-dimethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane, cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
1, 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane W
"S 2,3,4-trimethylpentane
•V 2 , 3 , 3-trimethylpentane
Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane '
2-methylheptane
3-methylheptane
2,2,5- trimethy Ihexane
N -octane
2,3, 5-trimethylhexane
2,4-dunethylheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene ; 2,3-dimethylheptane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene; unk C10paraffin
1 -methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
Secbuty Ibenzene ; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
Tailpipe
g/mi
0.4103
0.5424
0.0778
0.3820
0.2297
0.0125
0.0290
0.0197
0.0935
0.2023
0.0153
0.0169
0.0040
0.1253
0.0089
0.0758
0.0129
0.0181
0.0121
0.0040
0.0093
0.0214
0.0613
0.0359
0.0093
0.0383
0.0101
0.0282
0.0250
0.0004
0.1539
0.0629
0.0399
0.0887
0.0270
0.0032
0.0165
0.0024
0.0306
0.0294
0.0133
0.2067
0.0258
0.0218
0.0177
0.0185
0.0032
0.0028
0.0069
0.0488
0.1632
0.0838
0.0125
0.0129
0.0774
0.0367
0.0294
0.0923
0.0222
0.1479
4.03
% of
THC
4. 27
5.65
0.81
3.98
2.39
0.13
0.30
0.21
0.97
2.11
0.16
0.18
0.04
1.31
0.09
0.79
0.13
0.19
0.13
0.04
0.10
0.22
0.64
0.37
0.10
0.40
0.11
0.29
0.26
0.00
1.60
0.66
0.42
0.92
0.28
0.03
0.17
0.03
0.32
0.31
0.14
2.15
0.27
0.23
0.18
0.19
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.51
1.70
0.87
0.13
0.13
0.81
0.38
0.31
0.96
0.23
1.54
41.98
Di.g
3.3170
0.3950
18.6139
0.6710
0.4090
0.0676
6.3254
0.1847
2.3592
0.3791
0.4906
0.1120
0.1231
0.1919
0 . 3480
0.9091
0.4724
0.0761
0.3980
0.1038
0.2752
0.1726
0.0022
0.1334
0.2968
0.2699
0.3062
0.1004
0.0138
0.0575
0.0079
0.0674
0.0385
0.0663
0.2510
0.0430
0.0365
0.0325
0.0282
0.0045
0.0038
0.0060
0.0283
0.0973
0.0368
0.0102
0.0068
0.0320
0.0210
0.0152
0.0376
0.0093
0.3448
38.8
Evaporative
HS.g
1.7502
0.2299
12.1127
0.4265
0.2759
0.0607
6.3742
0.1944
2.7232
0.4472
0.6072
0.1519
0.1504
0.2570
0.5436
1.5220
0.8265
0.1289
0.7659
0.1969
0.5369
0.3788
0.0045
0.2486
0.7417
0.6457
0.8333
0.2869
0.0377
0.1588
0.0220
0.2126
0.1258
0.2100
0.7419
0.1444
0.1263
0.1024
0.0765
0.0158
0.0147
0.0239
0.0990
0.3367
0.1323
0.0285
0.0299
0.1254
0.0728
0.0533
0.1291
0.0344
0.4375
37.2
Total g/mi
0.3164
0.0401
2.0303
0.0719
0.0457
0.0089
0.9424
0.0290
0.3899
0.0641
0.0858
0.0212
0.0217
0.0362
0.0735
0.2033
0.1097
0.0173
0.1003
0.0262
0.0702
0.0490
0.0006
0.0329
0.0941
0.0824
0.1047
0.0362
0.0050
0.0201
0.0028
0.0262
0.0156
0.0262
0.0925
0.0178
0.0156
0.0128
0.0095
0.0022
0.0022
0.0028
0.0123
0.0418
0.0167-
0.0033
0.0039
0.0156
0.0089
0.0067
0.0162
0.0045
0.0941
5.57
% of
THC
3.30
0.42
21.15
0.75
0.48
0.09
9.82
0.30
4.06
0.67
0.89
0.22
0.23
0.38
0.77
2.12
1.14
0.18
1.04
0.27
0.73
0.51
0.01
0.34
0.98
0.86
1.09
0.38.
