EPA-600/3-76-016
February 1976
Ecological Research Series
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY:
Expeditionary Research Program,
Summer 1975
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal
species, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term
influences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to
determine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical
basis for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms
in the aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
EXPEDITIONARY RESEARCH PROGRAM
SUMMER 1975
BY
William C. Zegel
Ryckman/Edgerly/Tomlinson and Associates
For
Rockwell International Science Center
1049 Camino Dos Rios
Thousand Oaks, California 91360
68-02-1081
(Task Order 50)
Project Officer
Francis A. Schiermeier
Regional Air Pollution Study
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
11640 Administration Drive
Creve Coeur, Missouri 63141
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
n
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
FAUt N(J.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
REGIONAL
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
Background
Goals and Objectives of the Regional Air
Pollution Study
Products of the Regional Air Pollution Study
Selection of Study Area
Report Organization
AIR POLLUTION STUDY OVERVIEW
Introduction
Model Evaluation and Development
Data Management
Data Gathering
General
Emission Inventories
Atmospheric Monitoring Network
Expeditionary Research Program
EXPEDITIONARY RESEARCH PROGRAM, SUMMER 1975
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
Pollutant Transport and Dispersion Studies
Boundary Layer Measurement Program
Boundary Layer Tracer Studies
Radiation Studies
Heat Flux Studies
Pollutant Transformation and Removal Studies
Point Source Plume Studies
Urban Plume Studies
Photochemical Reaction Studies
Aerosol Characterization
Dry Removal Processes
Pollutant Measurement Program
Gas Monitoring Instrument Evaluation
Aerosol Monitoring Instrument Evaluation
Variability Studies
Pollutant Effects Studies
Damage to Health
Damage to Materials
RAPS STATUS
4.1
4.2
4.3
Status of Model Evaluation and Development
Status of RAPS Data Bank
Status of Emission Inventory
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
9
13
19
22
22
24
30
31
35
40
40
48
51
55
60
62
63
69
78
81
81
82
83
83
83
86
. iii
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5. EXHIBITS 89
1. Table of Contents, RAPS
Emission Inventory Handbook 89
2. RAPS Emission Inventory Data Handling
System Retrieval Design 92
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PAGE NO.
1 Classification of Sources for Emission Inventory 11
2 RAMS Instrumentation 15
3 Aerosol Instrumentation, Sampling Equipment and _Q
Analysis Techniques
4 Details of the Manual and Automated Dichotomous 72
Sampler (MDS and ADS)
5 Utilization of Filter Media in MDS and Hi Vol 73
Samplers
6 Summary of Measurements for Determining Mass 74
Balance
7 Analysis of Sulfur and Sulfur Compounds During 75
Summer, 1975
8 Overall Status of RAPS Emission Inventory 87
9 Status of RAPS Inventory Projects 88
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.
1 Work Breakdown for the Regional Air Pollution 5
Study Showing Interrelationships Between Sub-
Projects
2 Work Breakdown of Model Evaluation and Devel- 7
opment Sub-Project Showing Interrelationships
Between Activities
3 Work Breakdown for Data Management Sub-Project 7
4 Work Breakdown of Data Gathering Sub-Project 8
5 Work Breakdown of the Emission Inventories 12
Activity Showing Interrelationships Between
Sub-Activities
6 Components of the RAPS Atmospheric Monitoring 13
Network
7 RAPS Stations 14
8 Work Breakdown for the RAPS Expeditionary 20
Research Program
9 Work Breakdown for RAPS Pollutant Transport and 23
Dispersion Studies
10 Work Breakdown of Pollutant Transformation and 41
Removal Research Program
11 Work Breakdown of Pollutant Measurement Program 62
12 Availability of RAMS Data Tapes at Level I in 85
St. Louis (STL) and Level II in Research Triangle
Park (RTP)
vi
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Congress of the United States has recognized that air
pollution control is one of the most important problems facing our large
urban and industrial centers. Through the Clean Air Act*, Congress has
charged the EPA with:
1. Protecting and enhancing the quality of the Nation's air
resources so as to promote public health and welfare and
the productive capacity of its population.
2. Initiating and accelerating a national research and develop-
ment program to achieve the prevention and control of air
pollution.
3. Providing technical and financial assistance to State and Local
governments in connection with the development and execution
of their air pollution prevention and control programs.
4
Encouraging and assisting the development and operation of
regional air pollution control programs.
Based upon these Congressional charges, the EPA has developed a
series of programs implemented through various offices of the Agency. The
Office of Research and Development is responsible for providing the scienti-
fic and technological bases for the establishment of criteria and standards,
and the pollution control technologies to alleviate or deter adverse effects,
primarily upon human health. The programs of the Office of Research and
Development place emphasis on four major areas of activity.
1. The development and standardization of techniques for the
measurement of pollutants, both at their source and in the
ambient environment.
2. The quantification of the effect of human exposure to air
pollutants on both health and welfare.
3. The development of cost-effective control technologies.
4. The development of relationships between sources of pollution
and ambient air quality through an understanding of pollutant emission,
transport, transformation, and removal processes.
*Clean Air Act and its amendments, particularly the Clean Air
Amendments of 1970 and the Air Quality Act of 1967.
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The Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), a major program of the
Office of Research and Development, is focused primarily on the fourth area
of activity, the verification and development of relationships between
sources of pollution and ambient air quality measurements on the scale of
an air quality control region. Material advancements in technology and
methodology of air quality monitoring and other aspects of air pollution
control, particularly improvement in emission inventory procedures, are also
expected.
The verification and development of these relationships will allow
control actions to become more sophisticated and selective. General control
actions can be confidently tested through these relationships to develop
strategies for a region which provide the desired level of control for the
lowest cost. The verification and development of such relationships will
also allow impact on air quality to become a factor in community and industrial
planning for future growth. They can also be utilized to optimize the size
of a monitoring network needed to define a region's air quality.
1.2 Goals and Objectives of the Regional Air Pollution Study
The goals of the RAPS are:
1. Verification of relationships between sources of pollution
and ambient air quality for all criteria pollutants on the
scale of an air quality control region.
2. Development of improved relationships for source, transport,
dispersion, transformation, and removal processes for all
criteria pollutants (sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidants and hydrocarbons), but
particularly for sulfur oxides.
The attainment of these broad goals requires the achievement of
several major objectives:
1. Development of improved emission inventory procedures to supply
emission data for the study region with unprecedented high
spatial and temporal resolution.
2. Development of an atmospheric monitoring system capable of
reporting pollutant and meteorological characteristics of the
atmosphere over the study region with very high accuracy and
temporal resolution.
3. Creation of an extensive validated data bank containing emission,
air quality and meteorological data, as well as other relevant
information, for the study region, with appropriate data handling
procedures, to be used in verification of existing and improved
relationships.
4. Improvement in our understanding of the pollutant transport and
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dispersion processes of the atmosphere through experimental
studies of energy and momentum fluxes over the study region.
5. Improvement in our understanding of the pollutant transforma-
tions occurring in the atmosphere through experimental studies
of the role of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide,
and organics in producing sulfates, nitrogen dioxide, nitrates,
ozone, organic aerosols and other finely divided particulate
materials in the atmosphere over the study region.
6. Improvement in our understanding of pollutant removal processes,
particularly experimental determination of dry deposition veloci-
ties of sulfur dioxide for various types of land surfaces in the
study region.
7. Improvement in our understanding of local-scale phenomena which
complement regional-scale relationships.
1.3 Products of the Regional Air Pollution Study
As a result of achieving these objectives, several products can be
expected from the RAPS. The primary product is a group of relationships
between sources of pollution and ambient air quality which are available to
other EPA Offices, air pollution control and planning agencies of State,
Regional, County and Local governments, and industry. These relationships
will be in an appropriate form for use; they will have been tested and veri-
fied, and their best use identified in consideration of their accuracy and
required input data, as well as their spatial and temporal resolution.
A second major product is improved methodologies for emission in-
ventories. Because of the stringent demands of the RAPS, new approaches to
emission inventories must be developed. This will result in methodologies
offering air pollution control agencies an opportunity to improve their
inventories and thereby their understanding of pollution sources in their
areas and control of these sources.
Another important product is a data bank with unprecedented resolu-
tion of air quality, meteorological and emission information. This data bank,
with its associated data management system, will be invaluable in the testing
and verification of relationships between pollution sources and ambient air
quality. This extensive description of a region may also suggest new forms
for these relationships and assist in the development of new relationships.
The RAPS will also provide an opportunity for new instruments and
instrument systems to be tested under field conditions and compared with a
state-of-the-art monitoring system. This will allow verification of their
measurements and a demonstration of their utility in monitoring systems of the
future.
A very important product of the RAPS, and perhaps one with the
greatest implications for future control of air pollution, is an improved
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understanding of the processes of pollutant transport and dispersion, and
pollutant transformation and removal in the atmosphere. These may be expressed
as improvements in the overall relationships between sources and ambient air
quality.
1.4 Selection of Study Area
Thirty-three Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas larger than
400,000 population were evaluated by the Stanford Research Institute (SRI),
with regard to:
1. Surrounding area - Isolation from other large areas containing
sources of considerable air pollution, presence of a clear-cut
gradient of emissions around the edge of the urban area, and
absence of large bodies of water.
2. Heterogeneous emissions - Presence of a satisfactory mixture
of emissions and types of sources within the area.
3. Area size - An indication of the scope and magnitude of the
study for each site.
4. Pollution control program - Existence of a well-developed con-
trol program as a source of background data, experience, and
industrial cooperation.
5. Historical information - Adequate meteorological, air quality,
economic, and other forms of information for the study.
6. Climate - Relatively uncomplicated meteorological patterns
and a climate suitable for year-round outside work.
The SRI recommendation that St. Louis be selected as the study site
was accepted and approved by the EPA.
1.5 Report Organization
This report contains, in addition to this introductory section,
three sections dealing with the RAPS.
Section 2 presents an overview of the RAPS to show the role of
the Expeditionary Research Program in achieving the goals and
objectives of the RAPS.
Section 3 presents the details of the Expeditionary Research
Program, focusing on the Summer 1975 exercise.
Section 4 contains a status report on model evaluation, model
development, RAPS data bank, and emission inventory.
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2.
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY OVERVIEW
2.1
Introduction
For maximum utility, relationships for a region between pollution
sources and ambient air quality generally take the form of a system of mathe-
matical simulation models, which may include models for pollutant source
characteristics, models for pollutant transport and dispersion processes, models
for transformation and removal processes, and models for various local phenomena.
These systems of models are the focus of the RAPS. The project of verifying and
developing these models consists of three fundamental sub-projects, as shown in
Figure 1:
1. Model Evaluation and Development - Testing and verification
of existing systems of models, and the development of improved
models with subsequent testing and verification.
2. Data Management - A bridge between the sub-projects of model
evaluation and development and data gathering made necessary
by the complexity of available systems of models and the sheer
volume of data needed for model development, testing and veri-
fication.
3. Data Gathering - Providing the values that the attributes of
the various models can have and defining the relationships
involved in the component models.
These three sub-projects are intimately related, as shown in
Figure 1. Assumptions concerning the source and atmospheric processes in the
various models direct, through the data management sub-project, the gathering
of data; analysis of the data gathered through the data management sub-project,
which will confirm or refute those assumptions, and may, in fact, disclose an
unsuspected relationship that changes the model structure.
REGIONAL
AIR POLLUTION
STUDY
MODEL
EVALUATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
DATA
MANAGEMENT
DATA
GATHERING
FIGURE 1 - WORK BREAKDOWN FOR THE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION
STUDY SHOWING INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUB-
PROJECTS
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This section of the report examines each of these sub-projects in
turn, showing their component activities and interrelationships.
2.2 Model Evaluation and Development
Functionally there are three types of models:
1. Diagnostic - Use meteorological and emission inputs to
compute pollutant distribution.
2. Predictive - Use current initial conditions to predict
meteorological and emission fields and hence future
pollutant distribution.
3. Climatic - Use long-term data to describe changes in the
mesoclimate as a result of mesoscale urbanization.
Considering the needs of air pollution control agencies, the
primary emphasis in the RAPS has been placed on diagnostic models. Fur-
ther, the emphasis has been placed upon deterministic, physically-based
relationships between emissions and ambient air quality.
While there are presently a large number of such models in use,
none except the most simple have demonstrated a quantitative capability to
predict the air quality of a region within a specified degree of accuracy.
A major thrust of the RAPS is the evaluation of existing models using a
significant set of regional atmospheric and emission data. Model develop-
ment, while important, particularly in the areas of pollutant transforma-
tion and removal, is given a lower priority.
As the name of the sub-project implies, in the evaluation and
development of models, two distinct, but related, activities are needed,
as shown in Figure 2:
1. Evaluation of models utilizing the data gathered in
the RAPS.
2. Development of improved models by synergistic combinations
of existing models, or new approaches suggested by the
experiments associated with the RAPS.
The primary objective of model evaluation and development is a
group of models in a form useable to various control and planning agencies.
These models will have been tested, verified and their best use determined.
2.3 Data Management
The RAPS involves an average data collection in excess of one-million
observations per day over a period of two years. The objectives of the data
management sub-project are to develop and maintain a data management system
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MODEL
EVALUATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
EVALUATION
OF
MODELS
DEVELOPMENT OF
IMPROVED
MODELS
FIGURE 2 - WORK BREAKDOWN OF MODEL EVALUATION AND
DEVELOPMENT SUB-PROJECT SHOWING INTER-
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ACTIVITIES
responsive to user requirements within the framework of the RAPS objectives.
It is also to act as the interface between the data-gathering and the model
evaluation and development sub-projects. In addition, data integrity must be
kept as high as possible through validation programs while minimizing the
computer requirements. All of this required efficient storage and retrieval
software, simple on-line display and analysis capability, time distribution
of data in user specified formats, periodic data base summary reports and
adaptability to changing needs and schedules.
The work breakdown diagram for this sub-project is shown in Figure
3 and reveals two major activities:
1. Develop and Maintain the RAPS Data Bank - The archiving of the data
gathered, together with appropriate insertion and access software.
2. Fulfill User Requirements- Develop systems to respond to the re-
quirements of the Model Evaluation and Development Sub-Project
and the Data Gathering Sub-Project.
DATA
MANAGEMENT
DEVELOP AND
MAINTAIN
DATA BANK
FULFILL USER
REQUIREMENTS
FIGURE 3 - WORK BREAKDOWN FOR DATA MANAGEMENT SUB-PROJECT
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2.4 Data Gathering
2.4.1 General
Data gathering on both a routine and special basis is a fundamental
sub-project carried-out in the program of the RAPS. The data gathered includes
detailed information concerning pollution sources, meteorological conditions and
air quality throughout the region. The data gathering sub-project can be visua-
lized in terms of three activities as shown in Figure 4:
1.
2.
3.
Emission Inventories - to identify, locate and quantify sources
of pollutants in the St. Louis region.
Continuous Atmospheric Monitoring - to produce a data base of
sufficient scope to support the RAPS objectives and extend the
understanding of atmospheric phenomena.
Expeditionary Research Program - supply detailed data to better
understand selected pollutant and atmospheric phenomena.
