&EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Sciences Research L-! Laboratory Research Triangle Park NIC 27711 Research and Development Passenger Car Hydrocarbon Emissions Speciation ------- RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate- gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en- vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The nine series are: 1. Environmental Health Effects Research 2. Environmental Protection Technology 3. Ecological Research 4. Environmental Monitoring 5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies 6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR) 7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development 8. "Special" Reports 9. Miscellaneous Reports This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH- NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem- onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en- vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa- tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. ------- EPA-600/2-80-085 May 1980 PASSENGER CAR HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS SPECIATION by Frank Black and Larry High Emission Measurement and Characterization Division Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711 ------- DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii ------- FORWARD Air quality criteria exist for ozone and other photochemical oxidants. These compounds are formed by a complex chain of reactions in the atmosphere involving hydrocarbons and other source pollutants. The Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory contributes to the understanding of atmospheric photo- chemistry through programs engaged in 0 examination of the time resolved, concentrations of the chemical reactants and products in the atmosphere, and 0 definition of mathematical models permitting computer simu- lation of the photochemical system, and 0 determination of source emission factors for the ozone and oxidant precursors. This document reports individual hydrocarbon emission factors for passen- ger car tailpipe and evaporative sources. Reaction rates of the hydrocarbon compounds in the photochemical system vary with chemical structure. Specia- tion data is thus necessary input to the mathematical models used to predict atmospheric ozone peak concentrations. A. E. Ellison Director Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory iii ------- PREFACE Detailed hydrocarbon emissions inventories for passenger cars are not abundant in the literature, particularly so for evaporative sources. Care must be exercised when applying the available data. Speciation of hydrocarbon emissions is sensitive to many variables, e.g., fuel composition, emissions control configuration, driving patterns, and ambient temperature. The limited reported studies have examined limited ranges of these important variables. The data reported in this document describe hydrocarbon emissions from four passenger cars, for one driving pattern, under summer temperature conditions. Four fuels were used in the study. Extrapolation from a limited data base to .vehicle fleet emissions character is difficult. Evaporative and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions have significantly different speciation. Further, they are emitted under different operating conditions. Evaporative emissions from recent generation passenger cars are inconsequential while the vehicle is being operated over the highway. Thus, evaporative speciation will be important to urban grid areas dominated by parking lots and tailpipe speciation to those dominated by moving vehicles on streets and highways. Fuel composition is very important to emissions speciation of hydrocarbons of the molecular weight of butane and higher. Typically, marketed gasolines will vary in aromatic hydrocarbon content from 20 to 50 percent. This is a primary source of variability between reported emissions factors for individual hydrocarbons and those in actual urban areas. Tailpipe hydrocarbon speciation also varies significantly with emissions control configuration. When attempting to define the composition of hydrocarbon emissions from passenger cars in urban areas, extrapolation from the literature must consider fuel composition, vehicle configurations, driving patterns, and ambient conditions. iv ------- ABSTRACT Emission factors for over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds were deter- mined for four passenger cars. The cars included a 1963 Chevrolet, 1977 Mustang, 1978 Monarch, and 1979 LTD-II. The speciation data is reported for both tailpipe and evaporative emissions. The tailpipe emissions were for the urban driving conditions of the Federal Test Procedure used in motor vehicle certification. The evaporative emissions were for both diurnal and hot soak conditions, also prescribed in the Federal Test Procedure for certification. The vehicle tests involved four gasoline fuels of varying composition. ------- CONTENTS Forward ill Preface iv Abstract v Figures viii Tables ix 1. Introduction 1 2. Results 4 References 14 vii ------- FIGURES Number Page 1. Vehicle emissions test sequence 3 viii ------- TABLES Number Page 1 Test Vehicle Specifications 1 2 Test Fuel Specifications 2 3 Vehicle - Test Fuel Combinations 4 4 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1963 Chevrolet, Fuel D . . . . 