Projects in the Industrial Pollution Control Program, July 1972


  R 2-72-120
ECFMBER 197?           Environmental Protection Technology Series
  Projects in  the

  Industrial Pollution Control Branch

  July 1972
                                Office of Research and Monitoring

                                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                                Washington, D.C. 20460

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            RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the  Office  of  Research  and
Monitoring,  Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series.  These  five  broad
categories  were established to facilitate further
development  and  application   of   environmental
technology.   Elimination  of traditional grouping
was  consciously  planned  to  foster   technology
transfer   and  a  maximum  interface  in  related
fields.  The five series are:

   1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
   2.  Environmental Protection Technology
   3.  Ecological Research
   H.  Environmental Monitoring
   5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION   TECHNOLOGY   series.    This   series
describes   research   performed  to  develop  and
demonstrate   instrumentation,    equipment    and
methodology  to  repair  or  prevent environmental
degradation from point and  non-point  sources  of
pollution.  This work provides the new or improved
technology  required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.

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                                                         EPA-R2-72-120
                                                         December 1972
                             PROJECTS
                              IN THE
              INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL  PROGRAM

                        George Rey, Chief
                    Heavy  Industries Sectibn

                                and

                      George Keeler, Chief
            Food,  Paper and  Other Industries Section
                            July 1972
                     William  J.  Lacy, Chief

             Applied Science and Technology  Branch

                Office of Research and Monitoring

                 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                     Washington,  D.C. 20460
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 14.60

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                                    ABSTRACT
Projects of the Industrial Pollution Control Program - July 1972 is a compilation
of the information sheets of the 246 projects initiated since fiscal year
1967 through fiscal year 1972.  Each sheet contains the objectives, statistical
information, and a brief description of an initiated project.

General introductory information on the Federal Industrial Pollution Control
Program is also presented to provide perspective on the magnitude of industrial
pollution and the research directions that must be pursued in order to develop
the technology to adequately control this largest point source of pollution
in the United States.

During the fiscal year 1972 approximately $5.3 million of federal funds were
committed in grants and contracts for projects having total estimated eligible
costs of approximately $23 million.  The approximately $17.7 million (77 per
cent of total commitments) of matching non-federal funds continues to emphasize
the urgent need, interest, and desire of American industry to undertake research
in cooperation with the federal government to resolve the nation's industrial
pollution problems.
                                        iii

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                                CONTENTS






-Section




 I.   General Program Information



       Introduction                                                        1-1




       Industrial Water Reuse                                              1-3



       Industrial Pollution Control Technology                             1-5






 II.   Project Information Sheets



       PPB 12010  Metal and Metal Products                                 2-1



       PPB 12020  Chemicals and Allied Products                            3-1




       PPB 12030  Power Production - Non-Thermal                           4-1



       PPB 12040  Paper and Allied Products                                5-1




       PPB 12050  Petroleum and Coal Products                              6-1



       PPB 12060  Food and Kindred Products                                7-1



       PPB 12070  Machinery and Transportation Equipment Manufacturing     8-1




       PPB 12080  Stone, Clay, and Glass Products                          9-1



       PPB 12090  Textile Mill Products                                   10-1



       PPB 12100  Lumber and Wood Products                                11-1



       PPB 12110  Rubber and Plastics Products                            12-1



       PPB 12120  Miscellaneous Industrial Sources                        13-1



       PPB 12130  Joint Industrial/Municipal Wastes                       14-1



       PPB 16130  Thermal Pollution                                       15-1






III.  Acknowledgements                                                    16-1

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                                     FIGURES
No.