0.05
0.21
0.03
0.27
0.16
0.27
0.96
0.19
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.44
0.17
0.03
0.04
0.16
0.09
0.07
0.17
0.05
0.98
58.02
-------
TABLE 5. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1977 FORD MUSTANG II, FUEL B
Compound
Methane
Etl.ylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene ; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N-bytane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dimethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane ; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2,3-dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane; 2,3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl- 2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 , 4- dinethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane , cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3, 4- trimethylpentane
2,3, 3-trimethylpentane
Toluene ; 2,3- dimethy Lhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methylheptane
2,2, 5-trimethylhexane
N-octane
2,3, 5-trimethylhexane
2 , 4- dimethy Iheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene ; 2,3-dimethylheptane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene ; unk C10paraffin
1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1,2, 4- trimethylbenzene
Secbutylbenzene ; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
Tailpipe
g/mi
0.2440
0.2053
0.0489
0.0041
0.0720
0.0006
0.0011
0.0144
0.0464
0.0776
0.0149
0.0105
0.0019
0.2018
0.0030
0.0632
0.0080
0.0155
0.0047
0.0028
0.0061
0.0199
0.0560
0.0306
0.0039
0.0130
0.0102
0.0232
0.0132
0.2887
0.0279
0.0218
0.0607
0.0091
0.0008
0.0102
0.0019
0.0257
0.0560
0.5727
0.0105
0.0086
0.0279
0.0052
0.0041
0.0014
0.0030
0.0317
0.0856
0.0411
0.0044
0.0094
0.0558
0.0063
0.0301
0.0210
0.0751
0.0127
0.0395
2.76
•/„ of
THC
4.51
3.79
0.90
0.06
1.33
0.01
0.02
0.27
0.86
1.43
0.26
0.19
0.04
3.73
0.06
1.17
0.15
0.29
0.09
0.05
0.11
0.37
1.04
0.57
0.07
0.24
0.19
0.43
0.24
5.34
0.52
0.40
1.12
0.17
0.01
0.19
0.04
0.48
1.04
10.59
0.19
0.16
0.52
0.10
0.08
0.03
0.06
0.59
1.58
0.76
0.08
0.17
1.03
0.12
0.56
0.39
1.39
0.23
0.73
51.02
Di.g
0.0032
0.0020
0.0378
0.0034
0.0027
0.0008
0.0761
0.0025
0.0247
0.0074
0.0109
0.0009
0.0010
0.0040
0.0087
0.0166
0.0074
0.0029
0.0032
0.0035
0.0073
0.0028
0.0143
0.0061
0.0041
0.0087
0.0041
0.0006
0.0009
0.0023
0.0066
0.1241
0.0003
0.0019
0.0027
0.0013
0.0008
0 . 0004
-0.0001
0.0038
0.0143
0.0026
-0.0011
0.0023
0.0121
0.0025
0.0006
0.0140
0.0015
0.0145
.48
Evaporativ
HS,g
0.5893
0.1240
2.8137
0.2147
0.1777
0.0613
6.7182
0.1971
1.8612
0.4810
0.7431
0.0824
0.0782
0.5535
0.4646
1.1270
0.5313
0.1568
0.1886
0.2557
0.4026
0.1605
0.0052
0.4122
0.2689
0.1775
0.3892
0.1253
0.0336
0.0780
0.1360
0.2762
1.9266
0.0520
0.0280
0.0408
0.1269
0.0101
0.0029
0.0065
0.0439
0.1157
0.0464
0.0040
0.0184
0.3373 .
0.1430
0.1186
0.0638
0.0156
0.04958
23.48
&
Total g/mi
0.0663
0.0138
0.3169
0.0241
0.0201
0.0069
0.7563
0.0223
0.2096
0.0543
0.0837
0.0093
0.0087
0.0623
0.0525
0.1272
0.0599
0.0178
0.0212
0.0289
0.0453
0.0183
0.0005
0.0469
0.0305
0.0201
0.0440
0.0143
0.0037
0.0087
0.0154
0.0313
0.2202
0.0058
0.0032
0.0048
0.0143
0.0011
0.0003
0.0005
0.0048
0.0135
0.0053
0.0005
0.0021
0.0384
0.0162
0.0133
0.0077
0.0016
0.0562
2.65
7. of
THC
1.23
0.26
5.86
0.46
0.37
0.13
13.98
0.41
3.87
1.00
1.55
0.17
0.16
1.15
0.97
2.35
1.11
0.33
0.39
0.53
0.84
0.34
0.01
0.87
0.56
0.37
0.81
0.26
0.07
0.16
0.28
0.58
4.07
0.11
0.06
0.09
0.26
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.25
0.10
0.01
0.04
0.71
0.30
0.25
0.14
0.03
1.04
48.98
-------
TABLE 6. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1977 FORD MUSTANG II, FUEL C
Compound
