United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
P 0 Box 15027
Las Vegas NV 89114
EPA-600. 4-79-078
December 1979
Research and Development
The RAPS Helicopter
Air Pollution Measurement
Program, St. Louis, Missouri
1974-76
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad categories
were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster
technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.This series
describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods and instrumentation
for the identification and quantification of environmental pollutants at the lowest
conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes studies to determine the ambient
concentrations of pollutants in the environment and/or the variance of pollutants as a
function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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EPA-600/4-79-078
December 1979
THE RAPS HELICOPTER AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT PROGRAM
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, 1974-1976
by
David T. Mage, Roy B. Evans, Charles Fitzsimmons, Norman Hester,
Frank Johnson, Steve Pierett, George Si pie and Robert Snelling
Monitoring Operations Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory-Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
Protection of the environment requires effective regulatory actions which
are based on sound technical and scientific information. This information
must include the quantitative description and linking of pollutant sources,
transport mechanisms, interactions, and resulting effects on man and his
environment. Because of the complexities involved, assessment of specific
pollutants in the environment requires a total systems approach which
transcends the media of air, water and land. The Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las Vegas contributes to the formation and enhancement of a
sound monitoring data base for exposure assessment through programs designed
to:
• develop and optimize systems and strategies for
monitoring pollutants and their impact on the environment
• demonstrate new monitoring systems and technologies by
applying them to fulfill special monitoring needs of
the Agency's operating programs
This report describes the 3-year airborne air-monitoring program conducted
by the Las Vegas Laboratory as part of the Regional Air Pollution Study in the
St. Louis, Missouri/Illinois, metropolitan area, 1974 to 1976. The data,
obtained above the urban area using Las Vegas Laboratory helicopters, should
be of great value to the air pollution modelers and analysts who are concerned
with the transport and dispersion of pollutants through the atmosphere. The
Air Quality Branch of the Monitoring Operations Division of this Laboratory.
should be contacted for further information pertaining to this report.
George B. Morgan
Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada
m
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PREFACE
This report describing the airborne measurement program carried out as
part of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) is intended to give model
developers and model users an insight into the vertical distribution of
pollution over the St. Louis, Missouri/Illinois, metropolitan area. For those
who seek only a general knowledge of the RAPS helicopter program, the main
body of the report contains brief descriptions of the measurement program and
examples of the results.
Seven field studies were performed:
Mission
Summer 1974
Fall 1974
Winter 1975
Summer 1975
Winter 1976
Summer 1976
Fall 1976
Periods of Measurement
July 15, 1974
- August 30, 1974
November 3, 1974 - December 6, 1974
February 10, 1975 - March 14, 1975
July 14, 1975 - August 15, 1975
Feburary 16, 1976 - March 19, 1976
July 12, 1976
- August 13, 1976
October 25, 1976 - November 19, 1976
The main text of the report shows how the airborne measurements for these
studies were made. In conjunction with surface measurements taken at Regional
Air Monitoring System stations and meteorological data taken from the RAPS
Upper Air Sounding Network, these data can be used to construct a
3-dimensional picture of the pollution distribution over the St. Louis,
Missouri/Illinois, metropolitan area. Appendices augment the text and are
included primarily for the modelers who will use these data. For example,
Section 3 of the text discusses use of a pressure transducer to measure the
altitude of the helicopter in flight, whereas Appendix A presents the detailed
equations which relate measured pressure and temperature to altitude and the
results of the altimeter calibrations.
A logical way for the modeler to approach the RAPS helicopter data base is
to decide on some prior basis which days are of interest for modeling--for
example, a subset of days in which pollution levels were high, winds were from
a particular direction, and the atmosphere was stable. The report answers the
specific questions:
IV
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Were the helicopters flying on the days of interest?
Which flight patterns were flown?
At what times of day were measurements taken?
Which instruments were in operation?
The collected data described in this report have been compiled on magnetic
tape and deposited within the RAPS data bank maintained by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Those who wish to use these data should contact that office:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711
The English units of measure used in this report are those established at
the beginning of the study and correspond to the units presented on the data
tapes. See Appendix F for conversion to metric equivalents.
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ABSTRACT
This research program was initiated with the overall objective of
providing measurement of air pollution and temperature gradient over the
St. Louis, Missouri/Illinois, metropolitan area to complement surface
measurements of air pollution by the Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS) of
the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS). These measurements aloft were made
by instrumented helicopters provided with a data acquisition system for
recording all aerometric data, together with navigational data and
supplementary status information.
These data obtained during the 3-year period, 1974 to 1976, are intended
to provide insight into the transport and diffusion processes for air
pollutants and to enable model developers and other users to evaluate and
analyze the suitability of simulation models for prediction and decision-
making.
This report describes in detail the helicopter data collection program and
catalogs the missions flown by date, time, flight pattern and purpose. These
data, collected on magnetic tape, are deposited in the RAPS data bank
maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Sufficient examples
are provided, with figures and tables, to enable the prospective user of these
data to understand the measurements and their limitations, and so facilitate
usage of the data.
VI
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CONTENTS
Disclaimer ii
Foreword iii
Preface iv
Abstract vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
List of Abbreviations x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. HELICOPTER MEASUREMENT PLATFORM 4
3. HELICOPTER INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM 6
Instrument System Design Considerations . 12
Description of Measurement Instrumentation 13
4. QUALITY ASSURANCE OF DATA 19
Calibration Standards 19
Calibration Procedures and Techniques 21
Instrumental Corrections 23
Instrument Response Time Corrections 30
Independent Interlaboratory Audits 33
5. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING 36
Data Acquisition 36
Data Edit 36
Data Calibration and Correction 36
6. APPLICATION OF RAPS HELICOPTER DATA TO RAMS SUPPORT MISSIONS ... 46
RAPS Flight Patterns and Sampling Criteria 46
Statistical Interpretations 47
Special Missions for Principal Investigators 49
REFERENCES 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY 52
APPENDICES 53
A. Calibration Data 54
B. Audit Results 61
C. Instrument Calibration, Zero, and Span Drift Corrections ... 67
D. Users Guide to RAMS Support Missions 83
E. Description of Special Experiments for RAPS Principal
Investigators 140
F. Summary Report of Helicopter Data 152
G. Metric Conversion Table 194
vn
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Pa9e
1. RAPS S-58 helicopter 7
2. RAPS helicopter sample manifold system 8
3. RAPS helicopter data system 9
4. Interior view of RAPS helicopter instrument system 11
5. RAPS helicopter electrical system 14
6. Instrument response to inflight temperature and pressure
changes 27
7. Schematic flow of RAPS helicopter data 37
8. Schematic flow for RAPS helicopter data edit and
analysis 38
9. Example of RAPS data plot, parameter vs. altitude 44
10. Example of RAPS data plot, parameter vs. time 45
11. Location of RAMS stations and helicopter spiral sites .... 48
vm
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1. RAPS Helicopter Instrumentation 10
2. Instrument Drift Corrections 25
3. Instrument Interferences 28
4. Instrument Lag Times 29
5. Lag Corrections to Air Quality Instruments 30
6. Time Constants of Linear RAPS Instruments 31
7. Summary of Audit Results 35
8. Listing of Helicopter Data - Engineering Units 40
f
9. Data Report Format . '. 41
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
a.c. = alternating current
AGL = above ground level
BDCS = Bendix Dynamic Calibration
System
BCD = binary coded decimal
bpi = bits per inch
Bscat = scattering coefficient
CH4 = methane
CIC = Computer Instruments Corp.
CO = carbon monoxide
d.c. = direct current
DAS = data acquisition system
DDC = Data Device Corporation
DME = distance measuring
equipment
FAA = Federal Aviation
Administration
FID = flame ionization detector
GPT = gas phase titration
h = hour(s)
H2S = hydrogen sulfide
Hg = mercury
i.d. = inside diameter
IBM = International Business
Machines
km = kilometer(s)
kpa = kilopascals
1/min = liters per minute
m = meter (s)
m/s = meters per second
mb = mill ibar
Meloy = Meloy Laboratories, Inc.
MFE = MFE Corporation
min = minute(s)
ML = Monitor Labs, Inc.
mm = mil limeter(s)
MRI = Meteorology Research, Inc.
MSA = Mine Safety Appliances Co.
MSL = mean sea level
NBKI = neutral buffered potassium
iodide
NBS = National Bureau of Standards
NMCH
nmi
NO
NOX
03
OAT
PAN
ppm
RAMS
RAPS
s
SRM
S02
TECO
THC
V
Va.c.
Vd.c.
VFR
VHF
VOR
non-methane hydrocarbon
nautical mile(s)
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxide
ozone
outside ambient temperature
peroxyacetyl nitrate
parts per million
Regional Air Monitoring
System
Regional Air Pollution Study
second(s)
Standard Reference Material
sulfur dioxide
ThermoElectron Corporation
total hydrocarbons
volt(s)
volts, alternating current
volts, direct current
visual flight rules
very high frequency
VHF omni-ranging
micrometer(s)
micrograms per cubic meter
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) was the largest, most
comprehensive air pollution investigation ever undertaken by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. It was conducted in the St. Louis, Missouri/
Illinois metropolitan area, as representative of other urban areas and because
a broad research and data base existed from previous studies in the region.
In addition, the geography, topography, and source mix of the area were
relatively easy to describe in model development. The aim of the study was to
produce enough information on all the processes that determine the
concentrations of air pollutants so that they could be described in a system
of mathematical models encompassing entire metropolitan areas.
A model, in this context, is a mathematical portrayal of the interacting
conditions and processes that represent environmental quality in a given
geographical area. A validated air simulation model is a useful and often
effective cost-saving tool for air quality management by air pollution control
agencies. Model development involves evaluation of the accuracy of existing
and future models in estimating ambient air pollution concentrations within
metropolitan regions, using the best available data on sources, meteorological
variables, and actual measured ambient concentrations. Model development was
a primary purpose of the RAPS. Hopefully, it will also include the refinement
of models to incorporate new knowledge about the transport, transformation,
and deposition of air pollutants (Thompson and Kopczynski, 1975).
The RAPS encompassed several different types of activities. Applicable
models have been developed and inventoried, and these models are being readied
to accept data for testing. The 25-station Regional Air Monitoring System
(RAMS) collected ground-level data for model validation over a circular area
80 kilometers (km) in diameter in the St. Louis area. The stations were
instrumented to measure sulfur dioxide (SOg), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen
dioxide (N02), ozone (03), hydrocarbons, aerosols, wind speed, wind
direction, temperature, dew point and turbulence (Myers and Reagan, 1975).
Winds and temperatures aloft were observed through pilot balloon (pibal) and
radiosonde measurements at different sites in the study area (Zegel, 1976).
A vital part of the RAPS activities was the airborne measurement program
conducted by the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas.
Two specially instrumented helicopters were used in collecting data to
complement the data being collected from fixed and mobile monitoring equipment
on the ground and from monitoring equipment installed on other aerial
platforms.
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Intensive study periods were conducted during the summer, fall and vnnte
seasons, from the summer of 1974 through the fall of 1976, as shown on
page iv. During each period, the frequency of the routine measurements was
increased and a variety of special experiments was conducted. Among these
experiments were boundary layer studies, energy budget studies, and special
plume studies. The intensive study periods also included measurements
programs by rotary and fixed-wing aircraft.
As originally envisioned in early RAPS planning, the most ambitious of the
regional air quality simulation models to be developed and tested against the
RAPS data base would describe air quality, chemistry, and dispersion in an
Eulerian system by superimposing a 3-dimensional grid over the St. Louis
metropolitan area and solving the continuity equation for pollutants of
interest across the grid.
Such models perform a mass balance on each grid cell, accounting for
pollutant mass flow into and out of the cell, and the mass of pollutant
created or destroyed within each cell. In planning the RAPS helicopter
measurement program, the model area was assumed to be 40 km on a side and
approximately centered on the Jefferson Memorial Arch. The area would extend
vertically to the top of the mixed layer, estimated in early 1974 to vary from
as little as 50 to 100 meters (m) above ground level (AGL) in the winter
predawn hours to more than 1,000 m AGL in summer midafternoons. Minimum
horizontal grid cell dimensions were expected to be 1 km on a side, with the
vertical dimension divided into a number of layers which would depend on the
desired degree of model resolution.
One presently operable Eulerian photochemical model, developed by Roberts
et al. (1973), divides the mixing depth into ten layers. A cell of the RAPS
grid, assuming this resolution with a mixed layer depth of 300 m would measure
1 km by 1 km by 30 m. The Eulerian model(s) would then yield pollutant
concentrations averaged over the volume of the cell, and averaged over a time
period probably not less than 1 hour.
The necessary input data for all such models include pollutant emissions
and meteorology. Presently available Eulerian models require the additional
input of topography and wind fields, though other models under development
will possess the capability of calculating wind fields from synoptic
meteorology (Johnson, 1972). Calculations in all of the models will begin
from some known or assumed set of initial conditions, and in all models some
known or assumed set of boundary conditions at the edges of the modeling grid
will be used. The airborne monitoring program was envisioned in early RAPS
planning, primarily for the purpose of establishing sets of 3-dimensional
initial and boundary conditions, and as a vertical extension of the
information being collected on the ground by the RAMS. Early plannina
envisioned year-round airborne platform measurements. The airborne platforms
were also to provide special measurements for plume chemistry studies «tiirfip«
of the spatial variability of pollutants over distances of 7flw k lometers
and support of urban energy budget studies. Kilometers,
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The following section of this report describes the helicopter platforms
chosen for the RAPS program, their air quality instrumentation and the results
of the measurement program.
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2. HELICOPTER MEASUREMENT PLATFORM
The requirements for the RAPS airborne measurement platforms were
originally defined as follows:
1. unrestricted operation at low altitudes over urban areas
2. instrument and crew payload of about 1,000 kilograms
3. continuously available electric power of about 4 kilowatts
4. operating range of at least 2 hours, preferably 3 or more
5. reasonable operating costs.
Aircraft availability, logistics, and economics soon limited the scope of
the RAPS airborne measurement program. The only platforms closely satisfying
these criteria were the Bell 212 (military designation UH1N) and the Sikorsky
S-58T (military designation H-34T). The purchase price of the Bell 212 (about
$750,000 in 1974) was beyond the scope of the RAPS budget, as was the cost of
converting Sikorsky S-58's to S-58T's by adding a twin-turbine power pack
(about $400,000 in 1974). Lease costs for the Bell 212 were about $20,0007
month plus $200/flight hour. Military UNlN's were unavailable. However,
three single-engine military Sikorsky S-58's were available and met all RAPS
requirements except that for unrestricted low-altitude urban operation.
Three Sikorsky S-58 helicopters were delivered by the EPA to a contractor
in Los Angeles for modification for air quality monitoring. The first two
were delivered April 15 and April 19, 1974, respectively. The third was
delivered May 30, 1974. The three major tasks to modify the military aircraft
to sampling platforms were:
1. design and drawings
2. fabrication and assembly
3. installation and checkout.
Completion and delivery was scheduled for June 17 for the first two systems
and July 5 for the third.
To make the aircraft airworthy, the contractor assisted EPA personnel in
routine air-frame and engine inspections and maintenance on the three
helicopters. Repairs to structural and skin sections were made to helicooter
No 3 This and other unanticipated work as well as a basic underesi mate of
the planned work, caused delivery to be delayed until July 17 Auaust 9 ™H
'
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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) permitted use of single-engine
helicopters in St. Louis at altitudes below 150 m AGL over locations where
they could autorotate to a safe landing in the event of engine failure.
