-------
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THE ON-SITE OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM
This assistance is truly affordable, too: the community
need pay nothing but the price of any larger improve-
ments that troubleshooters might recommend.
A TARGETED SOLUTION
AT A PRICE THAT'S RIGHT
The On-Site Operator Training Program is also a bargain
for the nation as a whole. The average federal expendi-
ture per facility is about $6,000. The 104(gXl) program
regularly brings failing plants into compliance with their
water quality goals. Some are plants whose municipal
managers were ready to abandon them and build a new
facility. Clearly, a $2 million program that saves just one
community per year from major capital costs is well
worth its price tag.
How can the program operate so thriftily? One reason is
its low administrative costs. EPA makes grants directly
to each State. Program managers in the appropriate
environmental department either carry out the plant
evaluations themselves or contract these tasks out to
private local firms or universities. The staff stays small:
typically two or three people per State.
A PEER RELATIONSHIP MAKES
TROUBLESHOOTING WORK
The On-Site Operator Training Program has generated a
tremendous amount of trust and cooperation at the grass-
roots level. Prescriptions for plant improvement are
never "cook-book" or theoretical. Most "104" trou-
bleshooters and Regional coordinators have actually
been wastewater treatment plant operators. These
expert evaluators know what they're talking about They
bring knowledgeable, hands-on solutions to each plant
they visit Operators and municipal managers are eager
to listen to these visitors who speak their language,
understand their concerns, and fix their problems.
THE PROGRAM IS EXTREMELY
POPULAR
Although participation in this low-key program is com-
pletely voluntary and publicity is limited to small mail-
ings and word-of-mouth advertising, community re-
sponse has been enthusiastic. Training center staff in
each State make annual commitments as to the number
of plants they will serve, but demand runs high. Over the
past couple of years, trainers have been exceeding an-
nual goals by 150%—often within the original grant
budget for the year! More than 2400 plants have been
served to date, and between 500 and 600 are being added
every year.
THE SUCCESS RATE
IS OUTSTANDING
The most recent program evaluation showed that of the
2,525 troubled plants getting technical assistance since
1983, 50% achieved compliance with their assigned
water quality standards. Twenty-five percent more
made dramatic improvements in other areas.
WHAT DO "104(g)" TRAINERS
EVALUATE?
1. Existing Facilities, for
• Performance Limitations
• Existing Capacity
2. Process Control, for
• Adjustment
• Physical Correction
3. Laboratory Work, for
• Adequate Equipment
• Correct Sampling Techniques
and Analyses
4. Staffing Adequacy, for
• Appropriate Size
• Level of Expertise
5. Financial Systems, for
• User Charge Adequacy
• Replacement Strategies
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THE ON-SITE OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM
How does the On-Site Operator Training Program de-
fine "success"? Most people first think of a clean
effluent from the plant This is indeed an important
measure, and one that is often attained. The program is
tapped by many communities with other plant and town
management problems as well. And by still others that
are ready to write off a failing plant but are willing to try
one last-ditch effort to turn it around. What kind of
successes can troubleshooters claim for these partici-
pants?
"It costs money to talk to engineers,
but we get good free advice from the
(104(g)' trainer"
Greg Durbin, Crystal Mountain Treatment Plant
Crystal Mountain, Washington
Stories featuring both compliance achievement and other
successes appear in this pamphlet. In brief, those "other"
successes can be:
• Improved operations, maintenance, and
appearance;
• Improved harmony between plant staff
and town managers;
• Reduction in operator turnover, a benefit
for both the plant and the profession;
• Improved utilization of staff;
• Enhanced expertise in lab and process
control;
• Small-scale plant repairs that boost
longevity or streamline process control;
• Establishment of better financial systems
and sinking funds;
Cost containment;
Identification of design and construction
problems;
Stop-gap improvements in poor effluent
to at least minimize the problem until
permanent measures can be taken;
Corrective and preventive maintenance
systems that extend equipment life.
SUCCESSES FALL INTO
THREE CATEGORIES
When Regions were asked to provide information on the
"stars" of the "104(g)" program, the success stories they
provided were rich in diversity and innovation. Solu-
tions to problems seemed to be the most useful and
logical way to organize the data, and three categories
soon revealed themselves:
1. Training —Improving operators' and man-
agers' understanding of their plant and its processes;
2. Facility Correction—Making simple, low-
cost, physical adjustments and improvements that cor-
rect performance; and
3. Facility Management—An "other" cate-
gory that includes the management of such factors as
infiltration and inflow, finances, communications, staff-
ing, and industrial loading.
Sample success stories follow. A full spectrum of the
preeminent successes contributed by the Regions is
displayed in the center of this booklet: virtually every
State boasts at least one. Indeed, On-Site Operator
Training troubleshooters believe that some measure of
success was achieved in every single plant they visited.
-------
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APPROACHES TO SUCCESS: TRAINING
TRAINERS DISCOVER A WIDE
RANGE OF PROBLEMS
Training and management approaches account for at
least 70% of "104" successes. In many cases, the plant
design is not faulty: its poor performance usually has a
human cause. Still, troubleshooters in the On-Site
Operator Training Program deploy their training func-
tion for far more than sizing up individual expertise.
When these evaluators listen to an operator's concerns,
watch his procedures, read his reports, and note his
mistakes and omissions, they learn a great deal about the
facility's soundness. They take stock of the plant's
community support, equipment, staffing, budget and
users.
The need for customized training at small treatment
plants is intense and has everything to do with commu-
nity size. Plants in the 0.1 to 1.0 mgd range are the most
basic level of sewage treatment. Operator turnover is
high. Operators move to the larger plants and often
don't stick around to train their replacements. Low
budgets mean discouraging salaries. The result small
plants are usually staffed by novices and employee
morale is often lacking.
So the On-Site Operator Training Program is a low-
budget solution for small communities. Training and
technical assistance does make a difference at a fraction
of the cost of an enforcement action. As a testament to
that claim is the fact that half the communities visited
were permit violators brought back into compliance by
O&M trainers. This clearly measurable success is
tending to drive program activities toward achieving
compliance, although it is clear from the stories in this
book that many different kinds of successes have been
attained.