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene ; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dimethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2 , 3-dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl- 2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 , 4- dimethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2, 3- dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane, cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3,4- trime thy Ipen tane
2 , 3 , 3- trimethylpentane
Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methylheptane
2,2,5- trime thy Ihexane
N-octane
2,3,5- trime thy Ihexane
2,4-dimethylheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene; 2,3-dimethylheptane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xytene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl- benzene; unk C10paraffin
1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene
Secbutylbenzene; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
Tailpipe
g/mi
0.2730
0.2957
0.0680
0.06?3
0.1067
0.0006
O.OOll
0.0227
0.0490
0.2069
0.0188
0.0132
0.0022
0.1417
0.0056
0.0776
0.0090
0.0098
0.0053
0.0034
0.0154
0.0244
0.0638
0.0414
0.0045
0.0302
0.0042
0.0358
0.0286
0.1896
0.0683
0.0482
0.1179
0.0168
0.0006
0.0140
0.0034
0.0328
0.0501
0.0134
0.1688
0.0235
0.0213
0.0210
0.0112
0.0034
0.0034
0.0053
0.0286
0.1159
0.0540
0.0104
0.0073
0.0412
0.0297
0.0235
0.0512
0.0123
0.0532
2.80
% of
THC
4.26
4.61
1.06
O.ll
1.66
0.01
0.02
0.35
0.76
3.23
0.29
0.21
0.03
2.21
0.09
1.27
0.14
0.15
0.08
0.05
0.24
0.38
1.00
0.66
0.07
0.47
0.07
0.56
0.45
2.98
1.07
0.75
1.84
0.26
0.01
0.22
0.05
0.51
0.78
0.21
2.63
0.37
0.33
0.33
0.17
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.45
1.81
0.84
0.16
0.11
0.64
0.46
0.36
0.80
0.19
0.83
43.68
Di.g
0.0112
0.0121
0.0024
0.0812
0.0037
0.0024
0.0009
0.0457
0.0027
0.0224
0.0058
0.0075
0.0014
0.0010
0.0048
0.0057
0.0124
0.0073
0.0025
0.0047
0.0054
0.0075
0.0037
0.0093
0.0089
0.0071
0.0133
0.0046
0.0005
0.0030
0.0050
0.0095
0.0484
0.0038
0.0030
0.0034
0.0026
0.0004
0.0003
0.0008
0.0037
0.0135
0.0061
0.0018
0.0016
0.0088
0.0034
0.0033
0.0089
0.0012
0.0094
.44
Evaporativ
HS,g
0.0283
0.8552
0.1697
8.4647
0.4061
0.2539
0.0860
5.4489
0.3216
2.5851
0.6698
0.9011
0.1764
0.0972
0.2205
0.5763
1 . 5090
0.8133
0.1701
0.5255
0.2561
0.6801
0.3695
0.0024
0.5169
0.7583
0.5069
0.9802
0.2653
0.0239
0.1402
0.0132
0.2262
0.3956
0.6770
0.1175
0.1141
0.0880
0.0747
0.0094
0.0089
0.0172
0.0720
0.2661
0.1015
0.0267
0.0284
0.0934
0.0611
0.0518
0.0994
0.0164
0.6731
32.0
k
Total g/mi
0.0971
0.0191
0.9538
0.0448
0.0289
0.0097
0.6169
0.0365
0.2928
0.0762
0.1022
0.0199
0.0112
0.0253
0.0653
0.1708
0.0921
0.0195
0.0563
0.0292
0.0773
0.0419
0.0007
0.0588
0.0859
0.0578 .
0.1112
0.0303
0.0054
0.0159
0.0029
0.0256
0.0451
0.0783
0.0137
0.0130
0.0101
0.0087
0.0011
0.0007
0.0022
0.0083
0.0307
0.0119
0.0032
0.0032
0.0108
0.0072
0.0058
0.0116
0.0018
0.0762
3.61
% of
THC
1.51
0.30
14.88
0.70
0.45
0.15
9.62
0.57
4.57
1.19
1.59
0.31
0.17
0.39
1.02
2.66
1.44
0.30
0.88
0.46
1.21
0.65
0.01
0.92
1.34
0.90
1.73
0.47
0.08
0.25
0.05
0.40
0.70
1.22
0.21
0.20
0.16
0.14
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.13
0.48
0.19
0.05
0.05
0.17
0.11
0.09
0.18
0.03
1.19
56.32
-------
TABLE 7. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1978 MERCURY MONARCH, FUEL A
Compound
Methane
Tthylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dimethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2,3- dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl- 2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 , 4-dlmethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane, cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3, 4- trimethylpentane
2,3, 3-trimethylpentane
Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methylheptane
2,2, 5-trimethylhexane
N-octane
2,3,5- trime thy Ihexane
2,4-dimethylheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene ; 2,3-dimethylheptane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene ; unk C10paraffin
