United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
                         Office of
                         Water
                         (WH-556F)
843-S-92-001
March 1992
&EPA
Summary Of Section 319(h)
Wetlands And Riparian Projects

Fiscal Years
1990 and 1991
                      Printed on Recycled Paper

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Special thanks to the Regional Nonpoint Source Coordinators and their staffs for
providing information on the projects identified in this report.

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                            page(s)

 I.    INTRODUCTION                                     i-ii

II.    SECTION 319(h) FY 1990/1991 PROJECT SUMMARIES

  A. PROTECTION AND RESTORATION

      Colorado
            North Fork Republican River Watershed            1
            Boulder Creek Basin                              1-2
      Connecticut
            Pequabuck River Bristol                           2
            Mattabasset River Nonpoint Source Program         2-3
      Florida
            Megginnis Arm Revegetation                       3-4
      Georgia
            Water Quality Effects of Reestablished
             Riparian Forest in Southeastern Coastal
             Plain                                          4
      Hawaii
            Pearl Harbor Demonstration                       4-5
      Iowa
            Riparian Zone Tree Buffer                        5
      Minnesota
            Wetland Restoration Within the
             Big Stone Lake Watershed                       5-6
      Montana
            Three Mile Creek Stabilization Plan                 6
            Nonpoint Source Hydrologic Unit Water
             Quality Plan, Godfrey Creek                      7
            Musselshell River Stream Corridor                  7-8
            East Spring Creek Rehabilitation                   8
      Nevada
            Electronic Control of Livestock                     8-9
            Eightmile Creek Restoration                       9-10
      South Dakota
            Watershed Protection Plan, Pickerel Lake            10

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                          TABLE OF CONTENTS


A. PROTECTION AND RESTORATION (continued)        page(s)

    Utah
          Chalk Creek Watershed                          10-11
          Jordan River Parkway Restoration                 11-12
          Otter Creek Restoration                          12

B. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION

    Delaware
          Biological Criteria Development Program           13
    Illinois
          Wetland Conservation Easement Program           13
    Indiana
          Environmental Scientist Staff Position               14
    Iowa
          Staff Position - Iowa Great Lakes
           Protection                                     14-15
    New Hampshire
          Lower Merrimack River Basin Initiative             15
          Upper Connecticut Watershed                     15-16
    North Carolina
          Staff Position - Nonpoint Source Mgmt.             16
    Rhode Island
          Staff Positions - Water Quality Protection
           and Stormwater Regulations                     16-17
    Vermont
          Wetlands Enforcement Implementation             17
    Wisconsin
          Nonpoint Source  Easement Coordinator            18

C. EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL TRAINING

    California
          "How to Heal the Land" Video                    19
    Kentucky
          Riparian Education                              19
    Louisiana
          Wetland and Estuaries                           20
          Mermentau River Basin                          20

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
 C.  EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL TRAINING (continued) page(s)

     South Dakota
          Riparian Grazing Workshop                       21
     Utah
          "Stream Team"/ Utah Riparian Coalition            21
     Vermont
          Nonpoint Source Control Project                   21-22
     Wyoming
          Using Beaver Management and Ecology to
            Stabilize Riparian Watercourses                  22

D. CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

     Alabama
          Big Prairie/ Cottonwood Creek Watershed           23
          Sand Mountain/ Lake Guntersville Watershed        23
          Bayview Watershed                               24
     Illinois
          Lake Argyle and Siloam Springs Wetlands
            Construction and Evaluation                     24
     Indiana
          Livestock Waste Management and Multiple-Use
            Constructed Wetlands in the Upper
            Tippecanoe River                               25
     Mississippi
          Catfish Pond Nutrient Removal Demonstration       25-26
     Nebraska
          Czechland Lake Watershed                        26
     Ohio
          Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Wetland
            Technology                                    27
     Tennessee and Kentucky
          Big South Fork/ Bear Creek Demonstration          27
     Virginia
          Coordinated Approach to Hazard Abatement
           on Abandoned Mine Lands                       28
     West Virginia
          Potomac Valley and Eastern Panhandle
            Nutrient and Pesticide Management               28

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                          page(s)
 E. OTHER PROJECTS OF INTEREST

      California
            Field Test of Demonstration Urban Stormwater
             Treatment Marsh (DUST)                      29
      Delaware
            Installation of Stormwater Management Basin       29-30
      Iowa
            Coldwater Streams Corridor Protection in
             Northeastern Iowa                             30
            Poplar Tree Buffer Strips, Am ana                 30-31
            Coon Creek Water Quality Project in
             Allamakee and Winneshiek Counties             31
      New York
            Great Lakes Demonstration, Irondequoit Creek      31-32


III.   INDEX

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                                INTRODUCTION

      This report was compiled by the Wetlands Division's Strategies and Initiatives
Section in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Wetlands,
Oceans, and Watersheds. The purpose of the report is to briefly describe fiscal year
1990 and 1991 Clean Water Act Section 319(h) projects that have a wetlands or riparian
area component. By highlighting these efforts, EPA regions and their respective States
can share ideas for incorporating protection and restoration of these ecosystems into the
watershed-based approaches of the Section 319 proposals and projects.

      The watershed-based approach is recognized by EPA headquarters and the
regions as being important for effectively addressing problems caused by nonpoint source
pollution. The Nonpoint Source Agenda for the Future (1989), the National Guidance
on Wetlands and Nonpoint Source Control Programs (1990), the Section 319 Grant
Guidance (1991) as well as the guidance issued by a number of regions promote and
encourage States to develop and implement projects that incorporate a watershed
approach to addressing nonpoint source problems.  Wetlands and  riparian areas, as
important components of the watershed, should be considered for two primary reasons.
First, wetlands are  "waters of the U.S.", and as such, are afforded  protection under the
Clean Water Act.  Their unique functions and values (i.e., wildlife and fish habitat, flood
control, recreation  and aesthetic appeal) make them a valuable  resource that should be
protected from adverse impacts. Second, in unaltered watersheds, wetlands and riparian
areas have historically performed the important function of intercepting upland runoff
and filtering or transforming nutrients and sediments, thus protecting the water quality
of the adjacent waterbody. Many of these areas still perform or have the potential to
perform these functions, though changes in upland land use (i.e., clearing to facilitate
agriculture or paving from urban development) or alterations to the wetlands may have
impaired or endangered the capabilities of these ecosystems to function as effectively.

      The opportunity for wetlands and riparian areas to be integral components of
nonpoint source watershed projects continues to expand.  Wetland and riparian
protection, combined with other practices to reduce the generation of nonpoint source
pollutants or to pretreat runoff to avoid adverse impacts, is an approach many States are
taking to improve the water quality of the States' impaired waters. For example, the
Godfrey Creek Hydrologic Unit Water Quality Plan (Montana)  combines restoration of
riparian corridor, re-establishment of indigenous plants, and landowner education with
the development of farm and pasture management plans as a means of improving and
then maintaining water quality in Godfrey Creek. Similarly, the Big Stone Lake Clean
Lakes Program (Minnesota) has identified wetland restoration as one of the principle
land management practices to be implemented in the watershed to address nonpoint
source pollution. This program emphasizes wetland protection and restoration in three
subwatersheds that were identified as major contributors of nonpoint source pollution to
Big Stone Lake. Projects such as these result not only in water  quality improvement, but
also in important opportunities for protecting or re-establishing  other functions and
values.

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      This report provides the reader with summary information on the wetlands or
riparian component of State projects, with particular emphasis on projects which focus
on protection and restoration of these ecosystems.  In addition, descriptions of projects
that replicate the water quality improvement function of wetlands through use of
constructed wetlands are also provided.  In many cases, however, constructed wetlands
may not be providing the multiple benefits of wetland ecosystems. In addition, because
of the active maintenance, large changes in hydrologic regime, and potential for
concentration of contaminants associated with some uses of constructed wetlands, it may
be best not to design these systems so that they also serve habitat functions.

      This report is organized into five sections.  The first section, Restoration and
Protection Projects, highlights those projects that have a fairly direct objective of
protecting or restoring wetlands or riparian areas.  The second section, Program
Administration, provides information on efforts where a State is instituting an
administrative procedure such as regulations or staffing focusing resources on wetland
and riparian programs that are part of the State nonpoint source or water quality
program.  The third section, Education and Technical Training, highlights efforts that
are focusing on education, public outreach or training to promote protection or
restoration of wetlands or riparian areas.  The fourth section, Constructed Wetlands,
identifies  projects using variations of this technology.  The fifth section is classified as
Other Projects of Interest due to the variation in approaches of these projects. This
organization is provided for reader convenience, however, many projects have
components that  cut across the identified sections.

