EPA-560/6-76-020
ASBESTOS FIBERS IN NATURAL
RUNOFF AND DISCHARGES FROM
SOURCES MANUFACTURING ASBESTOS
PRODUCTS
FINAL REPORT
PART II
October 1976
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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EPA-560/6-76-020
OCTOBER 1976
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE of TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, B.C. 20460
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EPA-560/6-76-020
ASBESTOS FIBERS IN NATURAL
RUNOFF and DISCHARGES FROM SOURCES
MANUFACTURING ASBESTOS PRODUCTS
By
Ian M. Stewart
Richard E. Putscher
Howard J. Humecki
Richard J. Shimps
EPA Contract No. 68-01-2690
EPA Project Officer
Robert J. Carton, Ph.D.
For
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
4th and M Streets, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
October 1976
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NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the Office of
Toxic Substances., Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Mention of tradenames or commercial products is for purposes of
clarity only and does not constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
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ASBESTOS FIBERS in NATURAL
RUNOFF and DISCHARGES from SOURCES
MANUFACTURING ASBESTOS PRODUCTS
Table of Contents
age
Introduction 1
General Considerations 2
Natural sites 2
Manufacturing sites 7
City water supplies 11
Sampling & Analysis Methods 12
Results 18
Appendices A - CC
A. Red Rock and Beaverhead Rivers, Montana 30
B. Trinity Valley, California 35
C. Various other California sites 40
D. Connecticut River, New Hampshire and Vermont 43
E. Tennessee, Georgia, Carolina border 46
F. Cities associated with Natural sites 53
G. Cities associated with manufacturing plants 59
H. Johns-Manville, Manville, NJ 75
I. Johns-Manville, Denison, TX 81
J. CAPCO, Ragland, AL 86
K. CAPCO, Van Buren, AR 91
L. Certain-Teed, St. Louis, MO 96
M. Flintkote, Ravenna, OH 102
N. National Gypsum, New Orleans, LA 107
O. GAF Corporation, St. Louis, MO 112
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P. Johns-Manville, Nashua, NH 116
Q. Nicolet, Ambler, PA 119
R. Johns-Manville, Billerica, MA 122
S. Johns-Manville, Tilton, NH 125
T. Johns-Manville, Pittsburg, CA 130
U. Armstrong Cork Company, Fulton, NY 133
V. GAF Corporation, Erie, PA 137
W. GAF Corporation, Whitehall, PA 141
X. Hollingsworth and Vose, E. Walpole, MA 145
Y. GAF Corporation, Erie, PA 148
Z. Armstrong Cork Company, Kankakee, IL 151
AA. Raybestos-Manhattan, Stratford, CT 155
BB. Raybestos-Manhattan, No. Charleston, NC 159
CC. Raybestos-Manhattan, Marshville, NC 164
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INTRODUCTION
The Office of Toxic Substances of the Environmental Protection
Agency has sponsored a nation-wide survey to determine the impact of point and
non-point sources on waterborne levels of asbestos. This survey covers natural
sites, in which asbestos-bearing rocks are prevalent, and man-made sources.
Additionally, it provides for sampling water supplies in a number of cites and
towns. This report presents the results of analyses of water from natural sites in
seven areas having potentially high background levels and five towns for which these
natural sites are the water sources. Data are also presented for 22 plants manu-
facturing asbestos products and accounting for an estimated 40% of the total asbestos
tonnage used in the United States. The range of products covered includes asbestos
cement pipe and sheet, asbestos paper textiles and tiles. At twelve of these plants
city water is used in processing: the results of analyses on samples of finished
water for these cities are also included.
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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Natural Sites
The prime object in testing potential natural sites of waterborne
asbestos was to establish ambient background levels. Depending on the rock
formations through or over which the water is passing, and the extent to which
these have been degraded by natural weathering processes, the natural back-
ground might be expected to vary from zero to a comparatively high asbestos
fiber content. No figures were previously available to show how high this con-
tent might be initerms of fibers per liter, although some mass data, collected
on the Connecticut River, is available.
In selecting natural sources we have assumed that the highest
ambient background is the most important parameter to establish, as previous
work, both in this laboratory and by other workers, had already shown that
natural sites with no detectable asbestos do exist. It further seemed logical to
identify for study, areas which would be largely free from industrial activity related
to asbestos mining or processing and in which little or no asbestos usage was
likely - that is, areas with a low population density. At the same time it was
necessary to ensure a sufficient catchment area and satisfactory run off levels
for the study to have meaningful results.
A detailed study was carried out to identify areas in which
asbestos containing rocks might be expected to be exposed at or near the
surface, of recorded occurrences of fibrous serpentine and amphibole, of river
flow data and of active or recently active asbestos mining information. These
data are summarized in figures 1 - 4 . When these several factors were
considered simultaneously only five major areas of the country appeared as
worthwhile candidates for study. These areas were the northern regions of
Vermont and New Hampshire, southern Montana, the Washington-Oregon
region, northern California and the boundary regions of Georgia, Carolina
and Tennessee. From these regions three river systems were initially selected
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CO
I
Fig 1. Areas of potential asbestos bearing rock types in the Continental U.S.
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Fig 2. Relation between run off and areas of potential asbestos out-crops,,
Black areas average >20 inches run off per year.
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Legend
o Chrysotile
A Amphibole
Fig 3. Principal regions of active and recently active asbestos mining operations.
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OS
I
Legend
+ Natural sites
O Manufacturing and Mining sites
Fig 4. Location of sampling sites
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for study - the upper portion of the Connecticut River as it flows southwards
along the Vermont-New Hampshire border, the upper reaches of the Red Rock
and Beaverhead rivers in southern Montana and the upper portion of the Trinity
River in Northern California. Following the request of the EPA project
officer for additional natural sites to be sampled.portions of the Little
Tennessee River, of the Hiwassee River and of the Chatooga-Savannah
River systems, all located near the Georgia, Carolina and Tennessee borders
were added. Additionally, while travelling between sampling sites it was
possible to collect some samples from California reservoirs which had been
suggested by Region IX personnel.
Two visits were made to each site to determine the effect of
climatological changes on fiber levels. Rock fragmentation is highest during
severe winter conditions thus releasing fibers. In the spring, water flow rates
are high due to melting snows and at the same time erosion and transportation
rates are highest when water flow rates are highest. The total potential fiber
content of the water is thus highest in the spring. At the same time the higher
water flow could equally have a dilution effect on the measured fiber content.
By sampling at periods of higher and lower flow these hypotheses could be
tested.
Manufacturing Sites
It is clearly impractical, from budgetary considerations, to
sample every asbestos-using plant in the country. A representative sampling
of plants was therefore made to cover as wide a range of product types and
effluent treatments as feasible, and it is estimated that the plants sampled
account for approximately 45% of the asbestos tonnage used in the United
States. The major product types of asbestos cement pipe, asbestos cement
sheet, asbestos paper and millboard, asbestos roofing and tile, asbestos
textiles and friction materials are all represented. Effluent treatments
varied from no treatment, through various settling and pH controls to total
recycling.
-7-
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In a few cases sedimentation treatment was only in the form of
save alls which were periodically dumped, generally to a waste pile. Only 2 of the
plants visited indicated that flocculent agents were used to assist sedimentation —
the Johns-Manville paper plant at Tilton, N. H., and the National Gypsum AC sheet
plant in New Orleans, LA.
At the start of the program 6 of the plants had apparently no
waste water treatment other than save alls where the prime function was the conserva-
tion of raw materials for recycling rather than the removal of solid wastes from the
effluent. The overflow from these save alls was discharged with no further treat-
ment. Samples were generally taken of the incoming process water, of the discharge
before and after treatment, at intermediate stages of treatment where applicable,
at the fence line and, in some instances, at some distance up and downstream of the
plant.
During the sampling program progress was seen in the industry's
efforts to contain or minimize its effluents, with several of the plants visited making
considerable progress towards total recycling, or "close up" of their process water,
although in some instances the definition of "close up" apparently permits the inter-
mittent discharge of clarifier overflows. Table I summarizes the water treatment
facilities of the various plants visited.
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TABLE 1
Plant
Johns -Manvllle,
ManviUe, NJ
Johns -Manville,
Denison, TX
CAPCO,
Ragland, AL
CAPCO,
Van Buren, AL
Certain-Teed,
St. Louis, MO
Flintkote,
Ravenna, OH
National Gypsum,
New Orleans, LA
GAF,
St. Louis, MO
Type
general asbestos
products
pipe
pipe
pipe
pipe
pipe
sheet
sheet
Waste treatment
1st visit
sedimentation,
pH control
sedimentation,
pH control
sedimentation
essentially
closed
2nd visit
closed system tests
being run
closed system
closed system
no second visit
save alls only - closed system with
periodically dumped periodic discharge
to large waste pile
sedimentation,
pH adjust,
percolation
sedimentation
w/fl.occulent, some
recycling
save all overflow
is pumped to waste
pile, percolation
w/no identifiable .
run off
as on 1st visit
similar to 1st visit
but further progress
in recycling
as on 1st visit
Nicolet, sheet
Ambler, PA
Johns-Manville, sheet
Nashua, NH
sedimentation
sedimentation
as on 1st visit
as on 1st visit
-9-
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Johns-Manville, sheet
N. Billerica, MA
Johns-Manville,
Tilton, NH
Johns-Manville,
Pittsburg, CA
paper
paper & sheet
Armstrong Cork Co. paper
Fulton, NY
GAF,
Erie, PA
GAF,
Whitehall, PA
paper & mill-
board
closed system
sedimentation
w/flocculent
save alls only,
overflow to sewer
sedimentation
sedimentation
paper & flooring sedimentation
no second visit
as on first visit
as on first visit
as on first visit
as on first visit
as on first visit
Hollingsworth and paper
Vose, E. Walpole,
MA
GAF,
Erie, PA
roofing
Armstrong Cork Co. tile
Kankakee, IL
Raybestos-Manhattan, friction
Stratford, CT materials
Raybestos-Manhattan, textiles
N. Charleston.SC
.Raybestos-Manhattan asbestos
Marshville, NC .products
Walpole sewer as on first visit
system then Boston
MetoDist. Sewage
closed system w/no no second visit
discharge
descumming tank no second visit
to remove oil
residues
as on first visit
as on first visit
sedimentation
see individual
descriptions in
Appendix BB -
various water lines
sanitary sewer no second visit
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Most plants were visited twice, except where noted in the
individual plant descriptions. In general,each visit was for at least two
days, again with some exceptions, in order that sampling represent the
full range of operations.
City Water Supplies
Finished water samples from 17 cities were obtained and
analyzed for asbestos. Five of these, associated with potential natural
asbestos sources, are Weaverviile, CA; Redding, CA; Anderson, SC;
Greenville, SC; and Chattanooga, TN. The remaining 12 are from a mining
operation, and from plants where asbestos products are manufactured.
They are Van Buren, AR; Pittsburg, CA; Stratford, CT; Kankakee, IL;
New Or leans, LA; Billerica, MA; St. Louis, MO; Manville, NJ;
Marshville, NC; Erie, PA; North Charleston, SC; and Lead, SD.
In addition to indicating asbestos levels in these 17 cities,
the data provide baseline levels for those manufacturing plants using
city water in their operation. Furthermore, since the water treatment
varies from city-to-city, comparisons can be made of levels before and
after treatment. These will be of value in determining the effectiveness
of the treatment in reducing the asbestos level.
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SAMPLING and ANALYSIS METHODS
The method of grab sampling was used throughout the program.
Integrated samples obtained at the manufacturing sites were prepared by
accumulating aliquots of individual grab samples taken during the period of
integration. This method was preferred to automatic methods which generally
involve comparatively narrow gauge tubing, valving systems and a "dead space"
in their automatic collection chambers which it was felt might result in settling
out of suspended solids. Additionally, the examination of grab samples gives
some measure of the variability of the effluent resulting from variations in plant
operations. AC pipe, for example, is manufactured essentially by a batch
process, one pipe at a time being layed up on a mandrel, at the end of this cycle
the excess process water is dumped from the machine to the save all resulting in
a short duration high flow rate, followed by a low or zero flow as the next cycle
is started.
Individual samples were filtered on site in a specially equipped
mobile laboratory. Water used for rinsing glassware and diluting the samples
where necessary was filtered distilled water, purchsed en route and filtered
in the mobile laboratory using a filtration apparatus reserved solely for this
water filtration. Aliquots of the samples were vacuum filtered through 47 mm
diameter, 0.45/im pore size Millipore filters which were then stored in Petri
slides for transportation back to the laboratory.
Segments of the filter samples were prepared for examination
on the transmission electron microscope by a direct transfer condensation
washing method. Nylon support grids were used to minimize spurious back-
ground signals during x-ray analysis in EMMA-IV, the combined electron
microscope microanalyzer. Repeat samples were selected at random from the
test series as a check on reproducibility.
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In measuring the samples the criteria for a fiber to be measured
and counted were that it should a) have an aspect-ratio greater than 3:1 and
b) yield a diffraction pattern of chrysotile or an amphibole. In the event that an
amphibole pattern was obtained an attempt was made to identify the amphibole
type present on the basis of energy dispersive x-ray analysis.
The sample preparation method and the criteria for the identifica-
tion of asbestos are substantially identical to those described in the interim
procedure developed by EPA for asbestos determination. * It should be borne in
mind that the application of these identification criteria will result in the omission
of some asbestos fibers or in extreme cases, all, of the asbestos fibers from the
count due to such factors as overlap, contamination, or, as is believed to have
occurred in some AC systems, (e.g. CAPCO, Van Buren; National Gypsum,
New Orleans and Johns-Manville, Nashua) encrustation with a cementation
product,which obscures clear diffraction patterns and modifies the apparent
chemical composition. Sample counts under such conditions, therefore, can only be
regarded as minimum estimates of the true asbestos fiber count, and may be expected
to show poorer reproducibility than those from laboratory prepared standards or
"clean" systems.
Fibers counts resulting from less than 5 fibers observed must be
treated with caution. In general, such numbers are of doubtful significance over
possible background levels. In the laboratory situation near zero background may
be achievable. In field sampling and filtration, however, background levels can
reasonably be expected to be higher and may vary considerably from plant to
plant, although no evidence of an increased background was detected from the
blanks run under field conditions. To place in perspective this question of back-
ground, it should be noted that (1) background levels of 2 fibers per grid square
have been reported by other workers, (2) this background level is equivalent to
2 fibers per 5 grid squares in the current work which uses nylon grids having a
smaller grid opening and (3) when levels are recorded as "below the detection
limit" this indicates that no fibers have been observed in an area encompassing
available from Dr. Charles Anderson, SERL, EPA, Athens, GA.
-13-
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at least 40 and occasionally as many as 120 grid squares. The occurrence of
5 fibers in such an area, therefore, would still be at least 1/3 lower than the
accepted background of some other workers.
In many instances samples contained asbestos contents which were
impossible to count because of the abundance of fibers present. These are indicated
in the tables as "too numerous to count" (TNTC) and an estimated fiber content is
given. This estimate is based on the equivalent fiber loading for 100 fibers
observed in 1 grid square. Although dilution of the sample might seem a ready
solution to this problem, many of the TNTC samples had already received extreme
dilutions, with effective volumes sampled on the 47 mm dia filter as low as 0, 2 ml.
The problem of TNTC samples is illustrated in figs 5 and 6 in which an effective
volume of 0.5 ml was filtered: the volume of sample represented by figure 6 is
approximately 2.8 x 10 ml.
In addition to the TNTC samples some samples were physically
too thick to allow penetration of the electron beam. These samples may or may
not consist in whole or in part of asbestos. They are indicated in the tables as
"too heavily loaded to count" (THL).
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Captions
Fig. 5 T.N.T. C. Area of an electron microscope grid whose
asbestos fiber loading is too high to count.
Vol. of sample filtered - 0. 5 ml Magnification12, OOOX
Fig. 6 Same as Fig. 5 Magnification 30, OOOX
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Fig. 5-
-16-
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Fig. 6
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RESULTS
Detailed descriptions of the sampling sites together with results
of the analyses presented in tabular form are given in Appendices A - CC as
follows:
Appendix
Site
Type
A. Red Rock and Beaverhead Rivers, Montana
B. Trinity Valley, California
C. Various other California sites "
D. Connecticut River, New Hampshire and Vermont "
E. Tennessee, Georgia, Carolina border
F. Cities associated with Natural sites
G. Cities associated with manufacturing plants
H. Johns-Manville, Manville, NJ
I. Johns-Manville, Denison, TX
J. CAPCO, Ragland, AL
K. CAPCO, Van Buren, AR
L. Certain-Teed, St. Louis, MO
M. Flintkote, Ravenna, OH
N. National Gypsum, New Orleans, LA
O. GAF Corporation, St. Louis, MO
P. Johns-Manville, Nashua, NH
Q. Nicolet, Ambler, PA
R. Johns-Manville, Billerica, MA
-S. Johns-Manville, Tilton, NH
T. Johns-Manville, Pittsburg, CA
U. Armstrong Cork Company, Fulton, NY
V. GAF Corporation, Erie, PA
W. GAF Corporation, Whitehall, PA
Natural
it
Site
identification
code
Nl
N2
N4, N5, N6
N3
N7, N8, N9
Multi-p roducts
AC pipe
I!
AC sheet
IT
H
Asbestos paper
it
Gl
PI
P2
P3
P4
P5
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
Rl
R2
R3
R4
R5
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X. Hollingsworth and Vose, E. Walpole, MA Asbestos paper R6
Y. GAF Corporation, Erie, PA Roofing & tile Tl
Z. Armstrong Cork Company, Kankakee, IL " T2
AA. Raybestos-Manhattan, Stratford, CT Textiles,
friction materials VI
BB. Raybestos-Manhattan, No Charleston, NC " V2
CC. Raybestos-Manhattan, Marshville, NC " V3
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Some brief discussion of the results for each site is included in the
Appendix describing that site. The following general points can, however, be
made.
Asbestos fibers have been found in natural sites in Montana,
California and along the Connecticut River at levels as high as the mid to upper
7
10 fibers per liter range., The levels are greatly dependent upon seasonal varia-
tions and fibers are frequently undetectable at low flow conditions in locations where
only a few months earlier, during high flow, measurable amounts were found. As
might be expected, settling of the larger particles in lakes and reservoirs, where
the currents are minimal reduces the mass of asbestiform minerals per unit volume.
This, however, is not always reflected in the number of fibers per unit volume;
a single large particle raises the mass per liter data significantly but has little
effect on the number of fibers per liter. Table 2 summarizes the data from natural
locations. It will be noted that few samples show any evidence of fibers >5ptm long
and when these are present they represent only a small percentage of the total
fiber count.