1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1,2,4- trimethy Ibenzene
Secbutylbenzene ; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL :
Tailpipe
g/mi
0.1060
0.0490
0.0349
0.0045
0.0261
0.0009
0.0002
0.0020
0.0169
0.0570
0.0063
0.0027
0.0005
0.0625
0.0009
0.0536
0.0020
0.0075
0.0393
0.0065
0.0712
0.0031
0.0056
0.0023
0.0010
0.0023
0.0025
0.0028
0.0026
0.0001
0.0297
0.0354
0.0070
0.0824
0.0084
0.0053
0.0048
0.0023
0.0110
0.0084
0.0034
0.1164
0.0123
0.0117
0.0028
0.0088
0.0011
0.0024
0.0035
0.0102
0.0277
0.0025
0.0104
0.0037
0.0033
0.0068
0.0057
0.0038
0.0184
0.0026
0.0128
1.03
% of
THC
8.62
3.98
2.84
0.37
2.12
0.07
0.02
0.16
1.37
4.63
0.51
0.22
0.04
5.08
0.07
4.36
0.16
0.61
3.20
0.53
5.79
0.25
0.46
0.19
0.08
0.19
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.01
2.41
2.88
0.57
6.70
0.68
0.43
0.39
0.19
0.89
0.68
0.28
9.46
1.00
0.95
0.23
0.72
0.09
0.20
0.28
0.83
2.25
0.20
0.85
0.30
0.27
0.55
0.46
0.31
1.50
0.21
1.04
83.74
Di,8
- o.oooi
- 0.0001
0.0000
0.0004
0.0001
0.0027
0.1239
0.0051
0.0006
0.0001
0.1114
0.0024
0.0646
0.0040
0.0061
0.0191
0.0006
0.0656
0.0030
0.0082
0.0041
0.0010
0.0035
0.0026
0.0041
0.0021
0.0006
0.0037
0.0015
0.0040
0.0148
0.0029
0.0019
0.0022
0.0008
0.0019
0.0024
0.0212
0.0047
0.0040
0.0005
0.0019
0 . 0003
0.0002
0.0013
0.0056
0.0010
0.0016
0.0009
0.0006
0.0019
0.0013
0.0009
0.0020
0.0007
0.0059
0.54
Evaporati\
HS,g
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
- 0.0002
0.0004
0.0003
0.0177
0.2099
0.0031
0.2491
0.0022
0.1831
0.0083
0.0121
0.0781
0.0012
0.2733
0.0178
0.0210
0.0089
0.0030
0.0097
0.0083
0.0082
0.0056
0.0033
0.0084
0.0638
0.0144
0.0946
0.0136
0.0158
0.0085
0.0043
0.0133
0.0135
0.1213
0.0195
0.0148
0.0050
0.0092
- 0.0002
0.0016
0.0013
0.0059
0.0239
0.0041
0..0087
0.0033
0.0039
0.0057
0.0065
0.0019
0.0071
0.0019
0.0153
1.64
'e
Total g/mi
0.0021
0.0280
0.0011
0.0000
0.0000
0.0316
0.0003
0.0225
0.0011
0.0015
0.0093
0.0002
1.0324
0.0022
0.0026
0.0011
0.0004
0.0012
0.0010
0.0011
0.0007
0.0004
0.0011
0.0074
0 . 0017
0.0108
0.0016
0.0018
0.0010
0.0005
0.0015
0.0016
0.0140
0.0023
0.0018
0.0006
0.0011
0.0002
0.0002
0.0007
0.0028
0.0005
0.0010
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0008
0.0002
0.0009
0.0003
0.0019
0.20
% of
THC
0.17
2.28
0.09
2.57
0.02
1.83
0.09
0.12
0.76
0.02
2.63
0.18
0.21
0.09
0.03
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.09
0.60
0.14
0.88
0.13
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.12
0.13
1.14
0.19
0.15
0.05
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.23
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.15
16.26
-------
TABLE 8. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1978 MERCURY MONARCH, FUEL B
Compound
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N -butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans- 2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dimethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2 , 3-dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane; 2,3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyI-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl- 2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane; 3-jnethyltrans- 2-pentene
2 , 4-dimethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane, cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 TrimethyH-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3, 4-trimethylpen tane
2,3, 3-trimethylpentane
Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methyIheptane
2,2, 5-trimethylhexane
N-octane
2 , 3 , 5-trimethylhexane
2,4-dimethylheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene ; 2,3- dimethylhep tane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl- benzene; unk C,0paraffin
1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1,2, 4- trimethylbenzene
Secbutylbenzene; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
Tailpipe
g/mi
0.0852
0.0360
