United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Water
Office of vVatar
Regulations and Standards
Washington, DC 20460
June, 1935
ices
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PREFACE
This document is one of a series of preliminary assessments dealing
with chemicals of potential concern in municipal sewage sludge. The
purpose of these documents is to; (a) summarize the available data for
the constituents of potential concern, (b) identify the key 'environ-
mental pathways for each constituent related to a reuse and disposal
option (based on hazard indices), and (c) evaluate the conditions under
which such a pollutant may pose a hazard. Each document provides a sci-
entific basis for making an initial determination of whether a pollu-
tant, at levels currently observed in sludges, poses a likely hazard to
human health or the environment when sludge is disposed of by any of
several methods. These methods include landspreading on food chain or
nonfood chain crops, distribution and marketing programs, landfilling,
incineration and ocean disposal.
These documents are intended to serve as a rapid screening tool to
narrow an initial list of pollutants to those of concern. If a signifi-
cant hazard is indicated by' this preliminary analysis, a more detailed
assessment will be undertaken to better quantify the risk from this
chemical and "to derive criteria if warranted. If a hazard is shown to
be unlikely, no further assessment will be conducted at this time; how-
ever, a reassessment will be conducted after initial regulations are
finalized. In no case, however, will criteria be derived solely on the
basis of information presented in this document.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE i
1. INTRODUCTION .- 1-1
2. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS FOR CHLOROFORM IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
SLUDGE 2-1
Landspreading and Distribution-and-Mar.keting 2-1
Landfilling 2-1
Incineration 2-1
Ocean Disposal 2-1
3. PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDICES FOR CHLOROFORM IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
SLUDGE 3-1
Landspreading and Distribution-and-Marketing 3-1
Landf illing '....: 3-1
Incineration 3-1
Index of groundwater concentration resulting from
landfilled sludge (Index 1) 3-1
Index of cancer risk resulting from groundwater
contamination (Index 2) 3-3
Ocean Disposal 3-5
4. PRELIMINARY DATA PROFILE FOR CHLOROFORM IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
SLUDGE 4-1
Occurrence 4-1
Sludge 4-1
Soil - Unpolluted 4-1
Water - Unpolluted 4-1
Air 4-1
Food 4-1
Human Effects , 4-2
Ingestion • 4-2
Inhalation 4-3
Plant Effects 4-4
11
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TABLE OP CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page
Domestic Animal and Wildlife Effects 4-5
Toxicity 4-5
Uptake 4-5
Aquatic Life Effects 4-6
Toxicity 4-6
Uptake 4-6
Soil Biota Effects 4-6
Physicochemical Data for Estimating Fate and Transport 4-6
5. REFERENCES 5-1
APPENDIX. PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDEX CALCULATIONS FOR
CHLOROFORM IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE A-l
111
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This preliminary data profile is one of a series of profiles
dealing with chemical pollutants potentially of concern in municipal
sewage sludges. Chloroform (CHC^) was initially identified as being of
potential concern when sludge is incinerated.* This profile is a
compilation of information that may be useful in determining whether
CHC13 poses an actual hazard to human health or the environment when
sludge is disposed of by this method.
The focus of this document is the calculation of "preliminary
hazard indices" for selected potential exposure pathways, as shown in
Section 3. Each index illustrates the hazard that could result from
movement of a pollutant by a given pathway to cause a given effect
(e.g., sludge •* air •*• human toxicity). The values and assumptions
employed in these calculations tend to represent a reasonable "worst
case"; analysis of error or uncertainty has been conducted to a limited
degree. The resulting value in most cases is indexed to unity; i.e.,
values >1 may indicate a potential hazard, depending upon the
assumptions of the calculation.
The data used for index calculation have been selected or estimated
based on information presented in the "preliminary data profile",
Section 4. Information in the profile is based on a compilation of the
recent literature. An attempt has been made to fill out the profile
outline to the greatest extent possible. However, since this is a pre-
liminary analysis, the literature has not been exhaustively perused.