5 5 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1977 Ford Mustang-II, Fuel B . 6 6 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1977 Ford Mustang-II, Fuel C . 7 7 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1978 Mercury Monarch, Fuel A . 8 8 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1978 Mercury Monarch, Fuel B . 9 9 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1978 Mercury Monarch, Fuel C . 10 10 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1979 Ford LTD-II, Fuel B . . . 11 11 Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns: 1979 Ford LTD-II, Fuel C . . . 12 Note: In Tables 4 through 11, line 16 N-pentene should read N-pentane. ix ------- INTRODUCTION Emission rates of over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds have been determined for four passenger cars including a 1963 Chevrolet, 1977 Mustang, 1978 Monarch, and 1979 LTD-II. Vehicle specifications are given in TABLE 1. These vehicles are representative of a wide range of emissions control con- figurations. The rates were determined for both tailpipe and evaporative emissions. Four gasoline fuels were used, specifications for which are re- ported in TABLE 2. The vehicle test procedures were as required for emissions certification (1). Figure 1 presents a graphic flow diagram of the vehicle test sequence. TABLE 1. TEST VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS. Vehicle Engine Mileage Test Emission control inertia wt. 1963 Chevrolet 283V8 66,500 3000 1977 Mustang 302V8 ' 10,000 3000 1978 Monarch 302V8 10,000 3500 1979 LTD-II 351V8 10,000 4500 PCV EGR/CAT/PCV/fuel tank canister EGR/AIR/CAT/PCV/carb & fuel tank canister EGR/AIR/CAT/PCV/carb & fuel tank canisters A single canister used for control of both fuel tank and carburetor emissions. Two canisters, one each for the fuel tank and carburetor, used for control of emissions. This document is for the purpose of reporting individual hydrocarbon emission rates. The impact of the emission control devices used with the test vehicles on emission rates and patterns, and the sensitivity of emissions to fuel composition has been presented elsewhere (2). ------- TABLE 2. TEST FUEL SPECIFICATIONS. FUEL RVP API gravity Distillation, °F 10% 50% 90% EP Hydrocarbon, wt. % n-butane i— pentane n-pentane benzene toluene paraff inic olefinic aromatic A 8.4 61.6 133 207 285 376 3.73 6.94 5.48 0.28 17.55 '65.4 7.2 27.4 B 9.8 54.9 126 219 327 369 3.48 11.19 3.40 1.52 27.91 49.0 7.6 43.4 "~' C 12.3 62.0 114 219 362 410 9.9.4 7.85 4.13 1.95 6.30 67.0 7.0 25.7 D* 12.8 62.3 108 217 347 418 9.85 8.15 4.08 1.83 6.01 69.0 5.1 25.9 ft Leaded gasoline 1.98 g/gal. Analysis by gas chromatography. ------- r i i i L. r FUEL DRAIN AND FILL I DYNO PRECONDITIONING i 1 HOUR MAX. 5MIN. MAX. COLD SOAK PARKING FUELING DRAIN 40% FILL T DIURNAL HEAT BUILD HEAT FUEL-1 HOUR 60-840 F EVAP. TEST NOTREQ DIURNAL ENCLOSURE TEST 12-36 HOURS > (NO MAX. FOR DIESELS) COLD START EXHAUST TEST EVAP. TEST NOT PERFORMED HC RUNNING LOSSES AS REQ. 1-1 HOUR HOT START EXHAUST TEST } 10MIN. > 7 MIN. MAX. HOT SOAK ENCLOSURE TEST j Figure 1. Vehicle emissions test sequence. 3 ------- RESULTS The gram-per mile emission rates for the tailpipe hydrocarbon compounds were for urban driving conditions as specified in the Federal Register for emissions certification. The evaporative test conditions were also as specified in the Federal Register. The evaporative hydrocarbon composition was determined under both diurnal and hot soak conditions. To permit direct comparison with tailpipe emissions, the diurnal and hot soak emissions were combined as in equation (1) to give equivalent "gram per mile" evapprative hydrocarbon rates (3). Pi + 3.3 trips/day (Hs) (1) *vap " 29.4 miles/day where: Evap = Total evaporative emissions, grams/mile Di = Diurnal evaporative emissions, grams/day Hs = Hot soak evaporative emissions, grams/trip. The fuels with which each vehicle was tested are presented in TABLE 3. TABLES 4 through 11 present the detailed hydrocarbon emissions speciation for each vehicle, with each fuel tested. Additionally, 'the percentage contribution, evaporative and tailpipe, of each compound to the vehicle aggregate is presented. TABLE 3. VEHICLE-TEST FUEL COMBINATIONS. FUEL Vehicle A B C D 1963 Chevrolet X 1977 Mustang X X 1978 Monarch XXX 1979 LTD-II X X ------- TABLE 4. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1963 CHEVROLET, FUEL D Compound Methane Ethylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dime thy Ibutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2,3-dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane; 2,3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl-2-pentene Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 ,4-dimethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane, cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 1, 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane W "S 2,3,4-trimethylpentane •V 2 , 3 , 3-trimethylpentane Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane ' 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 2,2,5- trimethy Ihexane N -octane 2,3, 5-trimethylhexane 2,4-dunethylheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene ; 2,3-dimethylheptane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene; unk C10paraffin 1 -methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene Secbuty Ibenzene ; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: Tailpipe g/mi 0.4103 0.5424 0.0778 0.3820 0.2297 0.0125 0.0290 0.0197 0.0935 0.2023 0.0153 0.0169 0.0040 0.1253 0.0089 0.0758 0.0129 0.0181 0.0121 0.0040 0.0093 0.0214 0.0613 0.0359 0.0093 0.0383 0.0101 0.0282 0.0250 0.0004 0.1539 0.0629 0.0399 0.0887 0.0270 0.0032 0.0165 0.0024 0.0306 0.0294 0.0133 0.2067 0.0258 0.0218 0.0177 0.0185 0.0032 0.0028 0.0069 0.0488 0.1632 0.0838 0.0125 0.0129 0.0774 0.0367 0.0294 0.0923 0.0222 0.1479 4.03 % of THC 4. 27 5.65 0.81 3.98 2.39 0.13 0.30 0.21 0.97 2.11 0.16 0.18 0.04 1.31 0.09 0.79 0.13 0.19 0.13 0.04 0.10 0.22 0.64 0.37 0.10 0.40 0.11 0.29 0.26 0.00 1.60 0.66 0.42 0.92 0.28 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.32 0.31 0.14 2.15 0.27 0.23 0.18 0.19 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.51 1.70 0.87 0.13 0.13 0.81 0.38 0.31 0.96 0.23 1.54 41.98 Di.g 3.3170 0.3950 18.6139 0.6710 0.4090 0.0676 6.3254 0.1847 2.3592 0.3791 0.4906 0.1120 0.1231 0.1919 0 . 3480 0.9091 0.4724 0.0761 0.3980 0.1038 0.2752 0.1726 0.0022 0.1334 0.2968 0.2699 0.3062 0.1004 0.0138 0.0575 0.0079 0.0674 0.0385 0.0663 0.2510 0.0430 0.0365 0.0325 0.0282 0.0045 0.0038 0.0060 0.0283 0.0973 0.0368 0.0102 0.0068 0.0320 0.0210 0.0152 0.0376 0.0093 0.3448 38.8 Evaporative HS.g 1.7502 0.2299 12.1127 0.4265 0.2759 0.0607 6.3742 0.1944 2.7232 0.4472 0.6072 0.1519 0.1504 0.2570 0.5436 1.5220 0.8265 0.1289 0.7659 0.1969 0.5369 0.3788 0.0045 0.2486 0.7417 0.6457 0.8333 0.2869 0.0377 0.1588 0.0220 0.2126 0.1258 0.2100 0.7419 0.1444 0.1263 0.1024 0.0765 0.0158 0.0147 0.0239 0.0990 0.3367 0.1323 0.0285 0.0299 0.1254 0.0728 0.0533 0.1291 0.0344 0.4375 37.2 Total g/mi 0.3164 0.0401 2.0303 0.0719 0.0457 0.0089 0.9424 0.0290 0.3899 0.0641 0.0858 0.0212 0.0217 0.0362 0.0735 0.2033 0.1097 0.0173 0.1003 0.0262 0.0702 0.0490 0.0006 0.0329 0.0941 0.0824 0.1047 0.0362 0.0050 0.0201 0.0028 0.0262 0.0156 0.0262 0.0925 0.0178 0.0156 0.0128 0.0095 0.0022 0.0022 0.0028 0.0123 0.0418 0.0167- 0.0033 0.0039 0.0156 0.0089 0.0067 0.0162 0.0045 0.0941 5.57 % of THC 3.30 0.42 21.15 0.75 0.48 0.09 9.82 0.30 4.06 0.67 0.89 0.22 0.23 0.38 0.77 2.12 1.14 0.18 1.04 0.27 0.73 0.51 0.01 0.34 0.98 0.86 1.09 0.38. 0.05 0.21 0.03 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.96 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.13 0.44 0.17 0.03 0.04 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.17 0.05 0.98 58.02 ------- TABLE 5. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1977 FORD MUSTANG II, FUEL B Compound Methane Etl.ylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene ; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N-bytane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dimethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane ; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2,3-dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane; 2,3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl- 2-pentene Methylcyclopentane; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 , 4- dinethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane , cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3, 4- trimethylpentane 2,3, 3-trimethylpentane Toluene ; 2,3- dimethy Lhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 2,2, 5-trimethylhexane N-octane 2,3, 5-trimethylhexane 2 , 4- dimethy Iheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene ; 2,3-dimethylheptane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene ; unk C10paraffin 1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1,2, 4- trimethylbenzene Secbutylbenzene ; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: Tailpipe g/mi 0.2440 0.2053 0.0489 0.0041 0.0720 0.0006 0.0011 0.0144 0.0464 0.0776 0.0149 0.0105 0.0019 0.2018 0.0030 0.0632 0.0080 0.0155 0.0047 0.0028 0.0061 0.0199 0.0560 0.0306 0.0039 0.0130 0.0102 0.0232 0.0132 0.2887 0.0279 0.0218 0.0607 0.0091 0.0008 0.0102 0.0019 0.0257 0.0560 0.5727 0.0105 0.0086 0.0279 0.0052 0.0041 0.0014 0.0030 0.0317 0.0856 0.0411 0.0044 0.0094 0.0558 0.0063 0.0301 0.0210 0.0751 0.0127 0.0395 2.76 •/„ of THC 4.51 3.79 0.90 0.06 1.33 0.01 0.02 0.27 0.86 1.43 0.26 0.19 0.04 3.73 0.06 1.17 0.15 0.29 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.37 1.04 0.57 0.07 0.24 0.19 0.43 0.24 5.34 0.52 0.40 1.12 0.17 0.01 0.19 0.04 0.48 1.04 10.59 0.19 0.16 0.52 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.59 1.58 0.76 0.08 0.17 1.03 0.12 0.56 0.39 1.39 0.23 0.73 51.02 Di.g 0.0032 0.0020 0.0378 0.0034 0.0027 0.0008 0.0761 0.0025 0.0247 0.0074 0.0109 0.0009 0.0010 0.0040 0.0087 0.0166 0.0074 0.0029 0.0032 0.0035 0.0073 0.0028 0.0143 0.0061 0.0041 0.0087 0.0041 0.0006 0.0009 0.0023 0.0066 0.1241 0.0003 0.0019 0.0027 0.0013 0.0008 0 . 