0.0308
0.0126
0.0195
0.0101
0.0107
6.0317
0.0040
0.0036
0.0011
0.0961
0.0012
0.0280
0.0041
0.0071
0.0028
0.0016
0.0027
0.0078
0.0215
0.0125
0.0018
0.0051
0.0048
0.0072
0.0053
0.0024
0.0303
0.0105
0.0069
0.0225
0.0045
0.0013
0.0036
0.0004
0.0078
0.0109
0.0077
0.1578
0.0061
0.0052
0.0139
0.0032
0.0018
0.0004
0.0007
0.0099
0.0194
0.0012
0.0095
0.0009
0.0041
0.0170
0.0080
0.0081
0.0186
0.0028
0.0180
0.89
% of
THC
6.26
2.65
2.26
6.93
1.43
0.74
0.79
3.80
0.29
0.26
6.0$
7.07
0.09
2.06
0.30
0.52
0.21
0.12
0.20
0.57
1.58
0.92
0.13
0.38
0.35
0.53
0.39
0.18
2.23
0.77
0.51
1.65
0.33
0.10
0.26
0.03
0.57
0.80
0.57
11.62
0.45
0.38
1.02
0.24
0.13
0.03
0.05
0.73
1.43
0.09
0.70
0.07
0.30
1.25
0.59
0.60
1.37
0.21
1.32
65.44
Di.g
0.0062
0.0006
0.0006
0.0283
0.1122
0.0069
0.0088
6.6624
0.2341
0.0063
0.0661
0.0166
0.0270
0.0053
0.0034
0.0086
0.0176
0.0536
0.0276
0.0080
0.0101
0.0253
0.0195
0.0166
0.0108
0.0251
0.0248
0.0180
0.0433
0.0138
0.0029
0.0109
0.0016
0.0181
0.0208
0.0181
0.3999
0.0145
0.0225
0.0055
0.0035
0.0009
0.0015
0.0152
0.0409
0.0043
0.0173
0.0025
0.0111
0.0359
0.0172
0.0160
0.0329
0.0076
0.0514
1.62
Evaporative
HS.g
- 0.0010
0.0001
0.0001
0.0010
0.0436
0.0079
0.2481
0.0171
0.0197
6.0066
0.8035
0.0210
0.2335
0.0614
0.0920
0.0168
0.0103
0.0301
0.0571
0.1706
0.0825
0.0219
0.0333
0.0596
0.0533
0.0343
0.0215
0.0700
0.0554
0.0351
0.0877
0.0239
0.0080
0.0193
0.0031
0.0322
0.0284
0.0460
0.7440
0.0251
0.0374
0.0089
0.0047
0.0013
0.0026
0.0222
0.0605
0.0058
0.0271
0.0029
0.0123
0.0431
0.0215
0.0197
.. 0,0492
0.0100
0.1342
3.79
Total g/mi
0.0058
0.0015
0.0311
0.0021
0.0025
0.0010
0.0955
0.0025
"0.0277
0.0072
0.0110
0.0020
0.0013
0.0036
0.0068
0.0204
0.0100
0.0027
0.0039
0.0074
0.0065
0.0043
0.0027
0.0085
0.0069
0.0045
0.0111
0.0031
0.0010
0.0025
0.0004
0.0042
0.0038
0.0057
0.0954
0.0032
0.0049
0.0012
0.0007
0.0002
0.0003
0.0030
0,0081
0.0008
0.0036
0.0004
0.0017
0.0060
0.0030
0.0027
0.0066
0.0014
0.0164
0.47
% of
THC
0.43
0.11
2.29
0.15
0.18
0.67
7.02
0.18
2.04
0.53
0.81
0.15
0.10
0.27
0.50
1.50
0.74
0.20
0.29
0.54
0.48
0.32
0.20
0.63
0.51
0.33
0.82
0.23
0.07
0.18
0.03
0.31
0.28
0.41
7.01
0.24
0.36
0.09
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.22
0.60
0.06
0.26
0.03
0.13
0.44
0.22
0.20
0.49
0.10
1.21
34.56
-------
TABLE 9. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1978 MERCURY MONARCH, FUEL C
Compound
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dimethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane ; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2 , 3-dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl-2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 ,4-dimethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane , cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3,4- trunethy Ipehtane
2, 3, S-trinethylpentane
Toluene; 2,3-dJmethylhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methylheptane
2,2, 5-trimethyJhexane
K-octane
2,3, 5-trimethylhexane
2 , 4- dimethy Iheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene; 2, 3-dimethy Iheptane
P-xylene^ x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene ; unk C10paraffin
1-methvl 2-ethvl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1,2, 4-trimethylbenzene
Secbutylbenzene; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
Tailpipe
g/mi
0.1110
0.0693
0.0331
0.0438
0.0287
0.0006
0.0011
0.0267
0.0170
0.2224
0.0103
0.0066
0.0017
0.0886
0.0042
0.0404
0.0084
0.0122
0.0037
0.0019
0.0075
0.0104
0.0271
0.0163
0.0025
0.0114
0.0043
0.0154
0.0107
0.0335
0.0286
0.0187
0.0488
0.0097
0.0020
0.0070
0.0014
0.0140
0.0234
0.0119
0.0526
0.0103
0.0089
0.0088
0.0067
0.0014
0.0017
0.0023
0.0109
0.0340
0.0006
0.0149
0.0029
0.0048
0.0165
0.0090
0.0084
0.0154
0.0024
0.0293
1.27
% of
THC
5. 50
3.43
1.64
2.17
1.42
0.03
O.Ob
1.32
0.84
11.01
0.51
0.33
0.08
4.39
0.21
2.00
0.42
0.60
0.18
0.09
0.37
0.51
1.34
0.81
