United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Regulations and Standards
Washington. OC 20460
Water
                June, 1985
Environmental Profiles
and Hazard Indices
for Constituents
of Municipal Sludge:
Tetrachloroethylene

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                                 PREFACE
     This document is one of  a  series  of  preliminary assessments dealing
with chemicals  of potential  concern  in  municipal  sewage  sludge.   The
purpose of these  documents  is to:   (a) summarize  the  available data for
the  constituents  of  potential  concern,  (b) identify  the key environ-
mental  pathways  for  each  constituent related  to  a reuse and disposal
option  (based on  hazard  indices),  and (c) evaluate  the  conditions under
which such a pollutant may  pose a  hazard.   Each  document provides a sci-
entific basis  for making an  initial  determination  of whether  a pollu-
tant, at levels currently observed in sludges,  poses a  likely  hazard to
human health  or   the  environment  when sludge  is disposed  of  by  any of
several methods.   These—methods include  landspreading on  food  chain or
nonfood chain  crops,  distribution  and marketing  programs,  landfilling,
incineration and  ocean disposal.

     These documents  are intended  to  serve as a rapid screening tool to
narrow  an initial list of pollutants to those of concern.   If  a signifi-
cant hazard  is  indicated by  this  preliminary analysis,  a  more detailed
assessment will  be undertaken  to  better quantify  the  risk   from  this
chemical  and to derive  criteria if warranted.   If a hazard is  shown to
be unlikely, no further  assessment will  be conducted at  this  time;  how-
ever, a  reassessment  will  be  conducted  after  initial  regulations  are
finalized.  In no  case,  however,  will  criteria be derived  solely on the
basis of  information presented in this  document.

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                            TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                     Page

PREFACE 	    i

1.  INTRODUCTION	   1-1

2.  PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN MUNICIPAL
     SEWAGE SLUDGE	.-	   2-1

    Landspreading and Distribution-and-Marketing 	   2-1

    Landfilling 	^	   2-1

    Incineration 	   2-1

    Ocean Disposal 	   2-1

3.  PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDICES FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN MUNICIPAL
      SEWAGE SLUDGE	  3-1

    Landspreading and Distribution-and-Marketing 	  3-1

    Landf illing 		  3-1

    Incineration 	  3-1

         Index of air concentration increment resulting
           from incinerator emissions (Index 1) 	  3-1
         Index of human cancer risk resulting from
           inhalation of incinerator emissions
           (Index 2) 	'.	  3-3

    Ocean Disposal 	  3-5

4.  PRELIMINARY DATA PROFILE FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN MUNICIPAL
      SEWAGE SLUDGE	  4-1

    Occurrence 	  4-1

         Sludge 	  4-1
         Soil - Unpolluted	  4-1
         Water - Unpolluted 	  4-1
         Air 	  4-2
      '   Food 	  4-2

    Human Effects 	  4-3

         Ingestion 	  4-3
         Inhalation	  4-3
                                   11

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                            TABLE OP CONTENTS
                               (Continued)

                                                                     Page

    Plant Effects 	  4-5

         Phytotoxicity 	•	  4-5
         Uptake	  4-5

    Domestic Animal and Wildlife Effects 	  4-5

         Toxicity 	  4-5
         Uptake 	  4-5

    Aquatic Life Effects 	  4-5

         Toxicity 	  4-5
         Uptake 	  4-5

    Soil Biota Effects 	  4-5

    Physicochemical Data for Estimating Fate and Transport	  4-6

5.  REFERENCES	  5-1

APPENDIX.     PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDEX CALCULATIONS FOR
    TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE 	  A-l

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                                SECTION 1