The "preliminary conclusions" drawn from each index in Section 3
are Summarized in Section 2. The preliminary hazard indices will be
used as a screening tool to determine which pollutants and pathways may
pose a hazard. Where a potential.hazard is indicated by interpretation
of these indices, further analysis will include a more detailed exami-
nation of potential risks as well as an examination of site-specific
factors. These more rigorous evaluations may change the preliminary
conclusions presented in Section 2, which are based on a reasonable
"worst case" analysis.
The preliminary hazard indices for selected exposure routes
pertinent to incineration practices are included in this profile. The
calculation formulae for these indices are shown in the Appendix. The
indices are rounded to two significant figures.
* Listings were determined by a series of expert workshops convened
during March-May, 1984 by the Office of Water Regulations and
Standards (OWRS) to discuss landspreading, landfilling, incineration,
and ocean disposal, respectively, of municipal sewage sludge.
1-1
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SECTION 2
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS FOR CHLOROFORM IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
The following preliminary conclusions have been derived from the
calculation of "preliminary hazard indices", which represent conserva-
tive or "worst case" analyses of hazard. The indices and their basis
and interpretation are explained in Section 3. Their calculation
formulae are shown in the Appendix.
I. LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTION-AND-MARKETING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in Che future.
II. LANDFILLING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
III. INCINERATION
The incineration of sludge is not expected to increase the
concentration of CHC13 above background urban air concentration
(see Index 1).
Incineration of sludge is not expected to increase cancer risks to
humans over the risk posed by background urban air concentrations
of CHC13.
IV. OCEAN DISPOSAL
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
2-1
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SECTION 3
PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDICES FOR CHLOROFORM
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I. LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTTON-AND-MARKETING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
II. LANDPILLING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the ' OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
III. INCINERATION
A. Index of Air Concentration Increment Resulting from
Incinerator Emissions (Index 1)
1. Explanation - Shows the degree of elevation of the
pollutant concentration in the air due to the incinera-
tion of sludge. An input sludge with thermal properties
defined by the energy parameter.(EP) was analyzed using
the BURN model (Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc. (COM),
1984). This model uses the thermodynamic and mass
balance relationships appropriate for multiple hearth
incinerators to relate the input sludge characteristics
to the stack gas parameters. Dilution and dispersion of
these stack gas releases were described by the U.S. EPA's
Industrial Source Complex Long-Term (ISCLT) dispersion
model from which normalized annual - ground level
concentrations were predicted (U.S. EPA, 1979). The
predicted pollutant concentration can then be compared to
a ground level concentration used to assess risk.
2. Assumptions/Limitations - The fluidized bed incinerator
was not chosen due to a paucity of available data.
Gradual plume rise, stack tip downwash, and building wake
effects are appropriate for describing plume behavior.
Maximum hourly impact values can be translated into
annual average values.
3. Data Used and Rationale
a. Coefficient to correct for mass and time units (C) =
2.78 x 10~7 hr/sec x g/mg •
b. Sludge feed rate (DS)
3-1
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i. Typical = 2660 kg/hr (dry solids input)
A feed rate of 2660 kg/hr DW represents an
average dewatered sludge feed rate into the
furnace. This feed rate would serve a commun-
ity of approximately 400,000 people. This rate
was incorporated into the U.S. EPA-ISCLT model
based on the following input data:
EP = 360 Ib H20/mm BTU
Combustion zone temperature - 1400°F
Solids content - 28%
Stack height - 20 m
Exit gas velocity - 20 m/s
Exit gas temperature - 356.9°K (183°F)
Stack diameter - 0.60 m
ii. Worst = 10,000 kg/hr (dry solids input)
A feed rate of 10,000 kg/hr DW represents a
higher feed rate and would serve a major U.S.
city. This rate was incorporated into the U.S.