Accordingly, the environs of the RAMS station sites were inspected from the
air to find a nearby location for safe autorotations. FAA approval of these
sites was obtained, and a helicopter data collection plan was devised to
determine the initial and boundary conditions of the modeling grid. The plan
consisted of vertical soundings over selected RAMS stations or nearby open
areas. The soundings typically began at altitudes above the inversion base
and extended downward to 60 m AGL.
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3. HELICOPTER INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
Most airborne air quality measurement systems, whether in helicopters or
in fixed-wing aircraft, have certain elements in common:
1. air-sampling manifolds designed to transport undisturbed air
into the aircraft and to reduce its velocity
2. analyzers for continuous measurement of gaseous pollutants and
certain aerosol characteristics
3. mass air-sampling devices to collect particulate matter on
filters for later ground-based laboratory analysis
4. grab-samp! ing devices to collect air samples for analysis by
gas chromatography to determine hydrocarbon and halocarbon
concentrations
5. aircraft navigation system and clocks to provide continuous
and accurate records of time and position in 3 dimensions
6. digital data-logging devices to record all of this information
on magnetic tape for later computer processing.
One of the three Sikorsky S-58 helicopters with its side-mounted air
intake probes and its temperature sensor is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 is a
block diagram of the plumbing between the probes and the instruments. Table 1
lists the analyzers and instrumentation which comprised the air quality
measurement systems aboard the helicopters. The instrumentation complement
changed somewhat during the course of the RAPS, and these changes are
discussed in detail below. Figure 3 is a block diagram of the instruments and
data system.
The RAPS helicopter air quality systems continuously measured
concentrations of the following pollutants: ozone (by chemiluminescent
reaction with ethylene); nitric oxide and total oxides of nitrogen (by
catalytic reduction of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and subsequent
chemiluminescent reaction with ozone); carbon monoxide (by a technique
utilizing dual-isotope fluorescence non-dispersive infrared detection); and
sulfur dioxide (by flame photometry or by pulsed fluorescence). To measure
light-scattering from aerosols, the helicopter installation also included an
integrating nephelometer which utilized a preheater to minimize the influence
of water vapor. Aerosol-size distributions over the range of 0.3 to
3 micrometers (urn) were continuously measured on certain flights by an optical
particle-size counter. Ambient air temperature and dew point were also
continuously recorded. Grab samples of air were collected in Tedlar baqs for
subsequent laboratory analyses by gas chromatography for specific hydrocarbon
compounds. Particulates were collected on filter media for laboratory
analyses to determine concentrations of sulfates, heavy metals, toxic
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OTOWNUL PROTECTIONS!
T
1
Figure 1. RAPS S-58 helicopter.
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Three Separate Intakes Outside Helicopter
Cool Air
MSA
NMHC
MRI
Nephelometer
TECO
NOx
TECO
NO
ANDROS
CO
MELOY
SO2
Bag
Sampler
w
Q.
E
D
Q.
Isokinetic
Probe
Royco
Paniculate
Pump
Exhaust
Three Separate Outlets Outside Helicopter
(Samplers exhaust inside helicopter unless otherwise noted)
Figure 2. RAPS helicopter sample manifold system.
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VD
Monitor
Labs
NOX
NO
MELOY MSA EG & G
S°2 THC-CH4 CH4 Temp. Dew Pt.
i^BM
44 44
EF G H
ANDROS MRI
CO Nephelometer
4 6
.1
1
CIC
Altimeter
4
|~
Bag Sample
No.
REM
•O B
-O A
Recorder
Selector Panel
MFE Strip Chart
Recorders
( A-K)
Analog Inputs
II
111
Monitor Labs
Data Acquisition
System
cJ
-§-l
Cipher
Mag Tape
cic
Air Speed
Compass
Heading
Royco
8-Channel
Paniculate Sizer
Aircraft
Position
Collins
DME-40
Bendix
VOR
Figure 3. RAPS Helicopter data system.
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TABLE 1. RAPS HELICOPTER INSTRUMENTATION
Parameter Method and Instrument
NO, N0x, (N02 by Subtraction). . . . Chemiluminescence (NO + 03) (TECO 14B)
03 Chemiluminescence (03 + C2H4) (REM 612)
CO Non-dispersive Infrared (Andros 7000)
S02 Flame Photometry (Meloy SA160)
Total Hydrocarbons, methane,
(Non-Methane Hydrocarbons by Subtraction) . . Flame lonization (MSA 11-2)
Particles (Visibility) Nephelometer (Light Scattering) (MRI 1550)
Particle Size Optical (Royco 220)
Temperature and Dew Point (Cambridge CS137)
Location DME/VOR
Altitude Barometric Pressure
Bag Samples (Tedlar) Gas Chromatography
substances, or other parameters of interest. Figure 4 shows an interior view
of the helicopter and the instrument system.
The most important considerations in selecting instruments for aerial
monitoring of air pollutants were stability under flight conditions and
shortness of response time (Mage and Noghrey, 1972) (Mage, 1975). Power
requirements and weight were of secondary importance because suitable
platforms with adequate electrical power and payload were available. Although
vibrational stress on instruments used in any airborne platform is severe, and
particularly so in helicopters, vibration was not a major contributor to
instrument malfunctions.
Flight operations for RAPS were performed above 200 m mean sea level (MSI)
(approximately 60 m AGL) to approximately 2,000 m MSL. Ambient operating
temperatures inside the aircraft ranged from -20° to +50° C through the course
of a year, although the actual range encountered in a given flight was much
less. The instruments listed in Table 1 were selected for minimum altitude
sensitivity; wherever possible, instruments with critical orifice or capillary
flow control were selected to assure constant sample air flow.
10
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'
Figure 4. Interior view of RAPS helicopter instrument system.
I]
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INSTRUMENT SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Other design considerations for the helicopter instrument systems included
position measurement capabilities, sampling manifold design, use of capacitors
to compensate sample pump-motor inductive power factors, and power switching
arrangements to permit continuous operation of helicopter instrumentation
while on the ground.
Position of the helicopters in flight was determined by triangulation with
two different air navigation beacons. Each helicopter carried two digital
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) systems, each tuned to an air navigation
beacon. The distance to each beacon was determined to within j^O.l nautical
mile (nmi), and the VHP Omni-Ranging (VOR) bearing to one of the beacons was
also recorded. The bearing was used to resolve a dual-position ambiguity
resulting from triangulation. Aircraft indicated airspeed was determined and
recorded to +1 knot. Aircraft heading was determined to within +1 degree via
a synchro-to-digital converter attached to the magnetic compass. The
relatively slow helicopter airspeed of 60 knots used on horizontal flight legs
yielded a ratio of wind speed to indicated airspeed larger than is available
with most fixed-wing aircraft. This ratio, together with the accurate
position data from the DME/DME/VOR system, made possible a relatively accurate
calculation of wind speed and direction. "In comparison with simultaneous
pibal data, the helicopters yielded wind speed measurements over 7-minute
horizontal flight legs which agree to within 10 percent of the pibal wind
data.
Helicopter intake probes and manifolds were made of 38-millimeter (mm)
inside diameter (i.d.) stainless steel, and the probes and manifolds used for
reactive pollutants (03, NO, N02, and SO^) were lined with Kynar, a
fluorocarbon plastic with properties similar to Teflon. All sample ducts and
lines were made of Teflon tubing. Sample probes were located near the front
of the helicopter's right side as shown in Figure 1, and the probes sampled
undisturbed air during normal flight. At forward speeds greater than about
30 knots, the rotor wash trajectory strikes the fuselage well aft of the probe
locations. To verify the rotor wash trajectory, flight tests were performed
with the RAPS helicopters using ribbons attached at many points on the
helicopter fuselage to indicate flow patterns.
Power distribution systems for the RAPS helicopters included provisions to
supply power to air quality instrumentation in three ways: from aircraft
28-volt direct current (Vd.c.) power in flight; from 28-Vd.c. power provided
by an auxiliary power unit while on the ground; and from 110-volt alternating
current (Va.c.) power while on the ground. The ground power provisions were
necessary to maintain instrument stability because instrument warm-up times
varied from 30 minutes to a few hours, and because instrument calibrations
sometimes changed after shutdown and restart. In normal operation during a
RAPS intensive field study period, the instrument systems were operated
continuously, 24 hours per day, without pause. The helicopter power
distribution system permitted the instruments to be transferred from aircraft
power to either of the alternate sources without interruption. Two 2 000-watt
Unitron 28-Vd.c. to 110-Va.c, 60-hertz power inverters were carried aboard
each helicopter for instrument in-flight power conversions from helicopter
12
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generators. To reduce current loading on these inverters, the inductive power
factor of each instrument was measured, and capacitors were added to the power
distribution system to compensate for these power factors. Use of power-
factor compensation reduced the total current loading by approximately
9 amperes or about 1,000 volt-amps of reactive "power". Figure 5 is a block
diagram of the power distribution system. To minimize ground loops and
electrical noise, all equipment racks were electrically isolated from the air
frame at the mountings, but all were tied to a common point through heavy
grounding cables.
The following section describes the instrumentation chosen for the RAPS
helicopter measurement system.
DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
Gaseous Pollutants
The gaseous pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), NO, NOX, 03, S02,
methane (CH4) and total hydrocarbons (THC), were measured in real time by
the helicopter system. Supplementing the continuous monitors, bag samples
could be taken for subsequent analysis in the laboratory. All measurement
methods were according to the techniques promulgated at that time in the Code
of Federal Regulations or equivalent techniques, where available.
Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured with a Beckman/Andros Model
7000 analyzer. This analyzer quantified the concentrations by measuring the
absorbence of infrared radiation by CO in the sample chamber utilizing the
dual isotope fluorescence technique. The Model 7000 analyzer is designed to
detect 0.1 parts per million (ppm) of CO and has as its lowest range of
operation 0 to 20 ppm full-scale.
Both NO and N02 concentrations were measured by the same instrument.
Two brands of instruments were used in the RAPS helicopters to measure oxides
of nitrogen. Thermo Electron Corporation (TECO) Model 14B analyzers were used
during the July-August and November-December 1974 RAPS field exercises, and
Monitor Labs, Inc., (ML) Model 8440 analyzers were used during all other field
exercises. Both analyzers monitor NO by measuring the light from the
chemiluminescent reaction of NO with 03. Both brands of analyzer monitor
the NOX concentrations by catalytically reducing N0£ to NO and then
measuring the total NO as NOX. Because the TECO 14B analyzer could not
measure NO and NOX simultaneously, two TECO instruments were used in each
helicopter system. The ML 8440 was able to measure NO and NOX
simultaneously and one ML8440 could replace two TECO's. The TECO 14B had as
its lowest range of operation 0 to 0.20 ppm full-scale. The ML 8440 operated
on a lowest range of 0 to 0.20 ppm full-scale.
Ozone concentrations were measured with a REM Model 612 monitor. The
REM instrument monitors 03 by measuring the light emitted by the
chemiluminescent reaction of 03 with ethylene gas. The lowest level of
detection for the REM was 0.001 ppm, and the lowest range of operation was
0 to 0.20 ppm.
13
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28 Volt ACFT. Buss
28 Volt Power
Receptacle
Figure 5. RAPS Helicopter electrical system.
-------
Concentrations of SC>2 (measured as total sulfur) were monitored with a
Meloy Laboratories, Inc., (Meloy) Model SA-160 analyzer. S02 is monitored
by measuring the light produced by a chemiluminescent sulfur species in a
hyperventilated hydrogen flame (a flame photometric detector). Because this
analyzer responds to almost all sulfur compounds and not just to S02, it is
generally considered to be a "total-sulfur analyzer". The minimum detectable
concentration of the SA-160 was 0.005 ppm.
Hydrocarbon concentrations (methane and total hydrocarbons) were measured
with a Mine Safety Applicances Company (MSA) Model 11-2 monitor. In this
instrument, the hydrocarbons are measured by means of a hydrogen flame
ionization detector (FID). Total hydrocarbons (THC) are measured directly,
while methane is measured on a separate flame after the air sample has passed
through a stripper column that removes all other hydrocarbons. The lowest
range of operation for the MSA analyzer for both THC and methane was 0 to 5.0
ppm full-scale.
Bag samples were collected in order that a more detailed compositional
analysis might be done for the hydrocarbons. A bag sampler was designed to
sequentially fill up to five Tedlar bags with ambient air. One of three flow
rates, 28, 14, and 7 liters per minute (1/min), could be selected by a switch.
A given flow setting also selected a fixed sampling time of 2, 4, or 8 minutes
respectively to fill a 56-liter bag. All plumbing was stainless steel,
including the three-way solenoid valves which controlled the flow to each bag.
Valve seals were of Viton. Air was pumped into the bags by a small diaphragm
pump which had been coated inside with Teflon. A prefilter cartridge of
marble chips coated with manganese dioxide powder was put in the sample line
to destroy 03 and thus protect the hydrocarbons in the sample from
oxidation. Care was taken to keep the bags out of direct sunlight during
transport and storage. Bags used in sampling were supplied by the various
investigators. Because sample analyses were performed by outside
investigators as listed in Appendix E, no bag sample data are included in this
report.
Particulate Pollutants
Particulate levels were also measured by the helicopter system.
Continuous readings were taken of the light-scattering coefficient in the 0.1-
to 1-um range of particle-size distribution. Filter samples were taken to
examine mass loading and chemical composition.
The particulate light-scattering coefficient was measured by a Meteorology
Research Inc. (MRI) Model 1550 integrating nephelometer equipped with a
preheater. The instrument makes continuous measurements of the visual quality
of the ambient air. The atmospheric extinction coefficient due to the
scattering of light by both gases and aerosols is determined. The instrument
has a sensitivity range of 10~5 to lO'2 reciprocal meters (nr1); this
corresponds approximately to a mass loading range of 0 to 3,800 micrograms per
cubic meter (pg/m3).
15
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Particle-size distribution was provided by a Royco Model 220 aerosol-
particle monitor. This monitor was coupled to a multichannel analyzer which
scaled particle counts in eight size ranges. The Royco projects a beam of
light through the air sample and measures the 90-degree scatter with a photo-
multiplier tube. The size and frequency of the pulses are an indication of
the size and number of the particles. The analyzer detects particles larger
than 0.5 ym in aerodynamic diameter. The multichannel analyzer can be
adjusted to a wide range of pulse sizes.
Special filter samples were taken with the helicopter system. An attempt
was made to provide isokinetic flow at the sample intake by using a tapered,
machined probe tip. A filter holder was built to accommodate 37-mm diameter
filters. Flow rates available through this system were 28 or 65 1/min.
Teflon 1-ym pore size filter media were used and analyzed for sul fates during
some RAPS flights. The airmover was a Gelman carbon vane pump and flow was
determined by measuring the pressure drop across the filter with a Magnehelic
gauge. Filter analyses were performed by outside investigators as listed in
Appendix E, and no filter analysis data are included in this report.
Temperature and Pressure (altitude)
Temperature and dew point were determined continuously with an EG&G
Vapormate II using a Model CS137 thermometer- hygrometer probe. The air
temperature was sensed with a thermistor located in the direct path of the
moving air. Dew point was determined by a condensation hygrometer, a
thermoelectrically cooled mirror with an optical system which detects fogging
of the mirror surface. The temperature sensor operated within the range of
-40° to +49° C, with a temperature accuracy of ^0.8° C.
The dew point sensor operated from -40° to +40° C. The listed accuracy of
the dew point sensor varies with temperature range; accuracy is +0.8° C in the
range 0° to 49° C, +1.1° C in the range -29° to 0° C, and +1.7° in the range
-40° to -29° C.
