WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
12040EBY 08/70
     Aerial Photographic Tracing
         of Pulp  Mill  Effluent
           in  Marine Waters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION

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                  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES

The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe the results and progress
in the control and abatement of pollution of our Nation's waters.  They provide
a central source of information on the research, development and demonstration
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supplies permit.  Requests should be sent to the Project Reports System,
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Quality Administration, Washington, D.C.  20242.

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        AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC  TRACING
                     OF
    PULP MILL EFFLUENT  IN  MARINE WATERS
                     by
           Oregon State University
 Fred J.  Burgess, Principal  Investigator
  Head, Department of Civil  Engineering
   Wesley P.  James, Research Associate
        Corvallis, Oregon    97331
                  for the

   FEDERAL  WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION

        DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR
           Program No.  12040 EBY
            Grant No.   WP-00524
                August,  1970
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, TJ.S. Government Printing Office
            Washington, 0.C. 20402 - Price $1.25

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        FWPCA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the
Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Administration.
                 11

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                              ABSTRACT
Aerial photography taken of waste plumes from Kraft pulp mill ocean
outfalls was shown to be an effective tool in the study of waste dis-
posal sites.  This technique is not limited by sea conditions and
permits monitoring and evaluation of outfall sites throughout the year.
Photography taken at one instant provides comprehensive information
throughout the waste field.  Manpower requirements and costs for this
method are considerably less than for conventional boat sampling surveys.

Field studies were conducted on the waste plumes from Kraft pulp mill
ocean outfalls at Newport and Gardiner, Oregon and Samoa, California.
Waste concentrations were measured by conventional boat sampling tech-
niques while aerial photography was taken of the outfall area from
altitudes ranging from 3,000 to 11,000 ft.  Computerized procedures were
used to compute water currents, waste concentrations, toxicity zones
and diffusion coefficients from the photography.

The highest concentration measured directly over the outfalls was.2.3
percent waste by volume and the maximum area of influence with concen-
trations greater than 0.2 percent waste was 155 acres.  The maximum
concentration determined over the outfall for each field study was
generally less than that shown to have a detrimental effect on young
salmon for a 14-day exposure.

Surface water current was found, to be the dominant factor in the result-
ing plume pattern.  During periods of low current velocities in the
receiving water, the hydraulic head created by the effluent source  was
a significant factor in the resulting plume shape.  The steady state
form of the Fickian diffusion equation and unidirectional transport
velocity was not applicable to the majority of the observations.

Temperature was found not to be an effective tracer for tracking the
plume or for estimating waste concentrations since the resulting plume
temperature may be greater than, less than or equal to the surrounding
ocean temperature.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant WP-00524 under the
sponsorship of the Federal Water Quality Control Administration.
                   v                                         '• '
Key Words:  Kraft waste, marine disposal, ocean outfall, aerial  ,
            photography, remote sensing, diffusion, water currents,
            bioassay, water temperature.
                               111

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                            CONTENTS








Section





  I      Conclusions                                          1




  II     Recommendations                                      3




  III    Introduction                                         5




  IV     Methods and Procedures                              11




  V      Newport Study                                       17




  VI     Gardiner Study                                      51




  VII    Samoa Study                                         79




  VIII   Summary                                             93




  IX     Acknowledgements                                    97




  X      References                                          99




  XI     Publications                                       101




  XII    Appendices                                         103

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                            FIGURES


                                                              Page

 1.   Location of ocean outfalls .                               12

 2.   Data processing flow diagram.                             14

 3.   Newport outfall location .                                18

 4.   Photograph of the Newport area .                           19

 5.   Photograph of the Georgia Pacific plant at Toledo .        19

 6.   Sketch of the Newport outfall .                            20

 7.   Waste concentrations measured by beat sampling on         23
        August 8, 1968 .

 8.   Symbolic plot of waste field on August 8, 1968            24
        from flight 3.

 9.   Iso-concentration plot of waste field on August 8,         24
        1968 from flight 3.

10.   Waste concentration measured August 14, 1968.              26

11.   Symbolic plots flights 1 and 3 August 16, 1968.           28

12.   Concentration difference flights 1 and 3                  28
        August 16, 1968.

13.   Iso-concentration plot flight 1,  August 16, 1968.         28

14.   Photo of plume over the outfall on August 16,  1968.        29

15.   Boat sampling conducted on August 16, 1968.               30

16.   Waste concentrations from boat sampling on                31
        August 21,1968.

17.   Photograph of outfall area, September 10, 1968.           32

18.   Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling,           34
        September 12, 1968.

19.   Aerial photo of the outfall area on July 1, 1969.         35

20.   Photographs of the foam on July 7, 1969.                  36
                               VII

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                                                                Page

21.   Photo of the plume on July 8, 1969 at 15:21                38

22.   Photo of the plume on July 8, 1969 at 15:56.               38

23.   Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on          39
        July 8, 1969.

24.   Symbolic plots from flights 1, 2 and 3 on                  40
        July 8, 1969.

25.   Waste concentrations from boat sampling on                 42
        August 12, 1969.

26.   Surface water temperature on August 12, 1969.              43

27.   Photograph of the waste field on August 12, 1969.          44

28.   Symbolic plot of waste field from flight 3 on              45
        August 12, 1969.

29.   Aerial photo of waste field on September 8, 1969.          47

30.   Symbolic plot of waste field from flight 1 on              48
        September 8, 1969.

31.   Waste concentrations from boat sampling on                 49
        September 8, 1969.

32.   Gardiner outfall location map.                             52

33.   Photograph of Gardiner outfall area.                        53

34.   Photograph of the International paper plant.               54

35.   International Paper Company outfall near Gardiner,         55
        Oregon.

36.   Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling             57
        July 16, 1969, run 1.

37.   Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling             58
        July 16, 1969, run 2.

38.   Plume and dye patch on August 16, 1969.                    59

39.   Iso-concentration plot from flight 1.                      60

40.   Symbolic plot of waste concentrations from flight          61
        2 on August 16, 1969.
                              Vlll

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                                                                 Page
41.   Waste  concentrations measured by boat  sampling  on          63
        August  19,  1969.

42.   Waste  concentrations from boat  sampling  on August          64
        20,  1969, run  1.

43.   Waste  concentrations from boat  sampling  on August          65
        20,  1969, run  2.

^44.   Surface water temperatures measured August 20,  1969,       66
        run  1.

45.   Surface water temperatures measured August 20,  1969,       67
        run  2.

46.   View of waste field at  12:39  on August 19, 1969.           69

47.   Infrared  photos  of  the  waste  field at  12:39 on             69
        August  19,  1969.

48.   Photo  of  waste field at 13:53 on August  19, 1969.          70

49.   Photo  of  the  waste  field at 16:28 on August 19,  1969.      70

50.   Seventy mm photo of waste field at 16:28 on August         7*
        19,  1969.

51.   Photo  of  the  waste  field at 11:27 on August 20,  1969.      71

52.   Photo  of  the  waste  field at 11:41 on August 20,  1969.      73

53.   Infrared  photos  of  the  waste  field on  August  20, 1969.     73

54.   Photo  of  the  waste  field at 15:45 on August 20,  1969.      74

55.   Symbolic  plot of the waste field on August 19,  1969.       7$

56.   Symbolic  plot of waste  field  on August 20, 1969.           77

57.   Samoa  outfall location  map.                                80

58.   Aerial view of the  Georgia Pacific plant near Samoa,       81
        California.
 59.    Georgia Pacific outfall  near Samoa,  California.

 60.    Waste  concentrations  from  boat  sampling  on August
         6,  1969,  run 1.
                                                                 82
                                IX

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61.   Waste concentrations from boat sampling on August
        6, 1969, run 2.
                                                                Page


                                                                 84
                                                                 Q C
62.   Waste concentrations from boat s-ampling on August
        7, 1969, run 1.

63.   Waste concentrations from boat sampling on August          86
        7, 1969, run 2.

64.   Surface water temperatures on August 6, 1969, run 1.       88

65.   Surface water temperatures on August 7, 1969, run 1.       89

66.   Aerial view of the plume on August 6, 1969.                ^0

67.   Symbolic plot of the waste field on August 6, 1969.        91

68.   Mosaic of the plume on August 7, 1969.                     92

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                             TABLES

No.                                                            Page
.•••ii ••.! i.i.i.                                                             TT

I     Bioassays on kraft mill effluent.                         6

II    Newport sampling summary                                 22

III   Area within each concentration range on                  25
        August 8, 1968.

IV   Area within each concentration range on                  27
        August 16, 1968.

V     Waste  field area on July  8,  1969.                        37

VI   Waste  field area - August 12, 1969.                      46

VII   Waste  field area - September 8,  1969.                    47

VIII  Area within each concentration range on                  62
        July 16, 1968.

IX   Area within each concentration range on                  72
        August 19, 1969.

X    Area within each concentration range on                  76
        August 20, 1969.

XI   Sampling summary.                                        94
                                 XI

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                             SECTION I

                            CONCLUSIONS
1.   Aerial photography provides comprehensive information on the marine
waste disposal process and is an effective tool in monitoring and eval-
uating ocean outfall sites throughout the year.

2.   The maximum concentration measured over the outfall for each field
study was generally less than the range of 1.8 to 3.3 percent Kraft pulping
waste that has been shown to be detrimental to young salmon for a 14-day
exposure.  The highest concentration measured during the study was 2.3
percent waste by volume and the maximum area of influence with concentrations
greater than 0.2 percent waste was 155 acres.
                                                             2
3.   Diffusion coefficients measured ranged from 2.0 to 14 ft /sec.  The
steady state Fickian diffusion equation with a unidirectional transport
velocity was not applicable to the majority of the observations.

4.   Temperature is not an effective tracer in tracking the plume or for
estimating concentrations in the waste field since the resulting plume
temperatures may be greater than, less than or equal to the surrounding
ocean temperature.

5.   Surface water current is the dominant factor in the resulting plume
pattern at the three locations observed.

6.   Surface spreading of the waste field over the outfall must be con-
sidered to adequately explain the resulting plume shape.

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                           SECTION II

                        RECOMMENDATIONS
        It is recommended that observations of the Newport outfall be
conducted for a wide range of sea and weather conditions.  Field studies
made throughout the year using aerial photography with limited boat
sampling would provide valuable information for the design and operation
of ocean outfalls.  Such a study combined with dye drops from the air-
craft would indicate seasonal changes in waste disposal conditions,
current velocities, diffusion coefficients, plume patterns and foaming
tendency.  Sufficient data would be available to relate the waste field
characteristics to natural parameters such as tide, wind, state of the
sea, and river flow.  The study would also provide information for sizing
the holding ponds for operation of existing outfalls.

        While all the photography would not be suitable for automatic
computer processing, it would still give information on the current
velocities, plume size and pattern and foaming tendency.

        It is also recommended that a critical analysis of actual held
conditions versus the original design predicitions be made for the
several ocean outfalls in Oregon and at Eureka, California.  Such a
study will indicate areas of design deficiencies and will improve the
technology of ocean outfall disposal.

        It is recommended that further analysis be made of the area of
influence within various concentration zones.  This study would compare
these data with information now available from the many biological
studies which have related Kraft pulp mill effluent concentrations to
biological effects.

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                          SECTION III

                          INTRODUCTION
        Pollution of near shore coastal waters and estuaries is a serious
problem in the Pacific Northwest since these waters form an integral
part of the economy of the region in addition to their high recreational
and esthetic value to the people.  Sports and commercial fishing combined
form a major aspect of the economic and recreational values of the water
resources.  These uses combined with the other important values of water,
make it essential that industrial growth to provide jobs be accomplished
without despoiling the environment.

        This project on analysis of ocean outfalls from Kraft pulp mills
is a part of an overall investigation that has been in progress since
1964.  Investigations during the first years of this project included
laboratory studies on the development of bioassay methods for assessing
water quality impairment from the discharge of Kraft pulp mill wastes
into marine waters.  Engineering studies on treatment of components of
the waste were also undertaken during the first years of this study.
Research during the last two years of the project were directed towards
investigations of the area and degree of water quality effects from
Kraft pulp mill ocean outfalls.  This report includes only the work
accomplished during the last two years of the project since the previous
research has been adequately described in the annual progress reports,
published papers, and theses.

        Disposal of wastes from the pulp and paper industry presents a
serious water quality problem.  In the area of Oregon and Washington,
lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Cascades, there are now 49 pulp
mills producing approximately 17,000 tons of pulp daily (Stanford, 1969).
A variety of pulping processes are used including sulfite, Kraft, semi-
chemical , and mechanical.

        Primarily because it produces a stronger, more versatile pulp
at lower cost, the Kraft pulping process has become the dominant method
for production of pulp and paper.  In 1920 the total production of pulp
in the United States was approximately 3.8 million tons annually of
which approximately 4.5% was produced utilizing the Kraft process.  By
1966 approximately 63% of the nationwide production of paper pulp was
produced by the Kraft process.

        Growth of Kraft process for pulp manufacturing in Oregon has
been similar to that experienced nationwide.  In 1939, pulp production
capacity in Oregon was approximately 575 tons per day of which 20% was
by the Kraft process.  By 1969, pulp production in Oregon had risen to
more than 7,000 tons per day of which 65% (4,950 T/day) was produced
by the Kraft process.

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following:
  Kraft mills operating in Oregon at the present time include the
~J n cr •
                                         Helens
   Boise Cascade Company Mill,  St.
   Georgia Pacific Corp., Toledo
   Western Kraft Corp.,  Albany
   Weyerhaeuser Paper Company,  Springfield
   International Paper Company, Gardiner
   Crown Zellerback Corp., Wauna
   American Can Company, Halsey
  625 T/day
1,000 T/day
  575 T/day
  150 T/day
  550 T/day
  750 T/day
  300 T/day
                                                     1
        The Kraft process  of pulp  production  discharges  about 20,000
gallons of liquid waste per ton of pulp,  with a population equivalent Of
about 400 per ton of pulp.   Treatment  and disposal  of waste in a satis-
factory manner is a major  problem  of the  pulp and paper  industry.

        Many of the newer  mills have been constructed on or near tidal
estuaries or the open coast.   Some of  the new mills have added to the
problems created by many of the older  mills which were already located
on marine waters.  With the addition of new mills and increased production
in the older mills, significant volumes of waste are being discharged
into marine waters.

        One of the primary problems created when Kraft pulp mill effluent
is discharged into marine  waters is the toxic effect on  the biological
population.  Although numerous investigators  have conducted tests  on
acute toxicity there is little agreement  on permissible  concentrations.
Bioassay results are generally reported in terms of a median tolerance
limit for a specified period of exposure  to a specific organism..  Table
1 shows the results of some of these studies.
Table 1.
Investigator
Year
O'Neal
1966
Courtright § Bond
1969
Howard § Walden
1965
Parrish
1966
Parrish
1966

Bioassays on Kraft Mill
Species
Bay mussel
(Mytilus edulis)
Fluff sculpin
(Oligocottus snyderi)
Guppies
(L. reticulatus)
Striped sea perch
(Phanerodon furcatus)
English sole
(Parophrys Vefulus)
6
Effluent.
Exposure
Hours
48

64

48

72
72

TL
m
%KME
2.5

9

1!

12
15


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It can be seen from Table 1 that tolerance level varies between test
organisms.

        O'Neal (1966) found that the toxicity of Kraft waste as measured
by bioassays on the bay mussel is biologically degradable but there was
no apparent correlation between B.O.D., P.B.I, and toxicity degradation.
Sprague and McLeese  (1968), in tests with salmon parr and lobster larvae
have shown that toxicity degradation rates varied considerably between
the two test animals.

        While the TL  is probably the most reproducible statistic from
the test and provides valuable information on toxicity; it cannot be
applied to actual field problems for determining the permissible con-
centration in receiving waters since the premise of allowing a stated
mortality is unacceptable as a water quality control policy.

        The Washington State Department of Fisheries (1960) has conducted
extensive tests on the toxicity of Kraft pulp wastes to salmon and trout.
The tests were conducted in flowing sea water with a salinity of 35 parts
per thousand (ppt) and at temperatures about 50°F.  The tests showed that
the concentration which produced no obvious harmful effects over a 14-
day exposure period was usually between 1.8 percent and 3.3 percent by
volume.  Longer exposure periods led to somewhat lower levels.  Signif-
icant mortalities occurred at concentrations greater than 3.3 percent
over the 14-day period.  This study also indicated that there was little
significant difference in the toxicity in wastes between mills producing
bleached and unbleached Kraft pulp.

        Alderdice and Brett (1957) conducted bioassays to determine the
toxic effect of full bleach Kraft effluent on young sockeye salmon.  The
tests were conducted in 20 ppt salinity sea water and at 18°C. Results
indicated that at concentrations below 4.8 percent there was no mortality.

        Kraft pulp mill effluent when discharged into marine waters will
some times create foam on the water surface.  Courtright and Bond (1969)
found the foam to be about five times more toxic than the whole mill
effluent as measured by bioassays with the mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis).
While on the water surface, the foam is unsightly but probably does not
create a great threat to marine life.  If the foam accumulates on the
beach, it can result in lethal concentrations to some marine life in the
littoral region.

        The maximum concentration of Kraft pulp waste which will not
adversely affect marine life is difficult to define when one considers
the variable composition of the effluent, possible separation of the
waste into fractions upon contact with the sea water, variation in tol-
erance levels between animals, avoidance reaction of some species and the
lack of knowledge on chronic toxicity.

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        Since 1955 six Kraft pulp mills have been constructed on the
Pacific Coast of Oregon, Washington and Northern California.  In each
case effluent disposal involves the use of ocean outfalls that have been
designed and constructed for the purpose of protecting water quality
in the near shore environment.  The design of these facilities has given
consideration to:  a) dilution requirements for protection of aquatic
resources,  b) prevention of objectionable aesthetic conditions on
adjacent beaches and the near shore area, and  c) the physical circum-
stances for initial construction and continued protection of the outfall
against the ravages of the sea.

        The typical outfall extends into the ocean and usually terminates
with a diffuser section where the flow is divided into a number of small
jets which discharge the waste into the receiving water.  The jet of
waste is subjected to a momentum force and to a buoyant force which is
proportional to the density difference between the effluent and the
receiving water.  As the jet of waste rises towards the surface, it mixes
with the ambient fluid and both its momentum and buoyancy per unit volume
decrease.  The mixing causes a waste field to be formed either at the
surface or submerged below the sea surface depending on the hydrography
of  the site and the initial jet dilution.

        Ocean outfalls along the Pacific coast are in general located on
the relatively shallow coastal shelf.  The turbulence in this area is
usually sufficient to prevent density stratification in the receiving
water.  Under these conditions the effluent, being less dense than sea
water, will generally rise to the surface to form a surface waste field.
After the initial dilution due to jet diffusion, the waste is transported
from the site by current action and continues to mix and spread by natural
turbulence in the ocean.