      For answers to questions regarding additional information on the projects, the
reader should contact the identified State  or EPA regional personnel.  For copies of this
document, contact the Wetlands Hotline on 1-800-832-7828 or write to the Wetlands
Division at the address below:

                   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                   Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
                   Wetlands Division (A-104F)
                   401 M Street, SW
                   Washington, DC 20460
                   Attn:  Sherri Fields
                                         11

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PROTECTION AND RESTORATION PROJECTS

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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

                                  COLORADO

      TITLE:      North Fork Republican River Watershed Project
      AGENCY:   Yuma County Soil Conservation District
      FY:          1991
      CONTACT:  Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   Excess levels of sediment and nutrients have been found in
      the North Fork of the Republican River, the only cold water fishery in Eastern
      Colorado. These pollutants have led to a decline in the fishery resource found in
      the stream. Encroachment by cattle grazing in the streambank is the largest
      factor in fish habitat degradation. The aquatic habitat is also affected by
      inadequate shading of the river which causes increased water temperature.  The
      proposed remedy is to improve riparian areas along the strearfi channel by
      developing conservation plans for 15,000 acres within the watershed.  The
      following BMPs are expected to be used: (1) conservation cropping sequence; (2)
      critical area planting; (3) deferred rotation grazing; (4) fencing; (5) fish stream
      improvement; (6) pasture and hayland management; (7) proper grazing systems;
      (8) streambank and shoreline protection; (9) tree planting; (10) nutrient
      management; and (11) pest management. Landowners who participate will be
      required to incorporate nutrient and pest management in their conservation plans.
      It is anticipated that this project will enhance existing riparian areas, with little or
      no deleterious impact.

                                  COLORADO

      TITLE:      Boulder Creek Basin
      AGENCY:   City of Boulder, Department of Public Works/ Utilities, Department
                   of Real Estate and Open Space, Department of Flood Control,
                   Department of Cable Television Channel 28, US Forest Service, Soil
                   Conservation Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Colorado
                   Division of Wildlife, Department of Health
      FY:          1990
      CONTACT:  Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   The Boulder Creek basin is within Boulder County and
      includes a total of 318 square miles which drain into Boulder Creek.  The
      purpose of this project is to control nonpoint source pollution through the use of
      BMPs to reclaim the physical, biological, and  chemical integrity of the basin and
      to  facilitate attainment of aquatic life use. The project's goal is to  improve water
      quality and restore the functional integrity of the entire stream,  riparian and
      wetland ecosystem. Nonpoint impacts are mainly from channelization, livestock


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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      grazing, dewatering, irrigation return flows, and sand and gravel mining.  Grazing
      has resulted in the removal of most of the riparian vegetation in the project area.
      Riparian vegetation removal by grazing has eliminated several important functions
      including shading, sediment entrapment and filtration of overflow. Selected
      BMPs include: (1) fencing; (2) wetland detention - constructed wetlands will be
      utilized to treat very low quality and sediment laden agricultural irrigation return
      flows; (3) low flow channel; (4) berm removal; and (5) revegetation.

                                CONNECTICUT

      TITLE:     Pequabuck River Bristol (Riparian Zone Habitat Restoration)
      AGENCY:  CT Department of Environmental Protection
      FY:        1991
      CONTACT: Doug E. Cooper, Supervising Environmental Analyst, DEP Inland
                  Water Resources Management Division, Room 207 State Office
                  Building, 165 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106

      DESCRIPTION:    Urban development, stormdrain outlets and gravel excavation
      have altered the riparian habitat and contributed to nonpoint impacts in Bristol.
      The purpose of this project is to improve a segment of riparian habitat along the
      Pequabuck River using best management practices.  BMPs will include:
      construction of temporary and permanent erosion control measures, removal of
      unnatural sediment accumulations, construction of sediment catchment systems at
      roadway drainage discharge points, acquisition of conservation easements,
      placement of rip-rap and vegetative slope stabilization, habitat improvements such
      as conservation planting and in-stream measures such as fish shelter rocks, pools
      and riffle areas.  DEP will be working closely with land owners and local officials
      both to educate and to encourage a strong State-local partnership.  The
      Connecticut Department of Transportation will be encouraged to participate on
      treatments of stonnwater outfalls from the State highway and to prepare a model
      maintenance program for regular street sweeping, catch basin and sediment basin
      cleaning and roadside stabilization. The DEP will monitor the success of habitat
      improvement over a period of years.
                                 CONNECTICUT

      TITLE:      Mattabasset River Nonpoint Source Program
      AGENCY:   CT Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford County Soil
                   and Water Conservation District (SWDC), Middlesex County Soil
                   and Water Conservation District (SWCD)
      FY:         1991

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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

       CONTACT:  Hartford and Middlesex County SWCD, c/o 627 River Street,
                   Windsor, CT 06095  203-688-7725

       DESCRIPTION:   The Mattabasset River, a tributary of the Connecticut River,
       is located in an urban watershed in central Connecticut.  The river has
       experienced significantly degraded biological activity due to sedimentation, mostly
       as a result of urban development (i.e., maintenance of roads and stormwater
       systems, sand and salt management and erosion at construction sites). This
       project focuses on the effect of urban development on a watercourse, including
       direct discharge  of stormwater and the development of land within 500 feet.
       Outfall areas will be inspected to identify maintenance needs and erosion
       problems. Water quality monitoring will be done at each outfall to establish
       baseline data. Compliance inspection of the river and riparian areas will be
       performed to determine the activities that contribute to pollution of the  river.
       During the inspection, an assessment of the riparian areas will be made  and areas
       of possible riparian restoration will be identified.  A plan will be developed to
       better protect and manage riparian areas  still functioning. Educational
       information will  be  developed to promote the riparian zone concept and
       encourage voluntary buffer strips by landowners along the river.  A demonstration
       project will be selected to show riparian restoration along an urban watercourse.

                                    FLORIDA

       TITLE:      Megginnis Arm Revegetation Project
       AGENCY:   Florida Department of Natural Resources and the Northwest
                   Florida Water Management District (NWFWMD)
       FY:         1991
       CONTACT:  Karen Wilson, US EPA Region 4, 404-347-2126,  FTS 257-2126

       DESCRIPTION:   This project undertakes a large-scale revegetation effort at
       Megginnis Arm to restore riparian wetlands and monitor survival rates for
       different types of planting densities and methods.  Megginnis Arm is  the
       southernmost portion of Lake Jackson, a 4,000-acre waterbody located
       immediately north of Tallahassee, Florida. Over the past twenty-five years,
       Megginnis Arm has experienced severe water quality degradation due to
       increasing quantities of polluted stormwater runoff from the heavily urbanized
       portion of Tallahassee. The magnitude of poor quality sediments within the Lake
       is such that resuspension of pollutants in the lake is of equal concern as
       pollutants entering the lake from runoff.  The NWFMD is currently implementing
       a project that will remove approximately 100,000 cubic yards of contaminated
       sediments from Megginnis Arm.  Upon completion of the sediment removal
      project, the wetland edges in the littoral zone (approximately 9 acres) of the arm

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      will be prepared for reestablishment of pre-existing water quality benefits to
      Megginnis Arm as well as restoration of fish and wildlife habitat.

                                    GEORGIA

      TITLE:      Water Quality Effects of Reestablished Riparian Forest in
                   Southeastern Coastal Plain Project
      AGENCY:   University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,
                   Department of Agricultural Engineering of Animal Science, US
                   Department of Agriculture/ Agricultural Research Service,  Soil
                   Conservation Service, Cooperative Extension Service, Georgia Soil
                   and Water Conservation Commission,  Game and Fish Commission,
                   EPA and the Middle South Georgia Soil and Water  Conservation
                   District
      FY:          1991
      CONTACT: Betty Barton, US EPA Region 4, 404-347-2126, FTS 257-2126

      DESCRIPTION:   Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is caused by field
      management practices, but can be ameliorated by buffer areas along streams.
      This project will demonstrate and evaluate water quality effects of reestablishing
      forested wetland in the Southeastern Coastal Plain.  This project will be
      implemented in conjunction with a project to grow forage crops using liquid
      manure at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station near
      Tifton, GA.  Forested wetlands downslope of cropped areas will be reestablished
      to treat applied liquid manure.  Effects of the  forested wetlands on the water
      quality will be monitored by evaluating changes in surface and subsurface water
      quality parameters as water leaves the application site and moves through the
      forested wetland toward the stream.

                                     HAWAII

      TITLE:      Pearl Harbor Demonstration Project
      AGENCY:   Hawaii Department of Health, Pearl Harbor Estuary Committee,
                   U.S. Navy, Hawaii Department of Transportation, The University of
                   Hawaii, City and County of Honolulu, West and South Oahu
                   Conservation Districts, US Fish and Wildlife Service
      FY:          1991
      CONTACT: Jovita Pajarillo, US EPA Region 9,  415-744-2011,     FTS 484-2011

      DESCRIPTION:   The Pearl Harbor Estuary Committee will coordinate a
      demonstration project focused on reducing sediment loadings to the water quality
      impaired bay. The project will address riparian restoration and urban runoff

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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

      through the coordination and cooperation of federal, state and local agencies.
      The demonstration project will also lead to instituting a holistic approach to
      confronting the myriad of nonpoint source problems in the Pearl Harbor
      Watershed.

                                      IOWA

      TITLE:      Riparian Zone Tree Buffer, Story County
      AGENCY:   Iowa State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Iowa
                   Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection
                   Division, ISU Cooperative Extension Service, IDNR Forestry
                   Division, Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
      FY:         1990/1991
      CONTACT:  Ubbo Agena, Iowa Department of Natural Resources,
                   Environmental Protection Division, 900 East Grand, Des Moines,
                   Iowa 50319, 515-281-6402
                   Richard C. Schultz, Iowa State University Agriculture Experiment
                   Station,  104 Curtis Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011

      DESCRIPTION:    This four-year project will demonstrate the effectiveness of a
      protected buffer zone containing trees and other permanent vegetation in
      protecting and improving aquatic habitat and water quality in small Iowa streams.
      The buffer strips are expected to intercept eroding soil and agricultural chemicals,
      stabilize streambanks, provide wildlife habitat, and generally improve stream
      water quality and environmental conditions.  Riparian tree plantings and
      associated research plots have been established on crop and pasture lands along a
      half mile stretch of Bear Creek, a perennial stream in northern Storey  County,
      Iowa. The replicated plots include five  rows of trees (poplar hybrids, silver
      maple, green ash, and black walnut), two rows of shrubs (ninebark and red osier
      dogwood), and 24 feet of switch-grass planted parallel to the creek. Surface and
      ground water quality,  stream condition,  and soil movement data will be collected
      throughout the project and used to assess the environmental impacts of the tree
      buffer strips.  Site preparation, planting, and management costs will be
      determined and used to assess the economics of this practice.

