EPA-R2-73-181
MAY 1973 Environmental Protection Technology Series
Using Fire Streams with
A Self-Propelled Oil Spill Skimmer
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
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EPA-R2-73r181
May 1973
USING FIRE STREAMS
WITH A SELF-PROPELLED
OIL SPILL SKIMMER
by
Archie C. Roberts
Project 15080 FVP
Project Officer:
Frank J. Freestone
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratories, NERC
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Washington, D, C. 20460
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 2M02
Price 65 cents domestic postpaid or 40 cents OFO Bookstore
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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ABSTRACT
This report results from field tests and operations conducted by the
Marine Division of the New York City Fire Department in the fall of
1972. The objective of the operations was to develop tactics for
operation of a fire boat in conjunction with a self-propelled oil
skimming boat for oil spill cleanup with minimum use of booms. Streams
from the fireboats were used to develop currents for propelling oil
toward the skimmer, to maneuver oil in conjunction with natural currents,
and to concentrate oil for subsequent pickup by the skimmer.
iii
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CONTOIS
Section
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 3
III Introduction 5
IV Program 9
V Preparations and Training 11
VI Operation at Oil Spill 17
VII Extrapolation of Experiences 21
VIII Acknowledgments 25
IX References 27
v
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FIGURES
Number
1. Outline drawing of the SHOC 7
2a. Use of fire streams to develop midstream current for oil
pick up by SHOC 13
2b. Use of fire streams to develop shoreline current for oil
pick up by SHOC 15
3. Use of fire streams to concentrate oil into windrow 18
4. Use of two fire streams in conjunction with a natural current
for skimming operations without booms 22
5. Use of a fire stream in conjunction with a natural current
for skimming operations with a single boom 23
6. Use of a fire stream in conjunction with a natural current
and wind for skimming operations without booms 24
vi
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
Both from the theoretical study and the limited experience gained from
this short experimental program, there are obvious advantages to joint
operations between fireboats and self-propelled skimmers such as the
SHOC.
1. The fireboat's monitors can provide water streams which, when used
both with and without natural currents, can successfully herd oil into
windrows for subsequent pickup by the skimmer.
2. The fire streams can reduce or minimize the need for booms in some
open water oil spill cleanup operations.
3. These streams have enough energy to create artificial currents
which will carry oil under the SHOC for collection.
4. The fireboat can tow the skimmer so that it arrives at the spill
area sooner than if it had to proceed under its own power.
5. The fireboat can serve as a supply base for the SHOC which has
only limited deck and storage space.
6. Other harbor craft such as tugs which have7a large caliber fire
stream capability could be used effectively to assist skimming
operations.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
Keep the SHOC in the New York Area and continue to stage joint training
operations between the SHOC and the fireboats.
Train local people in the specifics of the SHOC operation, both from the
point of view of equipment use and maintenance, and the development of
oil spill control tactics.
Develop the oil transfer and shore disposal logistics needed to make the
use of SHOC at actual spills a viable operation.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
The continuing investigation into equipment and tactics for controlling
oil spills has resulted in this study of benefits to be derived from a
joint operation between fireboats and the Submerged Hydrodynamic Oil
Concentrator (SHOC) - a self-propelled, fixed incline plane oil skimmer
developed by JBF Scientific Corporation under contract to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This investigation was essentially a
continuation of the work previously conducted by the Marine Division of
the New York City Fire Department in determining what contributions the
nation's fire departments could make to the control of oil spills. The
emphasis of the program was placed on the quick response capability of
fire departments and their ability to provide early containment of an
oil spill while the major containment and pickup facilities were being
mobilized. This previous work indicated that the SHOC skimmer would be
helpful in augmenting this first-strike capability and the program was
expanded in order to make a field evaluation of the concept.