DATA
GATHERING
EMISSION
INVENTORIES
ATMOSPHERIC
MONITORING
NETWORK
EXPEDITIONARY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
FIGURE 4 - WORK BREAKDOWN OF DATA GATHERING SUB-PROJECT
Each of these activities fills an essential role in achieving the RAPS goals
and objectives.
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Another activity includes efforts to ensure the quality and
integrity of data obtained by the RAPS. This is accomplished through a
two-pronged effort:
1. The computer checks the values of each received datum for
reasonableness. Such a check compares the datum, its rate
of change with time, and variation from site to site, with
an upper and lower bound associated with that measurement
and, if appropriate, generates an error code so that an
investigation, and possibly corrective action, can be under-
taken.
2. An independent audit and study of all data gathering activities
is performed. This independent audit includes:
A. A systematic, on-site qualitative review of the existing
data handling procedures for the Regional Air Monitoring
System (RAMS) and Upper Air Sounding Network (UASN).
B. A systematic, on-site/off-site qualitative review of docu-
mentation, data collection, retrieval and validation tech-
niques employed by the various RAPS field investigators
during any of the intensive exercises; and
C. A systematic, on-site quantitative audit to collect informa-
tion on the precision and accuracy of the air quality and
meteorological measurements obtained from and generated by
the RAMS.
2.4.2 Emission Inventories
Emission inventories are an essential part of any attempt to predict
air quality through a regional air quality simulation model. The accuracy of
such predictions is directly proportional to the overall accuracy of the
inventories. In consideration of the various air quality model input require-
ments, the RAPS inventories are based on the following criteria:
1. Pollutants - Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons (by types), particulates, and heat emissions.
2. Resolution - Temporal, hourly, for each hour; Spatial, 0.01
kilometer point sources, 1 square kilometer grid squares.
3. Area Covered - The St. Louis Air Quality Control Region.
4. Period Covered - Hourly throughout the period of the RAPS data
acquisition.
5. Units - Emissions by metric weight; distance in kilometers;
location in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates;
elevation in meters above sea level.
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6. Other information - Data on sources (e.g., stack height, exit
temperature, velocity) where appropriate; data for mobile
sources, such as traffic flow, and aircraft movements, as
required for use in appropriate emission models.
The sources to be inventoried can be classified according to the
nature of the source. Such a classification system is presented in Table 1.
This scheme is intended to accommodate all possible sources and pollutants
in a format structured according to the methodology that must be used to
gather the data and/or according to the method that the information must
be applied in diffusion modeling.
The primary division of sources into categories separates station-
ary from mobile sources, since these present radically different problems with
respect to both emission inventories and modeling. In the secondary division,
stationary sources are divided into area sources and point sources, whereas
mobile sources are composed of area and line sources. Dividing the mobile
sources into area or line sources is a matter of expediency. Well-defined
and heavily traveled traffic arteries, such as freeways, can be treated as
individual line sources. The more diffuse traffic on city streets can best be
handled on an area basis.
The division of stationary sources into point and area sources is
necessarily arbitrary. The point sources, or source units, are those large
enough to warrant individual consideration. Area source units are, by con-
trast, units having relatively small emissions, and they cannot for practical
purposes be treated individually. The emissions from those small units exist-
ing in a given area are therefore aggregated and estimated from some facts,
such as the consumption of fuel within the specified area.
The criterion of size for the definition of point source units is
relative, and is related mainly to the precision desired for the inventory
and for the diffusion estimates derived from it. A unit emitting a small
absolute quantity of pollutant material may in fact be an important point
source if it nevertheless contributes an appreciable fraction of the total
emission of that specific pollutant into the region. A given source unit
may be relatively insignificant with respect to one pollutant of interest,
and at the same time be a very large emitter of another pollutant.
The source processes are conveniently classified as either combustion
or noncombustion processes. Combustion processes are defined as those in
which the pollutants are produced exclusively by the burning of fuels or
of solid or liquid wastes. They include all those processes in which there
is indirect transfer of the heat produced (e.g., boilers, indirect-fired air
heaters) as well as incinerators, internal combustion engines, and gas turbines.
Noncombustion processes comprise all other pollutant sources not falling under
the specific definition of combustion processes. They include operations in
which combustion takes place, but in which part or all of the pollutants
emitted arise from operations other than the burning of fuel or wastes.
Examples are those processes in which the products of fuel combustion come
into direct contact with materials being processed, such as calcining of
10
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Table 1
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES FOR EMISSION INVENTORY
Source
Cateeorv
Source
Subcategor
Source
Process
Source
Units
Pollutants
Stationary Sources
Area Sources
Combustion
Commercial
Institutional
Residential
Small Industrial
Fuel Use
Space heaters
Water heaters
Boilers
Waste Disposal
Incinerators
Gases and Vapors
so2
NOX
CO
Hydrocarbons
and derivatives
IICL
HF
Odors
Particulates
Fly ash and its
specific chemi-
cal components
Smoke
Noncombust ion
Commercial
Small Industrial
Venting of organic
vapors (dry cleaning,
painting, gasoline
storage and handling
food preparation
Gases and Vapors
Organic vapors
(solvents, gasoline)
Odors
Particulates
Organic aerosols
Smoke
Point Sources
Combustion
Utilities
Power plants
Municipal
incinerators
Industrial
Boiler and
power plants
Indirect-fired
air and process
heaters
Stationary
internal combus-
tion engines
Stationary gas
turbine engines
Incinerators
Gases and Vapors
so2
NOX
CO
Hydrocarbons
and derivatives
HCL
HF
Odors
Particulates
Fly ash and its
specific chemi-
cal components
Smoke
Noncombust ion
Industrial
Direct-fired
process units
All other industrial
processes, material
storage and handling
All pollutants
Mobile Sources
Area and Line Sources
Combustion
Surface Vehicles
Passenger cars
Trucks and buses
Commercial vehicles
Railroads
Vessels
Off-highway vehicles
and equipment
Aircraft
Piston engines
Gas turbines
Gases and Vapors
so2
NOX
CO
Hydrocarbons
and derivatives
Odors
Particulates
Smoke
Lead
Oil aerosols
Derivatives of
fuel additives
Noncombustion
• Surface
Vehicles and
Aircraft
Venting of
fuel vapors
Wear of
tires and
brakes
Hydrocarbon
Vapors
Particulates
Organic
Inorganic
Source: "Regional Air Pollution Study: A Prospectus, Part II - Research Plan", Table V-l
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materials in kilns.
By far the largest number of pollutant sources, stationary and
mobile, are combustion sources. In particular, combustion processes comprise
the most important area source units, and estimates of emissions from these
numerous contributors can be made from estimates of fuel consumption. The
most important noncombustion sources are industrial, and are generally point
sources.
The emission inventory activity consists of three basic sub-
activities, as shown in Figure 5:
1.
Establishing Emission Inventory Methodologies - Developing
methodologies for each of the inventories needed in the RAPS
in light of the characteristics of each category of sources,
and the state-of-the-art for such inventories, and the RAPS
needs.
Developing the Emission Inventory Data System - Design and
implementation of a system capable of recording, storing,
retrieving, editing, and updating all data required for the
computation of emissions consistent with the RAPS require-
ments.
Gathering Emission Inventory Data - According to methodologies
and data system.
EMISSION
INVENTORIES
ACTIVITY
DEVELOP
DATA
SYSTEM
ESTABLISH
INVENTORY
METHODOLOGIES
GATHER
INVENTORY
DATA
FIGURE 5 - WORK BREAKDOWN OF THE EMISSION INVENTORIES ACTIVITY
SHOWING INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUB-ACTIVITIES
12
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2.4.3
Atmospheric Monitoring Network
The operation of the atmospheric monitoring network in support of the
RAPS constitutes the longest and most concentrated effort ever undertaken to
define and describe an urban atmosphere. It far surpasses previous data collection
efforts in terms of volume and diversity. The majority of this data will be
routinely gathered by the various components of the atmospheric monitoring network.
This network consists of an extensive ground-based Regional Air Monitoring System.
(RAMS), an Upper Air Sounding Network (UASN), and an aerial monitoring system as
shown in Figure 6.
ATMOSPHERIC
MONITORING
NETWORK
REGIONAL AIR
MONITORING
SYSTEM
UPPER AIR
SOUNDING
NETWORK
AERIAL
MONITORING
SYSTEM
FIGURE 6 - COMPONENTS OF THE RAPS ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING NETWORK
The RAMS consists of 25 remotely-operated, automated stations con-
trolled and polled via telemetry by a central data acquisition system. The
locations of these stations are shown in Figure 7. The stations are indi-
vidually "managed" by mini-computers which provide for automatic calibration
of the pollutant gas instruments. It is the objective of this network to
provide a long term, uniform, verified data base of ground-based measurements
of various air pollutants, as well as solar radiation and meterological
variables. The instrumentation included in the RAMS are summarized in Table
2.
13
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RAPS Stations
m RAPS CENTRAL
• RAMS STATIONS
A UPPER AIR
SOUNDING STATIONS
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RAMS INSTRUMENTATION
Table 2
INSTRUMENTATION
OZONE ANALYZER
MONITOR LABS 8410
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
ANALYZER
MONITOR LABS 3440
CO-CHy-THC ANALYZER
BECKMAN 6800
VISIBILITY ANALYZER
MRI 1561
WIND SPEED
MRI 1022S
WIND DIRECTION
MRI 1022D
TEMPERATURE
MRI 840-1
TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT (6m § 30m)
MRI 840-2
DEW POINT (3m)
CAMBRIDGE 880
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (3m)
SOSTMAN 363
WIND TURBULENCE
R. M. YDUNG 27002
GAS BAG SAMPLERS
:XONICS (2 EA.)
TOTAL SULFUR ANALYZER
MELOY SA 185
STATION
101
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
102
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
103
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
104
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
105
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
106
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
107
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
108
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
109
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
X
X
X
110
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
111
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
112
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
X
X
113
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
114
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
115
X
X
X
X
X
X-
X
X
»'
X
-------
RAMS INSTRUMENTATION
Table 2
INSTRUMENTATION
OZONE ANALYZER
MONITOR LABS 8410
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
ANALYZER
MPNJTQp. LABS 8440
CO-CHy-THC ANALYZER
BECKMAN 6800
VISIBILITY ANALYZER
MRI 1561
WIND SPEED
MRI 1022S
WIND DIRECTION
MRI 1022D
j
TEMPERATURE
MRI 840-1
TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT (6m 5 30m)
MRI 840-2
DEW POINT (3m)
CAMBRIDGE 880
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (3m)
SOSTMAN 363
WIND TURBULENCE
R. M. YOUNG 27002
i -
GAS BAG SAMPLERS
XONICS (2 EA.)
•
j TOTAL SULFUR ANALYZER
I MELOY SA 185
STATION
116
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
117
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
118
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
119
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
120
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
121
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
122
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
123
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
124
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
125
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•
-------
RAMS INSTRUMENTATION
Table 2
J
INSTRUMENTATION
TS-S02-H2S ANALYZER
TRACOR 270 HA
DICHOTOMOUS SAMPLER
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB
HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
SIERRA 305
SOLAR RADIATION
PYRANOMETER
FPPT.FY - QUARTZ
SOLAR RADIATION
PYRHELIOMETER
EPPLEY - GG 395
SOLAR RADIATION
PYRGEOMETER
EPPLEY - RG 695
METEOROLOGICAL TOWER
SS - SELF SUPPORTING
n - niiYEn
MATERIALS EXPOSURE
STUDY
;
I
i
STATION
.101
X
30ra
SS
102
30m
SS
103
X
X
X
X
X
X
30m
SS
X
. 104
X
X
30m
SS
105
X
X
X
30m
SS
X
-
106 | 107
X
X
X
30m
SS
X
30m
SS
108
X
X
X
X
10m
SS
X
109
30m
SS
110
10m
SS
111
30m
SS
112
X
X
30m
SS
X
113
X
30m
SS
114 | 115
X
X
X
X
10m
SS
X
X
X
10m
SS
X
-------
RAMS INSTRUMENTATION
Table 2
INSTRUMENTATION
TS-S02-H2S ANALYZER
TRACOR 270 HA
DICHOTOMOUS SAMPLER
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LAB
HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
SIERRA 305
SOLAR RADIATION
PYRANOMETER
F.PPI.FY - QUART?.
SOLAR RADIATION
PYRHELIOMETER
EPPLEY - GG 395
SOLAR RADIATION
PYRGEOMETER
EPPLEY - RG 695
METEOROLOGICAL TOWER
SS - SELF SUPPORTING
G - GUYED
MATERIALS EXPOSURE
STUDY
STATION
'l!6
X
10m
SS
117
10m
SS
118
X
X
X
X
X
10m
SS
X
119
30m
•SS
120
X
X
X
30m
SS
X
121
X
10m
SS
122
X
X
X
X
X
X
30m
fi
X
123
30m
r;
124
X
X
30m
G
125
30m
G
]
oo
-------
The UASN consists of four stations, one in an urban area and three
in rural areas. The locations of these stations are also shown in Figure 7.
Two of the stations (Sites 143 and 144) operate only during intensive experi-
ment periods. The RAMS network provides a relatively dense data base of sur-
face winds, temperature and relative humidity. The combination of these data
with those obtained from the UASN allows the determination of changes in winds
and stability throughout the area, particularly as they relate to terrain features
and synoptic scale meteorology. It is the objective of the UASN to provide a
data base of the upper air structure over the St. Louis region. This data base
consists of winds, temperature, dew point and relative humidity aloft. This
provides the basis for more extensive definition of the urban boundary layer as
part of the Expeditionary Research Program.
The RAMS and UASN are augmented by the use of instrumented helicopters
which act as vertical extensions of the RAMS. This aerial monitoring system
functions only during selected periods to coincide with data gathering by the
various research investigators. The aerial system consists of three Sikorsky-
58 helicopters modified to carry two complete aerial monitoring systems; the
third helicopter serves as back-up. Data collected consists of vertical distri-
bution of pollutants and meteorological variables above the surface. In addition
to providing data for model validation, they are also able to obtain data on con-
ditions at the lateral boundaries of the St. Louis region.
2.4.4 Expeditionary Research Program
A basic objective of the RAPS is to improve our understanding of
fundamental atmospheric processes. The relatively extensive characterization
of the St. Louis region resulting from the emission inventories and continuous
atmospheric monitoring provides an excellent background for research programs
investigating various atmospheric pollutant processes. Several expeditionary
investigations are planned to be carried out during the full scale operation
of the Continuous Atmospheric Monitoring Network. These field expeditions
supply short-term, detailed atmospheric observations in support of the develop-
ment and validation of source-ambient air quality relationships. They extend
and augment the data from the RAMS and UASN and concentrate on improving our
understanding of particular atmospheric processes.
These expeditionary investigations are carried out during three periods
of intensive research each year, at about February, August and November. The
periods selected represent the two extremes of climate, fuel utilization, and
seasonal variation in sources, with a transitional period between. The fall
transitional period was selected over the spring due to the higher frequencies
of violent weather in the spring and stagnation in the fall.
19
-------
The investigation to be conducted during the Expeditionary Research
Program can be categorized, as shown in Figure 8:
EXPEDITIONARY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
POLLUTANT
TRANSPORT
DISPERSION
POLLUTANT
TRANSPORMATION
§ REMOVAL
POLLUTANT
EFFECTS
STUDIES
POLLUTANT
MEASUREMENT
PROGRAM
FIGURE 8 - WORK BREAKDOWN FOR THE RAPS EXPEDITIONARY
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Pollutant Transport and Dispersion Studies - Investigations
aimed at improving our understanding of the transport and dis-
persion of pollutants after they are released to the atmosphere.