Experience at hundreds of plants makes it safe to say
that:
• Most small-scale wastewater treatment
plant problems can be easily fixed;
• Even at plants where effluents aren't bad,
performance still can be dramatically
improved;
• Training cannot be an afterthought: towns
can't spend millions on a plant upgrade
and neglect to train the operator,
• Training must not be theoretical or long-
distance: effectiveness is directly related
to hands-on demonstration; and
• Training is a morale booster it shows
plant operators that their labors are worthy
of respect,
• Training must go hand-in-hand with
getting local officials involved in the day-
to-day operation of the plant
Training leads very straightforwardly to improvements
in plant performance. The success stories that follow
focus on training within the walls of the treatment
works, training that improves the ability and expertise
of plant operators. The equipment repair issues and
community-related wastewater management issues that
also arise as part of many plant evaluations have their
own success stories and are discussed separately.
"If it would not have been for a dedicated effort by the Technical Assistance Team
our town would stitt be in non-compliance and paying stiff fines. They came in
and worked with our wastewater staff and solved many operational problems in
a relatively short time. This pleased our town administrator, DHEC personnel,
and saved the tax payers many hundreds of dollars"
Jody Wilson, Wastewater Superintendent,
Manning, South Carolina
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SUCCESS STORIES: TRAINING
TRAINING: IMPROVED OPERATOR UNDER-
STANDING IS KEY TO PROGRAM SUCCESS
Bloomfield, New Mexico
Plant Size: 0.9 mgd
Treatment Type: Activated Sludge
FROM MURKY GRAY TO
"BEST EFFLUENT EVER"
Bloomfield's conventional activated sludge plant was in
a serious state of upset when the "104(g)" trainers
arrived for an evaluation. A murky dark grey effluent
was discharging from the secondary clarifiers and a
black sludge had accumulated in the system as far as the
chlorine contact chamber. Process performance had
been poor for more than a year and had recently become
worse due to continued operator error. BOD in effluent
samples had fluctuated widely: 69 mg/1 at one time; 115
mg/1 at another.
The field trainer closely examined process control and
showed operators how to correct the situation. They:
• Accelerated the wasting schedule and adjusted the
sludge blanket to optimum depth;
• Reduced D.O. in the aeration basins to promote
floccing and settling;
• Cleaned the black sludge from the aeration basin
and the chlorine contact chamber, and
• Improved laboratory analysis techniques to bring
accuracy to effluent quality data.
Within several weeks the Bloomfield plant had attained
acceptable effluent quality. Two more months of edu-
cating operators and fine tuning the process resulted in
the plant turning out its best effluent ever.
Before After Permit
BOD mgll
69-115 10
30
Boone, Iowa
Plant Size: 5.5 mgd
Treatment Type: Trickling Filter
PLANT UPGRADE LEAVES
OPERATORS WITH
OBSOLETE EXPERTISE
What happens when a plant upgrade leaves operators
with obsolete expertise? The "104(g)" evaluators dis-
covered this situation in Boone, Iowa where the waste-
water plant had been recently upgraded. The upgrade
included the use of aerated sludge holding basins.
Operators were unfamiliar with operation and mainte-
nance of various new laboratory items and related proce-
dures, and were experiencing difficulty with EPA audit
sample protocols and lab procedures related to plant
Excellent O&M practices keep the final effluent well within permitted levels at the Atlantic Plant in Virginia Beach,
Virginia.
-------
SUCCESS STORIES: TRAINING
discharge monitoring. In addition, staff were having
problems with the aerated sludge holding basins - - a
new technology at the plant
Trainers from Kirkwood Community College educated
Boone staff on:
• Aerated sludge holding tank operation and
monitoring (Additional blower capacity
was added to improve oxygen transfer and
reduce odors);
• BOD and NH3 lab procedures and trouble
shooting;
• Standard methods lab procedures; and
• Use of lab equipment (D.O. and pH meters,
analytical balance, incubator, water distilla-
tion and deionizing equipment).
Fifty-two hours of training over a year and a half consid-
erably improved the performance of the lab and im-
proved overall operations at the plant Now in compli-
ance, the Boone facility proudly displays the following
before and after data:
his predecessor. As a result the "104" evaluator logged
numerous problems with laboratory procedures, process
control, maintenance, and financial management
Discharge Monitoring Report pMR) data, required by
the plant's permit, were based on improper laboratory
procedures; therefore, it was not surprising that the Br-
idgeport plant had never reported or been cited for
effluent violations. Even though no enforcement sword
hung over their heads, town managers were enthusiastic
about improving plant performance and getting their
new operator trained right from the start The "104"
troubleshooter helped update lab equipment and proto-
cols, develop a sludge disposal program, and bring
equipment maintenance up to date.
Unlike most troubled plants, Bridgeport never seemed
to be in violation because of questionable monitoring
data. Genuine improvements in plant operations have
now been made bringing with them valid DMRs of
which the town can be proud.
BOD mgll
TSS mgll
Before
70
54
After
16
22
Permit
30
30
Bridgeport, Washington
Plant Size: 0.2 mgd
Treatment Type: Oxidation Ditch
NO VIOLATOR, WASHINGTON PLANT
STILL RECOGNIZED
ITS NEED FOR HELP
The local press release said that Bridgeport's new waste-
water treatment plant operator had literally turned plant
operations around. The new operator had inherited a
troubled 20-year-old plant. It was suffering from low
maintenance and a lack of problem-solving on the part of
The attention paid to maintenance is evident at this Ohio
wastewater treatment plant.
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SUCCESS STORIES: TRAINING
Buchanan Village, New York
Plant Size: OSS mgd
Type Treatment: Activated Sludge
OPERATOR TRAINING FOSTERS
CONTINUING SUCCESS
Excessive suspended solids were the chronic problem
that brought "104(g)" evaluators to Buchanan Village's
wastewater treatment plant. The facility had been in
violation of New York's Pollution Discharge Elimination
System limits for eight consecutive months. Would
education on improved process control turn the tide?
Plant managers and operators were enthusiastic about the
possibility.
O&M troubleshooters found an old plant in fairly good
shape, but process control was shaky. The final clarifiers
were septic and very turbid. The operator was collecting
few samples and analyzing little data, and was controlling
sludge wasting via settleability. The result was poor
settling and a turbid effluent. Furthermore, sludge had
not been hauled from the plant in over two years. Periodic
industrial "slug" loading and infiltration/inflow (1/1) prob-
lems aggravated the situation.