 1        Trends in Use of Water for Public Supplies, Rural Supplies,      1-33
          Irrigation, and Industry, 1945-65

 2        Funding Levels by Fiscal Year of Industrial Pollution            1-34
          Control Branch Projects

 3        Industrial Pollution Control Branch Project Activity             1-35

 4        Location of Industrial Pollution Control Branch Research,        1-36
          Development, and Demonstration Contracts and Grants

 5        Industrial Pollution Control Milestones                          1-37

 6        Industrial Wastewater Reuse Scheme                    '           1-38
                                       vi

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TABLES

No. Page
—— - Trfi .
r
I. Estimated Volume of Industrial Wastes Before Treatment, 1964 1-18

II. Wastewater Characteristics and Pollutants of Selected Industry 1-19
Groups

III. Comparative Pollution Index Based on Surface Water Criteria 1-20
for Public Water Supplies

IV. Standard Industrial Classification of Industries of
Significance for Water Pollution

Part 1 - Heavy Industries Section 1-21
Part 2 - Food, Paper and Other Industries Section 1-22

V. Program Structure and Coordinators, Office of Research and 1-23
Monitoring, EPA

VI. Industrial Pollution Priority Rankings 1-24

VII. Pollution Control Program Summary 1-25

VIII. Total Current Value of Waste Treatment Requirements of Major 1-26
Industrial Establishments

IX. Unit Operations and Processes Applicable to Treatment and 1-27
Control of Industrial Water Pollution

X. Special - Purpose Research Assignments for Field Laboratories 1-28

XI. Proposal Evaluation Criteria 1-32
Vll

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                               INTRODUCTION
jOn formation of  the National Industrial Pollution Control Council, President
Nixon  said,  "It  would  be unrealistic, of course, to think that private enter-
prise  could  meet this  problem  alone.  The problem of the environment is one
area where private enterprise  can do the job only if government plays its
proper role."

In 1966 the  Congress of the United States enacted the Clean Water Restoration
Act which provided, as stated  in Section 6  (b). of this Act, for research,
development  and  demonstration  (R&D) to be conducted in the area of industrial
pollution.   The  purpose of Section 6 (b) is"to develop new or improved methods
of treating  industrial wastes  or otherwise preventing pollution of waters by
industry,which method  shall have industry-wide application-"  In addition this
section allows federal grants  to be made for up to 70 per cent of the eligible
cost of a project with the stipulation that no grant may exceed $1,000,000-
However, no  grant may  be made  for any project unless it is determined that the
project will serve a useful purpose in the development of a new or improved
method of treating industrial  wastes.  The  Clean Water Restoration Act is the
authorization which has established the Industrial Pollution Control Program in
the Office of Research and Monitoring of the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).

In-house research and  development, contracts, and grants are utilized to fully
develop and  demonstrate the applicability,  effectiveness, reliability and
economics of control and/or treatment techniques, devices and systems to be
utilized for abating pollution from industry.  The program is designed to
meet immediate as well as long-range needs.  The needs are for application
and evaluation of pollution control techniques, devices, water reuse systems,
and systems  for  ultimate disposal of industrial and joint municipal-industrial
wastes.

This program will provide a wide spectrum of technical capability for research,
development  and  demonstration.  It includes economic evaluation of control
and treatment methods  and ancillary devices in order to provide the solutions
for developing and applying advanced science and technology to problems related
to industrial pollution control.

The general  goal of the R&D program in industrial waste treatment, both by
industry and by  industry cooperating with government, is to obtain proven
methods of control and treatment for all wastes from industry at reasonable
costs.   Many of  the wastes from industry may be handled by some present state-
of-the-art technology.  However, this technology is limited in the number of
proven  techniques available and the effectiveness to meet high water quality
standards.   Moreover,  much of  what is considered as conventional technology has
yet to  be truly  developed for  application for the extensive variety of industrial
wastes.

The ultimate goal of the EPA is to research and develop alternative economical
treatment techniques and advanced waste treatment systems directed toward
closed-loop  systems.
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Presently there are 2A6-. projects, in progress or completed, which are or were
sponsored under the Industrial Pollution Control Branch program.  More than
300 "needs" have been logged into the Research Program Planning System.  These
"needs" will require a great deal of refinement and work effort to optimize and
assemble them into a priority list cognizant with the EPA program objectives
and mission.  Some of these needs may lack sufficient priority of importance to
merit funding by EPA.  At the same time many more needs have yet to be identified.