Pollutant Transformation and Removal Studies - Studies designed
to uncover the basic mechanisms for transformation of one pol-
lutant to another, or to a non-pollutant, in the atmosphere
and at the solid-atmosphere and water-atmosphere interfaces.
20
-------
3. Pollutant Measurement Program - Conduct field measurements
utilizing new and/or different instrumentation methods to
determine how representative the RAMS measurements are for
the St. Louis atmosphere.
4. Pollutant Effects Studies - Measurement of selected effects
of pollutants on living and non-living systems.
21
-------
3. EXPEDITIONARY RESEARCH PROGRAM, SUMMER 1975
The principal objectives of the field expeditions are to supply
short-term, detailed atmospheric observations in support of the validation
and development of source-ambient air quality relationships, and to extend
and augment the data from the RAMS and UASN and to concentrate on improving our
understanding of particular atmospheric processes. As previously indicated, the
investigations to be conducted during the RAPS Expeditionary Research Program (ERP)
can be categorized into four areas:
1. Pollutant Transport and Dispersion Studies
2. Pollutant Transformation and Removal Studies
3. Pollutant Measurement Program
4. Pollutant Effects Studies
3.1 Pollutant Transport and Dispersion Studies
The transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere occurs
principally in the planetary boundary layer. These series of experiments
are directed toward understanding and subsequently describing the relationships
between atmospheric dynamic, kinematic, and energetic processes which occur in
this boundary layer and the resultant transport and diffusion of effluents.
Of particular interest is the impact on the boundary layer of the widely
varying thermal and mechanical properties of the urban surface. Knowledge of
this impact in terms of the temporal and spatial structure of the boundary
layer over the urban area is limited since few measurements have been made,
and even fewer studies have been carried out to relate the sparse observations
to underlying physical causes.
Since mathematical dispersion formulations are inherently limited in
accuracy by definition of the boundary layer structure, including its turbulent
properties as implicitly assumed in these formulations, better description of
this structure is vital for model validation studies. In addition, a better
knowledge of the influence of the urban surface on the boundary layer structure
will permit application of results obtained in the St. Louis region to other
areas, whether existent or hypothetical.
The experiments associated with the Pollutant Transport and Disper-
sion Studies may be segregated into two areas of emphasis, those primarily
dealing with describing the effect of the urban area on the boundary layer and
those associated with understanding the mechanism that produce this urban effect.
The former refers to the spatial and temporal definition of the boundary layer
over the St. Louis region, whereas the latter refers to the investigations into
various components of the energy budget for the St. Louis region. The breakdown
of the experiments associated with the Pollutant Transport and Dispersion
Studies is shown in Figure 9.
22
-------
POLLUTANT
TRANSPORT AND
DISPERSION STUDIES
DESCRIPTION OF
BOUNDARY
LAYER
OJ
UNDERSTANDING OF
BOUNDARY
LAYER
MECHANICS
TRACER STUDIES
MEASUREMENT
PROGRAM
RADIATION
STUDIES
HEAT STORAGE
STUDIES
HEAT FLUX
STUDIES
DIRECT
MEASUREMENTS
REMOTE
MEASUREMENTS
FIGURE 9 - WORK BREAKDOWN FOR RAPS POLLUTANT TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION STUDIES
-------
3.1.1 Boundary Layer Measurement Program
The objective of the measurement program is to spatially and temporally
describe the boundary layer over the St. Louis region. The techniques to be used
can be categorized as direct, in the sense that the measurement is made of a
sample of the air representative of the area around the measurement system, or
remote, where measurements are made of atmospheric properties some distance from
the measurement system. For direct measurements, a group of specially instru-
mented aircraft and ground vehicles with special pibal teams are used to obtain
detailed information concerning structure and turbulent properties of the atmos-
phere.
The data from the Upper Air Sounding Network and the Aerial Monitor-
ing System will also be used in the definition of the boundary layer, although
the helicopters generally cannot descend to low enough altitudes and cannot
adequately cover the center of the urban area. These constitute the other data
available for boundary layer definition.
The remote measurements consist of lidars and an acoustic echo sounder.
The lidars will be used to scan for the aerosol loading both day and night to
obtain a measure of mixing depth and aerosol structure above the mixing depth.
Temporal sequences from a stationary (but movable) lidar van and spatial patterns
from this van and the NERC-LV C-45 lidar aircraft will be obtained. The sounder
determines the height of the mixing layer by a return of an acoustic echo at the
level of a sharp change in air density. It is permanently implanted at the
Upper Air Sounding Network Station located in downtown St. Louis to constantly
monitor the mixing depth over the urban area and cross check the UASN data.
Experiment descriptions for the Summer of 1975 are presented in the
following pages.
24
-------
Measurement of Boundary Layer Structure
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
J. McElroy, Monitoring Systems Research and Development
Laboratory - EPA
Research Goal:
Determine the detailed temporal and spatial variability
in the urban boundary layer structure under a wide spec-
trum of weather and wind conditions
General Experiment Design:
In past intensive studies, emphasis was placed on the rapid tran-
sitional periods around sunset and sunrise. This will continue to the
extent that "gaps" in the data base will be filled. Experiments will also
be conducted to ascertain effects of local land-use features such as Forest
Park or the Mississippi River. Intercomparisohs of various techniques for
determining mixing layer depth which began during the Winter '75 exercises
will be continued.
A small helicopter, a panel van, a second surface vehicle, a
mobile ground-based lidar, and a downward-pointing lidar flown in a fixed-
wing aircraft will be operated in coordinated fashion during boundary layer
structure experiments. Coordination will be achieved using communications
radios. Personnel from Meteorology Laboratory and a contractor will partic-
ipate in this program. The helicopter will be obtained through the selected
contractor.
The helicopter will make vertical soundings from near ground level
through the extent of the boundary layer across the metropolitan area roughly
in the direction of the mean low-level wind. From these soundings vertical
profiles of temperature, dew point temperature, total light scatter from
aerosols (nephelometer), and sulfur dioxide concentration will be obtained.
Locations and frequencies of soundings will be determined in real time,
based on information by observers in the various vehicles via radio. Level
traverses will also be made where appropriate. Pollutant data is primarily
collected to aid in real time and post analysis of weather information to
the extent that such data serves as a tracer for physical processes.
The panel van and second surface vehicle will be utilized to map
the near-surface features of the structure. The panel van has identical
instrumentation and will generally travel in line with the helicopter. The
other surface vehicle has sensors for measuring temperature and dew point
temperature and will provide detailed information concerning these para-
meters in areas selected in real time.
25
-------
The lidars will be used to furnish details of boundary layer
structure, chiefly mixing depth, which cannot effectively be obtained utilizing
the helicopter. The mode of operation for the ground-based lidar will depend
on the anticipated degree of spatial and temporal variability during sampling
periods. The airborne lidar (NERC-LV) will generally be flown when extreme
variability in structure, mainly temporal, is anticipated. This will probably
only be used for a two-week interval during the intensive. The ground-based
lidar will be operated over extended periods at the downtown upper air site
in coordination with the acoustic sounder to compare these different methods
of measuring mixing depth and data on boundary layer structure.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Extensive calibrations will be performed on all equipment at
the NERC's prior to and following the intensives. Limited calibrations will
be performed before and after each experiment. All such calibrations will be
placed into the logs for the respective equipment.
Field Schedule:
Field experiments will be conducted over a one month period
beginning about July 14, 1975.
Data Management Information:
Data obtained by the helicopter, panel van, and ground-based
and airborne lidars will be collected on magnetic tape. That obtained by
the second surface vehicle will be collected on analog strip charts. In
addition, temperature and pressure-altitude are collected on analog strip
charts in the helicopter and panel van for real time decision-making. Lidar
data for the ground-based vehicle is also collected on a video disc, thus
permitting polaroid prints of signal returns from single or composite firings
if a cathode ray tube display system is available.
The facilities at the RAMS Central Facility will be used
for reading magnetic tapes for the lidar. Additionally, the digitizer at
this facility will be used for the processing of data collected on analog
strip charts. At present, it is planned that this digitized data and other
data collected on magnetic tapes will be processed by R. Browning's group at
MERC-RTF.
Rawinsonde and pibal data from all RAPS upper air stations
and hourly-averaged data from all RAMS stations will be required for post
analysis. Unchecked data will be required during the intensive for preli-
minary analyses. In addition, limited rawinsonde, pibal, and "instantaneous"
RAMS data from selected stations will be required in real time for decision
making in the field. Parameters of primary interest at the RAMS stations
include wind speed, wind direction, temperature, dew point temperature,
total light scatter from aerosols, and carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide
26
-------
concentrations.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Office space and radio facilities to direct
various units participating in the experiments.
2. Weather forecasting for day-to-day planning of
experiments.
3. May require additional personnel to assist in opera-
ting equipment and as observer in helicopter.
Power Requirements:
No RAMS power required.
27
-------
Boundary Layer Studies
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
A. Auer, University of Wyoming
Research Goals:
1. Determination of the space-time variability of atmos-
pheric structure over St. Louis region in terms of
temperature, moisture, wind and turbulence.
2. Determination of the boundaries of the urban plume
to approximately 55 km of downtown St. Louis.
General Experimental Design:
The University of Wyoming Queen Air aircraft will be the princi-
pal instrument platform. This will be supported by two mobile meteorological
units and a mobile radiosonde unit. The experiments will be conducted as a
series of concentrated case studies which take advantage of existing weather
conditions. Of particular interest are effects of aerosols on radiational
properties and, hence, on the boundary layer, and gross estimates of heat,
moisture and Aitkennuclei budgets over several land use and areas under spe-
cific conditions.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Equipment is calibrated prior to and following the experiment per-
iod at the University of Wyoming. During experiments, fly-bys will be made
with other RAPS aircraft.
Field Schedule:
July 15 to August 20
Data Management Information:
The aircraft has an on-board computer which keeps track of and re-
cords on magnetic tape, temperature, potential temperature, dew point,
specific humidity, doppler winds, Aitken nuclei, turbulence intensity, and
equivalent potential temperature. These data tapes will be processed by the
University of Wyoming and made available in the form of reports and/or papers.
28
-------
Power Requirements:
None
Poteatial Problem Areas:
Coordination with J. McElroy and B. Ackerman
29
-------
3.1.2 Boundary Layer Tracer Studies
Tracer studies are utilized to determine the patterns resulting from
the transport and dispersion of airborne material over the St. Louis region.
Tracer studies are one technique in which known amounts of identifiable materials
(gases or particulates) are released and sampled downstream at different posi-
tions and times. The release of balloons, floating at constant altitude
(tetroons) serves to track the transport wind and is another technique for
tracing. The introduction of tracers enables the analyst to start with a known
source at a specific location and to avoid confusion with other sources in
subsequent measurements downstream. During the tracer studies for the RAPS,
measures of the tracer dispersion and its variations are related to measures of
atmospheric turbulence and transport; atmospheric indices in turn are related to
meteorological analysis based on observations feasible for routine acquisition.
Tracer experiments are designed to supplement data concerning the
dispersion of airborne materials. Of particular interest is the standard
deviation of the vertical distribution of material in a plume, since this is
most likely to be influenced by the urban environment. Also of interest is
the variation of the standard deviation of the horizontal distribution with
range and height. These apply to both short scale experiments of a few kilo-
meters and long scale tests in excess of 100 kilometers.
For the purpose of examining the transport and dispersion character-
istics of the atmosphere, four types of experiments can be performed:
1. Simultaneous release of several tracers at various heights
or at various crosswind or along-the-wind distances.
2. Injection of a tracer into an actual source of pollution.
3. Study of tracers incorporated in the urban plume a distance
from the urban area.
4. Tetroon studies over extended areas around the city.
No boundary layer tracer studies are planned for the Summer of 1975.
30
-------
3.1.3 Radiation Studies
Existing observational data have revealed differences in the radiation
budget of an urban area with respect to a neighboring rural area. As land use
varies, differences in radiation budgets also vary. To establish this radia-
tion budget variation, a series of experiments has been designed involving
selected RAMS stations and a specially instrumented aircraft from Pennsylvania
State University. The most important component of the surface radiation budget,
and in fact the total surface heat budget, is the available total solar radia-
tion. This includes both the direct radiation and the diffuse or sky radiation.
Sensors are installed at selected RAMS stations to measure the UV direct
and sky visible, IR and long-wave radiations. These are supplemented by normal
incidence pyrheliometers at some of the sites with the ability to place differ-
ent types of filters in the light path and thereby measure different spectral
components of the direct radiation. These include a portion of the visible
spectrum free of molecular absorbers and a portion of the infrared spectrum
including water vapor absorption.
At several key solar hour angles, aircraft observations of downward
and upward solar fluxes and downward and upward total radiation are made both
at low level and just above the boundary layer. Sufficient flights are con-
ducted under various meteorological conditions to:
1. Provide direct information on solar heating and infrared cooling
rates for the boundary layers over urban and rural areas.
2. Provide a relative measure of the spatial distribution of the
surface albedo and the thermal emission.
The flights are over several representative land use types so that
appropriate radiation budgets can be prepared.
Experiments planned for the Summer of 1975 are described on the
following pages.
31
-------
Radiation Measurements
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
J. Peterson, E. Flowers - MIL, EPA
D. Thompson - Pennsylvania State University
Research Goals:
1. Measure surface albedo of representative land use areas
throughout St. Louis.
2. Measure vertical variation of solar radiation as a study of
the effect of pollutants on atmospheric heating and cooling
rates.
3. Validate solar radiation ground monitoring network.
4. Evaluate urban-rural variability in solar radiation.
General Experiment Design:
Pennsylvania State University's Aerocommander 680E meteorological
research aircraft will be utilized as the platform for the airborne radia-
tion measurements. This aircraft has six Eppley Precision Spectral Pyrano-
meters, three "looking up" and three "looking down." Each set of three
measures the incident global solar irradiance in three broad spectral bands:
ultraviolet, visible and infrared. Similar sets of pyranometers are also
installed on the roofs of RAMS stations 103, 104, 108, 114, 118 and 122,
which are in urban and rural areas and on the roof of the MTL LIDAR van.
The aircraft also has upward and downward "looking" Eppley pyrgeometers
to measure long wave radiation.
A flight path will be designed over selected land use types, such
as rural (field and forest), new residential, old residential, commercial,
and industrial. To determine the effect of sun angle and building shadows,
albedo measurements will be taken at 8-9 a.m., noon, and 3-4 p.m. To mini-
mize atmospheric effects, low-level (about 1000 ft.) flights will also be
made to determine the gross urban-rural effects.
During each two to three hour flight, two vertical profiles will
be made, one in relatively clean air upwind of the city and one in the down-
wind conditions. For each profile, the aircraft will climb to approximately
10,000 ft. and in descending, level-off for about one minute of measurements
at 1,000 ft. intervals above the haze and 500 ft. intervals within the haze,
to 500 ft. above the ground.