While they made recommendations for controlling fac-
tors outside the plant, O&M evaluators decided to focus
attention on quick-payback parameters like training and
process control. Together with plant personnel, they:
• Developed a comprehensive testing
program that covered MLSS, D.O., blanket
depth, settleability, flow data, and micro-
scopic and physical observations;
• Designed a strategy for controlling return
and wasting rates;
• Instituted the collection of 6-hr, composite
samples of influent and effluent;
• Put the second clarifier on line; and
• Initialed a complete preventive mainte-
nance program.
The program's recommendations and actions resulted in
cleaner effluent for Buchanan Village, well within per-
mit limitations. Plant personnel now fully understand
their facility's characteristics and needs, and success is
expected to continue.
Clanks Summit, Pennsylvania
Plant Size: \2 mgd
Treatment Type: Extended Aeration
CLASSIC TRAINING OF EAGER STAFF
WINS COMPLIANCE
A diagnostic evaluation targeted Clarks Summit early as
a likely candidate for improvement through training.
Readily identifiable problems, an interested plant staff,
and the sudden availability of new lab equipment all con-
spired to make this Pennsylvania plant a priority candi-
date for assistance.
Pumps and other essential equipment should be installed in
pairs whenever possible to minimize the amount of time
which the plant must be shut down for repairs.
Operations at Clarks Summit suffered due to inadequate
laboratory procedures, unsatisfactory process control
strategies (particularly sludge wasting), and limited flexi-
bility in plant processes and sludge handling capabili-
-------
ties. The approach took three main avenues: in-plant
technical assistance, laboratory training, and classroom
training.
The results? The activated sludge process has been
considerably improved, and lab procedures and quality
control are now exceptional. The plant is well in compli-
ance, with effluent data as follows:
Before After Permit
BODS mgll 71 10 22
TSS mgll 46 16 25
NH3 mgll 0.4 1.0 1.5
Green River, Utah
Plant Size: 03 mgd
Treatment Type: Lagoon
FAST, CONCENTRATED TRAINING
PROTECTS LOCAL ECONOMY
The operator of the treatment plant contacted the Utah
Valley Community College Operator Training Center
seeking assistance to problems affecting his plant. He
was under intense pressure because the plant process had
been upset and the resulting severe odors had nearly
ruined the tourist trade. This was a particularly severe
problem as the town's economy was dependent
almost entirely upon the tourist trade.
Arrangements were made for the outreach trainer and the
operator to meet at the plant During the evaluation the
trainer observed that the four lagoons had low pH and
dissolved oxygen levels. It was found that a lack of
understanding of the plant's processes had caused the
upset. The primary cell was overloaded and the storage
cell had developed a serious filamentous algae condi-
tion, which had caused the odor problem.
Training was provided in pH and D.O. testing and their
relation to process control was also presented to the
operator. Strategies for assisting the operator in running
the plant such as the use of irrigation return flows were
developed.
Offensive odors have now been eliminated and the com-
munity is no longer angry over the situation at the
treatment plant The plant has been operating without in-
cident since the on-site assistance was provided Green
River is an example of the ability of the "104" program
to respond on short notice to operators who find them-
selves in difficulties or situations with which they have
had little or no experience.
Waverly, Illinois
Plant Size: 0.4 mgd
Treatment Type: Activated Sludge (Walker Process
Package Plant)
IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING
OF PROCESS CONTROL
GETS OUTSTANDING RESULTS
Why do package plants frequently get mixed reviews on
performance and cost effectiveness? One answer might
be the one found at Waverly, Illinois: process control
was out of control. State "104" investigators deter-
mined that the facility should be capable of meeting
interim permit limits by a wide margin, yet BODS was in
violation and the City's data showed frequent violations
of fecal coliform bacterial limits.
Recommendations from the "104" trainer focused on
plant-wide monitoring and process improvements. The
City of Waverly:
• Improved chlorination techniques to provide adequate
disinfection;
• Upgraded laboratory equipment, sampling procedures,
and reporting methodologies to achieve valid lab
results;
• Increased solids wasting, optimized drying
beds and kept the sludge blanket under control;
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SUCCESS STORIES: TRAINING
• Changed the existing complete mix aeration system to
an extended aeration system, eliminating short circuit-
ing and reducing solids loading; and
• Eliminated use of a polishing pond that was actually
degrading effluent quality.
Improving process control and educating staff on how to
monitor and maintain it led to dramatic improvements at
the Waveriy plant All problem parameters achieved not
just interim, but final permit limit compliance within a
year of the initial evaluation.
West Rutland, Vermont
Plant Size: 0325 mgd
Treatment Type: Extended Aeration
STARVING A SYSTEM TO DEATH
When West Rutland's major industry closed its doors,
the town suffered a severe economic setback. One of the
first victims of the municipal belt tightening was the
sewage treatment plant Within a few years the effects
of an inadequate budget began to take their toll. The
facilities began to decline and operators came and went
with increasing frequency. By the time "104" help was
accepted, the plant was run by a single, part-time opera-
tor. Pump stations and mechanical systems were poised
on the brink of disaster. The treatment process was in
disarray and permit violations were routine.
Suddenly, things changed. The town elected new man-
agers who, while still frugal, began system improve-
ments. Notable among them were infiltration/inflow
repairs to the sewer system and a decision to ask for help
from the "104" program.
The troubleshooter got a receptive welcome. West
Rutland hired two plant operators who were new, green,
and anxious to learn. Municipal officials, too, were en-
thusiastic about the training sessions, and several partici-
pated with good effect
A change in attitude, mutual cooperation, and delivery at
a most receptive moment these all spelled success in
West Rutland. The system was transformed from a
failure to an award winner it received 2nd place in
1987's Green Mountain Water Pollution Control Asso-
ciation (GMWPCA) competition and an EPA Region I
Operation and Maintenance Excellence award in 1988.
The results were outstanding:
• Fully certified operators;
• Excellent maintenance system-wide;
• Good quality effluent;
• A sufficient O&M budget; and
• A new sinking fund for costly replacement and repair.
1
Adequate, well maintained solid handling equipment is essential to successful plant operation.