Pressure altitude was measured automatically by a Computer Instruments
Corporation (CIC) Model 8000 electric altimeter. This device was plumbed into
the aircraft static pressure line. Changes in static pressure are detected by
a diaphragm which is mechanically linked to a potentiometer. Excitation is
provided by aircraft 28 Vd.c., and output is nearly linear with altitude
(based on the U.S. Standard Atmosphere model). According to the manufacturer,
the range is from 305 m below sea level to 9,150 m ASL. Accuracy, according
to CIC, is +12 m in the range of altitudes flown over St. Louis. The
calibration data are given in Appendix A. The equations to correct the
altitude for deviations from the standard atmosphere model, caused by synoptic
pressure and temperature variations, are also listed in Appendix A.
Avionics
' were incorporated into the helicopter air monitoring
as
'" ^ "** t0 C9lCUlate P°sU1on and w1nd fields>
16
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True position was determined by three instruments which are not part of
the normal aircraft navigation equipment, two Collins DME-40 transceivers and
one Bendix RVA-33A VOR receiver. The DME (distance measuring equipment)
transceivers measure line-of-sight distances from two VORTAC air navigation
stations on the ground.
The VOR (VHF-omni-ranging) measures the bearing in degrees from one of the
stations. Position was determined by triangulation of the two DME distances.
The VOR bearing resolved which of the two possible DME intersects was the true
position. Accuracy of the DME-40 was +_0.1 nautical mile (185 m) within
line-of-sight range. The accuracy of the VOR was about +5° above 500 m AGL
and within 16 km of the VORTAC station. At lower altitudes, radio beacon
reception was less reliable, and resolution of the VOR bearing became as poor
as ±20° near the ground.
Digital data from the DME and VOR instruments were fed directly into the
data acquisition system as nautical miles and degrees respectively. Compass
heading and indicated airspeed were also recorded. A Data Device Corporation
(DDC) Model 4700 synchro-to-digital converter digitized the three synchro
voltages from the ship's compass and output in real time the heading in
degrees. The airspeed was measured with a CIC Model 7100 differential
pressure transducer which was plumbed into the helicopter pitot and static
pressure lines. Accuracy of the compass heading was +1° and that of the
airspeed was +1 knot.
These data could be used to plot the helicopter course from a known
position as if there were no wind effect on the helicopter. The vector
distance (L) from the computed position to the true position over a period of
time (At) is the distance the helicopter has been blown off course. The
average wind speed is therefore u = L/At, and the average wind direction
is in the direction of the vector L. Because the accuracy of the true
helicopter position was +0.2 nautical mile by DME measurements, it was
necessary to fly about 10 minutes at 60 knots (true airspeed) with a 12-knot
wind to obtain an accuracy on the order of j\LO% for L.
Data Processing
The data logger at the center of the helicopter system was an ML Model
7200 R-D2 with digital clock modules C1-C4. The 7200 was equipped to input
digital and analog signals, and it was interfaced to a Cipher Model 70 digital
magnetic tape recorder.
Thumbwheel switches on the ML 7200 allowed codes to be entered for such
things as range setting for the various air quality instruments and the
Julian date. The normal scan rate during the RAPS missions was one 132-
character record every 5 seconds. This record was output on magnetic tape in
IBM-compatible 7-track binary coded decimal (BCD) code with a packing density
of 200 bits per inch (bpi) (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters). This relatively low
packing density was required to overcome vibration interferences.
17
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Figure 3 is a block diagram of the total data system. All of the analog
signals from the various air quality instruments were input first to a
recorder selector panel. This allowed selected signals to be recorded on any
of four channels of an MFE Corporation (MFE) Model M24CRAHA strip chart
recorder. Although the recorder provided backup to the tape deck for four of
the parameters, its primary use was for calibration and in-flight display.
All of the instruments discussed above had corrections that needed to be
accounted for before the collected data were put into final form. The
following section discusses the effects of pressure, temperature, humidity and
other interferences. In addition, the lag and response times of the
instruments are discussed and their corrections are outlined.
18
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4. QUALITY ASSURANCE OF DATA
The quality assurance of the data obtained by the RAPS helicopters was
given high priority In all stages of mission planning and execution. With the
choice of the unpressurized S-58 helicopter for the airborne platform, the
difference between the measurement conditions and calibration conditions
became a major concern. Almost all of the pollution monitors which met the
requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations were designed not for aircraft
operation, but for ambient operation in a controlled temperature environment
within a small range of ambient pressure corresponding to the normal synoptic
variations. In order to assure the validity of the measurements made in
flight, a comprehensive quality assurance program was implemented which
covered the following five component segments:
1. Calibration Standards
2. Calibration Procedures and Techniques
3. Instrumental Corrections
4. Instrument Response Time Corrections
5. Independent Inter!aboratory Audits
CALIBRATION STANDARDS
All measurements made by the RAPS helicopters were designed to conform to
current Code of Federal Regulations Reference Methods and, where possible, all
calibration standards were Standard Reference Materials (SRM) traceable to the
National Bureau of Standards (NBS). The policy of the RAPS helicopter group
was to prepare a secondary field standard and analyze it relative to an NBS
primary standard. The NBS standard was kept in Las Vegas and the secondary
standard was used daily in the field calibrations. This procedure was
designed to prevent the accidental loss of the primary calibration standards
through leakage during routine use and also to save on costs. The standards
used are described below by pollutant.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
The CO primary standard was an NBS SRM mixture of CO and nitrogen
contained in an aluminum cylinder. The secondary standards were CO-ultrapure
air mixtures prepared by Scott-Marin in aluminum cylinders to a nominal
concentration of 15 ppm.
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO and N02)
The initial secondary NO standard was analyzed during 1973 to be 81 ppm by
gas phase titration (GPT) (Rehme, 1976), as referenced to the Code of Federal
19
-------
Regulations neutral buffered potassium iodide (NBKI) method for 63 analysis.
When the cylinder was used in St. Louis during the Summer RAPS 1974 study, it
was analyzed to be 77.5 ppm in reference to a RAMS station secondary NO
standard. During the Fall RAPS 1974 mission, the cylinder was again compared
to NBKI by GPT and was analyzed at 72 ppm. When an NBS-certified NO-N2
mixture was received in the Spring of 1975, the cylinder was again analyzed to
be 72 ppm.
The RAPS helicopter field standard was recertified to a new value close to
the RAMS measured value, and all data obtained previous to this audit were
corrected for the change in the span factor. All other NO cylinder
standardizations had very stable and reproducible results.
The NO standard was also related to the ozone standard through the GPT
technique as discussed in the following section on ozone. During the period
in 1974 when the NBS NO cylinder was on order, the GPT technique was used to
check the NO cylinder values and to perform calibrations.
Ozone (03)
No NBS reference materials are available for 03 calibrations. The Code
of Federal Regulations Reference Method for 03 calibration at that time used
the oxidation of an NBKI solution as the calibration principle. In the spring
of 1974, the 03 calibrations were being performed with a Dasibi 1002-AH 03
analyzer as a secondary standard. This monitor, which demonstrated long-term
stability, was calibrated by the Code of Federal Regulations NBKI Reference
Method for 03. This secondary reference Dasibi was also used to calibrate
the NO cylinders by GPT; therefore, the 03 and NO field standards were
referenced either directly or indirectly to the Code of Federal Regulations
Reference Method for 03. This method of 03 calibration was used until
June of 1975. At that time an NBS NO-in-N2 cylinder was received which
allowed all secondary NO cylinders to be cross-compared directly to the NBS
NO-in-N2 cylinder. During this same period, the accuracy of the NBKI ozone
reference method came under close scrutiny and testing by the EPA. The Dasibi
03 monitor, which had been stable for nearly a year, developed electronic
problems.
All of these developments required that an 03 calibration be performed
by GPT referenced indirectly to an NBS cylinder of NO-in-N2 as the primary
reference material. The 03 calibration was performed daily by a GPT on the
NO-NOX analyzer using the secondary standard of NO-in-Ng.
Whenever the Dasibi 03 analyzer was repaired and found to be functioning
properly, a GPT would be performed directly with an NBS NO-in-N2 cylinder.
Once calibrated, the Dasibi would be taken to the field as the secondary
reference for 03 calibration. When the Dasibi was used as the secondary
reference for 03, it would be referenced periodically to a GPT on the
NO-NOX monitor using the secondary standard of NO-in-N2, as referenced to
an NBS NO-in-N2.
20
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Sulfur Dioxide ($02)
The SC>2 calibrations were performed with NBS-certified permeation tubes.
S02 permeates through the Teflon wall of the tube at a known rate which is a
function of the tube temperature. The permeation tubes were maintained at a
constant temperature which was measured with a certified thermometer. Near
the end of the warranted lifetime of the permeation tube, the tube was
compared to a newly purchased NBS permeation tube prior to replacement to
ensure equivalence between them.
Methane (Cfy) and Total Hydrocarbons (THC)
Methane and non-methane standards at low ppm concentrations were a problem
for this study. Because NBS methane standards were out of stock at the
beginning of the program, commercially prepared standards were used, which
were found to be unstable. This problem was solved with the use of Scott-
Marin cylinders of methane in air which proved to be stable. Although an NBS
standard was not available directly, an independent certification was
available by independent audits discussed later in this section.
Temperature
The temperature probes used in the initial studies, #627 and #629, were
calibrated against an NBS-traceable Rosemount platinum thermometer in the
range -10° to +40° C. The temperature data were fit by the least squares
technique to a cubic equation with voltage as the independent variable. The
maximum difference between the corrected data and any calibration point was
0.5° C. These corrections were made for the first five field studies.
The thermoelectric circuits of the first two temperature probes failed
after the Winter RAPS 1976 mission and were replaced with new EG&G Vapormate
II probes, #803 and #804. The temperature probes #803 and #804 were
calibrated against an NBS-traceable Rosemount quartz crystal thermometer
between -10° and +40° C at 5° C intervals. The temperature data were again
fit by the least squares technique to a cubic equation with voltage as the
independent variable. The maximum difference between the corrected data and
any calibration point was 0.2° C. These corrections were made for the last
two field studies. The calibration data for all four probes are given in
Appendix A.
CALIBRATION PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
Due to the extreme range of environmental conditions encountered in air
quality monitoring from a helicopter platform, calibrations were required on a
daily basis. For most calibrations in the RAPS program, the helicopters were
parked in the hangar facilities. This was necessary to keep the instruments
at reasonable temperatures and to provide thermal stability for the Bendix
Dynamic Calibration System (BDCS). The BDCS must be kept in a given
temperature range to allow the permeation tube oven to equilibrate at the
desired temperature and to produce stable outputs and flows from the 03
generator. The BDCS was operated with a Bendix heatless air dryer and either
an MSA catalytic oxidizer or an Aadco pure air generator. The latter was used
21
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during the last four missions. These systems provided the zero-grade dilution
air used in all calibrations of the 03, oxides of nitrogen, S02, and CO
instruments. The zero air also was used to establish the zero input response
of the 03 and oxides of nitrogen instrumentation.
Each calibration was performed in the following standard format, except
for the first week or two of operation in the Summer RAPS 1974 project. The
first item to be performed immediately after flight was the post-calibration
zero. Without any monitor adjustment, zero air was sampled from the pure air
generator. After equilibrium was achieved, the zero value from the monitor
was recorded. Following this procedure, the air quality monitor was adjusted
to zero and this pre-calibration zero was recorded. Following the zero
adjustment, a known concentration of pollutant gas was introduced to the
monitor. This span gas was formed in the BDCS by diluting the output of
either a high concentration gas cylinder or permeation tube with zero air.
With no span adjustment and after equilibrium of the signal, a post-
calibration span reading was recorded. Next, the air quality sensor was
adjusted to the appropriate signal level corresponding to the known input, and
this value was recorded. This calibration sequence is based on the fact that
a zero value adjustment of a given amount will directly affect the span value
by the same amount. However, adjustment of a span value will not influence
the zero value that has been pre-established. This method was applied for all
S02, 03, oxides of nitrogen, and CO instrumentation. The sequence was
also applied to the nephelometer calibrations; however, in this particular
monitor, span adjustments do affect zero values, and a re-zero was necessary.
Quality controls were performed frequently in many aspects of the RAPS
helicopter operations. On a biweekly basis, multipoint calibrations were
performed. The calibrations were implemented within the first week operation,
midway through the project, and during the last week of the intensive studies.
Zero-air tests were performed on the same schedule. Internal zeroes of the
S02 analyzers and CO analyzers were compared to the Aadco pure air generator
or the Bendix heat!ess air dryer and HSA catalytic oxidizer. Comparisons also
were made between the in-flight zero-grade air (Linde or Matheson zero-grade
air) and the Aadco pure air generator or the Bendix heatless air dryer and MSA
catalytic oxidizer. These tests produced very favorable results for 03 and
S02, and oxides of nitrogen. A few problems occurred in the CO comparisons.
A higher zero reading occasionally occured when sampling air from the Aadco
pure air generator than when using air from the internal zero air scrubber of
the CO monitor itself. The source of the problem is believed to be the
difference in 0)2 background between each of the zero-air sources. The
NOX-NO converter efficiencies were tested weekly, at a minimum, and when gas
phase titration was used for 03 calibrations, the converter efficiency was
checked on a daily basis.
All flows were calibrated on the BDCS at least once a week, but any
problems incurred with the BDCS required that calibration of flows be made
more frequently.
iQ7/.Dun'!J9,,*h! fln^ three intensive studies (Summer RAPS 1974, Fall RAPS
1974, and Winter RAPS 1975), the flowmeters used were certified only to about
22
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5% accuracy. During the last four missions, an NBS-traceable Teledyne-
Hastings Miniflo Calibrator was used for flow measurements. This allowed a
+2% accuracy for flow measurement. This accuracy with an approximate ±2%
accuracy for field standards gave a calibration error of ±4%; however, with
the flows measured only once a week, the error could be as great as +8% of the
input value.
Primary calibrations of the MRI nephelometer were done in the field. The
first primary calibration was performed immediately after set-up and again
during the third week of the operation. This absolute calibration required
two data points, the scattering coefficients for pure air and for pure Freon
12. The nephelometer was checked daily with an electronic test and zeroed and
spanned according to the instruction manual.
Throughout the RAPS project the analysis of methane and non-methane
hydrocarbons remained a difficult task. Two key problems restrained the
collection of hydrocarbon data. The first problem was that of accurate
standards for calibration described previously in section 4. The second
problem was that of the MSA hydrocarbon analyzer catalyst stability. It was
finally resolved that, because of frequent contamination (possibly phosphate),
the catalysts (hopcalite) within the MSA were not reliable. Also, since the
MSA hydrocarbon analyzer is much like a gas chromatograph, pronounced
temperature fluctuations also become a problem. The catalyst problem was
resolved by using hydrocarbon-free air from a cylinder rather than relying on
the catalyst to supply hydrocarbon-free air to the flame.
After reviewing the problems encountered with the MSA analyzer and
standards, it was determined that the hydrocarbon data were not defensible.
All hydrocarbon data have been removed from the helicopter data base.
All Royco calibrations were performed with polystyrene latex beads
manufactured by Dow Corning Corporation using a calibration system fabricated
by the Las Vegas Laboratory's helicopter team. The Royco calibrations were
performed each evening prior to a scheduled Royco flight.