EPA-ISCLT model based on the following input
data:
EP = 392 Ib H20/mm BTU
Combustion zone temperature - 1400°F
Solids content - 26.6%
Stack height - 10 m
Exit gas velocity - 10 m/s
Exit gas temperature - 313.8°K (105°F)
Stack diameter - 0.80 m
c. Sludge concentration of pollutant (SC)
Typical • 0.049 mg/kg DW
Worst 1.177 mg/kg DW
The typical and worst sludge concentrations are the
geometric mean and 95th percentile values from
sludge concentration data from a survey of 40
publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) (U.S. EPA,
1982). (See Section 4, p. 4-1.)
d. Fraction of pollutant emitted through stack (PM)
Typical 0.05 (unitless)
Worst 0.20 (unitless)
These values were chosen as best approximations of
the fraction of pollutant emitted through stacks
(Farrell, 1.984). No data was available to validate
these values; however, U.S. EPA is currently testing
incinerators for organic emissions.
3-2
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e. Dispersion parameter for estimating maximum annual
ground level concentration (DP)
Typical 3.4 Mg/m3
Worst 16.0 Ug/m3
The dispersion parameter is derived from the U.S.
EPA-ISCLT short-stack model.
f. Background concentration of pollutant in urban
air (BA) = 7.48 Ug/m3
An average value (1530 ppt, v/v) was derived by the
U.S. EPA (1984b) from urban air values calculated as
ppt (parts per trillion) volume/volume. This value
was converted from volume per unit volume to Ug/m3
(weight per unit volume). (See Section 4, p. 4-2.)
Index 1 Values
• Sludge Feed
Fraction of Rate (kg/hr DW)a
Pollutant Emitted Sludge
Through Stack Concentration 0 2660 10,000
Typical
Typical
Worst
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Worst Typical 1.0 1.0 1.0
Worst 1.0 1.0 1.0
a The typical (3.4 Ug/m3) and worst (16.0 yg/m3) disper-
sion parameters will always correspond, respectively,
to the typical (2660 kg/hr DW) and worst (10,000 kg/hr
DW) sludge feed rates.
5. Value Interpretation - Value equals factor by which
expected air concentration exceeds background levels due
to incinerator emissions.
6. Preliminary Conclusion - The incineration of sludge is
not expected to increase the concentration of CHC13 above
background urban air concentration.
B. Index of Cancer Risk Resulting from Inhalation
of Incinerator Emissions (Index 2)
1. Explanation - Shows the increase in human intake expected
to result from the incineration of sludge. Ground level
concentrations for carcinogens typically were developed
based upon assessments published by the U.S. EPA Carcino-
3-3
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gen Assessment Group (CAG). These ambient concentrations
reflect a dose Level which, for a lifetime exposure,
increases the risk of cancer by 10~°. For non-
carcinogens, levels typically were derived from the Amer-
ican Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for the workplace.
2. Assumptions/Limitations - The exposed population is
assumed to reside within the impacted area for 24
hours/day. A respiratory volume of 20 m3/day is assumed
over a 70-year lifetime.
3. Data Used and Rationale
a. Index of air concentration increment resulting from
incinerator emissions (Index 1)
See Section 3, pp'. 3-1 to 3-3.
b. Background concentration of pollutant in urban air
(BA) = 7.48 Ug/m3
See Section 3, p. 3-3.
c. Cancer potency = 4.6 x 10~^ (mg/kg/day)~^
A cancer potency for ingestion of 7.0 x 10~^
(mg/kg/day)"1 was derived by the U.S. EPA (1984a)
based on studies of mice that developed liver tumors
after being fed a CHCl3-contaminated diet. The
cancer potency for inhalation was calculated by
assuming a respective absorption for inhalation of
65%. (See Section 4, p. 4-2.)
d. Exposure criterion (EC) = 7.6 x 10"^ Ug/m3
A lifetime exposure level which would result in a
10~6 cancer risk was selected as ground level
concentration against which incinerator emissions
are compared. The risk estimates developed by CAG
are defined as the lifetime incremental cancer risk
in a hypothetical population exposed continuously
throughout their lifetime to the stated
concentration of the carcinogenic agent. The
exposure criterion is calculated using the following
formula:
EC _ 10~6 x 103 Ug/mg x 70 kg
Cancer potency x 20 m3/day
3-4
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4. Index 2 Values
Sludge Feed
Fraction of Rate (kg/hr DW)a
Pollutant Emitted Sludge
Through Stack Concentration 0 2660 10,000
Typical
Typical
Worst
98
98
98
98
98
98
Worst . Typical 98 98 98
Worst 98 98 99
a The typical (3.4 Ug/m3) and worst (16.0 Ug/m3) disper-
sion parameters will always correspond, respectively,
to the typical (2660 kg/hr DW) and worst (10,000 kg/hr
DW) sludge feed rates.