        If density stratification exists in the receiving water and a
submerged plume is formed, the waste field is esthetically more pleasing
than a surface field but may be potentially more dangerous to the marine
life.  The submerged plume will create an oxygen sink where the reaeration
rates are generally  lower than at the surface.  Under these conditions
less energy from the wind will be available for diffusion.  Also con-
centrations may be higher than for a surface plume as less vertical rise
is  available  for jet diffusion.

        Probably the most extreme condition for ocean outfall waste dis-
posal occurs  during  calm periods when current velocities in the receiving
water approach zero.  Only the jet diffusion is available for dilution
and the waste field  forms a pond above the diffusers since only the
hydraulic head created by the discharging effluent is available for move-
ment of the waste field.  Under these unfavorable conditions, a large
waste field can form with nearly uniform concentrations throughout and
odor can be a serious problem on the nearby beach.

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        Once the water quality standards have been set for the receiving
water, these can be met through a combination of effluent treatment,
outfall location and design, and/or operation of holding ponds to store
the waste during adverse disposal conditions.

        The purpose of the research included in this report was to study
the water quality impairment near existing ocean outfalls.  In addition
to the area and extent of Kraft pulp mill outfall influence on water
quality, this study also includes diffusion analysis of the waste field.
Natural conditions which influence mixing, water currents, foaming of the
effluent, and the establishment of subsurface plumes are discussed.

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                            SECTION IV

                      METHODS AND PROCEDURES
         In order to study the waste field created by Kraft pulp mill
ocean outfall, both aerial photography and boat sampling were utilized.
The concentrations determined by boat sampling provided standardization
data for the aerial photography.  Concentrations throughout the waste
plume, water currents and diffusion coefficients were computed from the
aerial photography.

         Field work was conducted at three outfall locations as shown in
Figure 1.  These are the Georgia Pacific outfall off Newport, Oregon,
the International Paper Company outfall near Gardiner, Oregon, and the
Georgia Pacific outfall near Samoa, California.  The general procedure
employed in the collection of data was to take aerial photography of the
waste field and at the same time sample the plume by conventional methods
from a boat.

         Accurate horizontal control for positioning the boat and orient-
ation of the photography was essential.  Shore control was provided by
a beach traverse extending between existing control stations at each of
the three locations.  Horizontal and vertical angles were measured with
a Wild T-3 theodolite and the distances along the traverse were measured
with either a tellurometer or a geodimeter.  Since the geodimeter and
tellurometer measure slope distance, the station elevations were deter-
mined by reciprocal vertical angles.  All positions for this study were
computed on the state plane coordinate system so that existing C§GS, GS,
and USE control could be used when available.  Since most published maps
and charts include a state plane coordinate grid, this system provides a
common base for positioning.

         Traverse stations were permanently marked with steel markers.
In order to identify the control stations on the photography, the beach
stations were also marked with white or black cloth.  Details of the
beach traverses are given in appendix A.

         In addition to shore control, horizontal control was required
in the water for photo orientation.  This was accomplished by the use
of marker buoys which were set from the survey boat and their position
determined by triangulation from the shore stations.

         During the 1968 field season ten buoys were permanently anchored
with 500-lb. concrete anchors.  However, only three buoys were required
during the 1969 season.  These temporary buoys were set along the plume
each day that field work was conducted.  The buoy floats were four feet
square, two inches thick polyurthene board which were fiberglassed and
painted orange.  The 60-lb. anchors were adequate to hold the floats
in position for the sea conditions encountered during the field work.
                                11

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              NEWPORT
           GARDINER


              SAMOA
             Figure 1.  Location of ocean outfalls.
        Prior to  aerial photography the survey boat  would  set  two  four-
foot square floats with drogues attached to measure  the  water  currents.
The drogues extended from one half foot below the water  surface  to five
feet and were constructed of herculite material fitted over a  conduit
frame to form a cross banner 4-1/2 ft in length and  in width.  A ten
pound weight was  attached to the lower end of the drogue.   The positions
of the current floats were determined from the aerial photography.

        The waste concentrations were determined in  the  plume  by boat
sampling.  Rhodamine WT dye was metered into the waste discharge pipe-
line on shore with a positive displacement pump.  Arrangements were made
with the paper companies to maintain a nearly constant waste discharge
rate while field  work was in progress.  In addition, they provided the
project with the  flow rate records and a dye injection  station on  the
outfall line near the beach.
                               12

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        Dye concentrations in the waste plume were measured with a Turner
III fluorometer aboard the survey boat.  The fluorometer was equipped
with a flow through door and continuous readings were recorded with a
chart recorder.  The sample was drawn through the instrument with a pump
on the discharge side of the fluorometer.  Sample intake ports were
located along the length of a vertical sampling probe mounted on the
side of the boat.  By a sliding valve arrangement in the body of the
probe, the sampling depth could be selected from one to ten feet below
the water surface.  Details of the sampling probe are given in appendix
B.

        An extra fluorometer was always carried aboard the vessel.  The
fluorometers were standardized in the laboratory before and after each
run and standardized in the boat offshore from the outfall.  Power for
the fluorometer was provided by a 12 volt generator and a 12 volt d.c.
to 115 volt a.c. powercon sine-wave inverter.

        While continuous sampling was underway, the fluorometer operator
would mark each position, record position number, indicate any fluoro-
meter scale change and any sampling depth change on the chart record.
The boat's position was determined at one-minute intervals by triangu-
lation.  Simultaneous horizontal angles were measured from two shore
stations with Wild T-2 Theodolites.  The radio operator aboard the boat
would signal the theodolite operators when the position was to be taken.

        A Whitney underwater temperature probe was also carried in the
survey boat.  When operating properly, continuous surface water temp-
atures were recorded on a chart recorder.

        At the time of boat sampling, aerial photography of the waste dis-
posal area was taken with a six-inch aerial mapping camera and two 70 mm
Hasselblad cameras mounted as a unit in the baggage compartment of a small
high wing aircraft.  Normally black and white panchromatic film was used
in the mapping camera, either normal or infrared color film in one Has-
selblad and infrared black and white film in the second Hasselblad.
The nine inch by nine inch pictures from the mapping camera included the
area from below the aircraft to the horizon and were used for photographic
orientation of the smaller cameras.  The coverage of the 70 mm pictures
included only the area in the immediate vicinity of the waste field.

        The photographic film was developed by project personnel in accord-
ance with the film manufacturer's directions.  The aerial film from the
mapping camera was 9-1/2 inches wide and 100 ft long, and was processed
with a Morse B-5 rewind processor while the 70 mm film was processed with
a Nikor reel and tank processor.

        A flow diagram for the data processing is shown in Figure 2.  The
initial step in processing the fluorometer and temperature records from
the boat survey was to digitize the strip chart records with an X - Y
coordinatograph.  The coordinates of the trace were recorded on computer
cards.  These cards, along with the cards containing the shore angles,
                                13

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                      AERIAL
                       FILM
  BOAT  .
RECORDS
 SHORE
ANGLES
BOAT  SAMPLING
    COMPUTE
            ENSIT-
          OMETER
1. POSITIONS
2.FLUORO. STD.
3. WASTE CONC.
   BUOY
  COORD.
  WASTE
   CONC.
             PHOTOGRAPHY
      COMPUTE
 1.ORIENTATION
 2.WASTE CONC.
 3. COMPARE  W/BOAT
 4.DIFFUSION  COEF.
        LINE PRINTER
     PLOTTER PROGRAM
  Figure 2.  Data processing flow diagram.
              14

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were fed into the computer for processing.  The digitized strip chart
data was reduced to fluorometer readings and the fix number index was
shifted to account for,the tijne delay for the sample to pass from the
intake port of the sampling probe to the fluorometer.  A least square
fit was made to the fluorometer standardization data and the fluorometer
readings were converted to concentration of the tracer.  By knowing the
effluent flow rate and the dye injection rate, the tracer concentrations
were converted to effluent concentrations.

        Angles from the shore stations to the photo control buoys and
the boat were reduced to  state plane coordinates.  Since theodolite
sightings were made on the boat's mast, a correction was applied to
determine the position of the fluorometer intake ports.  The ground
coordinates for each digitized point on the chart record was interpolated
from the processed shore  control data.  A detailed description of the
procedure used in digitizing the strip chart records and the computer
program for processing the data are listed in appendix C.

        The results of the boat survey were displayed using a three-
dimensional computer plot program.  The program draws and labels a state
plane coordinate grid, labels a title on the plot and plots the concentra-
tions or temperature.  The axes of the plot are rotated so that the Z-
axis is not perpendicular to the plane of the paper.  The waste concen-
tration or water temperature is represented by the length of a line drawn
parallel to the Z-axis.   The position of this point can be scaled from
the grid to the base of this line.

        Laboratory tests  were conducted to determine the effect of the
Kraft waste on the dye traces.  Since the presence of the Kraft effluent
in the water does increase the absorption of the exciting and emitted
light in the sample cell, the measurable fluoresence of the tracer will
be reduced by the waste.  Using a tracer to effluent ratio of one to a
million, the test showed  a reduction of fluoresences of about ten percent
for the range of tracer concentration encountered in the field survey.
Corrections were not made to the field data for the absorption of the
fluoresence by the Kraft  waste.

        The photographic  information was converted to digital data with
a McBeth TD-102 photo densitometer modified for automatic scanning.  The
densitometer is equipped  with filters and can measure the film densities
of the three layers of a  color transparent photograph or the film density
of a black and white negative.  The aerial film is placed on the scanning
table.  The scanning table is continuously moving and each time the table
changes direction the film is advanced one scan width.  The film densities
which are recorded as voltage output from the densitometer and the Y
photographic coordinate are recorded on computer cards at about one-second
intervals while the scanning table is moving.  The X photographic coordinate
is computed from the number of scans required to digitize the photograph.
Details of the scanning equipment are shown in appendix D.
                                 15

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        By using this method of analysis,  the photographic image can be
analyzed and reduced to a symbolic computer image which yields values
of concentration and diffusion coefficients.   Details  of the reduction of
the photographic information were given in the progress report on Airphoto
Analysis of Ocean Outfall Dispersion (Burgess and James,  1969).
                               16

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                           SECTION V

                         NEWPORT STUDY
        The Georgia Pacific pulp and paper plant at Toledo produces about
1000 tons of pulp per day.  Following a period of aeration, strong waste
from the process is pumped through an eight-mile pipeline to the outfall
at Newport.  Location of the outfall is shown in Figure 3.  The waste
disposal area is bounded by Yaquina Head on the north, the north jetty
of the harbor entrance on the south, the shore on the east and a reef
on the west.  The reef extends from the west end of the north jetty to
the tip of Yaquina Head.  Water depth over the reef varies from about
six feet at the south end to 40 feet at the north end.  The topographic
configuration of the waste disposal area influences the circulation
patterns in the receiving water.

        The aerial photograph of the Newport-Toledo area shown in Figure
4 was taken looking east with the ocean in the foreground.  The location
of the outfall in this figure was sketched on the photo and is shown in
white.  The plant at Toledo is located near the upper center of the photo
with the cloud covered Willamette Valley in the background.

        Flow rates throught the pipeline vary from about 4000 to 9000 gpm.
Figure 5 is a photograph of the plant looking northeast.  The strong
waste from the plant pass through the aeration lagoons shown in this
figure.  Holding pond capacity is available for storage of about seven
days effluent from the plant.  During periods of unfavorable ocean con-
ditions the ponds hold the effluent.  Weak wastes from the plant pass
through the primary treatment plant shown in Figure 5 near the center
of the photograph.  Effluent from the primary treatment plant is dis-
charged into the Yaquina River to the left of the bridge.

        The 21-inch diameter outfall at Newport was rebuilt and extended
to 3500 ft offshore in 1965.  As shown in Figure 6 the outfall terminates
with a wye diffuser in about 40 feet of water at low tide.  Thirteen outlet
ports are located at 20-foot intervals on each branch of the wye diffuser.
The ports are three inches in diameter and discharge horizontally into
the sea.  They are oriented so that consecutive ports discharge on op-
posite sides of the header.  As explained by Baumgartner, James, O'Neal
(1969) the theoretical jet dilution for this outfall design under normal
conditions is about 100.  This would represent a waste concentration
by volume of one percent or ten ml/L.

        Field work was conducted at Newport during the summers of 1968
and 1969.  Table 2 includes a list of dates when sampling was success-
fully conducted.  Sampling was attempted on nine days other than those
listed, but work was not accomplished due to rough seas, fog or rain.
                                17

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C^YAQUINA HEAD
  I - ^>S	..
                          1": 4200'
 Figure 3.  Newport outfall location.
              18

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          Figure 4.   Photograph of the  Newport  area.
Figure 5.   Photograph of the Georgia Pacific plant at Toledo.
                               19

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K)
o
                                  Figure 6.  Sketch of the Newport outfall.

-------
         Aerial photography .during  the  1968  field  season was taken with a
single mapping camera mounted  vertically.  As  sunlight  reflection on
the water surface was a major  problem in processing  the data,  oblique
photography was used during the  1969  field season.   See appendix D for
description of the  cameras.  A discussion of the results from  the various
days of sampling follows.

August 8, 1968

         Figure 7 shows the results of  the boat sampling on August 8, 1968.
The outfall is located in  the  upper right and  the  plume extends southwest
pr to the left.  From the  appearance  of the  boat's track which is shown
as a solid line on  the plot, it  is  obvious that the  location of the waste
field was not evident from the boat.  Maximum  concentration over the out-
fall was 15 ml/L.   Boat sampling was  conducted from  16:06 until 18:09.
The wind was from the NE 10-20 mph  with a four-ft  swell.  The  sea surface
was choppy with white caps from  the wind; however, no foam from the waste
was observed.

         Aerial photography was  taken on August 8, 1968 with a mapping
camera mounted vertically  using  ektachrome 8442 film.   The photography
was digitized and processed with the  computer.  A  symbolic plot of the
waste field from the  line  printer is  shown in  Figure 8.  Each  character
on the plot represents a 30 by 30 ft  area in the sea.   Symbols on this
plot represent different ranges  in  concentration with the darkest repre-
senting a concentration range  of 10-15  ml/L  and the  lightest representing
a range from 1. to  2.0 ml/L.   The plot  was made from photos 18 and 19 of
the third flight over the  area at 17:30 from 4125  feet.  It can be seen
.in Figure 8 that some waste is northeast of  the outfall which  is located
at the upper tip of the darkest  portion of the plot.  This is  due to a
shift in ocean currents in which the  plume extended  northward  from the
outfall in the morning while in  the afternoon  the  plume extended south-
westward  (213° Az). The data  shown in  Figure  8 was  also plotted with a
computerized calcomp plotter using  an adapted  contour plotting program
which plots iso-concentration  lines as  contours.   This  plot is shown in
Figure 7.  By comparing the plots in  Figures 8 and 9, it can be seen
that the line printer plot is  distorted as the longitudinal scale is
greater than the lateral scale.   The  overall length  of  the plume was
4600 ft and the width a maximum  of  3100 ft.  The area within each con-
centration range as determined from photography is listed in Table 3.

         The average  current velocity in the waste plume was 0.26 ft/sec
and the average steady state diffusion  coefficient was  31 ft2/sec.  A
discussion of the diffusion computation is given in  appendix E.
                                21

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              Table 2.  Newport sampling summary.
Date
8-8-68
8-14-68
8-16-68
8-21-68
9-10-68
9-11-68
9-12-68
6-30-69
7-1-69
7-7-69
7-8-69
8-12-69
9-8-69
Effluent
Flow Rate
gpm
5550
7600
7550
7400
7450
8950
6750
8100
8100
9000
9000
8300
8400
Rodamin WT
Flow Rate
ml/min
100
28
16
32
-a
-a
37
36
32
3,8
40
37
33
Remarks

cloudy no photography


submerged plume
submerged plume

submerged plume
submerged plume
submerged plume



a - Dye slugs injected into pipeline.
                             22

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                                           PLST SF WASTE CBNCENTRATIQNS MLXL   FROM BOOT
t-o
                     Figure 7.  Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on August 8, 1968.

-------
Figure 8.  Symbolic plot of waste field on
           August 8, 1968 from flight 3.
Figure 9.  Isoconcentration plot of waste field on
           August 8, 1968,  from flight 3.

-------
            Table 3.  Area within each concentration

                    range on August 8, 1968.
Concentration
range
ml/L
1 -
2 -
4 -
6 -
10 -
2
4
6
10
15
Area
Sq ft
2.48 x 106
1.62 x 106
9.04 x 105
1.61 x 106
2.38 x 105
              Total                       6.85 x 106
                                          = 157 acres
August 14, 1968

        On August 14, 1968 boat sampling was conducted; however, clouds
prevented aerial photography.  Results of the boat sampling, plotted
on the Oregon State plane coordinate grid system (north zone), are
shown in Figure 10.  The outfall is located near the high concentration
values at the upper left in the plot and the plume extends northeast
towards the beach.  Sampling was conducted from 10:24 to 11:40 when
the wind was 5 to 10 mph from the southwest and the swell height was
4 to 6 feet.  It can be seen from figure 10 that the diffusion coefficients
are low as the concentrations 2000 ft northeast of the outfall are about
the same as those directly over the outfall.  A light foam streak several
hundred feet long was observed over the outfall while conducting the
boat sampling.
                                25

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                       PL8T OF UflSTE C8NCENTROTIGNS ML^L  FRSM BSOT
                                                                    380200
   Figure 10.  Waste Concentration measured August 14, 1968.
August 16, 1968

        On August 16, 1968, the plume was long and narrow and extended
northward from the outfall.  The waste field was 600 to 1200 ft wide
and about 7000 feet long.  Photography was taken with a vertical mapping
camera using ektachrome type 8442 film.  Symbolic plots of the waste
field made from photos 3 and 4 of flight one from 8400 ft and from photos
17, 18 and 19 of flight three from 4200 ft are shown in Figure 11.  The
plot in Figure 12 was made by subtracting the concentrations of the left
plume in Figure 11 from those shown in the right plume.  Areas where
the concentration difference exceeds six units have been cross hatched.
The mean concentration difference in comparing 2485 points inside the
plume of either flight was 1.8 units.  From the outline of the plume it
can be seen that plume changed considerably during the 22-minutes
between flights.  The data shown on the left of Figure 11 was plotted
with the contour plot program and is shown in Figure 13.

        Areas of different waste concentration ranges within the plume
are listed in Table 4.  These values were computed from flight three.
The average current velocity was 0.42 ft/sec with a mean diffusion
coefficient of two ft2/sec.  The photo of the plume over the outfall
shown in Figure 14 was made from photo three of flight one with  a red  filter.
It can be seen that the addition of 17 cfs of effluent to the receiving
water moving at 0.42 ft/sec did not cause appreciable spreading  of  the
                                26

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plume; whereas, on August 8 the addition of 12.4 cfs of effluent to the
receiving water moving at 0.26 ft/sec did cause spreading of the plume
and the plume was half-moon shaped.