During the first three missions when all flights were based at Scott Air
Force Base, Illinois, the avionics were tested routinely with equipment loaned
to the EPA by the Air Force. After deployment to Smartt Field, avionics test
equipment had to be purchased. Until the avionics equipment was available,
all avionics testing was done by test flights encircling a nearby VOR station,
and by over-flights of landmarks to test the DME's. In-flight checks of the
altimeter, VOR and DME data were also made routinely by comparison to the
aircraft avionics which were completely independent systems.
INSTRUMENTAL CORRECTIONS
To assure the validity of the aerometric data, several operational tests
were made on the instruments, both in the laboratory and in the field. A
number of corrections and estimates of their magnitude are described. Of
these, only zero drifts and span drifts were corrected for in the data base.
The other corrections, such as response time and lag time, were of lesser
23
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magnitude and did not justify the reprocessing of the entire data set.
However, these are described in sufficient detail that the data user can make
the corrections if the individual application calls for it.
Density Correction - Pressure and Temperature
Air pollution monitors produce an output that is proportional to the
number of molecules (i.e., mass) in the sampling chamber, not the ratio of
pollutant volume to air volume (ppm). To provide true ratios of pollutant to
air, adjustments need to be made to instrumented outputs to correct for
density changes in the air resulting from pressure and temperature variations.
Pollution measurements should be corrected to reference conditions at 25° C
and 760 mm mercury (Hg) pressure. The temperature of the air sampled from the
helicopters was measured and recorded continuously. The pressure of the air
can be derived from the voltage output of the altimeter. Given the
temperature and pressure of the sampled air, it is tempting to apply simple
ideal gas-law relationships to correct these data. However, since individual
instrument response may deviate measurably from the ideal gas-law
relationships, chamber studies must be performed for each instrument.
Theoretically, instruments should be calibrated with a standard gas
mixture at 25° C and 760 mm Hg pressure. The instrument, however, makes its
readings at the temperature and pressure of the gas in the sampling chamber,
not outside ambient levels. Many pollution monitors control the temperature
and pressure in their sampling chambers. If these devices function properly,
instrument readings can be automatically referenced to the density of air at
standard reference conditions. Those instruments that have temperature and
pressure control mechanisms, however, were not designed to operate within the
extremes encountered in operating the instruments in an unpressurized
aircraft.
Also, atmospheric density changes are not the only effects caused by
pressure and temperature changes. Temperature effects may cause electronic
components to behave differently; pressure fluctuations may cause changes in
flow rates that will affect instrument response; and temperature and pressure
may affect the principle of detection (for example, infrared absorption peaks
broaden as temperature and pressure increases). Because of these
uncertainties in the data caused by pressure and temperature fluctuation,
environmental chamber studies were undertaken to qualify the error in
instrument output as a function of temperature and pressure and, if possible,
to experimentally derive equations to correct these data.
Span and Zero Drift Corrections
Basically, two approaches were taken to isolate and identify
environmentally caused detrimental effects to the signal output of the
instruments: ^
1. Experiments were designed to test in situ instrument
response under actual conditions of changing environmental
factors.
24
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2. Laboratory equipment was used to simulate flight conditions.
The theory was that if a demonstrable effect is proved reproducible and
quantified, the data can be corrected by factoring out the impact of these
changing environmental parameters using an appropriate mathematical algorithm.
Because they were designed for aircraft use, the following instruments were
not tested for environmental response: CIC pressure altimeter, Cambridge
ambient temperature and dew point temperature sensor, and MR I integrating
nephelometer. The remaining instruments on board the helicopter (Table 1)
were laboratory-tested using an environmental chamber facility. This chamber
had a dynamic range for temperatures of -80° to +100° C and for altitude
(pressure) of 600 m to 39 km MSL. A typical test range for temperature was 0°
to 40° C and for altitude, 600 m to 3,000 m MSL.
Instrumental drift is defined in this discussion as the difference
between the signal change measured in the environmental chamber and the signal
change expected due to the change in atmospheric density. For example, the
span drift of the REM 612B ozone monitor with altitude is:
(Chamber Drift) - (Density Drift) = Instrumental Drift
(-0.9% of scale/305 m) - (-1.1% of scale 305/m) = +0.2% of scale/305 m
Thus, for a 1,000-m increase in altitude, this instrument shows a drift of
only +0.7% of full-scale. Instrument drift results for selected instruments
are summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2. INSTRUMENT DRIFT CORRECTIONS
Instrument
REM 612B Ozone
REM 61 2B Ozone
Meloy SA160 S02
Meloy SA160 S02
TECO 14B NO-NOX
TECO 14B NO-NOX
Test
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure
Temperature
Pressure
Temperature
Full-Scale
0.2 ppm
1 ppm
1 ppm
Change
0.7% of full-scale/1,000 m
0.4% of full-scale/0 C
2.1% of full-scale/1,000 m
0.36% of full-scale/0 C
6.3% of full-scale/1,000 m
0.7% of full -scale/0 C
25
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The chamber tests were artificial representations of actual conditions of
instrument usage. It is indeed important to test the instruments under normal
operations to avoid possible artifacts inherent in laboratory tests. However,
due to weight and space considerations, it was not practical to carry span
gases onto the aircraft during flight; therefore, zero drift of the
instruments was the only parameter that was examined for the RAPS helicopter
system. Zero drift was examined by having the 03 and NO-NOX instruments
sample pure air from zero-grade air bottles, while the other instruments
sampled ambient air passed through their internal scrubbers.
Zero drift of the instruments was examined during two in-flight regimes.
First, the instruments were allowed to sample clean air during the time when
the aircraft was making spiral descents. For this test, the aircraft
performed a spiral descent from 1,525 m to 215 m MSL. The time required for
such a maneuver is on the order of 10 minutes. Usually, the changes in
ambient temperature and pressure are greatest during a spiral, and it is
expected that the instruments would be most strongly affected during this
period. Figure 6 shows instrument response versus altitude for 03, NO,
NOX, CO, and S02. The outside ambient temperature (OAT) is also plotted
for reference. For the instrumentation in this test the drifts observed were
negligible, with the exception of that for the CO monitor.
Second, zero drift was examined for the time period of a typical flight,
about 3 hours. The drifts of the instruments in this test, with the
exception of the CO monitor, were less than 5% of full-scale. To compensate
for the drift of these instruments in flight, zero levels were recorded
periodically during measurement periods, and a linear interpolation of the
zero drift was made to correct those data. (Daily span calibrations of all
instruments indicate that the span drift with time was usually less than 5% of
ful1-scale per day.)
The CO analyzer was extremely temperature sensitive, and under certain
conditions it was not unusual for the zero drift of this instrument to be 30%
to 100% of full-scale during a spiral. The corrections that would have to be
made to these CO data are large and, therefore, these data contain a great
deal of uncertainty. These data must be assumed to be suspect and if they are
to be used in modeling analysis, the user should inspect the in-flight zero
data, and compare CO with other pollutants when it peaks.
Interferences
In addition to those interferences specified by the manufacturers of the
instruments used in the helicopter operations (Table 3), other interferences
are known.
The Meloy SA160-2 is a total sulfur analyzer; it detects hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) and organic sulfides in addition to S02. For the Meloy to be
specific to S02, a catalytic scrubber must be used. This scrubber system
was not used on the helicopter system because it increased the response time;
hence, H2S and organic sulfides must be considered as possible positive
interferents in the reported S02 data yubiuve
26
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no
3
'^
<
NO
03
S02
IMOx
1500
12001
900
600
300
-0.02 0.00 0.02
Concentration,PPM
OAT
COO 2 4 6 8 1012 PPM
OAT -6-4-20 2 46 Degrees °0
Figure 6. Instrument response to in-flight temperature and pressure changes.
-------
TABLE 3. INSTRUMENT INTERFERENCES (as specified by the manufacturer)
Instrument
Parameter
Interferent
Remarks
REM 61 2B
TECO 14B
ML 8440
Beckman 7000
MSA 11-2
Meloy SA160-2
MRI 1550B
03
NO/N02/NOX
NO/N02/NOX
(Andros 7000)-CO
THC/CH4/NMHC
Total Sulfur
Particles
None
None
None
H20
C02
None
None
H20
Specific to ozone
Specific to NO
Specific to NO
Interference < 1:10,000
Interference < 1:20,000
None
Measures all sulfur compounds
Data valid for aerosols and
(Visibility)
Cambridge 137-C1 Temperature
Dew Point
None
particulates under following
conditions:
--without inline heater when
relative humidity <65%
--with inline heater when
relative humidity >65%*
None
*Standard Operating Condition
The flame photometric analyzer has a small negative interference since
ambient C02 levels (approximately 320 ppm) quench the flame and reduce the
response of the instrument by approximately 10%. Calibration and operation
with identical ambient C02 levels produce no appreciable error from this
effect. However, it must be assumed that the pure air generator used for
calibration had some effect on C02 concentration and therefore the S02
interference is significant but less than 10%.
Winer et al. (1974) have shown that chemiluminescent N0-N02 analyzers
respond quantitatively to peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and a variety of organic
nitrates and nitrites. In addition, the instruments also respond to
nitroethane and nitric acid. These compounds are usually found in very low
concentrations relative to NO and N02 concentrations and were not expected
to be significant interferences in these measurements.
Non-chemical interferences were observed with most of the pollution
monitoring equipment. During the July-August 1974 exercise, electronic
28
-------
Interference caused by radio transmission from the aircraft was observed.
Large spikes in the pollutant monitor readings were detected in test data
records corresponding to communications on the FM radios. Faraday cages were
built around each pollutant monitor to shield it from radio interference.
Little further interference was observed with the instruments other than an
occasional small electrical response from the ozone monitor.
Instrument Lag Time Corrections
The following discussion provides the information to make corrections for
lag time. The lag times of the air quality instruments flown during the RAPS
support missions are functions of the following parameters:
1. instrument detector characteristics and internal flow rate
2. velocity of air stream in the sample manifold which was
determined by the air speed of the helicopter
3. the length and diameter of the sample manifold between the
air intake probe and the instrument sample inlet
The total lag times of the instruments were determined through a series
of in-flight tests. A solenoid valve was placed on the sample inlet probe to
inject a span gas into the inlet. The solenoid valve was energized
simultaneously with the start of a high-speed strip chart recorder. The
length of the chart before the signal began to rise from the background was a
measure of the lag time. The lag times, to the nearest second, for all the
air quality instruments as used in the RAPS helicopters are listed in Table 4.
TABLE 4. INSTRUMENT LAG TIMES
Instrument
Lag Time
MRI Nephelometer
Meloy 160 -S02
REM Ozone
ML NOX
ML NO
Beckman CO
MSA Hydrocarbon
2 seconds (estimated)
4 seconds
5 seconds
5 seconds
6 seconds
7 seconds
5 seconds (estimated)
29
-------
The recommended lag corrections for these instruments, a function of the
scan rate of the data acquisition system, are listed in Table 5.
The lag and response times of the EG&G temperature probes and altimeters
have not been measured at the normal aircraft speed of 60 knots. EG&G lists a
response time of 10 seconds in still air.
TABLE 5. LAG CORRECTIONS TO AIR QUALITY INSTRUMENTS
Scan Rate
1 second
2 seconds
4 seconds
5 seconds
MR I
2
2
0
0
Meloy
4
4
4
5
REM
5
4
4
5
ML NO
6
6
4
5
ML NOX
5
6
4
5
Beckman
7
6
8
5
MSA
5
4
4
5
INSTRUMENT RESPONSE TIME CORRECTIONS
The following discussion provides the information to make corrections for
lag time. Each of the monitoring instruments has a finite response time which
results in the instruments being unable to measure the input signals exactly.
If the instruments are linear first order systems, the input X and the output
Y are related as
X(t-tL) = Y(t)
dY(t]
dt
(1)
where rj = the time constant of the instrument system,
and t|_ = the lag time of the instrument system.
All of the instruments used by the RAPS helicopter system may be modeled
by equation 1, with one exception. The exception is the Meloy SA-160 SO?
analyzer which is non-linear and which is discussed separately in this
section. J
30
-------
Corrections for Linear Instruments
In general, when the concentration distribution in space is relatively
uniform, the derivative dY(t)/dt will be small and the correction (ridY(t)/
dt) need not be made. If the input to the instrument is a ramp function, the
output will be an identical ramp, lagging the input by Tl + tj_. The only
times during the flight when the corrections will be significant will be when
the helicopter passes through a plume in flight, or through the top or base of
a thermal inversion where both temperature and concentration profiles may have
a discontinuity in slope.
The response times of all the instruments were measured both on the bench
with simulated flight conditions of flow rate and piping lengths and/or
in-flight. The in-flight results are the most reliable for correcting the
data because the test conditions are the measurement conditions in flight.
The in-flight tests were performed by the injection of span gas through a
solenoid valve mounted on the sample inlet tube. A high-speed strip chart
recorder was energized simultaneously with the solenoid valve, and several
traces of signal rise and fall were obtained. Another technique used was to
analyze the signal after the helicopter passed through a plume. Once the
plume is passed, the input X(t) is zero and the output Y(t) will be an
exponential decay. When the output Y(t) is plotted against time on semilog
paper, a straight line with slope -\/r\ can be fit to these data. This
latter technique has been used successfully with the MRI nephelometer as well
as the other pollutant monitors. The time constant of the nephelometer is
dependent on the helicopter airspeed since the flow through the detector
chamber is provided by ram air into the sample manifold. At 60 knots
indicated airspeed, the measured sample flow velocity was only 10 knots and
the time constant was on the order of 3 seconds. The measured time constants
of the instruments are listed in Table 6.
TABLE 6. TIME CONSTANTS OF LINEAR RAPS INSTRUMENTS
Pollutant Instrument Response Time Constant
Aerosol MRI-Nephelometer 2.5 to 3.5 seconds
NO, NOX ML - 5-second setting 6.0 seconds
CO Beckman/Andros 3.0 to 5.0 seconds
03 REM 2.0 to 2.5 seconds
31
-------
Many numerical procedures are available to obtain derivatives from the
tabulated values to make the correction given in equation 1. The procedure
recommended is to use a numerical method (Wylie, 1960) as follows:
Given a sequence of five observations of Y at equally spaced intervals of
time, At = t2 - ti = ti - t0, as follows
YO @ to
Y1@ti
Y2@t2
Y3@t3
Y4 @ t4 ,
then
(dY)
TdtT
Y0 -
8Y3 - Y4
t=2
12At
(2)
and (X)t=2 = (Y)t=2
8Y3 -Y4
12At
(3)
An alternate procedure for analysis of plume study data is to compute the
derivative, using the natural logarithm of Y,
dY Y d&nY
dt ' ~dT'
(4)
where Y = the concentration in the plume minus the background level. This
procedure is preferable because the solution to the equation,
Am a vG
(5)
with initial condition Y = 0 at t = -«,is of the form,
Y(t) = Ae-t/rl
1 + erf ft -
(6)
32
-------
where erf = the error function,
and A = a constant.
The An Y(t) can be expanded as an infinite series in t:
£n Y(t) = I antn (7)
n = o
where an = constants
If one differentiates JinY(t), the numerical procedure will give a more
accurate value of the derivative since the procedure is most accurate for
differentiating polynomial expressions. The correction equation is then:
X(t) = Y(t) 1 + rl (UnY(t)
l
Corrections for Non-Linear Instruments
The Meloy 160 S02 flame photometric analyzer is non-linear by its very
nature since the detection technique involves a chemical combination of two
sulfur atoms which is a second-order process. In addition, the burner tip and
optical windows degrade with time, changing the response character. All tests
showed that the normalized responses to positive and negative steps were not
identical, as would be the case for the linear instruments. Consequently, no
correction could be made to the data by the techniques used for linear
instruments. However, for normal conditions where spatial gradients are
small, the correction for response time will be negligible.