                               INTRODUCTION
     This  preliminary  data  profile  is  one  of  a  series  of  profiles
dealing  with  chemical  pollutants  potentially of  concern  in municipal
sewage sludges.  Tetrachloroethylene  ,(€2014)  was initially identified as
being of potential  concern when sludge is  incinerated.*  This  profile is
a compilation  of  information that  may  be useful  in  determining whether
C2C14 poses  an actual  hazard   to  human health  or the environment when
sludge is disposed of by this method.
     The  focus of   this  document  is  the  calculation   of  "preliminary
hazard indices"  for  selected  potential exposure  pathways,  as  shown in
Section  3.   Each  index illustrates  the  hazard  that could result from
movement of  a  pollutant  by  a given  pathway  to  cause  a  given  effect
(e.g., sludge •*• air •*•  human  toxicity).    The  values  and  assumptions
employed in  these  calculations tend  to  represent  a reasonable  "worst
case"; analysis of  error or  uncertainty has been  conducted  to a limited
degree.   The  resulting value  in  most  cases  is  indexed  to  unity;  i.e.,
values >1  may indicate a  potential hazard,  depending upon the assump-
tions of the  calculation.
     The data used  for index calculation  have  been selected  or estimated
based  on  information  presented   in  the  "preliminary  data   profile",
Section 4.   Information in the profile  is based  on a compilation  of the
recent literature.   An attempt has been made to  fill  out the profile
outline to the greatest extent  possible.   However, since  this  is  a pre-
liminary analysis,  the literature  has not  been exhaustively perused.
     The "preliminary  conclusions" drawn from each  index in  Section  3
are  summarized  in   Section 2.   The preliminary  hazard  indices will  be
used as'a  screening tool  to  determine which p'ollutants and  pathways may
pose a hazard.  Where a potential hazard is  indicated by interpretation
of these indices,  further  analysis will  include a more  detailed  exami-
nation of  potential  risks as   well  as  an  examination of site-specific
factors.    These more rigorous evaluations  may  change   the  preliminary
conclusions presented  in Section  2,  which are  based on a  reasonable
"worst case"  analysis.
     The  preliminary  hazard   indices   for   selected  exposure  routes
pertinent to  incineration are included  in this profile.   The calculation
formulae for these  indices are shown in  the  Appendix.   The indices are
rounded to  two significant  figures.
* Listings were  determined  by a  series  of  expert  workshops  convened
  during  March-May,  1984  by  the  Office  of  Water   Regulations   and
  Standards (OWRS)  to  discuss  landspreading,  landfilling,  incineration,
  and ocean disposal,  respectively,  of  municipal  sewage  sludge.

                                   1-1

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                                 SECTION 2

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
     The  following preliminary  conclusions have  been derived  from  the
calculation  of "preliminary  hazard indices", which  represent conserva-
tive  or "worst case"  analyses of  hazard.   The indices  and their  basis
and  interpretation  are  explained  in  Section   3.    Their calculation
formulae are shown in  the Appendix.

  I. LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTTON-AND-MARKETING

     Based  on  the recommendations  of the  experts at the  OWRS meetings
     (April-May,  1984),  an assessment  of this  reuse/disposal  option  is
     not being conducted at this time.   The  U.S.  EPA reserves the  right
     to conduct such an  assessment  for this option in the future.

 II. LANDFILLING

     Based  on  the recommendations  of the  experts at the  OWRS meetings
     (April-May,  1984),  an assessment  of this  reuse/disposal  option  is
     not being conducted at this time.   The  U.S.  EPA reserves the  right
     to conduct such an  assessment  for this option in the future.

III. INCINERATION

     Incineration of municipal  sewage  sludge  is  not  expected to increase
     the  amount  of  C2C14  contamination above  background  urban  levels
     (see  Index  1).    Also,  the incineration of municipal  sewage sludge
     is not  expected  Lo  increase the risk of human  cancer,  due to  C2C14
     inhalation,  above  the preexisting  risk attributable  to background
     levels in urban air (see Index 2).

 IV. OCEAN DISPOSAL

     Based  on  the recommendations  of the  experts at the  OWRS meetings
     (April-May,  1984),  an assessment  of this  reuse/disposal  option  is
     not being conducted at this time.   The  U.S.  EPA reserves  the  right
     to conduct such an  assessment  for this option in the future.
                                   2-1

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                                SECTION 3

           PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDICES  FOR TETRACHLOROBTHYLENE
                       IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
I.   LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTION-AND-MARKETING

     Based on  the recommendations of  the experts  at  the OWRS  meetings
     (April-May,   1984),  an  assessment of  this  reuse/disposal option  is
     not being conducted at  this  time.   The U.S. EPA reserves the  right
     to conduct such an assessment for this option in the  future.