        The wind of  10 to 15 mph from the southwest was not sufficient
to create a choppy water surface.  A large swell of six to eight ft did
not contribute much  to the diffusion of the waste.
            Table  4.  Area within each concentration

                    range  on August  16, 1968.
Concentration
range
ml/L
1 -
2 -
4 -
6 -
10 -
15 -
20 -
2
4
6
10
15
20
25
Total
Area
Sq ft
1.12 x
1.01 x
7.27 x
1.30 x
1.63 x
1.46 x
4.32 x
7.29 x

106
106
io5
io6
io6
IO6
io4
io6
                                                 =  167  acres
                                 27

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                                                AUGUST  /G,
OO
                               m
       Figure 11.  Symbolic plots flights
                   1 and 3 August 16, 1968.
                                                                                                •If-*
Photos 17,18,19
 /6 • 14-
Figure 12.   Concentration
difference flights  1 and 3
August 16,  1968.
                                                                                                 500   0
                                                                                                         500
                                                SCALE OF FEET


                                                CI 2 UNITS
Figure 13.   Is o-concentration
plot flight 1, August 16,  1968.

-------
Figure 14.   Photo of plume over the outfall on August 16,  1968.
        The results of the boat sampling conducted from 14:25 until
16:53 are shown in Figure 15.   The plume extends from the lower left
of the plot to the upper right.  Maximum concentrations measured over
the outfall were about 23 ml/L with one irregularly high value near
the head of the plume.
                                29

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                     PLOT QF WASTE CQNCENTKfiTlSNS ML/L  FRST1
    Figure 15.  Boat sampling conducted on August 16,  1968.
August 21, 1968

        On the morning of August 21, 1968 the swell was  ten feet and
breaking on the reef offshore from the outfall.  Boat  sampling was
delayed until the afternoon.  The wind was zero to five  mph from the
southwest, but by mid afternoon had changed to 10 to  15  mph from the
northwest.  The boat sampling was conducted from 12:10 until 13:41 and
is shown in Figure 16.  The outfall is located in the  lower left of the
plot and the plume extends northward.  The plume was  approximately
                                30

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7500 ft long, 800 ft wide  near the outfall and 2000 ft wide at the end
of the plume.  Maximum  concentration over the outfall was 20 ml/L.

        Vertical aerial photography was taken using Ansco D-200 film.
As this was  the photographic firm's first experience with the film,
the film was under  exposed about one stop.  This combined with scattered
clouds rendered the photographic results of questionable value.
                                         CQNC&NTROTISNS ML'L  FROM BSftT

                                                \
                                                                  382700
                                                               381 TOO
 Figure 16.  Waste concentrations  from boat  sampling on August 21,  1968,
                                  31

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September 10, 1968

        On September 10, dye slugs were introduced into the pipeline.
Because of density stratification, the waste field and dye slugs were
submerged.  There was no wind on this day and the swell height was one
to two ft.  The dye slugs did not move away from the outfall in discrete
patches as planned but accumulated about the outfall area below the water
surface.  The boat sampling showed measurable dye concentrations only
directly over the outfall.

        Aerial photography was taken using Ansco D-200 film.  A copy of
one of the vertical photos over the outfall is shown in Figure 17.  It
can be seen that there was considerable foaming of the effluent.  The
photograph is oriented so that north is to the right and the outfall is
located near the upper center of the photo.  Foam extends both west then
north and northeast from the outfall.  The submerged plume can be seen
in the photo where not obstructed by the foam as the light area to the
south and east of the outfall.  This photo covers an area 3400 by 4600 ft.
Figure 17.  Photograph of the outfall area, September 10, 1968.
                                32

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September 11, 1968

        The weather conditions were about the same as on the 10th except
that clouds covered the area and there was a 0-5 mph east wind.  The
plume was still submerged but the individual boils over the outfall
could be seen from the boat.  Two foam streaks extended westward from
the outfall for about a half mile.  Dye slugs were injected into the
pipeline; however, dye concentrations were only detectable directly
over the outfall.

September 12, 1968

        Weather conditions  remained calm until about 2 p.m. when a
15-20 mph wind from the northwest began.  The plume was submerged in
the morning but came  to the surface after the wind began blowing.
Waste concentrations  measured by boat  sampling from 15:49 until 17:11
are shown on  the  Oregon State plane coordinate  (north zone) grid in
Figure  18.

        The  outfall  is  located  near the  center of the plot and the plume
extends southward.  Maximum concentration  over the outfall was about
10 ml/L.  Detectable  concentration were measured  3000 ft from the outfall.

         Vertical  aerial photography was  taken of  the plume using a 6-inch
focal  length camera.   The interference caused by  sunlight reflection on
the  choppy  water surface  made the photography impossible to process.
                                  33

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                    PLST OF WASTE CBNCENTRQTIBN5 MU'k   FRSrl S8OT
Figure  18.  Waste concentrations measured by boat
           sampling,  September 12, 1968.
                      34

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June 50 and July 1, 1969

        On June 30 and July 1 the plume was submerged below the sea sur-
face.  There was a light breeze of about five mph from the east in the
morning shifting to 5-10 mph from the north in the afternoon with a one
to two ft swell on June 30th.  Aerial photography was taken of the outfall
area but there was no evidence of the waste field from either the photo-
graphy or the boat sampling.

        The weather remained calm with a two to four ft swell on July 1st.
The photo of the outfall area shown in Figure 19 was taken from 600 ft
with the camera oriented 45 degrees from vertical towards the west.  Four
buoys can be seen about the outfall but all that is visible of the waste
field is a small amount of surface foam which covers an area approximately
200 by 300 ft.  The sky was overcast and surface light reflection can be
seen in the upper part of the photograph.
 Figure 19.  Aerial photo of the outfall area on July 1, 1969.


-------
July 7 and 8, 1969

        On both days the wind was from the north and a foam streak
extended southward from the outfall for approximately 1.3 miles.  On
July 7th the surface plume was narrow and extended only a few hundred
feet from the outfall.  The wind on the 7th increased from 5 mph at 8:00
to 12 mph at 20:00.

        The infrared black and white photos in Figure 20 show the foam
on July 7th.  Infrared photography does not indicate temperature differ-
ences.  The photo in Figure 20A was taken in a northwest direction with
the shore in the foreground and the foam extending southward from the
outfall.  The photo in Figure 20B was taken over the outfall in a west-
ward direction with the foam streak extending upwards and to the left.
The survey vessel was crossing over the outfall in Figure 20B.
      Figure  20.   Photographs  of  the  foam  on July  7,  1969.


        On July  8th  the wind was  stronger  and  increased  from  6  mph  at
 8:00  a.m. to  15  mph  at 15:00.   Photos in Figures 21  and  22  show the
 plume on July 8  at 15:21  and 15:56.   The photos were taken  from 4000 ft
 with  the camera  tilted 45 degrees from vertical towards  the east.   A
 foam  streak can  be observed extending from the outfall on the left.
 The foam and  the plume do not  coincide as  the  plume  is to the right of
                                 36

-------
the foam.  In Figure 22 dark- upwelled water can be seen below  (west)
the plume.  Measurements  from the temperature probe indicated that this
water was approximately two  degrees C warmer than the inshore water.
The upwelled water appears to move over the plume with limited mixing
between the two masses.   The upper or nearshore edge of the plume did
not change position between  photos.

        Results of the boat  sampling are  shown in Figure 23.  The outfall
is located near the center of the grid and the plume extends southward
or towards the left.  The sampling was conducted from 15:00 until 16:16
and the maximum concentration measured over the outfall was 10 ml/L.

        Three photographic flights over the outfall were processed.
Ektachrome type 8442 film was used in the mapping camera while the two
70 mm cameras were used with infrared color type 8443 and infrared black
and white type 5424.  Symbolic plots for  the three flights are shown in
Figure 24.  In order to have the  longitudinal and lateral scales approx-
imately equal, each symbol on the  remaining symbolic plots in this report
represent an area of 20 ft across the plume and 30 ft along the plume.
The plots shown in Figure 24 were from flights taken at times 15:15,
15:21 and 15:56 and from  3000, 4000 and 4000 ft, respectively.  They
include only the  first 2300  ft of the plume so that the change in plume
shape between flights can be seen.  Measurable concentrations extended
5500 ft from the  outfall.

        The average steady state  diffusion coefficient for flights one
and two was 14 ft^/sec while the  average  diffusion coefficient from
flight three was  9 ft2/sec.  The  average  current velocity was 0.5 ft/sec.
Area within the  different concentration ranges as computed from flight
three are  listed  in Table 5.
           Table 5.   Waste field area on July 8,  1969.
Concentration
range
ml/L
1 -
2 -
4 -
6 -
2
4
6
10
Total
Area
Sq ft
1.05 x
1.62 x
2.06 x
4.10 x
5.14 x
106
io6
io6
io5
io6
                                              = 117 acres
                                37

-------
Figure 21.  Photo of the plume on July 8,  1969 at 15:21,
Figure 22.  Photo of the plume on July 8, 1969 at 15:56.
                           38

-------
                                       PLST QF WASTE C8NCENTRAT I SINS ML/L   FRBM  BBAT
to
                                                                                                    37BQOO
                Figure Z3.  Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on July 8,  1969.

-------
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-------
August 12, 1969

        Both aerial photography  and boat  sampling were successfully
conducted on August 12,  1969.  Waste  concentrations determined from boat
sampling from  12:44 until  13:46  are shown in  Figure 25.  The outfall is
located near the center  of the grid and the plume extends northwest or
upward and to  the  right.

        Surface water temperatures measured from the boat are shown in
Figure 26.  The height of  a vertical  line on  the plot represents the
water temperature  in  degrees C.  minus nine degrees.  This method of
plotting was used  so  that  a small difference  in water temperature would
be apparent as it  is  easier to see a  difference in lengths of lines that
are one and two units long than  lines that are ten and eleven units long.
It can be seen in  the plot that  the water temperature over the outfall
was about two  degrees colder than in  the  upper right of the plot where
the waste concentration  is zero. Although the effluent in the pipeline
is about 40°C. it  mixes  with the subsurface water and the resulting mix-
ture on the surface in this example was colder than the surrounding sur-
face water.

        The oblique photo  of the plume shown  in Figure 27 was taken with
the camera pointed northward from 4,000 ft.   In the immediate vicinity
of the outfall the foam  extends  both  east and west of the outfall then
northward.  This  foam pattern  is similar  to that on September 10, 1968.
The waste field extends  in all directions from the outfall but primarily
northwest.  The wind  was three mph from the east in the morning but changed
to five mph from  the  west  in the afternoon.

        One   current  float set to the west of the outfall moved northwest
while the other current  float  set to  the  east of the outfall moved north-
east.  The average current velocity was 0.1 ft/sec.  It appears that
under these relatively calm conditions, that  the hydraulic head created
by the effluent has a measurable influence on the shape of the waste field.

        A symbolic plot  of the waste  field is shown in Figure 28.  While
three flights  were processed,  the photographic results were essentially
the same in each  case.  The hole or blank area in the plume was in the
foam over the  outfall where concentrations could not be computed.  The
plot shows a  large waste field with nearly uniform concentration of 6
to 10 ml/L throughout.  The azimuth  from  north of the centerline of the
plot in Figure 27 is  340°.  Area within the different concentration
ranges are listed in  Table 6.
                                41

-------
                                         PLBT BF WASTE CSNCENTRAT t QNS ML/L   FRBM BSAT
K)
                 Figure 25.  Waste concentrations from boat sampling on August 12, 1969.

-------
                  PLST BF SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE FN DEGREES IQ
Figure 26.  Surface water temperature on August 12,' 1969.

-------
Figure 27.  Photograph of the waste field on August 12, 1969,
                             44

-------
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Figure   28.     Symbolic  plot   of  waste  field from  flight  3  on  August  12,    1969.
                                                                      45

-------
          Table 6.   Waste field area - August 12, 1969.
Concentration
range
ml/L
1
2
4
6
- 2
- 4
- 6
- 10
Total
A'iea
Sq ft
4.86 x
1.03 x
1.50 x
3.00 x
6.02 x

105
io6
io6
io6
IO6
                                               =137 acres
September 8, 1969

        The photograph of the plume shown in Figure 29 was taken from
8,000 ft looking north.   The surface plume was small and extended
northward from the outfall.   A small amount of surface foam can be seen
about the outfall.  The  location of the plume was not obvious from the
boat while sampling; however, a large subsurface plume could be seen
from the aircraft extending  northeast from the outfall.   The wind was
from the southwest at 5  mph  with a four-foot swell.

        Data for the symbolic plot of the waste field, shown in Figure
30 was from the 70 mm infrared color photography taken from 3,000 ft.
The current velocity was 0.2 ft/sec.  Area within the different concen-
tration ranges are listed in Table 7.  Results of the boat sampling are
shown in Figure 31.
                                46

-------
        Table 7.   Waste field area - September 8,  1969.
        Concentration
range
ml/L
1 -
2 -
4 -
6 -
10 -
2
4
6
10
15
Total


Area
Sq ft
1.87
3.10
2.41
1.07
6.84
1.87
= 43
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 106
x 104
x 106
acres
Figure 29.   Aerial photo of waste field on September 8,  1969.
                               47

-------
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                                             48

-------
                               PLBT BF WASTE CBNCENTRATJQN5 hL/L   FRBM B
30





20





1G
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      Figure 31.  Waste concentrations from boat sampling on September 8,  1969.

-------
                           SECTION VI

                         GARDINER STUDY
        The International Paper Plant  at Gardiner produces approximately
550 tons per day of pulp and discharges about  10,000 gpm of liquid waste
into the ocean.  The ocean outfall  is  located  5-1/2 miles north of the
mouth of the Umpqua River.  A  straight shoreline extends both north and
south of the outfall and the shore  near the outfall is a gently sloping
sandy beach.  The  location of  the outfall is shown in Figure 32.  The
plant is located about  a mile  north of Gardiner and discharges its wastes
through a three-mile pipeline  to the ocean.

        The photograph  in Figure 33 was taken  looking northeast.  The
location of the outfall was sketched on the photo and is shown in white.
It can be seen that there is no residential development on the shore near
the outfall.  During low tides, three  to six vehicles were parked near
the beach on the access road to the outfall while the occupants were
digging clams.  The plant is located near the  bend in the Umpqua River
to the right of the picture.   Dark  upwelled water can be seen in the
lower left of the  photograph.

        A photo of the  International Paper Plant is shown in Figure 34.
Liquid waste from  the process  are discharged into the pond shown on the
left of the figure.  A pumping station located to the left of the pond
pumps the waste over the hills to the  ocean.   The 36-inch outfall extends
about 3,000 feet offshore and  terminates in about 25 ft of water.  As
shown in Figure 35, the diffuser section consists of 24 five-inch diameter
ports spaced 7.5 ft apart.  The ports  are oriented horizontally and
alternately discharge on opposite sides of the pipeline.  Shifting sands
partially cover the diffuser section and it was not known how many of the
ports were open at the  time of sampling.

        Boat sampling was conducted with the charter boat "Sea Hawk" from
Winchester Bay on  July  15 and  16, and  August 19 and 20, 1969.   In addition
the Northwest Regional  Office  and the  Pacific  Northwest Water Laboratory
of the Federal Water Quality Administration conducted a survey of the
outfall during the week of January  20, 1969.   Measurements of a dye tracer
released during the survey produced a  minimum  dilution of 1:27 over the
outfall.  An extension  of the  centerline of the plume during this study
would have intersected  the beach approximately one mile south of the outfall.
In addition, a biological survey conducted during the study showed that
more organisms and more species were observed  over the outfall than at
other surrounding  locations.   Description of the sampling by dates follow.

July 15 and 16, 1969

        On July 15 and  16 the  wind  was 10 to 18 mph from the NNW during
the sampling period.  The swell on  the 15th was four ft, and two to three
ft on the 16th.

                               51

-------
OUTFALL
                             Jfr\
                               GARDINER
                  A  WINCHESTER  BAY
                                  1":52OO'
       Figure 32.  Gardiner outfall location map.
                      52

-------
• -I
I !
                       Figure 330  Photograph of the Gardiner outfall area.

-------
Figure 34.  Photograph of the International paper plant.
                          54

-------
en
cn
                                                      A/etsr  Gord/ner\1 Oregon
                                               24   Five \/nch diameter  ports
                                  Bathymet\y  Tu ly /6\/969   ML\W
                          Oregon\ South
                 Figure 35.  International Paper Company outfall near Gardiner, Oregon.

-------
        Air bubbles in the fluorometer intake lines rendered the results
of the boat sampling of little value on July 15.  The plume configurations
were similar on both days and the results of the boat sampling on July 16
are shown in Figures 36 and 37.  The first sampling run shown in Figure 36
was conducted from 12:39 until 13:35 while the second run shown in Figure
37 was conducted from 14:45 until 15:36.  The plume extended southward
(left) from the outfall with a maximum concentration of 23 ml/L over the
outfall.

        While the survey boat was headed westward, direct sunlight was on
the instrument.  Since the sunlight caused interference with the fluoro-
meter readings, these sections of the sampling record were not processed
and discontinuous boat track is shown in Figures 36 and 37.

        Aerial views of the plume are shown in Figures 38A and 38B.  The
photos which were taken at 15:05 are 45 degree oblique views from 4000
ft.  The outfall in Figure 38A is located at the center of the photograph
and the plume extends to the right.  One area of relatively high waste
concentration extends south from the outfall while a second area of high
concentration extends southwestward.  The dye patch located near the
lower left of center on 38A was dropped at 14:20.   The dye patch shown
in lower right of Figure 38B was dropped at 12:14.  The plume in Figure
38B is shown in the upper left of the photo.

        Three photographic flights over the outfall area were processed.
The iso-concentration plot shown in Figure 39 was  from the first flight
over the outfall at 14:50.  The concentration interval on this plot is
2 ml/L with the outside contour representing 2 ml/L.  The symbolic plot
of the waste field shown in Figure 40 was made from the second flight
over the area from 5000 ft at 15:03.  Infrared color film and infrared
black and white film were processed from the 70 mm cameras.  The large
mapping camera was used for orientation and current float position
computations.

        The plume on July 16, 1969, is similar to  that for August 8, 1968,
at Newport.  It appears that the addition of 22.4  cfs of waste to the
receiving water moving at 0.26 ft/sec caused surface spreading of the
plume near the outfall.  Two current floats were set above the outfall.
One float moved downstream in the waste field but  the second float set
on the centerline of the plume remained stationary just upstream from
the outfall.  Since there was no kelp in the area, to hold the float,
it may have been set at the stagnation point created by a source in a
uniformly flowing stream.

        The average steady state diffusion coefficient was 9 ft2/sec.
Areas within the different ranges in waste concentration as determined
from flight 2, are listed in Table 8.
                                56

-------
                                         PL8T OF WASTE CBNCENTRATJBNS nL/L    FROM BOAT
Ul
                         Figure 36.  Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling
                                                July 16,  1969,  run 1.

-------
                                        PLST QF  UIASTE  CBNCENTRATI8NS ML/L   FR8M
en
oo
                  Figure 37.  Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling

                                   July 16,  1969,  run 2.