Samples from many of the sites in the Hiwassee River Valley in
Georgia and North Carolina, the Little Tennessee River Valley in Georgia, North
Carolina and Tennessee, and the Chatooga-Savannah River Valleys in Georgia and
South Carolina contained no detectable asbestos.
Asbestos fibers were found in the finished water of several of the
seventeen cities but the values reported are sometimes based on_the presence of
only 1 or 2 fibers and therefore cannot be regarded as statistically significant.
Of the industrial locations sampled, plants manufacturing asbestos
paper present the greatest potential for contamination of surface water by asbestos.
Not only are the fiber levels detected for final effluent highest for these plants,
approaching 1010 - 1012 fibers per liter in some instances, but the total volume
of water used is greater than other asbestos processes - of the order of 0.25 to
1.0 million gallons per day.
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TABLE 2
i
to
Occurrence of asbestos fibers in natural locations
Ave. fibers/liter Ave. fpl > SjLun
High flow Low flow High flow Low flow
Red Rock/Beaverhead (at
Barretts) Montana
Trinity R, California,
at Big Bar
L. Oroville, California
(all samples close to detection
limits)
Stanislaus River
Tullock Reservoir
Connecticut River
1) N. Stratford, NH
2) White River Jet.
3) Vernon
27(C)
48(A)
BDL(0.87)
4.4(A)
1.7(A) 3. 2(A)
BDL(20 0) BDL(0. 56)
9.4(C) BDL(0.57)
0. 2(A)
5.0(C) BDL(0.84)
6.2(C) BDL(1.3)
BDL(l.S) BDL(l.O)
0
2.0(A)
0
0
0
0.7
0
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flow (c.f. s.)*
Ave. High Low
409
3720
69
2800 95000 80
(interpolated values)
not applicable
not available
not applicable
1549 28700 112
7182 136000 115
10720 17600 99
+ only deepest sample (2. 5 ft) shows >5 Mm. 3. 8 x 10 fpl >5 Mm out of total 9. 3 x 10 fpl.
* Based on 86th Congress, 2nd session Committee Print No. 4 - "Surface Water Resources of the United States",
"U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., I960.
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TABLE 2. con't.
i
INS
to
Hiwassee River at
Chatuge Lake
Little Tennessee River
Chatooga River
Savannah River
BDL 1.3(C)
3.0 2.5
16 (0.4)
BDL(0.4) BDL(0.4)
0 0
0.15 0
1.25 0
0 0
not available
3000 2,000,000 35
(approx interpolated values)
584 29000
88
4810 96500 492
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Asbestos cement products manufacturing, although accounting for
a substantial tonnage of raw asbestos fiber used, emits lower volumes of effluent
and appears more amenable to separation of the suspended solids and/or recycling
of the process water. Indeed, 4 of the 5 AC pipe plants visited were running with
closed systems by the end of the sampling program.
Asbestos tile and textile manufacturing operations in which there
is very limited asbestos-water contact show only low or undetectable levels of
asbestos in their final effluents.
These generalizations may be summarized in tabular form as
follows.
TABLE 3
Range of asbestos level
Plant type in final effluent
fi 7
Asbestos cement pipe 10 -10 f.p.l.
7 10
Asbestos cement sheet 10 - 10 f.p.l.
Q 1 O
Asbestos paper 10 -10 f.p.l.
fi 7
Asbestos tile <10 -10 f.p.l.
9 10
Friction materials 10 -10 f.p.l.
Asbestos textiles <10 -10 f.p.l.
In general, levels for fibers > 5 pirn in length are about an order of
magnitude lower than total fiber levels, with the notable exceptions of the amosite
fibers from the Johns-Manville plant at Billerica, and the effluent from Hollings-
worth and Vose, E. Walpole, each of which have approximately 50% of their fibers
>5 jum in length.
The impact of these levels on natural waterways is difficult to
assess purely from the number observed. For example, the Denison AC pipe
plant of Johns-Manville on the first sampling visit was discharging 75, 000
gallons per day of effluent with a maximum level of 3.7 x 10 fibers per liter
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into the Red River which at that location has an average flow rate of 5845 cubic
feet/sec or 3775.8 million gallons per day,, Assuming a straight dilution took place,
fiber levels downstream due to this Johns-Manville plant should be less than
2000 fibers per liter — below the limit of detection by electron microscopy. In
other locations, however, where fiber levels are higher and a closer relationship
holds between effluent and river flow rates asbestos fibers have been detected
downstream of asbestos plants (figures 7 and 8) and at levels appreciably above
the detection limits. For example, in the Raritan River 3 miles below Manville, NJ
with an average flow rate of approximately 700 m. g. d. the asbestos fiber count is
8 9
10 - 10 f.p. 1. In other rivers, notably the Oswego near Fulton, NY, the
Nashua River, NH, and Wissahickon Creek, PA, high levels of asbestos fibers
below an asbestos plant discharge have been accompanied by similarly high levels
in the intake to that plant and it is not possible to say that the presence of the plant
has resulted in a significant contribution to the asbestos content of the waterway.
In attempting to establish any effluent standard for asbestos plants,
therefore, due cognizance must be taken of dilution or concentration effects within
the plant, of the nature of the discharge, whether continuous, periodic or
sporadic, and of the waterways at risk in order that a viable, and enforceable,
figure may be derived. It is not the purpose of this current work to establish this
standard, but rather to provide a data base from which such a standard may be
derived.
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Captions
Fig. 7 Asbestos fibers in the Raritan River 3 miles below
asbestos plant outlet.
Magnification 12, OOOX
Fig. 8 Same as Fig. 7 Magnification 30, OOOX
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>**
ut
Fig. 7
-26-
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s
Fig. 8
-27-
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Appendices A - CC
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Table legend
Location
Type
fpl
= sampling point
= sample type; I
G
(R)
= fibers per litre x 10
(A)
(C)
BDL
Integrated
Grab
Repeat analysis
amphibole
chrysotile
below detection limit - detection
limit given in parentheses
TNTC = too numerous to count. The
figure in the following column
is an estimated lower limit
based on a figure of 100 fibers
per grid square
THL =
= number of fibers
sample too heavily loaded for
examination
ft
long (fpl x 10 )
tss
na
= total suspended solids in mg/1
= not available
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Appendix A
Red Rock and Beaverhead Rivers, MT Code: Nl
Red Rock River originates near the Montana-Idaho border east
of the Red Rock Lake Wildlife Refuge. After flowing westward through the Upper
and Lower Red Rock Lakes it narrows and then broadens as it develops into a
reservoir under the constraint of the Lima Dam. In springtime run off from
melting snows on the hills that surround it floods the valley making the raods
impassable and turning the flatlands into a shallow lake. During the dry season
the water drains from these areas although there is always sufficient run off to
prevent the river bed from drying up. The distance from the Lima Dam to the
Idaho border is approximately 50 miles.
Downstream, of Lima the Red Rock turns northwest and then north,
as it passes through Dell, Barretts Dam and finally Dillon. North of Dillon it is
known as the Beaverhead River. The northernmost point sampled was at Twin
Bridges which is about 120 miles north of Lima.
No mining activities have been reported in the described area east
of Lima. Further downstream, after the river swings north and near the 45th
parallel, talc mining activities are reported near the Madison-Beaverhead County
boundary. Of these activities only the Smith -Dillon mine would affect the drainage
basin of the Beaverhead River, the other apparently lying to the east of the water-
shed and in the drainage basin of the Black Tail Deer Creek. Any impact of these
would be observed first at Dillon.
Sampling points were selected at Red Rock Creek before the waters
enter the Upper Red Rock Lake, the Lima Reservoir, a branch of the Red Rock
River just east of Lima, the Red Rock River at Dell, the Red Rock River at
Barretts Dam, the Red Rock River at Dillon and the Beaverhead River at Twin
Bridges. Figure A-l shows these locations,.
Samples were taken in early June 1975 when the run off waslhigh,
and again in late August 1975 during the dry season. The Lima Reservoir was
-30-
-------
MONTANA
f\
\
\
'!
.j
\
V
\ ADELL
\ LIMAX Red Rock R.
IDAHO
Fig A. - 1 Red Rock and Beaverhead Rivers, Montana
-30 a-
-------
near its all-time high in June of 1975 and the low land from Lakeview to Lima
was marshy. The rivers from Lima to Twin Bridges were swollen but not over-
flowing. During August 1975 the waters had diminished considerably, but were
up slightly from normal due to the wetter-than-usual summer.
-31-
-------
Montana
TABLE A-l
Miles Location
0 Red Rock Creek nr
Lakeview
i
00
tSD
1 35 Lima Reservoir
50 Red Rock Creek
below Lima Res.
'
Tiepth
surface
1.5'
3.0'
surface
2.0'
4.0'
surface
* 3'
3'(R)
* 6'
JBL
BDL(2. 5)
2.8(C)
BDL(4. 2)
9.6(C)
BDL(1. 35)
BDL(.l. 4)
44(C)
14(A)
3. 1(C)
56 (A)
See Legend -
6/6/75
No. tss
>5jnm mg/1
115
0 120
121
0 17
15
15
6.3 37
0 41
0 41
7 35
page 29
fibers
counted
0
1
0
6
0
0
14
4
2
16
Depth
2'
4'
0.5'
3.0'
3.0'(R)
3.0«{R)
6.0'
surface
2'
4'
M.
BDL(0.
BDL(0.
BDL(1.
BDL(0.
8/25/75
No.
> 5/^m
65)
68)
2)
64)
4.5(C) .64
BDL(0.
1.3(C,
BDL(1.
BDL(0.
BDL(0.
64)
0
3)
65)
7)
tss
mg/1
3
2
21
22
22
22
26
23
22 '
30
fibers
counted
0
0
0
0
7
0
2
0
0
0
9
* amphibole at 3" identified as crocidolite; at 6' low Fe Cummingtonite-grunerite or nigh Fe anthophyllite
-------
Montana, page two
TABLE A-l con't.
co
co
I
Miles Location
62 Red Rock Creek
1/2 mi North of
Dell
89 Barretts at diversion
dam
113 Beaverhead River at
Dillon ***
** all fibers < 0. 5jum long
*** Any effect due to talc mining should appear here
'Depth
surface
2'
4'
surface
**0l5'
1.0'
surface
2.0'
4.0'
6/6/75
No.
fpl >5/nn
BDL{3. 14)
BDL(5. 7)
BDL(3. 14)
28(C) 0
32(C) 0
22(C) 0
BDL(3. 14)
18(C) 0
43(C) 6.6
tss
73
70
64
61
58
58
74
70
77
fibers
counted
0
0
0
10
9
8
0
5
13
Depth fpl
0.5' BDL(0.
1.5' BDL(0.
3. 0' BDL(0.
0.5' BDL(1.
1. 5' BDL(0.
3.0' BDL(0.
0.5' BDL(1.
1.5' 3.4(C)
3.0' BDL(0.
8/25/75
No.
64)
7)
91) -
3)
68)
63)
0)
0
98)
tss
mg/1
12
15
16
9
9
9
14
12,
16
fibers
counted
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
-------
Montana, page three
TABLE A-l con't.
i
GO
6/6/75 8/25/75
No. tss fibers No. tss fibers
Miles Location
148 Beaverhead River
at Twin Bridges
***
"Depth fpl >5jum mgA counted
surface BDL(5. 7) - 163 0
surface(R) 140(C) 18.9 163 37
3.0' BDL(4.65) - 149 0
6.0' BDL(5.03) - 150 0
Depth fpl > 5jJm mg/1 counted
0.5' BDL(0.78) - 29 0
2.5« BDL(1.4) - 26 0
5.0' BDL(0.71) - 29 0
*** chrysotile found in 2 small areas only
-------
Appendix B
Trinity Valley, CA Code: N2
There are several rivers in California which could be a potential
high background site, but to avoid high population densities, and at the same time
have reasonable water flows, the northern end of the state was indicated. The upper
reaches of the Trinity River fit the requirements of low population density, recorded
asbestos exposures in the vicinity and no active mining for asbestos. Alternates which
were considered were the Klamath River and the upper reaches of the Sacramento.
The latter was rejected due to the possibility of interference by dumps from former
asbestos mining activity. The Trinity was preferred to the Klamath because of
reported asbestos occurrences near the head water of the Trinity. The Trinity
flows south from its origin in mountainous terrain entering the northern end of
Clair Engle Lake. At the southern end, Trinity Dam controls the flow into Lewiston
Lake which is about 2-1/2 miles long. After passing over Lewiston Dam located
at the southern end of the lake, the Trinity turns generally westward and eventually
merges with the Klamath.
The Sacramento River parallels the Trinity as it flows south into
Lake Shasta over Shasta Dam to Redding. The Sacramento continues south whereas
the Trinity turns west.
Sampling points along the Trinity were selected at Coffee Creek north
of Clair Engle Lake, at Trinity Dam, at Lewiston Dam, the Trinity at Big Bar and
the Trinity at Cedar Flat. Weaverville city water was sampled as well as water
from Weaver Creek - the source of Weaverville_water, and a tributary of the
Trinity.
The City of Redding finished water and raw water (from the Sacra-
mento River) were also obtained.
Samples were obtained in early March 1975 and again in early
September. The snow was melting in the Trinity region north of Clair Engle Lake
in March, swelling the river to its uppermost banks throughout its course. In
September the volume was reduced considerably.
-35-
-------
Both chrysotile and amphibole fibers are detected in the Trinity River,
7
frequently occurring simultaneously at levels exceeding 10 fibers per liter. The
amphibole present is identified as a member of the Tremolite-Actinolite series with
a moderately low Fe content. There is evidence that the tared filters taken on the
second visit were not completely stabilized prior to the first weighing, resulting in
unreliable total solids data for this visit. This data has therefore been discarded.
-36-
-------
EUREKA
Coffee Creek
>
Trinity Dam
LEWISTON
REDDING o
CALIFORNIA
Fig B - 1 Trinity River, California
-36 a-
-------
Trinity Valley California
TABLE B-l
Miles
w
•o
I
21
26
Location
Trinity River above
Coffee Creek
Trinity River below
Trinity Dam
Trinity River below
Lewiston Dam
See Legend - page 29
3/2/75
No.
'Depth fpl >5jum
surface 2.8(C) 0
4.4(A) 0.4
1.0' 19(A) 0
l.O'(R) BDL(6. 28) -
surface BDL(0. 5)
5.0' 7.4(C) 1.5
10. 0' 0. 52(A) 0
surface BDL(0. 52) -
1.5' BDL(0.74) -
2.5' BDL(0.63) -
tss fibers
mgA counted
28 21
28 33
31 3
31 0
2 0
21 10
4 1
9 0
5 0
7 0
9/2/75-9/3/75
No. tss fibers
Depth fpl > 5jum mg/1 counted
only 1' 6.9(C) 0 na 14
11(A) 5.5 na 18
3' 2.4(A) 0 na 5
6' 2.24(A) 0 na 5
0.5' 0.95(A) 0 na 2
2.0' 1.6(A) 0 na 3
4.0' 1.9(A) 9 na 4
-------
Trinity Valley California, page two
TABLE B-l, con't.
3/2/75
9/2/75-9/3/75
co
oo
I
Miles
Location
57 Trinity River at
Big Bar
65 Trinity River at
Cedar Flat
'Depth
surface
mid depth
oottom
surface
i
i
mid depth
bottom
frl
70(A)
37(A)
37(A)
4.8(C)
9. 7(A)
54(C)
(R) 9(A)
6.7(A)
(R) 40(A)
No.
>5jum
0
6.1
0
0
0
6.7
0
0
0
tss
mg/1
51
44
60
58
58
60
60
64
60
fibers No. tss fibers
counted
5
6
5
1
2
8
3
1
7
Depth fpl > 5jum mgA counted
0.5' 2.3(A) 0 na 4
1.5' 1.6(A) 0 na 3
2,5' 9.3(A) 3.8 na 17
0.5» 0.84(A) 0 na 2
2.0' BDL(0.41) - na 4
4.0' BDL(0.45) - na 0
-------
Trinity Valley California, page three
TABLE B-l, con't.
Miles Location
35-40 *Weaver Creek at
Weaverville
i
GO
f Weaverville town
water sampled at
drinking fountain
**City of Redding
water
City of Redding
finished water
3/2/75
No. tss fibers
'Depth fpl >5/im mg/1 counted
BDL(4.8) - - 0
4. 5(C) 0.56 2 8
3/3/75
BDL(1.26) 13 0
BDL(0.5) 8 0
(R) BDL(0.5) 8 0
9/2/75-9/3/75
No. tss
Depth fpl > 5^m mg/1
1. 7(A) 0 na
(R) 3.8(A) 0.42 na
0.41 (A) 0 na
9/3/75
surface 8.6(A) 4.6 na
3' BDL(0.63) - na
6f BDL(0. 55) - na
0. 84(A) 0 na
fibers
counted
4
9
1
15
0
0
2
* Weaver Creek joins the Trinity River at Weaverville and is the source of Weaverville town water.
** The City of Redding, although in the same general area as the Trinity Valley, draws its water from the Sacramento River,
fed froin Lake Shasta in the adjacent valley. On 3/3/75 the raw and finished water was sampled at the water plant. On
sa.m-pl.etfl s ~
-------
Appendix C
Code: N4-N6
Various other California Sites
N4: Jjake Oroville is a man-made lake fed by the north and west forks
of the Feather River and constrained by the Oroville Dam which, at 770 feet is the
highest dam in the United States and the highest earth filled dam in the world.
Samples were then taken east of the north end of the dam in early March 1975 and
again in early September. On both occasions little or no water was being released
in order to build the water up to approximately 120 feet below maximum level.
N5: Folsom Lake is about half the size of Lake Oroville and lies 60 miles
south of Oroville and 25 miles northeast of Sacramento. As in the case of Oroville,
the reservoir was well below its maximum level and no water was being released.
Sampling was carried out in early March and early September at the south end of
Folsom Dam.
N6: The Stanislaus River system runs through highly serpentinized areas
including the former asbestos producing region of Copperopolis. The Tulloch
Reservoir lies about 10 miles south of Copperopolis. The New Melones Reservoir
will lie upstream of Tulloch when it is completed. The area upstream of Tulloch
is extremely rugged and cannot be reached without extreme difficulty. Samples
were taken atapoint called Robertson's Ferry where the water was swift but
shallow. Additional samples were taken at the south shore of Tulloch Reservoir.