EPA intends to research and develop the necessary treatment techniques for
significant industrial wastewaters to the extent necessary to meet any water
quality criteria and preferably to permit total water reuse.  The pollution
control methods to be developed are to have minimum impact on the environment.

As mentioned above, many industrial wastes may be controlled with existing
technology.  It is the responsibility of industry to implement this technology
with its resources.  In instances where new technology may provide methods
for attaining higher water quality or lower costs, or both, relative to existing
techniques, the industrial R&D program may assist industry to develop the
technology, provided the technology has industry-wide applicability.

New developments involve risks normally not associated with the profit orientation
of the particular industry.  In a number of concepts even the obvious will not
be undertaken unless incentives are provided.  EPA may provide assistance in
evaluating applications and suggestions and, at times, provide additional
technical input to projects as well as cooperative grant dollars.  It should be
recognized that a good many of our grants are well below the 70 per cent statutory
authorization for federal participation.  The industry grantee in turn is obliged
to provide proper evaluation resources and information to the public as well as
acquiescing to a variety of other public regulations which require time and
resources.

In the joint committee conference on this portion of the Act, it was stated
by Congressman Cramer . .  . "that industries should be brought into the research
program and that these efforts should contribute toward control of water pollution
in as effective a way as possible ..."  The program of the Industrial Pollution
Control Branch is achieving this.
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                         INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE

The program goal of industrial water reuse and product (or by-product) recovery
is economically and technically sound.

Wastes must be considered as part of the manufacturing process and the cost
of treating them must be included in the pricing of the product.  Waste
disposal operations normally result in a net cost to the industry producing
the waste.  However, by-product recovery and utilization techniques can reduce
the net cost of treatment and frequently prove to be less expensive than
other methods of disposal.  In some cases a profit can be expected by the
implementation of waste resources recovery as a pollution control method.

Recycled water may be the most valuable resource due to supply shortages,
increasing water supply and water treatment costs, and mounting municipal
sewerage charges.  The recovery of product fines, useable water, and thermal
energy are key methods of reducing overall waste treatment costs and should
always be considered.  Recovery of by-products from wastewater residues is
in the scope of the present program.  There are many products being recovered
but there are a great many more that are not.

Frequently waste streams can be eliminated or significantly reduced by process
modifications or improvements.  One notable example of this is the application
of save-rinse and spray-rinse tanks in plating lines.  This measure brings
about a substantial reduction in waste volume as well as a net reduction in
metal dragout.

One of industry's principal requirements of wastewater treatment, by-product
recovery, and water reuse is that the main product or products of the plant
be satisfactory to the consumer and that the operation of the plants be
efficient and economical.

Through cooperation with the EPA program, industries in general are becoming
more aware of the need for overall pollution control and product (or by-product)
recovery.  This awareness has risen not only because pollution effects the
environment, but also because pollution effects the general public, who are
the customers.  In addition, industries also depend upon our nation's rivers
and streams for suitable water for their manufacturing processes.

In planning for the future industry must recognize that closed-loop industrial
wastewater and water systems are vitally necessary to maintain continuity in
future industrial expansion.  The huge water demands and high growth rate of
water usage of American industry cannot continue to rely solely on traditional
water supply sources.  Even in water-abundant areas, intake water supplies for
industrial use are fast becoming restrictive.  The trend toward water reuse
has already been started.  It must be accelerated now if we are to provide
an adequate base for future industrial expansion.

Current and future environmental standards concerning discharges of wastewaters
are expected to accelerate the pressure on industry to reduce both the pollutional
                                   1-3

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 discharge loads and the magnitude of effluent volumes in order to minimize
 impacts  on the environment.