-------
Figure 38.  Plume and dye patch on August 16, 1969.
                           59

-------
          CRRDINER JULV
Figure 39.  Iso-concentration plot from flight 1,
                     60

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Figure  40.    Symbolic  plot  of  waste  concentrations  from
                          flight  2  on  August  16,   1969.
                                                    61

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            Table 8.  Area within each concentration

                    range on July 16, 1969.
Concentration
range
ml/L
i _
2 -

4 -

6 -
10 -
15 -
20 -
Total
2
4

6

10
15
20
25

Area
Sq ft
1.
1.

9.

1.
6.
2.
5.
5.
21
53

00

18
01
23
76
70
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
iob
io6
5
10
6
10
io5
io5
io4
io6
                                                = 130 acres
August 19 and 20, 1969

        The swell height was four to five feet on both sampling days with
a light wind of zero to five mph from the west.  The fog did not lift
until noon on the 19th but was clear at 11 o'clock the next day.

        Waste concentrations determined from the boat samplings are shown
in Figures 41 through 43.  Maximum concentration over the outfall was
22 ml/L.  The boat sampling shown in Figure 41 was conducted from 15:16
until 15:39 on August 19, 1969.  The sampling period was short because
of generator trouble and the plume in Figure 41 is not well defined.  On
August 20 the first sampling period was from 11:33 until 12:04 and the
second sampling period was from 15:05 until 15:34.

        Surface water temperature measured during the two sampling periods
on August 20 are shown in Figures 44 and 45.  In general the water temp-
erature over the outfall was one to two degrees colder than the surrounding
water temperature.

        The plume changed shape and location while sampling on both
August 19th and 20th.  Low tide on the 19th was at 10': 20 and high tide
was at 16:50.  The oblique view of the plume in Figure 46 was taken from
                               62

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                       PLQT BF UIPSTE CBNCEKTROT i B.NS ML/L   FRBM
Figure 41.  Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on
                      August 19, 1969.

-------
                                          PLOT OF WASTE CBNCENTRATIBNS ML/L    FROM BOAT
ON
                    Figure 4Z.  Waste concentrations from, boat sampling on
                                   August 20, 1969, run 1.

-------
                                         PLBT BF WASTE CBNCENTRATIBNS ML/L    FRBM BBAT
o\
Cn
                     Figure 43.  Waste concentrations from boat sampling on

                                    August 20, 1969, run 2.

-------
                                       PLBT SF SURFACE UATER TEMPERATURE  IN DEGREES C  -   10
ON
                       Figure 44.  Surface water temperatures measured
                                   August 20,  1969,  run 1.

-------
                PLHT HP SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE  IN DEGREES  c  -   10
Figure 45.  Surface water temperatures measured
             August 20,  1969, run 2.

-------
 4000 ft at 12:39, August 19, using panchromatic black and white film with
a 25A filter.  The outfall is located in the lower right and the plume
extends upward to the left along the surf zone.  A tide rip can be seen
extending through the surf zone in the upper left and a dye patch can be
seen offshore from the plume on the left.

        The two 70 mm photos in Figure 47 were taken in the same flight
with infrared black and white film with an 89B filter.  The boat in
Figure 47A appears as a white spot in the center of the picture.  Infrared
photography of the plume requires about three stops more exposure than
land detail.  The dye patch in Figure 47A is just visible on the IR film.
As the photos were scanned automatically, the infrared band was used to
distinguish the dye from the waste field in the computer processing.
Figure 47B was taken over the outfall.

        The variation in film density in the infrared photograph is greater
than that in Figure 46.  Ninety percent of the light return in the infrared
band is from the upper two feet of the water; whereas, in the red band
ninety percent of the light return is from the upper seven feet.

        The photos of the plume in Figures 48 and 49 were taken at 13:53
from 6000 ft and at 16:28 from 4000 ft, respectively.  The plume in
Figure 48 extends upward and to the left from the outfall located near
the lower right of the photo.  The dye patch can be seen as a narrow
streak oriented approximately perpendicular to the beach at the left of
Figure 48.  At 16:28 the plume extended directly towards shore from the
outfall.

        The 70 mm color photo of the waste field in Figure 50 was taken
at the same time as that shown in Figure 49.   The variation in grey on
the print represents the change in blue film density of the original
transparency.  The surf is visible in the upper right as the dark area.
Near the upper center of the photo is gray area which is suspended sand
from the turbulent surf zone and relatively free of waste.  The differen-
tiation between the plume and the suspended sand is not possible in
Figure 49 which was taken with panchromatic film and a red filter.  The
blue band was useful distinguishing the suspended sand from the plume
in the processing of the photographic data.

        On the morning of August 20th the waste plume extended from the
outfall northeast into the surf.  The photos of the plume shown in
Figures 51 and 52 were taken at 11:27 from 4000 ft and 11:41 from 5000 ft,
respectively.  The survey boat can be seen sampling the waste field.  The
outfall is located about a half inch below the boat in Figure 52.  The
shape of the plume about the outfall is mainly a result of surface
spreading of the waste caused by a 17 cfs source in a relatively calm
receiving body.  Apparently the water currents carry the waste north-
eastward from the outfall and the swell is moving the waste into the
surf.  Swell normally does not have a large forward transport; however,
in the nearshore area when the wave peaks, the swell begins to change
from an Airy or Stokes wave to a solitary wave with a forward transport


                                68

-------




Figure 46.  View of waste field at 12:39 on August 19, 1969,
                                                      E
 Figure 47.  Infrared photos of the waste field at 12:39 on
                      August 19, 1969.
                             69

-------


Figure 48.  Photo of waste field at 13:53 on August 19,  1969.
 Figure 49.  Photo of waste field at 16:28 on August 19,  1969.
                              70

-------
Figure 50.  Seventy mm photo of waste field at 16:28 on
                    August 19, 1969.
    Figure 51.  Photo of the waste field at 11:27 on
                    August 20, 1969.


-------
of water near the surface.  The dye patch shown in the lower left of
Figures 51 and 52 was dropped at 11:03.  It can be observed that the
dye patch moved northeast towards the outfall several hundred feet bet-
ween flights.  The current velocity was 0.13 ft/sec.  Infrared black
and white photos of the waste field are shown in Figure 53.  The photo
in Figure 53A was taken at 11:27 from 4000 ft while the photo in Figure
53B was taken from 8000 ft at 12:15.  The boat is the white spot in
Figure 53A and the surf is on the right.  The three white dots to the
left of the plume in Figure 53B are salmon fishing boats.

        At 14:30 it appeared that the waste discharge into the ocean had
stopped.  However, a few minutes later a very dark brownish-red effluent
began appearing on the surface.  This may have been caused by a sluge
deposit slumping into the pump sump in the holding pond.   The photograph
in Figure 54 was taken at 15:45 from 4000 ft.  The new plume can be
seen extending from the outfall northward.  The old plume has dispersed
but some of the waste can be seen north and south of the outfall.  A tide
rip near the center of the photo extends from the surf.   This area appears
as light gray and is bounded by a small foam streak.  The water in the
rip is nearly free of waste but in the red band is not distinguishable
from the surrounding water containing waste.

        A symbolic plot of the waste field for flight three taken at 16:30
on August 19, 1969 is shown in Figure 55.   The plot is oriented so that
the axis of the plume is at an azimuth of 110 degrees from north.  The
plot shows nearly uniform concentrations throughout the  waste field.  Table
9 shows various concentrations and the areas encompassed.
            Table 9.   Area within each concentration
                  range on August 19,  1969.
C on cent rat i on
range
ml/L
1 -
2 -
4 -
6 -
10 -
15 -
Total
2
4
6
10
15
20

Area
Sq ft
2.05 x 10S
4.32 x 105
2.66 x }05
3.24 x 105
1.78 x 106
2.47 x 106
5.48 x 106
                                               =126 acres
                               72

-------
 Figure 52.   Photo of the  waste  field  at  11:41  on
                 August  20,  1969.
Figure 53.  Infrared photos of the waste field on
                 August 20, 1969.
                        73

-------


1

                   Figure 54.  Photo of the waste field at 15:45 on August  20,  1969.

-------
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Figure 55.   Symbolic plot of the waste field on August  19,  1969.
                                              75

-------
        A symbolic plot of the waste field from flight one on August 20,
1969 at 11:58 is shown in Figure 56.  The vertical axis of the plot has
an azimuth of 62 degrees from north.  The position of outer limit of the
surf zone is indicated by the straight line at the bottom of the plot.
Area within the different concentration ranges as determined from flight
one are listed in Table 10.
           Table 10.   Area within each concentration

                   range on August 20, 1969.
Concentration
range
ml/L
1 -
2 -
4 -
6 -
10 -
15 -
20 -
GT
Total
2
4
6
10
15
20
25
25

Area
Sq ft
1.08 x 106
7.60 x 105
3.35 x 105
4.57 x 105
6.80 x 105
1.03 x 106
5.08 x 105
7.20 x 103
4.85 x 106
                                                 =  111  acres
                               76

-------
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Figure  56.    Symbolic plot  of  waste field  on  August  20,
                                                                                                   1969-
                                                  77

-------
                          SECTION VII

                          SAMOA STUDY
        The Georgia Pacific Corporation plant of Samoa, California is
located on a narrow sand  spit one mile west of Eureka as shown in Figure
57.  The sand spit is  about eight miles long, one mile wide and is bounded
on the east by Arcata  Bay and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.  The
Georgia Pacific plant  is  located approximately four miles north of the
entrance to the bay.

        Crown-Simpson  Company has a plant at Fairhaven which is located
on the spit approximately 2-1/2 miles north of the bay entrance.  Both
plants discharge their liquid wastes into the ocean.  During the study
period of August 6 and 7, 1969, the Crown-Simpson plant was not in oper-
ation.  However, they  were pumping water from the bay through their outfall
in order to prevent sand  from covering and plugging the diffuser ports.

        The Georgia Pacific plant produces about 500 tons per day of bleached
pulp.  Liquid waste from  the process is discharged through a 48-inch
outfall into the ocean.   A photograph of the plant is shown in Figure 58.
The location of the outfall was sketched on the photograph and is shown
as a white line.  The  outfall extends about 2900 ft into the ocean and
terminates in about 40 ft of water.  As shown in Figure 59, the diffuser
section contains 50 ports spaced ten ft apart.  The eight-inch diameter
nozzles discharge horizontally and are pointed to alternately discharge
on opposite sides of the  header.  Due to drifting sand, it is not known
how many of the nozzles were operating at the time of sampling.

        Field work was conducted at Samoa on August 6 and 7, 1969.  The
Humbolt State College  research vessel "Sea Gull" was chartered for the
boat work.  The swell  was three to four feet on these two days and the
wind 5-10 mph from the northwest.  Fog on both days prevented sampling
in the morning.

        Waste concentrations determined by boat sampling are shown in
Figures 60 through 63.  Sampling on August 6 was conducted from 14:21
until 15:01 for run 1  and from 15:59 until 16:49 for run 2.  On August 7
the boat sampling was  conducted from 12:53 until 14:39 and from 16:00
until 16:26 for runs 1 and 2, respectively.

        The outfall is located on the right of the plots and the waste
plume extends towards  the left or southwest.  The state plane coordinate
grid was drawn at 800  foot intervals.  The plume is bounded on the south-
east by the surf zone.  Maximum concentrations measured over the outfall
were 18 ml/L or a 1.8  percent waste concentration by volume.  The effluent
flow rates were 18,600 and 16,500 gpm on the two sampling days.
                               79

-------
                                   /•
                              A SAMOA
                                1":340O'
Figure 57.  Samoa outfall location map.
              80

-------
Figure 58.   Aerial view of the Georgia Pacific  plant
              near Samoa,  California.
                         81

-------
oo
                         Georgia ^Pac/fic^Outf^ll  Near SarAooJZalif.
                                 sSec/vJaf?   -5O  -Sh<  /nch  dianr^fer ports
Oxje   5/a/e
                                                              Coor&Jnates
                Figure 59.  Georgia Pacific outfall near Samoa,  California.

-------
PLBT QF WASTE CONCENTRATIONS ML/L
                                                                             FRSh BSAT
oo
O4
                    Figure 60.  Waste concentrations from boat sampling on

                                     August 6, 1969, run 1.

-------
                                          PLQT  SF  WASTE CBINCENTRAT IBNS ML/L   FRGM
oo
                    Figure 61.  Waste concentrations from boat sampling on
                                     August 6, 1969, run 2.

-------
                                            PLOT  BF WASTE CONCENTRATIONS MLXL   FRBM
00
01
                     Figure 62.  Waste concentration from boat sampling on

                                      August 7,  1969,  run 1.

-------
PLOT BF WASTE CBNCENTRAT[QNS
                                                                             FROM
'00
o\
                    Figure 63.  Waste concentrations from, boat sampling on

                                    August 7, 1969, run 2.

-------
        Surface water temperatures minus  10°C. as measured on August 6
and 7 are shown in Figures  64  and 65.   It can be seen that there was
little temperature variation in  the  surface water and that the offshore
water tended to be slightly warmer than those in the plume or nearshore.
The lowest temperature value was located  at the south end  (left) of the
boats track shown in Figure 65.  This point was in Crown-Simpson's fresh
water plume.

        On the aerial photograph of  the plume shown in Figure 66, the
outline of the Georgia Pacific plume is shown with the broken line while
the outline of the Crown-Simpson plume  is shown with a solid line.  The
photo was -taken from 5000  ft at  17:09 on  August 6, 1969.  During the two
days of field observations  the plume maintained nearly the same size,
shape and position.  Although, at times the entire plume moved between
the shore and the Crown-Simpson  plume.  The plume was 700 to 1500 ft
wide and about 8000 ft  long.

        A symbolic plot  of the waste field is shown in Figure 67.  The
plot was made from flight  one  on August 6th.  The flight was taken from
3000 ft at 17:27 o'clock.   As  the first two 70 mm photos did not overlap
a blank area is seen near  the  head of the plume.  The total area covered
by the plume was 155 acres.

        Problems were  encountered in the  photographic data from Samoa on
August 7th.  The processing of the photographic data requires that the
background light from  the  open sea be subtracted from the  light return
in the plume.  Because the plume extended to  the surf zone, background
light measurements were  available  from  only the offshore side of the
plume.  The  large variation in the color  of the water perpendicular to
the shore rendered the photographic  results of questionable value.

        The mosaic strip in Figure 68 shows the plume at 16:20 on August 7th.
The negative prints were made  from 70 mm  infrared color photographs
from 6000 ft.  The dark area in  the  upper part of the strip is caused by
suspended sands near the surf zone.  The  Georgia Pacific plume extending
from left to right in  the  mosaic is  almost entirely inshore of the Crown-
Simpson plume  shown near the  right of the figure.  Numerous fishing boats
can be seen  about the  outfall  area.  The  light area in the lower portion
of the negative prints is  caused by  dark  upwelled water.  A dark narrow
band can be  seen  along the lower (west) edge  of the plume.
                                87

-------
                                        PLET BF SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES C -   10
CO
CO
                Figure 64.  Surface water temperatures on August 6, 1969/ run 1.

-------
                                        PLBT BF SURFACE WATER  TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES C -   10
00
               Figure 65.  Surface water temperatures on August 7,  1969,  run 1,

-------
Figure 66.  Aerial view of the plume on August 6,  1969.

-------
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                                                         I I ItTULLLLLLl LLLLLLLLL1 IUL!
                                                        l 1  11ITll.LLi.LLLI LLLLLLLILUULt 	
                                                         I  TtlULLLLUL LLULUI LI ILLU LLLLLLITI1
                                                        I 1'  ILLLLLLLl LLLI LLULLULI LtLLl LLLL1'

                                                        I 1 LLLLLLLLLLL1L LLULLUXULLU LLLL]

                                                        I T ILLLLLLLLLLLI LILULULI LLLLl LLtLl
                                                        1 It  ILLLLlLULLIL U' ULL1 LI LILI1 LLLULL1 l

                                                        i 11 IIIlLLULLLLr LLLUUI.UULLILLLUtLLI I
                                                        1   TllLtLLLLLLL LLULLLLU.LLLLLLLLLLLLL I
                                                        1 II ItlltLlULLLL LULLM.ILIULIPPPLLLLLL1 1
                                                        1   tfllLLLLLLLL LLLt-U.LLLLLLLL°P*I.LLiLL 1
                                                      )  i n IIIllLULLLLL ULULLi LLLLLLP"«W"l.tLI 1
                                                      , ;,'„  imtsswJsstasswiBBa,',

                                                    , M'i,W KSStKSESSStWSSiSESSStL,1,

                                                    .'.iiinRtaLSSssssswsssssssL,1
                                                    ,'.!«;[s uas5sssssss5s=satt  •
                                                           IIILLLLLL  _

                                                        ' t|IULLULLP>&">°p"*PP*»''''LLLI T !
                                                        MLLLLLL
Figure  67.     Symbolic  plot  of waste  concentrations
                                 August  6,  flight  1.
                                                  91

-------
i- I
                         Figure 68.  Mosaic of the plume on August 7,  1969.

-------
                          SECTION VIII

                             SUMMARY
        During the period of August  1968 through September 1969 field
work was conducted on thirteen days  at Newport, four days at Gardiner,
and two days at Samoa.  A summary  of the sampling is shown in Table 11.

        Observations were conducted  at Gardiner on July 15-16, 1969 and
August 19-20, 1969.  As the sea  and  weather conditions were similar on
consecutive sampling days, the results represent essentially only two
independent observations.  In the  first sampling period, the waste moved
away from the beach while during the second sampling period the plume
extended into the surf zone.  It is  believed that there is a greater
tendency for the waste field to  extend into the surf at Gardiner than at
Newport, because of its shorter  and  shallower outfall and greater flow
rates, however, it is not known  what percent of the time this occurs.
Maximum concentration measured over  the outfall was 23 ml/L or 2.3%.

        Observations were conducted  at Samoa on August 6-7, 1969 when
the wind was from the northwest.   A  large plume extended south along
the surf zone.  Maximum concentration measured over the outfall was
18 ml/L.

        Surface water temperature  measurements were made at the three
outfall locations.  Since the warm effluent from the diffuser ports mixes
with the cold subsurface water,  the  resulting mixture at the surface was
generally colder than the surrounding sea water.  Because of natural
temperature variations in the sea  water, temperature is not a sensitive
tracer for tracking the waste field.

        It can be seen from the  table that during relatively calm periods
the plume at Newport was submerged.   On September 10, 11, and the morning
of the 12, 1968, the plume formed  below the sea surface.  On the after-
noon of the 12th the wind increased  to 20 mph, white caps formed and
the plume came to the surface.   On June 30 and July 1, 1969, the plume
was also submerged.  Hourly wind records at the south jetty show that on
June 30th, the wind was five mph in  the morning, increased to about ten
mph at noon, and remained at this  level throughout the night.  A surface
plume may have formed during the night but during the day of July 1st
the wind was 4-5 mph and the plume was submerged.  On July 7, 1969, the
hourly wind pattern was similar  to that of July 8, 1969, except on the
second day the wind was about three  mph higher.  On July 7th a surface
plume could be seen only for a short distance from the outfall, while on
the 8th the plume was on the surface.