-40-
-------
Various California sites
TABLE C - 1
Location
Lake Oroville at boat
launching ramp above
dam
Folsom Dam/Lake
Stanislaus River,
Robinson's Ferry
at
See Legend - page 29
3/3/75 9/4/75
No. tss fibers
'Depth fpl >5jLim mg/1 counted
surface 5.0(A) 2.5 7.0 2
3' BDL(2.5) - 21 0
6' BDL(2.5) - 7.0 0
3/3/75
surface 9. 1(C) 05 15
surface(R) 2.8(C) 0 5 4
2.5' 2.8(C) o 9 4
4.5' 8.4(C) 06 12
shallow
rapids BDL(2.62) 12 0
20 yds down
stream from
rapids BDL(1.93) - 16 0
No. tss fibers
Depth fpl > 5/nm mg/1 counted
surface 5. 2(A) 1.3 0 4
5' 4.5(A) 1.1 3 4
10' BDL(1.3) - 2 0
9/8/75
0.5» BDL(0.84) 4 0
5.0' BDL(0. 55) 7 0
10' BDL(0.87) - 1 0
surface* BDL(0. 57) 5 0
5.0»* BDL(0. 55) 6 0
10'* BDL(0. 57) 7 0
1
-------
Various California sites, page two
TABLE C-l, con't.
Location
Tulloch Reservoir at
Marina Dock, South
Shore
to
No. tss fibers No. tss fibers
'Depth fpl >5jum Tag/I counted
surface BDL(1.6) - 6 0
6.0' 7. 2(C) 0 19 5
ll'(R) 21(C) 2.2 10 38
0.56(A) 0.56 1
Depth fpl > 5jum mg/1 counted
0.5' BDL(0.48) - 0 0
5.0« BDL(0.63) 1 0
5.0'(R) BDL(0.68) - 1 0
10.0' BDL(0.57) 0 0
-------
Appendix D
Code: N3
Connecticut River, New Hampshire and Vermont
In its upper reaches the Connecticut River flows from the sparsely
populated region of northern New Hampshire down the entire length of the New
Hampshire-Vermont boundary. Below the Windsor County-Orange County border
possible interferences might arise due to mining activities, principally talc mines.
Samples were taken in northern New Hampshire at Second Connecti-
cut Lake near the dam outlet, at First Connecticut Lake near the dam outlet and
above Murphy Dam at the southern end of Frances Lake. Along the boundary of
Vermont and New Hampshire samples were taken from the Connecticut River at
North Stratford, New Hampshire; at Dalton, New Hampshire; at Wells River Junction,
Vermont; White River Junction, Vermont; the Vermont side of North Walpole; and
above the dam at Vernon, Vermont. Samples were taken in mid-July and in
October 1975.
-43-
-------
VERMONT
Murphy Dam
o STRATFORD
2nd*
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
N. WALPOLE
o CONCORD
Fig D - 1 Upper reaches of the Connecticut River
-------
Connecticut River
TABLE D- 1
Miles Location
0 2nd Connecticut Lake
nr dam outlet
6 1st Connecticut Lake
13 Francis Lake (above
Murphy dam)
37 Connecticut River at
N. Stratford, N.H.
(jet, Rtes 3 & 105)
61 Connecticut River,
1 mile upstream of
Dalton, N.H.
See Legend - page 29
7/17/75 10/12/75
No. tss fibers
'Depth fpl >5)um mg/1 counted
3' 4.9(C) 057
7' 26(C) 0 15 15
0.84(C) 013
(R) 67 (C) 8.4 2 24
24(C) 2.5 2 19
5.0(C) Q43
7.0(C) 085
No. tss fibers
Depth fpl > 5p,m mg/1 counted
3T BDL(0.25) 14 0
7' BDL(0.25) _00
BDL(0.25) 3 0
BDL(0.25), - 1 0
BDL(0.84) - 64 0
BDL(0.25) 2 0
(R) 1.0 (C) o 2 ' 4
-------
Connecticut River, page two
TABLE p - i. con't.
7/17/75
10/12/75
Ol
I
No. tss fibers No. tss fibers
Miles Location
89 Connecticut River,
Wells River Jet.
(jet. Rtes 5 & 302)
126 Connecticut River,
White River Jet.
159 Connecticut River at
North Walpole
183 Connecticut River at
Vernon, N. of power
station
Depth fpl >0jum mg/1 counted
22(C) 1.6 5 14
6.2(C) 1.7 8 11
3' 11(C) 08 10
12' 25(C) 2.8 4 18
BDL(1.3) - 13 0
(R) BDL(1.3) -13 0
Depth fpl > 5jnm mg/1 counted
BDL(l.S) - 26 0
BDL(1.3) 46 0
BDL(0.42) - 6 0
BDL(l.O) - 15 0
-------
Appendix E
Hiwassee River Valley, Georgia and North Carolina Code: N7
The Hiwassee River flows through hills and marshland from north-
ern Georgia into North Carolina where it turns westward and widens to form Lake
Hiawassee.
Samples were taken at Presley, Georgia where the Hiawassee River
originates and at the Chatuge Dam which is about 10 miles north and at the northern
rim of the lake.
Little Tennessee River Valley, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee Code: N8
The little Tennessee River rises in Rabun Gap, Georgia near
Clayton, then flows north into North Carolina through hilly country with considerable
exposures of micaceous rock. It then flows northwesterly through rugged hills,
passing through Fontana Lake on its way to the Tennessee River and Chattanooga.
Samples were taken at Dillard, Georgia; Norton, North Carolina;
Otto, North Carolina; Prentiss, North Carolina; at the Fontana Dam which is on
the southwest side of Fontana Lake; Watts Bar Dam, Tennessee on the Tennessee
River north of Chattanooga; and Chattanogga, Tennessee.
Samples were obtained in early April and late November 1975.
Chatooga - Savannah River Valley, Georgia and S. Carolina Code: N9
The Savannah River is fed by waters originating at Burton Lake
several miles west of Clayton, Georgia. It flows southeasterly through Tugaloo
Lake and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia.
Sampl es were obtained from the Chattooga River east of Clayton
at Tallulah Falls; from the Tallulah River between Rabun Lake and Burton Lake;
from Tugaloo Lake Dam; above and below the dam at Hartwell Reservoir on the
'Savannah River; and at the towns of Greenville and Anderson, South Carolina.
Samples were obtained in early April and late November 1975.
-46-
-------
N. CAROLINA
r
rv"
Tallulah Falls ^\Lugalo° L
-.j
GREENVILLE
o
Hartwell L.
0 /ANDERSON
S. CAROLINA
-------
Hiwassee River (Georgia/North Carolina)
TABLE E-l
See Legend - page 29
4/4/75 11/27/75
No. tss fibers No. tss fibers
Miles Location
• 0 Hiwassee River nr.
Presley
i 5-10 Hiwassee River
*>•
7" above Chatuge Lake
dam
5-10 Hiwassee River
below Chatuge Lake
dam
'Depth fpl >5Mm mgA counted
BDL(0.84) 15 0
(R) BDL(0.84) - 15 0
0.5' BDL(0.84) 16 0
4.0' BDL(2. 5) - 28 0
I
0.5' BDL(0.84) 12 0
Depth fpl > 5/J.m mg/1 counted
BDL(l.S) 7 0
1.3(C) Q52
BDL(0.63) 5 0
-------
Little Tennessee River (Georgia, North
TABLE E - 2
Carolina, Tennessee)
I
Miles Location
0 Little Tennessee R.
(LTR) nr Dillard,
GA, Rte 23
i 2.5 LTR at Norton, N.C.
*>.
CO
1
5.0 LTR nr Otto, N.C.
9.0 LTR, Prentiss,N.C.
11.0 LTR, above Fontana
, Dam, N. C.
4/4/75 11/27/75
No. tss fibers No. tss fibers
'Depth fpl >5jum mgA counted
BDL(2. 1) 34 0
BDL(3.6) 32 0
BDL(2. 5) - 34 0
BDL(O.G) 33 0
0.5' 1.8(C) 0 13 7
4' 1.8(C) 0 13 7
8' BDL(0. 25) 13 0
Depth fpl > S^m mg/1 counted
18(C) 0 21 14
BDL(2. 1) 30 0
BDL(2. 1) 38 0
BDL(l.S) 17 0
surface 3. 5(C) 0.5 6 7
4' 1.5(C) 083
10' 47(C) 7.0 5 47
-------
Little Tennessee River (Georgia, North
TABLE E - 2, con't.
Carolina, Tennessee), page two
Miles Location
' 45 LTR below Fontana
Dam, N.C.
i
CO
120 Watts Bar Dam
* City of Chattanooga Raw
water
City of Chattanooga
Finished water
4/4/75
No.
Depth fpl >5jitm
surface 5. 0(C) 0
4' 3.0(C) 0.5
8« BDL(0. 25)
8'(R) 3.9(C) 0.13
1' 15(C) 0
4' 8.4(C) 0
4/3/75
BDL{2. 5)
19(A) 1. 1
4.7(C) 0.13
tss
mg/1
13
12
13
18
41
49
46
46
12
fibers
counted
20
12
0
31
6
4
0
17**
37
11/27/75
No. tss fibers
Depth fpl > 5Mm mg/1 counted
surface 5.0(C) 06 10
2' BDL(0.5) 8 0
11/28/75
surface BDL(0.84) 6 0
0.75(C) 0.75 2 3
i
BDL(0. 13) 2 0
* Chattanooga, Tennessee draws its water supply from the Tennessee River
** Listed as "possible" amphibole
-------
Chatooga Savannah River
TABLE E - 3
1
Miles Location
0 Tallulah River below
L. Burton
5 Tallulah River at
Tallulah Falls
Ol
o
1
* 8. 5 Chatooga River,
7 mi E /Clayton,
Rte 76
14 Chatooga River below
Tugaloo Dam
50 Lake Hartwell above
Hartwell Dam
4/5/75
No.
Depth fpl >5jn m
BDL(0.31)
BDL(0. 84)
32.6(C) 2.5
(R) BDL(l.S)
surface BDL(0. 38)
4' BDL(0.90)
surface BDL(0. 25)
surface(R) BDL(0. 25)
4* BDL(0. 26)
tss
mg/1
17
15
na
24
20
20
20
13
fibers
counted
0
0
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
11/26/75
No. tss
Depth fpl > S^m mg/1
BDL(0. 25) - 6
BDL(0. 13) - 6
BDL(0. 42) - 4
surface BDL(O.Sl) - 5
2' BDL(O.Sl) - 4
surface BDL(0.42) - 6
3' BDL(0.42) - 3
f ibe rs
counted
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
* The Chatooga River joins the Tallulah River at 8. 5 miles, but was sampled 6. 5 miles upstream of their confluence;
date of 2nd sampling is 11/27/75.
-------
Chatooga Savannah River, page two
TABLE E - 3, con't.
Miles Location
1
50 Savannah River be-
low Hartwell Dam
en **45 City of Anderson
1 raw water
50 City of Anderson
finished water
***City of Greenville
raw water
City of Greenville
raw water
4/5/75 11/26/75
No. tss fibers
Depth Jpl >5/um mg/1 counted
surface BDL(0.42) - 16 0
4' BDL(0.43) -24 0
BDL(l.S) 29 0
i BDL(0.13) 9 0
BDL(0.13) - 11 0
(R) BDL(0.13) 11 0
No. tss fibers
Depth fpl > 5/itm mg/1 counted
surface BDL(0.42) 4 0
2' BDL(0.42) - 4 0
BDL(0.42) 5 0
BDL(0. 13) 7 0
BDL(0.13) 5 0
** The City of Anderson draws its water from Lake Hartwell
*** Although not obtaining water from the Savannah River, the city of Greenville is in the same general area and draws its
water from Table Rock Lake Reservoir and North Saluda basin.
-------
Chatooga Savannah River, page three
TABLE E - 3, con't.
4/5/75
No.
< Miles Location
i
01
CO
I
City of Greenville
finished water,
Table Rock Reser-
voir
City of Greenville
finished water,
Town station
Depth fpl
tss fibers
counted Depth
11/26/75
No.
BDL(0.13)
11
BDL(0.12)
10
JeL
tss
mg/1
fibers
counted
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0.13)
-------
Appendix F
Cities associated with natural sites
Water from five cities,who derive their water supplies from the natural
sites studied, was examined for its asbestos content. Both raw and finished water
were sampled.
Individual descriptions of the water sources and treatment facilities
are included in this appendix together with the data obtained. These data are summarized
in the following table in alphabetical order.
TABLE F - 1
Asbestos in city water supplies associated with natural sites
,6
Sample
Date
fplxlO
Date
fplxlO
6
____l^. _
Anderson, SC
Chatanooga, TN
Greenville, SC
(1)
(2)
Redding, CA
Weaverville, CA
Raw
Finished
Raw
Finished
Raw
Finished
Finished
Raw
Finished
Raw
Finished
4/10/75
4/10/75
4/ 3/75
4/ 3/75
4/10/75
4/10/75
4/10/75
3/ 2/75
3/ 2/75
3/ 2/75
3/ 2/75
BDL(l.S)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(2. 5)
4.7(C)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(00 13)
BDL(0. 12)
BDL(1. 26)
BDL(0. 5)
BDL14. 8)
4. 5(C)
11/26/75
11/26/75
11/28/75
11/28/75
11/26/75
11/26/75
11/26/75
9/ 3/75
9/ 3/75-
9/ 2/75
9/ 2/75
BDL(0.42)
BDL(0. 13)
0.75(C)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(O.IS)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0. 13)
(1) 8.6(A)
(2)BDL(0.63)
(3)BDL(0.55)
0. 84(A)
2.85(A)
0.41 (A)
-53-
-------
City
Anderson, South Carolina
Population 27,560
Water Department Duke Power Company
Contact: E.A. Orr, Superintendent
Phone: 803-224-6363
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Lake Hartwell
1) Caustic soda and alum sulfate
2) Prechlorinate
3) Rapid sand filter
4) Clearing well
5) Reservoir
6) Post chlorinate, fluoridate, phosphate
Raw and Finished water was sampled in April and November
at the Hartwell Lake Pumping Station
Date
fpl
fpl
fibers
observed
Comments
4 10 75
4 10 75
11 26 75
11 26 75
BDL(1.8)
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0.42)
BDL(0.13)
0
0
0
0
Raw
Finished
Raw
Finished
-54-
-------
City
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Population 119,000
Water Department Tennessee American Water Company
Contact: Gene Hargraves, Water Quality Supervisor
Phone: 615-267-0021, extension 65 or 66
Water Source
Tennessee River
usage approx. 54 m. g. d.
Water Treatment 1) prechlorination + alum treatment (flocculation)
2) pH adjustment - lime addition
3) settling basins
4) filters - 2 types a) sand and gravel; b) mixed media
(M-rate micro floe)
5) pH adjustment - lime addition
6) fluoridation (hydrofluosilicic acid)
7) chlorination -to free Cl level of at least 0.5 ppm
Asbestos analysis
Date
4 3 75
4 3 75
11 28 75
11 28 75
frl
BDL(2. 5)
4.7(C)
0.75(C)
BDL(0. 13)
fpl
>5ym
-
0.13
0
-
fibers
observed
0
37
3
0
Comment;
Raw
Finished
Raw
Finished
-55-
-------
City
Greenville, South Carolina
Population 61,500
Water Department Greenville Water System
206 South Main Street, Greenville, South Carolina
Contact: M. C. Moeller, Assistant Manager
Phone: 803-242-6510
Water Source:
Table Rock Lake Reservoir and North Saluda Basin
usage approx. 42 m. g. d.
Water Treatment Very little treatment - chlorinate, add a little ammonia,
adjust pH with soda ash to 8. 8 - 8. 9
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Greenville Water System owns the complete Table Rock
Lake - North Saluda watershed. Raw and finished water
samples were taken at the Table Rock station and a second
finished water was taken at the town station
Date
4 10 75
4 10 75
4 10 75
11 26 75
11 26 75
11 26 75
fpl
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0.12)
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0.13)
fibers Comments
observed
0 Raw
0 Finished at Table Rock
0 Finished at Town Station
0 Raw
0 Finished at Table Rock
0 Finished at Town Station
-56-
-------
City
Redding, California
Population 16,660
Water Department Redding Water and Electric Utilities
Contact: Robert Galeusha, Public Works Superintendent
Phone: 916-246-1151
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Sacramento River
Usage approx 10 m. g. d.
1) Prechlorination
2) Alum + lime
3) Settling reservoir
4) Main reservoir (7 million gallons)
5) Postchlorinate
Redding water was sampled on two occasions. On the first
visit (3.3. 75) samples of raw and finished water were
collected at the water works. On the second visit (9.3.75)
finished water was sampled at a faucet in the Holiday Inn Motel
and raw water was sampled at the Sacramento River in the
Kutras Park bird sanctuary.
Date
3 2 75
9 3 75
fpl
BDL(1. 26)
BDL(0. 5)
BDL(0.63)
BDL(0. 55)
8.6(A)
0. 84(A)
4.6
fibers
observed
0
0
0
0
15
Comments
Raw
Finished
Sacramento River
6 ft depth
Sacramento River
3 ft depth
Sacramento River
surface
Finished
-57-
-------
City
Weaverville, California
Population 1,489
Water Department California Pacific Utilities
Contact: John Redding, Murphy Loft
Phone: 916-623-5536
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
East Weaver Creek usage approx. 700,000 gal/month
1) Settling pond - chlorinate in pond
2) Transfer to reservoir, rechlorinate
Weaverville water works was not visited. Raw water was
obtained from the East Weaver Creek and finished water
from a drinking fountain in the public park. The water
level in Weaver Creek was noted as "very low" during the
September visit.
Weaverville is situated at the confluence of Weaver Creek
and the Trinity River
Asbestos analysis:
Date
fpl
fpl
fibers Comments
observed
3 2 75
3 2 75
9 2 75
9 2 75
BDL(4. 8)
4. 5(C)
308(A)
0. 41(A)
0.56
0
0.42
0
0
8
4
9
Raw
Finished
Raw
Raw
Finished
-58-
-------
Appendix G
Cities associated with manufacturing plants
The incoming water supplies of 12 plants who obtain their water from
local municipal supplies were analyzed with the results shown in Table G-l. Individual
descriptions of the water treatment facilities of these municipalities are included in
this Appendix.
No evidence of asbestos was detected in six of the water supplies,, The
pattern of the results in the remaining six suggest that almost all represent stray
contamination in the plant. At Van Buren, AE the majority of the fibers present are
well separated unit fibrils of chrysotile, suggesting that in this case the asbestos is
indigenous to the water supply.