10
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APPROACHES TO SUCCESS: FACILITY CORRECTION
TAILORED EQUIPMENT MODIFICATION
GETS PLANTS TO RUN CORRECTLY
When people aren't the problem behind poor plant
performance, equipment often is. The On-Site Opera-
tor Training Program clearly doesn't have the budget to
provide assistance concerning large-scale facility cor-
rections. Traditionally, though "704" troubleshooters
have helped fix small deficiencies, sometimes with
startling success. Bigger problems have been turned
over to the community, often urging their recommen-
dations through to completion.
Many of the hardware problems evaluators discover can
be traced back to basic omissions at the design stage that
ultimately come home to roost with a community that
had blind faith in its plant design. It occurs to neither
operator nor town manager that the hardware could be
the problem.
But plant operators may simply not be getting what they
need for wastewater success from the outset Unfortu-
nately, many design firms don't give enough attention to
"Success means being able to quantify
the value of training by moving a treat-
ment facility from non-compliance,
through on-site diagnosis and train-
ing"
Jack Samson, EPA Program Director,
Wastewater Training Grants
designing an effective system for small towns. They
often prescribe off-the-shelf technology and methods or
try to scale back a design intended for a much bigger city
without tailoring it
One of the major problems that result is lack of system
flexibility. When large designs are rescaled for small
towns, a ten-clarifier system can become a large one-
clarifier system, with no room built in for equipment
failure. Furthermore, small systems are often patched
A well maintained state certified lab has helped make the
Somerset-Baker treatment plant in New York an O&M award
winner.
together with "mix and match" equipment, often over-
sized for their needs.
What "104" troubleshooters bring to each small system
is a creative ability to tailor the plant's equipment to on-
site needs. Most of them have been in numerous small
towns and facilities and really understand their needs
and capabilities. They reposition a pipe here, change
the function of a clarifier there, take a problem aerator
off line, rearrange the system to make it more efficient.
They install baffles, level weirs, identify leaking tanks.
And these O&M evaluators are often amazed and
impressed at the initiative operators have themselves
shown in jerry-rigging and repairing problem equip-
ment.
In many cases, troubleshooters and operators have
tinkered with the physical plant until they get it to run
right, often circumventing really major problems with
effluent quality and facility design. The success stories
that follow reflect the creativity and, in some cases,
humor that arise from their interactions.
11
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY CORRECTION
Barnesville, Georgia
Plant Size: 0.75
Treatment Type: Activated Sludge
CHEMICAL ADJUSTMENT
FORESTALLS
EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
Sometimes physical plant correction can be forestalled
by corrective chemical treatment. This turned out to be
the case in Barnesville, where frequent high flows aggra-
vated solids billowing in the final clarifier. These
escaping solids were degrading effluent quality. The
"104" facilitator determined that the key problem was
poor baffling in the clarifier, and considered installing
baffles. First, however, chemical treatment was at-
tempted.
Chemical dosage requirements were analyzed, and liq-
uid alum was metered into the clarifier. Billowing
ceased almost immediately as the process was locked
into proper equilibrium. As settling rates began to
capture solids efficiently, the dosage to the clarifier was
reduced. Within two months, sludge quality was re-
stored and the sludge mass control program had "kicked
in."
Improvements were more dramatic than recorded data
might indicate, since it is very likely that operators didn't
take their samples when the clarifiers were billowing.
Clayton Village, New York
Plant Size: 030 mgd
Treatment Type: Activated Sludge
A BREATH OF FRESH AIR
When a smelly sewage treatment plant
offends the summer tourists, it's time to
call for help. New York's Clayton Vil-
lage had experienced the olfactory re-
sults of low plant D.O. levels for years.
In addition, the plant had violated BODS
and TSS limits on several occasions.
Attempts to fix the problem had failed
until the "104" troubleshooter showed
up. He installed a new blower and more
diffusers to improve oxygen transfer.
He also recommended operational im-
provements, a preventive maintenance
scheme, and a public relations campaign.
The result? The odors are gone, BODS
and TSS levels have plummeted, and
everyone got to tour the treatment plant
Clayton Village is savoring the sweet
smell of success.
104(g)(l) Training Results:
Barnesville, GA
Before
After
Permit
Estherwood, Louisiana
Plant Size: 0.08
Treatment Type; Overland Flow
REPAIRS CURTAIL INUNDATION
AND CLEAN EFFLUENT
This tiny system, which had neither a certified operator
nor a discharge permit, was plagued with excessive wet
weather flows. The system was designed at 0.08 mgd,
but at times was inundated at from 0.25 to 0.4 mgd.
When troubleshooting began, drainage ditches were
severely eroded, untamed grass and weeds were crowd-
ing out purifying vegetation, and the chlorination system
was inoperable.
12
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY CORRECTION
The "104" trainers immediately initiated routine grass
cutting, repaired erosion damage, and began alternating
usage of the two overland flow plots. They rehabilitated
the chlorination system and tackled the leaky collection
system. Fifty-nine major sources of inflow were discov-
ered. Repairs reduced wet weather flows by up to 80%.
Results:
• Infiltration/inflow reduced by an average of 55%;
• Power consumption at lift stations was cut 40%; and
• Estherwood's system is now very clean: BODS
ranges from 6-14 mg/1; TSS from 4-20 mg/I, and
fecal coliform is always < 10/100 ml.
Garberville, California
Plant Size: 0.06 mgd
Treatment Type: Unaerated ponds with percolation
ponds
SEEKING THE RIGHT LEVEL
FOR SUCCESS
Sometimes facility correction can be brilliantly simple.
The Regional Water Quality Control Board had issued
"Those two fellows, from Chicago,
came down and did a fine piece of
work. They solved the problem and
saved us money."
Jimmy Wright, Mayor
Linton, Indiana
"cease and desist" orders to the Garberville plant be-
cause of frequent bacterial violations. This was serious
business: effluent from gravelly percolation ponds was
entering a source of downstream water supply.
Why was chlorine demand so high, so widely variable,
and so often ineffective? The trainers discovered that
effluent was being drawn off near the bottom of the third-
stage pond. The result high levels of suspended organic
solids in the stream to be chlorinated!