II.  LANDPILLING

     Based on  the recommendations of  the experts  at  the OWRS  meetings
     (April-May,   1984),  an  assessment of  this  reuse/disposal option  is
     not being conducted at  this  time.   The U.S. EPA reserves the  right
     to conduct such an assessment for this option in the  future.

III. INCINERATION

     A.   Index of Air Concentration  Increment Resulting from
          Incinerator Emissions (Index 1)

          1.    Explanation  -  Shows   the  degree  of elevation   of  the
               pollutant concentration in  the  air  due  to the incinera-
               tion of  sludge.  An input sludge with thermal 'properties
               defined  by the  energy parameter  (EP) was  analyzed  using
               the  BURN model  (Camp  Dresser  and   McKee,  Inc.,   1984).
               This model uses  the thermodynamic and mass balance  rela-
               tionships appropriate  for multiple hearth  incinerators  to
               relate the input sludge characteristics  to the stack  gas
               parameters.    Dilution  and dispersion of  these stack  gas
               releases  were  described  by  the  U.S.   EPA's  Industrial
               Source  Complex  Long-Term  (ISCLT) dispersion  model from
               which normalized annual ground  level concentrations were
               predicted  (U.S.  EPA,  1979).    The  predicted pollutant
               concentration can then be compared to a ground level~con-
               centration used  to  assess  risk.

          2.    Assumptions/Limitations -  The fluidized  bed  incinerator
               was  not  chosen  due  to  a  paucity  of  available  data.
               Gradual plume rise, stack tip downwash, and building wake
               effects   are appropriate  for describing plume behavior.
               Maximum  hourly   impact  values  can   be  translated  into
               annual average values.

          3.    Data Used and Rationale

               a.   Coefficient to correct for  mass and time units  (C) =
                    2.78 x 10~7  hr/sec x  g/mg
                                   3-1

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b.   Sludge feed rate (DS)

       i. Typical = 2660 kg/hr (dry solids input)

          A  feed  rate  of  2660  kg/hr DW  represents  an
          average  dewatered  sludge  feed  rate  into  the
          furnace.   This  feed rate would serve  a  commun-
          ity of approximately 400,000  people.   This rate
          was incorporated  into  the  U.S. EPA-ISCLT model
          based on the following input data:

               EP = 360 Ib H20/mm BTU
               Combustion zone temperature -  1400°F
               Solids content - 28%
               Stack height - 20 m
               Exit gas velocity - 20 m/s
               Exit gas temperature - 356.9°K (183°F)
               Stack diameter - 0.60 m

      ii. Worst = 10,000 kg/hr (dry solids  input)

          A  feed rate  of  10,000  kg/hr DW  represents  a
          higher feed  rate and would serve  a major U.S.
          city.   This rate  was  incorporated  into the U.S.
          EPA-ISCLT   model based  on  the following  input
          data:

               EP = 392 Ib H20/mm BTU
               Combustion zone temperature  -  1400°F
               Solids content - 26.6%
               Stack height - 10 m
               Exit gas velocity - 10 m/s
               Exit gas temperature - 313.8°K (105°F)
               Stack diameter - 0.80 m

c.   Sludge concentration of pollutant (SC)

     Typical     0.181 mg/kg DW
     Worst      13.707 mg/kg DW

     The typical and  worst case sludge concentrations  of
     the  pollutant  are  the  median  and  95th  percentile
     values statistically derived from  data  provided in a
     study  of  40 publicly-owned  treatment  works  (POTWs)
     (U.S. EPA,  1982).  (See Section 4, p.4-1.)

d.   Fraction of pollutant emitted through  stack (FM)

     Typical    0.05 (unitless)
     Worst      0.20 (unitless)

     These  values  were chosen as  best approximations  of
     the  fraction   of  pollutant  emitted  through   stacks
     (Farrell,  1984).  No data was available to validate
                    3-2

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               these values; however, U.S.  EPA  is  currently testing
               incinerators for organic emissions.    \
                                                        \
          e.   Dispersion parameter for estimating maximum annual
               ground level concentration (DP)

               Typical   ~3.4  yg/m3
               Worst     16.0  ug/m3

               The  dispersion  parameter  is derived  from  the  U.S.
               EPA-ISCLT short-stack model.

          f.   Background concentration of pollutant in urban
               air (BA) =5.0 yg/m3

               This value is the approximate average of urban air
               concentrations in the United States  (U.S. EPA,
               1985).  (See Section 4, p.4-2.)

