QUARTERLY
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
WATER LABORATORY
CORVALLIS, ORECON
JANUARY 1 —MARCH 1,1971
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WATER QUALITY OFFICE
NORTHWEST REGION
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY
QUARTERLY REPORT
January 1 through March 31, 1971
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Quality Office
Northwest Region
Corvallis, Oregon
April 1971
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CONTENTS
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM 1
NATIONAL WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM 7
NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM 21
NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM 35
CONSOLIDATED LABORATORY SERVICES PROGRAM 43
TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT 48
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NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION RESEARCH PROGRAM
PPB 1601
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Work Plan ZCB: Assay Procedures for Determining Productivity Responses
A second inter!aboratory precision test of the Provisional Algal
Assay Procedure has been completed and the data are being analyzed.
Eight laboratories participated in the test. The assay was performed
on two lake water samples; a common sample provided by this laboratory
and a sample collected in the area of each participating laboratory.
A draft of "Algal Assay Procedure: Bottle Test" has been completed
and is being sent out for review to participating laboratories. In
addition to a complete description of the conduct of the assay, the
document also contains eleven appendices. These relate to various
areas of research carried out in the assay evaluation and also results
and discussion of the interlaboratory precision tests.
The winter sampling of nine Oregon lakes was completed, and
algal assays and chemical analysis were conducted on the water samples.
These lakes are being sampled on a seasonal basis to study the changes
in algal growth responses at different times of the year.
Efforts are being made to isolate and culture freshwater diatoms
suitable for assay test organisms.
Work Plan CND: Lake Restoration Techniques
NERP and the Advanced Waste Treatment Program at Cincinnati, Ohio
have been working closely with the City of Ely, Minnesota and its
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consulting Engineers and Architects in preparing a proposal for a grant
for construction of an advanced waste treatment plant at Ely. It is
expected that the proposal will be submitted in mid-April. In the
meantime chemical, physical and biological monitoring of Shaqawa
Lake is continuing. Also a mathematical modeling program of Shagawa
Lake is being develooed with consultation from personnel at Oregon
State University.
Characterization of 31 sediment samples from Shagawa Lake was
completed and the statistical evaluation is in progress at Battelle-
Northwest.
Laboratory equipment has been fabricated for sediment-water
interchange experiments on Shagawa Lake to be conducted in a newly-
assembled constant temperature room. A cooperative plan of a sediment-
water interchange study has been worked out for Shagawa Lake with
Batelle-Northwest.
Field and laboratory preparations have been comoleted to conduct
a full-scale nutrient inactivation experiment on Cline's Pond near
Corvallis.
Personnel met with the Albany (Oregon) Parks and Recreation
Commission relative to experimental work on the Albany lakes. A
draft preproposal for the removal of susoended sediments and soluble
phosphorus from the Albany lakes inflow has been completed.
Nutrient and hydro!ogic budget workup of Lake Sal lie, Minnesota
has continued. This project is concerned with determining relative
nutrient uptake by aquatic macroohytes from sediments and from water
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and to evaluate the feasibility of removing nutrients from lakes by
weed harvesting.
A bibliography on attempted full-scale lake restoration techniques
has been compiled.
Other Activities
C. F. Powers and K. Malueg met with Mr. Winston C. Larson and Dr.
Joe K. Neel at Fargo, North Dakota to discuss a preprooosal for work
on Lake Sal lie, Minnesota. K. Malueg and K. Byram met with the NERP
staff at Ely, Minnesota to discuss continued monitoring of Shagawa
Lake and future research to be conducted there. K. Malueg attended an
International Joint Commission briefing at the Canada Centre for
Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario to examine findings of a joint
United States/Canadian limnological study on Lake Erie.
Publications and Presentations
Maloney, I.E., W.E. Miller, and T. Shiroyama. Algal responses to
nutrient additions in natural waters: laboratory assays.
Powers, C.F., D.W. Schults, K.W. Malueg, R.M. Brice and M.D. Schuldt.
Algal responses to nutrient additions in natural waters: field
experiments.
Both of the above papers were presented at the American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography Symposium on Eutroohication - The
Limiting Nutrient Controversy ati'siloqn Biological Station, Gull
Lake, Michigan, February 10-12.
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Miller, W.E. and I.E. Maloney, The effects of sewage upon the growth
of algae in natural waters. Presented at the Meeting of the Weed
Science Society of America, Dallas, Texas, February 9-11.
Brice, R.fl. and C.F. Powers, The Shagawa Lake Project. Presented at
Upper Great Lakes Section of the American Chemical Society at
the University of Minnesota, Duluth.
Grant and Contract Research
The following research grant and contract proposals were reviewed.
1. "Research and Development of a Selective Algaecide to Control
Nuisance Growth - Phase II"
2. "Estimation of Freshwater Ecosystem Parameters"
3. "The Effect of Micronutrients on the Structure and Energy
Transfer"
4. "Verification of Environmental Modeling of a Fresh Water Lagoon
System in a Residential Community"
5. "A Systems Analysis of the Relation of Phosphorus to Water
Quality in a Sewage Effluent Pond"
6. "Rational Control of Ecosystems Quality: An Eutrophication
Economic Model"
7. "Monitoring and Nutrient Inactivation Studies on Two Glacial
Lakes (Ohio) Before and After Nutrient Diversion"
8. "Estimating In Situ Nitrogen Fixation by Blue-Green Algae
Using Heterocyst Enumeration"
9. "Eutrophication of Surface Waters - Lake Tahoe - Indian Creek
Reservoir"
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10. "Ecological and Physio-Chemical Cycles of Nutrients in Lakes"
11. "Aesthetic Restoration of Clear Lake, California"
12. "The Role of Sludge Worms in Promoting Eutrophication"
13. "Biological Models of Freshwater Communities"
14, "Eutrophication of a North Central Florida Lake by Artificial
Enrichment"
15. "Leptopel as a Quantitative Biochemical Parameter of
Productivity, Hypertrophication, and Recovered Fertility in Metropolitan
Area Lakes"
16. "Natural Control of Eutrophication"
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 1971
Work Plan ZCB: Assay Procedures for Determining Productivity Responses
Complete final draft of Algal Assay Procedure: Bottle Test.
Conduct laboratory algal assays in conjunction with the Shagawa Lake
Restoration Project and the Cline's Pond nutrient inactivation study.
Conduct spring sampling program and conduct algal assay on nine
Oregon lake waters.
Continue isolation and culture of freshwater diatoms for use as
algal test species.
Work Plan CND: Lake Restoration Techniques
Conduct full-scale nutrient inactivation study on Cline's Pond.
Further investigate prospects of nutrient inactivation treatment of Upper
Swan Lake, Albany. Continue study of Lake Sallie nutrient and hydrologic
budgets and tests on Shagawa Lake sediments. Begin construction of
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laboratory apparatus for study on the stability of chemically
inactivated phosphorus compounds and initiate discussions with U. S.
Forest Service relating to eutrophication problems on Diamond Lake,
Oregon.
Using a new coding system, all existing data on the Shagawa Lake
Project will be put into the Sample Handling and Verification System
(SHAVES). The grant applications for the advanced waste treatment
plant at Ely (Shagawa Lake Project) will be completed and submitted.
Monitoring of Shagawa Lake will be continued. Experiments will be
conducted to determine the mode of phosphorus uptake in aquatic
macrophytes.