32
-------
In the aircraft, three atmospheric aerosol sensors will be avail-
able: nephelometer, Royco counter for size distribution and Environmental-
One cloud condensation nuclei counter. A number of supporting parameters
will also be measured and recorded: temperature, dew point, pressure, indi-
cated speed, ground speed, drift angle, pitch, roll, heading, VOR-DME, radio
altitude, date and time. A Barnes PRT-5 radiation thermometer is also avail-
able for measurements of ground-surface temperature.
Lidar data would be valuable in the analysis of the radiation data,
and the Lidar van will be utilized during mid-day. The sensors installed
on the roof of the van will be used to support the Lidar observations. The
van will, whenever possible, be positioned beneath the aircraft during the
vertical flux profiles to provide a ground check on the aircraft measurements.
Quality Assurance Plans:
The calibration factors provided by Eppley for the sensors on the
aircraft are checked with a Link-Fuessner pyrheliometer. On a clear day the
Link-Fuessner is used to determine the solar beam flux density in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of the sun. The Eppley units are then com-
pared with these results.
RAMS sensors and some of the aircraft sensors are checked by com-
parison with a reference pyronometer.
Field Schedule:
Aircraft measurements for three weeks starting July 13. Additional
time may be required for RAMS checks.
Data Management Information:
The Penn State aircraft has a digital data recording system which
will be utilized to record all measurements (radiation, aerosol and support-
ing) on magnetic tape. The data system has 35 channels of input plus fixed
information (ID, date, time). All channels are scanned twice per second.
Following each flight the output tape will be taken to the RAMS
computer for an initial view of the data. This includes a listing and plots
of parts of the data. Calibration factors will be applied and a tape of all
measurements in engineering units (not voltages) will be brought to Penn
State for further processing and then to RTP for analysis. A one or two
day turn-around time is sufficient. We estimate that during the three week
experiment, ten tapes will be generated, each with some 14,000 scans of 35
channels of data. Rockwell currently possesses the computer program for
this task.
Computer time is required at RTP for analysis of tapes.
33
-------
During the experimental period, RAMS radiation data and UASN data are
required. Following this period, the validated data, with calibration and
other applicable inputs applied, will be required.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
Access to RAMS stations 103, 104, 108, 114, 118 and 122 is necessary
for checks and cleaning with space on the counter to locate a recording system.
Central computer time and software for a "quick look" at the data and a
preliminary processing of the data is required. During the investigation period
a print-out of the one-minute data from all radiation sensors at the six sites
from 0300 to 2100 daily is desired. At one line/minute, 60 lines/page this will
amount to only 504 pages for 28 days.
Operational data from the UASN is required. On selected days copies of
the rawinsonde measurements will be required.
Use of the Las Vegas helicopters for as many as ten vertical sampling
profiles is requested. Profiles should be made during cloud free conditions,
between 0900 and 1500 CST from near ground level to as high as 10,000 feet. The
top of the profile should be at least 1000 feet above the top of the mixing layer.
The profiles should be made over RAMS sites having a pyrheliometer ( 103, 114, 118,
122). At any single site the profiles should be separated by approximately 1/2
hour or more in time. It is requested that both helicopters be equipped with
operating ROYCO counters.
Weather forecasting service - data cannot be taken on cloudy days, thus
forecasting for the next day is extremely important in scheduling personnel and
equipment. Primary time for forecasting cloud conditions is 0700 - 1200.
Power Requirements:
Only at aircraft hanger
Potential Problems:
Weather
Coordination of Lidar unit with J. McElroy.
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3.1.4 Heat Flux Studies
The measurement of vertical sensible heat flux through the boundary
layer is approached using four different measurement platforms due to limita-
tions involved with each. At the surface, a 4m array of fast response ther-
mistor and vertical velocity measurements units called a Fluxatron is used.
Above 300 meters a specially instrumented NCAR aircraft is used. This aircraft
can detect the sensible heat flux as well as the latent heat flux. Between
these two may be a specially developed tethered balloon. This will serve as
a platform for sensible heat flux instrumentation, such as that in the Fluxatron,
at several altitudes in the boundary layer. Below the surface are arrays of
thermistors imbedded in typical urban and rural surfaces.
Descriptions of experiments planned for the Summer of 1975 are pre-
sented on the following pages.
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Heat Flux Studies
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
J. McElroy
Research Goal:
Determine the sensible heat flux near the surface and below
the surface.
General Experiment Design:
The measurement of vertical sensible heat flux is approached using
three different measurement platforms. The high level platform is described
under "High Level Vertical Flux Studies" as the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) aircraft. At the surface a 4 meter array of fast response
thermistor and vertical velocity measurement units called a Fluxatron is used.
Sub-surface heat flux is based upon arrays of thermistors imbedded in typical
urban and rural surfaces.
Three fluxatrons will be utilized to measure sensible heat flux near
the surface and within the "building canopy" over a variety of land-use types
and under various ambient weather situations. These devices will primarily be
utilized in support of the NCAR aircraft operation. According to present plans,
one fluxatron will be set up near the surface in a rural area, and two on urban
rooftops.
The sub-surface heat flux array will be installed this year and its
data recorded on a magnetic tape system. It is planned to operate these for
at least one, and possibly two, annual cycles.
Quality Assurance Plans:
The fluxatrons will be calibrated against standards operated by
B. Hicks of Argonne National Laboratory.
Field Schedule:
Fluxatrons will be operated over a one month interval beginning
July 14. The thermistor arrays will be operated from date of installation for
1 or 2 years. Installation should occur prior to July 14.
Data Management Information:
Data from the Fluxatrons will be collected on analog strip charts
36
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and extracted manually. The data will then be made available in tabular form
to the RAPS Data Bank.
The data from the thermistor arrays will be processed by R. Browning's
group at Research Triangle Park.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Installation of sub-surface thermistor arrays.
2. Routine maintenance of Fluxatrons.
3. Use of digitizer to reduce analog Fluxatron data.
4. Site selection and local coordination for installation of
Fluxatrons.
Power Requirements:
110V, 0.5a service at Fluxatron sites.
Potential Problem Areas:
Finding satisfactory location for thermistor arrays.
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High Level Vertical Flux Studies
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
B. Ackerman, Illinois State Water Survey
Research Goals:
1. To determine the vertical fluxes of momentum, sensible
heat and moisture in upper boundary layer over St. Louis
and surrounding rural areas.
2. To relate the eddy fluxes in the upper boundary layer,
calculated directly from the products of the turbulent
quantities, to the profile approximations.
3. To study morphology of boundary layer during transition
periods.
General Experiment Design:
This experiment is based upon a specially instrumented aircraft
from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). This aircraft is
capable of measuring the mean and fluctuation components of the three-
dimensional air velocity, temperature and humidity. The aircraft will be
operated 4 to 5 hours at a time, mostly mid-day, but also during some noc-
turnal and transition periods. At the same time, data on upper air winds
in appropriate area will be taken by double theodolite pibal teams at
5 to 6 sites with balloon launches at 20 minute intervals. The sites have
not been selected as yet.
Two tethered balloons with NCAR instrument packages will also be
utilized at two locations to obtain boundary layer profiles of temperature
and humidity up to 600 m. They will be located at one urban site and one
rural site. The sites have not been selected as yet.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Instrumentation is calibrated and checked by NCAR using bench tests
and comparison equipment. As the data is processed, it is scanned for
unusual variations, etc.
Field Schedule:
July 1-31, 1975
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Data Management Information:
Experimental data is recorded on magnetic tape archived at NCAR.
Pibal and tethered balloon data are recorded on data sheets, keypunched and
computer processed at Illinois State Water Survey. These are then used to
generate experiment reports which are available to the RAPS.
Post-Operational Data Requirements:
A. Unchecked soundings and the RAMS meteorological data for oper-
ations summary.
B. Checked data at a later date for analyses.
Logistics and Services Required from the RAPS/STL:
1. Assistance in siting boundary layer profilers. This equipment
involves an instrument package, tethered balloon (about 14 ft.
long) and receiver and recorder equipment. Would like to lo-
cate at or near RAMS sites. Require 110-volt 60 cps electric
power, small amount of inside operational space for small re-
ceiver and recorder (less than desk top), open space for tent
to house balloon when not is use. Site has to be secure.
Help in locating site would be appreciated.
2. Unchecked data from sounding sites on request for operational
purposes.
3. Operational forecast by 9 a.m. Second forecast late afternoon.
Will be operating nominally on a 7-day week, but only in suit-
able weather conditions.
Power Requirements:
110V, 60 hz at tethered balloon sites
Potential Problem Areas:
1. Weather
2. Coordination with Dr. McElroy and Dr. Auer.
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3.2 Pollutant Transformation and Removal Studies
At the present time, much more is known concerning sources of atmos-
pheric pollutants than about their ultimate fate. Studies of the nature and
role of pollutant transformation and removal processes represent some of the
most important and meaningful studies in the field of air pollution research
today. The RAPS provides a detailed description of the St. Louis region's
atmosphere and pollution, which can provide a base for experiments dealing with
pollutant transformation and removal.
The formation rate and mechanism of particulate sulfur compounds in
the atmosphere is one of the outstanding problems of current environmental
research. Sulfur compound aerosol particles can contribute to a reduction in
visibility and, more importantly, have been linked to adverse health effects.
Recognizing these adverse effects, the research needs, and the pervasiveness
of sulfur compounds in a large proportion of the community atmospheres across
the country, this problem has been selected as the focus of the RAPS pollutant
transformation and removal process studies.
The study of gas to particle conversion and removal must proceed
along five broad fronts as shown in Figure 10:
1. Point source plume study to identify sulfur oxides and nitrogen
oxides transformations in plumes.
2. Urban plume study to determine urban plume size and composition
under a variety of meteorological conditions in order to identify
major rate processes which take place in the urban air mixture.
3. Photochemical reaction study to ascertain the photochemically
stimulated transformations which occur in the atmosphere of the
St. Louis region.
4. Characterization of aerosols sampled in the St. Louis region in
terms of their physical and chemical properties and their probable
origins and evolution.
5. Study of dry removal processes to determine the dry deposition
rate for S02 as a function of different land classes.
3.2.1 Point Source Plume Studies
Plume transformations are an integral part of atmospheric chemistry
and become part of the overall set of transformations occurring in an urban
atmosphere. The emission inventory can predict the types and amounts of
pollutants released from stationary sources in a given area, but without know-
ledge of the transformations during plume dilution, one cannot properly use
the emissions data in a regional source-ambient air quality relationship.
Of particular interest are:
1. A determination of diurnal variation in and the extent to which
40
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2.
sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfate in plumes and the role
of humidity in the conversion.
A determination of the rate of oxidation of nitric oxide to
nitrogen dioxide and the extent to which nitric acid is formed,
particularly in power plant plumes.
POINT SOURCE
PLUME STUDIES
POLLUTANT
TRANSFORMATION
AND REMOVAL
URBAN
PLUME STUDIES
DRY REMOVAL
PROCESSES
PHOTOCHEMICAL
REACTION STUDIES
AEROSOL
CHARACTERIZATION
FIGURE 10 - WORK BREAKDOWN OF POLLUTANT TRANSFORMATION AND
REMOVAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
These are attained through a coordinated effort by aircraft and
surface vechicles using sophisticated monitoring and sampling equipment.
Point source plume studies planned for the Summer of 1975 are de-
scribed on the following pages.
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Plume Mapping Program
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
W. Wilson, F. Durham - MRS - EPA
R. Husar - Washington University
D. Blumenthal - Meteorology Research, Inc.
K. Whitby - University of Minnesota
R. Paur - MRS - EPA
W. Vaughn - Environmental Measurements, Inc. (EMI)
Research Goals:
1. Elucidate rate processes acting on aerosols and
aerosol precursor gases in large energy plant plumes,
focusing on sulfates and the sulfate precursor, SCL.
2. Testing and tune-up of existing dispersion (aerosol)
growth (dry) removal models for single plumes.
General Experiment Design:
It is anticipated that the Meteorology Research, Inc. instrumented
aircraft will be available in St. Louis from July 15 to August 12. This air-
craft is capable of continuously monitoring bscat condensation nuclei, 03, NOX,
CO, S02, temperature, RH, turbulence and altitude. In addition, a miniature
University of Minnesota system for monitoring aerosol size distribution, and
a Hi Vol type of filter system will also be installed. The filter from the
later system will be subsequently analyzed for particulate mass and various
chemical species.
This aircraft will be utilized in mapping the pollutant concentra-
tions, aerosol properties, etc., of the plume over a 100 km path. Measurements
will be made while flying across the plume at preselected traverse points at
different altitudes. The altitude increments will range from 200 to 1000 ft.,
depending on meteorological conditions, plume configuration, etc. A scout
aircraft will be used to locate the plume for the MRI aircraft.
A team of three pibal operators in mobile units will be synchronized
with the aircraft to enable calculation of pollutant fluxes at each given plume
cross section.
Also coordinated with the aircraft, a surface mobile unit from EMI
will be utilized to measure plume sulfur dioxide flux overhead and total sulfur
levels at ground level.
The downward looking Lidar aircraft from NERC/LV will also be used
to define the plume under study and examine the particulate matter in the plume.
These data will be combined and analyzed to determine rates of dis-
appearance and formation of various pollutants and intermediates. This information
will be utilized to test and improve an existing model for sulfur dioxide sulfate
transformation.
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Quality Assurance Plans:
Calibration cross-check with RAPS, helicopters, AARS trailer, MRI
Aircraft, EMI truck.
Schedule:
Between July 15 and August 15
Data Management Information:
Data will be gathered using Metro-Data Model 620 analog/digital
data collection units. These units record the data on a special magnetic
tape cassette. The cassette reader is interfaced with a POP 11/15, which
is hard-wired to the Washington University IBM 370. The data will be pre-
processed on the PDP-11 and the output dumped on the 370's line printer and
9 track IBM compatible magnetic tapes. These tapes will be distributed to
the appropriate groups for analysis, with a copy sent to the RAPS data manage-
ment for incorporation in the RAPS Data Bank.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Meteorological forecasts are most important in planning the
experiments, since they cannot be conducted with precipitation
or when the plume contacts the ground too quickly. RAPS/STL
will be relied upon to prepare these forecasts.
2. Support will also be needed in supplying the mobile pibal team
for the experiments.
3. UASN data will be needed to project plume behavior.
Power Requirements:
None required from RAMS.
Potential Problem Areas:
1. Weather
2. The experiments involve several delicate instrument and sampling
systems in different vehicles requiring close coordination and
teamwork. In such a complex arrangement, the possibility of
human and mechanical malfunctions exists.
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Power Plant Plume Mapping
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
L. Newman - Brookhaven National Laboratory
Research Goals:
1. Investigate rates of conversion of S02 to particulate
sulfate, using the isotopic ratio technique in a coal-
fired power plant plume.
2. Investigate the rate of conversion of NO to NO2 in a coal-
fired power plant plume.
General Experimental Design:
Samples of the power plant plume for isotopic ratio and concentration
measurements will be obtained through the use of a single engine Cessna 182
outfitted with a high volume filter assembly. The essential features of the
sampling system are a glass fiber prefilter for particulate sulfur removal,
followed by alkaline impregnated papers to remove S02. Samples will be pro-
cessed in the laboratory (Brookhaven) in a manner suitable for isotopic ratio
measurements. A Sign - X Laboratories electroconductivity analyzer will be
used to record S02 concentrations for purposes of locating the plume.