-59-
-------
TABLE G - 1
Cit\
Appendix
Billerica, MA R
Erie, PA V
Kankakee, IL
Lead, SD
Manville, NJ
Z
*
H
Marshville, NC CC
New Orleans, LA N
No. Charleston, BB
SC
See Legend -
Date
7/24/75
7/ 8/75
7/ 8/75(R)
7/ 9/75
ll/ 6/75
7/ 1/75
6/17/75
6/17/75
8/20/75
5/ 5/75
5/ 6/75
5/ 7/75
5/ 8/75
10/22/75
10/23/75
4/14/75
4/15/75
3/25/75
3/26/75
3/27/75
12/ 4/75
12/ 5/75
4/ 8/75
4/ 9/75
11/24/75
11/25/75
page 29
fplxlO6
BDL(0. 17)
BDL(1. 3}
2. 5(C)
9.9(C)
160(C)
BDL(0» 29)
BDL(Oo53)
BDL(0.81)
BDL(0. 25)
BDL(0. 52)
BDL(0. 17)
BDL(0. 26)
BDL(0. 5)
BDL(0. 25)
BDL(0. 31)
BDL(0. 13)
88(C)
BDL(1. 1)
0.88(C)
BDL(1. 3)
BDL(0. 5)
TNTCOlO9)
BDL(0.13.)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0. 13)
No. of fiber
fplxlO ;>5jLtin obseryed
0
0
0 2
1.2 8
28 34
0
(raw water) 0
(finished) 0
(raw water) 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0** 35
0
0.13 7
0
0
0
0
0
0
* This location to be reported with data on Mining and Accessory Mineral sites.
"* Only 5 x 106 fpl->2Mm
-60-
-------
Pittsburg, CA
Stratford, CT
St. Louis, MO
Van Buren, AR
T
AA
L
and
O
K
L
0
O
L
O
0
L
O
0
L
O
3/ 4/75
8/ 6/75
8/ 6/75(R)
8/ 7/75
8/ 8/75
10/20/75
10/21/75
2/10/75
2/10/75
2/10/75(R)
2/11/75
2/11/75
2/11/75
2/12/75
2/12/75
2/12/75
1/15/76
1/15/76
2/ 6/75
BDL(0.89)
BDL(0. 3)
BDL(0. 3)
0.38 (A)
5.7(C)
BDL(0. 38)
BDL(0. 25)
BDL(1.05)
0.08(C)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0. 42)
0. 16(C)
4. 7 (A)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(Oc91)
BDL(0.45)
BDL(0. 28)
4.9(C)
BDL(0. 25)
*40(C)
0
0
0
0 1
3.3 16
0
0
0
0 1
0
0
1
1.9 30
0
0
0
0
0.88 39
0
5oO 32
* Very small fibers - >90% present as unit fibrils.
-61-
-------
City
Billerica, Massachusetts
Population 4,500
Water Department Contact: Lee Garrant, Assistant Superintendent of Treatment
Phone: 617-663-2235
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analyses
Concord Eiver
'usage approx. 4 m. g. d.,
can rise to 9 m. g. d. in
summer months
1) screened — pump well
2) baffled activated carbon contact chamber
3) hiix basins, chlorine, alum and NaOH added
4) 1st flocculation basin
5) 2nd flocculation basin
6) sedimentation
7) filters
8) chlorination, pH adjustment (NaOH)
Only finished water was sampled, the samples being taken at
the Johns-Manville A-C Sheet plant in Billerica.
Date
7 24 75
fpl
BDL(0.17)
fpl
fibers
observed
0
Comments
-62-
-------
City
Erie, Pennsylvania
Population 129,200
Water Department Erie Water Company
Contact: Norman Jacquel, Chief Chemist at filter plant
Phone: 814-456-8561 (City Hall)
Water Source
Lake Erie
Usage 40-45 m. g. d.
Water Treatment I) Alum addition
2) Settling basin
3) Filter bed - activated carbon + sand
4) Chlorinate
If necessary, will at times add potassium permanganate for
taste problems
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Water sampled at G. A. F. plant on 7. 8. 75
Date
7 8 75
7 8 75
7 9 75
11 6 75
frl
BDL(1.3)
2. 5(C)
9.9(C)
160(C)
fpl
>5Mm
-
0
1.2
28
fibers
observed
0
2
8
34
Comments
-63-
-------
City
Kankakee, Illinois
Population 31,940'
Water Department Kankakee Water Company
Contact: Robert Burmann, Superintendent, Water Department
Phone: 815-933-7703
Water Source
Kankakee River
Usage 10.5 m. g. d.
Water Treatment 1) Soften - lime •*• soda ash
2) Coagulate - alum
3) Activated carbon
4) Settling
5) Rapid filter - coal + mixed media
6) Chlorinate
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Water was sampled at the Armstrong Cork tile plant at
Kankakee
Date
7 1 75
fpl
BDL(0. 29)
fpl
fibers
observed
0
Comments
-64-
-------
City
Lead, South Dakota
Population 5,420 -
Water Department Homestake Mines
Contact: Robert Sliper, Chief Construction Engineer
Phone: 605-584-1021, extension 321
Water Source Natural spring water usage approx. 3 m. g. d.
Water Treatment Fluoridation and chlorination only
Comments Finished water sampled at Homestake Mine.
Raw water believed equivalent to water sampled at
Spearfish Creek
Asbestos analysis
Date
6 17 75
6 17 75
8 20 75
fpl
BDL(0.53)
BDL(0.81)
BDL(0. 25)
fibers
observed
0
0
0
Comments
Raw
Finished
Raw
-65-
-------
City Manville, New Jersey Population 13,030
Water Department Manville Water Department
Contact: Edward Pirzycki, Superintendent
Phone: 201-725-0241
Water Source Deep and shallow wells usage 1 to 1.3. m.g. d.
Water Treatment Chlorination plus addition of Calgon compound to keep iron
in solution
Comments Only finished water was sampled, at the Johns-Manville
multi-product plant in Manville
Asbestos Analyses
Date fpl ' fpl fibers Comments
observed
5575 BDL(0. 52) - 0
5675 BDL(0. 17) - 0
5775 BDL(0. 26) - 0
5 8 75 BDL(0. 5) - 0
10 22 75 BDL(0. 25) - 0
10 23 75 BDL(0.31) - 0
-66-
-------
City
Marshville, North Carolina
Population 1,405 •
Water Department Marshville Water Treatment Plant
Contact: Reese Hamilton, Chief Operator
Phone: 704-624-5408
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Lane Creek (approximately 5 miles East of Marshville)
Usage approx 0.5 m. g. d.
also purchase approx 0.2 m. g.d. from Anson County
having similar treatment facilities
1) Flocculate with alum suliate
2) pH adjust with NaOH
3) Chlorinate ( approx 1 ppm free Cl )
4) Fluoridate
Water was sampled at the Raybestos Manhattan plant at
Marshville
Asbestos analysis
Date
4 14 75
4 15 75
fpl
BDL(0. 13)
88(C)
fpl
-
0*
fibers
observed
0
35
Comments
* only 5 x 10 fpl >2/im
-67-
-------
City
New Orleans, Louisiana
Population 593,000
Water Department Sewage and Water Board of New Orleans
Contacts: James Bechnell, Water Plant Supervisor
Lewis Langley, Chemist
Phone: 504-861-0331
Water Source
Mississippi River
Usage 125 m.g. d.
Water Treatment The water treatment cycle is best shown as a schematic
flow diagram
River Intake
I
Polyelectrolyte (Calgon) + potassium permanganate
\
fluoridation
I
Inplant basis
split
Conventional system
I
Softening chemicals +
ferrous sulfate added on top
I
chlorinate
chlorinate
I
Dorr Tank
\
softening chemicals + ferrous sulfate
added to bottom of Dorr Tank
combine
I
large settling basin
rapid sand filters
chlorination
t
distribution system
Comments
Finished water samples were taken at the National Gypsum
Company A. C. sheet plant. A sample of Mississippi River water
was also taken.
-68-
-------
New Orleans, Louisiana, con't.
Date
3 25 75
3 26 75
3 27 75
12 475
12 5 75
fcl
BDL(1. 1)
0. 88<;C)
BDL(l.S)
BDL(0. 5)
TNTC »109
fpl
>5fim
-
0
-
—
fibers
observed
0
7
0
0
Comments
-69-
-------
City
North Charleston, South Carolina Population 78, 000-
Water Department Commission of Public Works, Charleston
Contact: Robert Bowers, Assistant Superintendent
Phone: 803-723-9411
Water Source
Edisto River
Usage 30 -40 m.g.d.
Water Treatment 1) Alum sulfate
2) Settling
3) Chlorinate
4) Rapid filter - sand and gravel
5) p. H adjust (NaOH)
6) Chlorinate
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Water was sampled at Raybestos-Manhattan plant at
North Charleston
Date
4 8 75
4 9 75
11 24 75
11 25 75
frl
BDL(0.13)
BDL(0013)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0.13)
fpl
fibers
observed
0
0
0
0
Comments
-70-
-------
City
Water Department
Pittsburg, California
Population 20,650
Contra Costa Water District, Concord, California
Contact: Al Lange, Chemist
Phone: 415-682-5950
Water Source Sacramento and San Joaquin Delta System
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analysis
1) Alum addition + chlorination
2) Lime added to adjust pH
3) Filter - polyelectrolyte filter aid
4) Chlorinate if needed
5) Fluoridate
6) Final pH adjust with NaOH
Water sampled at Johns-Manville plant in Pittsburg. Contra
Costa supplies Johns-Manville with raw water for process
use. This is pumped by J. M. from a ditch or canal alongside
the estuary. Water was sampled from a faucet in the wash
room at J. M. and was indicated as city water and is therefore,
presumably, "finished".
Date
3 4 75
frl
i
BDL(0.89)
frl
fibers Comments
observed
0
-71-
-------
City
St. Louis, Missouri
Population 622,000
Water Department St. Louis Municipal Water Department
Contact: Walter Zollman, Chief Chemical Engineer
Phone: 314-867-1520
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Major source is the Missouri River, but also have a plant
on the Mississippi
1) chlorination (water kept moving)
2) presedimentation
3) precoagulation (lime added)
4) settling basins (5 basins, capacity 30 million gallons)
5) reduce velocity, chlorinate and add ferrous sulfate
6) secondary mix
7) settling basins (3 basins)
8) fluoridate
9) sand filter
Finished water only was sampled at two asbestos plants -
the Certain Teed A-C pipe plant and the neighboring
GAF A-C sheet plant
Plant
Certain Teed(C.T.)
GAF
GAF
C.T.
GAF
. <
GAF
C.T.
GAF
GAF
C.T.
GAF
Date
2 10 75
2 10 75
2 10 75(R)
2 11 75
2 11 75
2 11 75
2 12 75
2 12 75
2 12 75
1 15 76
1 15 76
fpl
BDL(l.OS)
0.08(C)
1. 5(A)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0.42)
0. 16(C)
4. 7 (A)
BDL(0. 13)
BDL(0. 91)
BDL(0. 45)
BDL(0.28)
4.9(C)
BDL(0. 25)
" fpl fibers
>5j*m observed
_
0 1
0.63 19
0
0
1
1.9 30
0
0
0
0
0.88 39
0
Comments
-72-
-------
City
Stratford, Connecticut
Population 49,775
Water Department Bridgeport Hydraulic
Contact: Dan Minelli, Chemist, Quality Control Lab
Phone: 203-367-6621
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analyses
Trap Falls Reservoir
Usage - Reservoir usage,
approx 15 m. g. d. of
which Stratford uses
approx 1/2
1) Chlorinate
2) pH adjust (lime added)
3) Fluoridation
4) Phosphate added for corrosion protection
City water was sampled at the Raybestos Manhattan plant,
15 East Main Street, Stratford, on two occasions —
in August 1975 and in October 1975.
Date
frl
fibers
observed
Comments
8 6 75
8 6 75
8 7 75
8 8 75
10 20 75
10 21 75
BDL(0. 3)
BDL(0. 3)
0.38 (A)
5.7(C)
BDL(0.38)
BDL(0. 25)
0
0
0 1
3.3 16
0
- o
-73-
-------
City
Van Buren, Arkansas
Population 8,370
Water Department Fort Smith Water Department
Contact: J.B. Roach, Water Systems Superintendent
Phone: 501-785-2801
Water Source
Water Treatment
Comments
Asbestos analysis
Reservoir about 25 miles North of City -Surface waters
Usage 1.5m. g. d.
1) Coagulate with alum
2) Sand filter
3) Chlorinate
4) Storage reservoir
Water was sampled from the faucet in the laboratory at
the CAPCO A-C pipe plant at Van Buren. Due to an
oversight this water had been stored for over 12 months
prior to filtering
Date
2 6 75
fpl
*40(C)
fpl
5.0
fibers
observed
32
Comments
* Very small fibers >90% as unit fibrils.
-74-
-------
Appendix H
Johns-Manville, Manville, NJ Code G1
The Johns-Manville plant at Manville is the largest plant
manufacturing asbestos products that was visited in the eastern portion of
the country. The area is more rural than urban. It is a multi-product opera-
tion producing asbestos pipe, paper and textiles.
The plant is situated on the south bank of the Raritan River in the
township of Manville, New Jersey about half way between Newark and
Philadelphia. Since J-M employs over 2000 people this is essentially a
"company town" with a total population of 13, 800, and it is located on the south
end of town.
The water for processing is pumped in from the Raritan River and
thence to the various buildings as required. Daily usage is about 6-7 million
gallons. The waste water drains through buried pipes from at least 9 buildings
into a 30' pool before the River. There were no accessible sampling points for
most of these operations. No information was provided on the scheduled
dumping of savealls. Occasional asbestos-cement plugs cause effluent to back
up into the pipe plant; the line is cleaned by dragging a heavy chain through
the pipe.
The asbestos-cement pipe operation accounts for 85-90% of all the
asbestos entering the settling ponds. The papermaking operation contributes
about 5%. The remainder is from the textile operation. The effluent from all
the buildings feeds into a 30' pool below the pipe plant and then into a burner
unit where the organic wastes are burned off which introduces a major amount
of CO into the water. The slurry then enters a series of settling basins 750'
£
in length, of which there are two sets. About 150' from the lower end pH
control is maintained by bubbling liquid CO2 through the effluent. At the lower
.end of the basins an earth dike diverts the water into another 400' ditch, at the
-75-
-------
outlet of which the effluent passes through a 14" pipe to a transfer box in the
field, just south of the river. A 30' ditch guides about 20% of the effluent
into the river. The other 80% enters a buried pipe and travels 3000' downstream
and exits to the river below the surface near the confluence of the Millstone
and Raritan Rivers. When the one set of settling basins is full the waste
process water is diverted to the other set and the solid wastes are scooped
out by bulldozer into a centrally-located trench 6' deep. From the trench it
is loaded onto trucks and hauled to a landfill 1/2 mile distant bordering the
Raritan River. It is buried and leveled to form part of a town park for
Manville.
The plant was visited twice. On the first occasion (5-8 May 1975)
and on the first day of the second visit (22 October. 1975) the treated waste
water was flowing into the river as usual. On the morning of 23 October,
however, the process was changed to a closed loop for a test period. In this
test all the process water was recycled and there was no discharge to the
river thus all samples on the 23rd of October represent closed system conditions.
The inlet or upstream river water was sampled from the well pit
in the riverside pumphouse. The used process or downstream water from all
the plants was combined and fed into the series of settling basins and the first
of the downstream samples was from the pipe feeing into the settling pond. A
second discharge sample point was following the chlorinator (a state EPA
sampling point) in the 400' ditch leading to the transfer box near the river.
The transfer box was the third downstream sample location. The last two
sample points were downstream River samples. The first one just below the
point where the ditch enters the Raritan and the "second one about 1/4 mile
downstream. A downstream river sample was also obtained about 3 miles
below the Raritan-Millstone river's confluence.
Consideration of the results in the attached table shows that although
a substantial reduction is observed in the amphibole content of the effluent —
9
from about 10 fibers per liter in the outfall at the head of the settling basin
7
'to below the detection limit (approximately 10 f.p.l.) at the trench leading to
-76-
-------
the discharge points, the chrysotile content is less substantially affected. Thus
9
levels of chrysotile of the order of 10 f.p.l. are observed in the transfer box-
and in the Raritan River immediately below the first discharge point, with
7 9
levels of the order of 10 to 10 f.p.l. detected <-• 3 miles downstream(DS).
On the second visit the fiber level at the river (D4) was substantially
reduced during the close up test period and would presumably represent
re-entrainment of settled material as there was no active discharge at that time
and could therefore be expected to decrease with time.
-77-
-------
Key to sampling points
Ul City of Manville water, sampled at drinking water faucet, Building 1.
U2 Raw river water sampled at pumphouse well pit.
Dl Outfall at head of settling basins, below burner shack.
D2 Trench below chlorinator (N.J. EPA sampling point).
D3 Transfer box in field box ~6' deep, sampled at 3' depth.
D4 Raritan River just below point where ditch from transfer box
(carrying '-20% of effluent) enters river.
D5 Raritan River at South Bound Brook Bridge approximately 3 miles
below Raritan - Millstone rivers' confluence.
-78-
-------
TABLE H-l
Code Gl
CD
I
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
5/5/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5ftm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.52) - 12 0
G BDL(l.S) - 59 0
G(R) BDL(1.3) - 59 0
I 4200(C) 872 740 53 ,
800(A) 320 740 10
I 1800(C) 313 12 115
I 1700(C) 330 51 108
I 1100(C) 124 400 71
See Legend - page 29
5/7/75 5/8/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5Mm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.26) - 7 0
G BDL(l.S) 19 0
G(R) BDL(1.3) 19 0
I 12000(C) 2842 670 76
1300(A) 325 25 8
I 990(C) 133 20 156
I(R) TNTC >109
I 850(C) 95 20 134
I 1600(C) 144 35 100
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5fim jog/1 counted
G BDL(0.5) 21 0
G BDL(1.3) - 25 0
I TNTC >10n 1780
I TNTC >109 27
I TNTC >109 17
I(R) TNTC >10 25
1
G 45(C) 15 39 36
-------
Johns-Manville, Manville, New Jersey
TABLE H - 2
Code Cl
Location
Ul
, U2
oo
o
i
Dl
D2
D3
D4
05
10/22/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5jum mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.25) 7 0
G BDL(0.65) -13 0
G TNTC >>10 218
9 '
G TNTC >10 10
0
G TNTC ^>10 2
G TNTC >1010 69
G TNTC >109 1
10/23/75
tss fibers tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5|um mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.31) - 1 0
G TNTC >109 42
I TNTC ^-lO1 378
I TNTC >10 14
G THL 12
G 400(C) 31 8 89
G 180(C) 15 4 35
Type fop.L >5Mm mg/1 counted
-------
Appendix I
Johns-Manville. Denison. TX Code PI
The Johns-Manville operation at Dennison, Texas is a major a/c
pipe operation using approximately 12,000 tons of chrysotile and 3,000 tons of
crocidolite annually. PVC pipe is also manufactured at this location.