The plans for the dredging of Lansing Lake, in cooperation with
the Corps of Engineers and Michigan State University will be finalized.
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NATIONAL WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
FOOD WASTES RESEARCH - PPB 1206
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Work Plan ZAQ: Technical Consultation and Data Dissemination
The Second National Symoosium on Food Processing Wastes was
held March 23 to 26, 1971, in Denver, Colorado. Thirty-four papers
were presented to the 180 registrants.
Mr. Burm presented a paper titled "Cannery Waste Treatment with
RBC and Extended Aeration Pilot Plants" at the Denver meeting.
Mr. Boydston was on the program of the Intermountain Food
Technologists' annual meeting with an informal talk on the R, D and
D grant program.
A talk titled "Dairy Industry Pollution Control: Preliminary
R&D Results" was presented at the 60th Annual Conference of Oregon
Dairy Industries by Mr. Burm.
Mr. Dostal presented "Federal Research to Reduce Waste Treatment
Costs" at the Engineering Foundation Research Conference on Environmental
Engineering in the Food Industry.
Mr. Boydston gave a status report at the National Canners
Association's annual meeting on the food waste research efforts.
"Federal Research to Abate Food Wastewaters" was presented by
Mr. Boydston at the Food Update 10 Management Seminar.
At the request of Regional Operations personnel Mr. Dostal
visited and consulted with the WQO Anchorage Office, various city
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(Kodiak) officials and most of the seafood processors in the city
of Kodiak.
Discussed ongoing programs relative to pollution abatement from
seafood processing wastes with Miss E. Gould, NOAA and Mr. W. Towne,
consultant to State of Alaska.
Met with Autotrol Corporation (distributors of RBC) personnel
and briefed them on results from RBC pilot plant at Salem cannery.
Members of North Star Research and Development Institute, and
Penick and Ford Limited visited PNWL to discuss the use of fungi
imperfecti for treating potato starch processing wastes.
Met with personnel from All-Ocean Products Holding Limited and
B. H. Level ton & Associates Limited relative to a potential by-product
recovery plant in Kodiak, Alaska (seafood wastes as raw material).
Work Plan FGF: Grant Monitoring
Mr. Dostal visited the following grant sites during the quarter:
American Distilling Co., Pekin, Illinois - 12060 FLL
Corn Products, Inc., Pekin, Illinois - 12060 DPE
City of Kodiak, Alaska - 11060 FJQ
City of Grand Forks, North Dakota - 11060 DJB
Western Potato Service, Inc., Grand Forks, North Dakota - 12060 EIG
American Crystal Sugar Co., East Grand Forks, Minnesota - 12060 ESC
Central Soya, Chicago, Illinois - 12060 FUR
Mr. Burm visited the following:
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio - 12060 EGU
Kent Cheese Co, Madison, Wisconsin - 12060 EKQ
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Burm, Taylor and Dostal attended several meetings at various
locations relative to "Industrial Waste Studies" contracts. Four of
these contracts are monitored by the above, they include:
Canned and Frozen Fruits & Vegetables - 18000 HAQ
Dairy - 18000 HAS
Beverage - 18000 HBD
Grain Milling - 18000 HAV
The following grant proposals and preproposals were received
during the quarter:
1. Low water volume enzyme deactivation of vegetables before
preserving (revised).
2. Submerged combustion evaporation system for concentration
of brewery spent grain liquors.
3. Use of fungi imperfecti in treatment of wastes from potato
processing.
4. A study of cannery (tomato) wastewaters and of methods for
treatment.
5. Dry caustic peeling of Clingstone peaches on a commercial
scale.
6. The conversion of food processing waste to high quality
dressed fish.
7. Food processing waste reduction through systems modeling
and optimization.
8. Pollution abatement by seafood waste utilization, Kodiak
Alaska.
Six final report drafts were received for technical review.
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Work Plan 6JJ: New and Improved Treatment Processes for Food
Processing Wastes
Van Waters & Roger's United Centennial Mills processing plant
in Spokane, Washington, started up their waste treatment plant in
January 1971. The plant, consisting of three parallel anaerobic
trickling filters will be monitored by NWTRP personnel. The startup
phase is nearing completion - the treatment plant will be handling
the entire waste load (P.E.^0,000) starting the early part of April.
Preliminary data indicate that the COD load is being reduced by 80-85
percent (raw^!0,500 mg/1) although gas has not been detected at the
waste gas burner as yet.
Work Plan GKI: Secondary Treatment Processes for Highly Seasonal
Wastes
Analysis of the data from the two pilot plants which were located
at United Flav-R-Pac Cannery in Salem, Oregon has been completed and
the final report is well underway. A summary of this work was presented
at the Denver Symposium.
The RBC pilot plant was moved from the Salem cannery to a potato
processing plant in Ontario, Oregon. Startup of the pilot plant was
delayed because of cold weather and then a decision was made by
management to terminate potato processing the first week of April
1971 instead of June as originally planned. Thus, this study will
not be undertaken this year.
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Grant and Contract Research
The current status of monitored grants is described below.
These grants are in the process of being assigned to work plans.
1. 12060 EUZ: Winery Wastewater - Characterization and
Treatment. Construction of the full-scale facilities has been
completed and the treatment plant is being started.
2. 12060 EKQ: Kent Cheese Company - Waste Treatment Facility.
Post construction studies are just getting underway.
3. 12060 FLL: Activated Sludge - Bio-Disc Treatment of
Distilling Wastes. Construction of full-scale treatment facilities
is about 40 percent completed.
4. 12060 EHS: Cannery Waste Treatment by Lagoons and
Oxidation Ditch. The first draft of the final report will be
revised prior to submittal to Project Reports System.
5. 12060 EHV: Aerobic Secondary Treatment of Potato
Processing Wastes with Mechanical Aeration. The final report has
been submitted to Project Reports System for reproduction.
6. 12060 DSI: State-of-the-art, Sugarbeet Processing
Waste Treatment. The final report is being revised following a
review of the second draft.
7. 12060 ECF: Hater Pollution Abatement in the United States
Seafood Indus try—State-of-the-art. The final report has been
submitted to Project Reports System for ret .-eduction.
8. 11060 EZR: Complete Aerobic Treatment of Combined
Domestic and Industrial Wastes with Mechanical Aeration, i'reparr-
tion of the first draft of the final report continues.
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9. 12060 EIG: Full-scale Demonstration and Evaluation of Potato
Dry and Wet Caustic Peeling Processes. Data collection is still underway
at both potato processing plants. Preliminary information shows a water
use of 170 gallons per ton of raw potatoes (peeling systems only) for the
dry peel and 2800 gallons per ton for the wet system although 80 percent
of the latter is recirculated.
Suspended solids in the liquid waste stream are 34 and 126 pounds
per ton of potatoes, respectively, with BOD loads in the primary
clarifier effluent of 24 and 112 pounds per ton, respectively. The
reported values for SS and BOD for the dry peel system should drop
measurably as the season progresses.
10. WP-01486-01: Status and Research Needs for Potato Waste
Waters. A final audit has been completed and a recommendation has been
forwarded to officially terminate the grant.
11. 12060 FAD: Pollution Prevention by Aeration of Fruit
Processing Wastes. Questions raised by the final audit are yet to be
resolved.
12. WPD 93-04-68: Anaerobic-Aerobic Sugar Beet Waste Treatment.
The first draft of the final report was submitted.