TheT Skimmer
A report entitled "The Development and Demonstration of an Underwater
Oil Harvesting Technique" by Ralph A. Bianchi and George Henry is available
as one of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Water Pollution
Control Research Series. The details concerning the design, construction,
and testing of the SHOC can be found in this publication and will not
be duplicated here. However, in order that this report be relatively
self-sufficient, a brief description of this skimmer is incorporated
here. The boat was designed to take advantage of the principle that
water impinging on an inverted inclined plane will tend to flow down
and under the plane rather than being diverted to either side. Such
an inclined plane was incorporated as the bow of the skimmer boat and,
when the boat is proceeding at slow speed (1 to 2 knots) into an oil
slick, the oil flows down and under the boat. Just in back of the
inclined plane is a free flooding oil collection compartment. The
bottom of this compartment is flush with the after end of the inclined
plane and is fitted with an array of 3" x 3" baffles 9 inches high.
Oil, after coming down the inclined plane, wij.1 now tend to rise due
to the difference in specific gravity and enter the collection chamber
through the baffle section. The baffles increase the efficiency of
separation by providing a larger area of vertical surface and breaking
up the normal flow pattern in the collecting chamber so that oil once
separated will not subsequently be entrained and flushed out. During
the skimming operation, oil will gradually displace water in the
collection compartment and when sufficient oil has been collected, it
can be pumped to an on board storage tank for subsequent transfer to
shore.
The prototype SHOC used for the test program was a self-propelled vessel
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22 feet long with a 7 foot 9 inch beam and a 31 inch draft (Figure 1).
It has 21 inches of freeboard and two extension brackets aft for mounting
a pair of 13 HP outboard motors. The collection chamber takes up the
area below the cockpit and is approximately 90 inches long. Forward of
the cockpit is a 275 gallon storage tank. The remaining hull spaces are
taken up by flotation compartments and ballast tanks. The ballast tanks
are positioned at the bow and stern in order to facilitate adjusting
the boat's fore and aft trim. On the foredeck is mounted a 4 inch
helical pump driven by a 9 HP gasoline motor. The pump is hooked up so
that it can be used for pumping skimmed oil into the storage tank or for
pumping stored oil ashore. A small auxilliary pump run from the same
motor is used for filling or emptying the ballast tanks.
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o
m
o
I
o
o
T. O
m c
2J
rn
x
o
o
s
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m
PUMP AND Pl'MP
DRIVE ASSEMBLY
OIL COLLECTION rVli;W PORTS /-FUEL TANKS
WELL
21" FREEBOARD
C
z
9 HP. GASOLINE
ENGINE WITH
CLUTCH
TRANSMISSION^
MOYNO 116
OIL PUMP
CONTROL CONSOLE
7'-9" BEAM
13 H.P. OUTBOARD'
KEEL PLATES
OIL STORAGE OIL COLLECTION WELL
26' OVERALL
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SECTION IV
PROGRAM
Previous investigations into oil spill control by fire departments has
fairly well defined those areas in which they can effectively function.
Firemen are trained to cope with emergency situations, and there is an
existing command structure with leaders experienced in directing this
type of operation. If a fire department is provided with sufficient
oil spill control equipment, specifically boom, it can take effective
action by deploying the boom in those critical early stages of an oil
spill before the oil spreads excessively.
Prime emphasis of the previous work was placed on the development of
tactics for using fire streams to contain spreading oil and to herd it
into position for future pick up. Subsequently, oil spill control boom
was purchased and the fire department investigated methods for its
rapid deployment and positioning. Except to the extent needed to
facilitate the investigations on streams and boom, the physical removal
of the oil from the water was a secondary consideration. Oil skimming
can best be performed by other people who have the pick up equipment,
the facilities to dispose of the oil in a legally approved manner, and
the capability of remaining on-site until cleanup is complete. Once
the fire department has taken the initial crucial steps^to limit
spreading, other agencies should take over and allow fire personnel to
attend to their prime function of fire fighting. Six reports on these
previous investigations have been published in the EPA Water Pollution
Control Research Series (Publications EPA-R2-72-112 through 117). A
film entitled "A Fire Department's Response to Oil Spills" was also
produced and is available for showing from the EPA.