0.12
0.56
0.21
0.76
0.53
1.66
1.42
0.93
2.42
0.48
0.10
0.35
0.07
0.69
1.16
0.59
2.60
0.51
0.44
0.44
0.33
0.07
0.08
0.11
0.54
1.68
0.03
0.74
0.14
0.24
0.82
0.45
0.42
0.76
0.12
1.45
62.87
Di.g
1.8239
0.1680
6.9267
0.1955
0.1156
0.0159
0.7587
0.0288
0.2437
0.0459
0.0478
0.0202
0.0038
0.0233
0.0207
0.0470
0.0235
0.0051
0.0141
0.0069
0.0185
0.0104
0.0003
0.0142
0.0242
0.0151
0.0440
0.0101
0.0031
0.0054
0.0008
0.0122
0.0191
0.0377
0.0076
0.0067
0.0062
0.0036
0.0007
0.0007
0.0005
0.0052
0.0195
0.0096
0.0030
0.0037
0.0108
0.0072
0.0073
0.0128
0.0026
0.0420
10.93
Evaporativ
HS,g
0.4460
0.0373
1.1734
0.0354
0.0237
0.0071
0.3946
0.0200
0.1678
0.0413
0.0539
0.0083
0.0060
0.0319
0.0317
0.0806
0.0443
0.0094
0.0313
0.0141
0.0408
0.0212
0.0007
0.0356
0.0515
0.0321
0.0690
0.0179
0.0057
0.0110
0.0027
0.0196
0.0219
0.0108
0.1059
0.0121
0.0098
0.0084
0.0040
0.0015
0.0015
0.0017
0.0145
0.0518
0.0195
0.0024
0.0040
0.0221
0.0122
0.0110
0.0210
0.0046
0.0535
3.36
e
Total g/mi
0.1076
0.0109
0.3746
0.0111
0.0069
0.0014
0.0695
0.0032
0.0267
0.0062
0.0077
0.0015
0.0008
0.0044
0.0043
0.0107
0.0059
0.0013
0.0039
0.0019
0.0053
0.0028
0.0002
0.0045
0.0068
0.0041
0.0092
0.0023
0.0008
0.0014
0.0003
0.0026
0.0029
0.0029
0.0126
0.0016
0.0014
0.0011
0.0007
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0019
0.0065
0.0025
0.0004
0.0005
0.0029
0.0017
0.0015
0.0029
0.0006
0.0075
0.75
% of
THC
5.33
0.54
18.54
0.55
0.34
0.07
3.44
0.16
1.32
0.31
0.38
0.08
0.04
0.21
0.22
0.53
0.29
0.06
0.19
0.09
0.26
0.14
0.01
0.22
0.34
0.20
0.46
0.11
0.04
0.07
0.01
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.62
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.32
0.12
0.02
0.02
0.14
0.08
0.07
0.14
0.03
0.37
37.13
10
-------
TABLE 10. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1979 FORD LTD-II, FUEL B
Compound
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Acetylene
Propylene; propane
Propadiene
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
-butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-butene
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
2,2 Dimethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2,3-dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-I-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl- 2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 , 4-dinethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane, cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3, 4-trimethy Ipentane
2,3, 3-trimethylpentane
Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methyIheptane
2,2, 5- trimethy Ihexane
N-octane
2 , 3 , 5- trimethy Ihexane
2,4-dimethyIheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene; 2,3-dimethylheptane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene; unk C10paraffin
l-methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
Secbutylbenzene; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
Tailpipe
g/mi.
0.1236
0.0181
0.0142
0.0040
0.0076
0.0004
0.0003
0.0033
0.0054
0.0141
0.0016
0.0014
0.0004
0.0276
0.0006
0.0072
0.0017
0.0033
0.0008
0.0005
0.0013
0.0031
0.0077
0.0040
0.0009
0.0019
0.0016
0.0035
0.0018
0.0244
0.0045
0.0033
0.0094
0.0021
0.0005
0.0017
0.0002
0.0038
0.0111
0.0763
0.0018
0.0011
0.0054
0.0018
0.0009
0.0002
0.0004
0.0052
0.0119
0.0058
0.0010
0.0023
0.0109
0.0043
0.0036
0.0119
0.0024
0.0099
.48
% of
THC
15.65
2.29
1.80
0.51
0.96
0.05
'0.04
0.42
0.68
1.78
0.20
0.18
0.05
3.49
0.08
0.91
0.22
0.42
0.10
0.06
0.16
0.39
0.97
0.51
0.11
0.24
0.20
0.44
0.23
3.09
0.57
0.42
1.19
0.27
0.06
0.22
0.03
0.48
1.41
9.66
0.23
0.14
0.68
0.23
0.11
0.03
0.05
0.66
1.51
0.73
0.13
0.29
1.38
0.54
0.46
1.51
0.30
1.25
60.77
Di.g
0.1038
0.0410
0.6244
0.0314
0.0217
0.0037
0.3773
0.0106
0.0906
0.0249
0.0378
0.0037
0.0041
0.0114
0.0263
0.0562
0.0256
0.0079
0.0138
0.0123
0.0196
0.0115
0.0302
0.0212
0.0112
0.0227
0.0045
0.0009
0.0047
R/A
0.0053
0.0106
0.1845