Another aircraft, possibly a Cessna 206, will be utilized to monitor
nitrogen oxides and ozone, using chemiluminescent instrumentation.
A typical experiment will consist of obtaining a background measure-
ment upwind of the plant and at plume altitude. When feasible, the plume will
then be sampled at a minimum of five distances downwind to a maximum of about
100 km. Sufficient sampling will be conducted at each distance to collect a
minimum of 1 mg of S02 on the filter (amount needed for isotopic ratio analysis).
The samples and data are returned to Brookhaven National Laboratory
for analysis.
Measurements for particle size will also be made utilizing a diffusion
battery in the EPA van and compared with the Whitby aerosol analyzer. Measure-
ments will also be made for sulfate levels and acidity at the EPA van and two
RAMS sites to be selected based on a daily evaluation of the predicted wind
fields.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Field equipment will be calibrated prior to and following each data
gathering mission using a controlled ozone source and a standard cylinder of
nitric oxide in nitrogen.
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Laboratory analysis will be subject to existing laboratory quality
assurance plans.
Field Schedule:
July 21 to August 4
and a two week period around September 1
Data Management Information:
Data will be reduced at Brookhaven National Laboratory and produced
as a series of tables. Plans to incorporate these data in the RAPS Data Bank
are not complete.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Weather forecasts
2. Assistance in case of instrument failure
3. Pibal support in vicinity of power plant(s)
Power Requirements:
Facilities for samplers at selected RAMS sites.
Potential Problem Areas:
1. Weather
2. Equipment Failure
3. Coordination with Dr. W. Wilson's experiments
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High and Low Level Plume Tracer Study
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
W. Wilson, MRS - EPA
F. Shair, California Institute of Technology
R. Husar, Washington University
C. Chetlynne, Control Systems Laboratory - EPA
Research Goals:
1. Determine relative contribution of high vs. low level
sources to sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.
2. Determine pattern and concentration of single plumes for
model evaluation.
General Experiment Design:
Sulfur hexafluoride and another Freon type tracer will be used as a
conservative tracer in selected plumes to establish both plume location and
pollutant dilution. The plumes will be a high plume such as that from the
Labadie power plant, and a low plume as that from an industrial boiler with a
relatively short stack.
Samples will be collected at the RAMS stations, in the NERC/LV
helicopters, and possibly in the MRI aircraft, using a specially designed
plastic syringe device developed by Shair. At the same time, the instruments
in each of these units will be monitoring the levels of sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides and particulates. The syringes will be returned to the RAMS Central
Facility for analysis by frontal chromatography, with electron capture detection,
using gas chromatographs installed in the Aerosol Laboratory.
Normalization of the sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides data by the
tracer concentrations for various distances downwind yield sulfur dioxide
and nitric oxide loss rates, as well as sulfate, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrate
formation rates.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Cross-check tracer analyses with other groups operating in area.
Schedule:
Ten days between July 15 and August 15. Selection depends on equipment
status and weather outlook.
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Data Management Information:
Data management plans are not complete. After the experiment is com-
pleted, all UASN data and RAMS data for sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfate and nitrate will be required. A complete set of data from
NERC/LV helicopters for the time they were utilized in support of this experiment
will also be required.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Shair automated syringe samplers to be placed at each RAMS site.
2. Electron capture gas chromatographs to be placed in aerosol
laboratory at central facility.
3. Operational forecasts seven days a week for wind speed and
direction, atmospheric stability, inversion heights and
percipitation.
4. Use of NERC/LV helicopters on five selected days to collect
samples and monitor pollutant levels.
Power Requirements:
110 volt receptacle at each RAMS site for sampler.
Potential Problem Areas:
1. Weather.
2. May need support in collecting samples at RAMS sites.
3. Availability of NERC/LV helicoptors on short notice for the
experiments.
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3.2.2 Urban Plume Studies
The urban plume study is closely related to the point source plume
study in that similar equipment is required, and as one follows a large plume
over sufficient distance, it becomes incorporated in the urban plume. The
primary difference is that a determination of the urban plume size and composi-
tion under a variety of meteorological conditions helps to identify the major
rate processes, such as chemical reactions, gas-particle conversion and dry
removal, which take place in the urban air mixture.
With wind field data, the total flux of pollutants is determined and
compared with the corresponding emission flux to assess the importance of
conversion processes and/or the quality of emission inventories. By comparing
sulfur dioxide to total sulfur at various distances downwind, the importance
of chemical conversion can be determined. A comparison of changes in the
total mass of the aerosol and size distribution permits estimation of gas-
particle conversion rates. These determinations, when combined with emission
data and vertical pollutant profiles, afford a method of determining the
importance of dry deposition.
A description of the urban plume study for Summer of 1975 is presented
in the following pages.
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Urban Plume Study
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
W. Wilson, MRS - EPA
A. Waggoner, R. Charlson, University of Washington
K. Whitby, University of Minnesota
R. Husar, Washington University
P. Frenzen, Argonne Nat. Lab
D. Blumenthal, Meteorology Research Incorporated
Research Goals:
1. Characterize background pollutant levels in air entering
the St. Louis region.
2. Characterize changes in gas and aerosol pollutants during
long-range transport.
General Experiment Design:
Dr. Charlson and the University of Washington mobile laboratory will
initially be located at Tyson Valley, WSW of St. Louis. Following a two week
period, this equipment will be moved to northwestern Arkansas near Table Rock
Lake. At the same time, the EPA mobile aerosol laboratory will be located
approximately 100 km NNE of St. Louis. By monitoring air entering the St. Louis
region, characteristic background pollutant levels for the region can be developed.
As the urban plume passes over the downwind laboratory, a determination of its
composition will help to identify the major rate processes, such as chemical
reactions, gas-particle conversion and dry removal, which take place in the urban
air mixture.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Not completed
Schedule:
North of St. Louis, July 15 to August 15.
South of St. Louis, August 1 to September 1.
Data Management Information:
No RAMS/RAPS requirements, data plans not complete.
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Logistics and Service Required from RAPS/STL:
None
Power Requirements:
None
Potential Problem Areas:
None defined
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3.2.3 Photochemical Reaction Studies
Photochemical oxidant formation, while not nearly as important in
St. Louis as in an area such as Los Angeles, has an important potential impact
on the sulfur dioxide to sulfate conversion. For this reason, three groups of
related experiments are used to explore photochemical reactions. First is the
Bag Irradiation Experiment. Its purpose is to ascertain the photochemically
stimulated transformations in the sulfur cycle in order to develop appropriate
chemical kinetic models for the St. Louis region.
The approach taken in the bag irradiation study is to isolate
chemical effects from meteorological and variable emissions effects by irradia-
ting representative atmospheric samples in irradiation chambers. Two identical
samples are collected in Teflon or Tedlar bags, and the contents of one bag are
modified by the addition of particular materials. During the simultaneous
irradiation of the two bags, the results are compared and related to known and/or
postulated chemical and physical phenomena.
The details of photochemical oxidant formation in the St. Louis area
will be provided by a combination of two experiments. One is an ongoing series
of smog chamber studies being conducted by Dr. Pitts of the University of
California at Riverside; the other is a hydrocarbon characterization of the
St. Louis atmosphere by gas chromatography. The chamber studies investigate
the reaction rates for individual hydrocarbons under various conditions of
concentration and presence of other reactants. These kinetic results can be
applied to the St. Louis region after determination of which hydrocarbons
(between C? and C..-) are typically present and to what concentration in the
St. Louis atmosphere. This is accomplished by fuel analysis, particularly
gasoline, and analysis of gas bag samples collected from all across the St. Louis
region.
Plans for the photochemical reaction study for the Summer of 1975 are
presented on the following pages.
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Photochemical Studies
Hydrocarbon Characterization
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
S. Kopczynski, RAPS/STL
R. Mindrup, Rockwell International
Research Goals:
1. Evaluate the contribution of various sources, particularly
automotive, to the hydrocarbon levels in the St. Louis
atmosphere.
2. Assess the photochemical smog potential of the St. Louis
atmosphere on a regular basis.
General Experimental Design:
Selected RAMS stations will be sampled to relate morning hydrocarbon
composition and loadings to smog levels developed later in the day and to other
pollutant species measured (viz. total particulates, chemical elements, visi-
bility). This sampling will be a continuation of the present sampling schedule
and will be conducted throughout the summer.
The Las Vegas helicopters will be utilized to collect bag samples
as part of the vertical extension of RAMS and pollutant transport. The
helicopters will also be utilized to collect samples from the vicinity of
various emission sources. Samples will be analyzed to characterize the
composition of such emissions (viz. refineries, auto plants, power plant
plumes, chemical plants, etc.)
Samples will be taken in Teflon bags and returned to the RAMS
Central Facility for gas chromatographic analysis for C1 to Clf) hydrocarbons,
as well as total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides analyses.
Quality Assurance Plans:
The instrumentation utilized in the Gas Chromatograph Laboratory was
selected to provide the latest, most accurate, and dependable systems possible.
Operational procedures have been developed for all instruments to insure maxi-
mum performance. To insure that high-quality data are generated by the labora-
tory, all instruments are subjected to preventative maintenance and repair, both
on a routine and an "as needed" basis. A detailed description of all maintenance
performed, both routine and unscheduled, is entered in the Maintenance Log Book,
which is indexed for each instrument in the laboratory.
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Data accuracy is assured by performing both daily detailed and
monthly general instrument calibration with quality control standards.
The results of calibrations are entered in the Operational Log Book for each
instrument, along with the sample analysis for that day. To check repeata-
bility of the instrumentation, one of the bag samples will be analyzed in
duplicate before and after each set of samples. This verification, along
with daily calibration, will provide a check for variations in instrument
parameters such as, temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc. A periodic
cross-check between different instruments is frequently made using the
quality control gas standards. An independent auditing check of the sample
analysis is conducted weekly by the EPA Task Coordinator to spot-check the
data reported.
Schedule:
Hydrocarbon characterization is designed to be a routine series
of analyses conducted by the Gas Chromatograph Laboratory at the RAMS Central
Facility. It should be in full operation prior to July 15, 1975 and continue
for at least one year from this date.
Data Management Information:
The data is initially recorded in the form of strip chart chromato-
grams, punch tape and/or teletype printouts. Next, the data is given one of
its first quality reviews by manually inspecting the data for general chromato-
graph form factors and quantitative values for each gas component. Following
review and approval, the data is tabulated on a special pre-printed form
for keypunching.
At the end of approximately a ten-day collection period, the data
forms are sent to Research Triangle Park for keypunching and keypunching vali-
dation. The cards are then shipped to the RAMS Central Computer Facility,
St. Louis, for processing and further validation. Keypunching errors are
normally corrected by computer operators at the RAMS Computer Facility, pro-
vided they are not excessive. Should a significant quantity of keypunch
errors develop that the RAMS computer operators cannot process in their normal
schedule, the card decks and data sheets are returned to RTP for repunching.
Data processing entails checking the cards for index number consistency,
as provided for by the form, and producing a triple-copy printout of labeling
information, and for each component the name, code number, concentration (PPB),
ratio relative to CO, and flags if the concentration or ratio is outside an
upper and lower set of limits. Four quantities, aggregated by software, are
treated as components in all respects: sum of non-methane paraffins, olefins,
aromatics, and non-methane hydrocarbons. Validation of the data concludes
upon successful visual inspection and comparison of the data with the chromato-
gram and original tabulated data. Also, special attention will be directed to
flagged data for validity and proper annotation.
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Upon completion of data validation, a 600 foot, 9 track, 800 BPI,
odd-parity magnetic data tape is prepared and sent to RTF, along with a copy
of the printout. One copy of the remaining two printouts is sent to the EPA
RAPS Task Order Coordinator (St. Louis) and the third copy retained by the
RAMS Central Computer Facility.
Post operational data requirements include concurrent helicopter
analyses as well as wind trajectory analysis on sampling days (both aloft
and surface), hourly RAMS data for stations being sampled (up to 5) with
spiraled stations requiring 1 minute average data during each hour interval
of the spiral.
Preliminary data processing of gas chromatography analyses and RAMS
data are required within 48 hours.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Helicopter sampling is required on 10 days, 2 flights/day,
5 bag samples/flight. Meteorological conditions required
are distinct, persistent winds, surface and aloft (7-10 mph)
low mixing heights, and both sunny and overcast days. Both
early morning and afternoon flights are required. Actual
dates are flexible and can be specified as flight plans are
developed. Forecasting, including mixing height and sur-
face winds and winds aloft, are required prior to helicopter
take off.
2. Vertical profiles are required at 2 stations, 1 spiral per
day, 10 days per station. Meteorology and forecasting simi-
lar to above, as well as stagnant conditions, are required.
3. Source sampling require helicopter samples on overcast days,
stagnant or light, persistent winds, 4 samples per source/
flight (2 upwind-2 downwind), 5 sources, 2 days per source.
4. Support of the Chromatographic Laboratory at the RAMS Central
Facility.
5. Collection and replacement of sampling bags at selected
RAMS stations.
Power Requirements:
None over present system.
Potential Problems:
None Identified.
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3.2.4 Aerosol Characterization
Fine particle pollutants are the most obvious, as well as the least
understood, component of air pollution. The most easily noted effect of these
particulates is visibility loss. Furthermore, the particulate matter plays
an important role in the removal of gaseous pollutants, apparently acting
as a sink for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and organics. The fine particu-
lates have also been indicated as having an adverse impact on human health.
The purpose of this series of experiments is the characterization
of the aerosols sampled in the St. Louis region in terms of their physical
and chemical properties and their probable origins and evolution. An exten-
sive array of instruments and devices has been assembled into two moveable
laboratories, each with a computer compatible data acquisition system, to
measure the chemical and physical properties of the St. Louis aerosol. In
addition, several other aerosol sampling and analysis apparatus are expected
to be installed as part of this study. Measurements are made in either real
time or as aerosol samples which are collected for subsequent chemical analy-
sis using various state-of-the-art and traditional techniques.
Experiments dealing with aerosol characterization for the Summer
1975 are described on the following pages.
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Aerosol Characterization I
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
S. Friedlander, California Inst. of Tech.
R. Draftz, Illinois Inst. of Tech.
A. Waggoner, University of Washington
J. Husar, Washington University
W. Wilson, MRS-EPA
Research Goals:
1. Determine from ambient measurements, the contribution of various
sources to the ambient aerosol.
2. Determine an aerosol emission inventory with size and composition
information by combining aerosol data with wind field, inversion
height, and trajectory measurements.
General Experiment Design:
Install four wind direction controlled aerosol samples, a Battelle
impactor, a Sierrahead Hi-Vol and a manual dichotomous sampler at each of our
local agency hi-vol sites. The aerosol samples thus obtained will be analyzed
for size-resolved aerosol composition and examined by optical and electron
microscopy.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Not Completed.
Schedule:
July 15 to August 15.
Data Management Information:
No data needed in a near real time mode; however, historical data on
wind speed and direction, inversion heights, and emissions together with Hi-Vol
and dichotomous sampler data are required. Data reduction plans have not been
completed.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Routine weather forecasts with particular emphasis on wind speed,
direction and inversion forecasts.
56
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2. Use of Aerosol Laboratory at the Central Facility for sample
analysis, instrument checks and minor repairs.
Power Requirements:
None identified.
Potential Problem Areas:
1. Cooperation with local agencies for use of their sampling
sites.