13. 12060 D/.L: Reduction of Salt Content of Food Processing
Liquid Waste Effluent. A final report draft is being reviewed.
14. 12060 EDK: Production and Disposal Practices for Liquid
Wastes from Canning and Freezing Fruits and Vegetables. First final
report draft is being revised.
15. 12060 EHT: Use of Fungi Imperfecti in Waste Control. Final
audit completed but appendix of raw data has not been submitted.
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16. 12060 EDZ: Pilot Plant Installation for Use of Fungi Imperfect!
on Vegetable Wastes. First draft of final report recently submitted.
17. 12060 FAK: Concentration of Sugar Beet Wastes for Economic
Treatment with Biological Systems. Final report still being revised.
18. 12060 FQE: Dry Caustic Peeling of Tree Fruit to Reduce Liquid
Waste Volume and Strength. A revised draft of final report has been submitte<
for review. Results on experimental peeling of peaches were:
Waste per ton of peaches
Commercial 527 gal. 60 Ibs COD 10 Ibs SS
Experimental (dry) 35 gal. 18 Ibs COD 3 Ibs SS
Because of the above results a full-scale line will probably be installed
this summer.
19. 11060 FJO: Pollution Abatement and By-Product Recovery in
Shellfish and Fisheries Processing - Phase I. Preparation of the final
report is just starting.
20. 12060 EGU: State-of-the-art of Dairy Plant Wastes and Waste-
Treatment Systems. First draft of final report is being prepared.
21. 12060 FDR: Disposal of Rum Distillery Wastes. Bench-top work
on anaerobic digestion of rum distillery waste continues. A 500 gallon
digester is currently being built for larger scale experiments.
22. 12060 ESY: Improvement of Treatment of Food Industry Waste.
Final report being revised.
23. 12060 EZP: Cannery Waste Treatment by the Kehr Activated
Sludge Process. Final report distributed; audit procedures as yet
not completed.
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24. WPRD 151-01-68: Integrated Treatment of Liquid Wastes from
Food Canning Operations. Final report submitted to Project Reports
System for reproduction.
25. 12060 EHU: Reconditioning and Reuse of Food Processing Brines.
Final report under minor revision prior to submittal to Project Reports
System.
26. 12060 DQV: Removal and Recovery of Fatty Materials from Edible
Fat and Oil Refinery Effluents. Revision of final report underway following
first review.
27. 12060 DEQ: Elimination of Pollution by and Utilization of Protein
Concentrates (Dried Whey) from Milk Residues of Cheese Making. Testing
program is still underway,
28. 12060 DPE: Treatment of Wastes from the Wet Milling Industry.
Construction of full-scale activated sludge plant was completed in January
and the testing program initiated the first of February.
29. 12060 DSB: Demonstration of a Full-Scale Waste Treatment System
for a Cannery. Final report being revised following reviews.
30. 12060 EAE: Evaluation of Controlled Temperature and Forced
Aeration in Trickling Filter Treatment of Food Canning Waste Waters.
Final report has been submitted for reproduction.
31. 12060 DXF: Development, and Demonstration of an Ultrafi 1 tration
Plant for the Abatement of Pollution from Cottage Cheese Whey. Pilot plant
evaluations of R.O. and U.F. for removal and recovery of protein and
lactose concentrates have been completed. Economic projections are very
favorable thus Phase II (full-scale) will probably be implemented.
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32. 12060 FJK: Acid Emulsion Breaking - Activated Sludge for Bakery
Waste. Construction of full-scale facilities is nearing completion.
33. 12060 ESC: Separation, Dewatering and Disposal of Sugarbeet
Transport Water Solids. Limited pilot plant runs were made on thickening
of primary clarifier sludge using polymers and various types of pressure
and vacuum filters.
34. 12060 FUR: Membrane Separation of Soybean Whey for Product
Recovery and Waste Treatment. Installation of R.O. and U.F. pilot plant
equipment is being completed.
35. 12060 FTC: State-of-the-art Study of Water Pollution Control
from the Beverage Industry. Approximately 40 percent of the study is
completed.
36. 11060 DLF: Tertiary Treatment of Combined Domestic-Industrial
Wastes. The tertiary units were shut down early January because of cold
weather and, as yet, have not been restarted.
37. 11060 DOB: Controlled Treatment of Combined Potato Processing -
Municipal Wastes by Anaerobic Fermentation, Aerobic Stabilization Process.
Construction of full-scale facilities nearly complete.
38. 11060 DUJ: Dynamic Process Development for Biological Treatment
of Whey Bearing Wastes. Final report being revised.
39. 11060 ENF: Vermont Cheese Industry Pollution Abatement.
Project has not been initiated.
Consulting Services
Listed under work plan ZAQ.
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Reports, Papers and Presentations
Listed under work plan ZAQ,
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 1971
1. Continue grant monitoring.
2. Major effort on assistance to Operations Program relative to
Industrial Waste Studies.
3. Type, reproduce and distribute Proceedings from Denver Symposium.
4. Monitor full-scale anaerobic trickling filters.
PAPER AND FOREST INDUSTRIES RESEARCH - PPB 1204, 1210, 1301
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Work Plan FCK: Coliform, Suspended Solids and Color Removal (12040)
The in-house project, under direction of Dr. Willard, on chemical
treatment of final effluent from aerated lagoons is progressing satis-
factorily. Results of employing polymers and flocculants to Kraft
lagoon effluent appear optimistic. Work on Kraft has involved the
Weyerhaeuser Springfield mill, American Can at Halsey, and Western Kraft
at Albany. We are investigating also the recycle of the sludge fraction
to increase the MLSS in the flocculation step. With much smaller addition
of polymer, excellent clarification has resulted with final sludge
compaction to about one-third volume of the first cycle.
Arrangements have been completed for field work on the Weyerhaeuser
Cosmopolis, Washington, secondary system. Because of seasonal operation
of the aerated lagoon, this will be delayed until mid-July. Because of
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the known dispersant qualities of SSL, the results on the Lebanon ammonia
base secondary effluent have been less satisfactory.
The Lebanon solids removal field project at the Crown-Zellerbach
mill, under supervision of Mr. Shankland, has been delayed due to
other demands on time and weather. We now have some added manpower and
Mr. Ruppersberger is contributing part-time to the project. The
aeration tank is installed. Plumbing is in process and arrangements
have been completed with Crown-Z to handle the electrical hookup.
We will, hopefully, be ready to operate by mid-May.
Work Plan ZAX: Pollutional Aspects of Bark Leachate (12100)
The bark leachate studies employing lysimeters with hemlock, alder,
fir and cedar barks continued through this quarter. Data obtained has
been partially developed for an interim report. The lysimeters will
be kept intact for additional studies next winter after a summer season
permitting increased bacteriological activity and bark deterioration.
Special llork Plan GJU: Technical Support (12100)
Mr. Scott was involved as a member of the OSU Forestry Laboratory
committee to plan a meeting for Pacific Northwest mill ooerators on bark
disposal. This conference was held at Oregon State University March
8-9 with about 150 registrants and provided a wide view of possible bark
disposal methods by burning for fuel and heating, for mulching, by-
product development and chemical extractives. By earlier calculations
of this office anoroximately 2.3 million tons per year of green bark,
formerly disposed of in wigwam burners, must eventually be diverted
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to other disposal. One likely avenue will be land disposal with possible
surface and groundwater contamination. We will be interchanging
information with Oregon Department of Environmental Quality on this
subject and working with them and Oregon State University Forestry
Laboratory to better define the hazards of such disposal from the
water quality standpoint. We have plans for both in-house activities
and R&D interests in this regard.