A knowledge of the techniques for retrieving oil is necessary, however,
for meaningful training in control of spreading, and a number of small
oil pick up devices were looked at during the life of the program. They
were all passive devices requiring umbilicals back to shore (or a fire-
boat) for power, oil transfer, and positioning. The SHOC skimmer offered
an opportunity for developing techniques for using fire streams to
enhance the pick up capabilities of an essentially self-sufficient
skimmer which usually operates on its own.
The final phase of the program entailed transporting the SHOC from
Boston to New York City, refurbishing it as necessary, and training
personnel in its operation. Once these preliminaries were completed,
the unit was to be operated at spills of convenience where fire streams
could be used to herd oil for subsequent pick up by the skimmer. Fire
streams were also to be used to create artificial currents, enabling
the pick up of oil with the SHOC standing still. This would provide
pick up capability in confined waters where operation underway was
precluded. The emphasis was to be placed on the use of fire streams,
rather than booms, for control of oil.
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SECTION V
PREPARATIONS AND TRAINING
The SHOC had not been in use for an extended period of time prior to its
use in this program and was stored on its cradle out of the water. The
unit was specifically designed to be road transportable (less than 8
foot beam) so that it was moved from Boston to New York City on a flat
bed trailer and delivered to a Marine Division pier in Brooklyn. The
unit required only cleaning and minor repairs to make it serviceable
and ready for launching. It was originally planned to lift the boat
from the water each day after use; but the maximum capacity of the
fireboat's davit is inadequate for lifting the weight (3 tons), and
the boat was left in the water for the duration of the project. Some
long nylon lines were provided to tie it up, and the boat rode
comfortably in the relatively sheltered slip.
Once the boat was in the water, a training program was initiated to
familiarize Fire Department personnel with its operation. Although the
firemen of the Marine Division have all had previous training in small
boat handling, it was necessary that they become familiar with the
peculiar handling characteristics of the SHOC because of the probable
requirement that it be used in close proximity to oil boom and docks.
The boat was found to be quite maneuverable when operating with both
outboards working. The two outbcards are spaced about 5 feet apart
and this provides it with a tight turning radius which is a distinct
advantage for this type vessel. Because of the wide spacing, the
boat is much harder to control when only one engine is operating, and
it is important that both outboards be kept in good working order.
The SHOC collects oil most efficiently when moving from 1 to 2 knots.
The two outboards were selected so that the boat could be run at these
slow speeds for long periods of time without fouling. The boat was,
therefore, underpowered for normal running and some tests were made to
see if the SHOC could be moved more rapidly by towing it with a fire-
boat. One of the Marine Division's 105 foot vessels was used for the
test. Of the two towing methods, astern or off-the-hip, the latter
was chosen as being the most practical. By towing the SHOC tied along
side, the fireboat's maneuverability was not changed appreciably* Since
this particular fireboat had a controllable pitch propeller and did not
stop the shaft rotation even when the vessel stopped, it was deemed
better to avoid towing the SHOC astern where the tow rope could have
even the slightest chance of fouling the propeller.
The test indicated that some advantage could be gained by towing the
SHOC rather than letting it proceed to a spill under its own power.
With the present engines, cruising speed is about 5 knots. The boat
could be towed at 6-1/2 to 7 knots. At speeds in excess of this the
bow tended to lift, turbulence in the baffled center section increased,
and the boat sat back on its stern and started to fishtail This effect
11
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was quite pronounced when the SHOC was not fully ballasted down to
optimum draft. While towing at 6-1/2 knots the maneuverability of the*
fireboat was not appreciably affected, with only a few degrees of opposing
rudder required to compensate for the SHOC's drag. The towing was done
with a 1/2 inch nylon line. In order to expedite early arrival at the'
scene of a spill, the SHOC should, when circumstances permit, be towed
rather than allowed to proceed under its own power. Not only does the
skimmer arrive there more quickly, but much of the preparation and
rigging for the pick up operation can be accomplished while the boat is
underway to the spill area.