The plant is situated on the west side of Route 75, approximately
5-8 miles north of the town of Denison, Texas, and about 1 :mile south of the
Oklahoma border. The surroundings are rural with no other industries in the
vicinity.
Water for the processing operation is pumped from the Red River
to a water storage tower, thence to the process line. Used process water is
discharged into one of two settling ponds. When the settling pond fills, the feed
is transferred to the second pond and waste solids from the first pond are removed
and dumped in a "borrow pit". The plant was visited on two occasions. On the first
visit (late January-early February 1975) the overflow from the settling pond passed
through a short trench to which a drip feed added hydrochloric acid to adjust pH to
approximately 7. It then passed a continuous recording pH meter, over a small
wier into an open ditch. This ditch travelled approximately 3/4 mile to the Red
River into which it discharged at a point about 50-60 feet downstream of the intake.
Discharge took place for approximately 9 hours of the day at a rate of approximately
75,000 gallons per day. On the second visit ( Dec. 1975) the system was closed
up with no evidence of water having been discharged to the overflow ditch for quite
some time.
Samples were taken on the upstream side of the process line just
below Denison Dam (approximately 1-2 miles upstream of the plant) at the Red
River intake and at a hose adjacent to one of the pipe machines. Downstream
samples were taken at the pipe feeding effluent to the settling pond, at the wier
in the overflow ditch from the settling pond, approximately half way along the open
ditch to the Red River and at the open ditch near its discharge point into the river.
-81-
-------
The analyses of samples taken at Denison on the first visit
show little reduction of the asbestos content of the effluent after the
9
settling pond, with levels in the drainage ditch still as high as 10 f.p.l.
The figures at the "fence line" (D4) seem to reflect weather conditions
/*
with levels below 10 f.p.l. on the first day, which was dry, increasing on
the 2nd and 3rd days as rainfall increased. On the 3rd day the stream was
carrying considerable amounts of suspended solids, appearing quite red
and muddy with the red soil which had washed into it. This could be a
contributing factor to the high asbestos count as a result of wash off of
debris from scrap pipe in the vicinity together with re-entrainment of
previously settled material. These phenomena are also the only logical
explanations of the observed levels at D3 and D4 on the second visit as
there was no evidence of the recent passage of water over D2.
-82-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table I - 1
U3 Red River at Denison Dam
U2 Red River at Johns-Manville pump intake
Ul Hose in plant, adjacent to pipe machine.
Dl Outfall from plant to settling pond - very variable flow rate.
D2 Overflow ditch from settling pond at weir where pH control
is monitored.
D3 Overflow ditch, approximately midway between settling
pond and Red River.
D4 Overflow ditch at Red River.
-83-
-------
Johns-Manville, Denison. Texas
TABLE I - 1
Code PI
Location
Ul
U2
00
t U3
Dl
D2
D3
D4
1
1/29/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5fJ.m mg/1 counted
G 4.1(C) 0.63 24 26
G BDL(0. 25) 24 0
G BDL(0. 25) 23 0
G BDL(l.O) - 19 0
G 2.6(C) 0.5 7c2 21
G 1400 23 780 62
G 16 2.2 5 29
G BDL(l.O) - 100 0
G BDL(1. 0) - 22 0
See Legend - page 29
1/30/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5nm mg/1 counted
G 4.3(C) 0.65 6 20
G BDL(0.5) 6 0
I 3900(C) 891 680 70
G 0.63(C) 0 9.2 5
I l.l(C) 0.24 9.1 9
G 56 8.4 24 20
<
G 8.4(C) ° 44 3
G 45(C) 0 16 40
Type fop.l.
G BDL(2. 5)
G BDL(2. 5)
G BDL(0. 5)
I 2600(C)
48 (A)
G 5.4(C)
G 3300
G 3700
1/31/76
tss fibers
>5jum mff/1 counte
10 0
54 0
50
1252 230 81
42 93.33 15
2.4 9.5 43
119 125 217
285 468 65
-------
Johns-Manville, Denison, Texas
12/9
TABLE I - 2
Code PI
tss fibers
Location
00
01
Ul
U2
U3
D3
D4
Type f.p.1. >5jum mg/1 counted
G BDL(1.3)
7.8 0
G BDL(0.45) - 2.2 0
G BDL(0.47) - 8.3 0
160
G 36
4.8' 242.6 33
7.1 24
12/10/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/1 counted
BDL(1.2) - 4.5 0
BDL(1.1) - 2.2 0
G 620
270
103 242.6 36
51 43.2 32
Type Lp.L
tss fibers
mg/1 counted
-------
Appendix J
Code: P2
Cement-Asbestos Products Company (CAPCO), Ragland. AL
The CAPCO plant is situated in a rural area one-half mile west of the
village of RagLand and 15 miles from Pell City, Alabama. The main product is
asbestos cement pipe.
The upstream water used for processing is from an artificial lake,
(Lake Weaver) located about 1/4 mile from the plant. The used process water is
discharged through a 6 ft deep trough into a concrete basin. Here the solids are
removed automatically and continuously with a chain drive mechanism which feeds
into a front end loader. The collected solids are transported to a landfill for burial.
The discharged effluent water then passes into an earthen settling pond. On the
occasion of the first visit (31 March - 2 April 1975) the discharge from the settling
pond crossed an older bed of a/c waste to reach a spring-fed stream. Above the
point of stream entry a second stream also entered containing discharge from a
nearby cement plant. The combined stream flows into Trout Creek below Ragland
and eventually joins the Coosa River.
On the occasion of the second visit (2 December 1975) the water
discharged from the concrete basin into the settling pond was being recycled by
being pumped uphill to an artificial lake constructed in October 1975 (Lake Weaver).
Lake Weaver is above the original artifical lake, the primary source of upstream
water. The secondary water from Lake Weaver was then combined with the pri-
mary lake water for use in processing. Thus, the operation in December repre-
sent a closed loop system with no discharge to natural waters.
The upstream primary water from the natural water lake was
sampled in March but both primary and the secondary recycled reservoir were
sampled in December.
The discharged water was sampled at the point of emergence from
the plant in the 6 ft deep trough. The next downstream sampling point was the out-
-86-
-------
flow from the concrete basin. In the December operation this is the water re-
cycled to Lake Weaver. In March the outflow was discharged to a creek about
1/2 mile downstream at a point where the stream also represented discharge
water from a nearby cement plant which was sampled separately. The combined
discharge water was sampled once at Trout Creek, below confluence with CAPCO
stream. This point was about 2-3 miles downstream.
Discussion of the results obtained at Ragland is complicated
by the variations occurring in the system throughout the sampling periods. Thus
on the first visit it is noted that flow below D2 was temporarily blocked by an
earth dam, but that normal flow had resumed by April 2nd. One is therefore
tempted to state that only the April 2nd data represent the true situation as it
Q
then existed. The interpretation is further complicated by the high (» 10 )
readings at D2 on April 1st which were anticipated by the original site report
which mentions cleaning of the ditch below Dl with a high pressure hose on
that date.
By the date of the second visit the system was effectively
closed up with water from the concrete basin being pumped to Lake Weaver, an
artificial lake constructed above the original artificial lake. Water from both
lakes is now combined to yield the process water currently used.
-87-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table J-l
Ul Artificial lake 1/4 mile above plant
UO Lake Weaver — an artificial lake above that of Ul, to which D2 effluent
is now pumped
Dl Concrete trench (6* deep) just outside plant — trench deepens to 14
feet — leading to concrete basin
D2 Outflow from concrete basin from which solids are removed continuously
D3 Stream from National Cement Company above junction with CAPCO effluent
D4 CAPCO and National Cement combined effluents en route to Trout-creek.
D5 Trout creek below compliance with effluents.
-88-
-------
Capco, Ragland, Alabama
TABLE J - 1
Code P2
I
00
3/31/75
Location Type l»p.l. >5nm
Ul G BDL(0.45)
Dl I TNTC >>1010
D2 I 100(C) 34
67 (A) 0
D3 G 6.3(C) 4.2
G(R) BDL(0.70)
D4 G 490(C) 210
56 (A) 0
D5 G 23(C) 3.1
See Legend - page 29
tss fibers
mg/1 counted
21 0
ua
150 29
150 15
1874 9
1874 0
104 35
104 4
25 22
4/1/75 4/2/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5)jm mg/1 counted
*
G BDL(0.9) - 21 0
G(R) 99(C) 14 21 55
I TNTC >1010 709
I TNTC >108 57
I TNTC >109 28
I 23(C) 4.1 85 28
5.9(A) 1.7 85 7
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5f«n mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.36) - 23 0
I TNTC >109 na
I BDL(C)(1.4) - 150 0
21(A) 16 150 17
G BDL(1. 1) - 108 0
G 15(C) 8.2 111 11
2. 5(A) 0 111 2
-------
Capco, Ragland, Alabama
TABLE J - 2
Code P2
12/2/75
tss fibers tss fibers
Location Type £,p. 1. >5Atm. mg/1 counted Type f.p.l. >5pm mg/1 counted Type
o
i
UO
Ul
Dl
D2
D3
G
16(C)
0* na 13
2.1(A) 0 13
G TNTC >1010 1104
G(R) TNTC >110 1104
G 210(C)
19(A)
* 1OO% less than O. 5|j.m
0
0
16 34
16 3
G 250(C) 50 52 25
f.p.l.
tss fibers
mg/1 counted
-------
Appendix K Co4e P3
Cement Asbestos Products Company (CAPCOk Van Buren. AR
The CAPCO plant at Van Buren was the smallest of the asbestos
cement pipe plants visited. The plant is situated on or near an industrial estate
east of Van Buren and north of the Arkansas River. PVC pipe is also produced at
this plant. Effluent, principally cooling water, from the pvc plant is separate from
the asbestos cement process water, running directly to an open ditch running along
the north side of the plant. This ditch also carries untreated sewage from the town.
The ditch discharges to a lake some distance to the east of the plant; the lake in
turn feeds out to the Arkansas River.
Water for the asbestos cement pipe process is obtained from a well
on the site which supplies only the process lines. Effluent is discharged via a
pvc pipe to a series of 3 concrete settling basins which are used in rotation. When
filled these basins are emptied by mechanical shovel and the solid wastes are dumped
on the site. Overflow from the settling basins is channeled through a concrete spill-
way to a large pond (really two ponds interconnected by a narrow channel). Any
overflow from these ponds passes out through a stand pipe to an open ditch on the
north side of the site. This condition of overflow would be extremely rare. At the
time of the visit there had been considerable rainfall resulting in much standing water
on the site, and a volume of water in the Arkansas River approximately 4 times
greater than normal. The level of the ponds, however, was still about 12-18"
below the level of the overflow pipe. It was claimed that overflow had occurred only
twice in about 3 years and that then when this occurred the entire area was flooded
with considerable unchanneled run off to the ditch. This is quite believable, and
under such conditions the unchanneled run off could be expected to contain much
asbestos cement waste from the primary settling pond area. To all intents and
purposes this plant could reasonably be considered a closed system and therefore
only one visit was made, in February 1975.
-91-
-------
K - con't.
Samples were taken of the well water used for processing, of the
pvc pipe process cooling water, of the asbestos cement process effluent to the
settling tank, of the discharge leaving the concrete spillway from the primary
settling tank and of the final settling pond in the vicinity of the overflow stand
pipe. One sample was also taken of the Van Buren city water from a faucet within
the quality control laboratory at the plant.
The only surprising feature about the results obtained at Van Buren
was the high asbestos count in the cooling water from the pvc pipe process. This
water runs in a concrete channel alongside the primary settling basins and the
variability of the results, on.the first day of sampling considered along with the
adverse weather conditions at the time of sampling suggests that contamination due
to run off is being experienced.
The variation in levels detected, which; is particularly evident in the
series of samples taken on February 5 highlights one of the major problems
experienced in analyzing asbestos cement plant effluents. The cement component
of the solids, if the process is working successfully, effectively coats the asbestos
fibers and promotes adherence to each other leading to the formation of clumps and
aggregates from which no clear positive diffraction pattern can be obtained. Under
such conditions counting and measurement of fibers and their classification as
asbestos becomes a very uncertain process. It is more than likely that had these
samples not been run "blind" (to eliminate prejudicial judgements by the analyst)
that the statement "chrysotile not present - the material resembling it is crystalline
and a Ca-Mg silicate with some Fe" would have been modified to take cognizance
of the presence of fibers, probably asbestos, intimately associated with a cementing
matrix.
-92-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table K-l
Ul Well water used for process water from faucet adjacent to mixing machine
Dl Cooling water from PVC pipe line
D2 Asbestos cement pipe process effluent to settling tank
D3 Discharge at end of concrete spillway from settling tank
D4 Final pond near overflow stand pipe
-93-
-------
Capco, Van Buren, Arkansas
TABLE K - 1
Code P3
Location
t
Ul
£ Dl
i
D2
D3
* Fibe
See Legend - page 29
2/3/75 2/4/75 2/5/75
tss fibers tss fibers tss
Type f.p.1. >5fmi mg/1 counted
•
.
G BDL(0. 13) 7 0
G(R) TNTC >109 7
G 110 58 na 42
I
I TNTC >109 1080
I(R) TNTC ^>10 1080
I THL 410
I(R) THL 410
I(R) TNTC >1010 410
rs present, inadequate diffraction pattern;
type f.p.1. >5nm mg/1 counted
G TNTC >109 10
G(R)*
I 3600(C) 745 760 29
630(A) 760 760 5
I(R) TNTC ^>10 760
I BDL(S.l) - 206 00
I(R) BDL(1.6) - 206 0
)robe could not confirm - show Al and othe;
Type f. p. I. ^5M?ti mg/1
G BDL(4.8) - 3
G(R) BDL(1.2) - 3
G TNTC >109 10
**I TNTC >1010 843
**I(R) 2500(C) 395 843
400(A) 200 843
**I(H) BDL(66) - 843
**I(R) TNTC >1010 843
I BDL(6.97) - 153
I(R) BDL(2.8) - ' 153
I(R) 2100(C) 140 153
elements in addition to Mg and Si.
fibers
counted
38
6
0
0
0
45
** This series highlights the counting problem. The descriptions accompanying one of the TNTC samples and the BDL sample
-------
Capco, Van Buren, Arkansas
page two i
TABLE K - 1
Location
D4
01
2/3/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5|um mg/1 counted Type f.p.l.
2/4/75
G 2200(C) 175 28 138
G
G
5300(C)
TNTC
tss fibers
mg/1 counted Type
642 28 33
10
** con't.
** read respectively, "heavy clumping of Ca material containing large quantities of asbestos" and "chrysotile hot present —
Code P3
2/5/75
tss fibers
f.p.lo >5jiim mgA counted
I BDL(6)
I(R) 48(C) 6
I(R) 69(C) 6
22 0
22 16
22 23
-------
Appendix L
Certain-Teed Products, St. Louis, MO Code P4
The Certain-Teed plant is situated on the north east side of
St. Louis approximately 1/2 - 1 mile from the Mississippi Eiver. A cement plant
is adjacent to the CT plant on one side; on the other runs Maline Creek which
separates CT from a residential area. Water used in the processing operations is
St. Louis municipal water. The Certain-Teed plant was visited twice, the two
visits probably representing the extremes in waste disposal technology.
On the first visit the facility was operatingprobably the most rudimentary
waste disposal of any of the plants studied. Process water was pumped to large
save-alls whose overflow ran through a covered channel in the plant floor, out
through a concrete spillway and ditch to a small creek running through the property.
This creek ditch also carries effluent from the neighboring cement plant and dis-
charges into Maline Creek (see sketch). When the save-alls were dumped or
during machine clean up the effluent was diverted and pumped to a large waste pile
(variously referedto as "The White Mountain" or "Stromboli") which has been
growing since the plant went into operation. Loss of water from this pile was by
percolation with no obvious run off. Only the save-alls represented any type of
effort at sedimentation.
Samples were taken of St. Louis municipal water from a drinking
fountain adjacent to the pipe machine, from the creek from the cement plant prior
to entry of the CT effluent, from the vacuum seal water discharge, from the over-
flow from the save-alls, from the ditch leading to the creek (combining save-all
overflow and seal water), from the creek below the entry of the CT effluent and
from Maline Creek downstream of the entry of the creek.
On the second visit treatment facilities for completely recirculating
process water had been on stream for about 2 months. During that period diffi-
culties had been experienced only once, when moisture from the stack gas, used
to reduce pH, froze within the pipes during sub-zero weather., A description of
-96-
-------
the waste treatment follows.
Effluent, consisting of overflow from the save alls and cooling water
from the vacuum seals runs through an 8" pipe and empties into a concrete trough
situated several hundred feet from the pipe plant. The trough, measuring about
8' x 40', is continually swept by a travelling rake which concentrates solids at one
end. This slurry is then pumped into a large tank where it is aerated by hot stack
gases to reduce the pH to nearly 8.0. The clean discharge collected from the top
of the tank is recirculated within the plant. Overflow from the settling basin and
unused process water is periodically discharged through a 12" pipe into Maline
Creek. This discharge varies from 50,000 to 140,000 gallons per day.
Samples were taken of the incoming city water at the analytical
laboratory in the plant, of the overflow from the save alls where it enters the settling
basin, of the treated, pH adjusted process water from the top of the pH treatment
tank, of the overflow at the discharge point into Maline Creek and of Maline Creek
just upstream of the discharge point.
The data recorded during the first visit show a surprising, but
reasonably consistent variation on a day-to-day basis with the 11 February samples
showing the highest asbestos counts. As the emission of overflow from the save alls
is not constant with time, daily variations should not be unexpected, however, the
magnitude of the variations - ranging from <6 x 10 to 10-10 - at the final
discharge is surprising. The vacuum seal water showed a near constant asbestos
level during this same period.
Although the currently used treatment plant substantially recycles the
process water, there is still some periodic discharge (at D3) into Maline Creek,
and asbestos has been detected immediately downstream of the discharge.
-97-
-------
Key to Sampling Points - Table L-l
U2 Creek from cement plant above confluence with Certain-Teed effluent
Dl Overflow from save-alls, downpipe to channel in floor
D2 Vacuum seal water, pipe adjacent to Dl
D3 Effluent (Dl and D2) ditch outside plant
D4 Creek below confluence of cement plant and Certain-Teed effluents
D5 Maline Creek at Riverview Drive bridge.