Grant and Contract Research
The current status of monitored grants is described below. These
grants are in the process of being assigned to work plans.
1. 12040 ELM: Economic Optimization of Aerated Lagoon Treatment.
Crown-Zellerbach, Lebanon, Oregon. Final report has been aporoved.
2. 12040 EMY: Optimization of Secondary Treatment Methods.
Mead Corporation, Chillicothe, Ohio. Final report has been approved.
3. 1231-0 FUG: Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Semi-Chemical Wastes.
Green Bay Packaging Co., Green Bay, Wisconsin. Full-scale reverse
osmosis treatment of NSSC wastes has progressed through the pilot
stage employing Gulf General Atomic, Havens International, American
Standard, and Aqua-Chem module configurations for life studies. Bid
specifications for the full-scale installation have been finalized
and forwarded to the individual suppliers.
Consulting Services
1. A significant amount of time has been involved this quarter
in consulting suooort of EPA and State of Washington action aqainst
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ITT-Rayonier at Port Angeles, Washington. The requirement for 85 percent
liquor solids removal, primary treatment, and extended outfall and
diffuser was finally settled among EPA, Justice Department, State of
Washington, and ITT-Rayonier. Similar attention has been devoted to
negotiations among EPA, State of Florida, and ITT-Rayonier concerning
the Fernandina Beach, Florida, mill. Four conferences have been held
with no final decision yet reached, fir. Scott also provided advisory
services to the conferences in relation to the Escambia and Perdido
Bay, Florida, conferences involving EPA, Florida, and Alabama. We
have also provided consulting services to the State of Alaska concerning
the Sitka and Ketchikan pulp mills relative to state permit proceedings.
2. Phil Roush and Kirk Willard have both devoted staff time
to examining the developing field of forest fertilization and the
effect this may have on surface water quality. Experimental work is
underway by Bureau of Land Management, Weyerhaeuser Co., and Crown-
Zen erbach in this regard. Aerial spreading of urea is normal
procedure. Nitrogen losses through volatilization have approached
40 percent under higher temperature conditions. Phil Roush is
conducting a literature search and updating of experience concerning
forest fertilization.
Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 1971
Work Plan GJH: Suspended Solids Removal by Mechanical Means (12040)
Continue with in-house work on suspended solids separation
from aerated lagoon effluent. Continue with construction, and
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eventual operational phase of the solids separation project at the
Crown-Zellerbach nil! at Lebanon.
If time and manpower are available, initiate an in-house study
on short term series aeration, with sludge return on pulo and paper
wastes. This will orovide preliminary data for an extension to
field operations at Lebanon following conclusion of the solids
removal study.
'Jork Plan GJU: (Special) Operations Support
It is expected that this program will become more involved in
helping to develop effluent standards and review of U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers Section 13 permit procedures and aoplications.
Areas of Concern
Ue have had, for over a year, both a need and work plan for both
in-house and R&D grant work on defining the importance and control of
fecal coliform multiplying in pulp and paper waste treatment systems
with evident increased counts in receiving waters. No microbiologist
is available for any in-house work and funds have not been available
to underwrite the R&D project with Crown-Zellerbach at Lebanon.
Support is needed to carry on the responsibility for in-house activities
in this area which is of concern to EPA, state agencies, and the pulp
and paper industry.
Uork is underway to define the research needs of the hardboard
and wood preserving industries.
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NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
PP3 1613
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Work Plan ZFL: Consultation and Advisory Services
Dr. Tichenor and Mr. Christiansen were lecturers at the "Thermal
Pollution Seminar," which was conducted for the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation in Denver, February 2-3, 1971. This seminar was arranged
by EPA's Southwest Region.
In February, Dr. Tichenor traveled to Charlotte, North Carolina,
to attend a meeting to discuss cooling water discharge proposed by
Duke Power Company for the McGuire nuclear plant to be located on Lake
Norman. Representatives of EPA, Duke Power Company, and North Carolina
Resource agencies were in attendance at this meeting.
A Temperature Standards Uork Group was established by the
Commissioner at the request of the Assistant Commissioner for Enforcement
and Standards Compliance. Mr. Rainwater is the Secretariat of the
group. The first meeting, attended by Dr. Tichenor, was held in
Minneapolis, February 9, to discuss temperature standards for Lake
Michigan. Mr. Rainwater attended the second meeting of this Uork
Group in St. Louis. This meeting was relative to the issuance of a
permit to Duke Power by North Carolina. Also while in St. Louis,
the Work Group participated in the thermal criteria setting meeting
on the Mississippi River. In March, Drs. Tichenor and Shirazi, and
Mr. Rainwater traveled to Washington, D. C. to evaluate the Florida
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Power and Light proposal (for Turkey Point) for the discharge of
heated water.
Prior to the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference, Dr. Tichenor
traveled to Chicago (March 9-10) to attend a meeting relative to
Lake Michigan temperature standards. His role in this meeting was to
evaluate the economic and technical feasibility of alternative
positions with regard to restricting the discharge of waste heat
from thermal power plants into Lake Michigan. The Enforcement
Conference was held March 23-25, and Dr. Tichenor attended as a
technical consultant.
The Commissioner aporoved invitations for fir. Rainwater to serve
as member of Water Quality Committee and Water Research Coordinating
Subcommittee of the Electric Power Council on Environment.
In January, Dr. Tichenor provided the Northeast Region with an
analysis of the meteorological effects of the cooling towers at the
Vernon, Vermont nuclear power plant.
Drs. Tichenor and Shirazi evaluated data supplied by Common-
wealth Edison on the cost of backfitting the Zion nuclear power
plant with closed-cycle cooling towers.
Mr. Christiansen was appointed Project Officer for a contract
on the steam generation-electric power industry. This is one industry
studied under the WQO "Industrial Waste Studies" survey of major US
industries. A briefing meeting was held for project officers on
January 19, 1971, in Kansas City, to exolain the approach of the
studies and describe schedules, requirements, and Project Officer
responsibilities. Numerous contacts were made with the contractor,
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Freeman Laboratories of Chicago, by telephone and one meeting was
held in Chicago on February 5, 1971. Future involvement will include
Headquarters meetings of a Technical Review Committee to discuss
findings of the contract and to suggest effluent guidelines for this
industry, based on data gathered.
Dr. Garton attended a meeting of the EPA National Committee on
Biological Methods held in Cincinnati on January 19-21, 1971. The
committee is preparing a manual on biological methods to become the
Agency standard. Dr. Garton is a member of the Benthos Subcommittee.
A first draft of his contribution to the committee report was submitted
to the subcommittee chairman on February 10, 1971.
On January 25-27, 1971, Dr. Garton attended the Biological
Entrainment Workshop hosted by Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore,
Maryland. The Workshop was planned to enable persons working with
thermal effects to compare methods and data for assessing entrainment
and pumping effects of power plants upon planktonic organisms.
