EPA-R2-73-151
MARCH 1973 Environmental Protection Technology Series
Feasibility Study Lake Hope Mine
Drainage Demonstration Project
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
-------
EPA-R2-73-151
March 1973
FEASIBILITY STUDY
LAKE HOPE MINE DRAINAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Project IbOlO HJQ,
Project Officer
Eugene F. Harris
Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio
Prepared For
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20M50
For sale by the Superintendent of |)dlfetUMdts> WS? Government Printing Office, Washington, D.O. 20402
Price $l&ae*nesticipo%$baid_oj SldHjylJPO Bookstore
-------
EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication..: Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommen-
dation for use.
ii
-------
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the Lake Hope project is to demonstrate the reduction of
acid mine drainage pollution by the removal of coal refuse, and the con-
struction of bulkhead seals to flood underground mine workings and thus
prevent the formation of acid. The Lake Hope site was chosen for the
demonstration project because acidic drainage from abandoned coal mines
in the watershed above Lake Hope has severely restricted water oriented
activity in this prime recreational area. A total of 107 mine openings
has been noted. The combined acid discharge from these openings is
over 700,000 pounds per year. A multi-phase mine drainage abatement
demonstration program is recommended with major elements including:
1. Removal and/or burial of coal refuse which was scattered
throughout the area during active mining operations.
2. The sealing of a portion of Mine Complex kl (Mine Openings kQ
through 52 shown in Figure 2) with subsequent monitoring of
the effectiveness of the mine seals.
3- Sealing of the balance of the mine openings in Mine Complex kl.
k. Sealing of Mine Opening 88 and adjacent interconnected openings
if necessary to achieve the desired improvement in Lake Hope
water quality.
Expansive concrete seals or alternative plain concrete plugs are
recommended for the first phase mine sealing. Curtain grouting will
be necessary to seal the face of the hill above and adjacent to the
mine openings and at intermediate points of weakness of the geological
structure.
Over a year of base line water quality information has already been
accumulated to serve as a standard against which effectiveness of the
demonstration project can be measured. At the present time, water in
Lake Hope normally exhibits pH between 4.0 and 5-0 and the total acidity
is frequently in the 20 to 30 mg/1 range. Following completion of the
Phase I and Phase II mine sealing programs, total acidity of the water
in the lake is expected to be approximately one-half of present levels
and pH should be in the 6.0 to 7-0 range.
In 1970, over 650,000 persons visited Lake Hope State Park. The im-
proved water environment resulting from the mine drainage demonstration
project will greatly improve the enjoyment of visitors to the area and
will result in more extensive water-oriented recreational activities.
Aquatic habitat will be greatly improved with resulting wild life
management and fishing benefits. The general area aesthetics will
also be improved with the removal of coal refuse and elimination of
a significant portion of iron-bearing acid mine drainage from the
area streams.
ill
-------
CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ill
RECOMMENDATIONS 1
PART I - INTRODUCTION
Scope of Investigation 3
Project Objectives 3
Project Description 4
PART II - JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK
-«• Authority 7
Water Quality Standards 7
Site and Mineral Right Acquisition 8
Funding Authority 8
Prevention of Future Pollution 8
PART III - INVENTORY AND FORECAST
Physical Conditions 9
Water Resources 9
Social and Economic Environment 23
PART IV - PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING FEATURES
Abatement Project Description 27
Coal Refuse Disposal 27
Mine Sealing Program Alternatives 29
Core Boring Program 30
Phase 1 - Mine Sealing Program 32
Phase 2 - Mine Sealing Program 38
Vents 40
Phase 3 - Mine Sealing 42
Cost Estimates 43
Cost Comparison 46
Program Surveillance 47
Emergency Procedures 48
PART V - PROJECT EFFECTIVENESS
Water Quality Improvements 49
Other Demonstration Values 50
Benefits 50
PART VI - IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
Project Responsibility 53
Program Schedule 53
APPENDIX A - Lake Hope Base Line Water Quality 55
(Data Updated)
-------
FIGURES
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12 -
Lake Hope Drainage Basin
Mine Openings
Geological and Mining Features
Gas, Oil and Water Well Locations
Sampling Points
Acid Versus Flow, Sample Point 547
Lake Hope State Park Facilities
Core Borings at Mine Opening 47
Phase 1, Mine Sealing Map
Preferred Mine Seal
Alternate Mine Seal
Isometric Drawing of Mine Seal
Permeable Mine Seal
Cross-Section and Water Elevations
Program Schedule
10
11
14
16
18
22
2k
31
3k
36
37
39
41
42
54
TABLES
Table 1 - Mine Opening Identification
Table 2 - Sample Points
Table 3 - Flow Duration Data
Table 4 - USGS Water Quality Summary
Stations 310, 320, and 420
Table 5 ~ Program Cost Estimate
Table 6 - Phase III Cost Estimate
12
17
19
20
44
47
vi
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
A multi-phase mine drainage demonstration project is recommended for the Lake
Hope watershed in Vinton County, Ohio. To demonstrate effective procedures for
reducing mine drainage pollution of Lake Hope, removal and/or covering of coal
refuse which was scattered throughout the area during active mining operations
is recommended. Mine sealing is also recommended, beginning with Mine Openings
40 through 52 in Mine Complex kj. Subsequent sealing will encompass all re-
maining openings in Mine Complex 47. Additional mine seals will be constructed
in the Mine 88 Complex as warranted to demonstrate complete control of mine
drainage and as available funds permit.
-------
PART I - INTRODUCTION
Scope of Investigation
This report is a presentation of an evaluation of the feasibility of
demonstrating refuse pile disposal and mine sealing in the Lake Hope
area in Vinton County, Ohio. The specific scope of the investigations
is as follows:
I. Review the history of mining, mine drainage problems, and
mine drainage abatement measures in the study area.
2. Assess the jurisdictional framework through which a mine
drainage abatement project may be carried out.
3. Inventory local physical features, hydrology, water quality,
social and environmental factors, and other elements in-
fluencing the value of mine drainage demonstration projects
in the study area.
k. Develop preliminary engineering features of a workable mine
drainage abatement program in sufficient detail to permit
evaluation of the feasibility of the proposed project.
5. Estimate the effectiveness of the project and delineate
possible beneficial uses for the reconstructed area upon
completion of the mine drainage abatement improvements.
6. Determine tangible and intangible benefits of the recommended
program.
7. Develop an outline of scheduling and budgeting to assure ade-
quate administrative control of the proposed project.
8. Recommend a continuing program for surveillance of mine
drainage from the improved area. Delineate means for measur-
ing the accomplishments of the demonstration program with
respect to presently envisioned objectives.
Project Objectives
The study area, which is the subject of this mine drainage abatement
feasibility investigation, is located in Vinton County, Ohio, in the
watershed above Lake Hope. Acidic waters draining from the study area
have restricted recreational activities at Lake Hope State Park and
caused several fish kills in the lake. Fish reproduction in Lake Hope
is severely inhibited and as a result, the lake attracts few fishermen.
Two major objectives of the mine drainage demonstration program analyzed
herein are:
-------
1. Demonstrate effective techniques of bulkhead sealing of under-
ground mines to prevent the formation and discharge of acid
mine drainage and to permit ultimate utilization of the study
area in a manner which will create a measurable public benefit.
2. Demonstrate methods for reduction of mine drainage pollution
from coal refuse piles through burial and/or removal.
Project Description
The Lake Hope site has been mined by both surface and drift mining
techniques with the latter greatly predominating. The proposed mine
drainage abatement project will demonstrate means for alleviating
problems related to previous drift mining activities. Acid contri-
bution from the strip mined area is inconsequential. The proposed
project includes three parts as follows:
1. Base Line Water Quality - The initial effort which has al-
ready been undertaken by the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources involves establishment of a monitoring system for
surveillance of water quality in Sandy Run and tributaries,
discharges from mine openings, and surface runoff. The data
collected is presented in a report entitled "Base Line Water
Quality," which is included in its entirety as Appendix A and
summarized in "Part III - Inventory and Forecast." The complete
water quality studies provide the standards against which
the success of the entire program will be measured.
Two new gaging and monitoring stations have been constructed
and the existing USGS flow gaging station has been improved to
permit monitoring of several parameters of water quality.
Mine discharge records for a period of over one year are
available and included in the base line report in Appendix A.
Following construction and clean-up of all phases of the
pollution abatement demonstration project, a minimum of two
years of monitoring of the water quality will be performed
to determine the effectiveness of the techniques.
2. Coal Refuse Disposal - The first phase of physical improve-
ment in the demonstration project involves the removal and/or
covering of refuse remaining from the period of active mining
in the region. In addition to being unsightly, these areas
of refuse are continuously leached by surface water runoff
and are a source of acid contribution to the streams. This
phase has already been completed by the Division of Forestry
and Reclamation of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources
and is discussed in detail in "Part IV - Preliminary Engineer-
ing Features." Many refuse piles have been removed and buried
in suitably prepared sites outside the drainage area. Refuse
accumulations in Honeycomb Hollow and several other locations
-------
have been buried in place. Surface grading, liming, fertiliza-
tion, and seeding have followed the removal or burial of refuse.
General aesthetics are vastly improved as a result of this
phase of the program; water quality data following completion
of the refuse removal is not adequate at this time to fully
define the long-term improvement to streams and Lake Hope.
Mine Seal ing - There are currently over 100 mine openings in
a small area in the upper reaches of the Lake Hope watershed.
A multi-phase program will be undertaken to demonstrate the
effectiveness of mine sealing in eliminating detrimental
affects of mine drainage on water quality. A non-draining or
bulkhead type of mine seal will be utilized and is detailed,
along with several alternatives, in "Part IV - Preliminary
Engineering Features." Through a continuous water quality
monitoring program, the effects of the mine sealing program
will be evaluated.
-------
PART II - JURISDICTION FRAMEWORK
Authority
The State of Ohio Department of Natural Resources, through the Director,
pursuant to Sections 1501.01; 1501.011; 1501.02; and 1501.021 of the
Ohio Revised Code may enter into cooperative or contractual arrangements
with the Unfted States or any agent or department thereof for the ac-
complishment of the purposes for which the department was created.
Senate Bill No. 13 (19^*9) created the Department of Natural Resources
". . . to formulate and put into execution a long-term comprehensive
plan and program for the development and wide use of the natural re-
sources of the state to the end that health, happiness, and wholesome
enjoyment of life of the people of Ohio may be further encouraged;
that increased recreational opportunities and advantages be made
available to the people of Ohio and visitors, that industry, agri-
culture, employment, investment and other economic interests may be
assisted and encouraged. . . ." Legal authority is also granted to
obtain land and water and mineral rights by purchase, negotiation
of easements, condemnation, leases and other control techniques.
Water Quality Standards
Lake Hope is in the Raccoon Creek Watershed, which is in turn directly
tributary to the Ohio River. No water quality standards have as yet
been specifically set for this stream. The minimum conditions for all
waters at all places and at all times are applicable, however. These
conditions state that the water shall be:
1. Free of substances attributable to municipal, industrial or
other discharges, or agricultural practices that will settle
to form putrescent or otherwise objectional sludge deposits.
2. Free from floating debris, oil, skum and other floating mater-
ials attributable to municipal, industrial or other discharges,
or agricultural practices in amounts sufficient to be unsightly
or deleterious.
3. Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial or
other discharges, or agricultural practices producing color,
odor or other conditions in such degree as to create a nuisance.
k. Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial or
other discharges, or agricultural practices in concentrations
of combinations which are toxic or harmful to human, animal,
plant or aquatic life.
Virtually the entire length of Racoon Creek is affected by acid mine
drainage. Water quality standards adopted for the Hocking River Basin
make special provision for those streams polluted by acid mine drain-
age. These provisions are generally applicable to Raccoon Creek and
tributaries also. The Hocking River Standards state that the Water
-------
Pollution Control Board and the Ohio Department of Health will en-
courage and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Department of
Natural Resources and the U. S. Department of Interior in the develop-
ment and implementation of programs for area-wide control of acid
mine drainage from abandoned underground and pre-reclammation law
strip coal mines.
Site and Mineral Right Acquisition
The State of Ohio has acquired virtually all property and mineral rights
directly involved in drainage to Lake Hope. A few minor parcels will
shortly be acquired so that no mining activities will be permitted with-
in the project drainage area.
Funding Authority
Authority for the original funding of the Lake Hope project is contained
in the appropriations H. B. No. 828 enacted by the 108th Ohio General
Assembly,
Prevention of Future Pollution
When all anticipated land and mineral right acquisitions are completed,
the State of Ohio will be able to exert full control over the watershed.
This will assure that the project area will not~ be adversely affected
by the influx of acid or other mine water pollution from nearby sources
or from future mining operations.
A continuous program of monitoring water quality and maintenance of
mine drainage control facilities will further safeguard the integrity
of the water in the streams tributary to Lake Hope.
-------
PART III - INVENTORY AND FORECAST
Physical Conditions
The Lake Hope project is located in Brown Township, Vinton County, Ohio,
approximately 20 miles west of Athens, Ohio. The site'is within the
22,569-acre Zaleski State Forest.
Figure 1 is a base map illustrating many of the significant physical
features of the study area. This map has been prepared from U. S.
Geological Survey 7 1/2 minute topographic maps and supplemented with
information from other sources.
The boundary of the watershed tributary to Lake Hope is shown in Figure 1
The main stream draining into Lake Hope is Sandy Run, which is in turn
fed by many tributaries reaching back up into small valleys. The outlet
from Lake Hope is into Raccoon Creek, which is a major tributary of the
Ohio River.
As illustrated by the contour lines in Figure 1, the entire watershed
is quite rugged. The stream channels have formed deeply incised valleys
into the terrain. The area is almost entirely forested and serves as
a major open space recreational outlet for residents of Ohio and near-
by states.
Lake Hope was constructed during 1938-1939 and filled with water during
the spring of 1939- The total drainage area tributary to the lake is
approximately 10 square miles. About 120 acres of water surface are
provided. The lake is relatively shallow with the total storage volume
at the time of construction estimated at approximately 1,500 acre-feet.
This volume has been reduced somewhat by siltat ion.
Mining History - Coal is the only mineral resource that has been exten-
sively exploited in the study area. Coal mining was initiated in the
vicinity over 100 years ago. Activity was greatly accelerated during
World War II but has rapidly declined in recent years. The State of
Ohio has acquired virtually all of the land tributary to Lake Hope and
is in the final negotiation stage for the remaining parcels. Few blocks
of coal remain which could be economically mined and with the land in
state ownership there will be no further mining in the watershed.
Mining has largely been accomplished by drifting horizontal tunnels
back into the Middle Kittanning (No. 6) coal seam from the outcrop
which is at or slightly above the valley floor. A total of 107 mine
openings have been catalogued and locations are shown in Figure 2.
Presented in Table 1 are the names of mine operations associated with
the various mine openings. Consecutive identification numbers have
been established purely for convenience and bear no relationship to the
actual recorded number of the mine. The identification numbers as
listed have been used throughout the balance of this report. The tabu-
lation of names is not complete but represents an accumulation of
-------
IN FEET
FIGURE 1 - LAKE HOPE DRAINAGE BASIN
10
-------
SCALE IN FEET
MINE OPENING
DISCHARGING MINE OPENING
MINE OPENING NUMBER
COAL REFUSE
SAMPLING STATION
FIGURE 2 - MINE OPENINGS
11
-------
TABLE 1
MINE OPENING IDENTIFICATION
Mine Mine
Opening Name Opening
1 George McDaniels 39
2 Ownership Not Available 40-47
3 Dewey McDaniels 48-50
4-6 Jay McDaniels 51-57
7 Taylor 58-59
8-9 Dude McDaniels 60-62
10-11 Taylor 63
12-13 Harkless 64
14-17 Lowery 65~75
18 Ownership Not Available 76-77
19-21 Loper 78
22-23 Prater 79-90
24-25 Ownership Not Available 91-92
26 Loper No. 2 93~97
27 Ownership Not Available 98-99
28 Loper No. 1 100-102
29-30 Loper No. 2 103
31 Largent 104
32-33 Todd 105
34-38 Ownership Not Available 106-107
Name
Largent
Hope Hoi low
Ownership Not Available
John Fuller
Ownership Not Available
Ralph Fuller
Ownership Not Available
Jackson
Ownership Not Available
Hull
Ownership Not Available
Loper No. 3
Powers
Largent No. 2
Largent
Hulley
Bray
Ownership Not Available
Hulley
Largent
12
-------
readily available information. Indicated openings are not all working
shafts, but include ventilation holes as well. It is probable that
there are additional openings not catalogued which have sloughed in,
have been bulldozed shut, or are obscured by vegetative cover. *
•Interconnections exist between most of the mines which have been
worked into the same block of coal. Available mine maps are generally
inadequate to establish extent and exact locations of interconnections.