2. Obtaining appropriate emission data.
57
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Aerosol Characterization II
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
J. Winchester, W. Nelson - Florida State University
W. Wilson - AARS-EPA
Research Goals:
1. Continuous sampling and elemental analysis of particulate ma-
terial in the atmosphere of the St. Louis region to identify
sources of these particulates.
2. Test new sampler design.
3. Obtain limited data on element distribution with particle size
by impactor collection.
General Experimental Design:
Operation of "Streaker" samplers on the RAMS meteorological
towers by replacing the Nucleopore filter once a week at each
station for the duration of the intensive experiment period.
The accumulated filters are analyzed on an hour-by-hour basis
at Florida State for elements from Lithuim to Lead in Atomic
number. The accumulated elemental analyses are tested for
correlation with wind trajectories and various pollutant con-
centrations.
Two to four eight-stage impactors may also be operated to
explore the variation of elemental analysis with particle size.
A new design "Streaker" will also be mechanically tested by
running under field conditions.
Quality Assurance Plans:
EPA will operate comparison devices, including Hi-Vols, Lundgren
impactors, LBL samplers and streakers in a side-by-side test in
vicinity of portions of streaker network. Also check flows
regularly before and after changing filter using flow meter.
Analytical methods are checked through intercomparisons with other
laboratories using similar and other methods.
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Field Schedule:
Collect samples July 14-August 11.
Data Management Information:
Parameters measured: Elemental analysis of particulate samples,
time of sample, place of sample.
Data volume: Between 600 and 700 analyses for each of 20 to
25 locations. Each analysis is as two sets of data, the first
from Lithium to Chlorine, the second from Sulfur to Lead.
Data reduction: Because of complexity of analysis equipment,
samples must be analyzed and data reduced at Florida State.
Data reduction will be completed as facility utilization allows.
Data form: Magnetic tape and as a report.
Data needs: Require wind trajectories for each hour of sampling
period, upper air data, gaseous pollutant concentrations for
each RAMS station and precipitation data. These should be
available before analysis of samples is begun.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Require personnel to operate system - need to change
filter once per week at each RAMS station, and check flow rate.
2. Require personnel to service samplers prior to July 15 to put sam-
plers in running order.
Power Requirements:
Place at each RAMS station to plug in a standard 110 extension
cord to carry about 2 amps.
Potential Problem Areas:
Replacement parts may be needed at some locations to make samplers
operational.
Vacuum tubing will run from pump at base of mast to sampler at
30 ft. Caution must be exercised in other operations on the mast.
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3.2.5 Dry Removal Processes
The removal of pollutants from the atmosphere under dry conditions
(no precipitation) occurs as a result of gravitational settling for sufficient-
ly large particles and turbulent transport, impaction, Brownian diffusion, and
molecular diffusion for successively smaller particle sized and gaseous
substances. The rate of removal for gases depends upon the chemical and phy-
sical nature of the ground surface, the presence of vegetation and the growth
stage of the vegetation.
Of particular interest is the dry deposition velocity for sulfur
dioxide. One approach is to use the gradient method for its determination.
The deposition velocity is defined through the mass transfer relationship
and experimentally determined via direct measurements of the S02 vertical
concentration gradient near the surface and the turbulent dispersion coef-
ficient. Measurements should be made over several homogeneous surface types.
A mobile laboratory can also be utilized in removal experiments by
comparing the flux of the pollutant of interest upwind and downwind of selec-
ted homogeneous surface types.
Efforts to measure the dry deposition velocity of sulfur dioxide
for the summer of 1975 are presented on the following pages.
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FIXED-SITE AND MOBILE-MODE
S02 DEPOSITION FLUX MEASUREMENTS
SUMMER 1975
Key Personnel:
W. Wilson, AARS-EPA
W. Dannevik, Environmental Quality Research, Inc.
R. Husar, Washington University, St. Louis
Research Goals:
Fixed-site: Assessment of reproducibility and representativeness
of experimental technique and characterization of diurnal variability
in dry deposition flux and velocity, under conditions of fixed site
characteristics.
Mobile-mode: Characterization of absorption phenomena agricultural
canopies and larger vegetation groupings.
General Experimental Design:
Experimental technique based on the flux/gradient (i.e., profile)
method, in which vertical concentration profiles of S02 and tur-
bulence parameters are combined to estimate vertical turbulent flux
of S02 within the surface boundary layer.
This program represents a continuation of the Summer 1974 and
Winter 1975 measurement series. A total of approximately 65
S02 deposition velocity measurements are planned.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Daily zeroing of Theta-Sensor S02 monitor utilizing charcoal filters
is planned. It is hoped that the RAPS Winnebago mobile calibration
laboratory can be used at least twice. Primary source for S02 vertical
profiles is eight bubbles spaced in the lowest 6 meters above canopy and
within canopy. Flow rate checks from mobile calibration laboratory
would be desirable.
Field Schedule:
Fixed-Site Measurements: June 1 - July 12
Mobile Measurements: July 15 - August 31
Logistics and Service Required from RAPS/STL:
Access to weather facsimile and teletype service C data for operational
planning purposes, and near-real time RAMS S02 data for siting of
mobile measurements and go/no go for Fixed-site measurements would
be very useful.
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3.3
Pollutant Measurement Program
The Regional Air Pollution Study, being based upon the best available
monitoring instrumentation at the time of its design, provides an excellent
opportunity to test new instruments and techniques to monitor air quality. By
use of some of these newly developed instruments, the RAMS approach to monitor-
ing by selection of a point to represent a 1 km grid area can also be evaluated.
Thus two types of experiments will be conducted, as shown in Figure 11:
1.
2.
Instrument evaluation studies-determining the strengths and
weaknesses of newly developed instruments and instrument systems.
These can be segregated as evaluation of gaseous pollutant moni-
tors and evaluation of aerosol monitors because of the unique
problems associates with each.
Variability studies - evaluating the variability of pollutant
levels over a 1 km area around selected RAMS stations
POLLUTANT
MEASUREMENT
PROGRAM
INSTRUMENT
EVAULATION
STUDIES
VARIABILITY
STUDIES
GASEOUS
INSTRUMENTS
AEROSOL
INSTRUMENTS
FIGURE 11 WORK BREAKDOWN OF POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT PROGRAM
62
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3.3.1 Gas Monitoring Instrument Evaluation
New instrumentation for monitoring ambient levels of various gases
will be evaluated under field conditions by comparison with RAMS results
or other appropriate standards. The currently envisioned evaluations include
the nitrogen dioxide laser-induced fluorescent monitor, the MIT laser system
for carbon monoxide, ozone, nitric oxide and possibly ammonia, and the GE ILAMS
for ozone, ammonia and ethylene. Others may be added as the programs develops.
The nitrogen dioxide monitor test is accomplished by running the
unit in series with a RAMS chemiluminescent instrument and comparing the
results. It is expected that the laser fluorescence monitor is more accurate
than the RAMS instrument since it is a "non-destructive" method using the
physical properties of nitrogen dioxide. The chemiluminescent unit requires
the air stream to be reduced over a catalyst to form nitric oxide from the
nitrogen dioxide. The nitric oxide is then detected by its chemiluminescence
as it reacts with ozone to form nitrogen dioxide. The complexity of this
process presents potential problems in accuracy. During the test periods,
independent checks are made by wet chemical procedures.
In the evaluation of the open path monitors, portable monitors
traverse the monitoring path and the averages thus obtained are compared with
the laser system results. In this way the time and spatial averages determined
by the open path monitors can be validated. Additional operational evaluation
can be run as part of the pollutant variability experiments.
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Long Path Monitoring
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
E. Hinkley MIT Lincoln Labs
R. Ku MIT Lincoln Labs
J. Sample MIT Lincoln Labs
J. Gormley MIT Lincoln Labs
W. McClenny EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
L. Chaney University of Michigan
G. Russervine Northrup Corporation
Research Goals:
1. To compare real-time, path-averaged readings with point
monitors at selected RAMS sites.
2. To conduct validation tests for a long path monitor,
using portable point monitors.
3. To compare typical path-averaged readings at one rural and
one urban RAMS site.
4. To provide a data base from which long path data can be used
to check atmospheric model predictions.
General Experimental Design:
Trace gas concentrations are determined by measuring wavelength
dependent attenuation of radiation over long atmospheric paths. The
measurement system is located in a mobile van, the measurement path being
defined by a steerable mirror which directs a laser beam to a remotely placed
reflector. The mobile van will be set up at RAMS sites 108, 105 and one other
location yet to be selected.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Calibrations established hourly by recording response due to
standards. NBS certified standard reference materials (SRM's) will be
used for calibration of NO and CO. Ultraviolet absorption will be used
for established 03 concentrations. Large concentrations of the target
gas (NO, CO or 03) with over-shoot paths are used to duplicate total gas
burdens (average concentration times path distance) over the measurement
path and thereby to establish a system calibration.
Pre-mix bottles of calibration gases will be checked by arranging
a calibration check visit from the RAPS mobile calibration facility.
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Field Schedule:
July 1 to July 28-Site 108
July 28 to August 15-Site 105
August 15 to November 1-not yet scheduled
Data Management Information:
Operational Data Needs.
RAMS readings for CO, NO, 03 and total hydrocarbons plus wind
direction, wind speed, dew point, barometric pressure and ambient tempera-
ture will be needed. Request key to RAMS stations 105 and 108 so that
computer can be interrogated and specific pollutants can be measured on
a recorder.
Post-Operational Data.
Written records of RAMS results giving one minute averages of
specific pollutants during limited time spans (hours). Data request will
be called in as information is required. This data will be requested fre-
quently throughout the field exercises and will be used for day-after com-
parison with long path monitor.
Written record of RAMS results giving half-hourly averages for
all pollutants and all meteorological conditions on all week days during
which long path monitoring occurred. Needed only at end of each two week
interval.
Data Plans:
Data reduction will take place at Lincoln Labs unless a HP 9830
is available in the mobile van in St. Louis.
Data formats will be suitable for input to the RAPS data base.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Telephone-installed for period and at location as indicated
under Schedule and Location.
2. Parking Space-30 ft. by 10 ft. required adjacent to the
RAMS station.
3. Information-expected power shortage or voltage reduction,
extreme weather conditions, and operational status of the
monitors inside the closest RAMS station.
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4. No requirements for on-site data processing at the central
facility.
Power Requirements:
Electrical - 10 kw at sites 105 and 108 (these sites were used for
the same purpose last summer so that no new installation should be required).
Potential Problem Area:
Weather.
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Ammonia Measurements
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
W.A. McClenny, G. Russiwurm-FMDS, CPL, NERC / RTF
L. Hrubesh-Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
C. Russovini-Northrup Corporation
Research Goals:
Determine ammonia levels characteristic of the St. Louis atmosphere.
Provide basic tests to determine sample integrity under typical
ambient air conditions.
General Experimental Design:
A field test of several ammonia monitors is planned. This test
is not necessarily connected with the RAPS, but it may be convenient to
perform the tests at St. Louis University. Dr. L. Hrubesh of Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory will provide a monitor based on microwave absorption,
and a prototype chemiluminescence ammonia monitor will be used. A labora-
tory prototype of a new type of NH3 monitor, known as an optoarvistic detector,
will also be available for comparison.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Depend on monitoring unit selected but rely upon frequent calibra-
tion with appropriate reference materials.
Field Schedule:
August 15 to September 30 operation of unit.
Data Management Information:
Data will be reduced at RTP or Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and
supplied as a report.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
None at this time.
67
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Power Requirements:
Arrangements made at St. Louis University.
Potential Problem Areas:
None identified.
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3.3.2 Aerosol Monitoring Instrument Evaluation
Aerosols, due to the diversity of their sources, physical proper-
ties, and chemical properties, present special challenges to air monitoring
technology. As part of the pollutant measurement program, the Field Methods
Development Section of the Chemistry Physics Lab is supervising an extensive
array of instruments, devices and analytical methods used for aerosol measure-
ments in the St. Louis atmosphere. These include both newly developed in-
strumentation and standard sampling devices. These are each teamed with
established and new techniques for sample analysis. Some of the equipment
and analysis methods being used are shown in Table 3. Newly developed instru-
ments and methods will be added as they become available.
Experiment description for the summer of 1975 is presented on the
pages following Table 3.
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TABLE 3 - AEROSOL INSTRUMENTATION, SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
INSTRUMENTS AND
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
AEROSOL ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES
High Volume Samplers
Manual Dichotomous Samplers
Lundgren Impactors
Prototype Sulfuric Acid Aerosol Analyzer
Gravimetric mass determination
Ammonium by ion selective electrode
Acidity by Gran titration
Sulfate by Thorin titration
Sulfate by flash volatilization
Nitrate by electrode and colorimetric methods
Carbon by combustion
X-ray fluorescence
Infra-red analysis for general ion content
Valence state by electron scattering cross-
section analysis
Light elements (Li to Ci) by proton scattering
-------
Aerosol Measurements
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
R. Baumgardner - FMDS/EPA
T. Dzubay - FMDS/EPA
L. Mines - FMDS/EPA
P. Lamothe - FMDS/EPA
C. Sawicki - FMDS/EPA
R. Stevens - FMDS/EPA
T. Novakov - Lawrence Venkley Laboratory
P. Cunningham - Argonne National Laboratory
J. Moyers - University of Arizona
R. Husar - Washington University
Research Goals:
1. To field test and evaluate several methods for aerosol sampling
and analysis which are being developed by FMDS and other con-
tractors and participants.
2. To conduct the tests at one rural RAMS site in order to test
the methods with a wide range of concentrations and chemical
species.
3. To test the comparability between samples collected in manual
dichotomous samplers which we will provide and samples collect-
ed by the automated dichotomous samplers within the RAMS sta-
tions.
4. To test ability of methods for determining the mass balance of
aerosol in two size ranges by measuring mass, carbon, nitrate,
ammonium ions, oxidation states of nitrogen and sulfur, total
sulfur, sulfate, sulfuric acid, strong acid and elemental com-
position.
General Experimental Design:
A mobile laboratory will be set up at both an urban site (RAMS 106)
and a rural site (RAMS 124). This van will contain a Sulfuric Acid Aerosol
Analyzer, a prototype Ultrasensitive Sulfur Dioxide Monitor, a prototype
Ammonia Monitor, and a beta gauge mass monitor. Also operated in conjunction
with.the van are a High Volume Sampler (Hi Vol), five Manual Dichotomous Sam-
plers (MDS), a Lundgren Impactor, a Sulfuric Acid Sampler, one Automated
Dichotomous Sampler (ADS), and a Florida State University "Streaker."
Some relevant details of the MDS and ADS are shown in Table 4. The
utilization of filter media in the samplers is shown in Table 5. A summary of
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measurements for determining mass balance is presented in Table 6, and Table
7 contracts various techniques for the analysis of sulfur and sulfur-related
materials.
TABLE 4 - DETAILS OF THE MANUAL AND AUTOMATED DICHOTOMOUS
SAMPLER CMOS AND ADS)
MDS
Fine
Coarse
Total
ADS
Fine
Coarse
Size
Range
0-3.5
3.5-20
0-20
0-24
2.4-20
Size
Code
F
C
T
F
C
Filter
dia., nun
37
37
126
37
37
Sample
dia., mm
29
29
114
28
28
Flow Rate
1/min.