Work Plan ZFC: Heat Transport and Behavior in the Mixing Zone
Outfall Design: An analytical and experimental study of discharges
of heated water is being conducted both in-house and extramurally. The
discharge is a horizontal, rectangular open channel at the surface of
a large ambient body of water which may have a bottom slope or a
cross flow at right angles to the discharge. Of interest is the
dependence of the temperature distribution in the receiving water
as a function of the initial temperature difference between the
heated discharge and the ambient water, initial discharge velocity,
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the geometry of the discharge channel, the bottom slope, the ambient
cross slope, and the transfer of heat to the atmosphere through the
water surface.
The theoretical development assumes that the discharge is a
three-dimensional turbulent jet with a sheared initial core and a
turbulent region in which the velocity and temnerature distributions
are related to center line values by similarity functions. Horizontal
and vertical entrainment of ambient water into the jet is prooortional
to the jet center line velocity by an entrainment coefficient. The
vertical entrainment is a function of the local vertical stability
of the jet and the buoyancy of the discharge increases lateral
spreading. A cross flow deflects the jet by entrainment of lateral
momentum and bottom slope inhibits vertical entrainment and buoyant
lateral spreading.
Experiments are performed in a laboratory basin in which all of
the relevant parameters including the cross flow and the bottom
slope are varied and three-dimensional temperature measurements are
taken in the heated discharge,
The experiments verify that the theoretica1 model predicts the
behavior of heated discharges. The theory contains no undetermined
parameters and the comparison of the exoerimental and theoretical
results do not involve any fitting of the theory to the data. The
rate of temperature decrease in the jet and che vertical and lateral
spreading are controlled by the initial densimetric ^roude number,
the ratio of channel depth to width and the bottom slooe. A cross
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flow deflects the jet but does not break the average temperature
distribution. Heat loss does not significantly affect the temperature
distribution in the heated discharge within the region treated by
theory.
Application of the theory to prediction of temperatures in an
actual heated discharge is possible if the temperatures, velocities,
and the geometry of the discharge may be schematized to representative
steady state temperatures and velocities and by an equivalent
rectangular channel. If a model study is necessary the theory
indicates that temperature similarity requires an undistorted model.
The theoretical model developed in this study may be extended by
treating a stratified ambient condition by considering recirculation
of the heated jet in a finer enclosure and by develooment of a theory
for the transition of the heated discharge jet into the buoyant plume.
When considering outfall design better prediction can no longer
be expected solely as a result of reducing the computational accuracy.
Instead we must increase our knowledge of the hydrodynamics involved.
In a series of laboratory experiments direct measurement of
the turbulent coefficients needed and the transport equations were
measured directly. The experiments were designed so that the effects
of various flow parameters could be separately analyzed. More
specifically the objectives of this study are, first, measure the
eddy diffusivity at several stations along the plume of a heated jet
and a salt water jet in a vertical and horizontal direction, and
examine the similarity between the temperature and salinity profiles
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and velocity profile in the plume. Second, measure turbulent
dispersion as a result of shear flow in the longitudinal direction
downstream of the jet. Third, examine the influence of parameters
such as jet flow rate, jet temperature, jet velocity, ambient
turbulence levels, and ambient shear velocity on the soread of the
heated plume and the salt jet. Fourth, establish modeling procedures
for correcting the effects of "distorted" turbulent time and space
scale in the laboratory experiment for application to field situation.
The results of these studies are being published in an open file
basic data report jointly by USGS and EPA.
Work Plan ZFD: Heat Transport and Behavior in Large Hydrologic Systems
nothing new or significant.
Work Plan ZFF: Engineering and Cost Aspects of Heat Dissipation
The results of measurements made to determine the reflectance
and coverage ability of different types of white particles on a water
surface were described in a staff report. The reflectance of six
candidate materials at different concentrations was measured for
wavelengths from .400 to 1.550 microns. The measurements were
integrated with respect to the solar spectrum to determine the
approximate, average solar absorptivity. Fully expanded polystyrene
beads seemed to be the most promising on a cost effectiveness basis.
In an effort to reduce the coverage cost, an experimental sample of
very small, yet fully expanded, beads "'as obtained from the
manufacturer. In subsequent tests this expanded polystyrene powder
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was shown to be as reflective as the larger polystyrene beads and
the material cost was reduced to about $70 per acre. This expanded
polystyrene powder also seemed unlikely to be blown off the water
surface once wet. If a major portion of this material remains
effective for about a year, it looks as if it might be practical.
Algae growth tests have been started in the annex. Equipment
is being prepared to get a qualitative idea of the effect of wind
over a model pond.
A turbulent bed cooling tower has been tested for hydraulics
and preliminary heat transfer analysis. The total air pressure
drop in the tower is found to heavily influence operating costs.
The bed pressure loss, that is the total minus the emnty column, is
the most critical parameter. It is found that the bed pressure drop
is independent of gas velocity given a six particle size liquid
loading and a static bed length. This is true in a range of gas
rates between just above the minimum fluidizing velocity up to the
onset of liquid flooding.
Three bed length, several liquid rates, and two particle sizes
were studied as functions of gas rate. Proper use of this
information will be made when overall cooling performance is
assessed and an economic optimization is performed.
Gas pressure drop is also strongly affected by the weight of
liquid permanently held in the bed during study operation. In effect,
the gas stream supplies, through dissipation, all the energy required
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to hold the liquid in suspension. The pressure drop behavior of the
bed suggests that liquid holdup is independent of gas velocity.
Mr. Christiansen attended the National AICHE Meeting in Houston,
February 28-flarch 4, 1971. The program included an unusually high
number of presentations pertinent to NTPRP work, i.e., cooling
tower plumes, drift, operating problems, corrosion control, etc.
In addition to the AICHE scheduled presentations, Mr. Christiansen
discussed the development of a drift measurement technique and device
with Environmental Systems, Inc., a grant apolicant who has sought
technical consultation in this area of high program priority.
Uork Plan ZFJ: Beneficial Uses of Heated Water
A meeting was held on February 25, 1971, with representatives
of EWEB and VITRO to review progress and plan future work emphasis
re the EWEB demonstration project of warm water use in agriculture.
With operational experience now in the background, emphasis will now
be placed on economics. Attention will be focused on quantifying,
in terms of dollars, the actual benefit or detriment of the
experimental practices of using warm water for growing numerous
crops. Through this approach, the overall economic feasibility of
large scale projects may be indicated. Additional meetings were held
with VITRO personnel to work out details.
Work Plan ZFI: Advanced Power Generation
An analytical research program was conducted to estimate the
technical and economical feasibility of eliminating river and lake
water thermal pollution through the use of advanced design open-cycle
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gas turbine as the basis for future fossil fueled base load electric
utility power generating stations,
An intensive "literature review and discussions with power
industry representatives were undertaken to estimate the price levels
of suitable fuels for power generation, tne extent of cooling water
shortages, and the operating and cost characteristics of steam power
stations and alternative methods for cooling condenser water discharges
duri ng the next two decades„
Detailed estimates of the performance, size, and cost character-
istics were made for advanced simple-regenerative and compound-cycle
gas turbine engines capable of operating a turbine in the temperatures
of 2,000°F and above and which are anticipated to be commercially
available in the next two decades. Conceptual designs of selected
gas turbine engine configurations determined to have the greatest
technical and economic potential for providing minimum power costs
and an engineering layout of a possible future 1,000 megawatt
central power station utilizing gas turbines are included. Estimates
and comparisons of complete gas turbine and steam turbine power
station installed costs and total busbar power costs were made for
the various regions of the U.S.