However, the maps do indicate the possibility of interconnections and
discussions with previous mine operators indicate^general agreement
with the fact that the hill has been completely honeycombed by the
various,mine operations. Based on extant mine maps, the approximate
mined-out areas are shown in Figure 3. The apparent interconnection of
mines defines two large mined areas identified as Mine kj Complex and
Mine 88 Complex. Several smaller mined areas are seen to be indepen-
dent of the major complexes.
a
There was a small strip mine operation in the south half of the south-
west quarter of Section 12 as shown in Figure 2. The mine, which dis-
turbed less than 20 acres in total, is abandoned and the area is now
owned by the State of Ohio. Reclamation of this area is not included
in the proposed demonstration project.
Areas in which coal refuse was deposited during active mining operations
are also identified in Figure 2. These have been largely covered or
removed as the first phase of the mine drainage abatement demonstration
program.
f
r -=•
Geologic Considerations - The mining throughout the study area has
been exclusively of the Middle Kittanning (No. 6) coal seam. The
overburden above the No. 6 seam is generally massive sandstone with
some fracturing evident. In this location, this vein of coal is approxi-
mately k2 inches in thickness. Lower Kittanning (No. 5) coal is also
present in the Lake Hope vicinity, but because of the relative thinness
of the seam and since it is 25 to 30 feet below the Middle Kittanning,
which would necessitate a more costly mining procedure, this resource
has not been commercially developed.
The outcrop of the Middle Kittanning coal seam is shown in the Figure
3 topographic map. Also shown in Figure 3 is the structure contour
drawn on the Middle Kittanning coal as developed from generalized
..information and old mine maps. The coal dips in the general direction
of a line south 67 degrees east atong which the average inclination is
33 feet per mile.
No'coal drill records are available for the immediate study area.
Several test borings were conducted as part of the feasibi1ity in-
vestigation and the results obtained are presented in "Part IV -
Preliminary Engineering Features" of this report.
There are no known geological faults in the study area. A search of
the terrain over the mined-out areas does not reveal any indication
of surface subsidence as a result of the underground mining activities.
13
-------
in
STRUCTURE CONTOUR
MIDDLE KITTANNING
APPROXIMATE OUTCROP OF MIDDLE KITTANING COAL
&ft GENERALIZED MINED-OUT AREA OF MIDDLE KITTANNING
COAL
^820-
FIGURE 3 - GEOLOGICAL AND MINING FEATURES
-------
Gas, Oil and Water Wells - Oil and gas resources may be present al-
though data on these minerals is "too sparse to evaluate. A survey
by the Division of Oil and Gas of the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources reports only three wells in the project watershed. These
are described below and shown in Figure k.
Permit No. 9-A Total depth 3,184 feet.
Plugged and abandoned October 13, 1914-
Permit No. 33^-A No record of well ever having been
drilled. Permission to drill was
given December 3, 1923-
Permit No. 335-A Total depth 3,310 feet.
Plugged and abandoned October 15, 1928.
Since none of the oil and gas wells are active, they will have no
effect on the proposed mine drainage demonstration project. With
the control of mineral rights residing with the State of Ohio,
future development of gas and oil resources will also be controlled.
The water wells on file at the Division of Water of the Ohio Depart-
ment of Natural Resources are also shown in Figure k. Depth and
yields are indicated for each well. All wells are on property
owned by the State of Ohio and are largely used for water supply
to recreational facilities. The wells are all downstream of the
mined area where the demonstration project wi1? be undertaken and
therefore will not influence the proposed project.
Adequacy of Existing Information - Available physical information is
generally adequate for evaluation of the proposed mine drainage
feasibility project. More definitive information on the extent of mine
interconnections, the depth of coal remaining between mine workings
and the outcrop, and more extensive soil boring information would be
helpful. It is possible, however, to proceed with the feasibility
analysis based on available information, recognizing that additional
physical details will have to be assembled at the time final construc-
tion plans and specifications are developed for the proposed demon-
stration facilities.
Water Resources
Base line water resource data is available for streams in the study
area. Flow and quality characteristics of drainage from the mine
openings which are the major sources of acid discharge have also
been investigated extensively. A complete summary of water quality
and flow data is presented in a report entitled "Base Line Water
Quality" prepared for the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and
dated October 14, 1971. Appendix A is a complete reproduction of
this report including an updated computer printout of the water quality
15
-------
LEGEND
• WATER WELLS
• GAS AND OIL WELLS
DEPTH
rsi
FEET
FIGURE 4 - GAS, OIL AND WATER WELL LOCATIONS
16
-------
analytical results. Figure 5 presents the
stations utilized and Table 2 contains the
sample points with the Appendix A data.
TABLE 2
SAMPLE POINTS
locations of sampling
key for coordination of
Station No.
200-299
300-399
400-499
500-699
Location
700-799
800-899
Lake Hope
Sandy Run
Big Four Creek
Mine Openings (by
addition of 500 to
Mine Opening No. -
Figure 2)
Smal1 Streams and
Drainage Tributary to
Sandy Run
Small Streams and
Drainage Tributary to
Big Four Creek
Stream Records - A U. S. Geological Survey stream gaging station
(No. 310 in Figure 5) has been in operation since October, 1957-
Table 3 presents long-term flow duration data for Sandy Run as taken from
Bulletin 42 "Flow Duration of Ohio Streams," 1968, Ohio Department of
Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, Ohio. Records from
this station reveal annual runoff from the 4.99 square mile drainage
area averaging 16.84 inches. This represents an average discharge of
6.19 cubic feet per second (cfs). There are periods each year during
which there is no flow in the stream past the gaging station. The
maximum recorded discharge at this location is 3,770 cfs on August 3,
1958.
Two new gaging stations, 320 on Sandy Run (drainage area 0,98
square mile) and 420 on Big Four Creek (drainage area 1.01 square
mile), were established in October, 1970, for the specific purpose
of gathering base line hydrologic and water quality data for the
proposed mine drainage abatement demonstration project. All three
gaging stations have been provided with analytical and recording
equipment to monitor flow, temperature, pH and conductivity.
Station 310 also contains equipment for continuously measuring
dissolved oxygen concentrations.
17
-------
/ " J'/^S ,-Jt ° <•: ' r^t&fr'
s \ ' £- ^ . v -v- -1 • r. f^s.r:>>^s.
NOTE: SAMPLING POINT NUMBER FOR
MINES IS OBTAINED BY
ADDING 500 TO MINE OPENING
NUMBERS.
SCALE IN FEET
FIGURE 5 - SAMPLING POINTS
18
-------
TABLE 3
SANDY RUN
FLOW DURATION DATA
Percent of Time
Discharge Equalled Discharge
or Exceeded
*' '$.•
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
In addition to the summary presented in the Base Line Water Quality
Report, U. S. Geological Survey cooperatively with the State of Ohio
is continuing to collect samples at Sampling Points £10, 320, and 420
at two week intervals for analysis of the following characteristics:
I ron
Manganese
Dissolved Solids (residue on evaporation at 180° C)
Total Hardness
Acidity (to pH 8.3)
Sulfate
Specific Conductance
pH
Flow
Table 4 is a summary presentation of the water quality data collected
to date by the Geological Survey. A more detailed summarization of
the most significant parameters is included in the Appendix A report.
The Geological Survey sampling and analysis program will continue dur-
ing the duration of the demonstration project. Throughout the monitor-
ing period reports of the Geological Survey water quality investiga-
tions will be made available to the Environmental Protection Agency
and other parties to the program every two weeks. Data_from the con-
tinuous monitoring equipment will be reported and distributed on a
monthly basis.
gjpjn
6,284
3,142
1,795
943
584
332
220
144
45
cfs
14.00
7.00
4.00
2.10
1.30
0.74
0.49
0.32
0.10
cf s/Sq. Mi .
2.810
1.400
0.802
0.421
0.261
0.148
0.098
0.064 •
0.020
-------
TABLE 4
USGS WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
STATIONS 310, 320, AND 420
Maximum
Min imum
Average
Sampling Station 310
Dissolved Solids, mg/1
Hardness, mg/1
Acidity, mg/1
Iron, mg/1
Manganese, mg/1
Sulphate, mg/1
pH
Conductivity, micromhos
at 25° C
Temperature, F
Flow, gpm
Sampling Station 320
mg/1
Dissolved Sol ids
Hardness, mg/1
Acidity, mg/1
Iron, mg/1
Manganese, mg/1
Sulphate, mg/1
pH
Conductivity, micromhos
at 25° C
Temperature, F
Flow, gpm
Sampling Station 420
mg/1
Dissolved Sol ids
Hardness, mg/1
Acidity, mg/1
Iron, mg/1
Manganese, mg/1
Sulphate, mg/1
pH
Conductivity, micromhos
at 25° C
Temperature, F
Flow, gpm
960
470
228
33-0
11.0
655
4-7
1,210
73
27,825
2,600
1,100
794
120.0
12.0
1,872
4.6
2,930
74
4,488
1,630
620
596
87-0
17-0
1,144
4.3
2,100
77
5,655
93
51
5
0.6
0.12
57
3-4
182
33
22
127
70
15
1.8
0.43
94
2.8
256
33
18
110
64
5
1.6
0.65
80
2.8
226
33
4
375
182
81
4.3
3.10
256
616
55
3,275
1,142
409
320
46.7
4.87
816
1,599
55
256
755
278
222
25-8
6.63
524
1,136
57
621
20
-------
Lake Samp 1ing - Water quality characteristics for Lake Hope proper
show considerable variation. During the period between April, 1970,
and June, 1971, as reported in the Base Line Water Quality Study,
pH was seen to vary between 3.9 and 7.8. Acidity (to pH 8.3)
ranged from a high of 100 mg/1 down to less than 20. The majority
of the samples collected, however, exhibited pH between 4-0 and
5.0 and total acidity between 20 and 30 mg/1.
In addition to the water quality samples, an analysis was made of
the bottom muds in Lake Hope. These data are reported in Appendix A.
On the basis of evaluation of both water and bottom mud characteristics,
it was concluded that while some resistant species of fish can survive
in water of low pH for long periods, tolerance and reproductive capa-
bility of desirable species are severely limited. The low pH also has
a detrimental effect on the entire biota as it affects the complete
food chain of the ecosystems.
Mine Drainage - Direct discharge from mine openings was found to
be the most significant source of acid contribution to the streams
above Lake Hope. Two mine openings consistently produce the greatest
flow rate, highest acid concentration, and therefore the greatest
acid load.
Mine Opening 47 is at the lowest elevation of all the openings into the
hill west of Sandy Run and north of Big Four Hollow. As a result,
all mine drainage generated in this major mine complex is'dis-
charged to Sandy Run through Opening 47. Over the period of record
from April, 1970, through June, 1971> drainage discharge averaged
120 gallons per minute (gpm) with an average acid load entering
Sandy Run of 1,465 pounds per day. A high flow of 341 gpm was recorded
from this mine opening on May 8, 1971, with a corresponding acid load
of 4,665 pounds per day. A low flow of 27.5 gpm was recorded on two
separate occasions with corresponding acid loads of 379 and 388 pounds
per day=
The other major mine discharge is from Mine Opening 88 which drains the
complex of mine workings driven into the coal seam below Starrett
Ridge southwest of Big Four Hollow. The recorded high flow from t
Mine Opening 88 was 265 gpm on May 5, 1971- The acid flow rate at that
time was 5,374 pounds per day. The observed low flow condition
from M'ine Opening 88 was 12 gpm with a corresponding acid load of 281
pound's per day. Average conditions for this mine opening include
a yield of 70 gpm and an acid load discharged to Big Four Creek
of 1,029 pounds per day.
Figure 6 is a graph of acid flow in pounds per day versus water
flow rate in gallons per minute for discharge from Mine Opening 47 into
Sandy Run. Similar graphs are available for other sampling points in
Appendix A. This plot indicates a general relationship between dis-
charge and the amount of acid emitting from the mine opening. Water
volume is quite dependent upon meteor log!cal conditions. Therefore,
the quality of water discharging from the mine and also flowing in
21
-------
Sandy Run is more specifically dependent upon precipitation patterns
than on purely seasonal conditions. High acid flow may occur at any
season of the year if the precipitation pattern is conducive to such
discharge.
ACID
1000 IBS PER DAY
®
EE
©
ACID
1000 IBS PER DAY
100
200
FLOW, GPM
300
FIGURE 6 -
ACID VS FLOW
SAMPLE POINT 547
The total acid discharge from the various mine openings generally
exceeds the total as measured in Sandy Run at Station 310. This
indicates that, on balance, natural stream flow from all sources
except mine drainage contains enough alkalinity to neutralize a
portion of the acidity. Laboratory testing was undertaken to verify
the impact of natural drainage upon acidic discharge from mine open-
ings. Reults of these investigations are reported in the Appendix A
report. Because of the natural alkalinity of the area water, it is
not necessary to eliminate all acid production in the various mines
in order to achieve a marked improvement in water quality in Lake
Hope. Expected improvements in water quality for specific mine
drainage abatement projects are discussed in "Part IV - Preliminary
Engineering Features.1'
"
22
-------
Precipltat ion - Records of precipitation were maintained and cor-
related with other water volume and quality measurements during
the base line investigations. In addition, maximum expected rain-
fall rates have been determined from the U. S. Department of
Commerce Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. kO "Rainfall Frequency
Atlas of the United States." This publication indicates that the
maximum one hour rainfall that might be expected yearly at Lake
Hope would produce slightly over one inch of precipitation. The
maximum one hour storm with a return frequency of 10 years would
produce about 1.9 inches of rainfall. Average rainfall in the Lake
Hope vicinity is approximately 36 inches per year.
Social and Economic Environment
Lake Hope State Park (see Figure 7), with Lake Hope as a focal point,
is located deep within the 22,569-acre Zaleski State Forest. The
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, through a development program
dating to the early 1930's, has continually added to the park facili-
ties and extensive recreational opportunities are now available in
the area. An attractive dining lodge and numerous cabins provide
basic visitor accomodations. Recreational pursuits that are readily
accessible include hiking, horseback riding, boating, swimming and
camping.
The state park proper encompasses 3,103 acres, including the 120-
acre lake. The dining lodge, 69 cabins and 223 family campsites,
marina facilities, beach and trails make this one of Ohio's com-
prehensive facilities. Developed park area supplemented by over
22,500 acres of forest land results in a very versatile recreation
resource.
A 1970 travel survey indicates Lake Hope to be among the top areas
in attracting visitors from all over the state. Visitors were re-
ported from 64 of the 88 Ohio counties. Franklin County (Columbus)
surpassed all other counties by three-fold in representation.
Lake Hope is 78 miles from Columbus. Park attendance for 1970 was
658,938 visitors.
Problem and Causes - Access to easily minable coal made this area
attractive over 100 years ago. Even now, old stone iron smelting
furnaces remain as monuments to the industrial history and add to
the heritage of the region.
Acid draining into Lake Hope has adverse affect on the extensive
water-oriented recreation which centers on the lake. The low pH
of the water adversely affects fishing, since fish reproduction is
severely inhibited at the pH levels commonly experienced. Fish
kills have been reported in the past when excessive slugs of
acid reached the lake.
23
-------
2000 ^000 6000
J I
SCALE IN FEET
HABRON HOLLOW .
HIKING TRAIL"^" R£D OAK
I 1/2 MILES/ TRAIL
/ 1/2 MILEv
GROUSE POINT
PICNIC AREA
m!!ic/ <^LTER HOUSED f\
/ VACATION '•./....
' CABINS*-.'.'./..-1
USGS GAGING
STATIOH (3IO;
TO LOGAK 25 MILES
HARMRGER
' HOLLO* TRAIL
2 MILES
TO ZALESK
» MILES
NATURE I LBIKKEYE TRAIL
CENTER-1 1/2 MILE
KING HOLLOW
TRAIL ROAD
TO BEAR HOLLOW TRAIL
AND MOONVILLE
FIGURE 1 - LAKE HOPE STATE PARK FACILITIES
Attendance figures show that only 5,398 (one percent) of the park
visitors in 1970 came to Lake Hope to fish.
for fishermen utilizing state park lakes
cent of the total attendance. This lack of fishermen
has subsequent affects on camping and cabin revenues,
other expenditures in the locale.
The state-wide average
is approximately 10 per-
in this area
and related
Recreation Needs - The centra] region of Ohio is already heavily
populated and shows strong growth tendencies. Lake Hope State
Park lies within the area strongly influenced by the central
region. Water areas suitable for fishing, general boating, and
small craft are one of the severe shortages. The central region
needs 8,000 more acres of water to satisfy current demands, and
by 1985 almost 34,000 acres (not now existing) will be required.
Current shortage of shore line for sport fishing activities is
740 acres, by 1985 the shortage will be 1,094 acres unless new
resources are developed. The shoreline acreages for sport fishing
are based on a 20-foot depth requirement.
24
-------
Space needed for picnicing, camping, hiking, and other land based
activities is over 7,000 acres today, and will reach 12,000 acres
by 1985. Presence of water greatly enhances this land for the
activities described.
25
-------
PART IV - PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING FEATURES
Abatement Project Description
Mine drainage problems in the Lake Hope area are typical of those en-
countered as a result of mining for coal. Iron pyrite found in the
overburden and material adjacent to the coal seam, when exposed to
water and air, is oxidized to form sulfuric acid and acidic iron salts.