0004 -0.0001 0.0038 0.0143 0.0026 -0.0011 0.0023 0.0121 0.0025 0.0006 0.0140 0.0015 0.0145 .48 Evaporativ HS,g 0.5893 0.1240 2.8137 0.2147 0.1777 0.0613 6.7182 0.1971 1.8612 0.4810 0.7431 0.0824 0.0782 0.5535 0.4646 1.1270 0.5313 0.1568 0.1886 0.2557 0.4026 0.1605 0.0052 0.4122 0.2689 0.1775 0.3892 0.1253 0.0336 0.0780 0.1360 0.2762 1.9266 0.0520 0.0280 0.0408 0.1269 0.0101 0.0029 0.0065 0.0439 0.1157 0.0464 0.0040 0.0184 0.3373 . 0.1430 0.1186 0.0638 0.0156 0.04958 23.48 & Total g/mi 0.0663 0.0138 0.3169 0.0241 0.0201 0.0069 0.7563 0.0223 0.2096 0.0543 0.0837 0.0093 0.0087 0.0623 0.0525 0.1272 0.0599 0.0178 0.0212 0.0289 0.0453 0.0183 0.0005 0.0469 0.0305 0.0201 0.0440 0.0143 0.0037 0.0087 0.0154 0.0313 0.2202 0.0058 0.0032 0.0048 0.0143 0.0011 0.0003 0.0005 0.0048 0.0135 0.0053 0.0005 0.0021 0.0384 0.0162 0.0133 0.0077 0.0016 0.0562 2.65 7. of THC 1.23 0.26 5.86 0.46 0.37 0.13 13.98 0.41 3.87 1.00 1.55 0.17 0.16 1.15 0.97 2.35 1.11 0.33 0.39 0.53 0.84 0.34 0.01 0.87 0.56 0.37 0.81 0.26 0.07 0.16 0.28 0.58 4.07 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.26 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.25 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.71 0.30 0.25 0.14 0.03 1.04 48.98 ------- TABLE 6. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1977 FORD MUSTANG II, FUEL C Compound Methane Ethylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene ; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dimethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2 , 3-dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl- 2-pentene Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 , 4- dimethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2, 3- dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane, cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3,4- trime thy Ipen tane 2 , 3 , 3- trimethylpentane Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 2,2,5- trime thy Ihexane N-octane 2,3,5- trime thy Ihexane 2,4-dimethylheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene; 2,3-dimethylheptane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xytene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl- benzene; unk C10paraffin 1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene Secbutylbenzene; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: Tailpipe g/mi 0.2730 0.2957 0.0680 0.06?3 0.1067 0.0006 O.OOll 0.0227 0.0490 0.2069 0.0188 0.0132 0.0022 0.1417 0.0056 0.0776 0.0090 0.0098 0.0053 0.0034 0.0154 0.0244 0.0638 0.0414 0.0045 0.0302 0.0042 0.0358 0.0286 0.1896 0.0683 0.0482 0.1179 0.0168 0.0006 0.0140 0.0034 0.0328 0.0501 0.0134 0.1688 0.0235 0.0213 0.0210 0.0112 0.0034 0.0034 0.0053 0.0286 0.1159 0.0540 0.0104 0.0073 0.0412 0.0297 0.0235 0.0512 0.0123 0.0532 2.80 % of THC 4.26 4.61 1.06 O.ll 1.66 0.01 0.02 0.35 0.76 3.23 0.29 0.21 0.03 2.21 0.09 1.27 0.14 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.24 0.38 1.00 0.66 0.07 0.47 0.07 0.56 0.45 2.98 1.07 0.75 1.84 0.26 0.01 0.22 0.05 0.51 0.78 0.21 2.63 0.37 0.33 0.33 0.17 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.45 1.81 0.84 0.16 0.11 0.64 0.46 0.36 0.80 0.19 0.83 43.68 Di.g 0.0112 0.0121 0.0024 0.0812 0.0037 0.0024 0.0009 0.0457 0.0027 0.0224 0.0058 0.0075 0.0014 0.0010 0.0048 0.0057 0.0124 0.0073 0.0025 0.0047 0.0054 0.0075 0.0037 0.0093 0.0089 0.0071 0.0133 0.0046 0.0005 0.0030 0.0050 0.0095 0.0484 0.0038 0.0030 0.0034 0.0026 0.0004 0.0003 0.0008 0.0037 0.0135 0.0061 0.0018 0.0016 0.0088 0.0034 0.0033 0.0089 0.0012 0.0094 .44 Evaporativ HS,g 0.0283 0.8552 0.1697 8.4647 0.4061 0.2539 0.0860 5.4489 0.3216 2.5851 0.6698 0.9011 0.1764 0.0972 0.2205 0.5763 1 . 5090 0.8133 0.1701 0.5255 0.2561 0.6801 0.3695 0.0024 0.5169 0.7583 0.5069 0.9802 0.2653 0.0239 0.1402 0.0132 0.2262 0.3956 0.6770 0.1175 0.1141 0.0880 0.0747 0.0094 0.0089 0.0172 0.0720 0.2661 0.1015 0.0267 0.0284 0.0934 0.0611 0.0518 0.0994 0.0164 0.6731 32.0 k Total g/mi 0.0971 0.0191 0.9538 0.0448 0.0289 0.0097 0.6169 0.0365 0.2928 0.0762 0.1022 0.0199 0.0112 0.0253 0.0653 0.1708 0.0921 0.0195 0.0563 0.0292 0.0773 0.0419 0.0007 0.0588 0.0859 0.0578 . 0.1112 0.0303 0.0054 0.0159 0.0029 0.0256 0.0451 0.0783 0.0137 0.0130 0.0101 0.0087 0.0011 0.0007 0.0022 0.0083 0.0307 0.0119 0.0032 0.0032 0.0108 0.0072 0.0058 0.0116 0.0018 0.0762 3.61 % of THC 1.51 0.30 14.88 0.70 0.45 0.15 9.62 0.57 4.57 1.19 1.59 0.31 0.17 0.39 1.02 2.66 1.44 0.30 0.88 0.46 1.21 0.65 0.01 0.92 1.34 0.90 1.73 0.47 0.08 0.25 0.05 0.40 0.70 1.22 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.13 0.48 0.19 0.05 0.05 0.17 0.11 0.09 0.18 0.03 1.19 56.32 ------- TABLE 7. HYDROCARBON EMISSION PATTERNS: 1978 MERCURY MONARCH, FUEL A Compound Methane Tthylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dimethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2,3- dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl- 2-pentene Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 , 4-dlmethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane, cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3, 4- trimethylpentane 2,3, 3-trimethylpentane Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 2,2, 