14
14
200
50
50
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TABLE 5 - UTILIZATION OF FILTER MEDIA IN MDS AND HI VOL SAMPLER
Sampler
MDS 1
MDS 2
MDS 3
MDS 4
MDS 5
Hi Vol
ADS
Fine
Fluoropore
Fluoropore
Fluoropore
Fluoropore
Quartz
Quartz
Cellulosic
Coarse
Fluoropore
Fluoropore
Fluoropore
Fluoropore
Quartz
Quartz
Cellulosic
Total
Quartz
Glass Fiber
Quartz
Quartz
Glass Fiber
Glass Fiber
Glass Fiber
*Hi Vol Flow Rate: 1000 1/min (35 dfra)
In addition, an infra-red analysis of aerosols collected in the
Lundgren impactor will be performed by Cunningham of Argonne National Lab-
oratory, and sulfuric acid analysis by a low temperature volatilization
technique will be made by Lamothe of FMDS/EPA.
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TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENTS FOR DETERMINING MASS BALANCE
Parameter
Mass
Mass
Mass
Elemental (Z>12)
Elemental (Z>20)
Ammonium
Strong acid
Sulfate
Nitrate
Carbon
Sampler
MDS, HiVol
ADS
Two Mass
ADS
Streaker
MDS
MDS
MDS
MDS
Size
Code
F,C,T
F,C
F,T
F,C
T
F,C, T
F,C, T
F,C, T
F,C, T
Method
Gravimetric
Beta Gauge
Beta Gauge
XRF
Proton
Scattering
Ion Selective
Electrode
Gran titration
See Table 7
Electrode
Colorimetric
Combustion
Lab
EPA
LBL
WU
LBL
FSU
Northrup
Northrup
Ariz. U
EPA
74
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Parameter
S
S
S
so
Soluble S
Oxides of S
NH4+
TABLE 7
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR AND SULFUR COMPOUNDS
DURING SUMMER, 1975
Method
XRF
Proton Scattering
XRF
Thorin Titration
NASN
AIHL
Barium Chloranilate
Flash Volatitization
ESCA (S, S=,S03, S04)
Ion Selective Electrode
Gran Titration
Investigator
Loo (LBL)
Nelson (FSU)
Northrup
Northrup
AIHL
AIHL
Husar
Novakov
Northrup
Northrup
Sampler
ADS
Streaker
MDS 1,2,3, 4
MDS 1
MDS 5
MDS 5
MDS 3
MDS 4
MDS 1
MDS 1
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Quality Assurance Plans:
Standard laboratory quality assurance checks will be made for the
laboratory analyses. The other equipment will be checked for proper flow-
rates and results compared between equipment. Calibration standards trace-
able to NBS will be used as appropriate for the monitoring equipment.
Field Schedule:
o Manual Dichotomous Sampler
August 10 - 31
12:15 PM to 11:45 AM (23% hours)
o Automated Dichotomous Sampler
Urban site (106) 2 hours August 10 - 25
12 hours August 25-31
Rural site (124) 2 hours August 10 - 25
12 hours August 25-31
o RTI Van
Urban site August 10-20
Rural site August 20-31
Data Management Information:
Plans not complete.
Logistics and Services Required from RAPS/STL:
1. Permission to operate the specified equipment at the requested
urban and rural sites. At the urban site it will be necessary
to operate all of the samplers and the van within the fenced-in
security area. At the rural site, at least the samplers must
be within the fenced-in area.
2. Four (4) keys for unlocking the gates and doors.
3. Six (6) 20A, 115 V, 60 Hz circuits. Two outdoor outlets are
needed for each circuit.
4. For the automated dichotomous samplers operated within RAMS
at the two sites, please change the sampling interval from 2
hours to 12 hours at Noon, August 25.
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5. Power drop for the instrumented van at the urban and rural
sites; a fused switch box, 100 A, 220 V is needed.
6. Parking place for the 32-foot long instrumented van is needed
at both the urban and rural sites.
7. The above power drop must be located within 45 feet of the
parking place for the van.
Power Requirements:
At the two selected RAMS stations, six 20 A, 115 V, 60 Hz circuits
and one 100 A, 220 V, 60 Hz circuit are needed.
Potential Problem Area:
None identified.
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3.3.3. Variability Studies
The siting criteria employed for the RAMS sitings and various quality
assurance and data validation procedures used in the RAMS measurements were
instituted to minimize instrument-related errors and unrepresentative siting
effects. However, natural fluctuations over the one kilometer square grid
employed by most mathematical simulation models are still expected. These
variability studies quantitatively assess the representativeness of the RAMS
air quality and meteorological observations and/or the degree of ambient
variability with which the computations of mathematical simulation models may
be verified effectively and their dependency upon emission field and land use
variations.
Pollutant variability is measured utilizing several different systems.
These include open path monitors, such as the MIT tunable laser system, the
GE ILAMS gas laser system, and the Barringer COSPEC III operated by Environ-
mental Measurements, Inc.; portable monitors than can be carried by a man or
small vehicle; a mobile unit carrying and array of air quality instrumentation
similar to the RAMS instrumentation; and bag samplers. The initial effort is
to develop a coordinated methodology leading to more extensive subsequent field
expeditions. In these experiments, measurements of sulfur dioxide, ozone and
carbon monoxide are made with the portable units and later by the open path
units. The mobile unit is also able to monitor these pollutants and nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbon's and aerosols (by Nephelometry).
The portable and mobile units are deployed to determine the spatial
and temporal pollutant variability by traveling along prescribed paths or by
being stationed along prescribed paths. In either case, spatial and temporal
variabilities are obtained from which averages and variances are calculated.
The open path units measure the average values of the various pollu-
tants over a prescribed area around a RAMS station by setting up various
measurement paths centered at the station. These values are compared with the
RAMS output to determine how representative the RAMS results are of the area
and the relationships between the results.
Bag samples allow an independent check on the average values of
relatively non-reactive pollutants by continuous sampling along prescribed
paths and subsequent analysis of the contents of the bag.
The meteorological variability experiments determine, for specified
areas, the meteorological heterogeneity in order to parameterize the relation-
ship between point (station) measurements and grid-averaged measurements. The
basic approach is to use a mobile van traversing specified one square
kilometer areas around selected RAMS stations. The selected areas have land
use patterns which result in relatively homogeneous aerodynamic roughness.
The van makes temperature and humidity measurements along a prescribed travel
pattern in the area of interest, with extra measurements being made during
transitional periods.
The variability study planned for the summer of 1975 is described on
the following pages.
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Pollutant Variability
Summer 1975
Key Personnel:
W.A. McClenny, R.J. Paur-FMDS, GPL, NERC/RTP
L.W. Chancy-University of Michigan
R.T. Ku, E.D. Hinkley, P.O. Sample-MIT Lincoln Labs
Research Goals:
1. To compare readings at the RAMS stations with readings taken
in the area which the station represents.
2. To determine subgrid pollutant variability at selected sites
and under various macro-meteorological conditions.
3. To determine any siting bias inherent in the placement of the
RAMS station at selected sites.
General Experimental Design:
MIT open path monitor located near RAMS sites 108 and 105 to
measure concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and ozone over
four paths placed in quadrants surrounding the RAMS station. Path length
will be between 0.5 and 1 km.
Point monitors are carried across the site area or located in
selected sites around RAMS station. Point monitors are used to check
experimental values obtained with path monitors. Both point monitors and
path monitors are then compared with RAMS readings. Subsequent analysis
establishes degree of correlation and nature of relationship between grid-
average and RAMS. Representativeness of RAMS data is also obtained by com-
parison with field instrumentation results.
Quality Assurance Plans:
Calibration of point monitors will be accomplished using 1%
neutral buffered potassium iodide for ozone and standard cylinders for
carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. These will be checked using gas phase
titration and ultraviolet absorption for ozone, and referencing nitric
oxide levels to ozone by gas titration.
Field Schedule:
July 1 to July 28 - Site 108
July 28 to August 15 - Site 105
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Data Management Information:
Parameters measured: Concentrations of CO, NO and Oj as analog
signals on chart recorders.
Data Volume: Approximately 45 days (at six hours per day) of data
will be recorded.
Data Reduction: L. Chaney at University of Michigan will reduce
variability data by 1 December 1975. Data will be reduced in St.
Louis or at University of Michigan.
E.D. Hinkley, et al, will process long path data to incorporate
calibration sequences. Tapes of data will be made available to
RAPS data manager with approximately one month's lag time.
Data Form: Tapes with data averaged over time periods compatible
with needs of Data Management for long path experiments. Reports
on pollutant variability and RAMS representativeness.
Logistics and Services Required From RAPS/STL
Two copies of a Daily Report of CO, NO, 63 and all meteorological
data for stations 105 and 108 for 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., June 23 and September 30
as 10 min. averages and as 1 min. averages for selected time periods.
Request four periods of pollutant variability data at site 108 be-
tween June 23 and August 1, using Las Vegas helicopters.
Access to the RAMS stations 105 and 108 to make comparisons with the
station readings for S02, NO, NOx, CO and 03.
Permission to use a recorder at sites 105 and 108.
Power Requirements:
Existing station outlets for van at 105 and 108.
Potential Problem Areas:
If computer in van develops a problem, may wish long path tapes
to be processed at Central Facility.
No pollutant variability studies when raining; long path studies
can continue.
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3.4 Pollutant Effects Studies
Air pollution problems are concerned not only with engineering,
chemistry, physics and meteorology, but also have large-scale impacts on
the economic and social life of a community and a nation. The Regional Air
Pollution Study does not have as a goal the quantification of these impacts;
however, it provides an unparalleled opportunity for other studies to be
conducted toward accumulating information on these community air pollution
impacts. If these additional studies collect the necessary economic and
social data for the St. Louis area, they can be related to the RAPS data on
detailed air pollution concentrations and exposure. The resulting correlations
between detailed physical and social information on air pollution within the
community should lead to an increased understanding and more accurate assessment
of the actual impact of air pollution on the life of a community.
There are several obvious costs of air pollution to the community.
These include damage to health, damage to property through corrosion and
staining, and reduced property values due to the unwillingness of buyers to
accept obvious impacts of air pollution, such as increased dust, odors, etc.
It is presently planned to investigate the first two of these in conjunction
with the RAPS as ongoing programs not necessarily related to the Summer 1975
experimental period. Information on the studies is included to make the RAPS
participants aware of these programs.
3.4.1 Damage to Health
The Human Studies Laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency
has arranged with St. Louis University Medical School to investigate some of
the relationships between human health and air pollution. This study will be
carried-out in two phases. Phase one, which will be complete prior to July 1,
1975, is a study of between 10 and 20 letter carriers from the Benton Park
Postal Station. These will all be male non-smokers who work outside all day
in an area with relatively high air pollution. All will be given a thorough
physical, including pulmonary function and chest x-rays, and an extensive
medical history taken. Then for an eight-week period they will receive an
examination each work-day after they return from their rounds. This includes
pulmonary function, chest examination, blood examination for carbon monoxide
effects, and appropriate cultures and other blood analysis. At the same time,
air quality data will be acquired from the local RAMS station (Station 105)
and correlations with the health data sought.
Phase two will start in October 1975, and consists of a study of about
ten asthmatics and ten healthy non-smokers. These people will live in the
general area of the Benton Park Postal Station. The asthmatics will be selected
from regular patients of the St. Louis University Hospital Clinic. These
people will be visited daily by a physician to examine the person, including
pulmonary function, etc., as with the postal workers. Any respiratory problems
will be reported, and these reports will be compared with the RAMS air quality
data (Station 105) to evaluate the role of air pollution in aggravating res-
piratory problems.
81
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In Phase two, an instrument designed to continuously monitor
aero-allergens will be installed and operated in Station 105 and its readings
included with the air quality data to preclude interference by unusual levels
of pollens, molds, etc., during the season when this may be a problem.
3.4.2 Damage to Materials
The Materials Section of the Environmental Protection Agency has been
conducting controlled environment chamber studies to assess the damaging
effects of air pollutants - SO-, N0_, 0 - on various materials. From the
data, dose-response relationships and damage predictive equations are being
developed. Field studies are now being conducted to complement the laboratory
work. These field studies attempt to evaluate the overall agreement between
the laboratory results and real world damage observed and measured under am-
bient environmental conditions. The RAPS offers an ideal opportunity to make
these comparisons, in terms of the nature of the pollutants, high degree of
monitoring network sophistication, and sufficient number and placement of sites.
Nine exposure sites at existing RAMS network monitoring sites in
greater St. Louis have been selected for these tests. They are sites 103,
105, 106, 108, 112, 115, 118, 120 and 122. The sites reflect a concentration
gradient of atmospheric sulfur pollutants, primarily from steam power generating
facilities.
The materials to be exposed in this study are:
1. Galvanized Steel.
2. Weathering Steel - Corten A, U. S. Steel Corp.
3. Aluminum.
4. Household Paints - Oil Base and Latex.
5. White Cherokee Marble.
6. Silver.
7. Textiles - Nylon Hose.
The materials effects data is evaluated and attempts made to establish
cause - effect relationships by statistically analyzing the effects data and
corresponding air quality data.
82
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4. RAPS STATUS
4.1 Status of Model Evaluation and Development
Several models are in the process of being adapted to St. Louis so
that evaluation can be made utilizing the RAPS data base. Potential candidate
models which may be considered include:
1. IBM sulfur dioxide model.
2. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's LIRAC-1 and LIRAC-2.
3. Environmental Research and Technology Model.
4. Model by the Center for the Environment and Man.
5. Xonics CAPSE, MADCAP, and others.
6. System Application Inc.
7. General Research Corporation photochemical model.
8. Systems, Science and Software's PICK.
9. Several Gaussian models for inert species.
10. Hanna's model and other approaches to photochemical modeling.
At present the major problem is a lack of inventory data. Presently
available are the NEDS point source yearly averages for 1970 and the NEDS
area source yearly averages for 1970 on a non-RAPS grid system. In July,
it is expected that the RAPS sulfur dioxide point source hourly average inven-
tory will be available. However, the RAPS sulfur dioxide area source hourly
averages will not be available until spring of 1976. Work is therefore
proceeding on adapting the 1973 NEDS area source inventory to the RAPS grid
system for use with the RAPS point source data. This should be completed by
fall of 1975 so that evaluation efforts can proceed.
4.2 Status of RAPS Data Bank
The RAPS data bank consists primarily of the RAMS data.
Data from the UASN is being incorporated as software allows, and the data from
expeditionary research programs and the emission inventory is included as it
becomes available. The RAMS data is compiled from the stations onto Level I
tapes (voltages). This is then processed in St. Louis to convert to engineering
units in appropriate format, apply calibration factors, and perform status checks
to eliminate data from improperly operating instruments. This generates a
83
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Level II tape. The data from each instrument is then compared with allowable
"windows" for the data, and data beyond the limits are flagged. This pro-
cessing is presently done at Research Triangle Park, but will be shifted to
St. Louis in the near future. Presently, these Level II tapes are placed in
an archive. As software is developed later this year, all these tapes will
undergo Level III and Level IV checks. At Level III, each station's data
will be statistically checked for consistency over time and that which is
found inconsistent will be flagged. At Level IV the data from different sta-
tions will be statistically compared for consistency over space (network
consistency) and that which does not meet criteria for acceptability will be
identified in a like manner.