The results indicate that the gas turbines which will become
available in the 1970 decade could produce electric power at lower
costs than steam turbine in the south centra"! region of the U.S.
where natural gas is readily available while eliminating river and
lake thermal pollution. In other regions of the U.S., the gas
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turbines would be economically compel.tive if moderately priced
clean fuels are available. The competetive position of advanced
gas turbines will be further enhanced during the 1980 decade as
anticipated increases in turbine inlet temperature comoonent
efficiencies and material permit substantial iimprovements in
overall engine performance and larger engine designs leading to
more efficient and lower cost engines and power stations.
Although the development costs for large advanced gas turbines
will approach from 100 to 200 million dollars, the total amount that
utilities are expected to expend for cooling devices to combat
thermal pollution over the next two decades will exceed more than
10 times this amount. Thus, advanced gas turbines should be given
serious consideration for increased research and development support.
Grant and Contract Research
Uork Plan ZFF: Engineering and Cost Aspects of Heat Dissipation
The contract with Dynatech R/D Company (12014-477) was completed
and two reports were entered into the Uater Pollution Control Research
Series in January: (1) 16130DHS11/70 -- "Total Community Considerations
in the Utilization of Heat Rejected from Thermal Power Plants," and
(2) 16130DHS01/71 -- "System Selection, Design, and Optimization."
Uork Plan ZFD: Heat Transport and Behavior In Large Hydro!ogic Systems
The final report, "Research on the Physical Aspects of Thermal
Pollution," from the contract with Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
(14-12-526) was entered into the Hater Pc'iution Control Research
Series under the number 16130DPU02/71.
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The final report, "A Predictive Model for Thermal Stratification
and Water Quality in Reservoirs," Massachusetts Institute of Technology
was entered into the WPCRS under the number 16130DJM01/71.
Work Plan ZFL: Consultation and Advisory Services
The final report "Potential Envi ronmantal Modifications Produced
by Large Evaporative Cooling Towers," under contract #14-12-542 to
EG&G, Inc., was entered into the Water Pollution Control Research
Series under the number 16130—01/71.
Work Plan ZFC: Heat Transport and Behavior in the Mixing Zone
The final report, "An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of
Surface Discharge of Heated Water, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Grant 16130 DJU, was entered into the Uater Pollution Control Research
Series under the number 16130DJU02/71.
Other significant publications relative to the Vanderbilt University
grant (16130 FDO) are:
1. Benedict, Barry A., Edward M. Polk, Frank L. Parker, Louis H.
Motz, and John E. Edinger, "Movement of Heated Water Discharges from
Power Plants in Elan-Made Lakes," to be presented at the symposium on
Man-Made Lakes -- Their Problems and Environmental Effects sponsored
by the Scientific Committee on Water Research in Knoxville, Tennessee,
May 3-7, 1971.
2. Benedict, Barry A., Edward M, Polk, Edgar L. Yandell, & Frank
L. Parker, "Surface Jet & Diffusion Models for Discharge of Heated Water,"
to be presented at the 14th Congress of the Interantional Association for
Hydraulic Research in Paris, August 29-September 3, 1971.
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3. Benedict, Barry A., Louis H. Hotz, and Edgar L. Yandell, "Use
of Heated Surface Jet Model for Lake Michigan Analysis," submitted to
the Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation for publication.
4. Polk, Edward il., Barry A. Benedict, and Frank L. Parker,
"Cooling Water Den: '.ty Wedges in Streams," submitted for publication
in ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 1971.
Continuing Projects
Work Plan ZFF: Engineering and Cost Aspects of Heat Dissipation
Environmental Systems Corporation, 16130 GNF, "Quantitative
Measurement and Continuous On-Line Monitoring of Drift from Salt
or Brackish Water."
Purdue University, 16130 EMQ, "Turbulent Bed Cooling Tower."
The Center for the Environment and Man, Inc., 16130 ER'J,
"Economic Analysis of Thermal Pollution Abatement Costs in the Electric
Power Industry."
Washington State University, 16130 FLM, "Analysis of Engineering
Alternatives for Environmental Protection from Thermal Discharges."
Work Plan ZFC: Heat Transport and Behavior in the Mixing Zone
Oregon State University, 16130 DGM, ::Thermal Plume Dispersion."
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, 16130 FSU, "Mixing and
Dispersion at a Warm Water Outlet."
Vanderbilt University, 16130 FDQ, "Project for Concentrated
Research and Training in the Hydrologic and Hyraulic Asoects of Hater
Pollution Control."
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Work Plan ZFD: Heat Transport and Behavior in Large Hydrologic Systems
Cornell University, 16130 DIP, "Heat and Water Vapor Exchange
Between Uater Surface and the Atmosphere."
Oregon State University, 16130 FOK, "Controlling Thermal Pollution
in Small Streams."
Work Plan ZFJ: Beneficial Uses of Heated Water
Eugene Water and Electric Board, 16130 EIK, "Thermal Water
Demonstration Project."
Consulting Services
See "Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments," Work
Plan ZFL.
Reports, Papers, and Presentations
1. Garton, R. R. and Christianson, A. G. "Beneficial Uses of
Waste Heat -- An Evaluation." Presented at the Conference on Beneficial
Uses of Thermal Discharges, September 17-18, 1970, Albany, New York.
Entered into the Water Pollution Control Research Series January 14, 1971
2. Tichenor, B. A. and Christianson, A. G. "Cooling Pond
Temperature vs Size and Water Loss." Presented at the ASCE National
Water Resources Engineering Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, January 11-15,
1971. Paper accepted for publication in ASCE, Journal of the Power
Division, July, 1971.
3. fJTPRP "State-of-the-Art Newsletter, No. 2." January 1971.
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Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 71
Work Plan ZFL: Consultation and Advisory Services
Mr. Christiansen will participate as guest lecturer in a training
course sponsored by the Manpower and Training department entitled
"Field Investigations and Sampling Techniques."
The Temperature Standards Work Group will participate in meetings
with Regional, State and Headquarters people to finalize temperature
standards for California and New York.
Work Plan ZFC: Heat Transport and Behavior in the Mixing Zone
A contract is being prepared for construction of the hydraulic
f1ume.
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NATIONAL COASTAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
PP3 1607
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Work Plan D3M: Estuarine and Ocean Outfalls
Columbia River Estuary Temperature Model. Part II of the Columbia
River model report ("Input-Output and Preliminary Verification1') was
completed, reviewed, and typed in final form.
Selection of Safe Sites for Discharge. Present effort is directed
toward gathering information relative to the construction and main-
tenance of estuarine and ocean outfalls. The objectives of our current
effort are the determination and isolation of (1) a basic cost or cost
range for the various types of ocean outfalls and diffusers, and (2)
the physical and environmental factors pertinent to a sound design
and construction procedure. The role of these parameters will be
assessed for route and construction method selection, and included in
an analysis of the probability of structural or performance failures
from wave and earthquake forces.
Work Plan XAA: Barge Dump Disposal of Wastes in Ocean and Coastal Waters
Equipment and Instrumentation. :Je received and acceoted delivery
on an underwater acoustical tracking system manufactured by Oceanonic
Enterprises of San Diego, California.
Designation of Harmful Materials. Trace materials introduced in
coastal waters continues as the primary effort.