                                  MINNESOTA

      TITLE:      Wetland Restoration Within the Big Stone Lake Watershed
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT:  US EPA Region V Nonpoint Source Section, 312-886-0209

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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

      DESCRIPTION: The Big Stone Lake Clean Lakes Program (CLP) has identified
      wetland restoration as one of the principle land management practices to be
      implemented within the watershed to address nonpoint source pollution.  Through
      the implementation phase of their CLP, project cooperators restored nine basins
      representing approximately 95 acres of wetland habitat. Additional upland acres
      have been retired and seeded to native grasses to act as buffers for the restored
      areas.  Three subwatersheds were identified as major contributors of NFS
      pollution  to Big Stone Lake.  It is proposed that wetland restoration and
      protection will be emphasized within these three watersheds. Through
      cooperative efforts of both public and private interests, including U.S. Fish and
      Wildlife, Soil Conservation Service, MN Department of Natural Resources, local
      Soil and Water Conservation Districts and private landowners, wetlands will be
      restored by either subsurface tile breaks or plugging of surface ditches.  These
      restoration techniques are  accepted practices that have been utilized throughout
      the prairie pothole region of North America.  In addition, landowners with
      restored wetlands will be offered an easement payment to protect the wetland in
      perpetuity.

                                    MONTANA

      TITLE:      Three Mile Creek Stabilization Plan, Rivalli County
      AGENCY:   Soil Conservation Service, Bitterroot  Conservation District, National
                   Wildlife Refuge, Fish Wildlife and Parks and private landowners
      FY:         1990
       CONTACT: Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   Three Mile Creek originates in the Sapphire Mountains in
       the northeast corner of Rivalli County.  It flows in a westerly direction before it
      meets the Bitterroot River. For years, this drainage system has carried extremely
       high sediment loads causing problems for water users, wildlife, fisheries and
       creek-side property owners. The streambanks  are damaged primarily due to
       heavy livestock concentration, which makes them subject to erosion.  It has been
       determined that the most cost effective way to reduce sediment loads and stabilize
       the stream corridors will be through revegetation of the stream channel.
       Landusers will participate in this effort through the adoption of best management
       practices  (eg. vegetation planting, mechanical structures and fencing).

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Section 319 Summary
Wetland/ Riparian
                                   MONTANA
      TITLE:      Nonpoint Source Hydrologic Unit Water Quality Plan, Godfrey
                   Creek, Gallatin County
      AGENCY:   Montana Soil Conservation Service, Montana State University-
                   Cooperative Extension Service, Agriculture Stabilization and
                   Conservation Service, and State Department of Environmental
                   Sciences-Water Quality Bureau
      FY:          1990
      CONTACT:  Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   Godfrey Creek is primarily a spring-fed stream which is part
      of a watershed that drains 14 square miles.  For most of it's length, the creek
      flows in an incised and narrow valley that is bordered by  farms, ranches, livestock
      confinement pens and dairies.  Animal impact on the stream has severely reduced
      riparian vegetation and streambank stability.  One of the several objectives of the
      NPS Hydrologic Unit Water Quality Plan is to restore and maintain riparian
      vegetation. The overall  long term objectives are to be able to use the Godfrey
      Creek experience to demonstrate a successful educational and technical assistance
      process which utilizes local leadership in pivotal decision  making roles; to reduce
      the fecal coliform and nitrate loadings; to further improve the riparian corridor so
      that it becomes a functional entity in maintaining water quality in the watershed
      as well as an  integral part of associated farm management plans; to work with
      farm operators in the rest of the watershed to implement best management
      practices; and to re-establish the creek as fish habitat. In order to re-establish
      riparian zone diversity, some plantings of adaptable plants will be required, since
      most reproductive structures of natural riparian vegetation are absent.  Associated
      with  the planting of riparian vegetation will be the development of pasture
      management  plans which may include partial year enclosure fences and cross
      fences to manage grazing intensity and to enhance development of the riparian
      zone. Data will be  collected on establishment and growth rates of planted
      materials and the re-establishment of indigenous plants.
                                   MONTANA

      TITLE:      Musselshell River Stream Corridor Project, Musselshell Valley
      AGENCY:   Upper Musselshell Conservation District, Montana Department of
                   Natural Resources and Conservation
      FY:          1990
      CONTACT:  Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      DESCRIPTION:   The purpose of the Musselshell River Corridor Project is to
      introduce a stream corridor management program to the area.  The project will
      demonstrate to landowners cost-effective measures that minimize effects of
      accelerated erosion from channel alterations and improper use of the riparian
      area.  Fanning and grazing to the river's edge, railroad and highway construction,
      and numerous channel alterations have resulted in (1) severe erosion of
      streambanks; (2) deterioration in water quality; (3) reduction of fish and wildlife;
      and (4) economic losses to the landowners. The goal of the stream corridor
      project is to increase streambank stability and improve water quality while
      enhancing fish and wildlife habitat.  Several alternative solutions to the resource
      problems will be identified, including costs  and benefits to the landowners.  This
      project will demonstrate how the placement of materials (i.e. tree revetments and
      vegetative cover) and/or grazing plans and fencing can help to stabilize the
      Musselshell streambank.

                                   MONTANA

      TITLE:      East Spring Creek Rehabilitation Project
      AGENCY:   Flathead Conservation District
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT:  Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   East Spring Creek is located in Flathead County, flows
      generally southward and its major tributary is Trumbull Creek. The Flathead
      Conservation District established the goal of upgrading the creek in its Long
      Range Plan for the period of  1981-1985. The District designed a rehabilitation
      plan in order to achieve its goal of  enhancing the in-stream water quality and fish
      and wildlife habitat of East Spring Creek, while maintaining the present level of
      agricultural and domestic water withdrawals.  One important component to the
      plan is the improvement of riparian habitat by implementing best management
      practices, which will vary according to land ownership and use. BMPs will include
      fencing, excavation, flow control structures, erosion control, fish habitat
      improvements and riparian vegetation plantings.

                                    NEVADA

      TITLE:      Electronic Control of Livestock in Riparian Areas
      AGENCY:   Nevada Department of Environmental Protection, National Park
                   Service, Great Basin National Park, Oregon State University
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT:  Jovita Pajarillo,  US EPA Region 9, 415-744-2011,    FTS 484-2011
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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

      DESCRIPTION:   The Great Basin is a physiographic region comprising about
      502,000 square kilometers and encompassing nearly all of Nevada.  It is a region
      of high desert basins interspersed with a series of 200 isolated, long and narrow,
      north-south oriented mountain ranges.  In 1986, to preserve a portion of this
      unique region, 31,200 hectares of the South Snake Range in eastern Nevada was
      set aside as the Great Basin National Park.  The park has been subjected to
      considerable alteration by the expansive livestock production that was begun in
      the early 1900s.  Adverse impacts of grazing animals on soils, vegetation, and
      water quality in riparian areas is one of the most serious and intractable land
      management problems. A direct relationship between intensity of grazing in
      riparian zones and bacterial water quality has been demonstrated.  The project's
      objective is to develop and test a new management alternative to fencing for
      controlling livestock use in riparian areas that involves electronic control of
      livestock.  For the past two years, scientists  at the Pacific Northwest Research
      Station and Oregon State University have been working on fenceless livestock
      control that uses electrical stimulus to achieve animal avoidance  of designated
      exclusion areas.  The project involves testing the technology in riparian areas in a
      large scale rangeland setting.  Before the technology is broadly applied, it is
      critical to understand how it performs in a realistic management situation and be
      able to measure the behavior of animals wearing the electronic eartags for an
      extended period.  The project will also document changes in water quality that
      may result from successful implementation of the new and innovative
      management technique.