The two troubleshooters recommended that the drawoff
pipe be modified to allow control of the depth at which
effluent could be removed. After several months, the
final effluent flowing to the Eel River was well within
permit limitations.
Heppner, OR
Plant Size: 0.250 mgd
Treatment Type: Trickling Filter
THE 590 SOLUTION
The old trickling filter plant at Heppner, Oregon
was consistently violating fecal coliform limits.
The plant has no recycle, and its overworked
operator was removing sludge from the clarifier
only once a day.
The troubleshooting team helped the operator
work on the chlorine system. They removed the
chlorine solution line from the clarifier and rerouted
it to the trickling filter discharge line, rigging its end
with a 590 garden sprayer nozzle.
In addition, the operator began removing sludge
twice daily.
The Heppner plant came into compliance within
three site visits. And there wasn't a single complaint
about the cost.
13
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY CORRECTION
Julesburg, Colorado
Plant Size: 0.25 mgd
Plant Type: Trickling Filter
TIMELY ACTION AVERTS PROBLEM
manhole in two open channels. The clean and dirty
streams were separated by a wall just 8" high! A
blockage or power outage would back up the influent and
allow it to spill into the clean-water channel in a very
short time.
When the "104" troubleshooter arrived in Julesburg, he
found an odd design "glitch" in the system. Sewage-
filled influent and final effluent passed through the same
Kennebunkport, Maine
Plant Size: 0.7 mgd
Treatment Type: Extended
Aeration
BETTER COMPOST IN
JUST 14 DAYS!
Composting sludge is supposed to
reduce odors, but Kennebunkport,
Maine received more than 100 com-
plaints a year about its smelly treat-
ment works. This 0.7 mgd ex-
tended aeration plant used wood
chips to provide bulk to composting
sludge, but odor-control techniques
were keeping the compost wet.
The "104" troubleshooter sug-
gested replacing wood chips with
wood ash from a nearby biomass
boiler and changing the air flow to
the piles. Success was dramatic
and improved further when opera-
tors began using a special strategy
for controlling compost tempera-
ture. Kennebunkport is now pro-
ducing dry sludge compost in only
14 days.
The program evaluator recommended that a cement wall
be built, and the town administrators grudgingly agreed.
Because the facility wasn't staffed at night, the wall was
designed to hold back 12 hours of average nighttime
flow.
There the new wall sat. And sat And sat... until one
summer night there was a major power outage at the
plant. Next morning, the surprised operator found 13
hours of influent flow backed up in the system: two
inches from the top of the wall!
The result: A contamination disaster headed off by
timely corrective action.
Sand Creek, Wisconsin
Plant Size: 0.0075 mgd
Treatment Type: Two Cell Stabilization Pond
A LOW-PRESSURE APPROACH
The tiny two-cell stabilization pond system in Sand
Creek, Wisconsin was designed simply for a very small
flow: 0.0075 MGD. But the system had not had a dis-
charge from its primary to its secondary treatment cell
since it was started up in 1978! Sand Creek couldn't get
a new discharge permit because its plant wasn't operat-
ing as designed: It never achieved secondary treatment.
About 7^00 gallons was leaking from the bottom and
sides of the primary tank every day. Proposals to reline
or modify the cell were rejected as being too costly. The
O & M troubleshooter suggested dropping the water
level in the primary cell by one foot to relieve hydraulic
pressure on the seal. Success was startling: a continuous
discharge of between 3,000 and 19,000 gallons a day
began immediately! Effluent BODS dropped to below
30 mg/1. The pressure was off Sand Creek.
14
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY CORRECTION
Sandy Hook, Kentucky
Plant Size: 0.07 mgd
Treatment Type: Extended Aeration
PLANT CORRECTIONS MEET
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
AND CUT COSTS
The Sandy Hock treatment plant was out of compliance.
Operations were in a slump: the surge tank did nothing
more than "slug load" the treatment process, and effluent
from a nonfunctional sand filter was bypassing the
chlorine contact tank. Low dissolved oxygen prevailed
plant-wide. Effluent quality was poor and operating
costs were very high.
The on-site evaluators determined that physical correc-
tion of the plant could improve its performance and
efficiency considerably. They:
• Converted the surge tank into an extension of the
aeration tank, thus eliminating the surge pumps;
• Retired the useless sand filter, converting it to a post
aeration basin;
• Restored use of the chlorination basin;
• Rehabilitated the aeration system; and
• Recycled supernatant from the aerobic digester.
These improvements cut electricity and in-plant water
costs dramatically. The much-improved effluent was
used for washdown and chlorine feed During these
adjustments, the operator quickly learned the concepts
of process control, solids management and sludge dis-
posal that further improved effluent quality.
Results:
• 50% reduction of electricity costs;
• 100% reduction of water costs for washdown and
chlorine feed; and
• BODS and TSS concentrations of less than 10 mg/1
and an ammonia-nitrogen concentration of less than
0.05 mg/1.
"My community has benefited in
three areas from technical assistance
and the State Training Action Plan :
certification upgrade, more effective
personnel scheduling, and certifica-
tion in backflow prevention."
Laura Thomas, Mayor
Ridgeway, South Carolina
Tionesta, Pennsylvania
Plant Size: 0.25 mgd
Treatment Type: Rotating Biological Contactor (RBQ
COMPLIANCE ACHIEVED WITH
A FLICK OF THE SWITCH
In Tionesta, the "104" trainer showed plant staff that a
simple solution can often be the answer to a big problem.
Tionesta's sewage treatment plant experienced hydrau-
lic overloads almost daily, even in dry weather. These
high flows frequently flooded the RBC units and also
resulted in the plant being bypassed.
While the old combined sewer system contributed some
inflow and infiltration, the on-site troubleshooter dis-
covered that most of the "real" infiltration/inflow prob-
lem was caused by the improper setting of a pump station
float switch. It caused the station to pump only when
full, and the resulting periodic surge overflowed the
plant This situation was exacerbated by the improper
setting of the overflow weir, which allowed surges to
flood the RBCs.
The evaluator also scheduled sludge pumping to the
drying beds before wasting from the final clarifiers, and
arranged more frequent sludge withdrawal. This ended
the problem of overflowing digester contents reentering
the influent and organically overloading the RBC.
The results? Correction allowed the plant to operate as
designed. Furthermore, effluent quality improved. After
adjustment, the plant consistently stayed in compliance.