-98-
-------
Certain-Teed, St. Louis. MO
TABLE L - 1
Code P4
See Legend - page 29
2/10/75
tss fibers
Location
U2
i
co
f Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
1
Type f.p.1. >5^m mg/1 counted
G 2100(C) 900 555 42
G 620(C) 50 404 62
G TNTC ^>1010 396
G 64(C) 9.7 10 53
I
G 13(C) 1.2 90 31
G 900(C) 180 182 45
2/11/75 2/12/75
tss fibers tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5Mm mg/1 counted
I BDL(ll.O) - 753 0
I THL 338
G 31(C) 18.75 1 32
Q
*no count possible, ipl ]>10 , (C)
I 200(C) 22.58 93.55 31
Type f.p.l. >5jLtm mgA counted
I BDL(8.4) - 322 0
G 83(C) 28 1 33
I BDL(7.6) - 248 0
I BDL(6.0) - 433 0
G BDL(3.4) - 98 0
* Sample heavily agglomerated - agglomerates are Ca - rich.
-------
Key to Sampling Points - Table L - 2
Ul St. Louis water
Dl Overflow from save-alls
D2 Treated, pH adjusted process water from top of tank
D3 Outflow at discharge point into Maline Creek
D4 Maline Creek just upstream of discharge D3
-100-
-------
Certain-Teed, St. Louis, MO
TABLE L- 2
See Legend - page 29
1/15/76
Code P4
tss fibers
tss fibers
Location
Ul
Dl
D2
D3
D4
Type f.p.1. >5Mm mg/1 counted
G 4.9(C) 0.88 21 39
G 1800(C) 650 244 36
G * 10
i
G 180(C) 25 41 29
G 15(C) 1.2 22 12
Type
tss fibers
f.p.l. >§MPi mg/I counter
* Examination difficult due to agglomeration
-------
Appendix M
Flintkote Corporation, Rareenna, OH Code P5
The Fliatkote Corporation is a major manufacturer of asbestos
pipe. They also manufacture PVC pipe at this location,,
The plant is situated on the north side of 1-76 near its intersection
with Route 44, about 2 miles south of Ravenna. It is a semi-rural area. Active
wild animal life was observed in the swamp area about 1/4 mile to the rear of the
plant.
The upstream water used for processing is obtained from Lake
Hodgson which is 3 miles distant. The water is pumped through A/C pipe to a water
tower centrally located on the Flintkote property.
The downstream waste water from processing is discharged at the
rear of the main building into a concrete trough about 1 ft deep into one of two settling
basins. The overflow is diverted into a natural pond. Just below the outlet of the pond
the pH is adjusted using sulfuric acid and measured by a. continuous recording meter
just below the pond. The outfall passes into a stream which enters a swamp (1/4 mile).
An A/C waste pile borders the stream following the pH adjustment point and extends
several hundred yards into the swamp. Solids are probably washed into the swamp
through percolation and run off but direct run off into the effluent is prevented by
earth dikes separating the waste pile and stream. A seepage pond is formed at the
western edge of the Flintkote property. Here water spills over a river and winds
through privately owned farms for 1-2 miles, entering Breakneck Creek just above
a bridge (Herriff Road). The creek eventually passes the town of Kent.
No data were available on flow rates. Save-alls were reportedly
dumped intermittently on an unscheduled basis. The solid waste from the settling
basins is carried by truck to an uncovered landfill on Flintkote property which borders
the swamp.
The plant was visited twice. The first visit occurred 29 April -
2 May 1975, and the second one 11 November 1975. Waste water processing was
about the same on both occasions.
-102-
-------
M - con't.
Samples of the upstream water were taken at Lake Hodgson and
also at the water tower on the Flintkote property. This water was then fed to the
pipe processing plant.
The waste water discharged at the rear of the building was sampled
from the cement trough close to the building. The next waste water sampling was
on the outflow at the west end of the settling pond and again below the pH adjustment
point. The last sampling point was at the outfall from the river below the swamp
at the west end of the Flintkote property. Samples were also taken during the May
visit from Breakneck Creek about 2 miles from Flintkote, below confluence with the
Flintkote stream and a sample was also taken from Breakneck Creek before it joined
the Flintkote stream.
The waste disposal system at Flintkote appears to effectively pre-
vent the contamination of the local stream by asbestos. No asbestos was detected
in Breakneck Creek below the Flintkote discharge while levels of the order of
10 fpl were detected in the weir at the fence line, approximately 1-2 miles from
the point of entry to Breakneck Creek.
-103-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table M-l
Ul Water tower, sampled at faucet in boiler room
U2 Spring fed lake — Lake Hodgson
Dl Used process water discharge to settling basin
D2 Outfall from settling pond
D3 Outfall from pH adjustment basin
D4 Outfall at weir below swamp
D5 Breakneck creek below confluence with Flintkote stream
D6 Breakneck creek above confluence with Flintkote stream
-104-
-------
Flintkote, Ravenna, Ohio
TABLE M- I
See Legend - page 29
4/30/75
tss fibers
Location
Ul
U2
i
»->
0
Ol
i
Dl
D2
D3
t
D4
Type f.p.1. >5Mm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.7y - 18 0
G BDL(0. 79) - 14 0
G(R) BDL(0.79) - 14 0
I TNTC >1010 169
I 30(C) 2 34 30
I 190(C) 7.3 27 26
i
I BDL(0. 38) - 26 0
5/1/75
tss
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/1
G BDL(l.S) - 24
G BDL(0.5) - 17
I TNTC >1010 250
I BDL(0.23)* - 42
I 1200(C) 462 93
480(C) 256 93
I 18(C) 45 15
fibers
counted
0
0
0
39
15
28
Code P5
5/2/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5nm mg/1 counter
G BDL(0.7)
G BDL(0.55)
31(C) 0
34 0
17 0
I BDL(0.18)* 56 0
23(C) 3.8 28 18
29 24
* Agglomeration due to Ca containing compound noted.
-------
Flintkote, Ravenna, Ohio
TABLE M-l, cont.
Code P5
page two
Location
D5
i
t->
O
? D6
U2
Dl
D2
D3
tss fibers
Type f.p.l, >5/wn mg/1 counted
11/7/75
G 220(C) 67 13 33
G(R) 110(C) 17 13 53
G 2400(C) 83 673 29
I 180(C) 23 38 55
I 140(C) 10 6 27
20(A) 15 4
5/1/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5nm mg/1 counted
G BDL(l.O) 23 0
5/2/75
tss fibers
Type fop.l. >5jum mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 63) - 23 0
G BDL(1.3) - 26 0
G(R) BDL(l.S) - 26 0
G BDL(1.3) - 18 0
G BDL(0.63) - 17 0
-------
Appendix N
National Gypsum Company. New Orleans. LA Code gl
The National Gypsum Company is a medium size company manufactur-
ing asbestos-cement sheet . The plant is situated in an industrial area bordering
the Mississippi River levee within the city of New Orleans.
The origin of the upstream water used in plant operations is the city
water department.
The A/C waste process water is treated with a poly electrolyte floc-
culent and fed to a 10,000 gallon settling tank. The clarified effluent is mixed with
vacuum seal water and partially recycled for processing. Plans call for total recy-
cling of process water and so far are partially completed. There was no pH control
but the treatment effected almost complete removal of solids. Escape of solids in
small amounts appears possible only during the dumping of save-alls (10-30 min each
day) when excess solids may sweep over the spillway of the concrete pits and into
the sewer. The A/C solids are allowed to settle in the concrete pits on the outside
of the building and the overflow from these passes down a shallow trench beside the
building into a stone sewer. In the sewer the effluent flows north to the Broad and
Calliope pumping station and then through 15 ft pipes into Lake Pontchartrain. The
solid waste is shoveled into metal bins and removed for landfill burial.
The plant was visited on two occasions. The first visit was on
25-27 March 1975, and the second on 4-5 December 1975. Some of the used and
clarified process water was recycled in April, and further progress in this direction
had been made as observed in the December visit.
The upstream city water was sampled inside the building from one
of the drinking fountains. A sample of the Missfssippi river was taken at a parkside
location where there was access to the river. The river was near flood stage at the
time. At another park a water sample was taken of Lake Pontchartrain.
The first downstream sample representing the first effluent processing
water was taken inside the plant at the valve outlet from the bottom of save-all
number 1. The next sample point was the outfall from the plant leading from the
' concrete collecting pit. The best waste effluent sampling point was the overflow
-107-
-------
from the settling tanks where the water enters the storm drain of the sewer system
at the north end of the building. The vacuum seal water was sampled inside the
plant. The excess vacuum seal water was periodically vented into the concrete pits.
The overflow from the settling tanks appears to show some con-
9
siderable variation, BDL - >10 . In view of the low frequency of dumping of the
save-alls ( 10-30 min each day ) it is possible that this may account for these
observed variations.
-108-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table N-l
Dl New Orleans municipal water supply
U2 Mississippi River
Dl Valve at bottom of savealls
D2 First out-fall from plant
D3 Vacuum seal water-sampled in plant
D4 Overflow from settling ranks to storms drain
D5 Lake Ponchartrain
D6 Tap water, Quality Inn
-109-
-------
National Gypsum, New Orleans, Louisiana
TABLE N- 1
Code SI
See Legend - page 29
Location
Ul
D2
-^
a D3
i
D4
U2
D5
, D6
3/25/75 3/26/75 3/27/75
tss fibers tss fibers tss fibers'
Type f.p.1. >5|nm mg/1 counted
G BDL(lfl) 42 0
I TNTC >109 .83
G BDL(0. 13)* - 15 0
I TNTC >109 71
I
3/29/75
G BDL(l.O) - 367 0
G(R) BDL(l.O) - 367 0
G BDL(0.9) - 50 0
G BDL(0. 14) 17 0
Type f.p.l. >5Mm mg/1 counted
G 0.88(C) 0.13 10 7
G(R) BDL(0.13) - 10 0
I BDL(0.43)* - 70 0
G 6.4(C) 1.26 6 51
I BDL(0.48)* - 91 0
Type f.p.l. >5jJm mg/1 counted
G BDL(l.S) - 17 0
I TNTC >109 89
G BDL(0. 13)* 23 0
I BDL(0.63)* 71 0
G BDL(0.63) - 70 0
* filmed and agglomerated sample - no positive identification of fibers as asbestos
-------
National Gypsum, New Orleans, Louisiana
TABLE N - 2
Code SI
12/4/75
12/5/75
tss fibers
Location
Ul
Dl
D2
D4
Type f.p.1. >5itm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 5) - 10
G TNTC >10n 8494
I *74(C) 5.3 ' 24 28
I 98(C) 19 20 37
i
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/1 counted
G TNTC >10 0.1
I 950(C) 79 35
I 1200(C) 343 77
60
49
* Counting difficult due to agglomeration
tss fibers
Type f»p.L >5jum mg/1 counted
-------
Appendix O
GAF Corporation. St. Louis. MO Code S2
The GAF plant is situated on Riverview Drive in the Northeast part
of St. Louis and is approximately 1/4 mile from the Mississippi River. The plant
is adjacent to a cement plant and not far removed from the CertainTeed AC pipe
pi ante
Water used in the processing operations is St. Louis municipal
water. Effluent leaves the plant via a concrete trench to a pump house, and is
pumped to the top of a large waste pile.
The waste pile has at least 2 main basins - as one fills the feed is
transferred to the other. The first then percolates through and, when empty the
walls are scooped out higher ready for the next period of use. There was no
evidence of any overflow but presumably this could occur if the wall was to break.
Loss of water from the resulting lagoon is by percolation with no
identifiable run off or overflow. The waste pile is adjacent to Maline Creek; any
run off to this creek would be downstream of discharges from the cement plant and
from Certain Teed's AC pipe operation.
The plant was visited on two occasions, February 1975 and January 1976.
Samples were taken of the St. Louis Municipal water, from a faucet near the process
line and of the effluent at the point where the concrete trench emerges from the building,
of the seal water where it spills into the trench and of Maline Creek at Riverview
Bridge.
Samples taken at the trench on 2.10.75 smelled strongly of kerosene:
a mixture of No. 2 fuel oil and animal fat which is used in the process may have leaked
into the effluent. Samples taken at the same point on 2011.75 prior to approximately
11:00 a.m» do not reflect normal running conditions due to a pump failure resulting
in backing up the concrete trench to a depth of approximately 18" - 3 times the normal
depth0
-112-
-------
Key to Sampling Sites Table O - 1
Ul St. Louis water, faucet near process line
Dl Concrete trench leading to pump, just outside plant
D2 Water from seals at point where it spills into trench
D3 Maline creek at Riverview Drive bridge, common sampling
point with CertainTeed (D5), St. Louis
-113-
-------
GAF Corporation,
TABLE O- 1
Code S2
St. Louis, Missouri
See Legend - page 29
2/10/75 2/11/75 2/12/75
tss fibers tss fibers tss
Location
Ul
Dl
D2
D3
type f.p.1. >5nm mgA counted
G 0.08(C) 0 21
1.5(A) 0.63 2 19
G BDL(0. 13) - 2.0 0
G TNTC >1010 432
G TNTC >1010 330
I
G 220(C) 145 500 35
Type f.p.l. >5jnm mgA counted
G 0. 16(C) 02 1
4.7(A) 1.9 2 30
G BDL(0. 13) 2.0 0
I TNTC >1010 382
Type f.p.l. >5Mm mg/1
G BDL(0. 28) - 2 0
G BDL(0.45) - 2.0 0
TNTC >10U 660
G 36(C) 3.3 8 43
G 9.5(C) 2.1 8 37
G BDL(3.4) 98 0
-------
GAF Corporation,
St. Louis, Missouri
TABLE O - 2
Code S2
1/13/76
Location
Ul
Dl
icn
' D2
D3
Type f.p.1.
G BDL(0.25)
tss fibers
mg/1 counted
15 0
11
G
TNTC >10 632
170(C) 9.6 9 53
G 1700(C) 164 41 52
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5)Jm mg/1 counted
Type
tss fibers
>5
-------
Appendix P
Johns-Manville Corporation, Nashua. NH Code gs
The Johns-Manville Corporation at Nashua is a medium-sized
manufacturing plant producing asbestos board and laboratory table tops. It is
located on the edge of an urban area of Nashua. The Nashua River flows past at the
rear of the property about 1/4 mile from the office.
The plant obtains its upstream supply of process water from the city
of Nashua.
There is a set of four holding tanks for receiving the waste process
water. After settling the solids the clarified water is recycled. At the time of the
first visit on 23 July 1975 progress had been made toward a closed system. The
amount of clarified effluent being discharged to the Nashua River was about 20,000 -
25,000 gallons per day. This was usually discharged about once per shift, when the
pump was activated for about 1/2 hour. This same pipe discharges continuously a
small amount of boiler condensate, cooling waste and one single toilet. At the second
visit on 14 October 1975, the waste discharge had been reduced to about 1/2 that of
the discharge in July.
The city water was sampled at a drinking fountain in the plant. The
waste water was sampled from the discharge pipe at the riverside. Two Nashua
River upstream samples were taken at 50 and 700 yds upstream in July and 10 and
50 yds upstream in October. Two downstream river samples were also taken at
50 and 150 yds during the July visit and 30 yds and 100 yds downstream during the
October visit. The Nashua River enters the Merrimae River about 300 yds downstream.
The Nashua River was at a higher stage by about 2 ft from that observed
in July and flowing more swiftly, probably due to about 4 days of rain before our visit.
Although Nashua was nominally a closed system some discharge on
9 10
an intermittent basis took place at levels of about 10 -10 fpl. This discharge may
be reflected in the detection of asbestos downstream from the plant. It should be noted,
however, that higher levels of chrysotile are detected upstream from the discharge on
'7/23/75 and approximately equal levels on 10/14/75. At present no source has been
identified for this upstream asbestos.
-116-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table P-l
Ul Nashua city water
U2 Nashua river 700 yds upstream of J. M. Plant
U3 Nashua river about 50 yds upstream of J. M. Plant
Dl Discharge to Nashua river
D2 Nashua river about 30 yds downstream from point of entry of Dl
D3 Nashua river about 100 yds downstream from point of entry of Dl
-117-
-------
Johns-Manville. Nashua, New Hampshire
TABLE P - 1
Code S3
00
I
Location
Ul
U2
U3
Dl
D2
D3
See Legend - page 29
7/23/75 10/14/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5jum mg /I counted
G 2200(C) 943 17 35
G 170(C) 50 654 27
G BDL(1.6)* - 210 0
G(R) TNTC(C) >108 210
G 150(C) 50 14 24
G 340(C) 66 8 41
tss
Type f.p.l. >5|nm nig A
G BDL(0.38) - 13
G(R) BDL(0.38) - 13
G 8.8(C) 1.3 1.4
G 2.5(C) 1.25 10
G(R) BDL(l.S) - 10
G TNTC(C) >1010 86
G 4000 533 76
G 3. 1(C) 0 2
fibers
counted
0
0
-7
2
0
45
3
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5]uni mg/1 countec
* Many inorganic fibers noted; agglomeration common; could not positively identify asbestos.
-------
Appendix Q
Nicolet Industries, Ambler, PA Code S4
The Nicolet plant is a small plant producing asbestos cement sheet
and located on the south edge of the town of Ambler. Water for processing is pumped
from Wissahickon Creek to which effluent, at the rate of about 50,000 gallons per
8 hr day, is returned.
The water pumped from the creek is fed to a reservoir approximately
2 blocks west of the plant, thence to a large tank inside the plant building. Both the
reservoir and the tank were sampled. After process use, and loaded with solids, the
water is discharged into one of three drop out basins whose overflow is into one or
more of four settling ponds, separated from each other by filter beds of porous slag
and usable either singly or in series. Settled solids from the drop out basins are
pumped to a nearby waste hill. Overflow from the final settling pond passes through a
porous slag filter bed to a small creek and on down to Wissahickon Creek. Samples of
the effluent were taken at. the discharge into the drop out basin, the drop out basin over-
flow to the settling pond and the final outlet to the creek.
Although Nicolet had originally been described as a totally closed system
some effluent is returned to Wissahickon Creek. Visually, this effluent appears
cleaner than the incoming waterc, The asbestos content, however, is variable in the
Q -J A
range 10 to 10 fpL It should be noted, however, that asbestos of the order of
Q ft
10 to 10 fpl is apparently already present in Wissahickon Creek prior to the addition
of the Nicolet material which seems to have little impact on the total asbestos content.