 Industrial water quality requirements for reuse are less demanding, as a
 general  rule, than for municipal supplies.  Accordingly, direct industrial
 water reuse  should be technically and economically achievable earlier than
'comparable municipal water reuse systems.

 Wastewater reuse is therefore not only a resource conservation measure but
 also a method of pollution control.  It is a step in tune with future demands.
 Adequate R&D activity in this area is the key to accelerating the implementation
 of  extensive wastewater reuse systems and eventually the totally closed-loop
 cycle.   The  latter, which will result in no effluent discharge, would comply
 with any water quality standards, now, or in the future.
                                   1-4

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                  INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
                                                        o
                                                        '.'.'
industries use huge quantities of the nation's waters and'are the major
factor in the continuing rise in water pollution.  They utilize over 15
trillion gallons of water but, prior to discharge, treat less than 5 trillion
gallons.  Figure 1 presents the various uses of water in the United States
for various periods of past years.  The trends are obvious.  In terms of a
single pollution parameter, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the wastes
generated by industries are equivalent to a total population of over 360
million people.  Even more undesirable than the BOD loads of industrial
effluents are the enormous quantities of mineral and chemical wastes from
factories which steadily become more complex and varied.  These mineral and
chemical wastes include:  metals such as iron, chromium, mercury, and copper;
salts such as compounds of sodium, calcium, and magnesium; acids such as sulfuric
and hydrochloric; petroleum wastes and brines; phenols; cyanides; ammonia;
toluene; blast furnace wastes; greases; all varieties of suspended and dissolved
solids; and numerous other waste compounds.  These wastes degrade the quality
of receiving waters by causing tastes, odors and color, excess mineralization,
salinity, hardness, and corrosion.  Some are toxic to plant, animal, and human .
life.

The variety and complexity of inorganic and organic components contained in
industrial effluents present a serious liquid wastewater treatment control
problem in that the pollution and toxicity effects of these constituents are
of greater significance than those found in domestic wastewaters.

Conventional wastewater treatment technology is often adequate for domestic
wastes but offers less promise of providing the type and degree of treatment
to be required for industrial wastes.  Industrial pollution control technology,
therefore, must be developed and demonstrated to achieve effective and economical
control of pollution from such industries as metal and metal products, chemical
and allied products, paper and allied products, petroleum and coal products,
food and kindred products, textiles, and leather goods.

To continue the attack on the problem of industrial pollution will require
a cooperative industry-government effort to conceive, research, develop,
and demonstrate treatment processes, production modifications, water reuse
principles, and water conservation programs.  The EPA research program has
made Section 6 grants to manufacturers and processors representing major sourqes
of industrial pollution.

Continued, expanded, and accelerated support is urgently needed to specifi-
cally implement the demonstration R&D programs related to new or improved
technology for the treatment, reuse, and/or disposal of industrial wastewaters
and their sludge residues.  With large capital and operating expenditures
facing American industry in the very near future, it becomes imperative that
adequate pollution control technology be developed in a timely manner.  Other-
wise, industry will be faced with the implementation of older, less desireable,
and questionable technological systems.
                                   1-5

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Existing data also suggests that about one-third of the total volume of
wastes processed by municipalities is of industrial origin.  Accordingly,
emphasis must be continued to achieve effective water pollution control by
means of joint municipal-industrial treatment.

Another promising and beneficial area requiring additional support is the
implementation of closed-loop (water reuse) treatment systems for the industry
to the extent that "zero" water effluent can be achieved.

An accelerated industrial pollution control research, development, and
demonstration program will measurably decrease the amount of expenditures
needed to implement water quality standards and to meet the industrial effluent
requirements of the future.

Objectives

The objective of the EPA's industrial wastewater treatment research program
is to research, develop, and demonstrate the required technology to achieve
required degrees of pollution control by least cost methods for all significant
industrial sources of pollution.

Program of Work

The program includes all R&D efforts necessary to resolve industrial pollution
problems.