     4.   Index 1 Values

                                                   Sludge Feed
          Fraction of                            Rate  (kg/hr DW)a
Pollutant Emitted
Through Stack
Typical
Worst
Sludge
Concentration
Typical
Worst
Typical
Worst
0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0'
2660
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
10,000
. i.o
1.0
• i.o
1.0
          a The typical (3.4 Mg/m3) and worst (16.0 pg/m3)   disper-
            sion  parameters  will  always  correspond,  respectively,
            to the typical  (2660  kg/hr DW) and worst  (10,000  kg/hr
            DW) sludge feed rates.

     5.   Value  Interpretation  -  Value   equals   factor  by  which
          expected air  concentration  exceeds background  levels  due
          to incinerator emissions.

     6.   Preliminary Conclusion -  Incineration of municipal  sewage
          sludge  is  not expected  to  increase the  amount of  C2C14
          contamination above background urban levels.

B.   Index of Human Cancer Risk Resulting  from Inhalation of
     Incinerator Emissions (Index 2)

     1.   Explanation - Shows the  increase in human  intake expected
          to result  from  the incineration of sludge.  Ground  level
          concentrations  for carcinogens   typically  were  developed
                              3-3

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     based upon assessments  published  by  the U.S.  EPA Carcino-
     gen Assessment Group  (CAG).   These ambient concentrations
     reflect  a dose  level  which,  for  a   lifetime  exposure,
     increases  the   risk,   of  cancer  by   10"^.     For  non-
     carcinogens,  levels typically  were derived from the Amer-
     ican  Conference   of   Government  Industrial   Hygienists
     (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for the workplace.

2.   Assumptions/Limitations   -   The   exposed   population '  is
     assumed  to  reside   within,  the   impacted  area  for   24
     hours/day.   A  respiratory volume  of 20 m3/day is assumed
     over a 70-year lifetime.

3.   Data Used and Rationale

     a.   Index of air concentration increment resulting from
          incinerator emissions (Index  1)

          See Section 3, p. 3-3.

     b.   Background  concentration  of  pollutant  in  urban  air
          (BA) = 5.0 ug/m3

          See Section 3, p. 3-3.

     c.   Cancer potency = 5.8 x 10~3 (mg/kg/day)"*

          The estimate  of  cancer potency for  human inhalation
         • of C2C14  has  been  derived  from that  for ingest ion.
          However,  evidence  for  carcinogenicity  of  this  com-
          pound-by  the  inhalation  route  is much .weaker  than
          for the oral  route.   This  issue   is under  review  by
          the U.S.  EPA  Carcinogen Assessment Group  (U.S.  EPA,
          1983).  (See Section 4, p. 4-4.)

     d.   Exposure criterion (EC) = 0.60 Ug/m3

          A  lifetime  exposure  level  which   would  result in  a
          10~6  cancer  risk was  selected  as  ground  level  con-
          centration  against  which  incinerator emissions are
          compared.    The risk estimates  developed  by CAG are
          defined  as the lifetime incremental  cancer  risk in a
          hypothetical    population    exposed    continuously
          throughout  their   lifetime  to   the  stated  con-
          centration of  the  carcinogenic  agent.  The exposure
          criterion is calculated using the  following formula:

               Ec  =  10"6 x 103  llg/mg  x 70 kg
                    Cancer potency x 20 m3/day
                         3-4

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          4.   Index 2 Values

                                                        Sludge Feed
               Fraction of                              Rate (kg/hr DW)a
               Pollutant Emitted    Sludge
               Through Stack     Concentration      0     2660  10,000
Typical
Typical
Worst
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
               Worst               Typical         8.3    8.3     8.3
                                   Worst           8.3    8.3     8.5

               a The typical (3.4 pg/m^) and worst (16.0 Ug/m-*)   disper-
                 sion parameters  will  always  correspond,  respectively,
                 to the typical  (2660  kg/hr DW) and  worst  (10,000 kg/hr
                 DW) sludge feed rates.