5-trimethylhexane N-octane 2,3,5- trime thy Ihexane 2,4-dimethylheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene ; 2,3-dimethylheptane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene ; unk C10paraffin 1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1,2,4- trimethy Ibenzene Secbutylbenzene ; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL : Tailpipe g/mi 0.1060 0.0490 0.0349 0.0045 0.0261 0.0009 0.0002 0.0020 0.0169 0.0570 0.0063 0.0027 0.0005 0.0625 0.0009 0.0536 0.0020 0.0075 0.0393 0.0065 0.0712 0.0031 0.0056 0.0023 0.0010 0.0023 0.0025 0.0028 0.0026 0.0001 0.0297 0.0354 0.0070 0.0824 0.0084 0.0053 0.0048 0.0023 0.0110 0.0084 0.0034 0.1164 0.0123 0.0117 0.0028 0.0088 0.0011 0.0024 0.0035 0.0102 0.0277 0.0025 0.0104 0.0037 0.0033 0.0068 0.0057 0.0038 0.0184 0.0026 0.0128 1.03 % of THC 8.62 3.98 2.84 0.37 2.12 0.07 0.02 0.16 1.37 4.63 0.51 0.22 0.04 5.08 0.07 4.36 0.16 0.61 3.20 0.53 5.79 0.25 0.46 0.19 0.08 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.21 0.01 2.41 2.88 0.57 6.70 0.68 0.43 0.39 0.19 0.89 0.68 0.28 9.46 1.00 0.95 0.23 0.72 0.09 0.20 0.28 0.83 2.25 0.20 0.85 0.30 0.27 0.55 0.46 0.31 1.50 0.21 1.04 83.74 Di,8 - o.oooi - 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0027 0.1239 0.0051 0.0006 0.0001 0.1114 0.0024 0.0646 0.0040 0.0061 0.0191 0.0006 0.0656 0.0030 0.0082 0.0041 0.0010 0.0035 0.0026 0.0041 0.0021 0.0006 0.0037 0.0015 0.0040 0.0148 0.0029 0.0019 0.0022 0.0008 0.0019 0.0024 0.0212 0.0047 0.0040 0.0005 0.0019 0 . 0003 0.0002 0.0013 0.0056 0.0010 0.0016 0.0009 0.0006 0.0019 0.0013 0.0009 0.0020 0.0007 0.0059 0.54 Evaporati\ HS,g 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 - 0.0002 0.0004 0.0003 0.0177 0.2099 0.0031 0.2491 0.0022 0.1831 0.0083 0.0121 0.0781 0.0012 0.2733 0.0178 0.0210 0.0089 0.0030 0.0097 0.0083 0.0082 0.0056 0.0033 0.0084 0.0638 0.0144 0.0946 0.0136 0.0158 0.0085 0.0043 0.0133 0.0135 0.1213 0.0195 0.0148 0.0050 0.0092 - 0.0002 0.0016 0.0013 0.0059 0.0239 0.0041 0..0087 0.0033 0.0039 0.0057 0.0065 0.0019 0.0071 0.0019 0.0153 1.64 'e Total g/mi 0.0021 0.0280 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0316 0.0003 0.0225 0.0011 0.0015 0.0093 0.0002 1.0324 0.0022 0.0026 0.0011 0.0004 0.0012 0.0010 0.0011 0.0007 0.0004 0.0011 0.0074 0 . 0017 0.0108 0.0016 0.0018 0.0010 0.0005 0.0015 0.0016 0.0140 0.0023 0.0018 0.0006 0.0011 0.0002 0.0002 0.0007 0.0028 0.0005 0.0010 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0008 0.0002 0.0009 0.0003 0.0019 0.20 % of THC 0.17 2.28 0.09 2.57 0.02 1.83 0.09 0.12 0.76 0.02 2.63 0.18 0.21 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.09 0.60 0.14 0.88 0.13 0.15 0.08 0.04 0.12 0.13 1.14 0.19 0.15 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.23 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.15 16.26 ------- TABLE 8. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1978 MERCURY MONARCH, FUEL B Compound Methane Ethylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N -butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans- 2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dimethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2 , 3-dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane; 2,3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyI-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl- 2-pentene Methylcyclopentane; 3-jnethyltrans- 2-pentene 2 , 4-dimethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane, cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 TrimethyH-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3, 4-trimethylpen tane 2,3, 3-trimethylpentane Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methyIheptane 2,2, 5-trimethylhexane N-octane 2 , 3 , 5-trimethylhexane 2,4-dimethylheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene ; 2,3- dimethylhep tane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl- benzene; unk C,0paraffin 1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1,2, 4- trimethylbenzene Secbutylbenzene; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: Tailpipe g/mi 0.0852 0.0360 0.0308 0.0126 0.0195 0.0101 0.0107 6.0317 0.0040 0.0036 0.0011 0.0961 0.0012 0.0280 0.0041 0.0071 0.0028 0.0016 0.0027 0.0078 0.0215 0.0125 0.0018 0.0051 0.0048 0.0072 0.0053 0.0024 0.0303 0.0105 0.0069 0.0225 0.0045 0.0013 0.0036 0.0004 0.0078 0.0109 0.0077 0.1578 0.0061 0.0052 0.0139 0.0032 0.0018 0.0004 0.0007 0.0099 0.0194 0.0012 0.0095 0.0009 0.0041 0.0170 0.0080 0.0081 0.0186 0.0028 0.0180 0.89 % of THC 6.26 2.65 2.26 6.93 1.43 0.74 0.79 3.80 0.29 0.26 6.0$ 7.07 0.09 2.06 0.30 0.52 0.21 0.12 0.20 0.57 1.58 0.92 0.13 0.38 0.35 0.53 0.39 0.18 2.23 0.77 0.51 1.65 0.33 0.10 0.26 0.03 0.57 0.80 0.57 11.62 0.45 0.38 1.02 0.24 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.73 1.43 0.09 0.70 0.07 0.30 1.25 0.59 0.60 1.37 0.21 1.32 65.44 Di.g 0.0062 0.0006 0.0006 0.0283 0.1122 0.0069 0.0088 6.6624 0.2341 0.0063 0.0661 0.0166 0.0270 0.0053 0.0034 0.0086 0.0176 0.0536 0.0276 0.0080 0.0101 0.0253 0.0195 0.0166 0.0108 0.0251 0.0248 0.0180 0.0433 0.0138 0.0029 0.0109 0.0016 0.0181 0.0208 0.0181 0.3999 0.0145 0.0225 0.0055 0.0035 0.0009 0.0015 0.0152 0.0409 0.0043 0.0173 0.0025 0.0111 0.0359 0.0172 0.0160 0.0329 0.0076 0.0514 1.62 Evaporative HS.g - 0.0010 0.0001 0.0001 0.0010 0.0436 0.0079 0.2481 0.0171 0.0197 6.0066 0.8035 0.0210 0.2335 0.0614 0.0920 0.0168 0.0103 0.0301 0.0571 0.1706 0.0825 0.0219 0.0333 0.0596 0.0533 0.0343 0.0215 0.0700 0.0554 0.0351 0.0877 0.0239 0.0080 0.0193 0.0031 0.0322 0.0284 0.0460 0.7440 0.0251 0.0374 0.0089 0.0047 0.0013 0.0026 0.0222 0.0605 0.0058 0.0271 0.0029 0.0123 0.0431 0.0215 0.0197 .. 