        The weather was calm on  August 12, 1969, with a wind of 3-5 mph.
Wind records show that the llth  was  also calm yet a large surface waste
field was observed on the 12th.  The effluent discharge rate was nearly


                                93

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Table 11.  Sampling summary.
Tide- Wave
Date

8- 8-68
8-14-68
8-16-68
8-21-68
9-10-68
9-11-68
9-12-68
9-12-68
6-30-69
7- 1-69
7- 7-69
7- 8-69
7-15-69
7-16-69
8- 6-69
8- 7-69
8-12-69
8-19-69
8-20-69
9- 8-69
Location Range Height
Ft. Ft.

Newport 10. 2
Newport 6. 0
Newport 6. 3
Newport 8. 1
Newport 6. 8
Newport 6. 8
Newport— 6.5
Newport- 6. 5
Newport 11. 5
Newport 11. 3
Newport 6. 4
Newport 7. 7
Gardiner 8. 0
Gardiner 7. 8
Samoa 5. 5
Samoa 5. 8
Newport 8. 4
Gardiner 6. 1
Gardiner 6. 5
Newport 7. 2

4
4-6
6-8
8-10
1-2
1-2
1-2
4-6
1-2
2-4
4-6
4-6
4
2-3
3-4
3-4
2-3
4-5
4-5
4
Wind
Dir.

NE
SW
SW
SW
—
E
E
NW
N
NW
N
N
NW
NW
NW
NW
W
W
W
SW
Vel-
ocity
mph
10-20
5-10
10-15
0-5
0
0-5
0-5
15-20
5-10
4-5
5-12
6-15
10-18
10-18
5-10
5-10
3-5
0-5
0-5
5
a Maximum difference between adjacent high and low
b Area
within the plume
with concentrations
Effluent
Flow
Rate
gpm
5,550
7,600
7,550
7,400
7,450
8,950
6,750
6,750
8,100
8,100
9,000
9,000
10, 300
10,000
18,600
16,500
8,300
10,100
7,500
8,400
tides during

Area""
Acres
100
	
142
___
0
0
0
_—
0
0
5
93
_„
103
155
	
127
123
87
39
the day.

Length
Ft.

4600
3400
7000
7500
—
--
—
3000
--
—
—
5500
__
4000
8000
8000
4000
2500
2400
2000

PLUME
Max.
Concen.
ml/L
15
21
23
20
—
—
—
10
--
—
—
10
--
23
18
18
10
22
22
10



Current Dif.
Vel. Coef.£
&2
0.

0.

0.

0.


0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

'sec ft /sec
26 	
	
42 2.0
	
0 	
	
0 	
	
	
06 	
4 	
5 14.0
	
26 	
45 2.1
50 	
1 	
1 	
13 	
2 	


Remarks


No photography


Plume submerged
Plume submerged
Plume submerged
d
Plume submerged
Plume submerged
Plume submerged

Equipment trouble








greater than 2 ml/L.
c Steady state diffusion coefficient.
d Vertical photography not processed
e_ a.m.
f_ p.m.




because


of sunlight reflection.

















-------
the same on this day as  it was  on the  days  when  the plume was submerged
under nearly similar conditions.   Possibly  the offshore  thermocline was
deep and the dense  subsurface water was  not available  to form density
stratification  in the  outfall area.

         Observations  were made at Newport  when  the river flow was low.
During the winter and  spring when the  wind  is predominately from the
southwest and the fresh  water flow from  the Yaquina River is high, there
may be an increased tendency for density stratification  to form over the
outfall.  There is  also  indication that  the tidal  range  affects the density
stratification  and  area  of the  surface plume, but  sufficient observations
for verification are not available.1

         Subsurface plumes are  believed  less likely to occur at Gardiner
and Samoa since they are located on the  open coast.  Newport outfall has
the offshore reef which  would tend to  reduce the turbulence and mixing
below the level of  the reef.

         The most foam was observed on September 10, 1968 and August 12,
1969.  Both days were  calm with a submerged plume  on September 10 and a
surface plume on August  12.  On September 11, 1968, July 7 and July 8, 1969,
and September 8, 1969, foam  was observed.   Except  for July 8th, when the
sea surface was choppy,  these days were  relatively calm.  The foaming
tendency may also be caused  by  a change  in  the composition of the waste.
The primary source  of  foam did  not appear to be  caused by wind turbulence
in the waste field, but  rather  the foam  appeared to be mainly generated
in the boil over the outfall.

         When the current velocity is  low in the receiving water, the
initial width of the plume is greater  than  the width of  the diffuser section
of the outfall. On August 16,  1968 and  July 8,  1969 at  Newport and August
6 and 7, 1969 at Samoa,  the  current velocity was greater than 0.4 ft/sec
and the initial plume  width  was about  the same as  the diffuser section of
the outfall.  On August  8, 1968 at Newport  and July 16,  1969 at Gardiner,
the current velocity was 0.26 ft/sec and the initial width of the plume
was wider than  the  diffuser  section with a  ridge of high waste concentration
near the outer  edge of the plume.  At  current velocities less than about
0.2 ft/sec surface  spreading caused by the  hydraulic head from the effluent
discharge appeared  to  be primarily responsible for the width of the plume.
Diffusion coefficients are listed in Table  11 for  only three days, since
the model used  in the  diffusion computations and explained in Appendix E,
would only be applicable to  these situations.

         The tide influences the flow  patterns in  the receiving water.
The high flood  and  ebb currents at the river mouth tend  to draw water from
the adjacent ocean. Since the  outfalls  observed in this study were located
several miles north of a river  mouth,  the effect of the  tide was reduced
and the wind generally provided the major driving  force  for water movement.


1 Personal communication with Mr. P. O'Hara of the Georgia Pacific Corp.
  Toledo, Oregon.


                                  95

-------
         The area of the waste field listed in Table 11 is the area where
the concentrations were computed from the aerial photography as being
greater than 2 ml/L or 0.2% waste.  Normally from the photography, the
plume can be distinguished from the open sea at concentrations greater
than 0.4 ml/L.  However, surface foam on July 8, August 12, and September
9 caused interference with the aerial photography.   In the processing of
the data, voltage ranges on the photo densitometer output were set and
concentrations were not determined for points where the densitometer
voltage was outside this range.  Values for these points were obtained
by interpolating from adjacent points.   The infrared band was the most
sensitive for this purpose.  The area covered by the densitometer aperture
could contain a small amount of surface foam and the value would not be
rejected.  Some scatter can be seen along the right side of the plumes
shown on the symbolic plots in Figure 24 where there was a foam streak as
can be seen from the photos of the plume in Figures 21 and 22.   A summary
of the aerial photography is listed in appendix F.
                                 96

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                            SECTION IX

                         ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
         The writers wish to express their gratitude to the following:
Messrs. T. Fenwick and P. O'Hara of the Georgia Pacific Corporation at
Toledo, Oregon; Messrs. W. Elsevier and D. Bailey of the International
Paper Company at Gardiner, Oregon; and Messrs. H. McDowell and D. Lork
of the Georgia Pacific Corporation  at Samoa, California for their coop-
eration and assistance on the project.

         Also to members of the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory,
especially Messrs. R. Scott, D. Baumgartner, L. Bentsen, R. Galloway,
W. Clothier, W. DeBen, G. Dittsworth, and D. Trent for their guidance
and assistance in collection of the data;

         -Dr. J. Cast of Humboldt State College, Captain R. Redmond and
Messrs. D. McKeel, B. Danby and R. Ervin of Marine Science Center at
Newport, Oregon for their help with the boat operations;

         Professors R. Schultz, M. Northcraft, D. Phillips and D. Bella
of Oregon State University for their advice and assistance on the project;

         Students J. Graham, L. Koester, B. Valentine, R. Spaw, D. Monroe,
R. Scholl, W. Hart, T. Basgen, Ching-Lin Chang, M. Soderquist, R. Collier,
R. Mann, P.  Klampe, B. Barnes, G. Carman, and J. Plasker for their assist-
ance  in  collection of data, construction of equipment, and processing
data;  and

         the  Federal Water Quality Control Administration for financial
support  of the  project.
                                   97

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                            SECTION X

                            REFERENCES
1.    Alderdine, D.F. and J.R. Brett.  1957.  Some effects of kraft mill
     effluent on young pacific salmon.  Journal of the Fisheries Research
     Board of Canada.  14:783-795.

2.    Allen Hancock Foundation. 1964.  An investigation on the fate of
     organic and inorganic wastes discharged into the marine environment
     and their effects on biological productivity.  Los Angeles, University
     of Southern California.  118 p.  (California State Water Quality
     Control Board Publication 29.]

3.    Baumgartner, D.J., W.P. James, and G.L. O'Neal.  1969.   A study of
     two ocean outfalls.  National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
     Technical Bulletin No. 231.  p 27-53.

4.    Brooks, Norman H.  1960.  Diffusion of sewage effluent in an ocean
     current.  Proceedings of the First International Conference on Waste
     Disposal in Marine Environment, London, Pergamon Press,  p. 246-267.

5.    Burgess, F.J. and W.P. James.  1969.  Airphoto analysis of ocean
     outfall dispersion.  Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
     Progress Report on Research Grant WP 01383.  April. 100 p.

6.    Courtright, R.C. and C.E. Bond.  1969.  Potential toxicity of kraft
     mill effluent after oceanic discharge.  The Progressive Fish-Culturist3
     October, p. 207-212.

7.    Howard, R.E. and C.C. Walden.  1965.  Pollution and toxicity char-
     acteristics of kraft pulp mill effluents.  TAPPI.  48:136-141.

8.    Masch, F.D.  1961.  Mixing and dispersive action of wind waves.
     Berkeley, University of California,  IER Technical Report 138-6.

9.    O'Neal, G.L.  1966.  The degradation of kraft pulping waste in
     estuarine waters.  Doctoral dissertation.  Corvallis, Oregon State
     University.  125 numb, leaves.

10.  Parrish, L.P.   1966.  The predicted influence of kraft mill effluent
     on the distribution of some sport fishes in Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
     M.S. Thesis, Corvallis, Oregon State University.  99 numb, leaves.

11.  Rawn, A.M., F.R. Boweman, and N.H. Brooks.  1960.  Diffusers for
     disposal of sewage in sea water.  Journal of Sanitary Engineering
     Division, American Society of Civil Engineers.  86  (2): 65-105.
                                  99

-------
12.   Sprague, J.B.  and D.W.  McLeese.   1968.   Different toxic mechanisms
     in kraft pulp mill effluent for two aquatic animals.  Water Research,
     London, Pergamon Press.  2:761-765.

13.   Stanford, R.  1969.  Lockwood's directory of the paper and allied trades.
     New York, Lockwood Publishing Company,  Inc.  1700 p.

14.   Washington State Department of Fisheries.  1960.  Toxic effects of
     organic and inorganic pollutants on young salmon and trout.  Research
     Bulletin No.  5.   264 p.

15.   Wiegal, R.L.   1964.   Oaeanographical Engineering.  London, Prentice
     Hall International.   432 p.
                                 100

-------
                            SECTION XI

                           PUBLICATIONS
1.   Burgess, F.J. and W.P. James.  1970.  Monitoring and evaluation of
     pulp mill ocean outfalls by aerial photogrammetry.  The article is
     to be released in the September issue of Pulp and Paper.

2.   Courtright, R.C. andC.E. Bond.  1969.  Potential toxicity of kraft
     mill effluent after oceanic discharge.  The Progressive Fish-Culturist,
     October,  p. 207-212.

3.   Hansen, S.P. and F.J. Burgess, 1968.  Carbon treatment of kraft mill
     condensate waste.  TAPPI,  51: 241-246.

4.   James, W.P. and F.J. Burgess.  1969.  The use of photogrammetry in
     predicting outfall diffusion.  National Council for Air and Stream
     Improvement Technical Bulletin No. 231. p. 2-26.

5.   James, W.P. and F.J. Burgess.  1970.  Pulp mill outfall analysis by
     remote sensing techniques.  Seventh Water and Air Conference Proceedings
     of TAPPI3  Minneapolis,  p. 131-150.
                                 101

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                            SECTION XII
                            APPENDICES
A.   Shore Control
     Figure
         A-l.  Beach survey at Newport, Oregon.                   106
         A-2.  Shore station.                                     107
         A-3.  Beach survey at Gardiner, Oregon.                  108
         A-4.  Beach survey at Samoa, California.                 110
     Table
         A-l.  Beach survey at Newport, Oregon.                   105
         A-2.  Beach survey at Gardiner, Oregon.                  109
         A-3.  Beach survey at Samoa, California.                 Ill
B.   Fluorometer Sampling Probe
     Figure
         B-l.  Fluorometers aboard the Paiute at Newport,  Ore.     114
         B-2.  Side view of the probe at Eureka, California.       114
         B-3.  Rear view of probe mounted on boat.                115
         B-4.  Side view of probe.                                116
         B-5.  Bottom and top view of probe.                      117
         B-6.  Probe body details.                                118
         B-7.  Valve body.                                        119
C.   Reduction of Boat Sampling Data
     Figure
         C-l.  Program listing                                    124
D.   Photographic Equipment
     Figure
         D-l.  Aerial cameras.                                    135
         D-2.  Shutter timing diagram.                            135
         D-3.  Digitizing aerial film.                            136
         D-4.  Scanning densitometer.                             136
         D-5.  Voltmeter to digitizer logic converter diagram.     157
                                 103

-------
                                                                  Page
         D-6.  Densitometer to logic circuit.                      138
         D-7.  Relay circuits.                                    139
         D-8.  Logic circuit.                                      140
         D-9.  Power supply circuit.                              141
E.   Diffusion Computations
     Figure
         E-l.  Waste field by computer simulation,  run 1.          148
         E-2.  Waste field by computer simulation,  run 2.          149
F.   Photographic Summary
     Table
         F-l.  Summary of 1968 photography.                        151
         F-2.  Summary of 1969 photography.                        152
                               104

-------
                            APPENDIX A

                            SHORE CONTROL
         Control surveys were conducted  at Newport, Oregon, Gardiner,
Oregon and Samoa, California.  These  surveys provided control for both
the aerial photograph  and  the boat  sampling.  Figure A-l shows the location
of the beach traverse  at Newport.   The traverse extended between two coast
and geodetic survey  stations, Life  on the south and Yaquina Head Lighthouse
on the north.  Angles  along  the  seven-mile traverse were measured with a
Wild T-3 theodolite  while  the distances  were measured with the telurometer.
The unadjusted state plane coordinates are listed in Table A-l.  A closure
of 1:21,000 shows the  excellent  quality  of the survey work.
           Table  A-l.   Beach survey at Newport, Oregon.
Grid Grid
Station Distance Azimuth
Feet From North
O 1 II
LIFE
C§GS 49.99 7 02 57
ECC 1 a
10,344.61 357 46 58
JET a
7,510.12 15 39 39
FALL a
3,246.27 11 40 05
JOE a
4,253.66 16 36 02
DOC a
9,249.07 325 31 07
ECC 2 a
89-86 321 35 29
Oregon North Zone
State Plane Coordinates
X Y
(1,071,316.29) (356,348.11)
1,071,322.42 356,397.72
1,070,922.19 366,734.59
1,072,949.50 373,965.91
1,073,606.03 377,145.10
1,074,821.29 381,221.47
1,069,585.04 388,845.57
 CAp                                        1,069,529.21    388,915.88

 YAQUINA HEAD LIGHTHOUSE                   (1,069,529.52)   (388,914.28)
  CSGS
                          Closure 1:21,000
 a - stations marked with 3/4-inch by 30 inch steel rods.
                                 105

-------
                     YAOUINA HEAD
                               YAOUINA
                                 BAY
Figure A-l.  Beach survey at Newport, Oregon.
               106

-------
         The established stations were marked with cloth for photo ident-
ification.  A typical shore control station while boat sampling was in
progress is shown in Figure A-2.   The tripod signal in the foreground was
used to sight the station from the boat.   For some of the preliminary
survey work at Newport, the boats position was determined by three-point
sextant fixes from the vessel.  However,  because of difficulty in training
the crew, this method of boat positioning was replaced by shore triangulation.
                   Figure A-2.  Shore station.
         The survey near Gardiner was conducted between two Oregon State
Highway stations.  The location of this survey is shown in Figure A-3.
Coast and geodetic survey stations are in the vicinity of the outfall but
since this is a sand dune area the station markers were not found.  Results
of the survey are tabulated in Table A-2.
                               107

-------
                              GARDINER\A
                  WINCHESTER  BAY
Figure A-3.  Beach survey at Gardiner, Oregon.
                 108

-------
          Table A-2.   Beach survey at Gardiner,  Oregon.
                 Grid           Grid         Oregon South Zone
Station       Distance        Azimuth     State Plane Coordinates
	Feet	From North        X               y
LAW
SHY
 OSH

INTER.S.  a
O.D. 21

O.D. 21
 OSH
3,054.62
               2,835.73
                              14  51  47
13  23  10
               13  39  11
(1,026,670.82)   (774,841.37)


 1,027,378.00     777,813.00


 1,028,047.35     780,568.60

(1,028,047.06)   (780,568.31)
                            Closure 1:14,000

a -  station marked with 1/2-inch by 60 inch steel  rod.
         The survey conducted at Samoa between two coast  and geodetic
survey  stations is shown in Figure A-4.   Station SAMOA  2  was reported
destroyed  previously but was found covered with three feet of sand.  The
traverse extended 2.1 miles between SAMOA 2 on the north  and JOHN RM1
on the  south.   Station JOHN apparently has been destroyed but its refer-
ence mark  no.  1 was recovered in good condition.   Distances along the
traverse were measured with the geodimeter.  The closure  for the survey
listed  in  Table A-3 is better than that required for first order work.
                                 109

-------
                                           SAM  2
                      SAMOA   2
Figure  A-4.  Beach survey at  Samoa, California.
                      110

-------
        Table A-3.  Beach survey at Samoa, California.
Station

SAM 2
C&GS
SAMOA 2
C&GS
SEA a

SAND a

CROWN a

JOHN RM1
JOHN RM1
C&GS
Grid
Distance
Feet




4,308. 80

2,396.39

2, 804. 25

3, 141.99



Grid
Azimuth
From North
o

282

216

208

209

201



i

42

31

48

53

08



n

40

47

30

39

23



California Zone 1
State Plane Coordinates
X Y



(550,

546,

544,

542,

539,
(539,




067.

605.

505.

074.

143.
144.




76)

43

63

49

94
13)




(1,

1,

1,

1,

1,
(1,




395,

392,

391,

389,

388,
388,




048.

484.

329.

931.

798.
798.