15
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16
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APPROACHES TO SUCCESS: FACILITY MANAGEMENT
FACILITY MANAGEMENT: LOOKING OUTWARD
FROM THE PLANT
Facility management covers a wide spectrum of con- Lack of Control Over Users—High or toxic loads,
cems. Most of them relate to problems outside the plant shocks from "slug" loading by industry.
itself. O&M evaluators can quickly size up the level of
expertise of the staff and the adequacy of system design. Poor Communication—Poor morale of staff, unex-
If plant performance is notably poor, and in-plant equip- pressed or unmet needs.
ment and staffing aren't major problems, it's time to
look elsewhere for the solution. Inadequate maintenance is an in-plant problem, but it
usually relates back to inadequate staffing or budget.
Facility management problems from outside the plant
can include: The success stories that follow reflect this wide diver-
sity of "other" problems that are neither purely equip-
Poor Administration—Inadequate budget, sharing of ment- or purely staff-related.
plant personnel with other departments, lack of atten-
tion to and care of plant, no financial strategies for
replacement and repairs, inadequate user charges.
High Flows—Bad infiltration and inflow problems in
the collection system.
CLUES ON EXISTENCE OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
Rundown, unkempt plant and poor morale - - Poor support from local officials.
Severe fluctuations in effluent quality Slug loading from industry.
General poor performance without staff and equipment problems Inadequate maintenance.
Frequent washouts, overpowering of system Infiltration/Inflow problems.
17
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Abbeville, South Carolina
Plant Size: 1.0 mgd
Treatment Type: Trickling Filter
AUTOMOTIVATION IN
SOUTH CAROLINA
out of funding in a recent year and resorted to the Town's
account at a local junk yard. The staff at the South
Carolina Environmental Training Center are still debat-
ing the pros and cons of this type of repair but agree that
the idea of this rear end serving another useful purpose
was pleasing to everyone.
This 1.0 mgd trickling filter plant has the most unusual
looking primary clarifier drive in the entire state of South
Carolina. As one enters the gate, the piece of equipment
stands out proudly on one axle jutting out almost two feet
above the clarifier access walkway. Connected to an
electric motor with gear reducer by a standard V-belt and
defying all the rules of normal wastewater treatment
plant equipment is a 1958 Pontiac Bonneville rear end.
A true case of "doing your best with what you have
available" has become the talk of the entire South Caro-
lina Technical Assistance Team. Investigation has re-
vealed that the operator-in-charge of this plant had run
Booneville, NC
Plant Size: 0.10 mgd
Treatment Type: Extended Aeration
TOWN CLERK ATTENDS
WASTEWATER SCHOOL
Encouraged by the "104" trainer,
Booneville, North Carolina's Town
Clerk decided to sign up for wastewa-
ter school. The Clerk supervises the
wastewater operator and the plant
budget. She acknowledges that
Booneville has had trouble keeping a
certified operator on board, so she is
going for certification herself. In the
meantime, she's backing up the ca-
pable operator now serving this small
extended aeration plant.
Caruthers, California
Plant Size: 0.1 mgd
Treatment Type: aerated lagoons/stabilization ponds
INTEREST AND ATTENTION
MOTIVATE DEMORALIZED PLANT
The Caruthers treatment plant was proclaimed a virtual
disaster upon initial evaluation. The "104" trainer
found 20 years of accumulated solids and debris that
nearly filled the weed-choked lagoons. Odors were
rampant, access to the treatment area was wide open, and
the operator complained that no one had offered any
concern or advice about the facility for many years.
Caruthers is an almost classic example of the impact of
concerned interest and attention. The operator didn't
know what he was expected to do and felt that no one
cared anyway.
Advice and attention from the "104" troubleshooter mo-
tivated the operator's activity. Within 5 months he had
cleaned out one lagoon and was operating it properly
while the other awaited solids removal. Odor problems
were considerably improved and the plant looked much
better.
The operator continued to upgrade the Caruthers system
over the next year. While the plant isn't a showplace yet,
it is vastly improved in terms of both performance and
aesthetics.
18
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY MANAGEMENT
" / doubt very much whether we
could have been an award winning
plant without the On-Site Operator
Training Program."
Narrowsburg, New York
Plant Size: 0.1 mgd
Treatment Type: Sand Filtration of Septic Tank
Effluent
POOR MAINTENANCE "UPSTREAM"
CAUSES DIRTY INFLUENT
Jack Young, Division Manager,
Cheyenne Dry Creek Plant
Cheyenne, Wyoming
Hardwick, Vermont
Plant Size: 037 mgd
Treatment Type: Aerated Lagoon
MANAGEMENT "UPGRADE"
EXTENDS PLANT'S LONGEVITY
Hardwick, Vermont almost slipped through the cracks of
the "104" program because its technical violations were
minor. But Hardwick persisted in its requests and a
troubleshooter was detailed to the small village. Organi-
zation of the wastewater "department" was in disarray.
No wastewater budget existed, nor were there any main-
tenance or replacement programs. The operator reported
to the street department and often worked there.
The evaluator got right to work on financial and manage-
ment problems. The operator and the municipal manag-
ers were all trained. They accepted a sinking fund plan
for capital expenditures over the next ten years and
earmarked revenues for replacement and repair. A
wastewater budget now exists. The village increased the
operator's hours and limited them to wastewater work.
Good maintenance techniques and schedules are in place.
The success here is not technical, but perennial,
Hardwick's wastewater treatment plant is going to last!
Narrowsburg runs an innovative/alternative facility that
processes influent that comes directly from about 250
septic tanks through sand filters before discharging to
the Delaware River. Designed for 100,000 gpd, the plant
started experiencing ponding problems in its sand beds
at only 43,000 gpd. Fortunately, before effluent quality
had suffered, the facility called for technical assistance.
The O&M troubleshooter identified two major prob-
lems. First, the two on-line sand filter beds were being
overloaded while the other two were being cleaned.
Understaffing at the plant meant the out-of-service beds
could not be cleaned quickly; the result was ponding
under a heavy hydraulic load. Second, dirty influent was
clogging the sand filters. The existing septic tanks were
to serve as primary treatment, but as sludge built up in
them, solids were overflowing to the plant The septic
tanks had never been pumped out as was required to keep
the system operating as designed. Money had never
been budgeted for septic tank pumping.