5. Value Interpretation - Value > 1 indicates a potential
increase in cancer risk of > 10~^ (1 per 1,000,000).
Comparison with the null index value at 0 kg/hr DW
indicates the degree to which any hazard is due to sludge
incineration, as opposed to background urban air
concentration.
6. Preliminary Conclusion - The potential for cancer risk
for the null value, 0 kg/hr sludge feed rate, may be high
due to the background urban air concentration chosen.
The background Urban air value may reflect concentrations
near pollution sources.
Incineration of sludge is not expected to increase cancer
risks to humans over the risk posed by background urban
air concentrations of CHC13.
IV. OCEAN DISPOSAL
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
3-5
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SECTION 4
PRELIMINARY DATA PROFILE FOR CHLOROFORM IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I. OCCURRENCE
A. Sludge
1. Frequency of Detection
Data not immediately available.
2. Concentration
Typical = 0.049 mg/kg DW (geometric
mean
Worst = 1.177 mg/kg DW (95th
percentile)
B. Soil - Unpolluted
Data not immediately available.
C. Water - Unpolluted
1. Frequency of Detection
Data not immediately available.
2. Concentration
a. Fresh water
Data not immediately available.
b. Seawater
Data not immediately available.
c. Drinking water
Concentration mean = 0.083 mg/L
max. = 0.47 mg/L
Statistically
derived from
a survey of
40 POTWs pre-
sented in.U.S.
EPA, 1982.
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 3-6)
Human intake (assuming consumption
of 2L/day) mean = 61 mg/year U.S. EPA, 1980a
max. =,343 mg/year (p. C-2)
4-1
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U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 1-D
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-5)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-5)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 1-1)
D. Air
1. Frequency of detection
Ubiquitous in the environment
2. Concentration
Bayonne, NJ 0.073 mg/m3 highest
measured ambient air concentration
Urban air 1530 ppt average derived
from Table 3-9 (p. 3-31)
9.8 x 10~5 to 19.6 x 10~5 mg/m3
<10 ppt for rural or remote
E. Food
1. Total average intake
Data not immediately available.
2. Concentration
Typical range 1 to 30 Ug/kg
II. HUMAN EFFECTS
A. Ingestion
1. Carcinogenicity
a. Qualitative Assessment
Has induced cancer by the oral route
in at least two animal species at
high and intermediate dose levels
b. Potency
.Cancer potency of 7.0 x 10~2
(mg/kg/day)~l was derived from
studies of mice that developed
liver tumors after fed a diet
containing 238 to 477 mg/kg/day.
c. Effects
Tumors: liver, bladder, colon, and rectal cancer.
4-2
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-4)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 13)
U.S. EPA, 1984a
(p. 8-78)
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2. Chronic Toxicity
a. ADI
Mean lethal dose »/*44g
b. Effects
Data not presented because cancer
potency will be used to assess hazard.
3. Absorption Factor
100% absorption from gastrointestinal
tract
4. Existing Regulations
NIOSH time-weighted average exposure
2 ppm. FDA prohibits use in drugs,
cosmetics, or food contact materials
CAG 7 x 10~2 (mg/kg/day)"1 unit
carcinogenic risk, which corresponds
to a lifetime increase in cancer risk
of 1 person in 100,000, equivalent to
an intake of 0.01 mg/day
B. Inhalation
1. Carcinogenicity
a. Qualitative Assessment
There is no-carcinogen data avail-
able for animals due to inhalation.
b. Potency
The cancer potency for
inhalation of 4.6 x 10~2
(mg/kg/day)"1 was derived from oral
data from values presented
in U.S. EPA, 1984a. The
inhalation slope was estimated
from the ingestion cancer potency
of 7.0 x 10~2 (mg/kg/day)"1,
assuming an absorption for
ingestion and inhalation are
100% and 65% respectively.