The objectives will be met by using the research and development grant mechanism,
supplemented by in-house laboratory programs.  The Industrial Pollution Control
Programs implement and administer demonstration projects for new and improved
industrial wastewater treatment projects applicable to the majority of all
significant industries.  These demonstrations include the latest developments
in physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and combinations
thereof.  It is expected to further achieve the cooperation of industry to
participate in meaningful pollution abatement demonstrations and to increasingly
demonstrate the feasibility of in-plant measures, by-product recovery, and
wastewater reuse as feasible methods to abate pollution and to reduce treatment
costs.

Research programs, consisting of in-house efforts and contracts to industries
and universities, will be undertaken to complete state-of-the-art studies
related to treatment and control technology for selected industry groups.
Similarly, industrial wastewaters are to be identified, characterized, quantified,
and classified for all industries of pollutional significance.

Need

Industrial wastes are the nation's principal point sources of controllable
waterborn wastes.  In terms of the generally quoted measurements of strength
and volume, the gross wastes of manufacturing establishments are about three
times as great as those of the nation's sewered population as indicated in
Table I.  Moreover, the volume of industrial production which gives rise to
industrial wastes is increasing at about 4.5 per cent a year or three times
faster than the population.  Also significant is the variance of composition
of industrial wastes, which contain all known pollutants of concern in water
pollution abatement as well as some unidentified factors.

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Table I  shows reported  quantities of industrial, wastewaters discharged in 1964
and  EPA   estimates of  the  quantities of standard biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD^) and settleable and suspended solids contained in the wastewaters.  The
wasteload  estimates, based  upon an estimate of the "average" quantity of pollutant
per product unit, indicate  that the chemical, paper, and food and kindred industrial
groups generate  about 90 per cent of the BODj in industrial wastewater before
treatment.

Similar  statistics on net wasteload discharges are not completely available.
However, indications are that the extent of industrial wastewater treatment
is not greater than that currently practiced for municipal wastewaters.

Industrial wastes differ markedly in chemical composition, physical characteristics,
strength,  and toxicity  from wastes found in normal domestic sewage.  Every
conceivable toxicant and pollutant of organic and inorganic nature can be found
in industrial wastewaters,  as indicated for selected industries in Table II.
Thus, the  BOD5 and solids content often are not adequate indicators of the
quality of industrial effluents.  For example, industrial wastes frequently
contain persistent organics which resist the secondary treatment procedures
applied normally to domestic sewage.  In addition, some industrial effluents
require that specific organic compounds be stabilized or that trace elements
be removed as part of the treatment process.

It is therefore  necessary to characterize each industrial wastewater to more
appropriately permit comparative pollutional assessments to be made for individual
industries as well as industry groups.  Characterization will also permit classify-
ing the components of industrial wastewaters into as few as four basic classes
of pollutants to more readily collate pollution statistics and to evaluate
economics  of methods of treatment as well as to project lease cost methods.
Proposed generalized basic  classification parameters are biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), total oxygen  demand (TOD), suspended solids (SS), and total
dissolved  solids (TDS)  into which all known pollutants can be classed.

In addition to the characterization of industrial wastewaters, the establishment
of a relative pollution comparative index for all significant pollutants is
also required.   This index, in combination with the known characteristics and
volume of  a wastewater, will determine the relative gross pollution severity of
all industrial wastes and establish a basis for comparing the severity of pollution
from industries  and other sources.

Table III  presents both permissible criteria and desirable criteria for surface
water for  public supplies as obtained from the Report of the Committee on Water
Quality Criteria, April 1,  1968.  The addition of an assumed BODc; value of 5 mg/1
to these criteria permits comparisons of the listed pollutants to be made against
a unit of  BOD.   Under these circumstances it is relatively apparent that pollutants
such as endrin and phenols  (on a mg/1 concentration equivalent basis) are 5000
times more  critical as  pollutants than BOD.  Further work in this area will
permit establishment of more accurate priorities in terms of our nation's
most critical needs.