Some tests were run to simulate the use of fire streams to herd oil
toward the SHOC when it was moored or anchored. The fireboat's bow
monitor was used to develop surface currents, and current meter readings
were taken around the SHOC to determine the flow characteristics. The
skimmer was moored in the center of a slip with two bow lines tied off
on the adjacent piers (Figure 2a). The fireboat was positioned to drive
water into the slip and the SHOC was held bow into the artificial current
by adjusting the length of the bow lines. Current readings were taken
fore and aft of the SHOC as well as off to the side. The current was
measured by means of a meter using a balanced Savonius rotor transducer
with a 1/20 knot threshold. The tests were conducted at slack tide so
that there was essentially no ambient current to affect the readings.
The fire monitor was adjusted so that it was horizontal and the stream
struck the water 50 ft ahead of the SHOC. The monitor was equipped with
a 3 inch nozzle.
With the pumping pressure set at 75 psi and an equivalent nozzle pressure
of 56 psi, the calculated flow was:
Q = 29.7 d2 /P
where Q - flow in gal/min
d *= diameter in inches
P = pressure in psi
Q = 29.7 x 32 x /56
Q = 2000 gpm
This flow created a current of 0.6 knots at the bow with the meter set
so that the rotor was centered at 1 ft depth. The current aft at this
depth was essentially zero but the current measured 0.4 knots when the
meter was lowered to 2 ft below the surface.
As the pump pressure was increased to 100 psi (nozzle pressure of 75 psi)
the flow increased to 2300 gpm with increased impact velocity. The same
geometry now produced currents of 1.2 knots forward, again zero knots
aft at 1 ft, and 0.6 knots aft at the 2 ft depth. The currents port and
starboard were the same as the bow readings, indicating that the inclined
bow of the SHOC offered no appreciable impedance to flow at relative
speeds in the above range.
It is apparent that the fire streams can be used to develop current
12
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PIER I
FIGURE 2o
USE OF FIRESTREAMS TO DEVELOP MID STREAM CURRENT
FOR OIL PICKUP BY SHORE LINE
13
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velocities relative to the SHOC equivalent to the speeds recommended as
optimum for oil pick up. This plan used to test the flow characteristics
is obviously a very inefficient one for picking up oil. Only a small
portion of the surface current set up by the fire streams is intercepted
by the 5 ft active width of the SHOC and the majority of the flow (oil
in an actual spill) passes by on either side.
By slacking one bow line and hauling in on the other, a more favorable
situation for intercepting the oil was produced (Figure 2b). The SHOC
moved over against the bulkhead on one pier; and, by retraining the
monitor, the fire stream was used to create a surface current across the
slip and down the bulkhead. It could, therefore, concentrate oil at the
mouth of the SHOC, resulting in a more efficient pick up operation.
An extension of this tactic would be the use of oil spill control boom
to concentrate oil for pick up by the SHOC. The SHOC is provided with
bow fittings originally used for attaching short rigid sweeps. These
sweeps were used for preventing loss of the oil spilled in front of the
vessel while evaluating pick up efficiency during the testing phase.
These fittings can be used for attaching relatively long lengths of oil
boom in order to increase pick up efficiency in cases where the SHOC is
moored and the oil is either driven toward it by fire streams or the
natural current is sufficient to drive the oil down the inclined plane.
In cases where the SHOC is underway, picking up oil in open areas, the
wings of the oil boom can be held in position relative to SHOC by small
boats. This operation requires a great deal of finesse since the SHOC
requires a speed through the water of 0.5 knots to attain a reasonable
pick up efficiency while at 0.7 knots oil begins to pass under the
booms with total containment failure occurring at 2 knots. The oil
boom must be, therefore, kept taut and in a relatively sharp V con-
figuration, so that no bellies form and the current speed normal to the
boom does not exceed the critical value.
14
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PIER I
FIGURE 2b
USE OF FIRESTREAMS TO DEVELOP SHORE LINE CURRENT
FOR OIL PICKUP BY SHOC
IS
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SECTION VI
OPERATION AT OIL SPILL
On 28 November, 1972 there was a spill of Number 6 fuel oil into the
Arthur Kill at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The Kill is the body df water
which separates Staten Island from New Jersey, and its banks are the
location of the terminals and plants which provide a majority of the
petroleum products used in the metropolitan New York area. This spill
furnished an opportunity to test out some of the tactics developed for
joint operation of the SHOC and a fireboat.