96)

19

42

78

64
43)

                        Closure 1:44,000




a - stations marked with 3/4-inch steel pipe 60 inches long.
                              Ill

-------
                            APPENDIX  B

                    FLUOROMETER  SAMPLING PROBE
         During the  1968  field  season  tracer concentrations were measured
in the waste field using  two  continuous  flow fluorometers as shown in
Figure B-l.  In take ports  for  the  instruments were along the leading edge
of the five-foot keel  of  a  six-foot long towed vessel.  The vessel was
constructed of fiber-glassed  floatation  foam and was towed eight feet off
the beam of the survey boat.  By a  valve arrangement aboard the survey
launch, the sampling depth  for  one  fluorometer could be selected at either
one-half foot or one foot below the water surface  and the sampling depth
for the other fluorometer was either at  two feet or five feet below the
surface.  The fluorometer readings  were  continuously recorded by chart re-
corders.  Generally  the sampling depths  were at one foot and five feet.
A comparison of concentrations  at these  two sampling depths did not show
any appreciable difference  and  indicated that the  sampling device was
inadequate' to reach  the lower limits of  the waste  plume.

         A ten-foot  sampling  probe  was constructed for the 1969 field
season.  This probe  is shown  mounted aboard the Humbolt State College
research vessel Sea  Gull  in Figure  B-2.   The probe is attached on the
starboard rail and the end  of the probe  is setting on the aft deck in a
travelling position;  The probe was designed to hang vertically at five
knots.  As it has  a  mechanical  feed-back steering  device, it is stable
at higher speeds  and through  normal maneuvers.  Drawings of the probe
are shown in  Figure  B-3 through B-7.
                                 113

-------
Figure B-l.  Fluorometers aboard the Paiute at Newport,  Oregon.
   Figure B-2.  Side view of the probe at Eureka, California.
                              114

-------
                                                                    open
                                                               £>or~t j
                                                         Moat: far -Safety Chain
                                                                      -Surface.
                  ~away of J3oa^—~~\


              - -  v \-'- -x  :

 ,v-^..v^x  -x
-\ o-  '
                   °  ?,,ck/  /S
                      SCALE
         Figure B-3.  Rear view of probe mounted on boat.
                                   115

-------
                                          on  of Motion
of Qotai 101-,
     "   oi
                                                               I
f
                                                    O  3 £  3 13
                                                       /nches
                                                      SCALE
         Figure B-4.  Side view of probe.
                       116

-------
 Wood Base-
O 3.  G 3 >Z
  •SCALZ.
                    o o o o o b o I (p.
                           I
                    "Ga/r.
                                     "GO/*
o o o o o o
                             of
                     Mounting
         Aluminum -S/eeye —•
            Tie Block
        Figure B-5.  Top and bottom view of probe.
                           117

-------
Ga/v. Pipe
                                                        Scoter  Block
                                                       rf/uminum  •Sleeys
                                                              bonded to
 Out/ft f/f>e
(Connected t>y
 />ose ro pump)
 Probe body •
                                  inch

                 •Ssaling Arrangement for Softom
                      of  /Pe-serro/'r  Pipe
         i-
                               No-fa  Blowup  rofaf-scf  9O°  about-
                                      probe  axis.
         A/uminum
                                         •S/eeve
                             fCo-sf- rrxsf-al fie b/ock-s hotd afumirntn-i
                             s/eetfe  stationary tn f>rabs body.
                             Screty  holds fie ib/ock  fo /oroAe  £>ody.
                             I/a/re  s/eers tbancfetf iv//-f> e/oox.y  /o ibiocff.
  £>rot>e   body.
                  x"
                  ^
                            i i  I  i
                               -3    C
                                  tnches

                                  SCALE
               Figure B-6.   Probe body details.
                               118

-------
Afat'n  VQ/Ve
/-^a^/S/an/m?
/.sad "
Qua&r-tt/o/e
/=/yc/> -
Lead -
                                           vSs>c//o/->  C

                                                     T
                                -Shaft
                       rrtT\^  cx"'' "•'  '''£>&
                       \^  C Connect eel  by
                             /^o-se  fo pun-ip)

                                                       $
                                                       P
                                                       I
                                                     /oi~ '

                                                  rtoi"
                                                     i
                                                   lo*  '
ffl
                                                       E
                                                            f?o
                                                             Intake
                                                         Body
                      i.i.i
                      o  -4   /
                        />7C^

     S&al/ny Arrangement for  Top
             of #
-------
                             APPENDIX C

                 REDUCTION OF BOAT SAMPLING DATA
         Included  in  this  appendix is the  program listing of the computer
program used to  reduce  the temperature and fluorometer data from the boat
survey along with  the instructions necessary for digitizing the strip chart
records.  The program was  written for the  CDC 3300 system in fortran IV
language.


         InpUt data f°r the Pr°gram is either from a  logical unit number
(LUN) or from the  teletype keyboard.   The  input  statements include stand-
ard READ statement, FFIN(NO),  TTYIN (4H X  = ).   The free form input (FFIN)
will accept data in any format from columns 1 through 72 as long as the
words are separated by  at  least one space.   The  number in parentheses with
the call command is the input  LUN number.   The teletype free form input
command  (TTYIN)  allows  the user to enter data from the teletype.  The
parameter in the TTYIN  function is hollerith constant containing four char-
acters.  When the  fortran  statement is executed, the  hollerith message
is printed on the  users teletype.   Only a  single variable can be entered
each time the function  is  executed.

         The main  program  called Boatdata  (lines 1-82 of the listing) calls
subroutines Readcord, Bcontrol and Concen.   Subroutine Readcord (lines
83-196)  converts the  digitized strip chart data  on LUN 1 to chart readings
and writes the readings on LUN 2 according to the format listed on line
188.  Subroutine Bcontrol  (lines 188-313)  reads  from  LUN 3 the angle and
distance from the  boat's mast  to the sample intake ports (lines 203-204)
coordinates of the shore station (lines 206-209), and the shore angles to
the boat, buoys, or initial angles according to  the code listed on lines
224-225.  The subroutine writes the coordinates  of the sample probe on
LUN 4 along with the  fix number and other  positions (fixed sampling station,
buoys, floats) on  LUN 20.

         Before  the main program calls subroutine Concen, it reads from
the teletype values of  the effluent flow rate, dye injection ratio, time
delay for sample to reach  the  instrument and data code as shown on lines
43-50.   Subroutine Concen  (lines 314-359)  calls  subroutine Fluoro if a
fluorometer record is being processed, reads the chart readings from LUN 2
and computes either waste  concentration in mi Hiliters per liter, dye
concentration in parts  per billion or the  water  temperature depending on
the value of the branching code as explained on  line  47 of the main program.
Output from the  subroutine is  written  on  LUN 6  according to the format
list on  line 351.
                                                            \
         Subroutine Fluoro reads the fluorometer standardization data as
explained by the comments  in lines 371-381 of the listing and calls sub-
routine  Leastfit which  determines the least square estimate for the para-
meters in the model.


                                121

-------
               Y = BQ + B  X + B2 X2
or in matrix notation

               Y = X B                                               (2)
where  Y  is the dye concentration in PPB,  X  is the scale reading and
the B's are the coefficients.  Solution to equation 2 is


               B = (X'X)"1 Y                                        (3)
         Subroutine Leastfit (lines 400-442) computes the X'X matrix, calls
Matinv (lines 443-510) which computes (X'X)-l  and then computes the B
vector as shown in equation 3.   Once the values of the parameters are
estimated in equation 1, the concentrations can be computed in line 345
of subroutine Concen.

         The main program then reads the fix numbers and concentrations
or temperature from LUN 6, determines the coordinates of the sampling
point from the data on LUN 4 and writes the coordinates and concentration
or temperature on LUN 8 (lines 55-80).

         Considerable savings in time resulted from digitizing the strip
chart records with the coordinatograph rather than by hand scaling and
coding.  The following procedure was used to reduce the fluorometer and
surface water temperature chart records to digital data.

         The Rustrak strip chart was taped to the Kelsh plotter table with
the longitudinal axis of the chart being approximately straight and
approximately parallel to the X-axis.  The X coordinate increasing with
time and the Y coordinate increasing with the chart reading.  The X and Y
coordinates were measured with the Autotrol coordinatograph and punched
on computer cards.  First, the chart's longitudinal and transverse scales
were digitized for calibration of the curve readings, next, the coordinates
of the trace were recorded.

         Each card contained constant data and three sets of event numbers,
X,Y, § Z coordinates.  The constant data in the first five columns was
as follows:

         Column 1           Month (one digit)
         Columns 2 $ 3      Day (two digits)
         Column 4           Run number (either 1 or 2 )
         Column 5           Codes  1-4 Fluorometer
                                   5-8 Temperature
                               122

-------
    CODE

    1  or  5     The X and Y coordinates are measured on the chart's
               zero reading at each consecutive fix (marked or unmarked).
               The event number is equal to the fix number.  This infor-
               mation is used to interpolate the fix number and the zero
               scale when computing the readings.

    2  or  6    The X and Y coordinates are measured at the chart's
               0, 10, 20, 30, 	, 100 for the first fix number.
               The event number times ten is equal to the scale reading
               for the fluorometer trace and the event number times a
               half for the temperature trace as full scale is five
               degrees.

     4  or  8    X .and Y coordinates were measured along the trace at
               intervals as required to define the curve but not greater
               than one inch.  For the fluorometer record, the first
               two digits of the Z coordinate represent the scale (1,
               3, 10, or 30) while the last two digits of the Z coor-
               dinate represent the sampling depth.  When reducing the
               temperature record, the first two digits of the Z
               represent the zero scale temperature (0,5, 10, 15, or
               20°C).  As the temperature probe was always one foot
               below the water surface, the depth was not indicated on
               the Z coordinate.

         The event number is significant only when tracing about the chart
for calibration  (when the code in column five is one, two, or three for
a fluorometer  trace  or five, six or seven for the temperature trace).  The
scale and sample  depth need to be listed only when tracing the curve (code
is either four or eight).  Each card  includes the constant data, event
numbers, X § Y coordinates, scale and depth for up to three points according
to the format  listed on  line 102 of the program  listing.
                                 123

-------
      PROGRAM BOATOATA
C     THIS PROGRAM PROCESSES BOAT  DATA.   INPUT  IS  THE
C     STRIP CHART RECORD FROM THE  DIGITIZER  ON  LUN 1  AND THE
C     SHORE ANGLES ON LUN 3«  IF THE  STRIP CHART HAS  NOT BEEN
C     DIGITIZED, HAV£ TnE CHART READINGS  ON  LUN 2« THE  FOLLOWING
C     LUNS ARE USED IN THE PROGRAM9
C     1     INPUT DIGITIZER STRIP  CHART RECORD.  LUN  MUST BE
C           EQUIPPED BEFORE RUNNING IF USING DIGITIZED  CHART
C     2     OUTPUT CHART READINGS.  IF CHART  iEADINGS  ARE
C           TO BE COMPUTED THE LUN  IS EQUIPPED  IN  SUB READCORD
C     3     INPUT SHORE ANGLES.  LUN  MUST BE EQUIPPED BEFORE
C           RUNNING IF 30AT COORD  ARE TO  BE  COMPUTED
C     4     OUTPUT BOAT COORDINATES.  IF  BOAT COORD ARE
C           COMPUTED THE LUN IS EQUIPPED  IN  SUB BCONTROL
C     5     INPUT OF FLUOKOMETER STANDARDIZATION DATA.  LUN
C           MUST BE EQUIPPED PRIOR  TO RUNNING
C     6     OUTPUT WASTE CONCENTRATION ML/L.DYE CONCENTRATION
C           IN PPB.OR TEMPERATURE  IN  DEGREES C.
C           THE LUN IS EQUIPPED IN  SUB CONCEN
C     8     OUTPUT IS X,Y STATE PLANE COORDINATES  AND MATCHING
C           CONCENTRATION OR TEMP.  LUN EQUIPPED IN PROGRAM
C     20    COORDINATES OF BUOYS,  FLOATS, OR SAMPLING STATIONS
C           LUN EQUIPPED IN SUB BCONTROL
C     22    FLUOROMETER CALIBRATION CURVES.  LUN EQUIPPED IN
C           SUB FLUORO.
                           1) 5,6
                      .EG. 1) 7,8
   DIMENSION XS(2,400)
   INTEGER HARDWARE
   IF (HARDWARE(l) .EQ.
 5 CALL READCORD
 6 IF (HARDWAREI3)
 7 CALL BCONTROL
 8 DO 10 1=1,2
   DO 10 J=l,400
   XS(I ,J)=0.0
10 CONTINUE
   REWIND 4
20 READ(4,1) IFIX»X.Y
 1 FORMATI5X,I4.2F9.0)
   IF (EOD(4))  GO TO 50
   XS(1»IFIX)=X
   XS(2,IFIX)=Y
   GO TO 20
50 WRITE(61,2)
 2 FORMAT!' TTYIN EFFLUENT FLOW RATE  IN GPM'/,
  1 '  DYE INJECTION RATE IN ML PER MIN'/,
  2 '  TIME DELAY FOR SAMPLE
  3 '  LUG 1 FOR CONTINUOUS,
   FLOW=TTYIN(4HGPM=)
   DYE=TTYIN(4HDYE=)
   DELAY=TTYIN(4HMIN=)
   LUG=TTYIN(4HLUG=)
   CALL CONCEN(LUG,FLOW,DYE,DELAY)
   CALL EQUIP(8,5HFILE )
   REWIND 6
60 READ(6,3) MO,I DATE,FI X,DEP ,CON
 3 FORMAT(2I3,3F8.3)
   IF  IEOD16))  GO TO 500
                               TO REACH  INSTRUMENT  IN M!N'/»
                               2 FOR SLUG OR 3 FOR  TEMP')
 00001
 00002
 00003
 00004
 00005
 00006
 00007
 00008
 00009
 00010
 00011
 00012
 00013
 00014
 00015
 00016
 00017
 00018
 00019
 00020
 00021
 00022
 00023
 00024
 00025
 00026
 00027
 00028
 00029
00030
 00031
00032
00033
00034
00035
00036
00037
00038
00039
00040
00041
00042
00043
00044
00045
00046
00047
00048
00049
00050
00051
00052
00053
00054
00055
00056
00057
                  Figure C-l.   Program listing.
                                  124

-------
  100

  110

  120
  130
  140

  150
  160
  170
                         100,100»110
150,150,140
  500
C
C
C
  100
  105
     1
   108

   110
   112
   113
KFIX=FIX
IF  (XS( 1
JFIX=KFIX-1
IF  (XSU .JF1X1-1. )  60.60,120
KL=KF1X
GO  TO  130
KL=JFIX
IF  (XSU.KFIX+1 )-l. )
KH=KFIX+1
GO  TO  170
IF  (XS< 1.KFIX+2J-1. )  60,60.160
KH=KFIX+2
TOP=KL
TOP=FIX-TOP
BOT = KH-K.L
RAT=TOP/BOT
DIFX=XS(1,KH)-XS( 1,KL)
DIFY=XS(2,KH)-XS(2»KL)
X=XS(1 ,KL)-t-DIFX*RAT
Y=XS(2,KL)+DIFY*RAT
WRITE(8»4)  FIX.X,Y,CON,MO .IDATE
FORMAT (F7.1.2F14.0.F 10. 1,215)
GO TO  60
STOP
END
SUBROUTINE READCORD
THIS  SUBROUTINE WILL READ THE CARDS FROM THE DIGITIZED
STRIP  CHART ON LUN 1 «  WRITE THE CHART READINGS
ON LUN 2.  USE A BLANK. LINE TO STOP READING ON LUN  1.
DIMENSION   X(2»300),IVEN(3).CX(3).CY(3).JS(3).JD(3).
1YI2.12 )
REWIND 1
CALL  EQUIPI2.5HFILE )
CLEAR  ARRAY
 DO  100  1=1.2
 DO  100 ,J=1,300
 X( I , J)=0.0
 CONTINUE
 IFLUO=1
 IGO=1
 IDO=1
 READ  (01.1) MO, IDA, I RUN, I CODE , I VEN( 1 ) ,CX(1) ,CY( 1) ,JS(1)
l,JD(l)>IVEN<2)»CX(2)»CY(2)>JSi2)»JD(2)>IVEN(3)»CX(3>»
1CY(3)  »JS(3) ,JD(3 )
 FORMAT! II, 12, 211.31 It, 2F6. 3, 213, 1X1)
 IF (EOD(l) ) GO TO  1000
 GO TO  ( 108,110) , IGO
 IST=IVEN(1 )
 GO TO 113
 IF (IDA-LIDA) 1000,  112, 1000
 IF (IRUN-LIRUN) 1000,113,1000
 LIRUN=IRUN
 IGO = 2
 LIDA=IDA
 DETERMINE NUM3ER OF  POINTS  ON CARD
 ITEST=1
 DO 116  1=2.3
 IF (IVEN(I)l  1000.118,115

         Figure C-l.  Program listing (continued)
00058
00059
00060
00061
00062
00063
00064
00065
00066
00067
00068
00069
00070
00071
00072
00073
00074
00075
00076
00077
00078
00079
00080
00081
00082
00083
00084
00065
00086
00087
00088
00089
00090
00091
00092
00093
00094
00095
00096
00097
00098
00099
00100
00101
00102
00103
00104
00105
00106
00107
00108
00109
00110
00111
00112
00113
00114
00115
                                  125

-------
115 ITEST=I
116 CONTINUE
118 GO TO  (120.150*200,250.500) .  ICODE
    STORE COORDINATES OF ZERO  SCALE  READINGS  AND FIX NUMBERS
120 DO 130 1=1. ITEST
    J=IVEN( I )
    IND = J
    X(l»J) =CX( I )
    X(2,J ) =CY( I )
130 CONTINUE
    GO TO 105
    DETERMINE  THE Y SCALE
150 DO 160 1=1.ITEST
    J = IVEN(I 1 + 1
    Y( 1 , J )=CY(I)
160 CONTINUE
    GO TO  105
200 DO 210 1 = 1, ITEST
    J=IVEN(I)+l
    Y(2»J ) =CY( I )
210 CONTINUE
    GO TO  105
250 GO TO  (252,260),  IDO
    AVERAGE THE Y SCALE AT EACH  END  OF  THE  RECOKD
252 DIF=Y(1,1  )+Y(2,1 )
    DO 254 J=l,ll
    Y(l,J)=(Y(l,J)+Y(2»J)-DIF)/2
254 CONTINUE
    IDO = 2
260 DO 280 1 = 1 ,ITEST
    DETERMINE FIX NUMBER
    IF  (CX(I)  ,LT.  XU.IST)  .OR.  CX( I )  .GT. XQtlND))  280.262
262 DO 265 J=IST »IND
    IF(CX( I )-X(1,Jl )  266,263,264
264 IFIX=J
265 CONTINUE
    J=IND
    FIX=IND
    GO TO  267
263 IFIX=J
    FIX = J
    FRA=0.0
    GO TO  267
266 IF  (J-IST! 367,367,368
367 IFIX=IST
    FIX=IST
    FRA=0.0
    GO TO  267
368 FRA=(CX(I)-X(1,IFIX))/(X(1,J)-X(1,IFIX))
    FIX=IFIX
    FIX = FIX-»-FRA
    DETERMINE CHART READING
267 DIF=X(2,J)-X(2,IFIX)
    YLOW=X(2,IFIX)+DIF*FRA
    YDIF=CY(I)-YLOW
    IREAD=1
    DO 270 J = l ,11
    IF(YDIF-Yl1,J)) 272,272,268