The recommended technique for correcting the S02 data within a plume is
to assume that the S02 plume has the same dimensions as the NOX and
scattering coefficient (Bscat) plumes which can be found with the linear
systems approach. The total area (A) under the SOp-vs-time curve can then
be mapped into a plume with the same dimensions (a) as the NOX and Bscat
plume using the Gaussian plume relation:
A = Xmaxa /!T~ (9)
where Xmax is the peak SOg concentration in a Gaussian plume of area, A,
and standard deviation, a.
INDEPENDENT INTERLABORATORY AUDITS
During all the RAPS field studies, interlaboratory audits were performed
on a regular basis by the RAPS St. Louis laboratory staff. These audits were
33
-------
performed after the last flight of the scheduled audit day in two different
modes. In the first mode, the audit would be performed as soon as possible
after the last flight and before the normal post-calibration procedure
described previously in section 4. In the second mode, the audit would be
performed as soon as possible after the normal post-calibration procedure and
precalibrat ion for the following day's flights.
Two major difficulties were continuously evident in the performance of
these audits. The first difficulty arose because the aircraft hangars were
not heated or air conditioned, and could not be held at a constant temperature
or even within a prescribed temperature range. Although the BDCS was stored
in a temperature-controlled calibration trailer the calibrations were
performed in the uncontrolled hangar or on the taxi pad in front of the hangar
when the aircraft could not be brought inside. In some cases the temperature
differences between the calibration trailer and the hangar were as much as
±20° C.
The second problem which occurred throughout the RAPS intensive studies
was the effect of ambient CO? levels on the Meloy SA-160 flame photometric
detectors for S02. The St. Louis RAPS audit team used ultrapure air for
SOg calibration which was deficient in C02. This difference resulted in a
higher response to audit values than expected from the helicopter calibration
values because the C02 was not quenching the flame as it would in ambient
monitoring or with a calibration source retaining ambient levels of C02 (on
the order of 320 ppm C02).
The audit also showed two problems in the helicopter calibration process
which were corrected immediately. The first problem was with the flow system
providing dilution ambient air to the NO - NOX analyzer through the BDCS.
During the first three missions, the dilution air was split by a sample "tee"
with a portion of the flow going to dilute the secondary NO standard flow and
the excess flow exhausting to the atmosphere through a short length of tubing.
When the BDCS was being used outside the hangar, the wind blowing across the
exhaust tube created a variable back pressure and therefore unstable flow
conditions at the "tee". This effect placed the calibration results as much
as 25% below the audited values. The problem was corrected by using a longer
length of exhaust tubing and shielding the exhaust point from transient air
currents. The second problem was discovered during the beginning of the
Summer RAPS 1976 mission and was the result of flow pressure gauges failing on
the BDCS.
The CO audits documented a major problem with the Andros CO monitor.
Large differences were observed whenever the monitor was exposed to rapidly
changing temperatures. The bias in the CO audits was primarily due to the
extreme temperature sensitivity of the zero response of the instrument. The
difference in values of the audit was also partially attributed to varying
levels of C02 concentration in the different zero-air sources used by the
helicopter team and the audit team.
The results of audits over the period of the RAPS studies of 1975 and 1976
are listed in Appendix B. Those for the 1974 studies are unlisted because the
audit procedures for that period were unreliable. The values listed are the
34
-------
mean slopes of the regression of helicopter instrument responses to the audit
values. In some cases, a single span point was used with no regression
calculation. The averages of these audit results are shown in Table 7 along
with the number of audits and their standard deviation.
TABLE 7. SUMMARY OF AUDIT RESULTS
Number Average Response Standard Deviation
Pollutant of Audits To Audit Value of Response To Audit Value
CO 19 0.910 0.063
S02 24 0.934 0.194
NO 25 0.965 0.116
NOX 26 0.965 0.120
03 22 0.964 0.160
35
-------
5. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING
DATA ACQUISITION
A schematic flow for the collection and processing of RAPS helicopter data
is shown in Figure 7. As shown previously in Figure 3, the analog and digital
outputs from the helicopter monitoring system were scanned by an ML Model 7200
R-D2 data acquisition system (DAS) and recorded on 7-track magnetic tape. The
data were recorded at 200 bpi in binary coded decimal format. Each scan of
the DAS produced a single 132-character record (120 in 1974 missions). The
format of the raw data tape and a detailed data element description are shown
i n Appendix C.
Immediately after a flight, when possible, a voltage dump was obtained
using a Versatec line printer. This dump was reviewed by the flight
technician to identify any instrument or data system malfunctions, and an
attempt was made to correct any malfunctions prior to the next flight. The
raw data tapes were labeled, indexed, and archived for ultimate analysis.
DATA EDIT
Final data processing was performed on the U.S. Energy Research and
Development Administration's (now the Department of Energy) CDC6400 computer
in Las Vegas, Nevada. A system flow for the editing and analysis of the data
is shown in Figure 8.
The raw data tape was first processed through the EDIT program which
established the format, generated a working file of voltage units, and
identified, through an exception-reporting technique, major data anomalies.
The resulting working file was then edited using an interactive text
editor. The exceptions list generated by the EDIT program, together with the
voltage dump and flight notes, was used to interactively edit the data. The
result of this process was an edited voltage file. This file was archived on
magnetic tape.
DATA CALIBRATION AND CORRECTION
The edited voltage file was processed through a calibration program,
ADCAL, which converted voltages to calibrated engineering units and performed
a number of data corrections. Preflight and postflight calibration data were
input to the ADCAL program to provide the necessary calibration factors.
Samples of the calibration form and coding record are found in Appendix C.
36
-------
co
Data Acquisition
Field Operations
fm
O
V
O
<
O
O
Versatec
Printer
Manual
Review
Data Edit & Analysis
CDC 6400
Tape
>l
Voltage Units
1
"
V
Edit
I
Calibrate
Plot
Eng. Units
Listings
RAPS Data Base
UNIVAC 1110
Engineering Units
Selected
I
On Request
Index
Plots
Special
Reports
Figure 7. Schematic flow of RAPS helicopter data.
-------
Figure 8. Schematic flow for RAPS helicopter data edit and analysis.
38
-------
The following calibrations and corrections were made to the data:
1. instrument calibration (zero, span, range)
2. zero drift
3. span drift
4. dew point/frost point correction
5. altimeter calibration
6. airspeed calibration
7. outside air temperature calibration
A detailed description of the algorithms used for each of these
calculations is found in Appendix C.
ADCAL produced a listing of calibrated engineering units as shown in
Tables 8 and 9. These data, combined by mission, have been provided to the
RAPS data base in 9-track ASCII format. A detailed description of the final
data file format is found in Appendix C.
Data Analysis Applications
The helicopter data can be displayed using three computer-generated
plotting routines:
1. parameter vs. altitude
2. parameter vs. time
3. parameter vs. parameter
Examples of plots are shown in Figures 9 and 10.
39
-------
TABLE 8. LISTING OF HELICOPTER DATA—ENGINEERING UNITS
TT1F El»PSr<) OMCl OME2 VO". HPM6
mi. NHI. oes. ntc.
STUTUS 03 MO MIX S02 CO C" T CHk tMC 0«» 0» T
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52?
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788
605
82?
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672
908
91*
955
99*
102*
131*
1050
1069
1089
1110
1135
1156
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1201
1230
1257
126*
I'D*
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1*60
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51,3
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50.6
6*.l
51.1
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56.1
66.*
53,7
5*. 6
53.*
55.6
53.8
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55.3
55.0
5*. 6
53.9
58.2
5*. 3
88.*
60.3
67.7
61.0
61.7
65. i
-------
TABLE 9. DATA REPORT FORMAT
Field
Description
TIME
ELAPSED TIME
DME1, DME2
VOR
HDN6
STATUS
Nl = Flight status
Central Standard Time (n, min, sec)
Elapsed time (min) since start of flight
Range (nautical miles) from VORTAC station
Heading (degrees) from VORTAC station to
aircraft relative to magnetic north
Heading (degrees) of aircraft relative to
magnetic north
Thumbwheel settings
Nl
N2
N3
N4
N5 N6 N7 N8
0 = On-ground reference altitude
1 = Valid sampling measurement
2,8 = Instrument zero calibration
7 = No useful data
N2 = DME Station 1
N3 = DME Station 2
N4 = VOR Station
1 = Troy
2 = St. Louis
3 = Maryland Heights
4 = Scott AFB
N5, N6 = Spiral location (last two
digits of RAMS station number)
N7, N8 = Transect tract number or
grab-bag sample number
03 = Ozone, ppm
NO = Nitric Oxide, ppm
NOX = Nitric Oxide + Nitrogen Dioxide, ppm
S0£ = Sulfur Dioxide, ppm
CO = Carbon Monoxide, ppm
CH4 = Methane, ppm
If flight status (Nl)
equals "0", these four
characters are used to
record ground elevation
(feet) for altimeter
calibration
(Continued
41
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
THC = Total Hydrocarbon as Methane, ppm
BSCAT = Backscatter Coefficient (meters -1 x 104)
COT = Temperature of CO instrument, ° C
OAT = Outside Air Temperature, ° C
DPT = Dew Point, ° C
ALT = Altitude (feet) referenced to mean sea level
ASPD = Airspeed, knots
INSTRUMENT STATUS - Range setting for instrument
Nl N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7
Nl = 03 instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0 to 20 parts per hundred million (pphm) full-scale
2 = 0 to 200 pphm full-scale
N2 = NO instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0 to 0.2 ppm full-scale
2 = 0 to 0.5 ppm full-scale
3 = 0 to 1.0 ppm full-scale
4 = 0 to 2.0 ppm full-scale
5 = 0 to 5.0 ppm full-scale
N3 = NOX instrument range (same as NO scale)
N4 = S02 instrument range
0 = non-operational 4 = 10~6
1 = Log 5 = 10~7
2 = 10-4 6 = 10-8
3 = 10-5 7 = 10-g
N5 = CO instrument scale
0 = non-operational
1 = 0 to 20 ppm full-scale
2 = 0 to 50 ppm full-scale
3 = 0 to 100 ppm full-scale
4 = 0 to 200 ppm full-scale
~~(Continued)
42
-------
TABLE 9. (Continued)
N6 = Hydrocarbon instrument scale
0 = non-operational
1 = 0 to 5 ppm full-scale
2 = 0 to 20 ppm full-scale
N7 = Nephelometer instrument scale
0 = non-operational
1 = A/C
2 = B/D
3 = 0.01 x A/C
Note: A value of -9.9 has been used as a null value indicating invalid
data or non-operation of an instrument.
43
-------
60
80
-h-
100
-I—
ALT (FEET) (X10])
120
140
-h-
160
180
p
b
<£ o
O b'
x o
TJ
•0 o
I 2
p
b
oo'
p
b
o
ALT (FEET) (X101)
60 80 100 120 140 160
I I I I I
180
p
c/> 2
O
N>
•^ °+
2S
O
b'
<*>
Figure 9. Example of RAPS data plot, parameter vs. altitude.
44
-------
o
00
-p.
tn
I
l
m
o>.
CM
o ;
CO
\\
§
6
O)
o
o
48.00 48.80 49.60 50.40 51.20 52.OO 52. 8O
Time (Minutes)
53.60
54.40
55.20
56.00
Figure 10. Example of RAPS data plot, parameter vs. time.
-------
6. APPLICATION OF RAPS HELICOPTER DATA
TO RAMS SUPPORT MISSIONS
The data obtained during these missions were intended to provide insight
to the 3-dimensional distribution of pollutants over St. Louis and how this
distribution changes with time. During the 3-year period of field studies,
the missions evolved from patterns which visited many RAMS stations a few
times to patterns which visited a few RAMS stations many times. This
development came about as the missions were optimized to obtain data which
would be statistically significant and to aid model developers in making
probability statements about their models. The fundamental RAMS support
mission consisted of a climb to 1,100 m MSL enroute to the first RAMS station
to locate the base and top of the inversion, if present. If no inversion were
present or if the inversion base were fairly high, all transects between
stations were flown at 600 m MSL and all spirals were flown from 600 m MSL to
60 m AGL over the RAMS stations.
If a low-level (<800-m) inversion were present, the transects between
stations were flown 60 m below the inversion base. At the RAMS station, the
helicopter would rise through the inversion base and spiral to the surface
from 60 m above the inversion base.
RAPS FLIGHT PATTERNS AND SAMPLING CRITERIA
Ideally, 3-dimensional data should be collected over each site. This was
not possible because a number of variables imposed limitations on the flight
patterns.
Fuel limitations allowed the helicopters to fly for only about 2.5 hours
during a typical warm summer day. During the winter when the air was denser,
the aircraft got more lift and better fuel economy, and the flight times could
be extended almost 1 hour beyond the summer average time.
Lambert Field (St. Louis International Airport) and several smaller
airports are located in the greater St. Louis metropolitan area. The air
traffic around these airports greatly hindered the mobility of helicopters in
this area, and flight patterns were planned accordingly. In addition, FAA and
safety considerations did not allow the helicopters to fly across the city at
less than 150 m above the ground. Special permission was obtained to spiral
down to 60 m above the ground over most of the RAMS stations. This low spiral
was allowed only over areas that were clear and open and where a safe
emergency landing could be made if necessary. This restriction prevented the
helicopter from taking data over some of the ground stations in the downtown
area.
46
-------
Weather conditions also limited helicopter operations. Minimum conditions
for VFR (visual flight rules) operation are visibility of 3 miles and a
ceiling of at least 300 m A6L. Rain and snow usually prevented flying, and
winds greater than 40 knots presented hazardous conditions besides reducing
pollutants to low concentrations. Although night flying was possible, the
limited visibility presented extra hazards and spirals could not be made to
low altitudes.
Working within the limitations discussed, the flight patterns evolved
considerably with each subsequent visit to St. Louis. The patterns used
during'each mission are discussed by mission date in Appendix D. The flight
patterns are plotted on a map of St. Louis showing the locations of the RAMS
stations and helicopter spiral sites, Figure 11. In Appendix D, Tables D-l
and D-2 list the latitude and longitude of each RAMS station and the
coordinates of all special helicopter spiral sites used in the flight
patterns. Table D-3 shows the locations of VORTAC radio navigation stations
and Table D-4 is a user's guide to the individual missions. This table lists
the times, patterns and dates for each mission, and a comment section on the
table lists instruments that were known to be inoperative at the time of the
flight.
The data files will indicate that the CO monitor was functioning most of
the time. However, as mentioned earlier, the CO monitor was extremely
temperature- and pressure-sensitive and these data should be used with a great
deal of caution.
STATISTICAL INTERPRETATIONS
Each spiral was flown at a descent rate of approximately 150 m/min which
took approximately 4 minutes, top to bottom. The in-flight measurements
should be related to the RAMS station data 60 m below the spiral base, and
theoretically they could be used to test model predictions for the average
concentrations above the station. The emission inventory is subdivided into
hourly average emissions which lead to predictions of hourly average
concentrations. Therefore, the hourly average concentration in the volume of
air 60 m to 210 m above the RAMS station is the smallest time average that can
be computed on a consistent basis with the emission inventory. This hourly
average is the average of 60 consecutive 1-minute average values. Because the
helicopter was within this volume for only 1 minute, at best, the helicopter
data can be construed only as a single random sample from a population of size
60 with unknown mean (M), and standard deviation (a). If the standard
deviation is zero, the single sample defines the mean of the entire
population. However, if the standard deviation of the population is finite,
the single sample may be higher or lower than the mean, and on the average
would be within one standard deviation of the mean 68% of the time.