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-10)
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-5)
U.S. EPA,
(p. 9)
1980b
U.S. EPA, 1984c
(p. 15)
U.S. EPA, 1984a
(p. 8-78)
U.S. EPA, 1984a
(p. 8-78)
4-3
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c. Effects
Hepatocellular carcinoma in mice
Renal epithelial tumors in rats
Kidney tumors in mice
Hepatomas in mice
2. Chronic Toxicity
a.. Inhalation Threshold or MPIH
4300 ppm (20 minutes) threshold
for "light intoxication". Long
term exposure to 20-71 ppm (98-
346 mg/m3) for a 4-8 hour work
day with occasional brief excur-
sions to £ 1163 ppm may
represent a LOAEL for symptoms
of CNS (central nervous system)
toxicity for humans.
b. Effects
Continued exposure to 20,000 ppm
could result in respiratory fail-
ure, direct depression of the
myocardium, and death. 1500 to
15,000 ppm have caused cardiac
arrythmias and extra systoles
and hepatic necrosis and fatty
degeneration.
3. Absorption Factor
49 to 77 percent via respiratory
system
4. Existing Regulations
OSHA 50 ppm or 244 mg/m3 10 minute
exposure time
NIOSH 2 ppm or 9.8 mg/m3 10 hour
day and 40 hour week
ACGIH recommends a time-weighted
average of 10 ppm (50 mg/m3)
and a short term exposure limit of
50 ppm (225 mg/m3) (15 minute).
III. PLANT EFFECTS
Data not immediately available.
U.S. EPA, 1984c
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 5-46)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 5-46)
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-5)
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-Z9)
U.S. EPA, 1984c
(p. 13)
4-4
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IV. DOMESTIC ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE EFFECTS
A. Toxicity
150 and 410 mg/kg/day for rats
produced severe toxic effects (oral)
25 ppm produced effects in liver and
kidneys of male rats (inhalation)
(122 mg/m^) 7 hrs/day exposure
24 ppm produced effects in livers and
kidneys of guinea pigs but not at 50 ppm
^60 mg/kg/day (oral) produced
depression of body weight of rats
and mice
4-hour exposure (inhalation) at
100 ppm produced mild hepatic effect
(increased incidence of moderate
fatty infiltration for female mice at
200, 400 and 800 ppm. In addition,
fatty infiltration, hepatic necrosis
and increased serum enzyme activity
were observed.
Exposure of male mice to 5 mg/L
(1.025 ppm) for 1 hour resulted in
damage to kidneys (inhalation)
89 to 149 mg/kg (oral) for male mice
resulted in kidney disfunction
Mice (male) experienced renal
necrosis after 20 mg/kg (oral)
30 mg/kg was the lowest observed
adverse effect level (LOAEL) for
hepatic effects on mice
15 mg/kg/day (6 day week) represents
LOAEL for dogs for effects on the *
liver
B. Uptake
Data not immediately available.
U.S. EPA, 1984c
(p. 3)
U.S. EPA, 1984c
(p. 5)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 5-47)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 5-48)
U.S. EPA, 1984b
(p. 5-50)
4-5
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V. AQUATIC LIFE EFFECTS
A. Toxicity
1 . Freshwater
a. Acute
28,900 Ug/L 48 hour Daphnia magna
b. Chronic
1,240 ug/L
2. Saltwater
a. Acute
96 hour LC5Q value of 81,500
pink shrimp
b. Chronic
Data noc immediately available.
B. Uptake
14 day exposure: BCF = 6. Tissue half-
life was less than 1 day. The suggests
that residues would not be a hazard to
consumers of aquatic life.
Weighted average BCF of all freshwater
and estuarine aquatic organisms = 3.75
C. Existing Regulations
For freshwater - 500 Ug/L 24 hour
average; should not exceed 1200 Ug/L
at any time
For saltwater - should not exceed
620 Ug/L 24 hour average and
1400 Ug/L at any time
VI. SOIL BIOTA EFFECTS
Data not immediately available.