Arrangements are being made to invite ilarko Branica of Yugoslavia
to visit in our laboratory with PL 480 funding. Dr. Branica, who is
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a world authority on trace metals in coastal environments subject to
pollution, iias agreed at the personal level to visit and help us
initiate certain trace material work using oolarograohic methods.
A polaroqraphic laboratory system has been desiined and bids
requested for tin's system or its equivalent.
A gas chromatography mass spectrometer system has been soecified
as an essential laboratory facility for our trace materials in wastes
disposed to coastal waters. Acquisition has been requested for FY 72.
Grant and Contract Research
•fork Plan li"3!i: Estuarine and Ocean Outfalls
1. 16070 FKO: The Gianificance ": Contrn] nf 'lastewatsr Floatables
in Coastal Uaters. The second quarterly progress reoort for grant
16070 FKO to 'jr. Selleck at Berkeley was received. Progress was in
accordance with the stated work schedule and all collection devices
hava been designed and tested. Field work is scheduled to start no
later than April 1, 1971.
2. 16070 DZV: SOA Report on Simulation of Pollution Problem "
Controls in rstuaries. Tracer's final reoort on the state of the art
of estuary modeling was reviewed and Tracer was instructed to forward
the final copy to Project Reports System, thus cormletinq contract
16070 DZV.
3. 16070 DEP: Turbulent Diffusion in Liouid •1ets . Exoerimental
work on this project at Purdue University was completed tin's quarter,
and results of the work are being incorporated into a final reoort
expected to be completed in the fourth quarter.
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4. 16070 FJV: Coastal Pollution: Literature Saarch. Indexing
and Abstracting Approximately 200 abstracts relating to coastal
pollution were submitted to the 'J?.SIC, with cooies to ilCPRP, from the
grantee, Pollution Abstracts, Inc. This represents roughly 25 percent
of the total expected number of abstracts to be prepared by the grantee.
5. 16070 EFR: Demonstration of the Limitations and Effects of
Waste Disposal on an Ocean Shelf. Florida Ocean Sciences Institute
continues to revise and incorporate the project officer's suggestions
in the final report on their project.
6. 16070 EiJS: Airphoto Analysis of Ocean Outfall Disnersion.
A paper entitled, "Aerial Photographic Study of Ocean Outfalls,'1 was
prepared for presentation at the Offshore Technology Conference to be
held in Houston, Texas, in June. Field work continued on computation
of dispersion coefficients using aerial photos of dye patches.
Work Plan XAA: Barge Dump Disposal of 'Jastes in Ocean & Coastal '.Jaters
16070 EKZ: Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Seabed. Pollution
of Puget Sound seems a clear danger if not a present danger. The input
of various sewage (digested) sludges is over 10s Ibs/day and the oxygen
consumption of these materials accumulated on the seabed is a reasonable
indicator of the mechanisms prevailing there and their future behavior.
We are seeking by this grant to the University of Washington Dept. of
Oceanography to obtain quantitative relationships between physical,
chemical, and biological processes and the oxygen consumption. The
influence of these criteria to the regulation of dumping and dredging
on objective grounds is clearly essential. To date the oxygen uptake
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by COD and 300 has been determined at 13 stations in 1970 and will be
extended to 33 in 1971. These measurements provide benchmark data
for Puget Sound as well as the nature of the processes occurring
at this time.
The additional input from the lumber industry and the movement
of these materials accompanying Cores of Engineers dredging ooerations
constitute problem areas for continued close observations.
16070 DCD: Oxygen Uptake of Benthic Organisms in the Presence
of Varying Degrees of Bottom Sludoe Agitation and Various Temperatures
and Salinities. The final report on this grant study renarding oxygen
uptake of benthic organisms was approved and forwarded to the Project
Reports System. The study was conducted by Dr. Richard Berg of Seattle
University.
Work Plan XCF: Tidal Flats in Estuarine '.Jater Quality Analysis
16070 DGO: Tidal Flats in Estuarine 'Jater Quality Analysis.
Under the direction of Dr. Bella, Oregon State University, an ecolog-
ical model of exchange in the marine sediment-water interface is being
developed, using the sulfur cycle as an indicator of processes in the
sediment layer and within the water column. The releases of free
sulfides from sediments can cause complications relating to binding
by mercury and striDoing of oxygen in the water columns. Exchange
processes are simulated in a numerical model of the system; field
studies in an estuarine mud flat and laboratory experiments are used
to develop the model. Michaelis-Menton kinetic reactions are utilized
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where applicable; feedback and initial numerical experimentation is
performed through an analog-digital programing system.
Consulting Services
Work Plan ZAR: Technical Consultation on Coastal Pollution Problems
1. The program provided consulting services to the Northwest
Regional Office on the design of Georgia Pacific's waste discharge
diffuser in Bellingham Bay.
2. Technical assistance was provided to the Lake Superior enforce-
ment conference by review of proposed discharge plan for Reserve Mining
Company.
3. A staff member conferred with Regional Office oersonnel regarding
proposed testimony, based on work performed with the Regional Office
previously, on the case of ITT-Rayonier vs. the State of 'Washington.
4. A staff member provided assistance to the Deoartment of the
Interior by recommending scientists outside the Government to review
and make comment on a mathematical model of Bis cayne Bay, Florida, which
was contracted by the Parks Department.
5. At the request of the Chief, Engineering Branch, material was
compiled on program accomplishments during the past year for inclusion
in a reply to questions raised by Senator Muskie.
6. At the Laboratory Director's request, a review and an eval-
uation were made on the Project Reports System report specifications.
7. Additional assistance was provided a Swedish engineering firm
in their attempts to design an ocean outfall system for the City of
Gothenburg, Sweden.
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8. Review and comments were sent to the Southeast Region's
Grant Program Director on a report entitled, "Diffusion from Ocean
Outfalls off the Florida Southeast Coast."
9. A supplemental budget request was submitted from headquarters
for additional funds for research in support of the ocean dumping
permit authority suggested by the report, "Ocean Dumping," prepared
by the Council on Environmental Quality. A budget and program plan
were submitted at the request of the Chief, Engineering Branch.
10. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations requested and received a review of the seminar report on
biological monitoring prepared from the recent FAO marine pollution
conference.
11. A staff member represented the program at the second session
of the Biological Advisory Committee meeting held in Cincinnati
January 19-21 to aid in preparation of a biological methods manual.
12. At the request of the Laboratory Director, the Director,
Office of Environmental Studies, UCLA, was supolied with reports
and references on "man-induced nutrients" relating to coastal
pollution.
13. The New England River Basins Office was furnished a card
input list for QUALTEMP and part of the output for a test run for
use in their studies.
14. At the request of the Lockheed-California Company, a report
on time series analysis, Coast Guard Data Buoy Project, was reviewed
and comments made.
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Reports, Papers, and Presentations
1. The second draft of a paper describing the overall scope of
the National Coastal Pollution Research Program was forwarded to the
Chief, Engineering Branch, for review.
2. Working Paper #80, "User's Guide and Documentation for Out-
fall Plume Model," was completed and sent out for technical review.
3. A paper entitled, "Applications of Some Numerical Models
to Pacific Northwest Estuaries," was presented at the OSU Technical
Conference on Estuaries of the Pacific Northwest by Chief, Physical
Oceanography.
4. Program Chief chaired a session on coastal and oceanic
pollution at the 161st National American Chemical Society Meeting
in Los Angeles, California.
5. Program Chief participated in the third session of GESAMP
in Rome, Italy, under the sponsorship of the Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations in Rome.