Industrial wastes will  require research, development, and evaluation of treatment
methods suitable for each significant industrial waste type that is significantly
different  from domestic wastes.
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Table .IV is a listing of all major industry groups and industries of suspected
significant contributions to water pollution.  These have been selected on the
basis of a process water intake of at least 1 billion gallons per year and
with regard to the potential for pollution from the process use of the water.
For program planning and budgeting purposes, the industries are grouped into
13 subprogram elements, as shown in the second column of Table V.  Within
each element the identity of industry group(s) by the respective Standard'
Industrial Classification code number(s) is also presented, as in the second
column of Table IV.

The industries listed in Table IV number approximately 150 and represent
potentially equally numerous 'wastewaters of significantly different char-
acteristics for which treatment technology must either be developed or up-
graded.  The interchangeability of treatment technology between similar types
of wastewaters is anticipated but will have to be demonstrated through results
of grant research projects or in-house studies.  Because resource allocations
may not be sufficient to encompass the potential R&D demand imposed by the
diverse nature of industrial wastes, a priority system must be established
and used in the allocation of R&D efforts 'for industrial wastewater problems.

At this time a firm priority for R&D activities, based on an ultimate comparable
basis of pollution severity, has not been established for industrial wastes.
However, from the data presented in Table I and with the assumption that the
BODc parameter of pollution severity is the prime indicator of pollution,
an initial basis for ranking the industry groups for priority R&D efforts is
possible.  Nevertheless, knowledge of all chemical and physical parameters of
pollution, as well as the state-of-the-art and economic considerations, is
necessary to more adequately assess priority for R&D investments.

Table VI lists current program priorities for industrial pollution sources.
These priorities were established on the basis of the best available information,
the limited pollution parameter statistics available, the state-of-the-art,
and the program investments to date.

In spite of the complexity and magnitude of industrial pollution, initial
estimates of the costs of clean waters from industrial sources have been
made.  As summarized in Table VII, previous estimates of industrial capital
requirements to abate pollution in a five-year period, to the extent of providing
85 per cent treatment effectiveness, are substantially less than estimated
capital requirements for municipal treatment or collection facilities for
separating combined sewers, while the gross pollutional load contributed is
substantially greater than either.  This indicates that either the average
cost of industrial waste treatment, when based on treatment cost per Ib BOD,
is substantially less than for municipal waste treatment or the costs were
underestimated.  If these estimates are reasonably accurate, it would appear
that, for the most part, industrial pollution control to the equivalency of
secondary treatment is within a reasonable cost and need only be developed
and demonstrated for the various industries in our economy which are significant
contributors of pollution.   However 85 per cent removal effectiveness is more
likely to be insufficient to meet future standards and requirements.

Table VIII, also based on 85 percent removal effectiveness,  shows the estimated
backlog of the value of waste treatment requirements of major industrial
establishments for the fiscal years 1969 and 1973-   Again, these estimates were

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 based upon the Industrial Waste Profiles Study completed in 1967 and were the
 first of their kind to be made.

. In summary, the needs show that the industrial wastewater treatment program
 must be primarily dedicated to the attainment of:

     1.  Qualification and quantification of industrial wastes and treatment
         practices.
     2.  Implementation of undemonstrated but feasible treatment methods to as
         many types of industries as possible.
     3-  Reduction of the cost of treatment by the beneficial recovery and reuse
         of wastewater contaminants.
 The alternatives in wastewater treatment are shown in summary flow diagram below.
                              Water  Reuse
   Water Supply
                                                                   t
                                           Wastewater
                                   Effluent
         Reuse
                                 By-Product
     Market
Recovery
                                                                Residues
                                                      To Environment
 The alternatives shown primarily consist of:
     1.  Wastewater treatment (as required to abate pollution to meet water
         quality standards).
         a.  Treatment for discharge (to meet necessary water quality criteria) .
         b.  Treatment for reuse (to meet industrial water quality demands to
             conserve water and offset the cost of treatment) .
     2.  In-plant measures (to reduce pollutants and water discharge).
         a.  Operational (housekeeping techniques and manufacturing procedures).
         b.  Design (to permit water reuse and to reduce wastewater generation).
     3-  Residue treatment.
         a.  By-product recovery (to reduce gross disposal and to utilize values) .
         b.  Residue stabilization (to meet environmental standards).
     4.  Combined methods.
         a.  Joint treatment (to utilize scale factors, off-peak capacity, and
             synergistic effects) .
         b.  Others (combined 1, 2, and 3 methods as appropriate).