When pollutant plumes from elevated sources are present in this volume
above the RAMS station, the standard deviation may be quite large. In
practice, the plume may alternately be present (1) and absent (0) with the
47
-------
CO
a
115
D116
123
D103
D104
O110
D109
D117
SCOTT A.F.B. D
• 40
D118
41
124i 42
Figure 11. Location of RAMS stations and helicopter spiral sites.
-------
computer model predicting the average (1/2), while the helicopter would
measure either (1) or (0). Consequently, when these measurements are compared
to model predictions, great care must be given to the interpretation of the
difference between model prediction and measurement.
SPECIAL MISSIONS FOR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
In addition to their use in providing information on the vertical
dimension of pollutant distribution over St. Louis, the RAPS helicopters also
served as a platform for a number of investigators to do special experiments
and studies. Experiments covered a wide range of subjects, from simply taking
bag samples of air to making complicated plume measurements. Table E-l of
Appendix E gives a brief description of each experiment by date. Bag samples,
filter samples and copies of the raw data tapes were normally supplied
directly to the principal investigators for their analysis. Table E-l and
Appendix D list those tapes available through the RAPS data base. Principal
investigators listed in Appendix E should be contacted directly for further
data analysis information.
Some of these data were analyzed by Monitoring Operations Division
personnel to study the locations of secondary pollutant (N02 and 03)
maxima within the urban plume. A paper was presented at the International
Conference on Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control, in September,
1976 (Hester et al., 1976).
SUMMARY OF HELICOPTER DATA
Appendix F gives a summary of data available through the RAPS data base.
Parameters measured along with maxima and minima values are presented for each
flight.
49
-------
REFERENCES
Hester, N. E., R. B. Evans, F. G. Johnson, E. L. Martinez. Airborne
Measurement of Primary and Secondary Pollutant Concentrations in St. Louis
Urban Plume. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on
Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control, Raleigh, North Carolina,
Sept. 12-17, 1976.
Johnson, Warren B. The Status of Air Quality Simulation Modeling. In:
Proceedings of the Interagency Conference on the Environment, Livermore,
California, October 19, 1972. Available through the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
Mage, D. T. Instrument Time Response and Its Implications. Presented at the
meeting, "Monitoring from Airborne Platforms for Environmental Quality
Assessment," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada,
March 26, 1975.
Mage, D. T., and J. Noghrey. True Atmospheric Pollutant Levels by Use of
Transfer Function for an Analyzer System. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association. 22(2):115-118, February, 1972.
Meyers, R. L., and Reagan, J. A. The Regional Air Monitoring System,
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., International Conference on Environmental Sensing
and Assessment, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 14-19, 1975. Paper 8-6.
Rehme, K. A. Application of Gas Phase Titration in Calibration of Nitric
Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone Analyzers. Calibration in Air
Monitoring, American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM STP 593, 1976.
pp. 198-209.
Roberts, P. J., Mei-Kao Liv, S. D. Reynolds and P. M. Roth. Urban Air Shed
Photochemical Simulation Model Study. EPA-R4-73-030b, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., July, 1973.
Thompson, J. E., and S. Kopczynski. The Role of Aerial Platforms in RAPS.
Presented at the meeting, "Monitoring from Airborne Platforms for
Environmental Quality Assessment," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, Nevada, March 26, 1975.
Winer, A. M., J. W. Peters, J. P. Smith, and J. N. Pitts, Jr. Response of
Commercial Chemiluminescent NO-N02 Analyzers to Other Nitrogen-Containing
Compounds. Environmental Science and Technicology. 18(13):118-1121, 1974.
50
-------
Wylie, C. R., Jr. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 2nd Edition. McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York, 1960. pp. 161-162.
Zegel, Vt. R. Regional Air Pollution Study: Expeditionary Research Program,
Summer 1975. Rockwell International Air Monitoring Center, Creve Coeur,
Missouri. Task Order No. 50, Final Report, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1081.
EPA 600/3-76-016, 1976.
51
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gartrell, F. E., and S. B. Carpenter. 1955. Aerial Sampling by Helicopter:
A Method for Study of Diffusion Patterns. Journal of Meterology,
12(3):215-219.
McElroy, J. L., and F. Pooler, Jr. 1968. St. Louis Dispersion Study,
Volumes I and II. National Air Pollution Control Administration
Publication Number AP-53, United States Public Health Service,
Arlington, Virginia.
Morris, A. N., and P. L. Haagenson. 1974. Forecasting the Behavior of the
St. Louis, Missouri, Pollutant Plume. Journal of Applied Meteorology,
13:901-909.
Collis, R.T.H. 1972. Regional Air Pollution Study: A Prospectus. Final
Report, EPA Contract 68-02-0207, Project 1365. Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, California.
Schiermeier, F. A. 1967. A Study of the Urban Heat Island Over the
St. Louis Metropolitan Area. Master's Thesis. St. Louis University,
St. Louis, Missouri.
Shir, C. C., and L. J. Shieh. 1974. A Generalized Urban Air Pollution Model
and its Application to the Study of S02 Distributions in the St. Louis
Metropolitan Area. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 13(2):185-205.
St. Louis Air Quality Control Region - Surveys of the Overhead Burden of S02
and N0£ Using the Barringer Correlation Spectrometer - December 1969
through March 1970. June 1970. Center for the Biology of Natural
Systems, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
52
-------
APPENDICES
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
Appendix C.
Appendix D.
Appendix E.
Appendix F.
Appendix 6.
Calibration Data
Audit Results
Instrument Calibration, Zero, and Span Drift
Corrections
i
Users Guide to RAMS Support Missions
Description of Special Experiments for RAPS
Principal Investigators
Summary Report of Helicopter Data
Metric Conversion Table
53
-------
APPENDIX A
CALIBRATION DATA
Temperature Calibrations
Table A-l. Temperature Equation Coefficients
(EG&G OAT Probes)
Table A-2. Comparison of Measured to Actual Temperature
Altimeter Calibrations
Table A-3. Altimeter Calibration Values
Table A-4. Comparison of Altimeter Calibrations
Table A-5. Altimeter Equation Coefficients
Altimeter Corrections
Dew Point/Frost Point Correction
Table A-6. Dew Point/Frost Point Conversions
54
-------
APPENDIX A
CALIBRATION DATA
TEMPERATURE CALIBRATIONS
The four RAPS helicopter EG&G temperature probes were calibrated against
NBS-traceable Rosemount quartz crystal thermometers. Probes 627 and 629 were
in use for the first five missions until the failure of the thermoelectric
cooling circuitry after the Winter RAPS 1976 mission. Probes 803 and 804 were
used for the last two missions and they had identical responses for the
temperature range of interest. During the first three missions, no record was
kept of which probe (627 or 629) was in which helicopter. For these missions,
an average calibration factor was used, which leads to a larger uncertainty
than for the later missions. Table A-l lists the coefficients fit to a cubic
equation with voltage (MV) the independent variable, where
T°C = Cj + C2 (MV) + C3 (MV)2 + C4 (MV)3.
TABLE A-l. TEMPERATURE EQUATION COEFFICIENTS (EG&G OAT Probes)
Probe
C4
627/629
627
629
803
804
-16.4743
-16.5424
-16.5051
-16.0111
-16.0111
1.5904
1.5438
1.6497
1.4923
1.4923
-0.01839
-0.01597
-0.02129
0.01263
0.01263
0.000250
0.000224
0.000291
0.000174
0.000174
Table A-2 shows the comparison of the calibration equation to the actual
temperature.
ALTIMETER CALIBRATIONS
The three CIC altimeters, serial numbers 02244-1, -2, and -3, were
calibrated in an environmental chamber at the Las Vegas Laboratory in October,
1976. The results are shown in Table A-3.
55
-------
TABLE A-2. COMPARISON OF MEASURED TO REFERENCE TEMPERATURE, °C
Reference
Temperature
-10.0
- 5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Probe
629
-10.36
- 5.21
+ 0.02
5.08
10.04
14.97
20.18
25.38
29.91
34.96
40.15
Probe
627
^•MKW^M^«l^0^^^MB^^^V^^^*Vta*«fl
-10.13
-5.15
-0.09
4.96
10.13
15.25
19.99
25.18
29.78
34.89
40.37
Probes
627/629
-10.52
- 5.47
- 0.30
5.28
10.40
15.45
20.03
25.25
29.87
34.92
40.44
Probes
803/804
-9.95
-5.06
-0.00
4.98
9.94
15.18
19.94
25.02
29.99
34.91
40.06
TABLE A-3. ALTIMETER CALIBRATION VALUES (Average of Three Runs)
Aneroid
Barometer
(Inches Hg)
27.74
25.84
23.96
22.25
23.12
24.91
26.84
27.74
Altitude
(Feet)*
2,050
4,000
6,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
2,050
Altimeter-1
(Volts)
1.030
1.688
2.306
2.958
2.632
1.992
1.348
1.024
Altimeter-2
(Volts)
0.97
1.62
2.25
2.89
2.58
1.93
1.29
0.97
Al timeter-3
(Volts)
0.950
1.608
2.256
2.882
2.547
1.933
1.277
0.949
*See metric conversion table in Appendix F.
Only one of these altimeters (-3) was calibrated at the factory at the
time of purchase in September, 1973. The results shown in Table A-4 indicate
a slight change over the 3-year period.
56
-------
TABLE A-4. COMPARISON OF ALTIMETER CALIBRATIONS - SEPTEMBER 1973
vs. OCTOBER 1976 (Altimeter 02244-3)
Altitude
(Feet)
-1,000
0
1,000
2,050
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
8,000
Pressure
(Inches Hg)
31.019
29.921
28.856
27.740
26.840
25.842
24.910
23.960
23.120
22.250
22.225
Voltage
(9/73)
0.0013
0.3252
0.6496
—
—
1.6185
—
—
—
—
2.9085
Voltage
(10/76)
— .._
---
0.949
1.277
1.608
1.933
2.256
2.547
2.882
— — «
These data for the three altimeters were fit in the range for altitude (Z), up
to 4,000 feet (1,219 m) to an exponential of form
p = P0e-kv
where P0 and k are coefficients for the altimeter.
The resulting values for P0 and k are tabulated in Table A-5. The last
column contains default coefficients which are used when the altimeter S/N was
not recorded. The maximum deviation between predicted and actual pressure is
0.1 inch of mercury (Hg) which corresponds to 30 m. The actual errors will be
less since a daily calibration point exists for each flight from the take-off
and landing elevations at the airfield.
TABLE A-5. ALTIMETER EQUATION COEFFICIENTS
S/N -1 S/N -2 S/N -3 S/N -(1,2,3)
P (Inches Hg)
k (Volts -1)
30.990
-0.10741
30.860
-0.10919
31.038
-0.11447
30.868
-0.10811
57
-------
The altimeter calibration assumes a standard atmosphere, defined as
1013.15 millibars and 15° C at MSL, with a standard lapse rate of 0.65°
C/100 m. Synoptic scale pressure deviations and temperature variations from
the standard lapse rate must be corrected for. The correction assumes that
the pressure difference (AP) between the standard pressure and measured
pressure at the reference altitude, at take-off and landing, remains constant
with height. The standard pressure (Ps) at the reference altitude (Zg) is
computed by equation A-l. Equations A-2 and A-3 compute the pressure and
elevation deviations from the standard equation, A-l.
v5.2568
Ps = 1,013.25 11.0 -
44,331 m
(A-l)
AP = Ps - Pm
(A-2)
Zc = 44,331 m
0.19023"
1.0-
Pm + AP
1,013.25
(A-3)
where Ps = standard pressure,
at Zg = reference altitude,
where Pm = measured pressure,
and Zc = the corrected altitude.
ALTIMETER CORRECTIONS
To correct for temperature variation from the standard lapse rate, the
helicopter-measured temperature (Tm) at altitude (Z) was used with an
assumption of linear temperature variation from the surface temperature (Tg)
measured at ground elevation (Zg) to the temperature Tm measured at elevation
Z.
Z = (Zc - Zg)
1/2 (Tm + Tq)
288.15 - 0.65
/Zc + Zq
\ 2
Zg
(A-4)
where Z = the helicopter altitude,
Tm = the absolute temperature, °K, at Z,
and Tg = the absolute temperature, °K, at Zg.
58
-------
DEW POINT/FROST POINT CORRECTION
For a given vapor pressure, the temperature at which the vapor is in
equilibrium with a water surface (dew point) is lower than the temperature at
which the vapor is in equilibrium with an ice surface (frost point). This
relationship is presented in Table A-6. The standard method for recording
these data is in terms of dew point. Therefore, frost point temperatures
measured at temperatures below freezing were converted to dew point values.
Data from Table A-6 were approximated with three linear equations:
DP °F = FP °F - T
where T = 3.75 - 0.1172 FP for 0° j< FP < 32° F,
T = 3.75 - 0,0800 FP for -30° _< FP < 0° F,
T = 4.75 -0.0475 FP for FP < -30° F,
DP = dew point, °F,
and FP = frost point, °F.
59
-------
TABLE A-6. DEW POINT/FROST POINT CONVERSIONS
o>
o
Below 32°F, dew point hygrometers measure the frost point temperature rather than the dew point. This
table enables conversion from dew point to frost point. For a more accurate conversion, consult Smithsonian
Meteorological Tables, Table 102, page 371.
F. P.
+32
+31
+30
+29
+28
+27
+26
+25
+24
+23
+22
+21
+20
+19
+18
+17
+16
+15
+14
+13
+12
+11
D. P.
+32.0
+30.8
+29.7
+28.6
+27.5
+26.4
+25.3
+24.1
+22.9
+21.8
+20.7
+19.6
+18.5
+17.4
+16.2
+15.1
+14.0
+12.9
+11.8
+10.7
+ 9.6
+ 8.5
** * ^
F. P.
+10
+ 9
+ 8
+ 7
+ 6
+ 5
+ 4
+ 3
+ 2
+ 1
0
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
-10
-11
D. P.
+ 7.4
+ 6.3
+ 5.2
+ 4.1
+ 2.9
+ 1.8
+ 0.7
- 0.4
- 1.5
- 2.6
- 3.7
- 4.8
- 5.8
- 6.9
- 8.0
- 9.1
-10.2
-11.3
-12.4
-13.5
-14.6
-15.6
F. P.
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
-26
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
-32
-33
D. P.
-15.6
-16.7
-17.8
-18.9
-20.0
-21.1
-22.2
-23.3
-24.3
-25.4
-26.4
-27.5
-28.6
-29.6
-30.6
-31.7
-32.8
-33.9
-35.0
-36.1
-37.2
-38.2
F. P.
-33
-34
-35
-36
-37
-38
-39
-40
-41
-42
-43
-44
-45
-46
-47
-48
-49
-50
-51
-52
-53
D. P.
-39.3
-40.3
-41.4
-42.4
-43.5
-44.5
-45.6
-46.6
-47.7
-48.7
-49.8
-50.8
-51.9
-52.9
-54.0
-55.0
-56.1
-57.1
-58.2
-59.2
-60.3
-------
APPENDIX B
AUDIT RESULTS
Table B-l.
Table B-2.
Table B-3.
Table B-4.