0,0492 0.0100 0.1342 3.79 Total g/mi 0.0058 0.0015 0.0311 0.0021 0.0025 0.0010 0.0955 0.0025 "0.0277 0.0072 0.0110 0.0020 0.0013 0.0036 0.0068 0.0204 0.0100 0.0027 0.0039 0.0074 0.0065 0.0043 0.0027 0.0085 0.0069 0.0045 0.0111 0.0031 0.0010 0.0025 0.0004 0.0042 0.0038 0.0057 0.0954 0.0032 0.0049 0.0012 0.0007 0.0002 0.0003 0.0030 0,0081 0.0008 0.0036 0.0004 0.0017 0.0060 0.0030 0.0027 0.0066 0.0014 0.0164 0.47 % of THC 0.43 0.11 2.29 0.15 0.18 0.67 7.02 0.18 2.04 0.53 0.81 0.15 0.10 0.27 0.50 1.50 0.74 0.20 0.29 0.54 0.48 0.32 0.20 0.63 0.51 0.33 0.82 0.23 0.07 0.18 0.03 0.31 0.28 0.41 7.01 0.24 0.36 0.09 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.22 0.60 0.06 0.26 0.03 0.13 0.44 0.22 0.20 0.49 0.10 1.21 34.56 ------- TABLE 9. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1978 MERCURY MONARCH, FUEL C Compound Methane Ethylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dimethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane ; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2 , 3-dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl-2-pentene Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 ,4-dimethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane , cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3,4- trunethy Ipehtane 2, 3, S-trinethylpentane Toluene; 2,3-dJmethylhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 2,2, 5-trimethyJhexane K-octane 2,3, 5-trimethylhexane 2 , 4- dimethy Iheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene; 2, 3-dimethy Iheptane P-xylene^ x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene ; unk C10paraffin 1-methvl 2-ethvl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1,2, 4-trimethylbenzene Secbutylbenzene; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: Tailpipe g/mi 0.1110 0.0693 0.0331 0.0438 0.0287 0.0006 0.0011 0.0267 0.0170 0.2224 0.0103 0.0066 0.0017 0.0886 0.0042 0.0404 0.0084 0.0122 0.0037 0.0019 0.0075 0.0104 0.0271 0.0163 0.0025 0.0114 0.0043 0.0154 0.0107 0.0335 0.0286 0.0187 0.0488 0.0097 0.0020 0.0070 0.0014 0.0140 0.0234 0.0119 0.0526 0.0103 0.0089 0.0088 0.0067 0.0014 0.0017 0.0023 0.0109 0.0340 0.0006 0.0149 0.0029 0.0048 0.0165 0.0090 0.0084 0.0154 0.0024 0.0293 1.27 % of THC 5. 50 3.43 1.64 2.17 1.42 0.03 O.Ob 1.32 0.84 11.01 0.51 0.33 0.08 4.39 0.21 2.00 0.42 0.60 0.18 0.09 0.37 0.51 1.34 0.81 0.12 0.56 0.21 0.76 0.53 1.66 1.42 0.93 2.42 0.48 0.10 0.35 0.07 0.69 1.16 0.59 2.60 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.33 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.54 1.68 0.03 0.74 0.14 0.24 0.82 0.45 0.42 0.76 0.12 1.45 62.87 Di.g 1.8239 0.1680 6.9267 0.1955 0.1156 0.0159 0.7587 0.0288 0.2437 0.0459 0.0478 0.0202 0.0038 0.0233 0.0207 0.0470 0.0235 0.0051 0.0141 0.0069 0.0185 0.0104 0.0003 0.0142 0.0242 0.0151 0.0440 0.0101 0.0031 0.0054 0.0008 0.0122 0.0191 0.0377 0.0076 0.0067 0.0062 0.0036 0.0007 0.0007 0.0005 0.0052 0.0195 0.0096 0.0030 0.0037 0.0108 0.0072 0.0073 0.0128 0.0026 0.0420 10.93 Evaporativ HS,g 0.4460 0.0373 1.1734 0.0354 0.0237 0.0071 0.3946 0.0200 0.1678 0.0413 0.0539 0.0083 0.0060 0.0319 0.0317 0.0806 0.0443 0.0094 0.0313 0.0141 0.0408 0.0212 0.0007 0.0356 0.0515 0.0321 0.0690 0.0179 0.0057 0.0110 0.0027 0.0196 0.0219 0.0108 0.1059 0.0121 0.0098 0.0084 0.0040 0.0015 0.0015 0.0017 0.0145 0.0518 0.0195 0.0024 0.0040 0.0221 0.0122 0.0110 0.0210 0.0046 0.0535 3.36 e Total g/mi 0.1076 0.0109 0.3746 0.0111 0.0069 0.0014 0.0695 0.0032 0.0267 0.0062 0.0077 0.0015 0.0008 0.0044 0.0043 0.0107 0.0059 0.0013 0.0039 0.0019 0.0053 0.0028 0.0002 0.0045 0.0068 0.0041 0.0092 0.0023 0.0008 0.0014 0.0003 0.0026 0.0029 0.0029 0.0126 0.0016 0.0014 0.0011 0.0007 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0019 0.0065 0.0025 0.0004 0.0005 0.0029 0.0017 0.0015 0.0029 0.0006 0.0075 0.75 % of THC 5.33 0.54 18.54 0.55 0.34 0.07 3.44 0.16 1.32 0.31 0.38 0.08 0.04 0.21 0.22 0.53 0.29 0.06 0.19 0.09 0.26 0.14 0.01 0.22 0.34 0.20 0.46 0.11 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.62 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.32 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.08 0.07 0.14 0.03 0.37 37.13 10 ------- TABLE 10. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1979 FORD LTD-II, FUEL B Compound Methane Ethylene Ethane Acetylene Propylene; propane Propadiene Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene -butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-butene Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene 2,2 Dimethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2,3-dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-I-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl- 2-pentene Methylcyclopentane; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 , 4-dinethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane, cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3, 4-trimethy Ipentane 2,3, 3-trimethylpentane Toluene; 2,3-dimethylhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methyIheptane 2,2, 5- trimethy Ihexane N-octane 2 , 3 , 5- trimethy Ihexane 2,4-dimethyIheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene; 2,3-dimethylheptane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene; unk C10paraffin l-methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene Secbutylbenzene; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: Tailpipe g/mi. 0.1236 0.0181 0.0142 0.0040 0.0076 0.0004 0.0003 0.0033 0.0054 0.0141 0.0016 0.0014 0.0004 0.0276 0.0006 0.0072 0.0017 0.0033 0.0008 0.0005 0.0013 0.0031 0.0077 0.0040 0.0009 0.0019 0.0016 0.0035 0.0018 0.0244 0.0045 0.0033 0.0094 0.0021 0.0005 0.0017 0.0002 0.0038 0.0111 0.0763 0.0018 0.0011 0.0054 0.0018 0.0009 0.0002 0.0004 0.0052 0.0119 0.0058 0.0010 0.0023 0.0109 0.0043 0.0036 0.0119 0.0024 0.0099 .48 % of THC 15.65 2.29 1.80 0.51 0.96 0.05 '0.04 0.42 0.68 1.78 0.20 0.18 0.05 3.49 0.08 0.91 0.22 0.42 0.10 0.06 0.16 0.39 0.97 0.51 0.11 0.24 0.20 0.44 0.23 3.09 0.57 0.42 1.19 0.27 0.06 0.22 0.03 0.48 1.41 9.66 0.23 0.14 0.68 0.23 0.11 0.03 0.05 0.66 1.51 0.73 0.13 0.29 1.38 0.54 0.46 1.51 0.30 1.25 60.77 Di.g 0.1038 0.0410 0.6244 0.0314 0.0217 0.0037 0.3773 0.0106 0.0906 0.0249 0.0378 0.0037 0.0041 0.0114 0.0263 0.0562 0.0256 0.0079 0.0138 0.0123 0.0196 0.0115 0.0302 0.0212 0.0112 0.0227 0.0045 0.0009 0.0047 R/A 0.0053 0.0106 0.1845 0.0046 0.0051 0.0104 0.0060 0.0019 0.0013 0.0006 0.0053 0.0181 0.0077 0.0026 0.0055 0.0163 0.0055 0.0052 0.0165 0.0352 0.0418 2.05 Evaporative HS.g 0.0284 0.0062 0.1283 0.0110 0.0092 0.0030 0.3028 0.0093 0.0908 0.0257 0.0405 0.0038 0.0050 0.0228 0.0281 0.0656 0.0318 0.0106 0.0118 0.0189 0.0314 0.0128 0.0539 0.0271 0.0172 0.0558 0.0168 0.0049 0.0109 0.0016 0.0204 0.0496 0.5711 0.0148 0.0091 0.0211 0.0077 0.0029 0.0012 0.0019 0.0226 0.0676 0.0296 0.0035 0.0136 0.0637 0.0253 0.0210 0.0699 0.0155 0.0617 2.18 Total g/mi 0.0073 0.0023 6.0389 0.0024 0.0019 0.0005 0.0464 0.0014 0.0131 0.0036 0.0057 0.0006 0.0007 0.0029 0.0039 0.0090 0.0043 0.0014 0.0018 0.0024 0.0041 0.0018 0.0068 0.0037 0.0023 0.0068 - 0.0021 0.0006 0.0013 0.0002 0.0024 0.0057 0.0673 0.0017 0.0011 0.0026 0.0010 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 0.0026 0.0078 0.0034 0.0005 0.0016 0.0074 0.0029 0.0024 0.0081 0.0024 0.0082 .31 % of THC 0.92 0.29 4.94 0.30 0.24 0.06 5.87 0.18 1.66 0.46 0.72 0.08 0.09 0.37 0.49 1.14 0.54 0.18 0.23 0.30 0.52 0.23 0.86 0.47 0.29 0.86 0.27 0.08 0.16 0.03 0.30 0.72 8.52 0.22 0.14 0.33 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.99 0.43 0.06 0.20 0.94 0.38 0.30 1.03 0.30 1.04 39.30 11 ------- TABLE 11. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS: 1979 FORD LTD-II, FUEL C Compound Ethylene Ethane Acetylene ?ropylene; propane Propadiene • Methyl acethylene acetylene Isobutane Butene 1; isobutylene N-butane; 1, 3-butadiene Trans-2-buten.e Cis-2-butene 3-methyl-l-butene Isopentane Pentene-1 N-pentene; 2-methyl-l-butene Trans-2-pentene Cis-2-pentene z,z iMmethylbutane Cyclopentene Cyclopentane ; 3-methyl-l-pentene 2 , 3- dimethylbutane 2-methylpentane ; 2 , 3-dimethly-l-butene 3-methylpentane 1-hexene; 2-ethyl-l-butene N-hexane; Cis-3-hexene 2 methyl- 2-pentene Methylcyclopentane ; 3-methyltrans-2-pentene 2 , 4-dimethylpentane Methylcyclopentene Benzene Cyclohexene; 2,3-dimethylpentane; 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane , cyclohexane Isooctane N-heptane 2,4,4 Trimethyl-1-pentene Methylcyclohexane 1 Cis-4-dimethylcyclohexane 2,4 and 2,5-dimethylhexane 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 2,3, 3-trimethylpentane Toluene; 2 , 3-diroethylhexane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 2,2, 5- trimethylhexane N-octane 2,3,5- trimethylhexane 2,4- dime thy Iheptane 2,5 and 3,5-dimethylheptane Ethylbenzene; 2,3-dimethylheptane P-xylene; x-xylene; 4-methyloctane 3 methyl octane O-xylene; unk C9 paraffin Nonane N-propylbenzene 1-methyl 3-ethyl-benzene; unk C10paraffin 1-methyl 2-ethyl benzene Mesitylene 2,6 dimethyl octane 1, 2,4-trimethylbenzene Secbutylbenzene ; n-decane Unknowns TOTAL: lailpip g/mi '(UOtfl 0.0245 0.0040 U.0232 0.0081 0.0002 0.0003 0.0036 0.0041 0.0336 0.0013 0.0011 0.0003 0.0201 0.0005 0.0097 0.0012 0.0019 0.0015 0.0003 0.0021 0.0033 0.0079 0.0055 0.0006 0.0037 0.0014 0.0043 0.0036 0.0142 0.0084 0.0057 0.0165 0.0026 0.0004 0.0019 0.0003 0.0041 0.0081 0.0142 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0026 0.0004 0.0004 0.0011 0.0028 0.0103 0.0045 0.0016 0.0015 0.0048 0.0030 0.0016 0.0042 0.0016 0.0090 0.51 % of THC MB 0.84 0.13 0.80 0.28 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.14 1.16 0.05 0.04 6.01 0.69 0.02 0.33 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.27 0.19 0.02 0.12 0.05 0.15 0.12 0.49 0.29 0.20 0.56 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.14 0.28 0.49 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.35 0.16 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.30. 