                                    NEVADA

      TITLE:      Eightmile Creek Restoration
      AGENCY:   Nevada Department of Environmental Protection, U.S. Forest
                   Service Humboldt County, Foundation for North American Sheep,
                   Nevada Division of Forestry, National Fish and Wildlife
                   Foundation, Trout Unlimited, Private Organizations
      FY:          1991
      CONTACT:  Jovita Pajarillo,  US EPA Region 9, 415-744-2011, FTS 484-2011

      DESCRIPTION:   Eightmile Creek is an ecologically sensitive area because  it is
      habitat for a Federally listed threatened species, the  Quinn River strain of the
      Lahontan Cutthroat trout. The lower reaches of the Eightmile Creek drainage
      are degraded due to heavy livestock use, wildfires, and a 100-year flood event
      which occurred in 1983 and took the channel down to the bedrock in some
      reaches and denuded the  riparian zone.  The degraded area continues to be
      exposed to some livestock use due to the lack of allotment boundary fence
      separating the drainage from the adjacent grazing allotment. The project will

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      restore the perennial creek by excluding cattle through fencing, protecting stream
      banks, planting upland areas affected by wildfire, and monitoring for effectiveness
      of these BMPs.
                                SOUTH DAKOTA

      TITLE:      Watershed Protection Plan for the Pickerel Lake
      AGENCY:   Day County Conservation District, South Dakota State University,
                   Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Soil
                   Conservation Service, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
                   Service, Cooperative Extension Service, Watershed Planning
                   Commission, local volunteers
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   The Pickerel Lake watershed is situated in the Coteau des
      Prairie, a hilly plateau of glacial moraine. The climate is continental with cold,
      dry winters and short springs marked by rapid weather changes. Pickerel Lake is
      eutrophic with excessive total phosphorus and organic nitrogen. Dense weeds in
      nearshore areas and blue-green algal blooms in open water impair immersion
      recreation during summer.  Dangerous nutrient loadings result from runoff from
      agricultural lands in the watershed, faulty septic tanks, feedlots and lakeshore
      erosion. The goal of the Pickerel Lake Watershed project is to maintain and
      prevent further degradation of the lake water quality.  There are two main
      objectives associated with this project.  The first is to produce a detailed
      watershed map to direct lake protection activities.  The  second is to implement
      land use practices to maintain lake water quality. The wetland component is to
      incorporate SCS wetland inventory information onto maps to identify drained
      wetlands that could serve to store runoff and retain sediment if easements were
      negotiated for wetland recovery.
                                      UTAH

      TITLE:      Chalk Creek Watershed Project
      AGENCY:  Utah Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Utah
                   State University Extension Service, Summit County Soil
                   Conservation District, Summit County, Coalville City
      FY:         1990-1991
      CONTACT: Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603,  FTS 330-1571
                                        10

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      DESCRIPTION:   Chalk Creek Watershed is a tributary to the Weber River
      System which provides municipal, industrial, and agricultural water to several
      hundred thousand water users.  Chalk Creek contributes the heaviest load of
      sediment to the Weber River System, as well as significant amounts of nitrate,
      nitrites, phosphorous, sulfate and coliform. Most of the riparian areas along the
      creek are in poor condition and the water table along some reaches has dropped
      due to stream channel erosion.  This has been detrimental to wetlands and
      riparian areas. Also, the heavy sediment load has reduced its value as a fishery.
      A healthy riparian area is essential for this watershed to function effectively in
      providing wildlife habitat and in delivering quality water to downstream  users.
      The project will apply best management practices to restore  and improve
      vegetative cover  in an effort to reduce erosion and stabilize and protect the
      streambanks.  Projected benefits include (1) reduced sediment loading to
      reservoir of 2 acre feet/year; (2) reduced property damage; (3) improved fisheries;
      (4) improved water quality; (5) improved wildlife habitat; and (6) improved
      aesthetics.

                                     UTAH

      TITLE:      Jordan River Parkway Restoration Project
      AGENCY:   City of Murray,  Utah NPS Water Pollution Control Management
                   Program, U.S. Department of Interior, Jordan  River Parkway
                   Foundation, National Association of Industrial Office Parks,
                   Riverway Enhancement Fund, Salt Lake County Public Works, Salt
                   Lake City-County Health Department
      FY:          1990-1991
      CONTACT:  Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   The Jordan River Watershed is both urban and rural, lying
      between Utah Lake and Great Salt Lake along the Wasatch  Front.  Hydrological
      modifications have impacted fishing and recreational uses  of the Jordan  River.
      Wetlands have been extensively degraded as a result of stream channelization and
      straightening.  Stormwater discharges to the river have been  documented and
      include heavy metals, suspended sediment, coliform bacteria, and nutrients.
      Depletion of riverside wetlands has reduced the capacity of the river ecosystem to
      attenuate such pollutant loads.  This project is part of a long-range plan to re-
      establish the structural, functional and visual characteristics of Jordan River
      riparian and wetland ecosystems to  create an open space corridor.  Best
      management practices will be implemented to restore  the river bank: regrading of
      1400 linear feet of 2:1 slopes,  minor rip-rapping using 2-3' diameter rock material
      and revegetation with native forbs, grass, shrubs and trees. Monitoring will be
      done using equal-width integrated sampling techniques for a  wide range of


                                       11

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      parameters, including nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals and sediment.  Restoration
      of the complex native plant communities that once existed along the river will
      bring biological stability to the floodplain.  In addition, wetlands will be restored
      by allowing seasonal flooding during periods of high flow for flood retention.
      Students are working with the local Rotary Club in clean up and planting of
      wetland plants. A system of trails and boardwalks will be used to connect limited
      areas developed for picnics, play and exercise.  Plans also include observation
      blinds and a nature center as well as boat launching and docking facilities.

                                      UTAH

      TITLE:      Otter Creek Watershed Project
      AGENCY:  Utah Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Utah
                   State University Extension Service, Piute County Soil Conservation
                   District, Piute County and Sevier County
      FY:         1990/ 1991
      CONTACT: Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   The Otter Creek Watershed is a tributary to the Sevier River
      System which provides municipal, industrial, and agricultural water to several
      thousand downstream water users. Otter Creek is a contributor of nitrate and
      nitrites, phosphorous, sulfate  and sediment, and colifonn to this river system.
      Most of the riparian areas along the creek are in poor condition. Wetland and
      riparian areas have declined considerably within the watershed.  This project will
      reduce erosion and stabilize and protect streambanks through best management
      practices, including tree and shrub planting, riparian zone management, proper
      grazing use, wildlife habitat management, fencing and livestock exclusion.
                                        12

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PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian
                                  DELAWARE

      TITLE:     Biological Criteria Development Program
      AGENCY:  Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Teena Reichgott, US EPA Region 3, 215-597-9800,
                  FTS 597-3364
                  John Maxted, State of Delaware Department of Natural Resources
                  and Environmental Control, 89 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 1401,
                  Dover, DE  19903, 302-736-5726

      DESCRIPTION:    The purpose of this project is to develop biological criteria
      using narrative and numeric thresholds of biotic integrity as a component of
      Delaware's water quality standards. This project will also focus on reviewing and
      revising staffing of the State's Section 401 Water Quality Certification Program.
      Technical assistance and coordination between  the nonpoint source program and
      the Wetlands and Aquatic Protection Branch on the water quality benefits of
      wetlands and riparian systems is an integral component of the project.
                                   ILLINOIS

      TITLE:      Wetland Conservation Easement Program
      AGENCY:   Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Environmental
                   Protection Agency, Illinois Department of Agriculture
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT:  Tom Davenport, US EPA Region 5, 312-353-2000, FTS 886-0209

      DESCRIPTION:    The State of Illinois has identified over one million acres of
      wetlands and high quality streams and floodplains in the State.  The purpose of
      this project is to assess and prioritize these lands based on water quality benefits
      and habitat values.  Afterwards, a Conservation Easement Program will be
      implemented for prioritized wetland areas that have high value for water quality
      and those streams and floodplain areas identified as having highly valued habitats.
                                       13

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Section 319 Summary                                           Wetland/ Riparian

                                    INDIANA

      TITLE:      Environmental Scientist Staff Position
      AGENCY:   Indiana Department of Environmental Management
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT:  Tom Davenport, US EPA Region 5, 312-353-2000, FTS 886-0209

      DESCRIPTION:   The Water Quality and Surveillance and Standards Branch,
      Office of Water Management, Indiana Department of Environmental
      Management is suffering from inadequate staffing.  This branch oversees an
      environmental review program that addresses many types of activities that can
      affect water quality.  These include, among other things, Section 404 dredge and
      fill projects, construction projects that could cause off-site erosion problems,
      agricultural watershed projects, and streambank erosion control projects. An
      Environmental Scientist III position will be provided under this grant and will
      assist in the following: (1)  develop BMPs for erosion control in developing areas
      and protection of water quality in streams and wetlands; (2) work with other
      agencies to promote utilization of construction and erosion control practices that
      preserve water quality and prevent wetland destruction; (3) participate in
      inspections of constructipn projects to verify compliance with pollution control
      requirements; (4) work on efforts to reduce secondary impacts to streams and
      wetlands; and (5) evaluate and limit potential impacts of projects in urban  areas.

                                      IOWA

      TITLE:      Staff Position - Iowa Great Lakes Protection Project, Dickinson
                   County
      AGENCY:   Dickinson County SWCD, Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation, Iowa
                   Department of Natural Resources, EPA, USFWS, SCS, ASCS, ISU
                   Extension
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT:  Ubbo Agena, Iowa Department of Natural Resources,
                   Environmental Protection Division, 900 East Grand, Des Moines,
                   Iowa, 50319, 515-281-6402
                   Roger McGinnis, Dickinson County Soil and Water Conservation
                   District, RR Box 5783, Spirit Lake, Iowa 51360, 712-336-2604

      DESCRIPTION:   Through the cooperative efforts of a number of agencies and
      organizations, an overall strategy for protecting the water quality of the Iowa
      Great Lakes has been developed. This strategy has several components,
      including: restoration of wetlands and acquisition and management of existing
      wetlands; establishment of trees and/or permanent vegetation on critical


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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      watershed lands; and, development and implementation of comprehensive
      nutrient and pesticide management public information/ education program for
      both agricultural and non-agricultural lands within the Iowa Great Lakes
      watershed. To support this effort, a soil conservation technician position was
      established and filled within the Dickinson County Soil and Water Conservation
      District.  The purpose  of the position is the coordination and implementation of
      the wetlands and the nutrient and pesticides management components of the Iowa
      Great Lakes Protection strategy.