Once formed in the old mine workings, the acid may be retained for a
period but ultimately drains into Lake Hope with a detrimental impact
on this prime recreational facility.
A multi-phase mine drainage demonstration project is proposed. Efforts
already undertaken have established a water quality base line (Appendix
A) which can be utilized to measure demonstration project effectiveness.
Physical improvements to demonstrate means for reducing mine drainage
pollution involve the following:
1. Removal or burying of random areas of coal refuse remaining from
active mining operations.
2. A mine sealing program to inundate the old mine workings and in4
hibit acid formation and discharge into Sandy Run.
Coal Refuse Disposal
At the termination of active mining in the Lake Hope watershed, an esti-
mated 100,000 cubic yards of coal refuse was randomly scattered near
mine openings and adjacent to the area streams. These refuse piles
detracted from the aesthetics of the area and were a source of acid
contribution as a result of leaching of surface water.
Two alternatives were considered for improving the appearance of the
area and eliminating acid production from the coal refuse.
1. Physically remove the refuse and bury outside the project
watershed. This alternative would completely eliminate the
objectionable material from the demonstration area; therefore,
there would be no potential for future contamination of Sandy
Run or Lake Hope as a result of surface water leaching.
Consolidate tne coal refuse into several locations and provide
a soil cover prior to seeding the area. This alternative is
2.
» * -
pri
the more economical of the two for the large accumulations of
refuse.
Upon considering the advantages and disadvantages of these two alterna-
tives, a course of action utilizing both approaches was initiated. The
Division of Forestry and Reclamation of the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources undertook this project. Approximately 17»000 cubic yards of
27
-------
refuse were loaded onto dump trucks and hauled about 3 miles to disposal
sites outside the Lake Hope watershed. The refuse was buried in a loca-
tion and a manner which would not create any adverse effects on the en-
vironment.
The majority of the coal refuse in Honeycomb Hollow and at several other
locations was buried in place. A total of 13-7 acres of refuse pile sites
haVe been prepared and planted in accordance with the following program.
1. Areas with pH below 4.5 =
a. Scarify top 5 to 6 inches.
b. Spread lime screenings at 5 tons per acre.
c. Spread 6 to 8 inches of soil top dressing.
2. Areas with pH above 4.5'
a. Scarify if required.
b. Spread lime screenings at 3 to 5 tons per acres.
c. Disc 1ime into soi1.
3. Apply the following mixture as a slurry with a hydroseeder:
a. Agricultural limestone at 2 tons per acre.
b. Fertilizer (12-12-12), at 600 pounds per acre.
c. Seed mixture at 36 pounds per acre containing 14 pounds
Kentucky 31 Fescue, 12 pounds Sericia lespedeza and 10
pounds orchard grass.
d. Mulch at 1,500 pounds per acre.
e. Water as necessary to maintain proper suspension.
4. During the spring following germination of the seeded mixture,
plant one year seedlings of European black alder, sweet gum,
and sycamore at the rate of 700 trees per acre.
The revegetation program appears to be a success and the general aes-
thetics of the area are much improved. Some increase in acid produc-
tion was expected and observed in the initial flush following the re-
fuse removal and replanting activities. The water quality record to
date is not sufficient to judge the magnitude of the long-term decrease
in acid production from the replanted areas.
As the refuse piles in Honeycomb Hollow were being buried, Division of
Forestry and Reclamation personnel noted that drainage from this small
28
-------
watershed was entering a subsidence near Mine Opening 62 and exiting
through Mine Opening 60. .This subsidence was plugged with locally
available material and surface drainage was diverted away from the
opening. At present there is no drainage from Mine Openings 60 or
61 and these mines are flooded to an elevation above the coal seam.
This treatment has effectively eliminated a source of acid production.
The quantity of acid produced in this mine complex averaged 139 pounds
per day (51,000 pounds per year) over the period %f record prior to the
remedial work. Elimination of this quantity of acid will undoubtedly
improve water quality conditions in Sandy Run. A decrease of approxi-
mately k mg/1 of total acidity is expected with a corresponding pH in-
crease of 0.1 unit. However, sufficient analytical data has not been
accumulated following completion of the work to statistically verify
the long-term impact on water quality.
Mine Sealing Program Alternatives
To assure fiscal control of the mine sealing project within available
funds and to permit continuing refinement of demonstration techniques
applicable to this site, a staged construction program is recommended.
The two major sources of mine drainage have previously been identified
as the Mine k~l Complex and the Mine 88 Complex. The initial concept of
a demonstration program involved sealing the major points of acidic
drainage and selected other openings as necessary for complete contain-
ment. Subsequent investigations as reported herein have better defined
the extent of interconnections of the mine workings and have dictated
the need for sealing all openings in a particular complex. The extent
of mine sealing necessary to curtail drainage from the Mine kj Complex
is shown as Phases I and II on Figure 2. Similarly, the Mine 88 Com-
plex is shown as Phase III. Detailed analyses have been performed to
determine which mine complex should be sealed as the initial phase of
the program. Results of these analyses as related to cost and mine
drainage abatement effectiveness are presented at appropriate points
in this text.
Following is an outline of the significant advantages which relate to
proceeding initially with sealing of the Mine 4? Complex.
1. Openings in the Mine kj Complex are more readily accessible
than are the openings in the Mine 88 Complex. Construction
will be somewhat easier and the impact on the natural park
environment will be less since construction of roadways
through forested areas will be minimized.
2. Mine Opening kl is the most visible source of mine drainage
pollution to the casual visitor in the area. Many of the
openings in the Mine 47'Complex are relatively close to exist-
ing roadways. The completed mine seals will, therefore, be
conveniently located for public inspection and eliminate the
most noticeable mine drainage source, thus enhancing the demon-
stration-aspects of the project.
29
-------
3- The cost per unit of acid drainage eliminated is less for the
Mine k"J Complex than for the alternative.
4- The largest flow of acid to Sandy Run and Lake Hope is from
Mine Opening kl. Therefore, the greatest improvement in water
quality can be realized upon completion of the sealing of the
Mine kl Complex.
5- It is possible and practical to break the sealing of the Mine
47 Complex into two steps as shown as Phase I and Phase II in
Figure 2. Proceeding in this manner will permit flooding a
good deal of the old mine workings and facilitate evaluation
of the effect of hydrostatic head on the geological formations
at a minimal dollar investment.
The factors which would favor proceeding initially with the Mine 88
Complex can be summarized as follows:
1. The total cost for sealing the entire complex is less than for
the Mine 4 7 Complex. It is, therefore, possible to eliminate
a substantial source of mine drainage for a lower capital ex-
pend! ture.
2. The maximum hydrostatic head which must be imposed on the
seals when the old mine workings are completely flooded is
approximately 17 feet. The hydrostatic head for the alter-
native mine complex is approximately 30 feet. This differ-
ence in hydrostatic pressure will influence costs for seals
and the remedial grouting required to eliminate seepage
through the geological formations.
On the basis of the foregoing comparison of advantages to each alterna-
tive and the more detailed quantitative comparisons presented in subse-
quent sections of this report, it is recommended that the initial mine
sealing be conducted in the Mine k~J Complex in a two-phase operation as
illustrated in Figure 2 and subsequently described.
Core Boring Program
To better define geological factors influencing the design of mine seals,
three core borings were taken in the vicinity of Mine Opening kl as
shown in Figure 8. The characteristics of the core sections removed
are illustrated. As shown, the borings detailed overburden material
of soft sandstone. The coal averaged nearly k feet in thickness and
was underlain by hard fire clay. The data from the borings are felt
to be generally applicable to the other mines in the demonstration
project area.
30
-------
rxj
0
L
20
10
i
SCALE IN FEET
REMA
COAL
BORING
BORING
2
BORING
3
0.0-9.1
SOFT
BROWN
SANDSTONE
GREY | .-.••-.-:|9.1-17.0
SANDSTONE.
SOFT COAL_BBH|i7-0-21-0
HARD CLAY_CZZ!Zl2l .0-24.0
0.0-5.0
5.0-18.3
8.3-22.3
-^-£2.3-21.3
CORE SECTIONS
0.0-28.0
28.0-39.8
39.8-13.5
f f3.5-16.0
16.0-16.5
FIGURE 8 - CORE BORINGS AT MINE OPENING 47
31
-------
After coring, the holes were pressure tested with water. The results of
these pressure tests are as follows:
Depth (Ft.) Press. Gage,* Time, Water Injected,
Boring No. From To psi Min. Gal.
1 17-0 24.0 17-0 10 0.1
1 12.0 24.0 12.0 7 0.2
2 18.0 24.3 18.0 10 6.5
2 13.0 24.3 13-0 10 3-0
3 39.5 44.5 35.0 10 9-0
3 34.5 39-5 30.0 10 0
*P res sure gage read at top of hole.
The general observation which can be made as a result of these borings is
that the coal seam and overburden are relatively tight. A limited loss of
water would be expected through the geological formations. It can be fur-
ther concluded on the basis of the pressure tests that a grouting procedure
would be effective in reducing or eliminating localized seepage where such
conditions develop. This conclusion was also verified by the drilling con-
tractor who has had a great deal of experience with grouting of semiper-
meable stratas.
Inspection of the old mine roofs and the boring cores did reveal one pos-
sible defect in the geological system, however. Rather large fractures
were observed which appeared to run vertically through the entire depth of
the sandstone overburden. While drilling one hole (Boring 3 in Figure 8)
the water used in the drilling operation was lost and observed to be
entering Mine 47 through a fracture in the roof nearly 18 feet below.
These defects in the sandstone wi11 undoubtedly cause some problems in
the mine sealing operation. It would appear that they can be success-
fully grouted, however, and therefore are not felt to be an insurmount-
able obstacle to the mine sealing program.
Phase 1 - Mine Sealing Program
The first phase of the recommended mine sealing program consists of con-
struction of watertight seals on Mine Openings 40 through 52 inclusive,
pressure grouting of the porous and fractured stratas above and directly
adjacent to the mine seals, and remedial pressure grouting along the coal
outcrop into which these openings have been driven as seepage areas
appear. This first phase, of activity will be accomplished in three
steps:
1. Site preparation.
32
-------
2. Construction of seals in mine openings.
3. Pressure grouting of porous rock formations above and directly
adjacent to the mine openings and remedial pressure grouting
as seepage areas appear.
Site Preparation - First efforts will be directed toward preliminary
cleaning Mine Openings 40-52 inclusive, as shown in Figure 9. Addi-
tional exposure of the coal seam as necessary to locate seepage areas
would be done by the general contractors during the construction phases.
Material removed from the coal face will either be dispersed throughout
the area or stockpiled for utilization in dressing up the site follow-
ing completion of all construction activity.
Mine Seal ing - Mine Openings 40-52 and any currently unidentified interme-
diate openings which may be located during site preparation will be sealed
as the second step of the program. This stage also includes thorough
cleaning of the mine portals and any other preliminary work required
preparatory to the actual sealing operation.
A number of factors which influence the design and construction of the
mine seals are apparent on the basis of close visual inspection of the
mine openings and the surrounding terrain. These include:
1. The coal seam is generally above grade throughout the area,
although not far enough above the valley floor to present
severe access problems. Little additional site work will be
required of the contractor in order to locate his equipment
near the mine openings.
2. Mine portals into the old workings are generally quite short.
Mine operators branched out into rooms very near the entrance
so that there may be less than ten feet of coal remaining be-
hind the outcrop in some locations. This was verified in
detail, near Mine k~] as th,e survey was completed to establish
locations for core borings.
3. Only the pillars remain in the mines; there is little, if any,
mineable coal left.
k. Roof structure is sound with few "falls" near the mine en-
trances. Vertical fractures In the sandstone overburden are
present in many of the area mines. At Mine 4?, these are mostly
perpendicular to the tunnels and occur at approximately 20-foot
intervals. The fractures normally average 1 1/2 inches in
width. Tree roots were observed in one fracture near the en-
trance to Mine 47-
33
-------
100 200 300
II )
SCALE IN FEET
-------
5. Much of the gob was left in the mine and is piled randomly at
the sides Of the tunnels and back into the workings.
6. The vertical height of the coal seam and most of the openings
is relatively consistent at about 3 feet 6 inches to k feet.
The preferred type of seal for installation in the Lake Hope area consists
of front and rear bulkheads of self-supporting concrete with a light
expansive-type cement placed between the bulkheads. This approach has
been used successfully. A high flow mine located three miles west of
Lost Creek in Harrison County, West Virginia, was closed with an expan-
sive cement type seal. The procedure, material used, and results are
outlined in "New Mine Sealing Techniques for Water Pollution Abatement"
published by the Environmental Protection Agency (14010 DM0 03/70).
The expansive cement type seals can be placed from the front of the mines
after the portals are cleaned. Plan and section of the recommended
seal are shown in Figure 10. The rear bulkhead is placed first. A front
'bulkhead is then constructed with grouting pipes through the structure
as necessary to install the center plug. Following completion of the
front bulkhead, the expansive cement is placed between the two bulkhead$
to complete the mine seal.
As shown in the figure, a drain pipe is placed through the entire seal
with a valve on the outside end. This will permit regulation of the
rate of water accummulation behind the seal, thus assuring that the water
level will not rise too rapidly before the concrete is strong enough to
withstand the applied head. It will also be possible to lower the leva)
of the impounded water to effect remedial measures if excessive seepage
is noted along the face of the outcrop.
Alternative Mine Sealing Technique - To date, only a limited number of
Contractors have the technology, experience and equipment necessary to
'install an expansive cement type mine seal. Therefore, in order to
obtain more competitive bids for the Lake Hope Demonstration Project,
inclusion of an alternate mine sealing technique is considered desirable.
For this alternative, plain concrete plug seals, as shown in Figure 11,
are recommended. This seal is a variation of the approach selected for
the Moraine State Park pollution abatement program. In Moraine State
Park, mine sealing resulted in a 75 percent reduction in acid flow from
drift mines similar to those at the Lake Hope site.
The alternative type of mine seal consists of a simple concrete plug in
the mine opening. It is anticipated that this plug can be installed by
working entirely from the front face of the outcrop. A rear form or
35
-------
FRONT
BULKHEAD
FACE OF
COAL y
SEAM-/
EXPANSIVE CEMENT.
PLUG
10'
GROUT CURTAIN HOLES -
PRESSURE CURTAIN GROUTING TO
EXTEND A MINIMUM OF 20' ON BOTH
SIDES OF MINE ENTRY
PLAN
HIGHWALL
DRAIN
EXPANSIVE
CEMENT
PLUG
Jftl N)'
REAR
BULKHEAD
10'
(MIN.)
SECTION
FIGURE 10 - PREFERRED MINE SEAL
-------
CONCRETE PLUG
FACE
OF
COAL
SEAM
GROUT CURTAIN HOLES - PRESSURE CURTAIN
TO EXTEND A MINIMUM OF 20* ON BOTH SIDES
OF MINE ENTRY
FIGURE 11 - ALTERNATE MINE SEAL
37
-------
bulkhead is required behind the plug in order to hold the mass concrete
in place. This could consist, of a wooden form, a grouted aggregate
bulkhead, or similar arrangement at the contractor's convenience. It is
recommended that the front form be constructed of wood which will be
removed after the concrete is set. This enhances construction and mini-
mizes the distance required from the face of the outcrop to the face of
the seal. The contractor will be required to cut filling chutes in the
rock above the front form to assure that the void between the forms is
completely filled and to provide a means for vibrating the concrete.
After the concrete plug is completed, grout will be injected from above
to compensate for shrinkage effects. A minimum plug length of 12 feet
is recommended to allow for complete pressure grout sealing.
In Moraine State Park, this type of seal was constructed utilizing both
front and rear bulkheads of grouted aggregate with the center plug of
plain concrete. At that location, however, it was necessary that the
entire seal be placed from above, rather than from the front as is
possible at Lake Hope. The seals at Moraine State Park have success-
fully impounded heads up to 30 feet of water, which is comparable to
what will be required at Lake Hope.
Pressure Grouting - The final step in the first phase operation will
consist of sealing the face of the coal outcrop and the porous overbur-
den material. A grout curtain will be installed above and approxi-
mately 20 feet on either side of each mine seal. The relationship of
the grout curtain to the mine seals is shown in an isometric view of
a typical opening in Figure 12.
As shown in the figure, the grout curtain will extend across the mine
seal and to the full height of the overburden material. The grout cur-
tain at the mine opening is necessary to seal the void caused by shrink-
age between the sandstone overburden and the concrete mine seal. The
material on either side of the mine seal will probably be fractured and
some grouting should be done in this area. A grout curtain over and ad-
jacent to the mine seal will be necessary regardless of whether the
expansive cement type of seal or the alternate concrete plug seal is
selected.
Pressure grouting will also be done as a remedial measure between open-
ings as seepage areas become apparent. For cost estimating purposes,
it has been assumed that pressure grouting will be required along the
entire construction area beginning at a point approximately 50 feet
southwest of Mine 40 and extending some 50 feet north of Mine 52.