          5.   Value Interpretation  - Value  >  1  indicates a  potential
               increase  in cancer  risk  of >  10~6  (1  per  1,000,000).
               Comparison  with the null  index  value at 0 kg/hr  DW indi-
               cates the  degree to  which  any  hazard is  due to  sludge
               incineration,   as   opposed   to   background  urban   air
               concentration.

          6.   Preliminary  Conclusion  -  The  incineration  of  municipal
               sewage sludge  is not  expected  to increase  the  risk  of
               human cancer,  due  to  the  inhalation  of C2C14, above  the
               preexisting  risk attributable  to  background  levels  in
               urban air.

IV.  OCEAN DISPOSAL

     Based on  the  recommendations  of  the  experts  at the  OWRS  meetings
     (April-May, 1984), an assessment of  this  reuse/disposal option  is
     not being conducted  at this time.   The U.S. EPA reserves the right
     to conduct such an  assessment  for this option in the  future.
                                   3-5-

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                              SECTION 4

          PRELIMINARY DATA  PROFILE  FOR TETRACHLOROBTHYLENE
                     IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE  SLUDGE
I. OCCURRENCE

   A.   Sludge

        1.   Frequency of Detection

             Data not immediately available.

        2.   Concentration

             Minimum—Data not immediately available.

             Maximum—-42.109 Ug/g (DW)

             Median—0.181 mg/kg (DW)
             95th percentile—13.707 mg/kg (DW)
U.S. EPA, 1982

Statistically
derived from
sludge concen-
tration data
presented in
U.S. EPA, 1982
        Soil - Unpolluted

        1.   Frequency of Detection

             Data not immediately available.

        2.   Concentration

             Data not immediately available.

        Water - Unpolluted

        1.   Frequency of Detection

             C2C14 detected in 9 of 105  drinking
             water samples between November 1976
             and January 1977

        2.   Concentration

             a.   Freshwater

                  Highest level  reported = 45  JJg/L.
                  In all samples taken in California,
                  Oregon, and  Washington, C£Cl4 was
                  either not detected or was found at  a
                  concentration  of 1 pg/L or less.
U.S. EPA, 1980
(p. C-l)
U.S. EPA, 1985
(p. 3-16)
                                 4-1

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          b.   Seawater

               Liverpool Bay, England

               Mean       0.12 Mg/L                  U.S. EPA, 1980
               Maximum    2.6 Mg/L                   (p« C-l)

          c.   Drinking water

               Mean concentration 0.81 Mg/L          U.S. EPA, 1980
                                                     (p. C-l)

D.   Air

     1.   Frequency of Detection

          Data available from a wide variety of      U.S. EPA, 1985
          urban and nonurban areas.                   (p. 3-10)

     2.   Concentration

          Survey of eight locations  in the United    U.S. EPA, 1980
          States indicated concentrations  up to      (p. C-3)
          6.7 Mg/m3.

          A measurement taken at Phoenix,  Arizona    U.S. EPA, 1985
          in 1979 showed concentrations up to        (p. 3-10,3-15)
          3.7 Mg/ro3.  An approximate average
          urban value of 0.8 ppb (s  5
          was estimated.

B.   Food
     Data not immediately available.
                             4-2

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II. HUMAN EFFECTS

    A.   Ingestion

         1.   Carcinogenicity

              a.   Qualitative Assessment
                   No data found related to humans.      U.S. EPA, 1983
                   NCI reports hepatocellular car-       (p. 9-39)
                   cinoma in male and female mice,
                   when exposed to oral doses of C2C14
                   in the range of 386 to 772 mg/kg/day.

              b.   Potency

                   Cancer potency for mice is            U.S. EPA, 1983
                   3.5 x ID'2 (mg/kg/day)-1              (p. 9-35)

              c.   Effects

                   Hepatocellular carcinoma in mice.   ^   U.S. EPA, 1983
                                                         (p. 9-39)

         2.    Chronic Toxicity

              Data not presented because cancer
              potency will be used to assess hazard.

         3.    Absorption Factor

              C2C14 is rapidly and virtually completely  U.S. EPA, 1985
              absorbed into the body from the gastro-    (p. 5-2)
              intestinal tract, presumably because of
              its  high lipid solubility.