                               NEW HAMPSHIRE

      TITLE:      Lower Merrimack River Basin Initiative
      AGENCY:   Department of Environmental Services, Office of State Planning,
                   NH Association of Conservation Commissions, NH Audubon
                   Society, Nashua Regional Planning Commission, Merrimack
                   Conservation Commission
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT:  E. Ann Poole, NPS Program Manager, DES-WSPCD, Concord,
                   NH, 603-271-2358

      DESCRIPTION:    The purpose of this project is to reduce NPS pollution from
      urban and developing areas in the Lower Merrimack River Corridor and to  assist
      communities in the identification and protection of priority wetlands.  A River
      Corridor Planner and Wetlands Bureau Administrator will be working with
      communities to achieve the goals of the project.  Performance measures relating
      to wetlands include (1) number of communities adopting BMP-based  regulations
      for wetlands;  (2) number of volunteer citizens participating in the wetlands field
      verification; (3) completed evaluation of wetlands in the town of Merrimack; (4)
      selection of significant wetlands; (5) identification of wetlands protection
      procedures needing additional technical/ procedural development; and (6)
      production of a guidebook for use by towns statewide wanting to designate
      priority wetlands.

                               NEW HAMPSHIRE

      TITLE:      Upper Connecticut River Watershed Project
      AGENCY:   Department of Environmental Services
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT:  Bob Morehouse, US EPA Region 1, 617-565-3420, FTS 835-3513

      DESCRIPTION:    The purpose of the Upper Connecticut River Watershed
      Project is to significantly reduce nonpoint source pollutants from agricultural,


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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      forest, urban and developing areas. Under the project, two staff positions will be
      partially funded: a NFS Program Manager and a River Corridor Planner.  Some
      specific activities of the contract that the River Corridor Planner oversees relate
      to wetlands, including: (1) develop a local wetland regulation that requires
      minimum setbacks from and vegetative buffer strips adjacent to wetlands for
      adoption by towns in the Upper CT River region; (2) work with specific towns to
      adopt local water quality protection regulations for wetlands. One of the
      performance measures for the project is the number of communities adopting best
      management practice based regulations for wetlands.

                               NORTH CAROLINA

      TITLE:      Staff Positions - Nonpoint Source Management Program - Wetlands
                   Protection, State of North Carolina
      AGENCY:   Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT: Mary Ann Gerber, US EPA Region 4, 404-347-3209, FTS 257-3209

      DESCRIPTION:   In FY 1990, North Carolina identified as an important goal
      the development and enforcement of a full program to protect the State's
      wetlands from degradation and to provide more protection for the State's waters
      from nonpoint source pollution. Two staff positions will be added for a two year
      period to initiate this program and their first major assignments will be : (1) to
      develop and adopt wetland  standards including designations as identified in the
      State's NFS Management Program, Four-Year Action Plan to Protect Wetlands;
      and (2) to establish a complete set of permitting guidance and operating
      procedures. The staff members will be considering issues such as wetland
      identification, wetland loss,  wetland mitigation, and methods to track and monitor
      permitting.  They will also be responsible for training and assisting regional staff.

                                 RHODE ISLAND

      TITLE:     Staff Positions - Development of Water Quality Protection and
                   Stormwater Management Policy Regulations
      AGENCY:   RI Department of Environmental Management
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT: Bob Morehouse, US EPA Region 1, 617-565-3420, FTS 835-3513

      DESCRIPTION:   Addressing statewide water quality issues related to urban
      stonnwater  runoff and land development is the highest priority for the Rhode
      Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM) Nonpoint Source
      Program. Lack of planning and policy staff within RIDEM regulatory programs


                                        16

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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

      has hindered development of a comprehensive stormwater management policy
      and revision of development regulations (in particular, Freshwater Wetland
      regulations) to incorporate water quality protection provisions.  Two staff
      positions are being funded: one to work with the Division of Water Resource
      (DWR) and the second to work with the Freshwater Wetlands Program (FWP).
      The staff person assigned to FWP will concentrate on strengthening the water
      quality protection provision of the Freshwater Wetlands regulations, including
      addressing stormwater runoff from development sites.  The staff are expected to
      work closely together in developing these policies and may begin to incorporate
      relevant Naragansett Bay Project (NBP) recommendations and to test models
      developed by the NBP investigators in the regulatory context.

                                   VERMONT

      TITLE:      Wetlands Enforcement Implementation
      AGENCY:   Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation
      FY:          1990
      CONTACT:  Bob Morehouse, US EPA Region 1, 617-565-3420, FTS 835-3513

      DESCRIPTION:    The Department of Environmental Conservation and the
      EPA estimate that discharges of fill eliminate 200 to 400 acres of wetlands each
      year in Vermont.  In order to control such discharges, the Department is
      institutionalizing a statewide management program to protect and preserve the
      values and functions of significant wetlands as mandated by state legislation
      through the application and enforcement of the new Wetland Rules. The Lake
      Champlain basin is undergoing the highest amount of wetland impacts and is
      therefore  the focus of the enforcement implementation plan. The project has
      four elements. The first, Identification of Significant Wetlands, addresses the
      designation of wetlands into one of three classes.  Wetlands are designated as
      either class I, II or III based on their functions and values.  Class I and II are
      significant wetlands, and therefore are protected under the Vermont Wetland
      Rules. The second element of the project, Protection of Significant Wetlands.
      focuses  on the development of  the conditional use determination application
      process.  The third element, Education Outreach, serves to provide town officials,
      regional planning commissions, consultants, and the general public with
      information about wetlands and wetland regulations. The fourth component,
      Enforcement of Wetland Violations, addresses the authority to enforce provisions
      of the Wetlands Rules established by the Rules.
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Section 319 Summary                                           Wetland/ Riparian

                                 WISCONSIN

      TITLE:     Nonpoint Source Easement Coordinator
      AGENCY:  Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Tom Davenport, US EPA Region 5, 312-886-0209

      DESCRIPTION: The Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement Program
      has authority to use program funds for the purpose of securing easements to help
      control critical nonpoint sources of pollution.  Easements are being used to
      support the Best Management Practices of wetland restoration, stream bank
      buffers, and critical area stabilization.  In addition, the Stewardship Program
      grants authority to the Department of Natural Resources to obtain stream bank
      easements to protect water quality and fish habitat in streams most in need of
      protection from degradation from agricultural or urban runoff. The Nonpoint
      Source Easement Coordinator is providing coordination between the Bureaus of
      Water Resources Management and Property Management in implementation of
      these programs. The coordinator will assist local and state agencies involved in
      easement acquisition and in addition will play a direct role in some acquisitions.
                                       18

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EDUCATION AND TECHNICAL TRAINING

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

                                  CALIFORNIA

      TITLE:      "How to Heal the Land" Video Project
      AGENCY:   Mendocino County Resource Conservation District
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT:  Jovita Pajarillo, US EPA Region 9, 415-744-2011, FTS 484-2011

      DESCRIPTION:   The public has shown increasing interest in participating in
      watershed restoration and riparian improvement projects.  Local communities
      have expressed a sincere interest in curing the environmental degradation they see
      in their surroundings through volunteer efforts. The Mendocino RCD, through
      its Tomki Creek watershed implementation activities, has been involved early on
      in restoration efforts and has made a proposal to translate the Tomki experience
      into a video documentary. This video will provide information on the basics of
      watershed planning, typical problems and types of BMPs used to treat coastal
      range watersheds.  It will also provide an understanding of the institutional
      arrangements and funding considerations for such projects.

                                   KENTUCKY

      TITLE:      Riparian Education Effort
      STATE:     Kentucky
      AGENCY:   Kentucky Division of Conservation, Division of Water and Fish and
                   Wildlife, other state and federal agencies, and local citizen groups
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT:  Duane Roberts, Region 4, 404-347-2126, FTS 257-2126

      DESCRIPTION:   Increased concern with land disturbing activities associated
      with agriculture and construction within environmentally sensitive riparian areas
      has led the Kentucky Division of Conservation (DOC) to propose the
      establishment of a Riparian Education effort within the state. This will consist of
      a Riparian Area Management Technical Task Force with representatives from
      Divisions of Water, Fish and Wildlife, and Conservation taking the  lead role, and
      a cross-section of other state, federal and local agencies and citizens
      organizations. The task force will develop educational materials with
      recommendations to minimize the impacts of land disturbing activities, and
      guidelines on the appropriate state and federal laws and regulations governing
      these activities. Conservation districts, in cooperation with the task force, will
      utilize the information and education material and sponsor local workshops  and
      field tours for riparian landowners.  The task force will provide training to various
      agencies providing technical assistance to the local landowners.
                                       19

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

                                   LOUISIANA

       TITLE:      Wetland and Estuaries Project
       AGENCY:   Interagency Committee: Louisiana Department of Environmental
                   Quality, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Office of the
                   Governor of Louisiana
       FY:         1990, 1991
       CONTACT: Susan Alexander, Region 6, 214-655-7140, FTS 255-7140

       DESCRIPTION:   This project focuses on the implementation of corrective
       measures necessary to reduce loading of nonpoint source pollutants from
       agriculture,  septic systems, oil and gas production, and urban run-off into targeted
       wetlands and estuaries.  An educational program in wetlands and estuaries will be
       developed to inform local residents about nonpoint source problems in their
       areas, and corrective measures being taken. Also, the effectiveness of
       implementation activities in reducing nonpoint source pollutants in wetlands and
       estuaries of the State will be tracked.