The vertical cracks in the sandstone formation will be washed and
filled with grout. The grouting will continue throughout the sealing
program until the mines are filled with water to the desired final
elevation.
Phase2 - Mine Sealing Program
Phase 2 activities will follow by three to four months and expand upon
the procedures and results obtained in the Phase 1 operation. Assuming
38
-------
GROUT CURTAIN
ALIGNMENT
MINE
ENTRY
FIGURE 12 - ISOMETRIC DRAWING OF MINE SEAL
39
-------
the Phase 1 sealing is successful in impounding water in the old mine
workings, it will then be necessary to seal all other mines which have
an interconnection with those previously sealed. In general terms, Phase
2 operation (Mine Openings 14-39 and 53~55) will proceed through the same
three steps as Phase 1.
Due to the slope on the coal seam, openings in the vicinity of Mine 39
are approximately 14.6 feet higher than the openings sealed in the first
phase program. The slope of the seam continues upward to the northwest
along Big Four Hollow so that openings around Mine 26 are some 26.6
feet higher than Mine 47 and openings in the vicinity of Mine 14 are
approximately 32.8 feet higher than tyine 47-
Openings will be sealed utilizing one or both of the alternative approaches
previously presented, except Mine Openings 14 through 26. Due to the
relatively low hydrostatic head which will be applied at these openings,
it may be possible to achieve greater economy by utilizing a permeable
type of mine seal as shown in Figure 13- The procedure, materials used,
and results are outlined in "New Mine Sealing Techniques for Water Pollu-
tion Abatement," published by the Environmental Protection Agency (14010
DM0 03/70). Full evaluation of the application of this type of seal to
the Lake Hope Project is deferred until results of the Phase 1 activity.
Field survey has located several mine openings (20 and 21) in the area
that are already sealed with concrete block. These seals will be util-
ized to the extent possible in the design of the complete Phase II seal-
ing program.
At Mine Openings 53> 54, and 55, the coal is some 15 feet below the
surface and Access is gainecj through steeply inclined shafts. These
openings are presently flooded to a level above the top of the coal
seam. It is anticipated that as Mines 40-52 are sealed, the water
level will rise in these mines and they will also have to be sealed.
Slightly different procedures will have to be utilized in placing
mine seals under water in these three openings. The same general
type of seal can be utilized with modification of the placement pro-
cedure to account for the unique entrance conditions.
A grout curtain will extend to the maximum hydrostatic elevation over
and adjacent to mine seals except at Mine Openings 14-26. The elevation
of the coal seam at these mine openings precludes the need for ex-
cessive hydrostatic head on the mine seals. Remedial pressure grout-
ing will be undertaken as accessary to eliminate points of seepage.
Economies in the total program cost will be realized if/the geological
strata are tight enough to eliminate remedial pressure grouting in some
aireas . For cost estimating purposes, it has been assumed -that grouting
will not be necessary in the area between Mine Openings 14 through 26.
Vents
The mine complex will have a drain installed at an elevation above the
highest point in the coal seam in the series of Mines 14 through 55.
40
-------
FACE OF
COAL SEAM
GRADED
LIMESTONE
AGGREGATE
FIGURE 13 - PERMEABLE MINE SEAL
-------
This venting of the mines will insure that the seals will not be sub-
jected to an excessive head of water. The top of the vent will be
about 33 feet above the top of the coal seam at Mine 47 (Elevation 833)•
Water standing to this elevation will submerge all the reactive compo-
nents through all of the old workings in this mine complex. Vents will
consist of several 6-inch diameter vertical holes drilled into the work-
ings from the slope above the mine openings in the 40-52 series. An
overflow will be provided at Elevation 833- Clay pipe will carry over-
flow from the mines to the bottom of the hill.
AFTER
PHASE I
SEALING-x
HYDROSTATIC WATER LEVEL
AFTER PHASE I I SEALING
ELEVATIONS
EL. 829.0 // — -^J^^^^^v^ _^ \ 833.0
-EXISTING
HYDRAULIC
G*ADIENT MINE
OPENING 47-
FIGURE 14 - CROSS-SECTION
AND WATER ELEVATIONS
One 3-inch diameter sampling hole will be drilled from the top of the
hill into the mine complex at a location designated by the Division of
Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. This
3-inch diameter hole will be equipped for sampling air and water within
the mine.
The anticipated water surface elevation in the mines following the com-
pletion of Phase I and Phase II is shown on Figure 14.
Phase 3 - Mine Sealing
Sealing Mine Openings 76 through 103 has been considered both as an al-
ternative to sealing Mine Openings 14 through 55 and as a portion of
42
-------
a total program for the entire area. This series of mines is located
southeast of Big Four Hollow Road. At present, drainage emits from
Mine Openings 88 and 91.
Core borings taken at Mine Opening ^5 are believed to be typical of
this area also. Factors influencing the design and construction of mine
seals in this area based on visual inspection of the mine openings and
the surrounding terrain are the same as previously outlined relative to
Phases I and II except that the coal outcrop and mine openings are gen-
erally located nearly 20 feet above the valley floor. This presents a
severe access problem which has added to the estimated cost of this
phase.
A sealing program in the Mine Opening 88 Complex could be accomplished
in two parts. First efforts would seal Mine Openings 76 through 92
excluding 81, 82, and 83. Field inspection has shown that Mine Openings
81, 82, and 83 are not physically connected to the Mine 88 Complex al-
though a small amount of seepage was noted on the backwall at Mine
Opening 81.
The solid plug-type Mine Seal previously described is recommended for
this complex. Pressure grouting will be provided over and directly
adjacent to the mine seals. Remedial pressure grouting will seal
seepage areas that develop as water levels build up in the abandoned
mines.
The second part of Phase III mine sealing would begin after the period
required to evaluate the initial activity and would involve sealing
Mine Openings 93 through 107- Maximum hydrostatic head developed in
this series would be at an elevation approximately 17-0 feet above
Mine Opening 88.
Based upon results from the initial sealing, permeable mine seals could
be considered as an alternative for Mine Openings 98 through 107 where
the hydrostatic head is not excessive. Pressure grouting over and ad-
jacent to Mine Openings 98 through 107 has not been included in the
comparative cost estimates developed for Phase III.
Cost Estimates
A cost estimate has been prepared for each of the elements in the total
mine drainage abatement program. These costs are summarized in Table 5-
Figures presented are based upon funds expended to date where applicable
and on anticipated 1972 cost levels for the remaining elements. The
cost of mine seals has been varied to reflect field conditions and the
type and size of bulkhead which will be provided.
-------
TABLE 5
PROGRAM COST ESTIMATE
Land Acquisition Costs
Name
Harkless
Yates
Sheffield
Fuller
Egg lest on
Powers
Tay 1 o r
Bray
McDaniel
McDaniel
Mead
Ogan Hei rs
Fuller
White
McDaniel
Ogan Heirs
Total
Interest
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Surface
Mineral
Fee
Fee
Fee
Fee
Acres
39.60
160.00
941.75
45.00
70.00
80.00
147.00
390-00
100.04
182.00
1 ,030.00
(i)
1,030.00U'
20.00
48.00
55.00
114.00(4)
Cost
$ 5,000
15,100
67,800
50,000
7,100
5,100
15,200
35,000
21 ,500
18,200
69,195
52,000
30,000
30,320
25,000
37,000
(2)
(3)
(3)
$431,515
(5)
(l) In watershed - total parcel is 2,637«00 acres.
(2) Not included in request for matching funds.
(3) Estimated cost - transaction not finalized.
(4) In watershed - total parcel is 247-00 acres.
(5) Funds expended.
44
-------
Refuse Removal
Equipment Operators $ 13,920
Supervision 6,080
Lowboy and Tractor ],273
Bulldozer 4,400
Grader 2,550
Belt Loader 665
Dragline 1,800
Dump Truck 9,120
Hydroseeder 192 /,,
Total $ 40,000U'
Consultant Services
(Not including design fees or resident supervision)
Base Line Water Quality Study $ 19,000^ '
Feasibility Study 16,500
Post Construction Studies and Report 30,000
Total $ 65,500
Flow Monitoring Installation and /,\
Equipment Total $ 58,6l6u;
Phase I Mine Sealing
Preliminary Location of Outcrop $ 4,500
Mine Openings 40, 41, 42, 46, 48
49, 50, 51, & 52
Site Preparation 13,500
Mine Seals - 9 @ 6,000 each 54,000
Mine Openings 43, 44, & 45
Site Preparation 6,000
Mine Seals -38 8,000 each 24,000
Mine Opening 47
Site Preparation 2,500
Mine Seal 15,000
Mine Seal and Remedial Grouting
Site Preparation 2,500
Drilling 19,800
Grouting ft)*OOP
Subtotal $181,800
(1) Funds expended.
45
-------
Program Surveillance 5,000
Administration, Engineering and
Contingency 40,200
TOTAL $227,000
Phase 2 Mine Seal ing
Preliminary Excavation of Outcrop 7,000
Mine Openings 53, 51*, & 55
Site Preparation 7,500
Mine Seals - 3 @ 9,000 27,000
Mine Openings 14 through 39
Site Preparation 36,400
Mine Seals - 7 @ 4,900 34,300
Mine Seals - 21 § 6,000 126,000
Mine Seal and Remedial Grouting
Site Preparation 6,100
Drilling 46,300
Grouting 99,600
Subtotal $390,200
Program Surveillance 15,000
Administration, Engineering and
Contingency 82,300
TOTAL $487,500
Total Estimated Project Cost $1,310,131
Cost Comparison
To arrive at the most cost effective mine drainage demonstration pro-
gram, a comparison was made of the several alternatives available for
sealing mines in the study area. The comparison evaluated sealing Mine
47 Complex as contrasted to Mine 88 Complex. In both cases a reduction
of acid discharge as a result of the mine sealing program was estimated
to be 60 percent. In the case of the Mine 47 Complex, an acid reduction
of 321,000 pounds per year or 46 percent of the total acid entering Lake
Hope would be contained. Based on the estimated $714,500 cost of seal-
ing this complex as previously presented, unit costs for the program
amount to $2.23 per pound of acid reduction.
The estimated cost of the Phase III sealing program as an alternative
to Phases I and II previously presented is developed in Table 6.
A cost-effectiveness evaluation for the Mine 88 Complex indicates a
reduced acid load of 225,000 pounds per year (32 percent of the total
46
-------
entering Lake Hope) at a cost of $601,900. The unit cost of acid
reduction for this series of mine openings is $2.57 per pound.
Based on the foregoing analysis, sealing of the Mine 47 Complex was
deemed to be the most cost effective. This conclusion forms the basis
for establishing the recommended program as outlined herein Water
quality improvements which further justify proceeding in the recommended
manner are discussed in "Part V - Project Effectiveness."
TABLE 6
PHASE I I I COST ESTIMATE
fnitia? Mine Sealing - Mine Openings 76-80 and 84-92.
Site Preparation $ 43 000
Mine Seals - 15 @ 6,000 90^000
Mine Seal and Remedial Grouting
Site Preparation 10,500
Drilling 40,500
Grouting 81,000
$270,000
Second Stage Mine Sealing - Mine Openings 93~107
Site Preparation $ 42,000
Mine Seals - 14 @ 6,000 84,000
Mine Seal and Remedial Grouting
Site Preparation 6,500
Drilling 26,000
Grouting 53.000
$211,500
Administration, Engineering and
Contingency 120,400
TOTAL ESTIMATED PHASE III COST $601,900
Program Surveillance
The U. S. Geological Survey stream gaging and sampling program conducted
in cooperation with the State of Ohio has previously been outlined.
Thjs program will be continued to provide the basic data for evaluation
of program effectiveness.
As outlined, the stream at points 310, 320, and 420 will be monitored
continuously for flow, pH, temperature and conductance. Dissolved
47
-------
oxygen will also be continuously determined at gaging station 310- 'n
addition, samples will be collected at each of the three stations twice
a month for analysis for the list of parameters presently being evalu-
ated as specified in "Part III - Inventory and Forecast."
Upon completion of Phase I and Phase II mine sealing, there should be
no free flowing discharge from the sealed mine complex except for the
vents or high level drains which will be provided to relieve hydrostatic
pressure at an elevation above all of the old mine workings. Provision
will be made for monitoring this discharge from the mined area either
on a continuous or periodic basis depending upon the flow conditions
which develop.
The combination of the continuous monitoring of stream flow and collec-
tion of data related to the vented discharge from the mined area will
adequately establish the effectiveness of the mine drainage abatement
project.
The final aspect of program surveillance will involve an evaluation of
all data collected and preparation of a summary report on the abatement
project. Additional intensive sampling of sources and amount of con-
tinuing mine drainage discharges will be undertaken at that time. This
phase of activity will be deferred until adequate records are available
to establish trends in mine drainage production from the project site.
A minimum of two and possibly as many as four or five years from the
completion of construction is recommended to provide time for the system
to stabilize and for adequate records to be accumulated.
Emergency Procedures
All possible precautions will be taken during the period of construction
to assure that no slugs of acid contaminated water are discharged into
the streams at the project site. If it becomes necessary to reduce the
volume of water impounded in the old mines at any point during or after
the construction activity, discharge rate w? 11 either be., control led so
that there are no detrimental effects or lime will be added to maintain
the desi red pH.
As previously noted, all discharges from the area will be routinely
monitored. Developing hazarous conditions will be noted and appropriate
emergency measures undertaken if necessary to cope with a particular
s i tuat ion.
-------
PART V - PROJECT EFFECTIVENESS
Water Quality Improvements
The effectiveness of a mine sealing project is related to a number of
natural^variables, most notably hydrologic and geologic factors. The
complexities inherent in such a natural system compounded by man's dis-
ruption of natural phenomena through mining and construction of mine
seals make rigorous evaluation of the expected mine drainage pollution
reduction extremely difficult. A number of mine sealing programs has
been undertaken in recent years. However, at the present time published
data on the reduction in acid load to area streams attributable to mine
sealing is quite limited.
The Moraine State Park project as reported at the Third Symposium on
Coal Mine Drainage Research at Pittsburgh in May, 1970, has yielded pre-
liminary results indicating 70 to 80 percent reduction in mine drainage
discharge as a result of a mine sealing program. Limited data on other
projects indicates this to be a reasonable order-of-magnitude expecta-
tion for mine sealing effectiveness.
For the purpose of this report, an overall reduction in acid load to
the stream from a mine sealing project has been taken as 60 percent of
the present average discharge. This is probably a conservatively low
percentage and there is a good possibility that better results will be
rea1i zed.
On the basis of 60 percent reduction of the acid load from sealing Mine
kj and the interconnected complex, a total of 321,000 pounds less of
acid will reach Sandy Run than at the present time. The anticipated net
result of this reduced acid discharge will be reflected in an approxi-
mate 26 mg/1 reduction in the average acid concentration in Sandy Run
at the USGS gaging station and 14 mg/1 in Lake Hope. The average pre-
sent acid concentration in Lake Hope as reported in the Base Line Water
Quality Report is 31 mg/1 with the concentration frequently ranging be-
tween 20 and 30 mg/1. Therefore, when the effects of the mine sealing
program are fully realized, the average net acidity in Lake Hope will
nearly be cut in half from present levels.
The pH increase corresponding to the indicated reduction in total acidity
is impossible to predict, since there is no practical mathematical corre-
lation between acidity and pH. Some improvement in pH is certain, how-
ever, and a reasonable estimate of the prevalent pH range in Lake Hope
after completion of recommended mine sealing improvements is 6.0 to 7-0.
An average pH increase in Sandy Run of 1.0 units is also expected.
Comparatively, if the Mine 88 Complex is sealed, a net reduction of 18
mg/1 of acidity in Sandy Run and 10 mg/1 in Lake Hope might be expected.
This would yield a pH improvement in the order of 0.5 units less than
could be achieved by sealing the Mine 4? Complex. In view of relatively
minor cost differential between the two alternatives and the substantially
-------
better water quality results which can be achieved, the recommendation for
proceeding initially with Phases I and 1! appears fully justified.
The total estimated cost for the recommended Phase I and Phase II Lake
Hope mine drainage demonstration program has previously been presented
as $1,310,131. Amortizing this cost at 5 percent interest over a 50-
year period yields an annual capital recovery cost of $71,769- For the
estimated acid load reduction of 321,000 pounds per year, an annual unit
cost for the mine drainage abatement program is calculated at $447 per
ton of acid discharge reduction.
The proposed mine drainage abatement project would eliminate approximately
one percent of the total acid mine drainage presently generated within
the Raccoon Creek Basin as reported in the November, 1967> "Recommenda- -
tions for Water Pollution Control, Raccoon Creek Basin, Ohio" prepared
by the Ohio Basin Region of the Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration.
Other Demonstration Values
The proposed mine drainage abatement demonstration project is located
within a widely used state park. As a result, there is a considerable
exposure of the public to efforts by state and federal agencies to abate
mine drainage pollution and improve the environment.
With the existing state park facilities as a focal point, interpretive
facilities could be developed to illustrate mining techniques, sources
of acid mine drainage, pollution abatement techniques, and to put the
entire field of coal extraction and mine drainage abatement in proper
perspect ive.