When the report of the spill was received, the fireboat Alfred E. Smith
proceeded^to the SHOC's berth in Brooklyn and took it under tow for the
trip downthe Kills to Perth Amboy. When the boats arrived on site, it
was found that the oil had been spilled in the area of a tanker discharge
pier. This pier ran parallel to the shore about 150 ft out from the
beach. The coast Guard and an oil spill cleanup contractor were on the
scene, and spill boom had been deployed to contain the oil lying between
the pier and the shore. Weir-type skimmers and vacuum hoses were being
used to pick up the oil. Use of the first type was" subsequently sus-
pended because of the oil's viscosity in the near-freezing temperature
that prevailed.
Considerable amounts of oil had escaped the booms and was spread out
across the Kill. The SHOC was untied from the Smith and runs were made
aimed at picking up some of this oil. These initial runs familiarized
the SHOC's operator with the engine throttle settings necessary for
optimum skimming speed. By gauging the oil collected in the well, it
was also possible to gain some experience so that the oil was not
inadvertently flushed out of the well either by excess speed or a
combination of speed and turning radius.
Once these preliminaries were over, the fireboat was pressed into service
to assist the operation by concentrating the oil for subsequent pick up
by the SHOC. An ideal configuration for concentrated oil is in long
windrows down which the SHOC can move without too much turning. The
Smith was, therefore, moored outboard of the dock and its bow and stern
monitors used in an attempt to develop this type of configuration. Two
firemen manipulated the fire streams, driving the patchy oil from around
the boat out into the Kill. The streams were then used to drive the
oil into a line parallel to the boat and about 150 ft away. There was
an appreciable thickening of the oil along the line and the SHOC operator
had an easily visible trail to follow as he moved the skimmer in to pick
up the oil. The streams were used for 15 minutes and in that time
concentrated the oil from an area approximately 150 ft square for pick up.
The line of concentrated oil was not without a few twists and turns, but
even on a first attempt, the firemen were able to set up a pattern easily
traversed by the SHOC (Figure 3).
17
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OIL SLICK
AREA
CLEARED
OF OIL
FIGURE 3
USE OF A FIRESTREAM TO CONCENTRATE OIL INTO WINDROW
18
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The oil picked up on these runs was transferred to the onboard oil storage
tank. The process was very slow because the skimming head in the
collection chamber was fitted with a 1/2 inch mesh debris screen. The
cold No. 6 oil was too viscous to pass through this screen efficiently.
Late in the afternoon a joint operation was planned'with the Coast Guard
in an effort to pick up additional amounts of oil on the open Kill. A
long length of oil spill control boom was deployed in the shape of a U
with the opening heading into the current. Two Coast Guard vessels took
the ends in tow. The objective was to hold the boom so that oil would
be concentrated in the bight for pick up by the SHOC. The experiment
was unsuccessful for two reasons: 1) The location of the spill was just
up-current from a bridge connecting New Jersey and Staten Island, and
sufficient way had to be maintained on the boom to prevent its drifting
down on the bridge abutments, 2) At the time of the test the current
was in excess of 1.5 knots. When the light fence-type boom was held
still relative to the shore, the current was strong enough to cause
corkscrewing of the boom at the center of the U. The oil was all lost
downstream. The operation of using fire streams without booms for oil
spill control was, in this instance, more successful than an attempted
use of available boom.
19
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SECTION VII
EXTRAPOLATION OF EXPERIENCES
Based upon these first-hand spill experiences and previous experience
developed in the use of large caliber fire streams, certain generali-
zations can be made regarding the potential use of fire streams in
conjunction with virtually any type of self-propelled oil spill skimmer.
Further, the principles developed apply equally well to the use of
skimming barges without the self-propelled capability. The principal
benefit of the use of fire streams appears to be the manipulation of an
oil slick which is being moved by the wind or with a natural current.