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. 6)
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. B-l)
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. B-2)
U.S. EPA, 1980a
(p. C-4)
U.S. EPA, 1980b
(p. 9)
4-6
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VII. PHYSICOCHEMICAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING PATE AND TRANSPORT
Vapor pressure:
Solubility in water:
Octanol/water parti-
tion coefficient:
Half-life in air:
Half-life in water:
Soil mobility:
Bioconcentration
factor:
Boiling point:
Melting point:
Molecular weight:
150.5 mm Hg at 20°C
8200 mg/L at 20°C
93
80 days
0.3 to 3 days in rivers,
3 to 30 days in lakes
(predicted as
retardation factor for
a soil depth of 140 m
and organic carbon content
of 0.0877.) 1.2
6 (in bluegill, Lepomis
machrochirus)
61 to 62°C
-63.5°C
119.39
U.S. EPA, 1984c
(p. 1)
U.S. EPA, 1980b
U.S. EPA, 1980a
4-7
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SECTION 5
REFERENCES
Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc. 1984. Development of Methodologies for
Evaluating Permissible Contaminant Levels in Municipal Wastewater
Sludges. Draft. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Farrell, J. B. 1984. Personal Communication. Water Engineering
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. December.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Industrial Source Complex
(ISC) Dispersion Model User Guide. EPA 450/4-79-30. Vol. 1.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC. December.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980a. Ambient Water Quality
Criteria for Chloroform. EPA 440/5-80-033. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980b. Trichloromethane
(Chloroform): Hazard Profile. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH. 14 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982. Fate of Priority
Pollutants in Publicly-Owned Treatment Works. Final Report.
Volume I. EPA 440/1-82-303. Effluent Guidelines Division,
Washington, D.C. September.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984a. Health Assessment
Document for Chloroform. External Review Draft. EPA 600/8-84-
004A. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington,
D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984b. Health Assessment
Document for Chloroform, Part 1 and 2. EPA 600/8-840-004A. Office
of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, D.C. 378 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984c. Health Effects
Assessment Document for Chloroform. ECAO-CIN-H010. Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH. 26 pp.
5-1
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APPENDIX
PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDEX CALCULATIONS FOR CHLOROFORM
IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I. LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTION-AND-MARKETING
Based .on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
II. LANDPILLING
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
III. INCINERATION
A. Index of Air Concentration Increment Resulting from Incinerator
Emissions (Index 1)
1. Formula
_ , . (C x PS x SC x FM x DP) + BA
Index 1 = —
where:
C = Coefficient to correct for mass and time units
(hr/sec x g/mg)
DS = Sludge feed rate (kg/hr DW)
SC = Sludge concentration of pollutant (mg/kg DW)
FM = Fraction of pollutant emitted through stack
(unitless)
DP = Dispersion parameter for estimating maximum
annual ground level concentration (wg/m3)
BA = Background concentration of pollutant in urban
air (ug/m3)
2. Sample Calculation
1.0 = [(2.78 x 10~7 hr/sec x g/mg x 2660 kg/hr DW x 0.049 mg/kg DW x 0.05
x 3.4 ng/m3) + 7.48 yg/m3] t 7.48 yg/m3
A-l
-------
B. Index of Cancer Risk Resulting from Inhalation of Incinerator
Emissions (Index 2)
1. Formula
'[(II - 1) x BA] 1- BA
Index 2 =
EC
where:
II = Index 1 = Index of air concentration increment
resulting from incinerator emissions
(unitLess)
. BA = Background concentration of pollutant in
urban air (yg/m3)
EC = Exposure criterion (ug/m3)
2. Sample Calculation
98 _ Kl.O - 1) x 7.48 ug/m3] + 7.48 Ug/m3
7.6 x 10~2
IV. OCEAN DISPOSAL
Based on the recommendations of the experts at the OWRS meetings
(April-May, 1984), an assessment of this reuse/disposal option is
not being conducted at this time. The U.S. EPA reserves the right
to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
A-2
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