17.64 Di.g 3.0509 0.4195 17.6133 0.5606 0.3476 0.0693 3.6357 0.1455 0.7477 0.2470 0.3102 0.0694 0.0433 0.1383 0.1995 0.4942 0.2415 0.0498 0.1150 0.0619 0.1227 0.0954 0.1064 0.2001 0.1057 0.3534 0.0644 0.0099 0.0294 0.0033 0.0626 0.0329 0.0539 0.1145 0.0177 0.0131 0.0191 0.0079 0.0016 0.0007 0.0011 0.0061 0.0214 0.0034 0.0093 0.0049 0.0101 0.0065 0.0058 0.0101 0.0042 0.2373 30.3 Evaporati HS,g 1.0894 0.1388 6.0904 0.1819 0.1142 0.0246 1.4473 0.0609 0.5448 0.1084 0.1410 0.0328 0.0165 0.0643 0.0975 0.2508 0.1252 0.0264 0.0659 0.0355 0.0729 0.0559 0.0787 0.1264 0.0699 0.1524 0.0457 0.0080 0.0220 0.0023 0.0462 0.0650 0.1865 0.0213 0.0180 0.0194 0.0122 0.0024 0.0023 0.0028 0.0140 0.0457 0.0193 0.0050 0.0078 0.0305 0.0162 0.0156 0.0319 0.0088 0.1495 12.1 ve Total g/ml 0.2251 0.0299 1.284 0.0397 0.0249 0.0050 0.2870 0.0117 0.0882 0.0206 0.0263 0.0060 0.0033 0.0117 0.0177 0.0449 0.0222 0.0045 0.0112 0.0060 0.0122 0.0096 0.0122 0.0210 0.0115 0.0368 0.0074 0.0012 0.0033 0.0005 0.0074 0.0084 0.0041 0.0241 0.0031 0.0024 0.0029 0.0017 0.0005 0.0002 0.0005 0.0017 0.0057 0.0024 0.0007 0.0010 0.0036 0.0019 0.0019 0.0038 0.0012 0.0249 2.39 % of THC 7.76 1.03 44.20 1.37 0.85 0.17 9.90 0.40 3.04 0.71 0.91 0.21 0.12 0.40 0.61 1.55 0.77 0.16 0.39 0.21 0.42 0.33 0.42 0.73 0.40 1.27 0.26 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.26 0.29 0.14 0.83 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.20 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.13 0.04 0.86 82.46 12 ------- Ambient temperatures during the vehicle tests were typical of summer conditions (68°-86°F). A reasonable fuel vapor pressure for this temperature range would be 9.8 Ib Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)(4). Thus, fuel B would give evaporative emission rates typical for current summer fuels. The historical trend has been to increased fuel vapor pressure, however, and the other test fuels were included primarily to examine the sensitivity of evaporative emissions to fuel vapor pressure. The 1963 Chevrolet evaporative emissions were examined only with 12.8 Ib RVP gasoline. It has been estimated that evaporative emissions would decrease about 1/3 from this vehicle if fueled with 9.81b RVP gasoline (2). It should also be noted that the 1977 Mustang-II was operating under richer fuel-air conditions than normal certification carburetor tune. This model year pass- enger car was certified at 1.5 grams/mile tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions, as compared to 2.8 grams/mile observed with this vehicle. 13 ------- REFERENCES 1. Federal Register, Final evaporative emission regulations for light duty vehicles and trucks. 41(164): 35626, Aug. 23, 1976. 2. Black, F.M., High, I.E., and J.M. Lang. Composition of automobile evapor- ative and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions. Publication preprint. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1980. 3. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors. AP-42, Supplement No. 5, Appendix D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1975. 4. Bowden, J.N. Trends in properties of unleaded gasoline. U.S. Army Fuels and Lubricants Research Laboratory, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 1975. 14 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) . REPORT NO. EPA-600/2-80-085 !. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO. 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE PASSENGER CAR HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS SPECIATION 5. REPORT DATE May 1980 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S| F. Black and L.High 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO, 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory—RTF,NC Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. C07A1D 0028 (FY-80) 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory—RTF,NC Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Final 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE EPA/600/09 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT : " — Emission factors for over 60 individual hydrocarbon compounds were determined for four passenger cars. The cars included a 1963 Chevrolet, a 1977 Mustang, a 1978 Monarch, and 1979 LTD II. The speciation data is reported for both tailpipe and evaporative emissions. The tailpipe emissions were for the urban driving conditions of the Federal Test Procedure used in motor vehicle certifi- cation. The evaporative emissions were for both diurnal and hot soak conditions, also prescribed in the Federal Test Procedure for certification. The vehicle tests involved four gasoline fuels of varying composition. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS DESCRIPTORS * Air pollution Automobi1es * Emission * Hydrocarbons * Chemical composition b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group 13B 13F 07C 07D 8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT RELEASE TO PUBLIC 19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/ UNCLASSIFIED 21. NO. OF PAGES 25 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage/ UNCLASSIFIED 22. PRICE EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE 15 ------- |