Movement of oil transverse to the direction of a natural current requires
little energy compared to that required to tow a boom against this current
for the purpose of collecting the oil. Fire streams can, therefore, be
used successfully to compress or windrow a slick and facilitate cleanup.
Three potential configurations of the use of fire streams in conjunction
with wind and natural current, with and without boom, arft presented in
Figures 4, 5 and 6. One should note that there are two distinct benefits
to these suggested configurations: Vessel traffic can pass through the
cleanup area unrestricted, and interference from floating debris is
minimized. When the SHOC skimmer is used,>the natural current must
exceed the minimum pick up speed of the boat. This requirement is not
necessary with those types of skimmers which have pick up capability
when the boat is stationary.
There is no doubt that the nation's fire departments can make a signi-
ficant contribution to the control of oil spills. The major elements
needed to provide this contribution are inherent in most fire departments,
and only minor amounts of supplemental equipment and training are required
to build up a major oil spill control capability.
21
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FIGURE 4
USE OF TWO FIRESTREAMS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A NATURAL CURRENT
FOR SKIMMING OPERATIONS WITHOUT BOOMS
22
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OIL SLICK
ANCHOR OR
SMALL BOAT
FIREBOAT
OR TUG
FIGURE 5
USE OF A FIRESTREAM IN CONJUNCTION WITH A NATURAL CURRENT
FOR SKIMMING OPERATIONS WITH A SINGLE BOOM
23
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WIND
UJ
tr
O
to
SHOC
FIREBOAT
OR TUG
UJ
a.
FIGURE 6
USE OF A FIRESTREAM IN CONJUNCTION WITH A NATURAL CURRENT
AND WIND FOR SKIMMING OPERATIONS WITHOUT BOOMS
24
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SECTION VIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The practical use of fireboats and other apparatus at actual spills and
at numerous test exercises provided the basic information for this report<
The Officers and Members of the Marine Division of the NYFD and the
personnel of Alpine Geophysical Associates were the principal project
participants.
The guidance of Mr. Frank Freestone, EPA Project Officer, and the
cooperation of the City of New York and the U.S. Navy in providing the
test basin at Wallabout Creek, Brooklyn, New York, is gratefully
acknowledged.
25
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SECTION IX
REFERENCES
Bianchi, Ralph and George Henry, "The Development and Demonstration
of an Underwater Oil Harvesting Technique1^ Water Pollution Control
Research Series Contract #14-12-899, Environmental Protection Agency,
February, 1972.
27
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
w
USING FIRE STREAMS WITH A SELF-PROPELLED
OIL SPILL SKIMMER,
Roberts, Archie C.
^^
a I.'
Alpine Geophysical Associates, Inc.
Under contract to
New York City Fire Department
5, import Date
i.
S. i foimi Orga /.atiot
Rep>." No.
EPA-R2-73-181
15080 FVP
1.: Typi . I Repc.. , and
Period Coveted
12.
r ofga&: -*tioa \j . 5 . Environmental Protection Agency, WQO
Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-R2-73-181, May 1973
This report results from field tests and operations conducted by the Marine Division
of the New York City Fire Department in the fall of 1972. The objective of the
operations was to develop tactics for operation of a fire boat in conjunction with
a self-propelled oil skimming boat for oil spill cleanup with minimum use of booms.
Streams from the fireboats were used to develop currents for propelling oil toward
the skimmer, to maneuver oil in conjunction with natural currents, and to concen-
trate oil for subsequent pickup by the skimmer.
I ?a Desctipiois
*0il, *Boats, *Currents (Water), *Docks, Nozzles, *0il Spills, *Training
lib. Identifiers
*Surface Currents, *Fire Streams, *Booming, *Herding, *Skimming,
Fire Departments
Uc COWRP "X.'t/* Ore p
10 x &'..*.<, y :'*19. Security Class.
<(> (Repoi- )
'#*(
;!/!g.O. Se- '.rityCl. is.
'f: (Page)
21. No. of
Psges
'.?. PJI.-J
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
US. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D C. 2O24O
urtil,fa Archie C. Roberts Alpine Geophysical Associates, Inc.
ĞU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973-514-155/314 1-3
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