0.0046
0.0051
0.0104
0.0060
0.0019
0.0013
0.0006
0.0053
0.0181
0.0077
0.0026
0.0055
0.0163
0.0055
0.0052
0.0165
0.0352
0.0418
2.05
Evaporative
HS.g
0.0284
0.0062
0.1283
0.0110
0.0092
0.0030
0.3028
0.0093
0.0908
0.0257
0.0405
0.0038
0.0050
0.0228
0.0281
0.0656
0.0318
0.0106
0.0118
0.0189
0.0314
0.0128
0.0539
0.0271
0.0172
0.0558
0.0168
0.0049
0.0109
0.0016
0.0204
0.0496
0.5711
0.0148
0.0091
0.0211
0.0077
0.0029
0.0012
0.0019
0.0226
0.0676
0.0296
0.0035
0.0136
0.0637
0.0253
0.0210
0.0699
0.0155
0.0617
2.18
Total g/mi
0.0073
0.0023
6.0389
0.0024
0.0019
0.0005
0.0464
0.0014
0.0131
0.0036
0.0057
0.0006
0.0007
0.0029
0.0039
0.0090
0.0043
0.0014
0.0018
0.0024
0.0041
0.0018
0.0068
0.0037
0.0023
0.0068 -
0.0021
0.0006
0.0013
0.0002
0.0024
0.0057
0.0673
0.0017
0.0011
0.0026
0.0010
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.0026
0.0078
0.0034
0.0005
0.0016
0.0074
0.0029
0.0024
0.0081
0.0024
0.0082
.31
% of
THC
0.92
0.29
4.94
0.30
0.24
0.06
5.87
0.18
1.66
0.46
0.72
0.08
0.09
0.37
0.49
1.14
0.54
0.18
0.23
0.30
0.52
0.23
0.86
0.47
0.29
0.86
0.27
0.08
0.16
0.03
0.30
0.72
8.52
0.22
0.14
0.33
0.13
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.33
0.99
0.43
0.06
0.20
0.94
0.38
0.30
1.03
0.30
1.04
39.30
11
-------
TABLE 11. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1979 FORD LTD-II, FUEL C
Compound
Ethylene
Ethane
Acetylene
?ropylene; propane
Propadiene
•
Methyl acethylene acetylene
Isobutane
Butene 1; isobutylene
N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene
Trans-2-buten.e
Cis-2-butene
3-methyl-l-butene
Isopentane
Pentene-1
N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene
Trans-2-pentene
Cis-2-pentene
z,z iMmethylbutane
Cyclopentene
Cyclopentane ; 3-methyl-l-pentene
2 , 3- dimethylbutane
2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene
3-methylpentane
1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene
N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene
2 methyl- 2-pentene
Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene
2 , 4-dimethylpentane
Methylcyclopentene
Benzene
Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane
3-methylhexane , cyclohexane
Isooctane
N-heptane
2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene
Methylcyclohexane
1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane
2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane
2,3,4-trimethylpentane
2,3, 3-trimethylpentane
Toluene; 2 , 3-diroethylhexane
2-methylheptane
3-methylheptane
2,2, 5- trimethylhexane
N-octane
2,3,5- trimethylhexane
2,4- dime thy Iheptane
2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane
Ethylbenzene; 2,3-dimethylheptane
P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane
3 methyl octane
O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin
Nonane
N-propylbenzene
1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene; unk C10paraffin
1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene
Mesitylene
2,6 dimethyl octane
1, 2,4-trimethylbenzene
Secbutylbenzene ; n-decane
Unknowns
TOTAL:
lailpip
g/mi
'(UOtfl
0.0245
0.0040
U.0232
0.0081
0.0002
0.0003
0.0036
0.0041
0.0336
0.0013
0.0011
0.0003
0.0201
0.0005
0.0097
0.0012
0.0019
0.0015
0.0003
0.0021
0.0033
0.0079
0.0055
0.0006
0.0037
0.0014
0.0043
0.0036
0.0142
0.0084
0.0057
0.0165
0.0026
0.0004
0.0019
0.0003
0.0041
0.0081
0.0142
0.0024
0.0023
0.0022
0.0026
0.0004
0.0004
0.0011
0.0028
0.0103
0.0045
0.0016
0.0015
0.0048
0.0030
0.0016
0.0042
0.0016
0.0090
0.51
% of
THC
MB
0.84
0.13
0.80
0.28
0.01
0.01
0.12
0.14
1.16
0.05
0.04
6.01
0.69
0.02
0.33
0.04
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.07
0.11
0.27
0.19
0.02
0.12
0.05
0.15
0.12
0.49
0.29
0.20
0.56
0.09
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.14
0.28
0.49
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.35
0.16
0.06
0.05
0.17
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.30.