Benefits
The greatest single benefit attributable to the proposed mine drainage
demonstration project will relate to the improved recreational value
of Lake Hope and indirectly, of all other facilities in Lake Hope State
Park. The Lake Hope site is extremely beneficial to the general public,
as 658,938 visitors visited the park in 1970.
*At similar parks throughout the state of Ohio, approximately 10 percent
of the visiting public utilizes the water resource for fishing. By im-
proving the aquatic environment of Lake Hope, fish reproduction will
return to normal and fisherman visitations to Lake Hope might increase
by as much as 55>000 persons annually. As a result, utilization of the
entire Lake
-------
Removal of the random coal refuse remaining from active mining opera-
tions greatly enhances the aesthetics of the area. The coal refuse
generally did not support a vegetative cover and, therefore, was a
visual detraction from the general natural setting of the area. With
removal or burying of the coal refuse and surface restoration of the
affected sites, the entire region will soon be restored to a more
natural and pleasing condition.
General area visual conditions will also be improved as a result of the
mine sealing efforts. Mine drainage normally carries a high iron con-
centration which precipitates out to create a rust colored coating on
stream banks and objects in contact with the water. Partial relief of
this condition will be realized in Sandy Run as a result of'the pro-
posed program.
-------
PART VI - IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
Project Responsibility
Responsibility for initiation and follow-through on all aspects of the
mine drainage abatement demonstration project is the responsibility of
the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. All divisions of the depart-
ment have assisted in the accumulation and evaluation of the preliminary
development of the proposed project. Other state and federal agencies
have also been involved in the planning and design of a workable program.
Jurisdictional authority is clearly available to the Department of
Natural Resources to carry out the mine drainage abatement program. Land
is in state ownership and therefore succeeding phases of the project
can and will proceed immediately.
The mine seals are anticipated to require very little routine maintenance.
Ohio Department of Natural Resources personnel now assigned to Lake Hope
can regularly monitor the physical condition of the seals as they go
about their regular duties at the site. Responsibilities and procedures
for water quality surveillance has previously been outlined.
Program Schedule
Figure 15 outlines a schedule under which the various elements of the
mine drainage abatement demonstration project may be undertaken. As
shown, the period between December, 1971» and June, 1972, is allotted
to finalizing the feasibility report and preparing construction plans
and specifications. The project will be advertised for bidding during
July, 1972.
Phase I mine sealing is scheduled for August, 1972, through January,
1973. This will be followed by a minimum of four months of evaluation
of the initial sealing, during which decisions will be made regarding
the remedial grouting in Phase I and development of the details of
Phase II mine seal. This second phase of sealing will be undertaken
during the June, 1973, through February, 197^, period.
The final project report is scheduled for production in February through
June, 1976. This will allow two full years for data collection following
completion of Phase I! mine sealing. However, as has been previously
mentioned, it may be desirable to increase or decrease the time for
data accumulation prior to producing the final project document.
Water quality monitoring is seen to be a continuing effort throughout
the span of project activity. Monitoring of water quality character-
istics will continue up to five years beyond the period supported by
demonstration grant funds.
53
-------
I
— CM
O)O)
CM
f-.
CT>
CM CO
I
CO
Is- co
o> r^
— o>
O5O5
oz
00 >-
UJ «t
-»• •*
FINALIZE
FEASIBILITY
REPORT
FINALIZE
CONSTRUCT 10
DOCUMENTS
BID
PHASE I
MINE SEALING
EVALUATE
PHASE I
MINE
SEALING
PHASE I I
MINE
SEALING
FINAL
PROJECT
REPORT
COMPLETE
REFUSE
REMOVAL
WATER QUALITY MONITORING
CONTINUING
SURVEILLANCE
FIGURE 15 - PROGRAM SCHEDULE
-------
APPENDIX A
Lake Hope Base Line Water Quality
55
-------
PART I - INTRODUCTION
Scope
••••• ili in. I.
Presented herein are the results of studies made to characterize the
origin, quantity, and methods of control for acid mine drainage to Lake Hope
from tributary streams. It is the principal objective of this study to
quantify the acid production to serve as a basis for corrective action. The
major factor involved is the planning and implementation of a sampling and
testing program to produce the required data.
Specific items included in the scope of studies are as follows:
1. Participate in the selection of sites for two temporary flow
monitoring and sampling stations.
2. Prepare design drawings of the flow measuring structures and
associated housing for instrumentation and sampling of the
two new stations, as well as supplemental facilities at an
existing USGS gaging station on the main stem of Sandy Run.
3. Conduct a preliminary sampling and testing program prior to
monitoring station construction for a period of three months.
The purpose of this program is to provide analytical data not
only on the Sandy Run and tributary streams, but also individual
sources of acid mine drainage. Subsequent to installation of
monitoring stations, a second three-month program is to be
implemented.
k. On the basis of field investigation and data compiled, the
quantity and composition of acid mine drainage is to be
determined. This also is correlated with precipitation events.
5. Identify and quantify acid production from various strip mine
areas and refuse piles.
6. Determine the contribution of acid mine drainage into Lake Hope
resulting from unmined areas.
7. Evaluate Lake Hope bottom muds to determine the effect of acid
mine drainage on present and future ecology of the lake.
57
-------
8. Develop a specific recommendation for a program of mine sealing
or other remedial techniques to be implemented.
9. Establish guidelines for future utilization of data collected.
Study Area
Lake Hope is located in Vinton County, Ohio, some 60 miles southeast
of Columbus. Access to the area is generally from U. S. Highway 50 which
runs east and west, south of the lake and by U. S. Highway 33 which connects
Athens and Columbus. State Highway 278 connects these two major routes and
passes directly adjacent to Lake Hope and parallel to Sandy Run in the valley
above the lake. Figure 1 is a map showing Lake Hope and the tributary
drainage basin.
Lake Hope State Park with Lake Hope as the focal point is located deep
within the 19,000-acre Zaleski State Forest. The Department of Natural
Resources, through a development program which dates back to the early
1930's, has continually added to the park facilities so that extensive
recreational opportunities are now available in the area. The attractive
dining lodge and numerous cabins provide basic visitor accommodations.
Park facilities provide for hiking, horseback riding, boating, swimming
and camping.
Lake Hope was constructed during 1938-1939 and filled with water during
the spring of 1939. The total drainage area tributary to the Lake Is slightly
over 10 square miles. Approximately ]26 acres of water surface are provided;
the estimated total storage volume in the lake at the time of construction
was something over 1,500 acre-feet.
Previous Report
The studies reported herein are a further development following the
study "Lake Hope - Report on Acid Mine Drainage Program" prepared for the
Department of Natural Resources by Stanley Consultants. That report documents
a number of previous studies and reports on field investigations and previous
program considerations. It also describes potential means of providing an
acid mine drainage abatement program. The data and the various prior reports
referenced therein have been used as background material for these studies.
58
-------
FIGURE 1
NOTE: SAMPLING POINT NUMBER FOR
MINES IS OBTAINED BY
ADDING 500 TO MINE OPENING
NUMBERS.
SCALE IN FEET
LAKE HOPE DRAINAGE BASIN - VICINITY MAP
59
-------
PART II - WATER CHARACTERISTICS
Data Requirements
It is necessary that sufficient data be obtained to quantify the acid
contribution of Sandy Run to Lake Hope. Also, significant acid contributions
to Sandy Run from major tributary sources must be defined. Supplemental
information in the form of data on iron, sulfate and dissolved oxygen content
as well as temperature and conductivity will aid in a more complete charac-
terization of water quality.
In prior reports, 9 considerable amount of data has been presented which
show results of pH tests made on water samples from Lake Hope and tributary
sources. However, information on total acid content has been very limited.
The pH parameter measures only the concentration of hydrogen ion. It
does not measure total acid concentration. An example of the lack of
correlation between pH and acidity is shown on Figure 2 where pH and acidity
of samples from Lake Hope are compared. Analyses of samples from other points
where acid concentration is higher would show even less correlation. Therefore,
the major thrust in obtaining data was to measure both water flows and acid
concentration to arrive at acid quantities on a weight basis.
Sampling and Gaging Programs
The sampling and gaging surveillance program was initiated in April,
1970. It consisted of two parts: one executed by United States Geological
Survey (USGS), and the second by Stanley Consultants.
Initially, the USGS program consisted of flow measurement and sampling
at two-week intervals from three points shown on Figure 3:
1. Sandy Run at an existing gaging station a short distance upstream
from Lake Hope (Sample Point 310)
2. Big Four Creek near the point where this stream enters Sandy Run.
(Sample Point 420)
3. Sandy Run a small distance upstream from the point at which Big
Four Creek enters (Sample Point 320)
61
-------
00
70
60
50
ACIDITY W
Mg/L
30
20
10
0 .
\
©
<
©
<
£>
0
t
<•>
) 0
\
0
(r\
e.
1
©
1
! 3 4 5 6 7 £
pH
BU
70
60
50
•W AC 1 D 1 TY
Mg/L
30
20
10
0
FIGURE 2 - ph VS ACIDITY
LAKE HOPE
62
-------
>- MINE OPEKING
>«• DISCHARGING MINE OPENING
75 MINE OPENING NUMBER
» COAL REFUSE
SAMPLING STATION
SCALE iN FEET
FIGURE 3 - LAKE HOPE DRAINAGE
BASIN - MINE OPENINGS
63
-------
Flows at Sample Point 320 have been determined from a continuous stage
recorder at that location. Prior to installation of monitoring stations,
flows in Big Four Creek (Sample Point ^20} and in Sandy Run upstream from
Big Four Creek (Sample Point 320) were obtained by means of a current meter.
Samples were taken manually from each of these three points for subsequent
laboratory analysis. Temperature and pH measurements were made at the time
of sampling. After installation of monitoring stations described later here-
in, all flow measurements were taken at these points from stage recorders.
Samples continued to be taken at two-week intervals for more complete labora-
tory analysis, While other parameters were measured on-site from continuous
monitoring uriits. '
The second phase of the gaging and sampling program was performed by
Stanley Consultants. The initial scope of the project contemplated two
sampling periods in this phase. The first period was to be an intensive
three-month sampling program followed by a reduced program for a three-month
period. To coordinate with later than anticipated construction of the
monitoring stations, the order of sampling was reversed. The initial period
from April, 1970, through June, 1970, including sampling at approximately two-
week intervals. The subsequent stage, initiated in early March, 1971, and
extending through May, 1971, consisted of samples taken twice weekly.
The intent of this phase of the program was to gage and sample sources
of acid mine drainage such as mine openings and refuse areas. A survey of
mine openings was made which revealed that only three had flows in excess of
a few gallons per minute. These three mine openings were provided with 90
degree V-notch wiers for flow measurement. Such measurements have been made
and samples have been taken throughout the two sampling periods. In addition,
stream samples and other small flows entering the stream were sampled. These
included one sample point on Sandy Run upstream from the acid mine drainage
area. Occasional samples have been taken from other mine openings and refuse
areas.
64
-------
MonStoring Stations
To provide a continuing record of water flow and water characteristics,
monitoring stations were constructed. Design of these facilities was
included as a part of the studies reported herein.
Facilities were added to an existing USGS gaging station on Sandy Run
to provide a continuous sample for monitoring. In-line analytical equipment
is arranged to measure temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen.
Location of these facilities is at Sample Point No. 310 shown on Figure 3.
Two other monitoring stations were constructed. One is located on Big
Four Creek just upstream from the point at which it flows into Sandy Run.
This 5s the same location as that of Sample Point No. ^20. The other station
is located on Sandy Run just upstream from the point at which Big Four Creek
enters. This is the same location as Sample Point No. 320. These stations
sample and measure pH, conductivity and temperature. In addition, they are
provided with a primary measuring flume and gaging facility to measure flow.
Testing Programs
Procedures used in obtaining samples for testing have been described
previously.
On those samples which are obtained at two-week intervals by the United
States Geological Survey, the following tests have been run:
1. Iron
2. Manganese
3. Dissolved Solids (Residue on evaporation at 180 C.)
k. Total Hardness
5. Acidity (to pH = 8.3)
6. Sulfate
7- Specific Conductance
8. pH
9. Flow
Since the automatic! monitor ing stations have been placed in operation,
these stations have been continuously recording data on river stage, pH,
specific conductance, and temperature. Dissolved oxygen is also monitored at
Sample Point 310. Data on river stage (flow), pH, and temperature would be
65
-------
required under any sampling program. Continuous monitoring provides
more complete data.
Information on dissolved oxygen is desirable to make sure that no
critical oxygen deficit exists. Iron content of the mine drainage is for
the most part present in the ferrous form which is an effective reducing
agent, particularly when the pH Js increased to near the neutral point. Such
ferrous iron can therefore reduce the dissolved oxygen content of the
water. Organic matter present as vegetation degradation products can also
exert an oxygen demand.
Although not specifically measuring acid content, conductivity does
provide a mea,ns for approximate appraisal of acid content. The acidity-
conductivity relationship is shown on Figure 4 for three sampling points.
The program of manual sampling at the three stream locations by USGS
is continuing at two-week intervals. Analysis of these samples will provide
more complete data to supplement the continuously recorded parameters.
Analysts made by Stanley Consultants on samples taken from mine openings,
refuse piles, and streams include the following:
1. Flow
2. pH
3. Temperature
*». Acidity
5. Sulfate
6. Iron
66
-------
" CONDUCTIVITY, 1
a, MICROMHOSo u* 1
TY, CONDUCTIVITY, o o o o |
1 CONDUCT!
^
0
n
s
c
e
_>
I
v*
3
3
oe
o
•••
'*"'
2
2
1
1
IOC
9C
8C
7C
6C
5(
4(
3(
2C
1C
•••
,-*•
f
50(
001
'»5 w
00
50
)0
)0
)0
>0
>0
)0
)0
JO
10
1
^
)
L-
I
• *^/
J
D
D
C
#<
C3
1
.^"'
,oL-i
F
^•^^^•B
^
K
Ty>
80
to
^f^
101
<;
X
^
^
•
fj
^j
f^"
Of
c
•» r
\**
*;
14
i-
r^
_^
^
^
-<«
»"^
^x--
. ^
Jj CS
BIG FOUR CREEK
SAMPLE POINT WO
II 1
120 160 200 240 280
, ACIDITY, MG/L
^
3
l^s)
20
IGURE 4
lMBB«H^>Bi
2i/«Vx
^£P*
^
20
-
(
s
^
^
yfi
w Ol
v x--
0
A
(
>
•^
^v —
Vi/^J^
3C
C 1 D 1 T1
<
?
^^
^**~
^^
£
WX^
a ^"
^^
r i
^
^^'
^
J
P
UPPER SANDY RUN
SAMPLE POINT 320
10
r. MG/
1
_L
i G
J >^
> a^
X?
F I
"
I
~^
i
4(
L
^^J
)0
a
5(
>
'
,x
)0
x^
LOWER SANDY RUN
SAMPLE POINT 310
1
vy
1
500
p
r
320
H0 60 80 100 120 140 160
ACIDITY, MG/L
- CONDUCTIVITY VS ACID CONTENT
'
67
-------
PART I I I - DATA DEVELOPMENT
Ana1ytlea 1 Methods
Samples taken at two-week intervals by the United States Geological
Survey were analyzed by standard procedures.
All samples taken by Stanley Consultants were analyzed either in a field
laboratory set up in the Nature Center of Lake Hope State Park or at facilities
of Ohio University in Athens. Temperature measurements were made at the time
samples were taken. Other analyses were made within several hours after
sample collection.
Procedures used in analysis of samples collected by Stanley Consultants
are as follows:
1. pH was determined by an electric pH meter, standardized on each
day of use with buffer solutions of pH = 4.0 and pH = 7.0.
2. Acidity was determined by titration with 0.02N, sodium hydroxide
to the phenolphthalein end point (pH = 8.3). This end point
was checked during the test on some samples by means of the pH
meter. Sample preparation included addition of four drops of
30 percent hydrogen peroxide followed by boiling for two minutes
with subsequent cooling to room temperature before titration.
This procedure accelerates oxidation of iron to the ferric form.
By cooling prior to titration, the interference from magnesium
and aluminum encountered with titration at the elevated temperature
is minimized. The technique used is essentially the same as
Method 2 described by Payne and Yeates in "The Effects of Magnesium
on Acidity Determination of Mine Drainage," (Third Symposium on
Coal Mine Research - 1970). The end point of 8.3 was selected in
the interest of standardization. Titration to a lower pH end point
may have been desirable. However, titration curves are presented
later herein which illustrate the difference in acidity measured
to other end points.
69
-------
3. Iron concentration was determined by a colorimetric technique
using 1, 10 - phenanthroline to produce a color related to
concentration. The colorimeter used was equipped with a filter
to provide light at a wavelength of 510 millimicrons. A
commercial reagent marketed as Ferro Ver was used. This method
is in essential agreement with Standard Methods, 12th Edition,
page 156.
k. Sulfate was determined by a turbidimetric method based on
precipitation of the sulfate ion in an acid media with barium
chloride. Silica was present at a concentration below the
interference level of 500 mg/1. The colorimeter used in this
determination was equipped with a filter to produce light at a
wavelength of 420 millimicrons. A commercial preparation,
Sulfa Ver III, was used. This method is in essential compliance
with that shown in Standard Methods, 12th Edition, page 291.