                                   LOUISIANA

       TITLE:      Mermentau River Basin  Project
       AGENCY:   Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Local Soil and Water
                   Conservation Districts, U.S. Soil Conservation Districts,  Department
                   of Environmental Quality
       FY:         1991
       CONTACT: Susan Alexander, Region 6, 214-655-7140, FTS 255-7140

       DESCRIPTION:   This demonstration project will evaluate the effectiveness of
       streambank stabilization in reducing sediment loading and turbidity in the
       Mermentau River basin.  Water quality specifications will be included through the
       401 certification process into permits required by the Corps of Engineers for
       dredging and channelization activities.  In addition, an educational program will
       be developed.  The effectiveness of the demonstration projects  in reducing the
       level of non point source pollutants entering surface waters will be tracked.
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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

                               SOUTH DAKOTA

      TITLE:     Riparian Grazing Workshop
      AGENCY:  South Dakota Association of Conservation Districts
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   Poor riparian grazing management practices have resulted in
      -problems statewide: loss of terrestrial wildlife habitat, water quality degradation
      and wetland and aquatic habitat impacts.  Experience shows that although
      landowners currently have degraded riparian areas, many would like to improve
      them but don't know how. This project is to develop a technical training session
      to bring State, Federal, Indian and conservation technical staff in South Dakota
      and surrounding states up to date on the state-of-the-art riparian grazing
      management techniques.

                                     UTAH

      TITLE:     "Stream Team"/ Utah Riparian Coalition Project
      AGENCY:  Utah Department of Agriculture/ Environmental Quality Section,
                  Utah Division of Water Rights, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Roger Dean, US EPA Region 8, 303-293-1603, FTS 330-1571

      DESCRIPTION:   A team consisting of a hydrologist, geologist and a fisheries
      biologist will provide technical assistance to proposed alterations and restoration
      activities in Utah's streams. Utah's streams  are degraded as a result of past
      attempts to improve channel carrying capacities, construction activities and
      overgrazing of riparian areas.  Team member input will address erosion problems,
      designated uses of the streams, Utah's antidegradation policy and the protection
      and possible restoration of wetlands and fisheries conditions.
                                  VERMONT

      TITLE:     Vermont Nonpoint Source Control Project
      AGENCY:  Department of Environmental Conservation, Agency of
                  Transportation, Vermont Extension Service, Vermont Educational
                  Television, Soil Conservation Service
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Bob Morehouse, US EPA Region 1, 617-565-3420, FTS 835-3513
                                      21

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      DESCRIPTION:   This educational program is designed to increase the
      awareness of the public and state and local governments of the new Vermont
      wetlands rules and to educate them on the value of wetlands, the connection
      between off-site projects and wetlands, and, where needed, to increase
      enforcement response to selected violations of wetlands rules involving the
      discharges of nonpoint source pollutants. Specific tasks of the project include: (1)
      create fact sheets; (2) search New England for video and printed material dealing
      with wetland values, and the effectiveness in controling nps; (3) conduct public
      seminars and video tape; (4) develop memoranda of agreement with state
      agencies on  nps; (5) conduct seminars for State and local governments and video
      tape; (6) air video tapes on Vermont Education Television; (7) conduct and
      complete at least four enforcement actions.

                                   WYOMING

      TITLE:     Using Beaver Management and Ecology in Wyoming to Stabilize
                  Riparian Watercourses and Improve Water Quality: An Extension
                  Educational Publication
      AGENCY:  University of Wyoming
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Rich Olson, University of Wyoming, Department of Range
                  Management, P.O. Box 3354, University Station, Laramie, WY
                  82071

      DESCRIPTION:   The purpose of this project is to produce a comprehensive
      extension educational bulletin on beaver management and ecology in Wyoming,
      with emphasis on utilizing beavers to enhance water quality and improve
      watershed stability.  Proper beaver management is a very cost-effective technique
       to improve watershed stability and enhance water quality. This project proposes
      to produce a state-of-the-art extension educational bulletin emphasizing applied
      beaver management techniques for reducing nonpoint source pollution and
      improving water storage.  The publication will be distributed to local conservation
       districts, state, and federal resource management agencies and others interested in
      beaver management
                                       22

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CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

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Section 319 Summary                                           Wetland/ Riparian

                                  ALABAMA

      TITLE:      Big Prairie/ Cottonwood Creek Watershed Project
      AGENCY:   Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Alabama
                  Agriculture Experiment Station and Auburn University's
                  Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT: Mary Ann Gerber, US EPA Region 4, 404-347-3269, FTS 257-2126

      DESCRIPTION:   The purpose of the Big Prairie/ Cottonwood Creek
      Watershed Project is to demonstrate proper management techniques in the area's
      growing catfish industry  and procedures for reducing impacts upon water quality
      that result from release of production pond water. Alternative methods of water
      utilization and treatment will be explored and may include experimentation with
      closed systems, reduction of water usage and use of wetlands as treatment
      systems.

                                  ALABAMA

      TITLE:      Sand Mountain/ Lake Guntersville Watershed Project
      AGENCY:   Alabama Department of Environmental Management, USDA/ Soil
                  Conservation Service, Alabama Soil and Water Conservation
                  Committee, TVA, Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station and
                  EPA
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Betty Barton, US EPA Region 4, 404-347-2126, FTS  257-2126

      DESCRIPTION:   The purpose of the Sand Mountain/ Lake Guntersville
      watershed project is to provide demonstration in the proper management of
      animal wastes and associated water quality benefits. In conjunction with
      education efforts and implementation and monitoring of spray irrigation systems
      for animal wastes, this project involves the evaluation and demonstrated use of
      constructed wetlands in the treatment of swine wastes by the Alabama Agriculture
      Experiment Station (AAES) at Auburn. Various species of wetland plants will be
      utilized and water quality monitoring for surface and ground water will be
      performed and evaluated for various parameters. This project also includes
      public informational  tours of constructed wetlands.
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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

                                   ALABAMA

      TITLE:     Bayview Watershed Project
      AGENCY:  Alabama Department of Environmental Management, USD A/ SCS,
                  TVA, Jefferson County, City of Birmingham, USX Corporation and
                  civic organizations to improve lake water quality through NFS
                  management
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Betty Barton, US EPA Region 4, 404-347-2126, FTS 257-2126

      DESCRIPTION:   The purpose of the Bayview Watershed Project is to provide
      demonstration of wetland treatment for NFS acid mine drainage from a  large coal
      mine tailings pile and for runoff from an industrial landfill all of which impact
      Bayview Lake near Birmingham, AL.  The project will establish two
      demonstration areas of constructed wetlands, one at an inactive surface coal mine
      and one at an industrial landfill site for treatment of NFS runoff. The systems
      will be evaluated through photo documentation and monitoring for effectiveness
      in water quality improvements over a two-year period.

                                   ILLINOIS

      TITLE:     Lake Argyle and Siloam Springs Wetlands Construction and
                  Evaluation
      AGENCY:  Indiana Department of Conservation
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Bill White, Geomorphologist, Illinois Department of Conservation,
                  Springfield IL

      DESCRIPTION:  Protection and enhancement of quality habitat for fish and
      wildlife and recreational water quality is the focus of proposed  activities at Argyle
      Lake and Siloam Springs State Parks.  Specifically, the proposed actions to
      improve environmental conditions at these sites include the construction of
      sediment detention/wetland basins with grade stabilization and biotechnical
      erosion control of the feeder channels and gully's above the targeted arms of the
      lakes.  Investigation and documentation of sediment and nutrient transport
      conditions, lake sedimentation documentation, maintenance of operation
      requirements, water quality impacts, biological impacts and recommendations for
      optimal construction  requirements  to improve water quality habitat and
      recreational opportunities will be offered as a result of monitoring evaluation.
                                       24

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Section 319 Summary                                             Wetland/ Riparian

                                    INDIANA

      TITLE:      Livestock Waste Management and Multiple-Use  Constructed
                   Wetlands in the Upper Tippecanoe River
      AGENCY:   Purdue University
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT:  Tom Davenport, US EPA Region 5, 312-886-0209

      DESCRIPTION:  Livestock waste management is of great environmental concern
      in agricultural systems as a means of controlling nonpoint source pollution.  This
      project proposes the development of an alternative waste treatment system
      employing artificial or restored wetlands.  A one-acre wetland will be constructed
      downstream from a livestock holding facility within the boundaries of the upper
      Tippecanoe River drainage in Kosciusko County.  Wastewater will pass through a
      grass or shrub filter strip, into the wetland, and then on to the existing surface
      drainage system. Due to the filtering qualities of wetlands, it is anticipated that
      much of the dissolved organic and inorganic material will be removed from the
      water as it passes through the system.  Purdue University is also investigating the
      possibility of additional benefits such as use of the aquatic plants for livestock
      fiber, use of plants grown in filter strip for forage or ornamental horticulture, and
      the development of aquaculture for farm diversification and alternative crops.