Table B-5.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
Nitrogen Oxide (NOX)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Ozone (03)
61
-------
TABLE B-l. CARBON MONOXIDE AUDIT RESULTS
Date
17 Feb 75
17 Feb 75
20 Feb 75
20 Feb 75
25 Feb 75
25 Feb 75
22 Jul 75
26 Jul 75
17 Feb 76
17 Feb 76
1 Mar 76
11 Mar 76
14 Jul 76
15 Jul 76
27 Jul 76
1 Nov 76
7 Nov 76
8 Nov 76
14 Nov 76
Linear Regression
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
0.804x
1.012x
0.829X
0.913x
1.029X
0.882x
0.814x
0.887x
0.860x
0.945x
0.913x
0.966x
0.929x
0.875x
0.903x
0.866x
0.922x
0.953x
0.983x
+ 0.344
- 0.40
+ 1.050
+ 0.79
- 0.013
+ 2.787
- 1.773
+ 3.197
+ 0.407
+ 1.713
+ 1.542
+ 0.7991
RAPS#
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
MEAN OF SLOPES = 0.910
STANDARD DEVIATION = 0.0633
62
-------
TABLE B-2. SULFUR DIOXIDE AUDIT RESULTS
Date
17
17
20
20
25
25
26
4
13
16
17
24
1
11
14
15
27
9
10
31
1
7
8
14
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Jul
Aug
Aug
Feb
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Jul
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Oct
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
•'•••
Linear Regression
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
MEAN
0.384x
0.863x
0.943x
0.916x
0.895x
0.832x
1.289X
0.922x
1.033x
1.378x
1.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
,141x
154x
914x
159x
651x
661x
899x
746x
854x
565x
554x
844x
751x
773x
+ 0.0339*
- 0.0003*
+ 0.021
- 0.0004
- 0.0021
- 0.006
+ 0.008
- 0.023
+ 0.014
- 0
+ 0
+ 0
- 0
+ 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
OF SLOPES
STANDARD
.011
.000
.011
.028
.022
.002
.0014
.004
.004
.003
.0004*
.0012*
.0077
.008
.0087
= 0.934
- —
RAPS#
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
DEVIATION = 0.194
IlUt I MU I UUcU III tu I UU I a t I UMo u I mean anu ouanuui u ucviuuiwn ut^.uu-»<_ \j i
anomalous behavior due to leakage and incorrect thermometer placements.
63
-------
TABLE B-3. NITROGEN OXIDE AUDIT RESULTS
Date
17 Feb 75
17 Feb 75
20 Feb 75
20 Feb 75
25 Feb 75
25 Feb 75
22 Jul 75
26 Jul 75
4 Aug 75
13 Aug 75
16 Feb 76
17 Feb 76
17 Feb 76
24 Feb 76
3 Mar 76
14 Jul 76
15 Jul 76
27 Jul 76
9 Aug 76
10 Aug 76
31 Aug 76
1 Nov 76
7 Nov 76
8 Nov 76
14 Nov 76
Linear Regression
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
0.781x
0.717x
0.957x
0.888x
0.983x
0.982x
1.168x
1.005x
0.868x
0.928x
0.838x
0.969X
0.951x
0.969x
1.038X
0.951x
0.944x
0.934x
0.913x
0.939x
1.009x
0.948x
1.054x
1.306x
1.086x
- 0.001
+ 0.006
+ 0.001
- 0.023
+ 0.0019
+ 0.002
- 0.009
- 0.005
+ 0.009
-i- -0.002
+ 0.009
+ 0.001
- 0.002
- 0.004
- 0.005
+ 0.003
+ 0.004
+ 0.001
- 0.004
- 0.004
+ 0.0046
+ 0.0059
+ 0.0013
+ 0.003
+ 0.0001
RAPS#
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
MEAN OF SLOPES = 0.965
STANDARD DEVIATION = 0.116
64
-------
TABLE B-4. NITRIC OXIDE AUDIT RESULTS
Date
17
17
20
20
25
25
22
26
4
13
16
17
17
24
1
11
14
15
27
9
10
31
1
7
8
14
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Mar
Mar
Jul
Jul
Jul
Aug
Aug
Oct
Nov
Nov
Nov
Nov
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
Linear Regression
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y -
y =
y =
y =
y =
0
0
0
0
0
i
i
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
i
i
.776x
.719x
.950x
.883x
.984x
.OOOx
.177x
.004x
.856x
.947x
.859x
.974x
.927x
.961x
.993x
.041x
.980x
.950x
.937x
.861x
.862x
.992x
.984x
.048x
.324x
.087x
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
- 0
+ 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
- 0
- 0
+ 0
- 0
- 0
- 0
+ 0
.001
.006
.008
.016
.0025
.001
.008
.0005
.013
.002
.000
.004
.004
.002
.002
.004
.002
.002
.000
.014
.011
.0013
.0014
.0027
.0021
.0002
RAPS#
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
MEAN OF SLOPES = 0.965
STANDARD DEVIATION = 0.120
65
-------
TABLE B-5. OZONE AUDIT RESULTS
Date
17 Feb 75
17 Feb 75
20 Feb 75
20 Feb 75
25 Feb 75
25 Feb 75
26 Jul 75
4 Aug 75
13 Aug 75
17 Feb 76
24 Feb 76
11 Mar 76
14 Jul 76
15 Jul 76
27 Jul 76
9 Aug 76
10 Aug 76
31 Oct 76
1 Nov 76
7 Nov 76
8 Nov 76
14 Nov 76
Linear Regression
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
y =
0.969x
1.097x
0.793x
0.596x
1.039x
1.007x
0.878X
0.821X
0.807x
0.865x
0.744x
0.922x
0.966X
1.135x
0.796x
l.HOx
1.062x
1.153x
0.989x
1.153x
0.991x
1.240x
+ 0.000
+ 0.010
+ 0.000
+ 0.000
+ 0.001
+ 0.005
+ 0.003
+ 0.002
+ 0.013
- 0.001
- 0.008
+ 0.002
+ 0.009
+ 0.014
+ 0.003
- 0.008
- 0.008
+ 0.004
+ 0.004
+ 0.004
- 0.003
+ 0.010
RAPS#
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
MEAN OF SLOPES = 0.964
STANDARD DEVIATION = 0.160
66
-------
APPENDIX C
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION, ZERO, AND SPAN DRIFT CORRECTIONS
Calibration
Figure C-l. Helicopter calibration form
Figure C-2. Calibration coding record
Zero Drift
Figure C-3. Zero drift correction scheme
Span Drift
Figure C-4. Span drift correction scheme
Helicopter Data Tape Format
Table C-l. Helicopter Data Tape Format
Table C-2. Helicopter Data Tape Output
Table C-3. Pre- and Post-calibration Factors
Table C-4. ADCAL Calibration Values
Table C-5. Calibrated Engineering Units Listing
Table C-6. Final Data File Format
67
-------
APPENDIX C
INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION, ZERO, AND SPAN DRIFT CORRECTIONS
CALIBRATION
As discussed in section 5, a calibration zero and single-point span were
performed on the ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbon instruments before and after each flight. These
data were used to establish an instrument calibration factor and to correct
for zero and span drift during a flight. In addition, instrument zeroes were
obtained during the flight and are indicated by a numerical 2 or 8 coded in
the flight status field. Examples of the records for pre- and postcalibration
are shown in Figures C-l and C-2.
ZERO DRIFT
The pre- and postfl ight, as well as the inflight zero calibrations were
used for defining zero drift corrections. A linear interpolation was used to
correct voltage values between successive zero calibrations. See Figure C-3.
SPAN DRIFT
The pre- and postcalibration data were used to correct for span drift
during a flight. Two basic assumptions were used:
1. Instrument response is linear as a function of concentration.
2. Instrument response shift is linear as a function of time.
See Figure C-4.
HELICOPTER DATA TAPE FORMAT
The format of the helicopter data tape is described in Table C-l, and the
tape output itself is shown in Table C-2. Tables C-3 and C-4 are examples of
the pre- and postcalibration data, inflight zero values, and calculated
segment slopes which are part of the ADCAL output described previously.
Table C-5 describes the calibrated engineering units listing. Table C-6
defines the file format for the data tapes submitted to the RAPS data base.
68
-------
CALIBRATION
Calibration Crew
FORM
Helicopter
Calibration Date
a
INSTRUMENT
Zero
:"
Span
NO Span
X
J ;-
"5 NO Zero
NOV Span
Zero
J O
J VI r
: Span
- Zero
c
5
UD
Figure C-l. Helicopter calibration form.
-------
CALIBRATION CODING RECORD
PAGE OF
POST-FLIGHT CALIBRATION
PRE-FLIGHT CALIBRATION
Figure C-2. Calibration coding record.
-------
Vo
Assumed
Linear
Drift
Flight Period
In-flight zero's
Value Prior to
Reset To Zero
Pre-flight
Zero
Time
Post-flight
Zero
Figure C-3. Zero drift correction scheme
f =
AT
where VQ = initial zero voltage,
Vi = shifted zero voltage,
AT = elapsed time (tj - tg),
and f = slope
The zero offset at any point in time (t) is then:
Vt = V0 + f At
where V^ = corrected voltage at time (t),
and At = t - to, to
-------
E-
u
0)
c
a
ppm/volt
time
Pre-flight
Calibration
Post-flight
Calibration
Time
Figure C-4. Span drift correction scheme
Si - S0
f = -
At
where SQ = initial span (ppm/volt)
Si = final span (ppm/volt)
At = elapsed time (t^ - tg)
f = si ope
In order to convert from voltage (corrected for zero shift) to engineering
units at any point in time (t):
Ct = Vt (S + fAt), ppm
where Ct = concentration (ppm) at time (t),
Vt = voltage units at time (t),
and At = t - to. to
-------
TABLE C-l. HELICOPTER DATA TAPE FORMAT
CHARACTER FORMAT DESCRIPTION
1 II Helicopter ID
1 = RAPS #1
2 = RAPS #2
3 = RAPS #3
2 II Last digit of year
3-5 13 Julian date
6 II 03 Instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0-20 pphm full-scale (f.s.)
2 = 0-200 pphm f.s.
7 II NO instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0-0.2 ppm f.s.
2 = 0-0.5 ppm f.s.
3 = 0-1.0 ppm f.s.
4 = 0-2.0 ppm f.s.
5 = 0-5.0 ppm f.s.
8 II NOX instrument range
(same as NO scale)
9 II SOg instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = log
2 = 10-4
3 = 10-5
4 = 10-6
5 = 10-J
6 = 10-8
7 = lO-9
10 II CO instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0-20 ppm f.s.
2 = 0-50 ppm f.s.
3 = 0-100 ppm f.s.
4 = 0-200 ppm f.s.
— ~~ (Continued)
73
-------
TABLE C-l. (Continued)
CHARACTER FORMAT DESCRIPTION
11 II Hydrocarbon instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0-5 ppm f.s.
2 = 0-20 ppm f.s.
12 II Nephelometer instrument range
0 = non-operational
1 = 0 to lOxlO'V1
2 = 0 to 40 x lO^rrr1
3 = 0 to 100 x 10-4m-l
13-18 3(12) Clock time (h, min, s)
19-20 12 Bag sample number (00-99)
21-24 F4.1 DME #1
25-28 F4.1 DME #2
29-32 14 VOR (octal)
33-36 14 Compass heading (0-359°)
37-38 Not used
39 II Flight status
0 = on ground ref. altitude (ft)
1 = sampl ing mission
2 = instrument zero, in flight
3 = —
4 = special mission
5 = ...
6 = —
7 = no useful data
8 = instrument zero, on ground
9 = ___
40 II DME #1 station
1 = Troy
2 = St. Louis
3 = Maryland Heights
4 = Scott AFB
41 II DME #2 station
(same as DME #1 options)
—— (Continued)
74
-------
TABLE C-l. (Continued)
CHARACTER FORMAT DESCRIPTION
42 II VOR station
(same as DME #1 options)
43-44 12 Use code: '
-when Bit #39 is 1 = last two
digits of RAMS site number
43-46 14 Use code:
-when Bit #39 is 0 = reference
altitude in feet MSL
45-46 . 12 Use code:
-when Bit #39 is 1 = bag number
(0-99)
47-48 Not used
49-54 F6.4' 03, volts
55-60 F6.4 NO
61-66 F6.4 NOX
67-72 F6.4 SO
73-78 F6.4 CO
79-84 F6.4 CO temperature
85-90 F6.4 Short (zero)
91-96 F6.4 Methane
97-102 F6.4 Total hydrocarbons
103-108 F6.4 Temperature
109-114 F6.4 DPT
115-120 F6.4 Visibility, Bscat
121-126 F6.4 Altitude (feet)
127-132 F6.4 Airspeed (knots)
75
-------
10
INSTB.
STATUS
TIME
DME
1
DME
2
VOR
__] I FLT.
DG| ISTAT
1USEI
TATlCODE
03
NO
NO,
SO,
CO
COT
SHORT
CH«
THC
OAT O.P B-SCATJ ALT KNOTS
01
3S2161331101055849XX2957005065273597X991229449X0+02407+00394+00753-00022+02033+02727-
"- 6216133! 101B55845XX2957035370113597X001220443X0+01607+01809+02749-00027+13135+02743
7.S2161331101055D50XXO1X9035366153597X301220443X3+01299+02071 +02730-9P'?72+er07 ! +02725
25216133113105;655>'X2957005055CI735'i7X3012204-'!3"3+e3978+01764+32433-33 72Z: J-C5733+Pr>319
Vb7!f> 1331101055SQ3XX^:->570351651,13537X0?l.^""^'. 3X3+33909+01110-'-01629-09?i7+01724+02345
"7.2:6133! 13!0559i35X.-;7P57r050S6113337X39 !221.-933X3+01573+0056 l+80935-e0322-02313+02361
362 i? 13311010559 !j;v-i 143335166353597X39122:3-".!3X3>+32141+00228+0349 l-92.i.:'7-i:-C4 43+92374-
762 Hi 1331101055915: v"'330335166433597X39122 ~;3'v3X3+a266G+00110+037?.3-e0327-3r'254+n2?.29
362161331101P5592~X>'295;-'fi3526S3S3597X3?!2r;-:3'..-
•00900+02927+01447+00270+09213+00S14-'-03f-43+09309
-03300+02931+01441+00271+80219+03772*73S71+09436
-3 3 30Q+327)2S-'-31450+03264+09219+097T.. • -vy 0+33735
•:-90303+32323+31473 + r':-59+33723+0 V^7':i + "'~';r'i'j-: 3''•'''??
-03003+02929+0 1424+3'I25q+03217-^0962 i--"'"_:3V9+~'-'n 16
352161331131055fj35X'"'32r>43j3365333597X291227'?'i3X9+036;i 1+00302+031<-'3-00?2! +"73 :5+"":"'77--03?:"+r1'i'"7"!+m4Z1+?:i2f?