Analytical Data
A detailed tabulation of flow and chemical data is shown in Appendix A.
This table is a computer printout in which all flows are converted to
gallons per minute. The weight of each constituent in pounds per day is
computed for those instances where both a flow and concentration are
available.
Data shown is as follows:
1. The first column indicates the date. The designation 052870
is May 28, 1970.
2. The second column indicates sample location. The location of
sample points other than mine openings are shown on Figure 1
and Figure 3-
70
-------
Samples are designated as follows:
Number Location
200-299 (*) Lake Hope
300-399 Sandy Run - Main Stem
**99 Big Four Creek
500-699 Mine Openings (by addition of 500 to
opening on Figure 3)
700-799 Small Streams tributary to Sandy Run
Small Streams and refuse drainage tributary
to Sandy Run
800-899 Streams and refuse drainage tributary to
Big Four Creek
(*) Samples A through E from the lake are
special samples.
3. The third column indicates the source of data and the sample
number taken on that day. The letter "G" indicates data by USGS.
The letter "S" indicates data collected by Stanley Consultants.
The "S2" indicates the data is from the second sample by Stanley
Consultants on that day.
k. Flow shown in column 4 is in gallons per minute. Data from USGS
in cubic feet per second has been converted.
5- Temperatures shown are in degrees Fahrenheit.
6. Concentrations shown are as follows:
Acidity mg per liter as CaCO,
Iron mg per liter as Fe
Sulfate mg per liter as CaCO_
7. Data in columns 8, 10 and 12 show pounds per day of the respective
const ituents.
8. All other data can be interpreted from column headings.
9. The use of an asterisk (*) indicates that data is not available
or could not be computed from available data.
Table 1 is a compilation of chemical analysis made during July, 1971
at various locations on Lake Hope. A sample was taken from the surface and
from the bottom of the lake at each point. The location of these sample
points is shown on Figure 1.
71
-------
TABLE 1
SAMPLES FROM LAKE HOPE
Dissolved
Depth jpH_ Temperature H^S_ Oxygen
(ft) (C) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Surface Samples
A - 3.75 2k -0.1 8.0
B - 4.1 2? 8.0
C - 4.1 27 8.0
D - 4.1 27 8.0
E - 4.1 27 8.0
Bottom Samples
A
B
C
D
E
Interpretation of Test Results
The main thrust of corrective actions necessary to control the influence
of acid mine drainage is aimed at acidity control. With this factor corrected,
the iron content of such drainage would automatically be controlled. With the
pH of the water near the neutral point, and adequate natural aeration, iron
will be precipitated as ferric hydroxide. The sulfate content of the water,
particularly that coming from some mine openings, is quite high. However,
concentration in the water from Sandy Run entering the lake has ranged from
65 to 450 mg/1. This in itself would pose no particular problem assuming
that the sulfate anion were associated with a cation other than hydrogen.
Nevertheless, any corrective action controlling acid entry into the lake,
except neutralization, will also control the quantity of sulfate.
3
10
20
6
18
3-75
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.5
24
27
23
27
24
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
72
-------
An attempt has been made to correlate weight flow of acid with stream
flow at several points. Figure 5 shows the relationship of acid weight
per day versus stream flow based on data taken at the original USGS gaging
station (Sample Point No. 310) located on the main stem of Sandy Run. A
curve indicating the apparent relationship between these parameters has
been added, however, deviations are quite large. This is undoubtedly due
to the prior history of precipitation and drainage flow. Likewise, a
similar correlation has been attempted for the flow from Mine Opening No.
4? (Sample Point No. 5^7), which is the single largest source of acid mine
drainage. Data presented on Figure 6 shows significant deviations from
the apparent best fit of the curve. Such deviations indicate that the
weight of the acid produced is a function of factors other than flow.
Recognizing that the oxidation of the iron sulfides is to some extent
a time dependent reaction, increased flows, after a long dry period, would
tend to dissolve and remove more acidic materials than a similar flow after
a previous rainy period.
Stream flow measured at Sample Point No. 310 and rainfall data are shown
on Figure 7 along with conductivity.
The quantity of acid in a stream reported herein is based on titration
of a sample with standardized reagent to an end point of pH = 8.3. To
correct acidity of flow going to the lake, an increase in pH to the range
of 6.5 to 7.0 would be adequate. Therefore, the computed acid quantities
could have been determined on the basis of sample neutralization to the
end point of pH = 7-0. To characterize the difference between titration
to these end points, a series of titration curves were prepared. Typical
curves are shown on Figure 8. While the configuration of titration curves
will change, even for samples collected at different times from the same
source, those shown are generally representative.
The difference in acidity due to titration to different end points can
be illustrated by data from Figure 8.
73
-------
ACID
1000 IBS.
PER DAY
©
©
©(
00.
'©
©
ACID
1000 LBS.
PER DAY
7 8
FLOW, 1000 GPM
FIGURE 5 - ACIDITY VS FLOW
SANDY RUN -
SAMPLE POINT 310
74
-------
LU
O.
co
CQ
O
o
o
/
0
,
p
(
T/
5
1$
©
©,
/
y
i
7
'
fi
G)
^
/
©
0
X
s
\
5/
•.
©
^
©
X
G
<
X
x
X
x
100 200 300 W
FLOW, GPM
o
oc.
LU
O Q-
O CO
o
o
o
FIGURE 6 - ACIDITY VS FLOW
SAMPLE POINT 547
75
-------
LU
3:
o
0.5
1.0
oc
I—
oo
12 16 20
APRIL 1971
28
FIGURE 7 - FLOW, RAINFALL AND CONDUCTIVITY -
SAMPLE POINT 310
76
-------
pH
IU
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
310
320
547
X
^310
•^^•^M
i^M^
•3SS
s\
320
*^
^^
X
^
/
.XV
^
547
p
/
/
/
/
,
y
^
AMP
OIN
10
SAW
POI
320
^
L£-
T
PLE
NT/
,
I
SAMPL
-POINT
547
/
/
hr
/t
\!
*
^
/
E
0 234567
02 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0.02N NaOH, ML
10
PH
ALL BASED OH 50 ML SAMPLES
FIGURE 8 - TITRATION CURVES
77
-------
For Sample Point No. 5^*7 with titration to an end point of pH = 8.3,
59 ml of 0.02N sodium hydroxide is required. This is equivalent to an acid
concentration of 1,180 mg/1 expressed as calcium carbonate. Titration to an
end point of pH = 7.0 requires only 55 ml of sodium hydroxide which is equiv-
alent to an acid concentration of 1,100 mg/1. The acid concentration repre-
sented by the difference between the titration end points is less than 7-percent.
For Sample Point No. 310 titration to pH - 8.3 requires k.3 ml of sodium
hydroxide while titration to pH = 7.0 requires only 3-6 ml. These are
equivalent to acid concentrations of 86 mg/1 and 72 mg/1. The difference
in this instance is slightly more than 16 percent.
Analysis of Lake Bottom Muds
Bottom samples were taken at various lake locations representing
potentially different biological environments. These sites are as follows:
A. Near the point where Sandy Run enters the lake.
B. A point on the opposite side of the lake which receives drainage
from an area free of acid mine water drainage.
C. Near the dam at the lower end of the lake.
D. A small cove opposite the boat dock.
E. A point near the widest and possibly the deepest part of the Lake.
These locations are shown on Figure 1.
The survey of Lake Hope revealed a scarcity of benthic fauna when
compared to Tycoon Lake in Gallia County, Lake Catherine in Jackson County
and similar aquatic ecosystems in the same geographic area which lack
acid mine drainage.
The relative abundance of organisms found at the different sampling
sites is shown in Table 2. The greatest abundance and widest diversity of
species were found at Site D. Chironomid (midge) larvae were the most
abundant organisms at all sites. These larvae are capable of living in an
extremely polluted environment. On the other hand, dragon flies, a group
usually quite abundant when water is near the neutral point are rare in
this lake.
While some resistent species of fish can survive in water of low pH for
long periods, direct tolerance to low pH water by desirable species is only
a part of the problem in lake management. Also, to be considered is the effect
of low pH on the entire biota as it effects the complete food chain of the
ecosystems.
78
-------
TABLE 2
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BOTTOM ORGANISMS FOUND
Coleoptera (Settles)
Dyti ci dae xx xx xx
(larvae & adults)
Gyrinidae x xxx x
(larvae & adults)
Diptera (Flies)
Chaoborus (larvae) xxx xxx xx xx
Chi ronomids (larvae) xxx xxx xxx xxx xx
Megaloptera
Sialis (Alderfly) x
Odonata - dragonflies/damaelf1 ies (Naiads)
Coenagrion xx x xx x
Ishnura x x
Gomphus x xx
Macromia x x
Libellulidae xxx xx xx
unidentified x
Trichoptera (caddisf1ies)
Hydropsyche x
Hemiptera
Corix?dae (water boatman) xx x xxx x
Nlptonectidae X
(backswimmer)
Oligochaeta xx xx x
(earthworms)
u
Nematoda x
(roundworms)
Crustacea xxx xx xx
Crayfish
x = only one or two per sample
xx = smal 1 numbers
xxx = abundant in sample
Samples were obtained using (Eckmann) Dredge and dip nets.
79
-------
Mechanisms of Acid Formation
The source of both iron and sulfur in acid mine drainage is the iron
sulfides found in the overburden and material adjacent to the coal seams.
While other forms of iron and sulfide compounds may be present, the most
common materials are pyrite and marcasite. Contact of this material with
air and water produces sulfuric acid and the iron sulfates.
A detailed description of the oxidation processes are available from
a number of sources, however, they are described briefly below:
(1) 2 FeS2 + 7 02 + 2 H20 - +* 2 FeSO^ + 2 h^SO^
If sufficient dissolved oxygen is present, the ferrous sulfate is
oxidized to ferric sulfate:
(2) k FeSO^ + 02 + 2 H^ - *- 2 Fe^SO^ + 2 hy)
If the pH of the solution is low, this oxidation takes place very
slowly. Hydrolysis of the ferric sulfate in water can take place
producing ferric hydroxide and sulfuric acid.
(3) Fe2(S04)3 +6 H20 - +• 2 Fe(OH)3 + HgSO
This latter reaction requires a pH of 5.5 or higher to progress at a
significant rate.
In the samples taken at Lake Hope, all were relatively clear indicating
that any products of reaction (3)were deposited within the mine area. It
should be emphasized that the above equations are useful for illustrating
acidity production in the acid mine drainage. However, more complex
mechanisms are undoubtedly involved. In some instances, bacteria have
been reported to catalyze the oxidation reaction.
The total acid content represents the sulfuric acid formed directly
as well as that formed by the hydrolysis of the ferric hydroxide and ferrous
hydroxide. In the analytical tests, the ferrous hydroxide is oxidized
to ferric hydroxide to simulate oxidation which would occur naturally if the
pH of the acid mine drainage were increased to 8.3.
80
-------
Natural Corrective Factors
There are several natural environmental factors which tend to neutralize
the acidity formed and precipitate the iron. Two of these factors deserve
particular mention:
1. The normal buffering action of other ground and surface waters when
mixed with the acid mine drainage water.
2. The sulfate-sulfide biochemical reaction which would produce the
divalent sulfide ion.
The buffering action of natural waters is due to the alkalinity present
in the form of the bicarbonate ion. When the pH of the final mixture is
less than 6.0, this can best be represented by the following equation:
(k) Ca(HCO ) + H.SO, +• CaSO, + 2 H n + 2 CO,,
j £- *• " 4 Z 2
The anerobic production of the sulfide ion is described by Decker and
*
King. A simplified equation is as follows:
(5) H2SOI( + C (Organic) +- H2$ + H20 + C02
The organic carbon in the above equation can be in the form of vegetation
degradation products or similar materials. In this anaerobic reaction, a part
of the hydrogen sulfide formed escapes to the atmosphere, while another part
reacts with iron present and precipitates as an insoluble iron sulfide.
The environment required for such a reaction is normally that of a deep lake
wherein stratification occurs. Without mixing the hypoliminon provides a
desirable substrate
Undoubtedly the effect of acid mine drainage on Lake Hope has been
tempered by the buffering action of other ground and surface waters. More
than half of the total watershed consists of land which does not contribute
acidic runoff. Therefore, a significant quantity of water containing at
least a small amount of alkalinity will mix with the acid mine drainage in
Lake Hope.
Buffering action can be illustrated by reference to Figure 9- Titration
curves represent equivalent acid (or alkalinity) at various pH levels. When
titrating solutions are of the same normality, curve intersection points
represent the pH which would be obtained by mixing the designated quantity
* Decker and King, "Accelerated Recovery of Acid Strip Mine Lakes,"
26th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference (May, 1971)
81
-------
10
PH
O.Q2N
TITRATIG SOLUTION
10
PH
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TITRATING SOLUTION, ML
A 50 ML SAMPLE - SANDY RUN ABOVE MINE OPENINGS (SAMPLE POINT NO. 380)
B 50 ML SAMPLE - SAMPLE POINT NO. 547
C SAME AS "A" EXCEPT 250 ML SAMPLE
FIGURE 9 - EFFECT OF MIXING MINE DRAINAGE
WITH STREAM WATER
82
-------
of acid mine drainage with a designated volume of water which contains
alkalinity in the form of the bicarbonate ion.
The intersection of Curve A with Curve B shows that if equal quantities
of water from Sample Point No. 5^7 and from Sample Point No. 380 were mixed,
the resulting pH would be 3.7- The intersection of Curve C with Curve B
indicates that when water from Sample Point No. 380 and Sample Point No.
547 are mixed at a ratio of 5:1, the resulting pH will be 4.35.
In the case of the sulfate-sulfide biochemical reaction, it appears
that the depth of Lake Hope and other environmental factors are not
optimum. This is borne out by the high dissolved oxygen concentration
throughout the lake at all depths, as well as the absence of the sulfide
ions from all lake samples. The environment is aerobic rather than
anaerobic.
Extent of Correction Required
Based on a series of 18 separate samples taken between May, 1970, and
April, 1971, the pH of Lake Hope measured at the dam spillway varied from
3.0 to 6.0. During this same period, the acidity based on titration to a
pH of 8.3 varied from 8 to 72 mg/1 with an average concentration of 31 mg/1.
The lake as initially constructed consisted of 126 acres with a total
estimated volume of 1,500 acre-feet. Some silting of the lake has occurred.
In the fall of 1970 approximately 15 acre-feet of material was removed by
dredging. A net volume reduction due to silting equivalent to 250 acre-feet
has occurred since construction 22 years ago. Present storage volume of
the lake is estimated at 410 million gallons.
With an average acidity concentration of 31 mg/1 the total acid content
of the lake is about 105,000 pounds. This can be expressed by another
means. Using hydrated lime of approximately 93 percent purity, it would
take about 83,500 pounds of lime to neutralize the acidity of the lake to a
pH equal to 8.3 or about 40 tons of lime would be sufficient to increase the
pH of the lake to 7-0. This is not offered as a suggested means of control-
ling acidity, but rather as an alternate quantitative means of expressing lake
acidity.
Based on average flow into the lake from Sandy Run of 6.0 cfs and an
average of flow-acid relationship shown on Figure 5, annual acid flow is
about 625,000 pounds.
83
-------
Random samples were checked for sixteen days during May, 1970; June,
1970; March, 1971; and April, 1971. Twelve of these indicated more acid was
produced from Mine Opening No, 47 (Sample Point No. 547) than was measured
at Sample Point No. 310. Although Sample Point No. 310 is upstream on'
Sandy Run a short distance from the Lake, composition of the water at that
point is close to that of water entering the lake. The above data represents
daily flows at Point No. 310 up to 15 cfs (6,750 gpm). This indicates that
acid flow from Mine Opening No. 47 is undoubtedly the largest single source
of acid mine drainage.
In most instances the sum of acid content of streams at Sample Point
No. 320 and Sample Point No. 420 is more than that at Sample Point No. 310.
Both of the situations illustrates the entry of spring water or runoff
into the main stream with the alkalinity of these waters exerting a buffer-
ing action.
Unfortunately it has not been possible to measure flow from mine openings
at the time of high stream flows to correlate with stream acidity. However,
it appears from data collected that acid from Mine Opening No. 47 during such
periods is a much smaller part of total acid produced.
It is recognized that many mine openings are interconnected and that
sealing one would not completely arrest flow. Sealing openings as required
to stop flow now produced by Opening No. 47 would solve a great portion of
the total problem.
Methods of Reducing Acid Input to the Lake
Reduction of acid entering Lake Hope from Sandy Run must be of a
magnitude such that the lake pH is maintained at 6.5 or higher.
A three-part program for acid mine drainage is proposed;
1. Refuse removal or covering.
2. Sealing of those mine openings which are the major producers
of acid drainage.