         4.    Existing Regulations

              No regulations found pertaining to human
              ingestion of
    B.    Inhalation

         1.    Carcinogenicity

              a.    Qualitative Assessment
                   IARC classifies  C2C14 as a group     U.S.  EPA,  1984
                   3  compound.   This  rating is  based  on  (p.  11)
                   limited  evidence for  assessing human
                   cancer risk  associated with  exposure
                   to C2C14.
                                 4-3

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     b.   Potency

          The cancer potency for human inhala-  Derived from
          tion is 5.8 x 10~3 (mg/kg/day)"1.     U.S. EPA, 1983
          This estimate has been derived from   (p. 9-35)
          that for ingestion of 3.5 x 10~2
          (mg/kg/day)"*, assuming that the
          effective dose by inhalation is 0.17
          of that for ingestion.  However,
          direct evidence for carcinogenicity
          of this compound by the inhalation
          route is much weaker than that for
          the oral route.  This issue is cur-
          rently undergoing review by the
          U.S. EPA Carcinogen Assessment Group.

     c.   Effects

          None demonstrated for inhalation      U.S. EPA, 1984
          route.                               -(p. 14)

2.   Chronic Toxicity

     a.   Inhalation Threshold or MPIH

          Data not presented because cancer
          potency will be used to assess
          hazard.

     b.   Effects

          Data not immediately available.

3.   Absorption Factor

     The effective dose by inhalation is        U.S. EPA,  1983
     0.17 of that by ingestion.                 (p. 5)

4.   Existing Regulations

     ACGIH

         TWA-TLV     SOppm                      U.S. EPA,  1984
         STEL       ZOOppm                      (p. 12)

     OSHA 8 Hour

         TWA        100 ppm                     U.S. EPA,  1984
                                                (p. 12)
                         4-4

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III. PLANT EFFECTS

     A.   Phytotoxicity

          No adverse effects on chlorophyll a or cell     U.S. EPA, 1980
          numbers of the freshwater alga,  Selenastrum     (p.  B-3)
          Capriconutum, were observed at exposure con-
          centrations as high as 816,000 Ug/L.

     B.   Uptake

          Data not immediately available.

 IV. DOMESTIC ANIMAL AND WILDLIFE EFFECTS

     A.   Toxicity

          See Table 4-1.

     B.   Uptake

          Data not immediately available.

  V. AQUATIC LIFE EFFECTS

     A.   Toxicity

          1.   Freshwater

               a.   Acute

                    See Table 4-2.

               b.   Chronic

                    See Table 4-3.

          2.   Saltwater

               Data not immediately available.

     B.   Uptake

          Bioconcentration factor for bluegills  is 4.9.   U.S. EPA, 1980
                                                         (p. B-3)

          Bioconcentration factor for rainbow  trout       U.S. EPA, 1980
          is 39.                                          (p. B-4)

 VI. SOIL  BIOTA EFFECTS

     Data  not  immediately available.
                                  4-5

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VII. PHYSICOCHEMICAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING FATE AND TRANSPORT

     Chemical Class:          Halogenated aliphatic       U.S. EPA, 1984
                              hydrocarbon                 (p. 1)
     Vapor Pressure:          17.8 mm Hg at 25°C
     Water Solubility:.       150 mg/L at 25°C
     Octanol/Water Partition
       coefficient:        '   398
     Soil Mobility:           2.5
     (predicted as retardation
     factor for soil depth of
     140cm and organic carbon
     content of 0.087Z)
     Half-life in air:        47 days
     Half-lives in water:      1 to 30 days.
                                  4-6

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          TABLE 4-1.  SUMMARY OF THE ANIMAL EFFECTS OF SUBCHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Species
    Dose
(Concentration)
Exposure Period
              Effects
 References
Rats
15 ppm
Rats
Rats



Mice



Rabbits
  t


Rabbits
70, 230 or
470 ppm
100-400 ppm



15-74 ppm



15 ppm


15 ppm
4 hours/day for
5 months
8 hours/day
5 days/week, for
150 exposures
(7 months)
7 hours/day,
5 days/week,
for 6 months

5 hours/day for
3 months
3-4 hours/day for
7-11 months

3-4 hours/day for
7-11 months
 EEC changes  and  protoplasmal
 swelling of  cerebral  cortical
 cells,  some  vacuolated  cells
 and signs of karyolysis.