           Figure  C-l.   Program listing (continued)
00116
00117
00118
00119
00120
00121
00122
00123
00124
00125
00126
00127
00128
00129
00130
00131
00132
00133
00134
00135
00136
00137
00138
00139
00140
00141
00142
00143
00144
00145
00146
00147
00148
00149
00150
00151
00152
00153
00154
00155
00156
00157
00158
00159
00160
00161
00162
00163
00164
00165
00166
00167
00168
00169
00170
00171
00172
00173
                                126

-------
  268 IREAD=J
  270 CONTINUE
      READ=99.99
      GO TO 273
  272 DIFT=YDIF-Y<1,IREAD)
      J=IREAD+1
      DIFB=Y(1,J)-Y(1,IREAD)
      FRA=DIFT/DIFB
      READ=1READ
      READ=(READ-1.0+FRA)*10.
  273 IF (IRUN-3) 274,278,278
C     IRUN  IS ZERO FOR  FLUOROMETER  RECORD
  274 IRUN=0
  278 WRITE  (02,2) MO, IDA,FIX,IFLUO.JD(I),JS(I).READ, IRUN
    2 FORMAT  (I3tI3»F6.2t3I5»F7.2tl3>
  280 CONTINUE
      GO TO  105
C     ICODE  GREATER  THAN  4  INDICATES  TEMP RECORD
  500 ICODE=ICODE-4
      IRUN=IRUN+2
      GO TO  118
 1000 RETURN
      END
      SUBROUTINE BCONTROL
      REWIND  3
      CALL  EQUIP(4,5HFILE  )
      CALL  EQUIP(20,5HFILE  )
C     READ  DIRECTION AND  DISTANCE FROM  BOAT  MAST TO SAMPLER
C     PORTS
      AZSA = FFIN(3)/180.*3.1416
      DISS=FFIN(3)
C     READ  COORDINATES  OF  SHORE  STATIONS  NORTHERN STATION FIRST
      XA=FFIN(3)
      YA=FFIN(3)
      XB=FFIN(3)
      YB=FFIN(3)
C     DETERMINE  AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE  BETWEEN SHORE STATIONS
      BY=(XA-XB>/(YA-YB)
      BY=ATAN(BY)
      AZA=BY+3.1416
      IF  (BY) 20,30»30
    20 BY=6.2832+BY
    30 AZB=BY
      DAB=SQRT((XB-XA)**2+(YA-YB)**2)
      1=1
    10 READ(3,1>MO»DAY,FIX»A1»A2»A3»B1»B2»B3»ICODt
     1 FORMAT(I1,F2.0«2F3.0»2F2.0»F3.0,2F2.0»I1)
      IF  (EODI3)) GO TO 1000
      Ai=(A1+A2/60.+A3/3600.1*3.1416/180.
      B1=(B1+B2/60.+63/3600.1*3.1416/180.
      ICODE 0 FLUOROMETER SAMPLING, 1  BUOY  LOCATION, 2 CURRENT
      FLOAT,  3  BOAT  SAMPLE LOCATION,  AND 4  INITIAL ANGLES.
      IF  (ICODE-4)  100,50,10
    50 AIZ=A1
      BIZ=B1
      1=1
      GO  TO 10
      TEST  IF ANGLES ARE ZERO

              Figure C-l.  Program listing (continued)
c
C
00174
00175
00176
00177
00178
00179
00180
00181
00182
00183
00184
00185
00186
00187
00188
00189
00190
00191
00192
00193
00194
00195
00196
00197
00198
00199
00200
00201
00202
00203
00204
00205
00206
00207
00208
00209
00210
00211
00212
00213
00214
00215
00216
00217
00218
00219
00220
00221
00222
00223
00224
00225
00226
00227
00228
00229
00230
00231
                                    127

-------
100 A=A1-AIZ
    B=B1-BIZ
    IF (ABSIA1-0.02) 10.10.110
110 IF (ABSIB1-0.02) 10.10.120
    DETERMINE AZIMUTH TO OBJECT
120 AZAC = A-t-AZA
    AZBC=B+AZB
    IF (AZAC) 130.140.140
130 AZAC=6.2832+AZAC
140 IF (AZAC-6.2832) 160.160.150
150 AZAC=AZAC-6.2832
160 1F1AZBC) 170.180.180
170 AZBC=6.2832+AZBC
180 IF (AZBC-6.2832) 200,200,190
190 AZBC=AZBC-6.2832
    DETERMINE THE INTERSECTION ANGLE
200 A=ABS(AZAC-AZA)
    B=ABS(AZBC-AZB)
    IF (B-3.1416) 220.220,210
210 B=6.2832-B
220 C=3.1416-A-B
    DETERMINE THE DISTANCE TO THE OBJECT
    DAC=DAB*SIN(B)/SIN(C)
    DBC=DAB*SIN(A)/SIN(C)
    DETERMINE COORDINATES OF OBJECT
    XCA=XA+DAC*SIN(AZAC)
    YCA=YA+DAC*COS(AZAC)
    XCB=XB+DBC*SIN
    GO TO 250
240 IF (ABS(YCB-YCA)-5.)- 253,250.230
250 XC=(XCB+XCA) /2.0
    YC=(YCB+YCA)/2.0
    ICODE = ICODE-»-l
    GO TO (600,300,400,500),I CODE
300 WRITE (20,3) MO,DAY,FIX,XC,YC
  3 FORMAT!12,'/',F3.0,'   FIX',F4.0,'  BUOY  POSITION',
   12F9.0,'   CONTROL')
    1 = 1
    GO TO 10
400 WRITE (20,4) MO,DAY,FI X,XC,YC
  4 FORMAT(12.'/'»F3.0»'   FIX'»F4.0.'  FLOAT POSITION',
   12F9.0,'   CURRENT')
    1=1
    GO TO 10
500 WRITE (20,5) MO,DAY.FIX,XC , YC
  5 FORMAT!12,'/',F3.0,'   FIX',F4.0,'  BOAT  POSITION',
   12F9.0,'    SAMPLE')
    1 = 1
    GO TO 10
600 IF (1-1) 1000,610,620
610 XS=XC
    YS = YC
    GO TO 900
    COMPUTE  THE POSITION OF THE SAMPLER INTAKE PORTS


            Figure  C-l.  Program listing (continued)
00232
00233
00234
00235
00236
00237
00238
00239
00240
00241
00242
00243
00244
00245
00246
00247
00248
00249
00250
00251
00252
00253
00254
00255
00256
00257
00258
00259
00260
00261
00262
00263
00264
00265
00266
00267
00268
00269
00270
00271
00272
00273
00274
00275
00276
00277
00278
00279
00280
00281
00282
00283
00284
00285
00286
00287
00288
00289
                                  128

-------
  620  DFIX=FIX-AFIX
      IF  (DFIX-2.0) 625,610.610
  625  DY=YC-YL
      DX=XC-XL
      RAZ=ATAN(DX/DY)
      IF(DY)  660,630.630
  630  IF  (DX)  640.700,700
  640  RAZ=6.2832+RAZ
      GO  TO 700
  660  RAZ=RAZ+3.1416
  700  SAZ=RAZ+AZSA
      IF  (SAZ-6.2832)  720.720.710
  710  SAZ=SAZ-6.2832
  720  XS=XC+DISS*SIN(SAZ)
      YS = YCH-DISS*COS(SAZ)
  900  XL=XC
      YL = YC
      WRITE(04,6) MO.DAY.FU.XS.YS
    6  FORMAT!12.F3.0.F4.0.2F9.0)
      1=1 + 1
      AFIX=FIX
      GO TO 10
 1000  RETURN
      END
      SUBROUTINE CONCEN(LUG»FLOW,DYE,DELAY)
C     THIS SUBROTTINE DETERMINES THE WASTE CONCENTRATION IF
C     LUG=1 FOR CONTINUOUS  DYE  INJECTION IN ML/L» THE DYE
C     CONCENTRATION IN  PPB  FOR  DYE PLUGS IF LUG = 2. OR THE
C     TEMPERATURE  IN DEGREES C  IF LUG=3.
      DIMENSION 8(3,4,4)
      REWIND  2
      CALL EQUIP(6,5HFILE  )
C     FLOW IS  THE  EFFLUENT  FLOW  RATE IN GPM, DYE IS THE 20= DYE
C     INJECTION RATE IN ML/MIN,  DELAY  IS THE TIME DELAY IN MIN.
C     FOR THE  SAMPLE TO REACH THE INSTRUMENT PLUS CHART MARKING
C     SHIFT
      GO TO  (12.10.100) ,LUG
   10 DILP=1.0
      GO TO  14
   12 DYE = DYE/(5.0*3785. )
      DILP=DYE/FLOW*10.**6
   14 CALL FLUORO(B)
  100 READ(02,1)  MO,I DATE , FI X,IFLUO,DEP,ISCA,RED,I TEST
    1 FORMAT(13,I3»F6.2,I5,F5.0,I5»F7.2,I3>
      IF  (EOD(2))  GO TO 1000
      IF  (ITEST)  100,200,500
  200 IF  (ISCA-3)  210,220,230
  213 1=1
      GO TO  300
  220 1=2
      GO TO  300
  230 IF  (ISCA-10)  220,240,250
  240 1=3
      GO TO  300
  III CON=B(IFLUO,I.1)+B
-------
5 DEGREES CENT.
  320 CCN = CON/DII_P
      FIX=FIX-DELAY
  330 WRITEI6.2)  MO , I DATE ,F I X ,OEP ,CON
    2 FORMAT (2 I3.3F8.3 )
      GO TO 100
C     TEMPERATURE FULL SCALE READING IS
  500 SCA=ISCA
      CON=SCA+RED/20.
      FIX=FIX-DELAY
      GO TO 330
 1000 RETURN
      END
      SUBROUTINE FLUORO(B)
      DIMENSION X( 5,20) ,8(3,4,4 ) »C(4>
C     LEAST SQUARE ESTIMATE OF FLUOROMETER STANDARDIZATION
C     CURVES.  READ INPUT ON LUN 5 AMD WRITE ON LUN 22
      CALL EQUIP(22,5HFILE )
      REWIND 5
      DO 10 1=1.3
      DO 10 J = l»4
      DO 10 K = l»4
      B( I »J»K)=0.0
   10 CONTINUE
C     READ  NO. OF FLUOROMETERS TO STANDARDIZE
      IFLNO=FFIN(5 )
      DO 500 I=1,IFLNO
C     READ NO. OF CURVES TO 3E DETERMINED FOR THIS FLUOROMETER
      KCUR=FFIN(5)
      DO 400 J=1,KCUR
C     READ SCALE 1=1X,2=3X»3=10X»4=30X
      ISCAL = FFIN( 5 )
C     READ NO. OF POINTS ON THIS CURVE
      NO=FFIN<5)
C     READ POINTS ON CURVE.  SCALE READING AND CONCEN IN PPB
      DO 100 K=1,NO
      X(1,K)=1.0
      X(2,K)=FFIN(5)
      X(3,K) =X(2,K)*X( 2»K)
      X<4,K)=FFIN(5)
  100 CONTINUE
      N = 4
      CALL LEASTFIT(X,N,NO,C)
      DO 200 L=l ,3
      B( I , ISCAL,L)=C(L )
  200 CONTINUE
      WRITE (61,5) I , ISCAL, (B( I, ISCAL»L) ,L=1,3)
    5 FORMAT!' FLUOR NO. ',12,'  SCALE', 13, /
     1 'COEFFICIENTS' »/3E12.4>
  400 CONTINUE
  500 CONTINUE
      RETURN
      END
      SUBROUTINE LEASTFI T ( X ,N ,NO ,8 )
      DIMENSION X( 5,20) ,XX(4,4) ,XY ( 4 ) ,3 ( 4 ) , Z I TX ( 4, 1 )
C     N=NO OF VARIABLES, NO=NO. OF DATA,B=COFF
      KK=N-1
      DO 15 J=1,KK
      XY( J) =0.


             Figure  C-l.   Program listing  (continued)
 00348
 00349
 00350
 00351
 00352
 00353
 00354
 00355
 00356
 00357
 00358
 00359
 00360
 00361
 00362
 00363
 00364
 00365
 00366
 00367
 00368
 00369
 00370
 00371
 00372
 00373
 00374
 00375
00376
 00377
 00378
 00379
00380
00381
00382
00383
 00384
00385
00386
00387
00388
00389
00390
00391
00392
00393
00394
00395
00396
 00397
 00398
00399
 00400
 00401
 00402
 00403
 00404
 00405
                                    130

-------
   DO 10 1=1,NO,1
   XY(J)=XY(J)+X(J,I)*X(N,I )
10 CONTINUE
15 CONTINUE
   DO 20 K=1,KK
   DO 20 J=1,KK
   XX(J,K)=0.
   DO 20 1 = 1,NO
   XX(J,K)=XX(J,K)+X(J,I)»X(K,I)
20 CONTINUE
   CALL MATINV  ( XX , K.K ,Z I TX ,0 ,DETERM )
   DO 30 J=1,KK
   B(J)=0.
   DO 30 1 = 1,KK
   B(J)=B(J)+XX(J,I)*XY(I)
30 CONTINUE
   WRITE(22,1)
   WRITE(22,5)  (B(J) »J = 1,KK)
   YY = 0.
   DO-40 J=liNO
   YY=YY+X(N»J!*X(N,J)
40 CONTINUE
   BXX=0.
   DO 50 J=1,KK
   BXX=BXX+B(J)*XY(J)
50 CONTINUE

   RES=(YY-BXX)/IDF
   WRITE(22,3)  RES,IDF
  1 FORMAT  (32H  LEAST SQ ESTIMATE  OF  PARAMETERS  )
  3 FORMAT  (23H  MEAN SQ  OF  RESIDUALS= »E 16.7,5X,4HDF =  ,13)
  4 FORMAT  (28H  VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX  )
  5 FORMAT  (/4E15.5)
   WRITE(22,4)
   WRITE(22,5)  (tXX(I,J),I = l,K.K),J = l,KK)
   RETURN
   END
   SUBROUTINE MATINV(A,N,B,M,DETERM)
   MATRIX  INVERSION WITH  ACCOMPANYING SOLUTION  OF  LINEAR  EQ
   DIMENSION IPIVOT(4), A(4,4),  B(4,l),  INDEX(4,2), PIVOTI4)
   DETERM=1.0
   DO  20  J=1,N
   IPIVOTIJ)=0
   DO  550  1=1 ,N
   SEARCH  FOR  PIVOT ELEMENT
   AMAX=0.0
   DO  105  J=1,N
       (IPIVOT(J)-!) 60, 105, 60
       100  K = l ,N
       (IPIVOT(K)-!) 80, 100, 740
       (ABSF(AMAX)-ABSF(A(J,K)))  85,  100,  100
   IROW=J
   ICOLUM=K
   AMAX=A(J,K)
   CONTINUE
   CONTINUE
    IPIVOTI ICOLUM) = IPIVOT( ICOLUMl-t-l
    INTERCHANGE  ROWS TO PUT PIVOT ELEMENT ON DIAGONAL

           Figure C-l.  Program listing (continued)
 20
 60

 80
 85
100
105
IF
DO

IF
00406
00407
00408
004Q9
00410
00411
00412
00413
00414
00415
00416
00417
00418
00419
00420
00421
00422
00423
00424
00425
00426
00427
00428
00429
00430
00431
00432
00433
00434
00435
00436
00437
00438
00439
00440
00441
00442
00443
00444
00445
00446
00447
00448
00449
00450
00451
00452
00453
00454
00455
00456
00457
00458
00459
00460
00461
00462
00463
                                  131

-------
    IF (IROW-ICOLUM) 140, 260, 140
140 DETERM.=-DETERM
    DO 200 L=l»N
    SWAP=A(IROW»L>
    A( IROW,L)=A(ICOLUM,L)
200 A(ICOLUM,L)=SWAP
    IF(M)  260, 260. 210
210 DO 250 L=l, M
    SWAP=B(IROW»L)
    B( IROW,L)=B(ICOLUM,L>
250 B(ICOLUM,L)=SWAP
260 INDEX! I »1) = IROW
    INDEX!I,2)=ICOLUM
    PIVOT! I )=A(ICOLUM,ICOLUM)
    DETERM=DETERM*PIVOT< I )
    DIVIDE PIVOT ROW BY  PIVOT ELEMENT
    AtICOLUM»ICOLUM)=1.0
    DO 350 L=1,N
350 A(ICOLUM,L)=A(ICOLUM,L>/PIVOT< I )
    IF(M)  380. 380. 360
360 DO 370 L=1»M
370 B(ICOLUM,L)=B(ICOLUM,L)/PIVOT< I )
    REDUCE NON-PIVOT ROWS
380 DO 550 L1=1»N
    IF(Ll-ICOLUM)  400. 550,  400
400 T=A(L1,ICOLUM)
    A(L1»ICOLUM)=0.0
    DO 450 L=1,N
450 AIL1.L)=A(L1»L)-A(ICOLUM,L)*T
    IF(M)  550, 550, 460
460 DO 500 L=1»M
500 B(L1,L)=B(L1,L)-B(ICOLUM,L)*T
550 CONTINUE
    INTERCHANGE COLUMNS
    DO 710 I=1»N
    L=N+1-I
    IF (INDEX(L.1)-INDEX(L,2I) 630, 710i
630 JROW=INDEX(L,1)
    JCOLUM=INDEX(L,2)
    DO 705 K=1»N
    SWAP=A(K»JROW)
    A(K»JROW)=A(K,JCOLUM>
    A(K,JCOLUM)=SWAP
705 CONTINUE
710 CONTINUE
740 RETURN
    END
630
 00464
 00465
 00466
 00467
 00^68
 00469
 00470
 00471
 00472
 00473
 00474
 00475
 00476
 00477
 00478
 00479
 00480
 00481
 00482
 00483
 00484
 00485
 00486
 00487
 00488
 00489
 00490
00491
00492
 00493
00494
00495
00496
00497
00498
00499
00500
00501
00502
00503
00504
00505
00506
00507
00508
00509
00510
            Figure C-l.  Program listing (continued)
                                  132

-------
                            APPENDIX D

                      PHOTOGRAPHIC  EQUIPMENT
1Q6« flnH ?QAQ J   S       reP°rt  are  PhotoSraPhic data taken during the
1968 and 1969 field  season.   Aerial  photography was taken the first year
by a commerical  aerial  photography firm using  a precise mapping camera
mounted vertically.  As the  firm was located approximately 100 miles from
the study area scheduling the photography was  difficult.  Several times
clouds moved over the work area  during  the time it took the aircraft to
reach the outfall site.   In  addition sunlight  reflection from the water
surface created  serious problems with the processing of the vertical
photography even though it was taken when the  sun altitude was between
30 and 35 degrees.