3- Sealing of certain other mines which do not currently produce
acid drainage or produce only a small amount.
84
-------
The location and relative area of the refuse piles are shown on Figure 3.
Due to the wide dispersion and heterogeneous nature of the exposed coal refuse,
definitive quantification of the total acid contribution from this source has
not been obtained.
During dry periods contribution is essentially nil and acid flow is
generally all from two or three mine openings. During heavy precipitation
periods refuse pile contributions increases in significance.
Implementing an abatement program to evaluate benefits would follow
th?s pattern:
1. Excavate and remove refuse piles. An alternate approach would
be to provide a sealing cover to some refuse piles such as that
in Honeycomb Hollow.
2. Seal Mine Opening No. kj as well as those connected with it
which would provide an alternate path for drainage flow.
3- Seal other major mine drainage contributors such as Mine
Opening No. 89, if they are not linked directly with Mine
Opening No. kj. Follow this with a short surveillance program.
k. Seal other mine openings as required.
Future Data Collection
!t is necessary that data output from monitoring stations be continued
to be tabulated and analyzed. This information includes stream stage (flow),
pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and temperature. Likewise
chemical data from the samples obtained at each of these three monitoring
stations should be analyzed at normal two-week intervals.
All of this data should be collected at least through the period when
the abatement program is implemented. In addition, samples should be
collected from the lake and analyzed not less frequently than every two-
weeks.
85
-------
The total of this data should meet most of the testing requirements
and provide a measure of the abatement programs success. It can be used
also to determine the effect of each step of the program.
Some supplemental tests will be required but these can best be defined
as implementation of the program progresses.
Respectfully submitted,
STANLEY CONSULTANTS
Approved
L. G. Koehrsen
86
-------
RUN DATE 021572
APPEND(X A
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
052070
052170
060370
060370
060470
062370
030671
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371
032671
033071
040371
040771
041071
041471
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051571
052371
060271
050670
050770
050670
050770
052070
052170
060370
060370
060470
040771
041071
041471
042171
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
210
210
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
FLOW
NO GPM
SI
SI
SI
S2
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
S2
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
*
ft
ft
ft
#
ft
ft
ft
5
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
TEMP
72
70
62
62
62
ft
42
40
42
45
42
43
46
48
50
50
67
56
60
55
64
53
56
61
65
72
73
60
58
60
58
72
70
62
62
62
50
64
56
60
58
51
59
49
51
58
PH
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.5
4.6
5.8
5.1
5.1
4.6
3.0
3.4
4.0
6.0
4.4
4.3
4.5
4.3
6.0
6.0
6.5
7.8
6.2
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.2
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.1
3.5
3.2
3.4
3.8
#
4.0
4.3
4.4
5.5
ACIDITY IRON SULFATE
MG/L LB/D MG/L LB/D MG/L LB/D
72
72
38
40
30
10
15
8
10
12
60
24
24
30
26
24
30
34
34
*
52
30
36
28
30
14
22
60
100
48
80
106
106
94
100
90
68
7?.
106
156
108
*
114
84
64
32
#
*
ft
»
*
ft
#
ft
*
ft
#
#
ft
*
ft
*
ft
ft
ft
#
*
*
ft
ft
*
ft
#
*
ft
ft
*
ft
ft
ft
#
*
ft
ft
*
*
*
#
#
*
ft
.9
.9
.2
.2
.2
.2
15.0
10.0
16.0
1.0
5.0
9.0
6.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
10.0
3«0
6.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
1.0
.5
2.0
3.0
2.7
2.8
.5
.5
.5
.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
7.0
1.0
125.0
ft
ft
«
ft
*
ft
*
#
#
*
#
«
»
«
*
#
*
#
ft
ft
ft
#
*
#
*
#
*
ft
#
*
*
*
#
ft
*
*
#
#
ft
ft
ft
*
#
ft
225
225
700
700
640
80
55
168
338
72
10
100
75
25
75
25
100
100
75
25
50
25
75
25
78
75
60
100
98
75
75
60
60
250
250
250
50
55
175
• ^ ^
125
150
100
1 C
15
50
75
25
*
*
ft
*
#
*
*
ft
#
ft
*
*
*
ft
*
*
ft
*
*
ft
#
*
ft
ft
ft
#
*
ft
ft
*
*
ft
ft
ft
#
*
#
#
*
#
ft
#
#
87
-------
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
RUN DATE 021572
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
051571
052371
060271
040170
041570
042870
051270
052070
052170
052670
060370
060370
060470
061170
062370
06237Q
071070
072170
080370
081870
083170
091570
092970
101670
102770
110970
112770
120870
12217U
010671
012271
020571
030671
031171
031371
031571
031771
032071
032371
032671
032971
033071
040371
040771
041071
041^-71
300
300
300
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
NO
SI
SI
SI
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
Gl
SI
S2
SI
Gl
Gl
Sl^
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
FLOW
GPM
#
«•
*
5654.8
1323.9
22978.5
1669.5
#
*
6058.8
*
*
*
233.3
89.7
*
718.0
112.2
*
224.4
67.3
242.3
237.8
*
*
583.4
493fa.3
*
4039.2
*
1525.9
27825.6
*
*
*
8976.0
*
*
*
*
1122.0
#
*
#
*
#
TEMP
64
65
74
44
56
61
63
72
70
64
62
62
62
73
62
*
64
67
69
73
72
12
55
55
*
52
46
36
41
35
35
33
42
40
46
*
41
38
39
44
47
46
50
52
63
56
PH
5.3
4.5
4.4
3.7
3.6
4.2
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.7
3.6
4.7
2.6
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.7
2.9
3.0
3.6
3.2
3.8
3.8
3.2
3.0
ACI
MG/L
38
66
78
40
70
15
79
232
112
40
38
40
128
79
89
93
79
99
-'9
6G
79
15*
14^
99
109
99
79
89
69
40
60
20
100
3*
23
35
38
40
52
72
60
76
76
96
169
116
DITY
LB/D
*
*
*
271*
1112
4136
1583
*
*
2908
*
#
*
221
96
*
681
133
*
162
64
448
411
*
*
693
4630
#
3344
#
1099
6678
*
*
*
3770
*
*
*
*
808
*
*
*
*
*
IRON
MG/L LB/D
2.0
3.0
14.0
3.7
3.9
1.3
2.8
.9
.7
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.3
2.2
1.7
2.2
3.4
4.3
.0
2.2
2.0
2.8
5.4
33.0
2.8
4.1
4.2
5.4
.6
4.2
5.2
1.2
10.0
7.0
8.0
1.5
4.0
3.0
16.0
7.0
4.0
8.0
2.0
1.0
5.0
11.0
jt
if
*
251
62
358
56
*
#
189
*
#
*
6
2
#
29
6
*
6
2
8
15
*
*
29
249
#
29
#
95
401
*
*
*
162
*
*
*
#
54
#
*
*
*
*
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
1*0
100
75
121
163
66
212
93
95
123
300
300
300
2*3
302
300
222
298
236
208
276
427
441
291
322
? 18
229
270
177
125
166
57
125
96
188
102
96
125
100
75
16f>
100
75
100
125
150
#
*
*
8211
2590
18199
4247
#
#
8943
#
*
*
681
325
*
1913
401
*
560
223
1242
1259
*
*
1526
13566
*
8579
*
3040
19033
*
*
*
10987
*
*
#
#
2235
*
*
#
*
*
88
-------
RUN DATE 021572
LAKE HOPE SURVE1LANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
041571
042471
042771
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051471
051571
052371
052771
060271
061071
070971
072271
080471
081871
083171
091771
093071
101471
102971
110971
112271
120771
122071
011072
011972
040170
041570
042870
04287C
050670
050770
051270
05207C
052170
052670
060370
060370
060470
061170
062370
062370
071070
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
NO
Gl
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
Gl
SI
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
Gl
SI
52
SI
Gl
Gl
SI
Gl
FLOW
GPM
628.3
*
350.0
*
*
*
*
*
4936.8
*
*
628.3
#
493.6
22.4
22.4
13464*0
31.4
44.8
67.3
89.7
44.8
40.3
35.9
58.3
13912.3
1301.5
5385.6
807.8
1000.8
363.5
4438.0
*
*
*
291.7
#
*
1382.3
*
*
#
58.3
40.3
*
125.6
TEMP
54
58
52
52
60
46
50
55
54
62
64
56
68
*
73
66
64
72
70
64
66
54
55
36
35
49
39
43
33
45
64
59
*
60
58
63
72
70
62
62
62
62
73
61
*
64
PH
3.6
4.1
3.5
3.8
4.0
3.6
3.7
4.4
3.9
4.4
4.5
3.6
4. 4
3.8
3.7
3.8
4.5
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.2
3.4
4.2
3.7
3.2
3.0
4.0
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.9
AC I
MG/L
99
lie
70
•*
ii^
80
86
42
30
54
82
5
82
60
55
65
15
55
79
109
144
114
228
179
184
30
89
30
119
109
179
30
56
250
300
124
353
234
84
460
1610
460
452
47
525
278
DITY
LB/D
746
#
294
*
#
*
#
*
1777
*
*
38
*
355
15
18
2424
21
43
88
155
61
111
77
129
5009
1390
1939
1154
1309
781
1616
*
*
#
434
#
*
1393
*
#
#
316
23
#
419
IRON
MG/L LB/D
3.0
4.0
2.8
£, r\
w • v
3.0
9.0
1.0
2.0
3. fl
625.0
4.0
1.7
14.0
1.4
1.5
3.2
1.1
2.4
27.0
6.0
3.0
2.8
4.3
4.6
4.7
1.5
5.5
2.0
3.9
18.0
26.0
4.7
4.5
35.0
45.0
19.0
35.0
40.0
11.0
35.0
40.0
30.0
60.0
76.0
50.0
37.0
23
#
12
*
*
*
#
#
225
*
#
13
#
8
*
1
178
1
15
5
3
2
2
2
3
250
86
129
38
216
113
253
*
#
#
67
*
*
182
*
#
*
42
37
#
56
SULFATE
MG/L L3/D
208
150
229
100
100
75
75
50
114
125
150
177
100
208
198
250
88
250
322
406
510
437
655
645
645
125
281
114
218
26C
422
94
160
400
360
335
300
300
235
550
650
f /S f\
500
1071
1435
•fc
707
1568
#
962
*
•M-
*
#
*
6754
*
*
1335
#
1232
53
.67
14218
94
173
328
549
235
317
278
452
20869
4389
7368
2113
3123
1841
5062
*
#
#
1173
*
*
3898
*
*
*•
750
696
#
1066
89
-------
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
RUN DATE 021572
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
072170
080370
081870
083170
091570
092970
101670
102770
11097C
112770
120S7C
122170
010671
012271
020571
030671
031171
031371
031571
031771
032071
032371
032671
032971
033071
040371
040771
041071
041471
041571
042471
042771
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051471
051571
052371
052771
060271
061071
07C971
072271
080471
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
NO
Cl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
Gl
SI
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
FLOW
GPM
22.4
*
35.9
#
67.3
62.3
*
#
130.1
161.5
130.1
718.0
*
332.1
897.6
686.6
1988.1
1377.8
1436.1
866.1
637.3
444.3
350.0
242.3
251.3
273.7
233.3
175.0
161.5
125.6
130.1
80.7
130.1
130.1
390.4
?73.7
1377.8
852.7
753.9
233.3
94.?
103.2
22.4
17.9
17.9
1346.4
TEMP
64
66
70
71
74
55
49
*
49
46
36
41
34
37
33
40
42
49
53
45
41
41
48
46
52
56
55
65
58
64
62
48
49
62
46
51
58
64
62
69
60
66
69
74
63
65
PH
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.3
2.9
4.0
3.3
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.2
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.4
3.7
4.0
2.9
4.1
2.9
2.8
2.9
4.6
ACI
MG/L
596
451
397
645
407
477
238
362
293
256
238
114
104
169
89
150
42
82
69
88
120
140
176
164
188
208
230
256
296
199
304
248
*
286
130
178
98
79
13*
27G
218
414
457
695
596
15
DITY
L8/D
160
#
171
*
329
360
#
*
458
500
372
982
*
674
959
1236
1002
1356
1189
915
918
746
739
477
567
633
644
538
574
300
475
240
*
447
609
585
1620
808
1212
756
247
513
123
150
128
2^2
IRON
MG/L LB/D
69.0
.0
65.0
75.0
36.0
94.0
22.0
51.0
55.0
46.0
52.0
1.8
20.0
31.0
13.0
25.0
15.0
10.0
5.9
8.0
6.0
12.0
7.0
3.7
7.0
8.0
12.0
11.0
13.0
24.0
19.0
47.0
24.0
14.0
7.0
4.0
8.0
8.3
25.0
13.0
32.0
22.0
62.0
74.0
94.0
3.4
19
#
28
*
29
71
*
#
86
89
81
16
#
124
140
206
358
165
102
S3
46
64
29
11
21
26
34
23
25
36
30
46
37
22
33
13
132
85
226
36
36
?7
17
16
20
55
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
,1300
1061
990
1477
1003
1123
603
874
666
582
603
289
270
406
239
275
120
338
187
223
250
300
325
416
250
350
50C
550
650
520
700
645
575
1025
175
350
75
239
25C
350
562
650
1144
1560
1560
96
•3 K n
-< 3 V
*
427
#
810
847
#
*
1040
1125
942
2490
#
1613
2574
2266
2863
5588
3223
237U
1912
16CO
1365
1210
754
1150
1400
1155
1260
784
1093
625
898
1601
82 C
1150
1T4Q
2446
2262
930
63fc
605
30 >'
33f?
336
1551
90
-------
RUN DATE 021572
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
081871
083171
091771
093071
101471
102971
110971
112271
120771
122071
011072
011972
062370
062370
062470
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371
032671
033071
040371
040771
041071
041471
042171
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051571
052371
060271
040170
041570
042870
042870
050670
050770
051270
052070
052170
052670
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
320
370
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
NO
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
Gl
FLOW
GPM
22.4
17.9
22.4
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
2827.4
233.3
897.6
121.1
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
906.5
242.3
5654.8
*
*
#
287.2
#
*
1700.9
TEMP
64
64
63
68
59
52
38
35
50
41
44
38
#
*
#
40
47
41
42
41
54
43
60
62
67
62
60
66
55
62
52
56
60
68
70
69
45
53
56
*
60
56
63
72
70
63
ACIDITY
PH MG/L LB/D
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
4.0
3.2
3.8
3.2
6.3
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.6
6.2
3.7
6.3
5.5
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.9
5.6
8.0
*
7.2
6.3
6.4
7.7
7.6
5.0
5.6
3.2
3,1
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
645
645
546
596
596
794
645
695
35
104
50
164
*
6
*
4
20
8
26
12
12
18
14
8
*
18
12
6
#
8
6
6
14
8
10
18
89
159
30
50
238
240
129
248
228
70
174
139
147
128
128
171
139
150
1188
291
539
238
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
#
*
#
*
#
#
*
968
462
2036
*
*
*
445
#
#
1429
IRON
MG/L LB/D
90.0
93.0
75.0
82.0
83.0
120.0
96.0
120.0
6.4
18.0
6.0
29.0
1.5
.0
.0
5.0
.5
3.0
6.0
9.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
.8
1.5
9.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.5
.3
1.0
.2
2.0
2.0
14.0
19.0
2.0
6.0
16.0
20.0
7.8
45.0
45.0
9.0
24
20
20
ie
18
26
21
26
217
50
65
42
#
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
•*
*
*
*
152
55
136
#
*
*
27
#
*
184
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
1591
1560
1352
1456
1456
1372
1664
1664
145
354
187
458
125
40
#
156
100
72
100
75
38
38
38
40
39
44
48
44
41
55
38
34
27
38
100
O **i
32
216
343
80
o r»
90
500
480
297
475
500
183
423
336
364
314
314
403
358
358
4920
991
2014
666
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
#
#
#
#
*
#
*
#
*
•w-
#
*
2350
998
5429
*
*
1024
#
#
3735
91
-------
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
RUN DATE 021572
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
060370
060370
060470
06117C
062370
062370
971070
Q'72170
080370
081870
083170
0*1570
092970
101670
102770
110970
112770
120870
122170
010671
012271
020571
030671
031171
031371
031571
031771
032071
032371
032671
032971
033071
d'40371
040771
041071
041471
041571
042471
042771
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051471
051571
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
4?0
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
NO
SI
S2
SI
Gl
Gl
SI
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Gl
SI
FLOW
GPM
*
*
*
26.9
26.9
*
94.2
22.4
*
40.3
*
62.8
49.3
*
*
125.6
161.5
103.2
762.9
*
246.8
942.4
637.3
1624.6
1041.2
1032.2
637.3
538.5
390.4
291.7
206.4
201.9
233.3
201.9
143.6
130.1
98.7
103.2
62.8
116.6
103.2
390.4
233.3
1377.8
897.6
637.3
TEMP
62
62
62
76
63
*
64
64
69
70
72
71
55
52
*
50
47
36
41
36
35
33
42
40
49
52
39
37
39
48
49
52
56
55
64
60
55
63
46
50
62
46
50
58
55
62
PH
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.7
2.9
4.8
3.5
3.6
3.4
3.3
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.9
3.1
3.4
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.9
3.0
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.6
4.Q
3.4
4.1
ACI
MG/L
380
420
400
278
27
325
179
372
303
218
422
303
323
144
278
169
124
149
119
84
119
40
75
27
70
55
94
100
126
132
129
16C
152
166
180
216
149
226
204
*
244
102
114
74
70
120
DITY
LB/D
*
*
#
90
9
#
202
100
#
106
#
228
191
*
*
255
240
185
1090
#
352
452
574
526
875
661
719
646
590
462
320
38B
426
402
310
337
177
280
154
*
302
478
319
I22
-------
RUN DATE 021572
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
052371
052771
060271
061071
070971
072271
080471
081871
083171
091771
093071
101471
102971
110971
112271
120771
122071
011072
011972
040170
052070
052170
060370
060370
060470
062470
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371
032671
033071
040371
040771
041071
041471
042171
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051571
052371
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
NO
SI
Gl
SI
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SI
SI
SI
S2
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
si •
SI
SI
SI
FLOW
GPM
116.6
89.7
103.2
17.9
4.4
13.4
4936.8
8.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
13.4
13.4
13.4
4443.1
296.2
987.3
170.5
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
3040.0
*
*
TEMP
70
64
71
73
77
73
65
68
73
64
78
66
67
39
40
48
42
42
37
46
72
70
62
62
62
*
41
51
39
40
39
47
47
50
55
66
60
55
62
50
64
46
51
59
69
66
PH
3.5
3.0
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.8
4.3
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
4.3
3.2
3.5
3.2
4.1
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.6
#
4.4
3.7
4.9
4.6
4.5
4.7
3.4
3.8
4.0
3.8
5.2
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.8
4.3
4.9
5»0
5.0
ACI.