 70 ppm  = No  pathological  findings.
 230 ppm = Similar,  but  less  severe
 pathological findings as  with
 higher  dose; congestion and  light
 granular swelling of  kidneys.
,400 ppm = Congested livers with
 cloudy  swelling; no evidence of
 fatty degeneration or necrosis;
 evidence of  kidney injury including
 increased secretion,  cloudy  swelling
 and desquamation; congestion of spleen,

 No abnormal  growth, organ function
 or histopathologic findings.
 Decreased electroconductance of
 muscle and "amplitude" of muscular
 contraction.

 Depressed agglutinin formation.
 Moderately increased urinary
 urobilinogen,  pathomorphological
 changes in the parenchyma of
 liver and kidneys.
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 4)

U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 5)

-------
                                                   TABLE 4-1.   (continued)
   Species
    Dose
(Concentration)
Exposure Period
             Effects
 References
   Rabbits
   Guinea
   pigs
 I
GO
   Monkeys
100-400 pptn
0, 100, 200
or 400 ppm
100-400 ppm
7 hours/day,
5 days/week,
for 6 months

7 hours/day,
5 days/week, for
132 or 169
exposures
7 hours/day,
5 days/week,
for 6 months
No abnormal growth, organ function
or histopathologic findings.
100 ppm:  Increased Liver weights
in females.        -~.^
200 ppm:  Increased liver weights
with some fatty degeneration in
both sexes; slight increase in
hepatic lipid content; several
small fat vacuoles in liver
400 ppm:  More pronounced liver
changes than at 200 ppm; cirrhosis;
increased liver weight; increase
in neutral fat and esterified
cholesterol in the liver; moderate
central fatty degernation.

No abnormal growth, organ function
or histopathologic findings
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 5)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 5)
U.S. EPA, 1984
(p. 5)

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                                    TABLE 4-2.  ACUTE VALUES FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
vO
LC50/EC50 Species Acute
Species Method3 (yg/L) Value (yg/L)
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Cladoceran, S, U 17,700 17,700
Daphnia magna
Midge, S, M 30,840 30,840
Tanytarsus dissimills
Rainbow trout, FT, M 4,800
Salmo gairdneri
Rainbow trout FT, M 5,800 . 5,280
Salmo gairdneri
Fathead minnow, FT, M » 13,460
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow, FT, M 18,400
Pimephales promelas
Fathead minnow, S, U 21,400 15,700
Pimephales promelas
Bluegill, S, U 12,900 12,900
Lepomis macrochirus
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mysid Shrimp, S, U 10,200 10,200
Mysidopsis bahia

References
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
U.S. EPA,
(p. B-6)
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
  a  S = Static
    FT = Flow-through
     U = Unmeasured
     M = Measured

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                                 TABLE 4-3.  CHRONIC VALUES FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE

-p-
1
0


Species Method3
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Fathead minnow, E-L
PimepliaJ.es promelas

SALTWATER SPECIES
Mysid Shrimp, LC
Mysidopsis bahia

Chronic

Limits Value Acute/Chronic
(Vig/L) (ug/D Ratiob References
500-1,400 840 16 U.S. EPA,
(p. B-7)

300-670 450 23 U.S. EPA,
(p. B-7)
1980

1980
a E-L = Embryo-larval
   LC = Life cycle or partial life cycle

D Acute values used to calculate ratio are those presented in Table 4-2.

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                                SECTION 5

                                REFERENCES
Camp  Dresser  and McKee,  Inc.   1984.   Development of  Methodologies for
     Evaluating  Permissible  Contaminant  Levels in Municipal  Wastewater
     Sludges.   Draft.   Office  of  Water Regulations  and  Standards, U.S.
     Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Farrell,  J.  B.   1984.    Personal  Communication.    Water  Engineering
     Research   Laboratory,   U.S.   Environmental   Protection   Agency,
     Cincinnati, OH.  December.