The evaluator's recommendations were simple and-highly
effective:
• Staff up and mount an intensive cleaning effort on
the sand bed filters. Keep cleaning regularly; and
• Pump out overloaded septic tanks.
Once all four beds were clean and on-line and two
heavily loaded septic tanks were pumped, the facility
handled an average of 61,000 gpd without ponding
problems. Effluent quality remained good: BOD was
11.5 mg/1 and TSS was 3 mg/1. The "104" facilitator
recommended that identified infdtration/inflow prob-
lems be eliminated to keep hydraulic loads down to man-
ageable levels during wet weather.
19
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Sandwich, Illinois
Plant Size: 0.95 mgd
Treatment Type: Activated Sludge
INDUSTRIAL "SLUG" DISCHARGES
SHOCK SMALL SYSTEM
It's a common story in wastewater management the
"mystery" polluter who shocks the local treatment plant
regularly with slug discharges. The offender is usually
an industry on which the town relies economically.
In Sandwich, Illinois, the 0.95 mgd activated sludge
plant was out of compliance due to poor process control,
sludge wasting, and shock discharges to the system. The
"104" troubleshooter helped operators improve those
areas within their control, but it took an enforcement
meeting, set up by the "104" trainer, to get town admin-
istrators to find and control the offending polluters.
later. That's when operating Socorro's existing facility
to its real capacity became a precondition of the desired
grant Plant performance and condition improved dra-
matically as the city acted upon the trainer's recommen-
dations.
Socorro:
• Promoted a capable operator to a position of
responsibility for the plant
• Hired a new lab technician who began to generate
credible data;
• Increased user charges by 25%;
• Enacted a sewer use ordinance;
• Established an O&M program for the collection
system; and
• Improved process control and added 25% aeration
capacity.
The old plant is doing its job again. Effluent BOD and
TSS, which had been ranging over 30 mg/1 during the
previous year, were controlled to 9 mg/1 BOD and 16
mg/1 TSS. Plant odors have been much reduced and staff
morale is up.
Socorro, New Mexico
Plant Size: 1.0 mgd
Treatment Type: Activated Sludge
PLANT REHABILITATION
SAVES MILLIONS
A steadily growing population and a deteriorating plant
effluent had convinced Socorro city managers that they
needed a completely new treatment plant They believed
that the old plant could no longer meet permit limits.
When the 104" troubleshooter arrived to see what
could be done to improve performance, he found an
uninterested city administration. Socorro was already
on the priority list for a construction grant!
The on-site evaluator found plenty of other problems
too: disorganized plant operation, poor process control,
low operator morale, offensive plant odors, and erratic
effluent quality. Although he pushed for improvements,
measurable results didn't occur until several months
Spring Green, Wisconsin
Plant Size: 0.260
Treatment Type: Oxidation Ditch.
OIL IN TROUBLED WATERS
Heavy thick foaming in the aeration basin and floating
solids in the clarifier greeted the "104" troubleshooter
when he arrived at the Spring Green facility. By the
time the plant called for help, solids settling was out of
control and getting worse: 600-700 ml/I one month,
800-900 ml/1 the next Sludge was being wasted only
once or twice a month.
20
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SUCCESS STORIES: FACILITY MANAGEMENT
The on-site evaluator saw immediately that high grease
loads were entering the plant. Seventeen food service
businesses were inspected for grease control violations
and ordered to use grease traps correctly. At the same
time, plant operators sprayed foam with a dilute chlorine
solution 2-3 times a day.
Meanwhile, the troubleshooter experimented with chlo-
rinating the return activated sludge to attack turbidity
and filamentous bacteria. After several unsuccessful
tries, he nit upon an unorthodox chemical addition point
the mixed liquor overflow to the final clarifier. Success
was achieved within 24 hours.
These solutions, combined with a long-term program of
regular sludge wasting, cleaned up Spring Green's prob-
lems. Within a couple of weeks, technical assistance had
brought a troublesome plant well within 30/30 permit
limits: BODS was 15 mg/1 and TSS stood at 10 mg/1.
Thurmont, Maryland
Plant Size: 1.0 mgd
Treatment Type: Oxidation Ditch
Superior, Arizona
Plant Size: 3.0 mgd
Treatment Type: Contact Stabilization
OPERATIONS HAMPERED
BY UNEXPRESSED NEEDS
Superior, Arizona wanted to bring its plant into compli-
ance. If only their wastewater operator could tell them
how! The "104" trainer discovered an unschooled plant
operator running a "seat of the pants" system. Lacking
operational training and unaware of the required testing
equipment, he was unable to express plant needs to the
people able to supply them. The trainer worked closely
with both the operational and budgeting needs and
improved expertise and hardware within the plant
ONCE BYPASSED PLANT
NOW SQUEAKY CLEAN
When high flows fouled the sand filters with solids at the
Thurmont's wastewater treatment plant, the result was
"a truly nasty mess." So the operator bypassed the plant
whenever flows exceeded 75% of capacity.
The "104" trainer found the Thurmont plant seriously
understaffed. No one was doing mechanical or electrical
maintenance. The chief operator was torn between
doing lab work and plant operations. The spiragester
could not be made to work, no matter what wasting
schedule was tried, and septic sludge was flowing un-
controlled into the downstream works. Solids washed
out to the sand filters at only 60% of design capacity.
Thurmont staff were trying, but were overwhelmed. The
troubleshooter:
• Implemented a data collection program that began to
reveal the true capability of each unit process;
• Taught the operators the relationship between data
trends and process stability;
• Retired troublesome equipment from service;
• Suggested hiring a part-time lab assistant; and
• Devised a high-flows strategy and helped solve infil-
tration/inflow problems.
No sludge washouts occurred after the trainer began
improvements, and the plant works at flows up to 1.2
mgd. The lab assistant has substantially relieved staffing
pressures, and all participants have the time and under-
standing to run a successful plant Thurmont is in
compliance and its effluent is five times cleaner than
required!
21
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SUCCESS IN EVERY REGION
The treatment plants listed in this table are those which were identified as "success stories" by EPA Regional Offices
and submitted to assist in the development of this brochure. They represent only a fraction of the "success stories" of
the 104(g)(1) program.