MG/L
270
159
342
338
596
467
5
596
417
347
308
367
491
402
432
25
99
59
129
20
95
95
76
42
76
149
22
36
26
40
46
48
68
76
64
160
86
120
108
#
146
62
60
24
50
60
DITY
LB/D
37S
171
424
73
32
75
296
64
90
75
66
79
79
65
70
1333
352
699
264
*
*
*
#
#'
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
876
*
*
IRON
MG/L LB/D
13.0
27.0
23.0
43.0
83.0
81.0
2.2
87.0
63.0
42.0
30.0
44.0
52.0
45.0
45.0
2.0
16.0
9.7
20.0
3.9
.5
.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
.0
10.0
19.0
5.0
8.0
17.0
7.0
5.0
7.0
7.0
5.0
6.0
14.0
6.0
9.0
1.0
8 A
.0
3.0
2.5
125.0
10.0
18
29
28
9
4
13
130
9
14
9
6
9
8
7
7
107
57
115
41
*
#
#
*
*
#
*
*
*
#
#
*
*
#
*
#
#
#
#
#
#
91
*
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
250
395
390
759
1144
946
104
1071
905
811
738
894
1144
967
978
114
302
198
364
102
80
80
250
250
250
*
180
525
72
175
25
100
25
175
175
1 C. f\
150
^ i» A
250
^*v /s /s
300
100
175
-• c
73
100
75
175
75
350
425
483
164
62
153
6161
115
195
175
159
193
185
156
156
6078
1073
2346
745
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•»
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
2736
*
*
93
-------
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
RUN DATE 021572
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
060271
040170
062470
031171
C31371
031771
032071
032371
032671
033C71
040371
040771
041071
041471
C42171
042471
042971
C5017I
050 371
C50571
050871
051571
052371
C6C271
042970
043 070
050670
05C770
05207C
052170
060370
060370
C6C470
062370
062470
03C571
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371
Q 326 71
032071
D4C371
040771
G41C'7l
480
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
49C
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
^7
547
5*7
547
547
NO
SI
Gl
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
51
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
51
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
S2
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
si
SI
SI
FLOW
GPM
#
*
*
*
#
*
•*
«
«•
#
*
#
•K
*
*
«•
*
*
#
*
4120.0
*
*
*
#
140.0
50.3
50.3
70.2
70.2
41.8
41.8
193.0
27.5
27.5
247.0
276.0
247.0
129.0
183.0
166.0
166.0
129.0
129.1:
114.0
100.0
TEMP
74
45
*
40
46
39
43
39
45
48
53
52
65
56
54
60
50
62
47
51
55
61
72
66
#
*
60
5S
72
70
62
62
62
#
#
48
47
49
48
46
45
46
4?
49
52
60
PH
4.6
7.1
*
6.0
6.5
5.4
5.1
4.8
5.2
3.5
5.5
4.2
7.6
7.0
5.2
5.2
6.8
7.1
6.3
6.0
7.6
7.5
4.5
5.5
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.3
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.9
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
ACI
MG/L
116
#
13
4
4
10
12
8
16
36
14
14
18
14
40
30
*
10
8
10
12
18
14
24
940
950
980
1020
1110
1344
1300
1310
1100
1150
1175
950
692
768
766
792
826
388
812
910
1006
1000
DITY
LB/D
#
*
*
*
*
*
#
#
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
593
*
*
*
*
1596
592
616
935
1132
652
657
2548
,379
388
2816
2292
2276
1186
1739
1645
1769
1257
1409
1376
1200
IRON
MG/L LB/D
22tO
.2
• C
10.0
11.0
5.0
7.0
14.0
7.0
6.0
4.0
1.0
1.7
1.3
5.0
1.0
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
1.3
.5
2.5
5.0
147.0
.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
50.0
45.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
.0
85.0
80.0
78.0
69.0
67.0
78.0
77.0
67. C
77.0
76.0
125.0
#
#
#
«•
*
*
#
*
*
*
#
*
*
#
*
*
#
*
*
#
64
*
*
#
*
*
24
27
42
42
23
25
93
13
*
252
265
231
107
147
155
153
104
] 19
104
150
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
100
56
#
108
350
72
75
25
75
70
50
84
89
99
130
110
125
110
93
90
48
70
50
95
2070
#
3000
2880
2650
2650
2500
2500
2500
2500
#
1875
1680
1875
1584
1650
1725
1825
1800
2100
2200
2450
#
*
*
*
#
#
*
*
#
*
*
*
#
#
#
#
*
*
*
*
2373
#
«
*
*
*
1811
1738
2232
2232
1254
1254
5790
825
*
5557
5564.
5557
2452
3623
3436
3635
2786
3251
3010
2940
94
-------
RUN DATE 021572
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
041471
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050371
051571
052371
060271
042970
050670
050770
052070
052170
060370
060370
060470
062470
03C671
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371
032671
033071
040371
040771
041071
041471
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051571
052371
060271
042870
050670
050770
052070
052170
060370
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
547
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
56C
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
560
588
588
588
588
588
588
NO
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
S2
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
31
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
FLOW
GPM
88.0
53.0
53.0
61.0
61.0
71.0
341.0
200.0
76,0
76.0
130,0
2.2
2.2
21.7
12.4
12.4
12.4
34.2
#
*
w
166.0
65.0
37.0
37,0
53.0
45.0
37.0
37.0
#
#
6.0
#
52.0
36. C
71.0
341.0
162.0
45.0
6.0
*
#
*
12.4
#
12.4
TEMP
48
52
48
52
48
51
54
53
51
52
*
60
58
72
70
62
62
62
*
46
44
45
45
44
43
47
46
48
47
69
48
66
48
52
46
49
58
56
61
72
#
60
58
72
70
62
PH
2.7
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.6
3,9
3.3
2*8
2.5
2.8
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.5
3,9
2.9
3.9
4.0
3.5
5.2
3.8
3.5
4.4
2.5
2.6
3.4
3.8
4.3
3.9
4,3
5.6
5.0
3.6
3.7
3.5
3.3
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.7
ACI
MG/L
1216
1102
*
1250
2420
1000
1140
1000
1128
1166
96
664
664
424
140
250
290
142
20
150
68
28
58
30
28
80
22
39
92
52
62
82
#
94
160
174
214
90
138
70
700
1080
1100
2166
2046
1800
DITY
LB/D
1286
701
*
915
1771
852
4665
2400
1029
1063
150
18
18
110
21
37
43
58
#
*•
#
56
45
13
12
51
12
17
41
*
*
6
#
59
69
148
876
175
75
5
*
*
*
325
*
268
IRON
MG/L LB/D
86.0
85.0
114.Q
102.0
85.0
100.0
86.0
78.0
58.0
74.0
30.0
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.2
1.5
1.5
5.0
4.0
10.0
18,0
10.0
4.0
4.0
13.0
12.0
5.0
3.0
8.0
4.0
6*0
4.0
16.0
12.0
13.0
20.0
20.0
18.8
5.0
8.0
50.0
2.9
3.0
40.0
40.0
35.0
93
54
73
75
62
85
352
187
53
67
47
*
#
1
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
20
3
2
6
8
3
1
4
#
#
*
#
7
6
17
82
37
3
1
•X-
*
#
6
#
5
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
2400
2450
2225
2350
2625
2025
2175
2050
1875
2125
120
2000
1800
2000
1200
3000
3000
300
100
300
156
225
96
175
50
100
25
125
175
100
125
100
50
125
125
200
225
125
75
25
1** ^ ^\
250
2500
2500
2800
2600
2000
2534
1558
1415
1720
1922
1725
8900
4920
1710
1938
187
53
48
521
179
446
446
123
*
*
#
448
75
78
22
64
14
56
78
#
*
7
#
78
54
170
921
243
40
2
•it-
#
*
417
#
298
95
-------
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
RUN DATE 021572
, SAMPLE
DATE .POINT
060370 •
060470
030671
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371 .
032671
033071
04C371 .
04G771
041071 i
041471
042471 ,
042971
05C171
050371 "
05Q571. '
05C871 >
051571
052371
063271
03Q671
031171,
031371
C31771
032071 ,
032371
032671
033071
040371
040771
041071
041471
042471
042971
05C171
050371
050571
050871
051571
052371
060271
062470
042870
r
583
588
588
588
. 538
588
588
588
588
588
588
588
588
583
588
588
588
588
588
588
588
588
, 588
589
589
589
589
.589
589
589
589
589
589
589
589
589
589
589
589
589
539
599
589
589
591
701
NO'
52
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
51
SI
•SI
SI
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
;S1
tsi
SI
SI
si
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
51
SI
SI
SI
Si
SI
..FLOW
'.GP.M
. 12.4
..,34.2
129.0
.204.0
129.0
.76.0
.76.0
100. 0
,65.0
'."53.0
,' 53. C
45.0
37.0
37.0
',,30.0
•,,.,37.C
29. C
,43.0
'",36.0
,,265.0
;tl.95.0
.,,45.0
,.37.0
*
Vx20.0
' .,12.0
*
*
#
#
*
#
*
2.0
1.5
C
^
e
5
1.5
1.0
35.0
21.0
2.0
*
•M-
*
TEMP
62
62
46
43
51
46
43
44
47
49
54
50
62
54
59
49
62
46
51
57
58
63
61
41
40
46
43
40
41
49
51
50
54
66
58
66
52
62
46
52
56
64
79
78
*
*
PH
2.8
2.6
2.3
3.3
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.4
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.4
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.2
2.3
4.C
3.9
3.1
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.5
2.2
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.2
4.1
3.9
3.9
2.0
2.2
2.9
4.7
ACI
MG/L
1890
1360
650
510
904
916
942
970
972
1146
1340
1474
1630
2112
2564
*
3120
1950
970
1690
1286
1180
1852
590
90
305
568
712
1112
1496
1696
1594
1788
1978
2000
2348
¥•
2824
1888
1744
68
336
2314
2188
825
20
DITY
LB/D
281
558
1006
1248
1399
835
859
1164
758
729
852
796
724
938
923
*
1086
1006
419
5374
1466
637
822
#
22
44
*
*
*
*
*
#
#
47
36
14
*
17
34
21
29
85
56
*
*
#
IRON
MG/L LB/D,
50.0
40.0
65.0
65.0
121.0
105.0
111.0
108.0
98.0
105.0
123.0
146.0
166.0
188.0
225.0
260.0
260.0
100.0
185.0
173.0
120.0
93.0
134.0
55.0
20.0
39.0
• 7.0
68.0
123.0
136.0
167.0
163.0
168.0
177.0
164.0
200.0
220.0
205.0
124.0
157.0
4.0
55.0
195.0
160.0
50.0
.5
7
16
101
159
187
96
101
130
76
67
78
79
74
83
81
115
90
52
80
550
137
. 53
59
#
5
6
*
#
*
*
#
•*
#
4
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
14
5
*
#
*
SULFATE
MG/L LB/D
3000
2750
1250
1032
2350
1632
1700
1925
,1700
2150
2750
2875
3500
3750
4500
4375
5000
1975
4500
3000
2375
2100
3250
1125
312
863
1152
1300
2375
2600
4000
2875
3500
4325
4000
4375
3675
4500
4000
4500
100
800
5000
4500
2000
44
446
1129
1935
2526
3638
1488
1550
2310
1326
1367
1749
1552
1554
1-665
1620
1943
1740
1019
1944
9540
2707
1134
1443
#
75
124
*
#
*
*
#
#
#
104
72
26
35
27
72
54
42
202
120
*
*
*
96
-------
RUN DATE 021572
LAKE HOPE SURVEILANCE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY DATA
SAMPLE
DATE POINT
052070
032170
060370
Q60370
060470
062370
032671
033071
04C371
040771
041071
041471
042171
042471
042971
050171
050371
050571
050871
051571
052371
06C271
031171
031371
031771
032071
032371
050871
051571
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
701
801
801
801
8C1
8C1
801
SOI
NO
SI
SI
SI
S2
SI
SI
SI
SI
Si
SI
Si
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
Si
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
FLOW
GPM
ft
»
*'
ft
*
«
#
*
»
ft
ft
ft
#
*
ft
#
*
ft
*
ft
ft
#
*
ft
ft
ft
ft
1125. C
ft
TEMP
72
70
62
62
62
*
44
53
48
47
56
46
48
51
48
52
46
49
58
64
56
61
40
46
39
39
39
63
64
PH
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.2
6.4
3.7
4.0
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.9
#
3.7
4.4
4.5
6.8
6.7
4.8
4.8
5.5
6.5
5.1
4.3
4.5
7.4
7.1
ACIDITY
MG/L LB/D
156
112
300
350
200
137
28
38
42
52
60
74
104
90
*
120
128
100
14
28
70
84
4
80
8
24
34
6
26
*
*
*
ft
#
*
ft
ft
ft
ft
«
*
ft
#
#
ft
ft
»
*
*
ft
#
#
ft
#
ft
ft
81
*
iPtQN
MG/L L-B/B
1.5
.9
5.0
5..0
3.0
4.5
9.0
6.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
8.0
9'.0
5.0
5,0
10.0
8*0
3.0
1*6
.5
3.5
9.0
6.0
11*0
4.0
3.0
10. d
1.3
.2
#
*,
#
ft
#
#
«
#
ft
ft
ft
«
«
«
«•
»
#
*
ft
*
ft
ft
#.
ft
ft
ft
#
18
ft
SULFATE
l^i/k LB/D
60
60
iooo
3006
30Q
300
60
68
6$
77
:84
101
13b
120
148
IE}®
170
210
4fi
62
1*
75
156
275
96
ioo
50
166
125
\4
*
*
*
ft
ft
ft
ft
*
#
*
ft
ft
*
ft
»
*
i
*
ft
*
ft
#
#
ft
ft
#
ft
2241
#
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 514-153/230 1-3
97
-------
w
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
State of Ohio, Dept. of Natural Resources
FEASIBILITY STUDY, LAKE HOPE MINE DRAINAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
IQJAirtftoifs;
N.A.
Project Designation
EPA Grant 1^010 HJQ
Note
221citation
"' Environmental Protection Agency Report
Number EPA-R2-73-151
23
Descriptors (Starred First)
Acid Mine Drainage*, Mine Sealing,* Refuse Piles*
25
Identifiers (Starred First)
^-Feasibility Study, *Lake Hope, Ohio
27
Abstract
The Lake Hope project will demonstrate the control and elimination of mine drainage
pollution by refuse pile disposal and/or covering and underground mine sealings. Acid pro-
ducing coal refuse will be removed and buried in suitably prepared sites. These sites will
be finished graded and seeded. Non-acid producing coal mine refuse piles will be reshaped
to existing contours, covered and reclaimed by appropriate seeding and tree planting for
erosion control and aesthetic enhancement. The mine sealing demonstration program will
be undertaken in two phases. The first phase will seal those mine openings which have
been determined the most significant acid discharges and those openings immediately ad-
jacent to or suspected of having connecting with the high acid concentration discharge
openings. The second phase will seal selected remaining mine openings as determined by
the continuous water quality monitoring data obtained. Continuous water quality mon-
itoring systems will obtain data to be evaluated over the life of the project and after
all construction has been completed.
Abstractor
E. F. Harris
Institution
Environmental Protection Agency
«R:
------- |