-119-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table Q - 1
Ul Storage tank in building - water pumped from Wissahickon Creek
Dl Process water discharge to "drop out" basins
D2 Overflow from drop out basin to settling pond
D3 Outlet from settling pond to Wissahickon Creek
-120-
-------
Nicolet Industries, Ambler, Pennsylvania
TABLE Q - 1
Code S4
Location
Ul
Dl
i
to
^ D2
D3
Dl
D2
D3
See Legend - page 29
5/12/75 5/13/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5Mm mg/1 counted
G 78(C) 23 10 31
I 30,000(C) 11490 890 47
I 2,100(C) 228 60 46
I 150(C) 39 5 36
I(R) BDL(0. 5) - 50
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5/nm mg/1 counted
G 290(C) 31 19 37
I TNTC(C) >1012 3570
I TNTC(C) >1010 105
9
I TNTC(C) >10 13
10/24/75
I TNTC »lon 2304
I 2400(C) 120 2 40
I 640(C) 16 1 40
5/14/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/1 countec
11
I TNTC(C) ^>10 1238
I TNTC(C) ^.O11 1368
I(R) TNTC(C) ^lO11 1368
I THL 18
-------
Appendix R
Johns-Manville Corporation. North Billerica, MA Code S5
The Johns-Manville Corporation is a medium sized manufacturing
company producing asbestos board and table tops. It is located just east of Rte 3,
a few miles south of Lowell, Massachusetts on the northeast edge of North
Billerica in Iron Horse Industrial Park.
The upstream water supply is obtained from the town of Billerica.
The downstream waste process water is pumped out to a large outdoor settling pond
which is diked to a height of 6-8 ft above ground. The settling pond has no outlet
and constitutes a closed system. The high retaining walls above ground were con-
structed because of the high water table.
The plant also has storm sewers for rain which can carry a little
soil drainage to the creek which crosses the rear of the property. The creek empties
into a marshy area about 2 miles away and eventually empties into the Merrimac
River.
The plant was visited once on 24 July 1976.
The city upstream water was sampled inside the plant from a drink-
ing fountain. The downstream waste discharged from the pipe was sampled as it
was flowing into the settling pond. One upstream creek sample was obtained from
a bridge on High Street. Two downstream creek samples were obtained, one about
1/4 mile and the second about 1 mile distant.
The Johns-Manville operation at Billerica constitutes a closed sample
having no impact on asbestos levels in the nearby creek which carries soil drainage
from the property. The two observations of amosite asbestos downstream from the
plant each represent only 3 fibers detected, and as such cannot be regarded as
statistically significant.
-122-
-------
Key to Sampling Points - Table R-l
Ul City water
U2 Creek carrying storm sewer drainage-upstream of plant
Dl Settling pond
D2 Creek carrying storm sewer drainage. About 1/4 mile downstream of plant
D3 Creek carrying storm sewer drainage. About 1 mile downstream of plant
-123-
-------
Johns-Manville, Billerica.
TABLE R - 1
Code S5
Nl
Massachusetts
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
D3
Type
G
G
G
G
G
G
, G
G
G(R)
G
I
7/24/75
f.p.1. >5pm
BDL(0. 17)
BDL(4. 4)
BDL(6. 3)
5800(A)* 3026
8700(A) 2342
BDL(1.3)
3.4(A)* 3,4
BDL(l.S)
BDL{1.3)
3.8(A)* 2.5
tss fibers
ing A counted
na 0
16 0
8 0
257 46
83 52
na 0
6 3
na 0
na 0
na 3
See Legend - page 29
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/1 counted
Type
tss fibers
mg/1 countei
* Amphibole identified as amosite
-------
Appendix S
Johns-Manville Products Corporation, Tilton, NH Code Rl
The Johns-Manville Corporation is a smaller J-M plant which produces
both asbestos paper and mill board for the construction industry. It is located about
1/2 mile south of Rte 3 about 5 miles east of Franklin, New Hampshire. The 12 mile
stretch between Franklin and Laconia has many resort areas on small lakes and is
semi-rural.
The upstream water is pumped in from the Minnepesaukee River.
This river is in turn fed by the Minnepesaukee Lake about 1/4 mile away. The inlet
water is screened and treated to remove about half of the total solids and some iron
before use as process water,, It is then fed to the inlet process line. A separate well
supplies drinking water and the sewage goes to a sanitary deep well.
The used process water from the mill board operation was centri-
fugally separated and the liquid recycled. This was also done with the waste water
from the paper operation. The unused waste water from both units were then com-
bined, flocculent was added and then fed to the Dorr settling tank, The clarified
overflow from the Dorr tank was then piped about 400-500 ft to the discharge point
on the Minnepeasaukee River about 100 yards downstream from the upstream intake,.
The Dorr tank effluent was combined with outlet boiler condensate and cooling water.
The bottoms or sludge from clarifying the process waste of both
paper and mill board operations is dumped intermittently and pumped'into a large
closed system pond about 50 yards wide by 400-500 yards long. The pond is inter-
mittently scooped out and the waste asbestos disposed of in a buried land fill opera-
tion.
Upstream samples were taken of the raw river water and the clarified
water actually used for processing,,
The only practical sampling point for the used process water was
following the combined streams of both operations located in the basement of the
manufacturing building. The overflow from the Dorr tank was sampled at the
-125-
-------
S - con't.
overflow ring in the Dorr tank building, A separate sample was taken at a manhole
where the outlet boiler condensate and cooling water line joined the overflow from
the Dorr tank. The last sampling point was at the actual discharge box located on
the river bank about 6 ft above the river.
All the samples downstream of this plant showed asbestos present
9 10
at levels of the order of 10 to 10 fpl.
-126-
-------
Key to Sampling Points - Table S-l
Ul Inlet process water from Minnepesaukee River
U2 Inlet process water after screening and processing
Dl Combined paper and millboard effluent to Dorr tank
D2 Clarified effluent from Dorr tank
D3 "Bottoms" sludge from centrifugal separator
D4 Combined Dorr tank effluent, boiler condensate and cooling water to
Minnepesaukee River
-127-
-------
Johns-Manville, Tilton,
TABLE S- 1
Code Rl
to
oo
New Hampshire
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
D3
D4
7/21/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5Mni mg/1 covmted
G BDL(0. 56) - 3 0
G(R) BDL(0.63) 3 0
G BDL(1.3) na 0
G TNTC ^>1010 124
It)
G TNTC »10 248
G TNTC »109 1
G 1600 235 1 102
See Legend - page 29
7/22/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jnm mg/1 counted
G 32 36-59 10 41
G - 3.8 16-67 14 6
I TNTC >10n 382
I TNTC >109 9
G TNTC >1010 134
G TNTC >1010 9
G(R) TNTC >1010 9
7/23/75
tss fibers
Type f0p.la >5|itm mg/1 counted
G TNTC >109 53
G 42 1.4 na 30
I TNTC ^lO11 100
I TNTC >1010 na
-------
Johns-Manville, Tilton,
TABLE S - 2
Code Rl
New Hampshire
Location
Ul
U2
i
CO
f Dl
D2
D3
• D4
10/15/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >51010 314
I TNTC >109 1
G TNTC >1011 1137
G(R) TNTC >10 1137
G TNTC >109 3
10/16/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jLtm mg/1 counted
G 9.9 3.4 10 26
G 6.0 1.3 15 13
I TNTC >>1010 410
I TNTC >109 4
9
G TNTC >10 7
tss fibers
Type fop.l, >5M*n mg/1 counted
*m*^HUH ^»^V^^^H^«*H ^p^feM^H^^MflHB^^IIt MBIMMM^IMH^HHt MMHHYIIIHHM.^^B^H^^I*
-------
Appendix T
Johns-ManvJlle, Pittsburg, CA Code R2
The Johns-Manville plant is situated in a highly industrialized
area, about 2 to 3 blocks south of the San Joaquin estuary, from which the plant
derives the water used in processing. Both asbestos paper and sheet are manufactured
at this plant, from which the effluent is fed to the local sewer system. Samples were
taken of the incoming river water at the center vacuum pump of number 2 machine,
and at the cooling drums. The effluent was sampled at the flow rate flume in the
sewer. A sample of city water was collected from a faucet in the restroom.
No asbestos fibers were detected in either the city water or river
9 10
water samples. Levels of the order of 10 to 10 fpl were detected at the sewer
flume.
-130-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table T-l
Ul Municipal water - faucet in restroom
U2 River water at center vacuum pump No. 2 machine
U3 River water at cooling drums
Dl Effluent at sewer flowrate flume
-131-
-------
Johns-Manville, Pittsburg,
TABLE T - 1
CO
to
Californi
o
- i See Legend - page 29
3/4/75 3/5/75
tss fibers tss fibers
Location
Ul
U2
U3
Dl
Type f.p.1. >5Mm mgA counted
G BDL(0. 89) - 10 0
G BDL(6.3) - 64 0
G BDL(6.3) - 63 0
I 8300(C) 3269 270 33
I(R) 8800(C) 3200 270 55
Type f.p.l. >SMKI mgA counted
G BDL(6.3) - 67 0
G BDL(6.3) - 67 0
G BDL(6.3) - 68 0
G BDL(6.3) - 77 0
I 1300(C) 144 110 36
I(R) 800(C) 175 110 32
Code R2
tss fibers
Type f.p.L >5jLtm mg/1 counter
-------
Appendix U
Armstrong Cork Company. Fulton. NY Code R3
Armstrong Cork is a major manufacturer of gasketing, backing
material for floor tile and fill for cooling towers. The plant is located about two
miles north of Fulton, New York on Rte 57, on the east side of the Oswego River and
is semi-rural.
The upstream water supply is pumped in from the Oswego River at
a normal rate of about 4 million gallons per day. During the visit (29-31 October
1975) they were using about 3 million gallons per day for processing.
The downstream or waste process water is discharged to a slurry
pump; house a few hundred feet from the plant and from here about 1/4 mile to the
waste water treatment plant. The treatment plant provides three stages of treatment.
The waste is first pumped into one of three 'drop-out1 tanks in a housed building.
The tanks are continuously dredged to remove the heavier asbestos waste. The over-
flow from these tanks is fed to either one of two outdoor aeration basins for oxidation
of organics and then to one or both of the Dorr-type clarifiers before being discharged
to the Oswego River about 1/4 mile downstream from the intake. The Oswego River
empties into Lake Ontario about 10-12 miles to the north. The waste asbestos is
hauled away to disposal grounds.
The upstream water was sampled at the riverside pump house. The
combined discharge was sampled a a slurry pumphouse located a short distance north
of the inlet water pump house. The outflow from the 'drop out' tanks was sampled
regularly and then the final effluent following the_clarifiers before being fed back
into the Oswego River. Two more samples were taken from the river at points of
access. The first of these was atta point about 1/4 mile downstream and the next
one was about 3-1/2 miles downstream near the town of Minetto.
Although the sedimentation and clarifier systems at Fulton do effect
a considerable reduction in the fiber content of the effluent, dropping it from about
1011 - 1012 fpl to approximately 108 - to 109 fpl, this latter level is being conveyed
to the Oswego River. Surprisingly, however, fiber levels detected downstream of
-133-
-------
I* - con't.
the Armstrong effluent do not show a significantly higher asbestos content than that
7 8
of the incoming water (10 to 10 fpl).
-134-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table U -1
Ul Oswego River at pumphouse
Dl Discharge at slurry pump house
D2 Outflow from dropout tank
D3 Final effluent from clarifiers to Oswego River
D4 Oswego River approximately 1/4 mile downstream of effluent
D5 Oswego River approximately 3 1/2 miles downstream of effluent
-135-
-------
Armstrong, Fulton, New York
TABLE U - 1
Code R3
Location
Ul
•
^ Dl
CO
D2
D3
D4
D5
I
10/29/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5Aim mg/1 counted
I 14(C) 7.6 2 11
I(R) BDL(l.S) 2 0
12
I TNTC >10 392
I IIOOO(C) 1753 16 69
I 800(C) 64 9 50
i
See Legend - page 29
10/30/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5juin nig/1 counted
I 480(C) 96 2 30
12
I TNTC >10 2736
I 5900(C) 717 80 74
I(R) 4900(C) 445 80 55
I 1700(C) 63 6 54
G 180(C) 17 1 32
G 41(C) 14 0.1 33
10/31/75
tss fibe
Type fop.L >5jLtm mg/1 COUE
I BDL(0.5) - 10
I 65000(C) 12682 440 41
I TNTC >1010 9
I 4800(C) 398 38 121
I(R) 1300(C) 0 38 61
-------
Appendix V
GAF Corporation. Erie, PA, Cocje R4
GAF is a major manufacturer of asbestos paper and millboard
products. The plant is located near the downtown area of Erie, about 2 miles
from the shore of Lake Erie.
The upstream water supply, untreated Lake Erie water is pumped
into the plant to a small reservoir on the roof of the plant. At times city water is
used to supplement the untreated water but its use is limited because of economics.
The Lake Erie water is then led down to the processing units.,
The downstream waste process water from both paper and mill-
board units is separately treated. Each unit uses a pair of gravity settling tanks
of about 10,000 gallons each. The clarified effluent then goes out to the city sewer
system. The save-alls are dumped every 20-90 minutes to a common asbestos
sludge reservoir from which the waste is loaded onto trucks and hauled away.
There is another stream of shower wash water used inlthe paper operation. This
water is mostly steam condensate and is fed into the sewer along with the clarified
effluent.
Upstream sampling was done for both the city water and the
untreated Lake Erie water, the untreated water at the roof reservoir and the city
water from a drinking fountain.
The plant was visited twice, the first time on 8 and 9 July 1975, and
the second time on 6 November 19750 Processing conditions were about the same
on both visits.
The downstream sample of waste from the millboard unit was
obtained on the roof at the point of being discharged into the gravity settling tank
and the clarified effluent was sampled at a pit just below ground level, just before
entering the sewer., The effluent from the paper unit was also pumped up to a
roof line pipe feeding into the gravity settling tank .where it was sampled. The
clarified effluent and the steam condensate used to wash the paper were sampled
-137-
-------
V - con't.
in the building basement before being fed into the sewer.
Although clarification has led to a reduction of about 2 orders of
magnitude in the number of fibers present, all three effluents, from the paper
machine, from the millboard machine and from the shower wash water used in the
8 10
paper process show asbestos fibers levels in the range 10 to 10 fibers per liter
being discharged to the sewer system.
-138-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table V - 1
Ul Lake Erie water-untreated
U2 City water
•Ql Effluent from millboard machine to settling tanks
D2 Effluent from paper machine to settling tanks
D3 Clarified effluent from paper process to sewer
D4 Shower wash water from paper process to sewer
D5 Clarified effluent from millboard machine to sewer
-139-
-------
GAF Corporation
TABLE V - 1
Code R4
o
i
Erie, Pennsylvania
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
1
7/8/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5jum mgA counted
G BDL(1.3) 10 0
G(R) 2.5(C) 0 10 2
G BDL(0.16) - 1 0
G TNTC ^>1012 3470
G TNTC ^>1012 3191
I TNTC >109 17
G TNTC ^>1010 160
I 450(C) 59 6 108
See Legend - page 29
7/9/75 11/6/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5Mm mgA counted
G 9.9(C) 1.2 8 8
G BDL(0.39) - na 0
G(R) 3.1(C) 0.8 na 8
G TNTC >1012 2360
G TNTC >10n 3088
I 560(C) 112 6 105
G TNTC >1010 186
I TNTC >109 15
tss fibers
Type fop.U >5Mm mg/1 counte
G 160(C) 28 8 34
G BDL(0. 13) - 10 0
G TNTC >1012 4308
G TNTC >1011 4386
I TNTC »1010 92
G TNTC >1010 320
I TNTC ^lO1 203
I(R) TNTC >1010
-------
Appendix W
GAF Corporation, Whitehall, PA Code R5
GAF is a major manufacturer of asbestos paper and flooring. The
plant is situated on the west side of the Lehigh River about a mile or two north of
Rte 22 and just north of the city of Allentown. It is an industrial urban area.
The upstream water source is GAF's own well located adjacent to
the waste water treatment unit. The well water is pumped up and subsequently
pressurized and fed to the processing units inside the buildings. We were excluded
from the manufacturing building for security reasons and no information on water
useage or processing was given.
The downstream waste water from the different types of operation
are combined and fed to the Dorr-type clarifier. No fbcculents or additives are
used to aid precipitation of solids0 The warm effluent is then pumped through a heat
exchanger to a 15" outlet pipe located near the bottom of the river. Both inlet and
outlet clarifier samples were collected from wells inithe adjacent control room.
A gate in the fence was unlocked so we could observe the path of the pipe at the point
of entry into the river and also allow for a single upstream sample of the Lehigh
River. In general the amount of solids appeared low going into the clarifier and much
lower still going out to the river.
The plant was visited on two occasions. The first visit was made
19-21 May 1975. On 20 May it was apparent that the clarifier was upset for 2 hours
from 10 A. M. to 12 Noon and solids were discharging into the river. The second
visit was made on 27-28 October 1975. On this occasion the clarifier was operating
under normal conditions with no change in the processing set-up as utilized in May.
Virtually all the downstream samples analyzed were too numerous
9 12
to count representing asbestos levels in the 10 to 10 ranges. Clarification had
little apparent effect on the asbestos content of the effluent. The sample taken from
12
the Lehigh River however, also showed a high asbestos count, >10 fpl , upstream
of the GAF effluent. The source of this asbestos is not known.
-141-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table W - 1
Ul Well water
Dl Plant discharge to bottom of clarifier
D2 Output from top of clarifier tank to Lehigh Hiver
D3 Lehigh River
-142-
-------
GAF Corporation,
TABLE W- 1
Code R5
co
I
Whitehall, Pennsylvania
See
5/19/75
tss fibers
Location
Dl
D2
Type f.p.1. >5jLtm mg/1 counted
10
I TNTC >10 79
9
I TNTC >10 29
Type
I
I(R)
G
G
G(R)
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
Legend -
f.p.l.
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
8600(C)
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
page 29
5/20/75
, >5jLtm
»io10
>io10
»io10
>io10
207
»io10
»io10
10
>iolu
>io9
»io10
>io9
>io9
5/21/75
tss fibers tss fibers
mg/1 counted
189
189
175
258
258 108
512
326
39
20
170
25
23
Type f.p.U >5jtim mgA counteci
I TNTC ^>1010 74
I(R) TNTC >1010 74
q
I TNTC >10 16
-------
GAF Corporation,
Whitehall, Pennsylvania
10/27/75
TABLE W- 2
See Legend - page 29
10/28/75
Code R.r>
Location Type f.p.1.