Region
T
J.
n
m
Plant
Seymour, CT Activated Sludge
Thomaston, CT Activated Sludge
Mass. Maritime Academy, MA Activated Sludge
Huntington, MA Activated Sludge
Kennebunkport, ME Activated Sludge
Zambamo Memorial Hosp., Rl Extended Aeration
Hardwick, VT Aerated Lagoon
West Rutland, VT Extended Aeration
Arcade, NY Trickling Filter
Blooming Grove, NY Activated Sludge
Buchanan, NY Activated Sludge
Camden, NY Oxidation Ditch
Clayton, NY Activated Sludge
Fulton, NY Trickling Filter
Kings Acres, NY Biotower
Montgomery, NY Oxidation Ditch
Narrowsburg, NY I/A
Walton, NY Trickling Filter
George's Creek, MD Oxidation Ditch
Hagerstown, MD Activated Sludge
Indian Head, MD Activated Sludge
Sharptown, MD Extended Aeration
Thurmont, MD Oxidation Ditch
Westminster, MD Activated Sludge
Alexandria, PA Activated Sludge
Clarks Summit, PA Extended Aeration
Ml Pocono, PA Activated Sludge
Saxonburg, PA Extended Aeration
Tionesta, PA RBC
Towanda, PA Contact Stab.
Boydton, VA Activated Sludge
Cape Charles, VA Contact Stab.
Success
Training
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Facility
Correction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mgmt.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
22
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SUCCESS IN EVERY REGION
Region
TV
J. T
V
Plant
Clifton Forge, VA Trickling Filter
McKenny, VA Extended Aeration
Elizabeth, WV Aerated Pond
Follansbee, WV Extended Aeration
Friendly, WV Oxidation Ditch
Glen Rogers, WV Oxidation Ditch
Hepzibah, WV Oxidation Ditch
Harpers Ferry, WV Extended Aeration
Shepherdstown, WV Extended Aeration
Atlantic Beach, FL Contact Stab.
Lake Alfred, FL Contact Stab.
Barnesville, GA Activated Sludge
Fairbum, GA Activated Sludge
Campbellsburg, KY Extended Aeration
Sandy Hook, KY Extended Aeration
Booneville, NC Extended Aeration
Kershaw, SC Oxidation Ditch
Manning, SC Activated Sludge
Ridgeway, SC Extended Aeration
Riverton, IL Contact Stab.
Minooka, IL Oxidation Ditch
Pekin, IL Contact Stab.
Somonauk, IL Extended Aeration
Villa Grove, IL Extended Aeration
Goreville, IL Contact Stab.
Aurthur, IL Contact Stab.
Sandwich, IL Activated Sludge
Waverly, IL Activated Sludge
Centralia, IL Contact Stab.
Carlisle, IN Extended Aeration
Barrett, MN Extended Aeration
Morgan, MN Trickling Filter
Spring Green, Wl Oxidation Ditch
Sand Creek, Wl Stab. Pond
Success
Training
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Facility
Correction
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mgmt.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
23
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SUCCESS IN EVERY REGION
Region
VI
vn
vm
Plant
Garland City, AR Lagoon
Mountain Pine, AR Lagoon
Calico Rock, AR Extended Aeration
Basile, LA Extended Aeration
Elton, LA Oxidation Ditch
Port Barre, LA Extended Aeration
Folsom, LA Extended Aeration
Estherwood, LA Overland Row
Blanchard, LA Oxidation Ditch
Bloomfield, NM Activated Sludge
Aztec, NM Extended Aeration
Reserve, NM Activated Sludge
Socorro, NM Activated Sludge
Broken Bow, OK Activated Sludge
Coweta, OK Extended Aeration
Checotah, OK Oxidation Ditch
Whitehouse , TX Extended Aeration
Waller, TX Oxidation Ditch
Cottonwood, TX Lagoon
Boone, IA Trickling Filter
Stuart, IA Trickling Filter
Hartford, IA Aerated Lagoon
Baldwin City, KS Oxidation Ditch
Exeter, MO Oxidation Ditch
Walthill, NE Activated Sludge
Osmond, NE Activated Sludge
Burwell, NE Trickling Filter
Clark, SD Oxidation Ditch
Keystone, SD Slab. Pond
Julesburg, CO Trickling Filter
Elizabeth, CO Aerated Lagoon
Green River, UT Lagoon
Hurricane, UT Lagoon
Success
Training
x "
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Facility
Correction
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mgmt.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
24
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SUCCESS IN EVERY REGION
Region
IX
X
Plant
Superior, AZ Contact Stab.
Patagonia, AZ Extended Aeration
East Yolo, CA Activated Sludge
Dos Palos, CA Aerated Ponds
Fort Bragg, CA Trickling Filter
Garberville, CA Unaerated Ponds
Caruthers, CA AerJStab. Ponds
Riverdale, CA Aerated Ponds
Sanger, CA Activated Sludge
Nanakai, HI Activated Sludge
Wahiawa, HI Activated Sludge
Ahuimanu, HI Activated Sludge
Juliaetta, ID Extended Aeration
Harrison, ID Activated Sludge
Arlington, OR Activated Sludge
Tillamook, OR RBC
Heppner, OR Trickling Filter
East Sound, WA Activated Sludge
Morton, WA Oxidation Ditch
College Place, WA Activated Sludge
Zillah, WA Oxidation Ditch
Bridgeport, WA Activated Sludge
Success
Training
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Facility
Correction
X
X
X
X
Mgmt.
X
X
X
X
X
X
25
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THE ON-SITE OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM
THE ON-SITE OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM:
A GRASS-ROOTS SUCCESS
The On-Site Operator Training Program is:
Meeting the wastewater O&M needs of
often overlooked communities;
Supporting the water-quality mandates of
the Clean Water Act;
Applying creativity and the personal touch
to technical assistance outreach;
Helping to build a professional community
of capable wastewater operators;
Helping local officials;
Establishing State training programs; and
Protecting State and Federal investment in
infrastructure.
Program staff are looking forward to many more suc-
cess stories over the coming years. For more informa-
tion on the program, write:
Office of Municipal Pollution Control
Planning and Analysis Division (WH-546)
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 382-5810
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