        During the 1969 field season the photography was taken with two
70 mm Hasselblads and a K-17 mapping camera.   These cameras are shown
in Figure D-l and were  mounted obliquely to avoid the sunlight reflection
from the water surface.   The cameras were mounted in the baggage compart-
ment of a rented aircraft and pictures  were taken through the baggage
compartment opening.  The door of the compartment was removed while the
cameras were mounted.

        The camera shutters  were synchronized  with the timing delay device
shown in Figure  D-2.  The cameras were  lined up end to end without their
 magazines.  The variable resistor shown in Figure D-2 was adjusted until
a light could be seen through the cameras when the shutters were actuated
at 1/100 of a second.

        The aerial photography is digitized in the photogrammetry labora-
tory.  The equipment used in this setup of the processing is shown in
Figure D-3.  The densitometer is located on the Kelsh plotter table.
Output from the  densitometer is  punched on computer cards.  The operator
is able to accomplish three  steps of the processing at one time.  While
the densitometer is  digitizing one photo, the  operator is visually scanning
the line printer listing of  a previous  photograph searching for illegal
characters caused by double  punches. At the same time he can operate the
teletype which preliminarily processes  the data from another photograph
on the computer.  This  program reduces  the voltage output from the dens-
itometer to film densities,  rejects  extreme values of densities, inter-
polates photo coordinates and displays  the difference in film densities
between adjacant bands  on the line printer.  Output from this program is
stored on magnetic tape waiting  final processing as explained by Burgess
and James  (1969).

        The densitometer and scanning table is shown in Figure D-4
processing a 70  mm picture.   Voltage output from the densitometer goes
to the digital voltmeter shown directly behind the densitometer.  The
BCD digital voltmeter logic  (-24V =  0,  - IV =  1) is converted to the
Autotrol digital recorder logic  (-15V = 0, 0V  = 1) by the circuit shown
in Figure D-5.

                               133

-------
        The limits on the photograph are marked with black tape.   When
the densitometer senses the tape (voltage output greater than 750 volts),
the recording of data is stopped,  the direction of scan is reversed,  the
film is advanced one scan and the  recording of data started again.  The
circuitry required for this operation is shown in Figures D-6 through
D-9.  Figure 3 referred to in Figures D-6, and D-7 is Figure D-8  of the
report.
                               134

-------
                                          fO K
                                                             =- /5 y
                                          (Off A/ TO
                    T
                     I

                    I
                     • •
/03V-p     ? 2 70/1





      /OOOR< & 3-SOOSL
                                                        LAMP
                                              SfNSITIYf  RELAY

                                                   -4-B-
                                                                                            27OSL

                                                                                    HASSELBLADS)
Figure D-l.   Aerial camera.
             Figure  D-2.   Shutter timing diagram.

-------
 •>
, r>
            Figure D-3.   Digitizing aerial film.
Figure D-4.  Scanning densitometer.

-------
Figure D-5.  Voltmeter to digitizer logic converter diagram.

-------
O4
oo
  A, out
to Fiq.3
                 r-     ^    .,      Schm/tt       Snferfoce  /o TTL
                 /-rvm Dens ft. /v  Trigger    /\    Zoy/c (/=~/g.3)
                            Figure D-6.  Densitometer to logic circviit.

-------
nnm
rm
       Mo for
         . 3 )
                              L/ns r~eed
                                                     To  l/o/f-
                                                     mefer
                                         To D/g/-
           Figure D-7. Relay circuits.

-------
 A i From
 Fig. I
1.0.
  J-/g I. O.
  forward
  /?ererse
      Feed
From Tig   -±
                               Delay Time. Adj.
                                          rLh
                                                                  Driver
                                        Kcc
                                     '-Control Light
                                                                               >P /
                           Figure D-8.  Logic circ\iit.

-------
S/O AC
                                 S^airchild
                                    723
                                 NI

                                  V-
 CL


 CS


INV
                                           H
                                         too pf
                                                                +a~r
                                                               tec - &.£ y
                    Figure D-9. Power supply circuit.

-------
                            APPENDIX E

                      DIFFUSION COMPUTATIONS
            n     inv«stigators have employed solutions to the  diffusion
           for the estimation of waste concentrations in the waste plume
 that occurs at an outfall location.  If the scale of the current eddies
 is much smaller than the dimensions of the waste field, then the Fickian
 torm of diffusion equation can be applied.  The basic equation is:
                      * IT  * IT    +  aW                            (E-2)


where "a" is a first order decay constant and "aW"  represents a sink or
loss  in the system.

         Early solutions to this equation assumed D   constant; however,
                                                 2         82
investigators have found it to range from 3 x 10 to 4 x 10   cm /sec.
Brooks  (I960) has reported a solution to the diffusion equation with a
variable coefficient of diffusivity.  The coefficient  was  assumed to vary
with  the four thirds power of the  scale.

         In  a study of diffusion of wastes for a near shore area by  the
Allen Hancock Foundation (1964), it was found that  "4/3 law" relating
the lateral coefficient of eddy diffusion as a function of average  eddy
scale did not hold for the particular oceanic areas studied  in their
experiments.   Mathematical models  used in their experiments  were statistical
models  based on  the Gaussian distribution.  Another important conclusion


                                143

-------
reached in this study was that vertical diffusion can contribute signif-
icantly to the overall diffusion process when wind speeds exceed approxi-
mately eight knots and/or when column stability is low.

        The stability of the waste field established at the outfall site
is dependent on the initial mixing from the diffusers.  The initial diluti(
for a properly designed outfall should be sufficient so that the density
stratification induced by the waste field may be destroyed by vertical
turbulent diffusion.  The depth of the established field at the outfall is
also a function of the initial dilution.  The ratio of waste field depth
to the length of the jet path from the point of release to the water surfac
has been found by Rawn, Boweman and Brooks (1960) to vary from 1/12 to 1/6.

        Vertical mixing does occur in the waste field as well as horizontal
mixing.  As indicated by Wiegel (1964), vertical mixing is difficult to
study in the laboratory because of limitations of tank size.  In these
studies the wind drags the surface water to the down wind end of the tank
producing a hydraulic head which causes a flow in the opposite direction.

        Laboratory studies have indicated that wind drag on the water
surface produces very little mixing.  However, when wind generated waves
appear, extremely rapid mixing occurs as wind waves are rotational in
the generating area.  On the other hand, there is some indication that
swell is not important to the mixing process as it is apparently nearly
irrotational (Wiegel, 1964).

        Masch (1961) conducted a wave study in a wave tank and developed
the following relationship for the coefficient of eddy diffusivity:
              D  = 0.0038 (Vs + Qw)3'2                             (E-3)


where  Vs  is the surface current and  Qw  is the water particle orbit
speed (Qw = H/T,  H = significant wave height and  T = average wave period)

        Steady state diffusion coefficients were determined for a steady
state model with unidirectional transport velocity in the  X  direction.
By neglecting the loss to the lower layers and assuming the diffusion
in the  Y  direction was not a function of  Y, the basic diffusion equa-
tion becomes



              V*ff  •  Dv  4                                    'E-4>
               X dA         ~Z
where  X  is the distance along the center line of the plume,  Y  is the
distance right or left of the plume center line,  V  is velocity along
the plume center line,  W  is the waste concentration, and the D  is the
diffusion coefficient.  A solution to equation E-4 is           ^
                              144

-------
        W =  	ryy-  exp  [  -Y2/4tD  ]
             2(11 D t)1/2                r


For computational purposes  this equation  can be reduced to
        W = WQ  exp  [  -Y2/2ay2]                                    (E-6)



where  WQ  is the concentration  at  the  center line of the plume and a
is variance of normal  curve.  The diffusion coefficient is equal to  y
one half the change  in variance  divided by the time interval or
In the computer program,  the variance was computed every 300 feet along
the center line of  the plume.  The  change in time for this steady state
model was equal to  the distance between sections in feet divided by the
velocity in  feet per  second.  The velocity was determined photogrammetrically
from the current floats.
                       o
        The  variance  (a )  can be estimated for a normal distribution from
the sample variance (S2 ).  The concentration  (W) is equivalent to the
frequency of occurrence^in the computations.  The sample variance is


        S2 = * W(Y-Y)2                                             (E_8)
         y        N,


where  Y  is the mean distance from the origin and

                 n

           N =   S     W                                           (E_9)
                \     W.
In  computational form equation E-8 is
                                 145

-------
         n

               W.Y.)

                   V
                     /
                                     >
                                    2-
• " Jl •           fc V
 11           N
From equation E-10 an estimate of the variance can be made for any section
across the plume.  Equation E-7 was used to determine the diffusion
coefficient.

        Nonsteady-state diffusion coefficients were determined from two
flights over the area using equation E-7.  In this equation for the non-
steady state


            Aa? = a, . 2 - a_ 2.                                   (E-ll)
              i    l.,i     2, i+c                                 v    •*


where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the flight numbers,  i  refers to
the section number across the plume in flight one and  i+c  is the section
number in flight two adjusted for the movement of the waste field between
flights.  In solving equation E-7 for the nonsteady- state case, At is the
time difference between the flights.

        Diffusion coefficients presented in this report were determined
at existing outfall sites.  At proposed outfall locations the currents
and diffusion coefficients can be determined by photographing dye patches.
By knowing  the currents and diffusion coefficients in the area, the
waste field can be simulated on the computer prior to construction and
operation of the outfall.

        Equation E-l was reduced to


    § ' Dy     * Dx      - W CV> - I* CVXW) * n              CB-12)
where  K  represents the decay coefficient.  This equation was program-
med to simulate the waste field from either a line source or point source
and for either a continuous effluent discharge or a dye patch.

        Figure E-l is a symbolic print out of the waste field at times
0.5, 1.1, 1.9, and 3.0 hours from the start of effluent discharge.  Sym-
bols in the plots represent different concentrations but at this reduced
scale only the difference in shading can be seen.  While the program was
written to handle a variable velocity as a function of X, Y and T, the
                               146

-------
example shown here is  for  a unidirectional velocity of 0.3 fps.  In
this example the grid  size was  AX  =  AY  =  60 ft, the diffusion coef-
ficients were D  = DX  =  10 ft sq per sec  and the decay coefficient
representing a yloss to  the lower  layers  was 0.1 per hour.

        Figure E-2 shows the  effect  of  the diffusion coefficients on the
waste field.  The symbolic plots were made 2.7 hours after the start of
the effluent discharge for D   = D  =5,  10, and 20 ft^/second.  Except
for the diffusion coefficients, the  other variables were the same as
those in Figure  E-l.

        This finite  difference  model was  used to reproduce the waste
fields measured  by  aerial  photography from the computed diffusion coef-
ficients and current velocities.  The model can be expanded to include
variable diffusion  coefficients and vertical mixing.
                                147

-------
oo
                                                                 I t t I 1 ' 1 1 J I 1 t
           Figure E-l.  Waste field by  computer simulation at T= 0.5,  1.1,  1.9 and 3.0 hours
                         with Dy =  Dx = 10 ft2/sec,  Vx = 0. 3 fps,  Ax =   Ay = 60 ft and k = 0. 1 per hr.

-------
VD
                       ...
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                                          at  T=2.  7  hrs.  with Vx  =  0. 3 fps,   AX =      A y = 60  ft  and k= 0. 1  per  hr.

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                           APPENDIX F

                 SUMMARY OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
        Interference caused by direct sunlight reflection on the water
surface can be reduced or eliminated by oblique photography.  Surface
foam from the waste at times may prevent the computation of waste con-
centration in the waste field from the photography.  However, the photo-
graphy shows the area and extent of the foam which is valuable information
in the study of ocean outfall waste disposal.

        Since the computations require that the light from the open sea
be measured, concentration determined from aerial photography are less
reliable when the waste field extends into the surf zone and background
light from the sea is not available from both sides of the plume.  A
uniformly cloudy sky increases the amount of surface light reflection
in all the photographic bands.  With oblique photography, most of this
reflected light can be prevented from reaching the film with a polarizing
filter.  Photography containing areas of scattered shadows from partial
cloudy skies is less adapted to automatic computerized processing.  Gen-
erally when broken clouds are present, the photography can be taken when
the outfall area is free of shadows.

        Color film was used in the mapping camera during the 1968 season
and on July 7 and 8, 1969.  Color film is difficult to process with the
rewind processor and uneven development occurs for 5 to 15 frames on each
end of the roll.  The prints in Figure 21 and 22 show the uneven develop-
ment.  While the effect of the film streaks can be reduced in the data
processing, it was decided in the future to use only black and white
film in the mapping camera.

        Correlation coefficients between the photographic values and
the concentrations determined from boat sampling varied from 0.85 to 0.95
with a standard error of about 25% of the maximum concentration measured
over the outfall.   This standard error is the same magnitude as the
standard error determined from the boat sampling data at cross lines or
points where the concentration is determined twice at one point.  A
summary of the aerial photography is listed in Tables F-l and F-2.
                              150

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                                       Table F-l.  Summary of aerial photography ,  1968.
Date Location
8- 8-68 Newport




8-16-68 Newport



8-21-68 Newport



9-10-68 Newport


9-10-eiS^ Newport


9-12-68 Newport


9-12-68 Newport


Flight
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Time
PDT
17:09
17:20
17:30
17:41
17:50
15:51
16:00
16:13
16:21
10:13
10:21
10:36
10:44
10:10
10:25
10:35
15:56
16:11
16:21
10:12
10:30
10:43
16:31
16:46
16:54
Altitude
(ft.)
8250
4125
4125
4125
8250
8250
4125
4125
8250
3500
1750
1750
3500
5625
11250
5625
5625
11250
5625
5625
11250
5625
3000
6000
3000
Photos
per
Flight
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
I
1
2
1
Boat
Std.
Error
	
2.3
2.7
2.7
---
6.2
5.6
6.3
—
___
	
___
	
	
— -
—
—
—
—
	
—

	
	
—
- Photo £
Deg.
Free.
	
172
195
142

178
156
187

— -
	
—
—
	
—
	
—
	
—
	
— -
—
—
—
—
Within Boat b Camera
Std. Deg.
Error Free.
3.46 3 8-1/4"
	 	 Zeiss
RMKA
---
- —
9.59 4 8-1/4"
	 	 Zeiss
RMKA
_-_
4.74 5 3-1/2"
Wild
RC-9
---
11-1/4"
K-17
	 	
11-1/4"
-K-17
	 	
11-1/4"
K-17
---
5.32 6 6"
	 	 Zeiss
RMKA
Film
Ekta chrome
8442



Ektachrome
8442


Ansco
D200


Ansco
D200

Ansco
"D200

Ansco
D200

Ekta chrome
MS
Aerographic
a_   Statistic from a comparison between boat data and photo results.
b_   Statistic from a comparison within boat data.

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                                         Table  F-2.  Summary of aerial photography, 1969.
Date Location
7- 8-69 Newport


7-16-69 Gardiner


8- 6-69 Samoa
8- 7-69 Samoa

8-12-69 Newport

8-19-69 Gardiner


8-20-69 Gardiner


9- 8-69 Newport


Flight
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Time
PDT
15:15
15:21
15:56
14:50
15:03
15:10
17:27
15:35
16:20
12:52
13:01
12:39
13:53
16:28
11:58
15:14
15:41
11:21
11:38
14:44
Altitude
(ft.)
3000
4000
4000
6000
5000
4000
3000
4000
6000
4000
6000
4000
6000
4000
6000
6000
5000
3000
6000
8000
Photos
per
Flight
1
2
3
1
2
2
5
4
4
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
I
1
1
Boat - Photo '
Std Deg.
Error Free .
2.0
1.7
1.5
6.0
4.4
5.8
4.6
	
5.1
4.1
4.1
5.6
5.6
4.0
4.8
4.6
4.8
2.7
2.2
2.2
147
130
148
134
121
99
183
	
169
176
195
91
93
39
12
111
110
110
181
70
- Within boat -
Std Deg.
Error Free. K-17~
3.33
	
	
3.92
2.91
	
4.84
7.83
	
3.86
	
2.59
	
	
4.40
	
5.36
	
	
	
5 8442
8442
8442
7 5425
3 5425
5425
5 2402
4 2402
2402
4 5425
5425
2 2402
2402
2402
4 2402
2402
4 2402
2402
2402
2402
FILM
HB-1-
8401
8443
8443
5424
5424
5424
5424
5425
8401
5424
5424
5424
5424
5424
5424
5424
8401
5424
5424
5424
b
HB-2-
5424
5424
5424
8443
8443
8443
8442
8442
8443
8442
8442
8442
8442
8442
8442
8442
8443
8443
8443
8443
:i  Mapping camera with 6-inch focal length lens.
b_  70 mm Hasselblad camera with 150 mm focal length lens.
£  Statistic from a comparison between boat data and photo results.
d  Statistic from a comparison within boat data.

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                                              SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
                                                     INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
          Oregon State University, Corvallis,  Oregon   97331
          Aerial Photographic Tracing  of Pulp Mill Effluent in Marine Waters
   Fred J.  Burgess
      Principal Investigator
      Head, Department of Civil
      Engineering
   Wesley P. James
      Research Associate
August, 1970
                                                    12
                                                       Pages
                     152
16 ^f^ject Number


    12040 EBY
                       21
                                                               15
                                                                  Contrac
WP-00524 - Federal Water
Quality Administration
                          Note
  Descriptors (Starred First)
                 /*pulp and paper  industry/ *waste water disposal/
    *remote sensing/ *aerial photography/  industrial waste/ sewage effluents/
    oceans/ coasts/ outlets/ mixing/  diffusion/ currents (water)/ bioassay/
    temperature
25 I Identifiers (Starred First)
 '\ Abstract                                             ~ ~                                   -—

          Aerial photography  taken of waste plumes from Kraft pulp mill ocean outfalls
    was shown to be an effective  tool in the study of waste disposal sites.   This technique
    is not limited by sea  conditions  and permits monitoring and evaluation of outfall  sites
    throughout the year.   Photography taken at one instant provides comprehensive information
    throughout the waste field.   Manpower requirements and costs for this method are  consid-
    erably less than for conventional boat sampling surveys.
          Field studies were  conducted on the waste plumes from Kraft pulp mill ocean  outfalls
    at Newport and Gardiner,  Oregon and Samoa, California.  Waste concentrations were
    measured by conventional  boat sampling techniques while aerial photography was taken  of
    the outfall area from .altitudes ranging from 3,000 to 11,000 ft.   Computerized procedures
    were used to compute water currents,  waste concentrations, toxicity zones and diffusion
    coefficients from the  photography.
          The highest concentration measured directly over the outfalls was  2.3 percent waste
    by volume and the maximum area of influence with concentrations greater than 0.2 percent
    waste was 155 acres.   The maximum concentration determined over the outfall for each
    field study was generally less than that shown to have a detrimental effect on young
    salmon for a 14-day exposure.
          Surface water current was found to be the dominant  factor in the resulting plume
    pattern.   During periods  of low current velocities in the receiving water, the hydraulic
    head created by the effluent  source was a significant factor in the resulting plume shape.
    The steady state form  of  the  Fickian diffusion equation and unidirectional transport
    velocity was not applicable to the majority of the observations.
 i'02 
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