Figure 12 summarized the present status of the data bank. Level I
tapes have been accumulated since the startup of the RAMS in July, 1974.
Only a portion of these have been processed to Level II and placed in the
archive. The remaining tapes will be processed as soon as software can be
adapted to other computer facilities. New tapes will be processed as they
are received.
84
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FIGURE 12
AVAILABILITY OF RAMS DATA TAPES AT LEVEL I IN ST. LOUIS (STL)
AND LEVEL II IN RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK (RTP)
LEVEL I DATA TAPES (STL)
CO
LEVEL II DATA TAPES (RTP)
1974
1975
-------
4.3 Status of Emission Inventory
The RAPS emission inventory efforts consist of twenty-one separate but
related projects. The overall status of the inventory is shown in Table 8.
The status of each individual project is presented in Table 9. Of particular
interest is the RAPS Emission Inventory Handbook which summarized the method-
ologies being used for the evaluation of each type of source. The Table of
Contents for this report is attached to this section as Exhibit 1. Also of
interest is the design of the RAPS emission inventory data handling system. A
copy of the design is included in this section as Exhibit 2. It presents
examples of the output format for data from the inventory.
86
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TABLE 8 - OVERALL STATUS OF
RAPS EMISSION INVENTORY
INFORMATION AVAILABILITY
1, NEDS POINT SOURCES YES
(YEARLY AVERAGE)
2, NEDS AREA SOURCES YES
(YEARLY AVERAGE, 1970)
(APPORTIONED TO NON RAPS
GRID SYSTEM)
3, RAPS POINT SOURCES JULY
(HOURLY AVERAGE)
14. NEDS AREA SOURCES
(YEARLY AVERAGE, 1973) FALL iy/b
(APPORTIONED TO RAPS GRIDS)
5, RAPS AREA SOURCES 1Q7K
(HOURLY AVERAGE) bKK1Nb iy/b
-------
TABLE 9 - STATUS OF RAPS INVENTORY PROJECTS
PROJECT
1. RAPS PRELIMINARY EMISSION INVENTORY
2. VESSEL METHODOLOGY § INVENTORY (DOT/TSC)
3. RAIL METHODOLOGY § INVENTORY (DOT/TSC)
4. AIRPORT METHODOLOGY § INVENTORY
5. STATIONARY AREA SOURCE METHODOLOGY
AND INVENTORY
6. OFF-HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE METHODOLOGY
7. DATA HANDLING SYSTEM
8. FIELD EXPEDITION SUPPORT METHODOLOGY
9. HIGHWAY LINE SOURCE METHODOLOGY
10. HIGHWAY LINE SOURCE MEASUREMENTS (DOT/FHWA)
11. POINT § AREA HC COMPONENT METHODOLOGY
12. EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK
13. POINT SOURCE METHODOLOGY AND INVENTORY
14. HEAT METHODOLOGY & INVENTORY
15. PRECISION ANALYSIS
16. STATIONARY INVENTORY OF S02 COMPONENTS
AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
17. NON-CRITERIA POLLUTANT INVENTORY
18. AUTOMOTIVE AREA SOURCE METHODOLOGY
& INVENTORY
19. FUGITIVE DUST METHODOLOGY AND INVENTORY
20. SOURCE TESTING FOR EMISSION FACTORS
21. EVALUATION 5 FIELD VALIDATION METHODOLOGY
OF EMISSION MODELS
ANTICIPATED
COMPLETION DATE
COMPLETE
JAN- 7 5
JULY-75
COMPLETE
JUNE-75
COMPLETE
APR-75
COMPLETE
COMPLETE
MAR-75
COMPLETE
MAY-75
COMPLETE
JULY-75
AUG-75
NOV-75
NOV-75
NOV-75
OCT-75
JUNE-76
MAR-76
REPORT
AVAILABLE
YES
BEING PRINTED
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
BEING PRINTED
BEING PRINTED
NO
YES
BEING PRINTED
BEING PRINTED
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
88
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EXHIBIT 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RAPS
EMISSION INVENTORY HANDBOOK
89
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RAPS Emission Inventory Handbook
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Introduction
Purpose and Content of Handbook
_B_. An Overview of the Regional Air Pollution Study
RAPS Prospectus
RAPS Series I Study Plan
RAPS Experimental Design Plan
Budget Summary
C. The RAPS Emission Inventory
Purpose of Inventory
RAPS Participants
RAPS Inventory Users and Uses
Special Emission Inventories for Field Studies
Presentation of NEDS Emission Data
D_. Scope of the Inventory
Pollutants of Importance to RAPS
Weighted Sensitivity Analysis Program
Precision Analysis
Emissions Projections
E_. Classification of Sources
F_. Point Sources
Survey of Existing Emission Inventory Data
Point Source Methodology
Hydrocarbon Inventory Methodology
Heat Emission Methodology
Emission Factor Development
£. Area Sources
Preliminary Information
Gridding Study
Stationary Area Source Methodology
Highway Area Source Methodology
River Vessel Methodology and Inventory
Fugitive Dust Methodology
Airport Emission Methodology and Inventory
Off-highway Mobile Sources Methodology
90
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H. Line Sources
Highway (Line Source) Methodology
Railroad Methodology and Inventory
Emission Models
J_. _ Validation of Area and Line Emission Models
Validation Methodology
Field Measurements
JL _ RAPS Emission Inventory Data Handling System
Purpose and Scope
Hardware System
Software Development
L. Information Transfer
91
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EXHIBIT 2
RAPS
EMISSION INVENTORY DATA HANDLING SYSTEM
RETRIEVAL DESIGN
92
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SC553.T020CR March 5, 1975
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY
100% Completion Report for Task Order No. 20
Step III - Retrieval Design
RAPS Emission Inventory Data Handling System
General Order No. 553
Contract No. 68-02-1081
Prepared For
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
Anne Duke
Principal Investigator
Science Center
Rockwell International
1049 CAMINO DOS BIOS
THOUSAND 0»»5. CALIF. 91360
93
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STEP III
Retrieval Design
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Summary Formats
3.0 Modeling Tape Formats
4.0 Retrieval Keys
5.0 Financial
94
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report details the results of Rockwell's efforts in design of
retrieval formats for the RAPS Emission Inventory. Summary reports similar
to those commonly used in NEDS have been formatted with provision for
hourly or other time interval data in tabular form. For consistency, data
for input to the modeling program will be formatted in a manner similar to
the input formats; the modeler will select the fields of interest. Retriev-
al may be made on any element of the data base which was defined as key
(in Step IV report), by a user accessing the data base directly through
System 2000. The retrieval keys available to the user through the RAPS
Emission Inventory Data Handling System were initially defined in the Step
II report and will be detailed in Section 4.
95
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2.0 SUMMARY FORMATS
Four formatted summaries will be available to the user through the
RAPS Emission Inventory Data Handling System:
1. Complete Point Source Listing
2. A Condensed Point Source Listing
3. A Daily Summary
4. A Complete Data Base Dump Selectable by Plant or Area,
2.1 Point Source Listing
An example of the format for the RAPS Emission Inventory Point
Source Listing appears as Figure I. Tabulation of the data continues for as
many pages as required. For a given plant, the descriptive information ap-
pears on the first page only; the main heading reflecting data and page
number and the column headings are repeated on each page. Data may be tabu-
lated for any of the time intervals allowed as retrieval keys.
2.2 Condensed Point Source Listing
A sample of the format for the Condensed Point Source Listing ap-
pears as Figure II. As for the Point Source Listing all time interval data
's in tabular form with descriptive information on the first page only; date
and page identifier and column headings appear on each page.
96
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FIGURE I
MM/DD/YY
RAPS ST: LOUIS EMISSION INVENTORY
POINT SOURCE LISTING
PAGE 999
NAME: ILL. POWER COMPANY
ADDRESS: WOOD.RVR STA EAST ALTON 92024
CITY(000): UNKNOWN
COUNTY(4680): MADISON CO'
STATE(14): ILLINOIS
PLANT ID: 0001
POINT ID: 01
AQCR(70): METROPOLITAN ST. LOUIS
SIC(4911): ELECTRIC SERVICES
OWNERSHIP: UNKNOWN
SCC(1-01-002-02): EXTCOMB -ELECTRIC GENERATN-BITUMINOUS COAL ->100MMBTU PULVDRY
UTM GRID COORDINATES
********************
UTM ZONE: 0015
HORIZONTAL: 748.70 KM
VERTICAL: 4305.40 KM
STACK PARAMETERS
****************
EMISSION FACTORS
*****************
STACK HEIGHT: 0250 $02: AP-42
STACK DIAMETER: 015.5 . CO: AP-42
GAS TEMPERATURE: 0329 NOX: AP-42
GAS FLOW RATE: 0154649 HC: AP-42
PLUME HT{NO STACK):0000 PART: . AP-42
FUEL CONTENT
************
SULFUR: 2.903! '
ASH: 10.6%
HEAT: 22 MBTU/TON
POLLUTANT: ***** S02 *****
PRIMARY: NONE
SECONDARY: NONE
EFFICIENCIES: 00.OS
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
*****************
***** eg ***** ***** JJQX
NONE NONE
NONE NONE
00.OX 00.0%
NONE
NONE
00.0%
**** PARTICULATE **
GRAVITY COLLECTOR
HONE
15.0%
****************************************** **ar*****
COMPUTER CALCULATED EMISSIONS
DATE
HOUR
A***
S02
***********
**********
NOX
HC
************
PART
*********
10/03/74
01
10/03/74 02
10/03/74 03
104.0 KG
105.7 KG
106.4 KG
8.5 KG
8.1 KG
7.7 KG
35.0 GM
97
-------
00
R A
I
•1 - S S T 0 N INVE.NTOKY
CONDC iED POINT SOUPsCE LISTING FOR PARTICIPATE
FOR ALL VALUES > THAN OR = TO .0
EMISSIONS ARE IN KILOGRAMS PER HOUR
******************
0001: ILL. POWER COMPANY POINT: 01
WOOD RVR STA EAST ALTON 92026 OWNERSHIP:UNKNOWN
4680: MADISON SIC: 4911
14: ILLINOIS SCC: 1-01-002-02
070: METROPOLITAN ST. LOUIS
123: GRAVITY COLLECTOR EFF= 15 %
* * * * EMISSIONS IN KG * * * *
?AGE 999
DATE
********
10/03/74
10/03/74
10/03/74
HOUR
. ****
01
02
. 03
S02
K7T*********
104.0
105.7
106.2
CO
**********
8.5"
8.1
7.8
NOX
**********'
7.3
6.9
6.5 '
• HC
**********
2.0
2.2
2.3
PART
**********
.2
-------
2.3 Point Source Daily Summary
An example of a daily summary is included as Figure III. Daily
totals for the five pollutants of interest are tabulated by SCC sub-fields I,
II, and III. All categories relative to the St. Louis inventories will be
included in the summary.
2.4 Data Base Dump
To ensure data base integrity or allow correction of misplaced
data, the List Command in the Immediate Access mode may be invoked to produce
an indented listing of data base contents selectable by level 0 entry in the
data base. (A level 0 entry for Point Source is a Plant). This listing
should allow detection of incorrect insertions into the data base, and enable
deletion and reinsertion of the entries.
* The dump feature necessitates inclusion of the Report Type
DUMP as an acceptable entry on Card 8, columns 1-4.
99
-------
•WDD/YY
PS ST. LOUIS EMISSION INVENTORY
POINT SOURCE DAILY SUMMARY '
FOR AQCR 070 ON MM/DO/YY
PAGE 1
FUEL COMBUSTION
***************
PARTICULATES
************
KG/DAY
S02
************
KG/DAY
NOX
************
KG/DAY
HC
************
KG/DAY
CO
**********
' KG/DAY
o
o
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION
ELECTRIC GENERATION
BITUMINOUS COAL
'RESIDUAL OIL
DISTILLATE OIL/
NATURAL GAS
TOTAL (ELEC GEN)
INDUSTRIAL FUEL-
BITUMINOUS COAL
RESIDUAL OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
NATURAL GAS
. PROCESS GAS
WOOD
LIQUID PETROL GAS
TOTAL (INDUSTRIAL)
COMH-INSTITUTIONAL FUEL
BITUMINOUS COAL •
RESIDUAL OIL
DISTILLATE OIL.
.NATURAL GAS .
LPG
TOTAL (COM-INST)
ETC
-------
3.0 MODELING TAPE FORMATS
Upon request from the user ** a tape containing the requested sub-
set of the data base will be produced; the tape will contain the data in card
image format. Should the requested time interval for the data differ from
that stored in the data base, the appropriate model will be applied .and the
requested time interval data will be calculated.
Only the data card format will differ from the input formats (see
Step II Report); cards 1-4 will contain the same information as on input but
with columns 72-80 left blank. To avoid redundancy in the data descriptors
for card type 5, all 80 columns of the card image will be utilized; data will
be present in 16 fields of width 5. The start and stop times determine the
quantity of data present in the card type 5 images.
101
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4.0 RETRIEVAL KEYS
Retrieval may be made directly on any element of the data base
defined as key. (See Appendix A, Step II Report; or, Step IV Report, Section
4)
Card type 7 contains fields for each of the RAPS Emission Inven-
tory Data Handling System retrieval keys. These keys include those available
through NEDS. Retrieval is made by inserting the acceptable entry on which
the data is to be selected in the appropriate field as defined in Step II.
The following are the component keys for retrieval under the data handling
system.
1. State
2. UTM Zone
3. County
4. City
5. Area ID
6. Plant ID
7. Stack ID
8. Point ID
9. Pollutant
10. Ownership
11. Time
12. SCC Code Fields
102
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EAP-600/3-76-016
2.
3. RECIPIENT'f \CCESSIOWNO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY:
RESEARCH PROGRAM, SUMMER 1975
EXPEDITIONARY
5. REPORT DATE
February 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Willaim C. Zegel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
(Ryckman/Edgerly/Tomlinson
and Associates)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rockwell International Corporation
Science Center
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA003 26AAI/413
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1081, Task Order 50
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N-C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
RPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The immediate goal of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) is the evaluation
of existing local and regional scale air quality simulation models. Inherent in
this effort is the creation of a comprehensive, accurate, and readily-retrieval
data base containing emission rates, concentrations of atmospheric pollutants,
and pertinent meteorological measurements. An integrated program has been
prepared for the conduct of the RAPS which includes data collection on both a
routine and an expeditionary basis. This report describes the Summer 1975 RAPS
Expeditionary Research Program which was designed to procure detailed atmospheric
observations to better understand selected pollutant and atmospheric phenomena.
Data collection activities are described in each of four areas: (1) Pollutant
Transport and Dispersion; (2) Pollutant Transformation and Removal; (3) Pollutant
Measurement Program; (4) Pollutant Effects Studies. The general experiment
design, quality assurance plans, data management procedures, and operational
requirements are presented for each experiment to be conducted. Finally, existing
information is summarized in the form of status reports for three basic elements
of activity within RAPS; (1) Model Evaluation and Development; (2) RAPS Data
Bank; (3) Emission Inventories.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
*Air Pollution
*Surveys
Meteorological data
Atmospheric Disperion
Transport properties
Chemical analysis
Experimpntal
13B
14B
04B
04A
14G
07D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE UNLIMITED
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
110
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
103
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