U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency.   1979.   Industrial  Source Complex
     (ISC)  Dispersion  Model  User  Guide.    EPA  450/4-79-30.    Vol.  1.
     Office  of Air  Quality Planning  and  Standards, Research  Triangle
     Park, NC. December.

U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency. "   1980.    Ambient  Water  Quality
     Criteria  for Tetrachloroethylene.    EPA  440/5-80-073.   Office  of
     Water Regulations  and Standards, Washington, D.C.

U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency.     1982.    Fate   of   Priority
     Pollutants  in  Publicly-Owned  Treatment   Works.     Final  - Report.
     Volume  1.    EPA  440/1-82-303.     Effluent   Guidelines   Division,
     Washington, D.C.   September.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.   1983.   Health  Assessment  Document
     for Tetrachloroethylene.  EPA-600/8-82-005b.  Review  Draft..  Office
     of Health  and Environmental Assessment.   Environmental  Criteria and
     Assessment Office,  Research Triangle Park, NC.  December.

U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency.   1984.   Health Effects  Assessment
     for Tetrachloroethylene.  Final  Draft.   Prepared for the Office  of
     Emergency  and  Remedial   Response.     Environment  Criteria  and
     Assessment Office,  Cincinnati, OH.  September.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.   1985.   Health  Assessment  Document
     for    Tetrachloroethylene    (Perchloroethylene).   Final    Report.
     EPA-600/8-82-005F.    Environmental Criteria  and  Assessment  Office,
     Research Triangle  Park,  NC.   June.
                                   5-1

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                                 APPENDIX

      PRELIMINARY HAZARD INDEX CALCULATIONS FOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
                        IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE
  I. LANDSPREADING AND DISTRIBUTION-AMD-MARKETING

     Based  on  the recommendations  of  the  experts  at the  OWRS meetings
     (April-May,  1984),  an assessment  of  this reuse/disposal  option is
     not being  conducted  at  this time.  The U.S. EPA reserves the right
     to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.

II.  LANDFILLING

     Based  on  the recommendations  of  the  experts  at the  OWRS meetings
     (April-May,  1984),  an assessment  of  this\reuse/disposal  option is
     not being  conducted  at  this time.  The U.S. EPA reserves the right
     to conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.

III. INCINERATION
     A.  Index of Air Concentration  Increment  Resulting  from Incinerator
         Emissions (Index 1)

         1.  Formula

             _ .    .   (C x PS x SC x FM x DP) + BA
             Index 1 = 	;	=7	

                                                      **
         where:

             C =  Coefficient to correct  for  mass and  time units
                 (hr/sec  x g/mg)
            DS =  Sludge  feed rate (kg/hr DW)
            SC =  Sludge  concentration of pollutant  (mg/kg DW)
            FM =  Fraction of pollutant emitted  through stack (unitless)
            DP =  Dispersion parameter for estimating  maximum
                 annual  ground level  concentration  (yg/m3)
            BA =  Background concentration of pollutant in urban
                 air (pg/m3)

          2.   Sample Calculation

1.000004 = [(2.78 x  10"7  hr/sec x g/mg x 2660 kg/hr DW x  0.181 mg/kg  DW  x  0.05

             x 3.4 yg/m3) + 5.0 yg/m3] * 5.0 pg/m3
                                  A-l

-------
     B.  Index  of  Human  Cancer   Risk  Resulting  from  Inhalation  of
         Incinerator Emissions (Index 2)       -

         1.  Formula

                        [(Ii - 1) x  BA]  +  BA
             Index 2 = 	
                                 EC

             where:

               II = Index 1 = Index of air concentration increment
                    resulting from incinerator emissions
                    (unitless)
               BA = Background concentration of pollutant in
                    urban air (pg/m3)
               EC = Exposure criterion (pg/m3)

          2.   Sample Calculation


     8.33337125 =   K 1.000004 - 1) x 5.0 Ug/m3] f 5.0 ug/m3
                                    0.6 yg/m3


IV.  OCEAN DISPOSAL

     Based on  the recommendations of  the experts  at  the OWRS  meetings
     (April-May,   1984),  an  assessment of  this reuse/disposal option  is
     not being conducted at  this  time.   The U.Ef. EPA reserves the right
     to -conduct such an assessment for this option in the future.
                                  A-2

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