 The alternatives best suited for implementation in specific wastewater treatment
 programs will depend on many factors and local conditions.   Where the state-of-
 the-art of treatment is essentially non-existing, emphasis on treatment to meet
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environmental standards should prevail.  For nonprogressive industries, in-plant
measures should be explored for potential application.  For industries which
have demonstrated effective treatment methods, lower costs alternatives of treat-
ment stressing reuse and by-product recovery should be given consideration.

Table IX lists the numerous unit operations and processes which are applicable
for treatment and control of industrial wastes.  The operations and processes
are not readily applicable as a single method of removing all pollutants as
the table indicates.  More often than not several methods will be required to
be used for any single wastewater.

Goals

The overall goal of the industrial wastewater treatment research program is to
provide each basic industry with the demonstrated, developed, and evaluated
technology for the abatement or prevention of water pollution from individual
or multiple wastewater sources.  This will involve the development of new or
improved methods and techniques which have potential value for industry-wide
application where no methods currently exist or older but ineffective methods
are now employed.  In summary, the general goal is thus to upgrade the state-
of-the-art for the treatment of all industrial wastewaters.

The overall general goal of the program can be divided into two broad categories
of more specific aims:  technical and economic.

Specific technical goals are to:

     1.  Define pre- and post-program state-of-the-art.
     2.  Establish and maintain centers of excellence to assist in state-of-the-
         art maintenance.
     3.  Develop the cooperation of industry to maintain the state-of-the-art.
     4.  Develop technical, design and operational guides for each industrial
         waste of significance.
     5.  Characterize industrial wastewaters and classify the pollutants into
         the four major categories of BOD, TOD,  TDS or SS-
     6.  Develop comparable criteria for pollutional severity of contaminants.
     7.  Establish the relative severity of industrial wastewater pollutants in
         terms of total discharges.

In general, the specific economic goals in the wastewater treatment program
are to:

     1.  Develop a comparable basis for the economic evaluation of industrial
         waste treatment.
     2.  Determine pre- and post-program economics of industrial wastewater
         treatment.
     3.  Show that the cost of adequate wastewater treatment will not exceed
         2-4 per cent of the total cost of industrial operations.

From achievement of the above goals it will be possible to demonstrate for each
industry of significance:

     1.  Feasibility of effective treatment (85 per cent removal) systems.
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2. Effective (85 per cent removal) treatment systems within the following
costs:
a. BOD removal: 13.5C/1000 gal or lc/lb BOD.
b. TOD removal: 14C/1000 gal or 3<:/lb TOD.
c. TDS removal: 15C/1000 gal or .05
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ORGANIZATION OUTLINE
1. Administration

a. Centers of excellence
b. Activities development
c. Implementation program

2. Activities Development

a. Centers of excellence

(1;) Technical information activities

I (a) Wastewaters characterization
(b) Criteria for comparability of pollutants
(c) Standards of performance

(2) Economic bases

(a) Demonstration grants
(b) Industry-wide impact
i
b. State-of-the-art

(1) Initial (by contract)
(2) Periodic (in-house)
(3) Terminal (in-house)

c. Cooperation of industries

(1) Participation in implementation programs (through grants and contracts)
(2) Development of wastewater treatment standards (in-house and with re-
spective manufacturing association)
(3) Maintainentance of R&D implementation
(4) Dissemination of information

3. Implementation of Pro.lects