                                  MISSISSIPPI

      TITLE:      Catfish Pond Nutrient Removal Demonstration Project, Gulf of
                   Mexico Program
      AGENCY:   Soil Conservation Service, Mississippi Cooperative Extension
                   Service, University of Southern Mississippi,  Mississippi State Soil
                   and Water Conservation Commission,  Sunflower County Soil and
                   Water Conservation District, Catfish Growers Association, and an
                   independent catfish farmer
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT:  Gary Anderson, Patricia Biesiot,  George Pessoney, or Shiao Wang,
                   University of Southern Mississippi, 601-266-4748

      DESCRIPTION:   The Gulf of Mexico Program has identified nutrient
      enrichment as an environmental concern in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Estuaries,
      and even the Gulf itself, are becoming enriched with plant nutrients in the form
      of nitrogen and phosphorus.  This enrichment results from agricultural runoff and
      waste from activities such as catfish farming that impact the vast drainage network
      feeding the Gulf of Mexico. There is currently a demonstration project underway


                                       25

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      that uses constructed wetlands to remove excess organic material and nutrients
      from catfish ponds. This system will be designed to allow water to be recirculated
      so that little, if any, wastewater is discharged except as a result of an
      extraordinary rainfall. Additional goals of such a system are: (1) to establish this
      as an economically attractive alternative to water dropout methods currently in
      use; (2) to substantially reduce the nutrient, BOD and oxygen content of the
      water over the long term; (3) to provide satisfactory control of off-flavor and off-
      odors in edible fish tissues; (4) to eliminate public health risks which  might be
      associated with accumulation of contaminants.

                                   NEBRASKA

      TITLE:      Czechland Lake Watershed, Saunders County
      AGENCY:   Nebraska Department of Environmental Control, Lower Platte
                   North Natural Resources  District, EPA, Soil Conservation Service,
                   UNL Cooperative Extension Service, Saunders County Board of
                   Supervisors, Nebraska Natural Resources Commission,  Nonpoint
                   Source Information and Education Committee
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT: Steve Walker, Nebraska Department of Environmental  Control,
                   Lincoln, NE,  402-471-4227;
                   Ray Hartung, Lower Platte North Natural Resources District,
                   Wahoo, NE, 402-443-4675

      DESCRIPTION:   Intensive row crop  agricultural practices in combination with
      highly credible soils, consistently cause  reservoirs in eastern NE to be degraded
      by sedimentation, excessive nutrients and pesticide contamination. Czechland
      Lake, a newly-constructed reservoir on  Cottonwood Creek, is located near the
      town of Prague, in Saunders County.  The Cottonwood Creek watershed has
      documented problems of poor buffer zones, moderate to severe streambank
       erosion and a sizeable silt or sedimentation problem.  This project has four
       objectives: (1) monitor Cottonwood Creek and Czechland Lake to assess quality
      changes over time; (2) demonstrate nonpoint source pollution prevention by
       installing  treatments prior to entering the lake; (3) assess the efficiency of
       sediment/ nutrient traps above a reservoir; and (4) demonstrate the effectiveness
       of targeting and treating critical NPS pollution areas.  Wetlands installations may
       include (1) a wetland/ sediment trap on the primary arm of the structure that will
       trap highway runoff; (2) two sediment traps with seasonal wetland areas; (3)  a
       primary wetland habitat area managed in conjunction with a constructed low head
       dam; and (4) sediment/ flood control/ wetland sites in present road fill areas.
                                        26

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

                                     OHIO

      TITLE:     Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Wetland Technology
      AGENCY:  Division of Reclamation, Abandoned Mines Land Program
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: R. Jeffrey MacDonald, Natural Resource Administrator, 1855
                  Fountain Square Court, Building H-2, Columbus OH  43224
                  (614) 265-1016

      DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this project is to construct a wetland to
      intercept acid mine drainage and to monitor the effectiveness of the wetland
      system, including the chemical, microbiotic, and macrobiotic components. Project
      benefits of treating mine drainage are decreased levels of contaminants released
      to surface  waters; increased pH; decreased impact to wildlife"habitat; and reduced
      mining impacts to Lick Run and Hocking River.


                         TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY

      TITLE:     Big South Fork/ Bear Creek Demonstration Project
      AGENCY:  Tennessee Department of Health and the Environment, Tennessee
                  Department of Conservation, National Park Service, EPA,  TV A,
                  SCS
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Duane Roberts, Region 4, 404-347-2126, FTS 257-2126

      DESCRIPTION:   The Big South Fork/ Bear Creek Demonstration Project is in
      an interstate watershed. The upper portion of Bear Creek lies in Tennessee and
      is impacted the most by nonpoint source pollution from abandoned mine sites.
      Bear Creek flows north into Kentucky where it joins the Big South Fork  of the
      Cumberland River. The National Park Service has concerns about the impacts
      from the Bear Creek drainage on state and federally listed endangered species
      and recreational uses of the river.  Acid mine damage continues to degrade water
      quality in the West Branch; BMPs will be implemented on over 50 acres of
      abandoned surface mines in the headwater section of this area.  In addition to the
      surface acreage treated, anaerobic alkaline drains and constructed wetlands will
      be installed at several high volume acidic seeps. A monitoring station will be set
      up at the mouth of Bear Creek to evaluate water quality improvements associated
      with the implementation of BMPs and constructed wetlands.
                                      27

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

                                   VIRGINIA

      TITLE:     Coordinated Approach to Hazard Abatement on Abandoned Mine
                  Lands - A Demonstration Project
      AGENCY:  Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy, Division of
                  Mined Land Reclamation's Abandoned Mine Land Program,
                  Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, US EPA
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Conrad Spangler, VA Division of Mined Land Reclamation

      DESCRIPTION:   This project will demonstrate the reclamation of abandoned
      coal mined land and determine the effectiveness of artificial wetlands in abating
      acid mine drainage in southwest Virginia. Mine drainage will be discharged into
      artificial wetlands after being treated by an Anoxic Alkaline Drainage Treatment
      System. The wetlands will serve as a polishing pond to precipitate out iron and
      manganese. Though the process is not thoroughly understood,  it is known that
      wetland plants such as cattails remove metals from mine water  by drainage,
      consumption and filtration.  In addition, algae and bacteria, which thrive in
      wetlands, oxidize iron and manganese.  The bacteria convert sulfates to hydrogen
      sulfide, a compound that removes metals from the water.  Effectiveness will be
      determined through monitoring water quality.

                                WEST VIRGINIA

      TITLE:     Potomac Valley and Eastern Panhandle Soil Conservation Districts
                  Nutrient and Pesticide Management Demonstration Project
      STATE:    West Virginia
      AGENCY:  West Virginia Division of Natural Resources Water Resources
                  Section
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Teena Reichgott, US EPA Region 3, 215-597-9800, FTS 597-3364

      DESCRIPTION:    Information and education activities will be used to promote
      sustainable agriculture methods and proper usage of nutrients and pesticides to
      protect water quality.  The program involves development of alternatives for using
      poultry litter, installation of dead bird/ manure composting facilities, a disposal
      program for unused pesticides and containers, sinkhole capping and construction
      of wetlands to treat animal waste leachate.
                                       28

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OTHER PROJECTS OF INTEREST

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Section 319 Summary                                           Wetland/ Riparian

                                 CALIFORNIA

      TITLE:     Field Test of Demonstration Urban Stormwater Treatment Marsh
                  (DUST)
      AGENCY:  Alameda County Flood Control and Water Conservation District
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT: Jovita Pajarfflo, US EPA Region 9, 415-744-2011, FTS 484-2011

      DESCRIPTION:   In the early-to-mid 1980's, the Demonstration Urban
      Stormwater Treatment (DUST) Marsh was designed to study mechanisms of
      pollutant removal and release from urban runoff.  The 55-acre marsh, located in
      southern Alameda County within the Coyote Hills Regional Park, is a natural
      wetland modified with a series of test basins designed to evaluate various removal
      mechanisms. The marsh also serves to maintain and enhance other uses of the
      area such as flood control and wildlife habitat and, very importantly, serves as a
      demonstration of the practicality of using wetland treatment facilities in other
      locations to protect sensitive receiving waters and aquatic ecosystems. Alameda
      County Flood Control and Water Conservation District (ACFC&WCD) is
      performing a study at the DUST Marsh to determine the effectiveness of the
      marsh in removing pollutants from urban runoff. This study focuses on the
      accumulation of selected heavy metals in the sediments throughout the Crandell
      Creek DUST Marsh system. The objective of this project is to construct a  model
      which describes both the removal of pollutants from urban runoff in the marsh
      and the fate and bioavailability of the pollutants in the marsh.  This project builds
      on the ACFC&WCD study and focuses on identifying the concentrations and
      potential bioavailability of selected heavy metals within the vegetative complex of
      the Crandell Creek DUST Marsh system.  Data from this project will be collected
      to evaluate the partitioning of metals within selected vegetative compartments as
      well as the potential impacts on the food web.

                                 DELAWARE

      TITLE:     Installation of Stormwater Management Basin Retrofit
      AGENCY:  DE Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
                  (DNREC) Division of Soil and Water Conservation
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Teena Reichgott, EPA Region 3, 215-597-9800, FTS 597-3364

      DESCRIPTION:   An existing dry Stormwater detention basin will be changed
      into a wet retention pond and wetland in order to reduce sediment and
      phosphorus nonpoint loads to Silver Lake.  The goal of the project is to
      implement an urban demonstration project to show how water quality best


                                      29

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Section 319 Summary                                           Wetland/ Riparian

      management practices can be incorporated into existing and proposed stormwater
      management construction requirements. It is anticipated that the wetland will
      remove up to 90% of all particulate and 30-40% of total phosphorus.