17.64
Di.g
3.0509
0.4195
17.6133
0.5606
0.3476
0.0693
3.6357
0.1455
0.7477
0.2470
0.3102
0.0694
0.0433
0.1383
0.1995
0.4942
0.2415
0.0498
0.1150
0.0619
0.1227
0.0954
0.1064
0.2001
0.1057
0.3534
0.0644
0.0099
0.0294
0.0033
0.0626
0.0329
0.0539
0.1145
0.0177
0.0131
0.0191
0.0079
0.0016
0.0007
0.0011
0.0061
0.0214
0.0034
0.0093
0.0049
0.0101
0.0065
0.0058
0.0101
0.0042
0.2373
30.3
Evaporati
HS,g
1.0894
0.1388
6.0904
0.1819
0.1142
0.0246
1.4473
0.0609
0.5448
0.1084
0.1410
0.0328
0.0165
0.0643
0.0975
0.2508
0.1252
0.0264
0.0659
0.0355
0.0729
0.0559
0.0787
0.1264
0.0699
0.1524
0.0457
0.0080
0.0220
0.0023
0.0462
0.0650
0.1865
0.0213
0.0180
0.0194
0.0122
0.0024
0.0023
0.0028
0.0140
0.0457
0.0193
0.0050
0.0078
0.0305
0.0162
0.0156
0.0319
0.0088
0.1495
12.1
ve
Total g/ml
0.2251
0.0299
1.284
0.0397
0.0249
0.0050
0.2870
0.0117
0.0882
0.0206
0.0263
0.0060
0.0033
0.0117
0.0177
0.0449
0.0222
0.0045
0.0112
0.0060
0.0122
0.0096
0.0122
0.0210
0.0115
0.0368
0.0074
0.0012
0.0033
0.0005
0.0074
0.0084
0.0041
0.0241
0.0031
0.0024
0.0029
0.0017
0.0005
0.0002
0.0005
0.0017
0.0057
0.0024
0.0007
0.0010
0.0036
0.0019
0.0019
0.0038
0.0012
0.0249
2.39
% of
THC
7.76
1.03
44.20
1.37
0.85
0.17
9.90
0.40
3.04
0.71
0.91
0.21
0.12
0.40
0.61
1.55
0.77
0.16
0.39
0.21
0.42
0.33
0.42
0.73
0.40
1.27
0.26
0.04
0.12
0.02
0.26
0.29
0.14
0.83
0.11
0.08
0.10
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.20
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.13
0.04
0.86
82.46
12
-------
Ambient temperatures during the vehicle tests were typical of summer
conditions (68°-86°F). A reasonable fuel vapor pressure for this temperature
range would be 9.8 Ib Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)(4). Thus, fuel B would give
evaporative emission rates typical for current summer fuels. The historical
trend has been to increased fuel vapor pressure, however, and the other test
fuels were included primarily to examine the sensitivity of evaporative
emissions to fuel vapor pressure.
The 1963 Chevrolet evaporative emissions were examined only with 12.8 Ib
RVP gasoline. It has been estimated that evaporative emissions would decrease
about 1/3 from this vehicle if fueled with 9.81b RVP gasoline (2). It should
also be noted that the 1977 Mustang-II was operating under richer fuel-air
conditions than normal certification carburetor tune. This model year pass-
enger car was certified at 1.5 grams/mile tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions, as
compared to 2.8 grams/mile observed with this vehicle.
13
-------
REFERENCES
1. Federal Register, Final evaporative emission regulations for light duty
vehicles and trucks. 41(164): 35626, Aug. 23, 1976.
2. Black, F.M., High, I.E., and J.M. Lang. Composition of automobile evapor-
ative and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions. Publication preprint. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
1980.
3. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors. AP-42, Supplement No. 5,
Appendix D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, 1975.
4. Bowden, J.N. Trends in properties of unleaded gasoline. U.S. Army Fuels
and Lubricants Research Laboratory, Southwest Research Institute, San
Antonio, Texas, 1975.
14
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-80-085
!. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PASSENGER CAR HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS SPECIATION
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S|
F. Black and L.High
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory—RTF,NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
C07A1D 0028 (FY-80)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory—RTF,NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT : " —
Emission factors for over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds were determined
for four passenger cars. The cars included a 1963 Chevrolet, a 1977 Mustang,
a 1978 Monarch, and 1979 LTD II. The speciation data is reported for both
tailpipe and evaporative emissions. The tailpipe emissions were for the urban
driving conditions of the Federal Test Procedure used in motor vehicle certifi-
cation. The evaporative emissions were for both diurnal and hot soak conditions,
also prescribed in the Federal Test Procedure for certification. The vehicle
tests involved four gasoline fuels of varying composition.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
* Air pollution
Automobi1es
* Emission
* Hydrocarbons
* Chemical composition
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
13F
07C
07D
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
25
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage/
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
15
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