6. Chief, Chemical and Biological Oceanography, participated
in the Gordon Research Conference on Chemical Oceanography held in
Santa Barbara, California.
Training
1. Four staff members completed a 40-hour training course on
small boat handling presented by Linn-Benton Community College.
2. A staff member completed a one-week training course entitled,
"Basic Management Techniques I" sponsored by the U. S. Civil Service
Commission.
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Plans for Fourth Quarter, FY 1971
Work Plan D3H: Estuarine and Ocean Outfalls
Principal effort will be directed toward the development of base
cost data for ocean outfalls with some consideration given to the
breakout of the location and distribution of outfalls from major
sewage treatment facilities.
Work will begin on a section of Part II of the ocean outfall
report relating to passive diffusion pollution models. Existing
models will be examined with regard to the underlying assumptions,
history of success and use, ease of use, and range of application.
The paper entitled, "Application of some numerical models to
Pacific Northwest Estuaries," given by a staff member at the OSU
Technical Conference on Estuaries, will be published by the Engineering
Experiment Station.
Work Plan XAA: Barge Dump Disposal of Hastes in Ocean and Coastal
Waters
We will continue our fully instrumental analyses on appropriate
samples with detailed wet radiochemistry as manpower permits.
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CONSOLIDATED LA'iiGiMTORY SERVICES PROGRAM
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Genera'i
The QSU-PNUL graduate fellowship program produced a thesis "The
Pressure and Temperature Effects on the Solubility of i^itrogen in
Distilled Water." The theses was accepted as partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Mast&r of Science in the Chemical
Engineering Department„ The subject matter of the thesis is important
information for evaluating effects of nitrogen in water on salmon.
The COp - ilp, Op fi^d Sas chroma to graph was assembled and field
tested. Tho field testing indicated that it is essential to provide
stable voltage to the detector and recorder system. The voltage
and amplitude will be provided by a special package designed to give
stable voltage.
The evaluation of the Oceanography International total carbon
system has been completed. Data collected from the evaluation is
being assembled for preparation of report.
The radiometer titration system was made operational and it will
produce graphical records of Dotentiometric titrations.
The bookkeeping aspects of laboratory ooeration are now more
completely controlled by computer programed systems. The samole data
sheet and analytical request information is teletyoed to the comouter
when the sample is received. The comouter catalogs a listing of
analysis,, produces oench sheets for analysts, provides backlog
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44
information, and Informs staff when all analyses are completed so
that samples can be thrown away.
Automated Analytical Systems
The Technicon II system has been delivered, set up. and is now
operational. Modules for analysis of ammonia-nitrogen, orthophosphate-
phosphorus, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soluble silica
are functioning, using dual channel system. Analyses are performed
at the rate of 50-60 samples per hour using 0.5 ml of sample per
analysis. Thus, with 10 ml of sample, five constituents can be run
by use of the same sample tray and change in module. The Technicon
II also has a linearized recorder, a programed peak picker and a
digitized output of data. It is now unnecessary to measure peak
heights as a function of concentration the data acquisition system
provides output in concentration terms.
Samples that contain suspended material require distillation to
accurately determine ammonia nitrogen concentration. A distillation
system is now being used as pretreatment in the automated analysis of
ammonia nitrogen.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Two Instrumentation Laboratories Atomic Absorption Spectro-
photometers model 353 have been received and are being put into
operation. The new equipment was purchased to replace two IL model
153 units which were showing signs of wear.
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Specialized Analysis
During this quarter the specialized analysis group, with
assistance from all other sections, concentrated its efforts on
analysis of plants and sediments for carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen,
and phosphorus. The Analytical Quality Control program pointed
out some problems in analysis of phosphorus in plant samples. As
a result of problems, a considerable number of samples required
phosphorus reruns.
Analysis of Carbon
The Beckman-Carbonaceous Analyzer is now being used for routine
total carbon and inorganic carbon analysis. The Oceanographic
instrument is used for specialized analysis at low levels and for
organic carbonate in the particulate fraction. The backlog for
carbon analysis is now less than fifty analyses. The CHN analyzer
is being used for analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in
dried samples,
Kjeldahl Analysis
All Kjeldahl analysis are now being run on samples as they are
received. There is no backlog in the Kjeldahl section.
Biology
Routine samples were analyzed from Eutrophication Research
Program and Technical Operations Program.
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46
Microbiology
Routine samples from Pollution Surveillance and National Waste
Treatment and Control Research Program were handled.
Areas of Concern
Communications on priorities are causing some concern. Immediate
answers can be provided for water samples relatively free of inter-
ference for a selected, group of metals at a specific level, and for
forms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. CIS cannot provide
everyone with this type of service at the same time. Thus priorities
must be established in the planning phase and time must be allocated
for planning purposes.
Reports and Papers
Presentation and demonstration of turbidity measurements were
made before the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Projects
Division at Vancouver, Washington.
Chief of CIS discussed with Columbia River Water Management Group
the analytical determination of nitrogen in water and the use of
instrumentation to accomplish analysis„
Equipment
Backup equipment should be acquired for COp - Np» 0^ analysis.
Computer tie-in of titratfon equipment and Atomic Absorption
spectrophotometric equipment should be investigated.
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Plans for Fourth Quarter. FY 1971
Appropriate steps will be taken to reduce backlog. Necessary
implementation to provide more rapid response will be put into
operation, especially to programs that require this type of information.
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TRAINING AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT
Status of Projects and Significant Accomplishments
Direct Training
"Membrane Filter Workshop" Portland, Ore. Feb. 9-10 18 students
Olympia, Wash. Feb. 16-17 28
Auburn, Wash. Feb. 18-19 33
Yakima, Wash. Feb. 23-24 25
"Survey Sampling for Managers" Portland, Ore, Feb. 11-12 39
Olympia, Wash. Feb. 9-10 24
"Data Evaluation & Analysis" Corvallis, Ore. Mar. 15-19 28
A staff member assisted in the instruction of students at the
annual Idaho Department of Health short school, Pocatello, Idaho,
January 25-29, 15 students.
Training facilities were used for a motorboat operator training
course for Laboratory personnel which consisted of weekly 3-hour
sessions for 10 weeks. Students from the sewage treatment plant
operators short course at Oregon State University spent two days in
the training facilities for lectures and laboratory instruction. A
staff member provided nine hours of lecture and demonstration for the
sewage treatment plant operator course at Linn-Benton Community
College.
Manpower Development
Contacts have been made to initiate a project Transition program
for training service men at McChord AFB to become sewage treatment
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plant operators. The training period will be 16 weeks in length
and will'be conducted by the Clover Park Technical School in Tacoma.
Linn-Benton Community College has been selected as one of three
community colleges in the nation to participate in a pilot program
in the' development of a two-year waste water treatment plant operator
training" program. Graduates from this program will receive an
Associate of Arts degree.
A Department of Labor representative, Washington, D. C., visited
the' DOL funded (through Water Quality Office national contract)
program for training sewage treatment plant operators in Portland,
Oregon and also Linn-Benton Community College. A subsequent report
was very favorable and indicated these programs were among the best
the representative had seen.
Public Relations
Tours and orientation were provided for 165 people; staff
provided speaking services before groups totaling 460 people. Films
and slides/tapes were loaned for viewing by over 1500. Over 1200
pieces of literature were distributed.
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