                                     IOWA

      TITLE:     Coldwater Streams Corridor Protection in Northeastern Iowa
      AGENCY:  Iowa Department of Natural Resources, County Soil and
                  Conservation Districts, Soil Conservation Service, Iowa Natural
                  Heritage Foundation, Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land
                  Stewardship, US Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
                  Service, USFWS
      FY:         1990
      CONTACT: Ubbo Agena, Iowa Department of Natural Resources,
                  Environmental Protection Division, 900 East Grand, Des Moines,
                  Iowa  50319,515-281-6402

      DESCRIPTION:   Protected corridor areas/ demonstration sites will be
      established on privately owned land adjacent to two coldwater streams in
      northeast Iowa where livestock access or animal waste  discharges are a major
      source of impairment.  Appropriate corridor area, stream bank, and stream bed
      protection and improvement practices will be implemented to enhance the
      stream's ability to support trout, while maintaining the profitability of livestock
      operation.  In addition, monitoring and assessment activities will be conducted to
      document the project's impacts; and public information materials will be
      developed. The streams being considered for project implementation are Bigalk
      Creek and Middle Bear Creek.
                                     IOWA

      TITLE:      Poplar Tree Buffer Strips - Amana Colonies, Iowa County
      AGENCY:   Iowa Amana Colonies, University of Iowa, Iowa Department of
                   Natural Resources, Iowa State University Leopold Center for
                   Sustainable Agriculture
      FY:         1990/1991
      CONTACT:  Ubbo Agena, Iowa Department of Natural Resources,
                   Environmental Protection Division, 900 East Grand, Des Moines,
                   Iowa 50319,515-281-6402
                   Louis Licht, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
                   University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, 913-335-5050
                                       30

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

      DESCRIPTION:    This two year project demonstrates the utility of poplar tree
      buffer strips in protecting shallow groundwater and adjacent surface waters from
      nitrate contamination, while providing stream corridor protection and
      improvement.  A poplar buffer strip has been installed along a 300 foot length of
      stream adjacent to row-cropped land.  The trees are being grown in a leach field
      configuration with tile line water being piped and drained through the root-rich
      buffer. Natural vegetation will be allowed to grow into the area around the trees
      to the point that it does not threaten their survival. Impacts of the buffer on
      pollutant concentrations in the shallow groundwater will be determined by
      analyzing piezometer and lysimeter samples.

                                     IOWA

      TITLE:      Coon Creek Water Quality Project in Allamakee and Winneshiek
                  Counties
      AGENCY:  Allamakee and Winneshiek County Soil and Water Conservation
                  Districts (SWCD), Iowa Department of Natural Resources, IDNR
                  Forestry and Fisheries Staff, Iowa State  University Cooperative
                  Extension Service
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Ubbo Agena, Iowa Department of Natural Resources,
                  Environmental Protection Division, 900 East Grand, Des Moines,
                  Iowa, 50319, 515-281-6402

      DESCRIPTION:    As part of a three year project to protect and improve water
      quality in Coon Creek, a coldwater trout stream in northeastern Iowa, best
      management practices will be implemented to control soil erosion and reduce
      water quality impairments caused by animal waste. This will include fencing areas
     . of the stream to exclude livestock and planting walnut trees along the fenced
      corridor to provide riparian  habitat and associated water quality and fish and
      wildlife benefits. A 1/2 FTE soil conservation technisian position will re
      established in the Allamakee and Winneshiek County Soil and Water
      Conservation Districts to coordinate and implement project activities.
                                  NEW YORK

      TITLE:     Great Lakes Demonstration Project - Irondequoit     Creek
      AGENCY:  NYSDEC Monroe County, USGS, USEPA, USFWS, USACOE
      FY:         1991
      CONTACT: Malcolm Henning, US EPA Region 2, 212-264-2657, FTS 264^2059
                                       31

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Section 319 Summary                                            Wetland/ Riparian

       DESCRIPTION:   This project proposes to install a temporary control structure
       to the Irondequoit Creek/ Empire wetlands to mitigate impacts of urban runoff to
       Irondequoit Bay. The control structure will allow for better attenuation of
       stonnwater runoff by providing for longer contact time over a greater area of
       wetlands. This will allow for increased removal of phosphorus and other
       nutrients.  Before installing the temporary structure, an evaluation of the
       Irondequoit Creek/ Empire wetlands in treating stonnwater will be made.  Once
       the temporary structure is in place, the water quality and ecosystem effects of the
       increased stonnwater detention in the wetland will be evaluated. If the results
       prove to be environmentally favorable, a permit for a permanent flow control
       structure will be sought.
                                        32

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                                       INDEX

agriculture (4), (5), (7), (11), (13), (14), (20-22), (24), (29), (32)
Alabama (24), (25)
Army Corps of Engineers (1)
Bear Creek (5), (28), (29), (32)
beaver (23)
best management practices (2), (7), (9), (11-13), (19), (32), (33)
BMPs (1), (2), (9), (10), (15), (20), (28), (29)
Boulder Creek (1)
California (20), (31)
catfish (24), (26), (27)
Chalk Creek (11)
citizen (20)
coliform (7), (11-13)
Colorado (1)
Connecticut (2), (3), (16), (17)
Connecticut River (3), (16),  (17)
Conservation District (1), (3), (4), (6), (8-11), (13), (15), (16), (20), (26), (31)
Coon Creek (33)
Cooperative Extension Service (4), (5), (7), (10), (21), (26), (27), (33)
Cottonwood Creek (24), (27)
creek (1), (5-11), (13), (20),  (24), (27-29),  (31-34)
Czechland Lake (27)
Delaware (14), (31)
demonstrate (4), (5), (7), (8), (24), (27), (29)
demonstration (3-5), (21), (24-29), (31), (32), (34)
Department of Agriculture (4), (11), (13), (14), (22), (32)
East Spring Creek (8), (9)
education (16), (19), (20), (23), (24), (27), (29)
Eightmile Creek (10)
enforcement (17-19), (23)
EPA (1), (3-20), (22), (24-29), (31), (34)
fence (10)
fencing (1), (2), (7-10),  (13), (33)
fish (1),  (2), (4-10), (19),  (20), (25), (27), (33)
flood control (1), (28), (31)
Florida (3)
Forest Service (1), (10)
Georgia (4)
Godfrey Creek (7)
grazing (1), (2), (8-10),  (13), (22)
Great Lakes (15), (16), (34)
habitat (1), (2), (4-11), (13),  (14), (19), (22), (25), (28),  (31),  (33)
Hawaii (4), (5)

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                                      INDEX

highway runoff (28)
Illinois (14), (25)
Indiana (15), (25), (26)
Iowa (5), (15), (16),  (32), (33)
irrigation (2),  (24)
Jordan River (12)
Kentucky (20), (28)
Lake Guntersville (24)
Lake Jackson  (3)
leachate (30)
legislation (18)
livestock (2), (7), (9), (10), (13), (26), (32), (33)
Louisiana (21)
Mattabasset River (3)
Mermentau River (21)
Merrimack River (16)
Mississippi (26)
monitor (2), (3), (17), (27), (28)
Montana (6-8)
Nebraska (27)
Nevada (9), (10)
New Hampshire (16)
New York (34)
nitrate (7), (11), (13), (33)
nonpoint source (1), (3-7), (14), (17-19), (21-23),  (26), (27), (28)
North Carolina (17)
North Fork Republican River (1)
NFS (6), (7), (12), (16), (17), (23), (25), (27)
nutrient (1), (11), (16), (25-27), (29)
Ohio (28)
oil and  gas (21)
Otter Creek (13)
outreach (19)
Pearl Harbor  (4), (5)
Pequabuck River (2)
phosphorus (11), (26), (32), (34)
Pickerel Lake (10), (11)
policy (17), (18), (22)
publication (23)
regulation (17)
restoration (2-6), (10), (12), (15), (19), (20), (22)
Rhode Island (17), (18)
riparian (1-5), (7-14), (20-23), (33)
river (1-3), (7), (8), (10-13), (16), (17), (21), (26), (28)

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                                        INDEX

SCS (11), (15), (25), (28)
sediment (1), (2), (4), (5), (7), (11-13), (21), (25), (27), (28), (32)
Soil Conservation Service  (1), (4), (6), (7), (10), (11), (13), (22), (24), (26), (27), (32)
South Dakota (10), (22)
staff position (15)
stormwater (2-4), (12), (17), (18), (31), (32), (34)
sulfate (11), (13)
Tennessee (28)
Three Mile Creek (6), (7)
treatment (24-26), (28), (29), (31)
university (4), (5), (7), (9-11), (13), (23), (24), (26), (32), (33)
urban runoff (5),  (19), (31), (34)
USFWS (15), (32), (34)
Utah (11-13), (22)
Vermont (18), (22), (23)
video tape (23)
Virginia (29)
volunteer (16), (20)
watershed  (1), (3), (5-7), (10-13), (15-17), (20), (23), (24), (25), (27), (28)
West Virginia (29)
wetland  (2), (4),  (6), (11-15), (17-19), (21-29), (31), (32), (34)
wildlife habitat (4), (5), (8), (9), (11), (13), (22), (28), (31)
workshop (22)

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