Ul
Dl
D2
D3
tss fibers tss fibers
>5jjm mg/1 counted Type f.p.l. >5)jm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.13)
10 0
10
I TNTC >10 76
I TNTC
12
G TNTC >10 7902
Type
3.6(C) 1.2 17 29
I TNTC >1012 1160
I 2600(C) 333 1 164
tss fibers
mg/1 counted
-------
Appendix X
Hollingsworth-Vose Corporation, East Walpole. MA Code R6
Hollingsworth-Vose is one of the smaller asbestos companies pro-
ducing asbestos paper and cellulosic paper stock for suppling small gasket and
specialty products manufacturers. The asbestos paper machine operates about 30%
of the time. The plant is located on the edge of South Walpole, a suburban area on
the Neponset River.
The upstream water originates from the Neponset River. The river
water is forced through a sand filter bed before use as process water.
The waste process water from the asbestos paper machine goes down
to the basement level where it is subsequently blended with the waste water from the
cellulose paper machine. The combined streams are then sent out to the disposal
flume where other plant wastes and sewage also join the outflow. The combined
waste is discharged to the Walpole sewer system, thence to the Boston Metropolitan District
Sewage System at a rate of 200,000-300,000 gallons per day. The sewage outlet is
on the bottom of the Bay area, some distance from shore.
The plant was visited on two occasions,, The first visit was made
12-13 August 1975. The river water was sampled directly at the rear of the plant.
The actual process water following the sand filter bed was sampled inside the plant
at an access well. Some slime was noted to be present on the first occasion in
August but much less was present in the October sampling.
The waste process water was sampled in a basement well before
mixing with the cellulose paper waste and then at the disposal flume just prior to
being pumped into the sewer system0
-145-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table X - 1
Ul Processi water from Neponset River
i
U2 Process water after sand filter
Dl Waste process water from asbestos paper machine
D2 Combined washes from asbestos and cellulose paper machine
-146-
-------
TABLE X - 1
Code R6
East Walpole, Massachusetts $«« T,f>e-F!nd - nape 29
8/12/75 8/13/75 10/17/75
tss fibers tss fibers tss fibers
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
Type f.p.1. >5fzm mg/1 counted
G BDL(l.O) 3 0
G BDL(0. 63) - na 0
G(R) BDL(0.63) - na 0
G(R) 2.5(C) 0 na 4
I 78000(C) 37744 312 31
I 840(C) 368 4800 16
Type f.p.1. >5|um mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 1) 1 0
G BDL(2. 1) 1 0
G BDL(0.63) - na 0
G BDL(0.63) 13 0
G(R) BDL(0.63) 13 0
I 8000 2106 68 38
1 BDL(63.0) - 223 0
Type f.p.L >5Arai mg/1 countei
G 72(C) 33 9 43
G BDL(0.63) 11 0
I 3000(C) 1166 58 36
I 2500(C) 1286 8 35
-------
Appendix Y
GAF Corporation. Erie, PA Code Tl
This GAF plant is a manufacturer of asphalt roofing only and uses
no asbestos. It is located on the shore of Lake Erie and is within two miles of the
business center of the city of Erie.
The plant obtains its upstream water used for processing from the
city of Erie. The downstream waste process is fed to a closed system settling pond
and the clarified water recycled for use in processing. There were no discharged
wastes to the lake or sewer system
Since the plant used no asbestos and was operating a closed system
only one visit was made, on 10 July 1975. A sample of the city water had been pre*'
viously collected at the other GAF plant (R-4) so only one effluent sample was collected
of the process water being discharged to the settling pond and a sample of the clari-
fied water at a quiescent portion of the pond.
-148-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table Y-l
Dl Feed to settling pond
D2 Settling pond water
-149-
-------
GAF Corporation,
Erie, Pennsylvania
TABLE Y - 1
See Legend - page 29
7/10/75
Code Tl
Location
Ol
o
Dl
D2
Type f.p.1.
tss fibers tss fibers
>5)inn mg/1 counted Type f.p.l. >5nm mg/1 counted Type
G BDL(l.S)
G* BDL(0.25)
61 0
65 0
tss fibers
fap.la >5
-------
Appendix Z
Armstrong Cork Company, Kankakee. IL Code T2
Armstrong Cork is located in an industrialized area in northern
Kankakee, and manufactures asbestos-containing floor tile.
Well water as well as city water is used in processing the tile.
The well water is used once to cool the continuous sheet of tile as it is formed,
then it is discarded, passing to a settling tank equipped with baffles and then travel-
ling approximately 100 yards to Soldiers Creek which empties into the Kankakee
River. The city water is used mainly for cooling the rollers and is partially recycled
before discarding. The recycled city water from the rollers passes to a de-scum-
ming tank where oil residues are removed before flowing into the sewer system
outside the planto
Samples were taken of the well and city waters, of the tile cooling
water at the settling tank and as it empties into Soldier Creek, of Soldier Creek
~50 yds upstream and 100 yds downstream of the effluent, and of the roller cooling
water at the de-scumming tank and after the tank, as it enters the sewer system.
Soldiers Creek is apparently an effluent waterway for several manu-
facturing plants. The contamination (resulting in a pH change of 0. 5 units over a
matter of several hours on I July and foaming on 2 July) was apparently not severe
enough to markedly affect aquatic life, Soldiers Creek near the tile plant effluent
being a breeding ground for small fish.
Little evidence of asbestos emission was observed, although all the
samples taken on 2 July from the point at which the tile cooling water empties into
8 7
Soldiers Creek did show asbestos levels of the order of 10 to 10 fpl.
-151-
-------
Key to Sampling Points- Table Z-l
Ul Well water at tile cooling trough
U2 City water
Dl Tile cooling water at settling tank
D2 Soldiers creek 50 yards upstream of effluent
D3 Effluent - tile cooling water — as it empties into Soldiers Creek
D4 Roller cooling water from thickness to sewer system
D5 Roller cooling water at thickness
D6 Soldiers Creek 100 yds downstream from effluent (D3)
-152-
-------
Armstrong Cork Company,
TABLE Z - 1
Code T2
CO
I
Kankakee, Illinois
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
D3
7/1/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5nm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.47) 1 0
G(R) BDL(0. 52) - 1 0
G BDL(0. 29) 2 0
G BDL(0.63) - 1 0
i
G BDL(0. 66) - 1 0
I BDL(0. 51) 1 0
See Legend - page 29
7/2/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5Mm mgA counted
G BDL(0.66) - 4 0
G BDL(l.S) - 9 0-
G BDL(0.63) - 1 0
I 15(C) 2.4 4 19
G 5.7(C) 3 7 19
G(H) 30(C) 5.1 7 100
tss fibers
Type f.p.l, >5jntn mg/1 counted
-------
Armstrong Cork Company,
Kankakcc, Illinois, page two
7/1/75
TABLE Z - 1. con't
7/2/75
Code T2
tss fibers tss fibers tss fibers
Location Type f,p.l. >5)Lan mg/1 counted Type f.p.l. >5jnm mg/1 counted Type f.p.l. >5jimi mg/l counted
I
h-
Ol
D4
D5
D6
G BDL(19)
I BDL(0.92)
BDL(0.92)
342 0
120
120
0
0
G BDL(0. 79)
G BDL(9.4)
I BDL(6.3)
359 0
1093 0
-------
Appendix AA
Raybestos-Manhattan, Stratford. CT Code VI
Raybestos-Manhattan is a major producer of friction products incor-
porating asbestos, such as brake shoes, clutches, gears etc. The plant is located
just off Rte 1 and 1-95 on the edge of the town of Stratford a few miles east of
Bridgeport. The area all along these highways is highly industrialized.
R-M purchases its upstream water from the town of Stratford which
in turn buys it from Bridgeport Hydraulic. They use about 2 million gallons per
day for processing.
The downstream process waste water from the different units is
combined and piped alternately to one or the other of two 'drop-out1 ponds at the
rear of the plant. The overflow water then passes to a second settling pond before
the overflow effluent is fed to a third and final pond called the 'Lagoon". The
Lagoon effluent is fed into the Housatonic River. The Lagoon is also fed with two
other streams - one from an acid treating unit (acid neutralized before feeding to
the Lagoon) and one from condenser cooling water and paper water spray washings.
The asbestos sludge solids from the drop out ponds is hauled away to disposal
grounds.
The plant was visited twice. The first visit occurred 6-8 August
l
1975, and the second visit was 20-21 October 1975. There were no apparent
differences observed in the waste water handling on these two occasions.
The downstream process water was sampled at the point of entering
the drop-out pond. The overflow water from the" second settling pond was the
next effluent to be sampled and the third and last one was the effluent from the
Lagoon just before being fed to the Housatonic River.
The clarification system used at Raybestos Manhattan, Stratford,
effects a reduction about 2 orders of magnitude in the asbestos content of the effluent.
There remains, however, about 10 to 10 fpl in the final effluent fed to the
Housatonic River.
-155-
-------
Key to Sampling Point - Table AA-1
Ul Stratford City water
Dl Process waste water to dropout pond
D2 Overflow from 2nd settling pond to Lagoon
D3 Effluent from Lagoon to Housatonic River
-156-
-------
Raybestos-Manhattan,
TABLE AA - 1
Code VI
Stratford, Connecticut See Legend - page 29
8/6/75 8/7/75 8/8/75
tss fibers tss fibers tss fibers
Location
Ul
Dl
D2
D3
Type f.p.1. >5jmi mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 30) - 5 0
G(R) BDL(0.30) - 5 0
I HOOOO(C) 40931 1768 43
i
I 6100(C) 586 2 385
I 1400(C) 258 6 103
Type f.p.l. >5fttn mg/1 counted
G 0.38(A) 061
I 2200(C) 807 2 30
380(A)* 380 100 6
I 6000(C) 397 8 227
I 1700(C) 132 14 129
Type f.p.U >5ym mg/1 counted
G 5.7(C) 3 13 16
G 50000(C) 11250 1940 40
G 110000 49995 1528 44
G(R) 99000 28740 79.03 62
I 1300(C) 132 12 79
I 970(C) 175 4 61
* Amphibole is high Fe-anthophyllite or low Fe cummingtonite type
-------
Uaybcstos-Manhaitan,
Stratford, Connecticut
10/20/75
TABLE A A - 2
See Legend - page 29
10/21/75
Code VI
Location
Ul
Dl
en
oo
D2
D3
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5)Lmi mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.38)
I 260000(C) 15860 6
I 12000(C) 734 8
82
49
1600(C)
376 1748 51
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jmn mg/1 counted
G BDL(0.25)
71000(C) 15158 1086 89
TNTC >10U 1086
I 15000(C) 357 .2 84
I 8700(C) 355 38 49
tss fibers
Type i»p.lo >5jim mg/1 counted
-------
Appendix BB
Raybestos-Manhattan, North Charleston. SC Code V2
The Raybestos-Manhattan Company is one of the largest asbestos
plants manufacturing asbestos textile products. The plant is situated just inland
from an arm of the Cooper River in a heavily populated industrial zone of North
Charleston, 1-1/2 miles south of the Army depot.
The upstream water for plant use comes from two sources. The
major one is an artesian well on the property producing about 276,000 gallons per
day. The second source is North Charleston city water.
There is extremely limited water/asbestos contact in the textile
weaving and spinning steps. Water is used to wet the looms, amounting to no more
than 500 gallons per month. Of this, about 2/3 is removed by evaporation. The
remainder is sealed in drums and shipped for landfill burial. When the Novatex
operation is on live it uses about 2500 gallons of water per month. Because of
security we were not permitted in this building.
Downstream water used in rubber manufacture enters an open ditch
and is piped underground for 500 ft to a transfer box. Aqueous waste from all
other operations joins this stream but there is not access to it for sampling. The
effluent emerges outside of Raybestos property, spilling from a pipe into an open
trench just beyond railroad tracks. The stream passes under Virginia Avenue
and through Texaco property into the Cooper River. The asbestos solid wastes
are bagged in polyethylene and hauled away to burial as landfill.
The plant was visited on 7-9 April 1975 and again on 24-25 November
19750 The water usage and waste treatment was the same on both occasions.
The upstream water of the city was sampled from a faucet in the
rubber laboratory and the well was sampled from a by-pass hose at the well site.
The downstream used cooling water was sampled as it was avail-
able at the location between Building 52 and the fresh water well. The process
waste water from the Novatex operation was sampled inside of Building 52 by
Raybestos personnel but we were able to observe the sampling at a nearby window.
The total outfall or first effluent from the plant was sampled just beyond the pro-
perty line and fence, east of the railroad tracks.
-159-
-------
BB - con't.
Little or no asbestos fiber is emitted from this plant, the
maximum level detected in the total outfall being 15 x 10 fpl on 8 August 1975.
-160-
-------
Key to Sampling Points Table BB-1
Ul City water
U2 Artesian well water
Dl Cooling water
D2 Process water from sump-Novatex process - intermittent flow
D3 Total outfall
-161-
-------
Raybestos-Manhattan, TABLE BB - 1 Code V2
North Charleston, Ijforth Carolina
Location
Ul
U2
i
V—
i to
Dl
D2
1
I D3
4/7/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.1. >5nm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 13) - 21 0
G BDL(0.13) - 12 0
I BDL(0. 13) 14 0
G BDL(0. 21) - 23 0
>
I BDL(l.S) 14 0
See Legend - page 29
4/8/75
tss fibers
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/L counted
G BDL(O.IS) 13 0
G BDL(0. 13) 15 0
G(R) BDL(0. 13) 15 0
G BDL(0. 13) 14 0
I BDL(0.13) - 15 0
G BDL(0. 13) - 33 0
I 15(C) 26-32 15 19
4/9/75
tss fibe
Type f.p.l,, >5»m mgA coun
G BDL(0. 13) - 13 0
G BDL(0.13) - 12 0
I BDL(0. 13) - 37 0
G BDL(0. 13) - 17 0
G BDL(0. 13) - 23 0
G(R) 0.38 (A)
I BDL(l.G) - 14 0
*
-------
Uaybestos-Manhattan,
North Charleston, North Carolina
11/24/75
TABLE BB - 2
See Legend - page 29
11/25/75
Code Vli
tss fibers tss fibers
tss fibers
CO
i
Location
Ul
U2
Dl
D2
D3
Type f,p. 1. >5jum mgA counted
G BDL(0. 13) _ na o
G BDL(0. 13) 8 o
I BDL(0. 13) 8 0
i
G BDL(0. 25) - 1 0
I BDL(O.IS) - 7 0
Type f.p.l. >5]um mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 13) - 5 0
G BDL(0. 13) - 5 0
I 2.3(C) 0.26 8 9
G 1.5(C) 0.25 3 12
G(R) BDL(0. 13) 3 0
I 6.8(C) 1.9 7 54
Type kp«l° >5ftm mg/1 counted
'
-------
Appendix CC
Raybestos-Manhattan, Marshville, NC Code V3
The Raybestos-Manhattan plant at Marshville is a smaller manufac-
turing division of R-M producing asbestos textiles. It is located on the north
side of Rte 74 just east of Marshville and about 15 miles southeast of Charlotte,
North Carolina. It is a semi-rural area.
The plant obtains its upstream water supply from available city
water. There are three sources of this water: (I) Monroe municipal water,
(2) Lane Creek (Marshville1 s water plant) filter plant, and (3) 16-24" water main
from the. next county which parallels Rte 74.
Water is not normally used in process operations. Some asbestos
could accidentally enter the sanitary sewer from locker room areas. All used
water is discharged through the sanitary sewer to an open septic tank on the east
side of the property. Vigorous aeration promotes rapid decomposition of wastes
with very little odor. The overflow runs through a buried pipe to a ditch which
borders the property to the north and which carries a small amount of untreated
sewage effluent from the town of Marshville. Estimated outflow is on the order of
1500 gallons per day. Solid wastes are bagged in polyethylene containers and trans-
ferred to large metal dumpsters for land fill burial.
The upstream water was sampled from a by-pass hose adjacent
to the septic tanko
The downstream water was sampled from the septic tank and the
final effluent overflowing into the ditch was sampled at the point of entry into the
ditch.
-164-
-------
Key to Sampling point - Table CC-1
Ul City water
Dl Sample from within septic tank — all plant outflow enters tank
D2 Outfall from septic tank
-165-
-------
Raybestos-Manhattan,
Marshville, North Carolina
4/14/76
TABLE CC - 1
See Legend - page 29
4/15/76
Code V3
tss fibers tss fibers
Location
Ul
PI
i
h-*
OS
1
D2
>
Type f.p.1. >5pm mg/1 counted
G BDL(0. 13) - 6.5 0
G BDL(3.1) - 137 0
G BDL(2.1) - 108 0
I BDL(1.6) - 381 0
j
I(R) 250(C) 19 82.5 40
Type f.p.l. >5jum mg/1 counted
G 88(C) 0* 7.2 35
G BDL(6.3) - 280 0
G BDL(2. 5) - 121 0
I BDL(0.7) - 108 0
tss fibers
f.p.U >5jLtm mg/1 countec
* 94. 29%<2jum
74.
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TECHNICAL REPORT &ATA .
•(Pli-asr read Inunictiaiis on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT \O. 2.
EPA-5GO/6 76-020
4. TIT^t AND SUBTITLE
The Impact of Point and Non-Point Sources on Levels of Water
borne Asbestos. Final Report-Part II Non-point sources & '
Point Sources Manufacturing Asbestos Products
7 AUTHCR(S)
Ian M. Stewart, Richard E. Putscher, Howard J. Humecki
Richard J. Shimps
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc.
2520 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60616
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, B.C. 20460
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE »
• October 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
MA - 4200
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA 68-01-2690
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Technical Report-Part II
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The first report in this series was entitled: "Asbestos in the Water Supplies of Ten Regional
Cities - Final Report-Part I." NTIS Accession No. PB 252-620 EPA No. 560/6-76-017.
16. ABSTRACT
The Office of Toxic Substances of the Environmental Protection Agency has sponsored
a nationwide survey to determine the impact of point and non-point sources on levels of
waterborne asbestos.
Part I of the final report presented the results of analyses of water from the ten
Regional cities.
Part II of the final report, contained herein, presents the results of the analyses
of water from natural sources and from point sources manufacturing asbestos products.
The results described indicate that waterborne levels of asbestos originating from
natural sources may be as high as 10 fibers per liter and is subject to seasonal variation.
Where asbestos was found, fibers were usually below 5 micrometers in length.
Levels of asbestos originating from asbestos product manufacture may range from
below the detection limits of electron microscopy to values in excess of 10*^ fibers per
liter. Levels of asbestos fibers above 5 micrometers in length were found in excess of
10 fibers per liter. The major impact on the environment due to such -sources would
be expected from asbestos paper plants which combine a high fiber content with a large
effluent floxv.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
j. DESCRIPTORS
Asbestos, Water Supply, Environmental
Levels
13. C-llSTHIciUTICN STATEMENT
UNLIMITED
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tills Report)
Unclassified
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
unclassified
c. COSATI .Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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