7:5216133113 !OS5950}iX3233'!35266253j97X-::3!223333X3+3;;r.67-03f106+3?l!:-S-02;!:"'2+;?C!34+02':i.'-'2-r:0933+D297S+? 1453+3 "1254+0321'.'.+OOS:-:';;-1-"/--." 45+37-31
752161331131055955X^'327,3:O516S5!3r37X43!227733X3+0"934+QOC39+Q31f9-0377E-H:C323+02397--C97O"i+02^24+0144n+On265+a\i214+':-?7-5T-^ 7s+nT:7!7
•fa'21G13311919C03 !0>:: :32fi7(i34S?53535a7'X''.3 !2r.':337"3+S:-D54-00CC3-M5317 l-C10-r2?+C<.'i55+P':??.4-nO?T7+P2
7-P7"'^7-tpn^ 1 1 J-fi"':!o'^--r.n ^^'i+C'^pTi-^j-^ \*\\ "•'-f-r:-"lp^.c-:+fi72 10+' 7 :'-• 1^2 3''-v"'"97
!-OC72S-'-3C-759-:-C'233S-or i7-"j +02310+314-44+332G8+n73':'+j.i?7?+ri';.f".-;+l.l?; 13
+30077+334"c-OOr'"ll-<-l"J"'""-1-t-02r'?c-r!i;.v")7'"1+0792^-^3 !4C;3+937S?+71320 :-+r-'7':~rt7-L ---:"47+lP"-"-13
F-e"32"'+ri;i~2?+02^'n":im";'>J-"J.232''-!-ni4Tj<.HO'.l?67+C'''.'iri"-'K.T'7 "-'-'--'• 7- 1 + 10227
3S2161331101060110X;'3263j020S5~ 13597X4912223"3'"3+Q 1874+00147+3'"'-::;;!-P0727+'?7724+02~-'fi-03""73+:12924.+0!4." "^+3n2SS+C7,20':'+'"C";--.• ,r p.-^+jp;-,f
3G216133! 1010631!5XX32643351655 !3t'9"'X49!223333X3+P 1672+00144+30533-0322!+7"'373+02'_-:71?-'-P3'"'73+32 J37+C i<.'i3+3'!7.67+03:"':'iT+' ~";i;;-••"•'•';?'"+JT;;£
3621.613311313fi01?.QXX72S4-7!052S527379237?-!-914~ !+332'^+0350<-.+r "i'" ,"-'-.-lrr'"',4-i-l!T?3f
3S216133'. 10105312E>^'n.2P?67+P323^-;r!' '"- --r"r i::)"3+in5?7
~S216133.131 "23130>''X3'>S5";'154S4."4359SX491733373X3+013P0+00209+On77i"-f1L"1?2+'L'9795+C2'r.73-033i)7+0.'i?8! +0141 ^+00253+0323 ri+SO : •17:+'-"i'.O! + 10547
33216133110 !.Cf 3135XX02fS3355S5143585X43122l37'<9X3+n! 102+09 l.S7+Hn7fl3-0"327+'.''i?~";S+07777--03n'33*07'?75+3t473+00263+037-'l7-'-r!'"l?3"-'+'-^';75+10473
-C'"774+002a7+0332P-PC~-2 jH-77359+3237P-30'.'"3+r,^377+3143"'+39269+332rj4+fl 1 .•"'•• ~-i-< .-,-551 + 1!! 46
ZS2l6t331!01GC3l.50XX02S537~934;235r!SXX11273133X.3+e391a+00313-LnQ9t;7+7'n3,.'.7vj:75-'.;+a2972-'-rv:r"H^^^ "5 7+lP~?c,
362161331 l31060205X;'3265034n70173595XX! 1223 !0°X3+3275P+P313G+3R5r'3-03?-.2r+"7~39+n'7393-r'C '1'3n+n?.SRq+3 '.473+r'3276+C317:>-;-R3 "4":'+!- 7 a i 1 +1,9315
ZS2'') 13311010:02!OXX32fr!4Ji35GS7423595X''a 1223!P.nX3+07.0f>0+B3n63+03"-,;.n-'" 37" .+':"'v37+37?92--r3'33-t">?':-3"-:-"1!4.'14+032^8+!"'7!74.+n"!';3"i-'-J^a;n + l \u/"u
"/*c'"3tcj"3"7i '^ji f"i!T''t'"!'pp^^./"i*""r'?'">''y_]p'rd;~^t"coc;v'%.' \ j *i'~>" ; ^•••"'V''"}-}-^^','''"^'^—f^f'jf^f^'^vlin 1 ^1"] — F1"' '"-,'• •"''"'•"17*-j-0'~''"'Qci—'->n "*""*" j-*^"?;?~*/r^.i™i i ;:'""""}-P"1"^ '•'•*''-I r'~' 1 7"'7-3-'~' "'•"•' -" •• •'• •"'••_ ~~*A. i ~?i; "Jr
T)^;'~ili;ri"7'"7-] } *"] J P["f^P^l"Vyn'1f)°'''rl;''r"l''''~ir'7''''C'^"">1'*'1''',' ^ '"**^"? 1 fsr~lS''~!-!.ri •1^f*"4-Rfrinor^-*-f'i'"! 1 f'P—Pf"^ "^ ~'" *'•-"' "•' ~ ">4.fl*^C;C)c^.*.;Tn''""> 1_|-f"| T •: ct'u^n } A "*',• ^.pi">'?)'7i_3^ -i "; 1 ",••;'.[; ." i '.•".'* ii.'.i-! TTf i .,;^. 11^ d"
3G~ID 13311010G0230XX92G!'iOGBS74!.35ES:-:X112'::.-;if.:3'.:n+3:;SiOn+80037+n3103-ti33;:7 +3792S+02'f'.;l5-e:9:' v:1 :-3?-"3;+Oi4 l--+Ci'i7::'7+r-1-""il73-!fr:i':!:.,v,,,-":''.6-i-l?4':-l
352!G 13311010G0235XXU260U:!:,D6527359SXX! 1223H'3Xa+047'39+a0a49+e31S5-03?27~3 163-:+02°SS--r:9j3.3+027SL;:+G 14.12+0"1273+031.71+03 Vjl ..." "52S+1J.-13&
TABLE C-2. HELICOPTER DATA TAPE OUTPUT
-------
CALIBRATION FACTORS«
TABLE C-3. PRE- AND POST-CALIBRATION FACTORS
INSTRUMENT RANGE SETTING
03
*0
MOX
so?
CO
CHI.
THC
NEPH
-•"—- — _-•. «*______ _£
0.00 .10
0.00 .10
0.00 .10
0.00 1.00
0.00 10.00
0.00 5*00
0.00 5.00
0.00 10.00
1.00
.25
.25
0.00
25.00
30.00
20.00
0.00
-d__.._-
0.00
.50
.50
0.00
50.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
°RF-CALTBRATION»
0.
NO
NOY
SO?
CO
CHfc
THC
NF°H
7FRO
DA.X__ HME VQLJS
215. 19.1.5. 0. 3.000
215. 21.16. 0. .001
215. 21.10. 0. .001
215. 23.15. 0. -.002
215. 23. 5. 3. 3.000
215. 23. 0. 0. -0. 000
215. 23. 0. 0. -3.000
215. 23.10. 0. .023
SPAN
VQL.IS
1.580
.981
.981
.330
1.1.70
-0.000
-0.000
.790
--IM2UI _B-
.158 1
.1.91 3
.1.91 3
.1.13 1
I".. 610 1
-0.030 0
-0.003 0
7.870 1
_3______
G.OO
1.00
1.00
0.00
100.00
c.oo
0.00
0.00
_^______
0.00
2.50
2.5C
0.00
o.co
O.GO
O.GO
0.00
O.OC
c.co
0.00
G.OG
0.00
0.00
O.OG
C.OP
O.CO r. 0 . C C
0.00 C.10
C.OO O.OC
o.oo o . : :
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 C.OO
G.OO C . 0 C
O.OC
C.33
c.oo
c.oo
c.oo
:.oo
c.oo
c. oc
POST-CALIBRATION
DM
216.
216.
216.
21F.
216.
216.
216.
216.
II ME
20. 6. 0.
19.1.1.. o.
19.1.1.. o.
23. 5. C.
70. 6. C.
20. 0. C.
23. 0 . 0.
2?. 57. 0.
Tcpo S°AN
V^LIS VOLIS
-.017 1.821
.001 1.360
.010 1.350
.002 .1.20
-.170 1.275
-3.009 -0.000
-n.ooo -c.300
.022 .7^0
TMPMT D
.1U1 1
.75? 3
.7*2 3
.UH I
11..6SO 1
-0.000 0
-0.000 C
7.7«: t
-------
TABLE C-4. ADCAL CALIBRATION VALUES
ZERO OATAl TI*ES=23. 10 . 0. 22.57. 0. VOLTAGES .0230 .0220 SL"IDC= -.000000
LFVEL OATAT
TTIE 03
23ll'?tCO 0.0000
Q5 t55t ?5 . 001*2
0712510* .0120
08t?5! 50 .0302
2?«05«CO -.0170
SEQUENT SLOPESt
t;FfjHpNT 03
— 1
00 1 .000000
2 .000031
3 .000005
it -.000001
NO
.0010
-.0003
-.0005
-.0010
.0010
NO
-.000000
-.009000
-.000000
.000000
NOX
.0010
.0062
.0082
.0055
.0100
NOX
.000000
.000000
-.030001
.000000
S02
-. 0020
-. 0025
-.0026
-.0025
.0020
S02
-.000000
-.900000
.OCOOOO
.000000
CO
0.0000
-.1820
.0989
-.01*06
-.1700
CO
-.000008
f^. D 0 0 0 3 ft}
-.000002
CHI,
-0.0000
.2935
.2881
.2865
-o.aooo
.000012
-.000001
-.000030
-.000005
THC
-O.OGOO
.!«*?*
.1*1*
.11,20
-0.0000
THC
.C00006
-.000000
.000000
-.000003
POST-CAU
GAIN INFORMATION 0
SPAN FACTOR(UNITS/VOLT)«
PPE-FLIGHT
POST-FLIGHT
NOPHALI7ED SPANt
OPF-FLIGHT
PO^T-FLIGHT
SLOPES!
NO
MOX
302
CO
CHU
THC
.1000
.0810
1.0000
.8096
•^iM^lL-
.5005
.5603
1.0010
1.1206
) .0000015
.5005
1.0010
1.1289
.0303016<-
1.2515
.9833
1.2515
.9833
.jroaoojD
11.5137
.9986
1.1511,
.0000020
0 . 0000
0.3000
O.QCCO
0.0000
0.0000000
l.OCOO
0.0000
5. OC 30
D.OC30
O.OflOOGDO
9.9620
9.971*1,
.9962
.9971,
.030300
4LTITUHE REFERENCE IMFORMATIONl
REFERENCE FEET= l*(,0
ALTITUDE rfOLTAGE=
CORRECTION = -
TEMPERATURE
CFLSIUS= 18.'
-------
TABLE C-5. CALIBRATED ENGINEERING UNITS LISTING
ELAPSE1 OME1 OME2 VOR HONG STATUS
TIME(MN) Nil. NMI. DEC. OEG.
03
PPM.
NO
PPM.
NOX
PPM.
S02
PPM.
cn c" T
"OH. OEr,.C
CH*
THC OAT HOT
PPM. DFG.C OFG.
HSC»T ALT ASP3
1/f FT/MSL KNOTS
INSTRUMENT STATUS! 1131101
10
0515*1 = C
05 15* 1 55
051551 00
05 1*5! 05
05155110
05155115
051551 20
05I551?5
05155130
05155(7*
351581 *C
051581*5
OSI58I5C
0515915";
351591 00
05159155
05159110
0515911*
ft c • c Q • *)n
05 I ;>T I c C
051591 25
051591 ?C
051591 35
051591*0
351511*5
35159I5C
35159155
05100100
35 1 Oil C c
35tOOIl<-
05100115
551031 2C
061011 2?
061031 1C
061001 15
061001 bO
05 1031 *5
35103150
051011*5
061C11 00
051311C5
06101110
0510111=
0610H 20
0510112*
06 1 C 1 1 IP
06101H5
361011 <.C
051011*5
051011 50
051(3115*
06102100
0610210"!
0510'llC
05102115
061021 20
0.00
.i.7
.25
.33
,*2
.50
.58
.67
.75
3.83
3.92
*.oo
*.08
*. 17
*.25
*.33
*.*2
i en
*. DO
*.58
*.67
*.75
*.83
*.92
5.00
5.08
5.17
5.25
5.33
5.*2
5.50
5.58
5.67
5.75
5.83
5.92
6.00
6.08
5.17
6.25
6.33
6.*2
6.50
6.58
6.67
6.75
6.83
5.92
7.00
7.08
7.17
7.25
7.33
7.*2
7.50
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
10.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
1*.0
-9.9
gfi
• 0
-9.9
-9.9
25.*
25.9
12.3
25.8
25.8
25.7
25.7
25.7
25.7
25.8
25.9
26.0
.*
25.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.3
26.3
26.*
26.*
26.*
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.6
26.5
26.6
25.5
26.5
26.*
26.3
26.2
-9.9 38.1
-9.9 2*3.2
-9.9 72.9
-9.9 58.6
-9.9 67.5
-9.9 223.6
-9.9 73.6
-9.9 75.6
-9.9 121.5
5.0 120.1
5.0 135.8
5.0 12*. 9
5.0 118.7
5.1 122.*
5.0 12*. 5
5.1 126.3
5.1 126.6
59 1 9K 9
• £ Ico • £.
5.2 126.*
5.2 125.7
5.3 118.*
5.3 111.9
5.2 131.3
5.2 125.6
5.1 127.*
5.0 122.1
5.0 115.8
*.8 120.7
*.8 125.5
*.7 127.*
*.6 126.*
*.6 132.5
*.6 128.8
*.6 131.*
*.6 129.*
*.7 12*. 6
*.8 12*. 9
*.9 122.3
5.0 119.7
2.0 121.7
5.1 122.*
5.2 120.8
5.3 118.7
5.* 117.8
5.5 119.2
5.6 116.1
.8 113.3
5.8 11*. 8
5.9 129.7
6.0 1*1.5
*.0 136.3
6.0 132.*
.* 122.*
6.0 127.6
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
'9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
Q Q
~y« y
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
21220**0
?1 ?9fl * 1*1)
a£ c u ^ HU
21220**0
21220**0
21220**0
21220**0
21220**0
21220**0
21220**0
21220**0
31220**0
01220**0
01220**0
01220**0
91220300
91220000
91220000
91220000
Q 4 *? o n n n n
y it c u u u u
U'23100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223130
11223100
1122.1100
11223130
11221100
11223100
11223130
11223100
11223130
11223130
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11223100
11227100
.000
nnn
. u u u
.000
.000
.000
.001
.900
.000
.000
.001
.022
.01*
.012
.009
.008
.01*
.019
.02*
n 9 7
• \i f f
.028
.031
.033
.03*
.035
.035
.036
.015
.037
.037
.038
.038
.037
.03*
.0.1*
.03*
.032
.028
.02*
.021
.019
.017
.015
.01*
.013
.012
.010
.009
.009
.008
.008
.013
.025
.035
.0*1
.0*3
-.002
_ rini
• U U L
-.001
.001
.002
.002
-.001
-.002
-.000
.000
.021
.095
.109
.093
.059
.030
.012
.006
n n »
• '3 U "
.003
.302
.000
.000
.039
-.000
.001
.000
.001
-.000
.001
-.001
-.001
.001
.002
-.001
-.001
-.001
.001
.00*
.005
.008
.008
.010
.010
.011
.010
.012
.015
.017
.017
.010
.007
.003
-.001
-.000
.00*
(1 (19
. U U C
.003
.00*
.30*
.00*
.00*
.002
.003
.00*
.036
.1*1
.1*0
.123
.082
.0**
.023
.013
n 4 ft
• U 1 U
.008
.008
.006
.905
.005
.307
.006
.007
.007
.006
.009
.008
.009
.01*
.013
.011
.013
.019
.02*
.022
.029
.330
.033
.03*
.035
.038
.038
.039
.0*6
.0*7
.050
.0*6
.026
.013
.007
.007
-.002
- nn ?
• U U f.
-.002
-.002
-.002
-.002
-.002
-.002
-.002
-.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.000
.001
.000
.001
.001
.001
.000
.001
.000
.001
.001
.001
.000
.001
.000
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0*5
.080
.1.10
.001
.001
.000
.001
-1.*
"1 • V
-1.7
-l.ft
-1.9
-1.8
-1.9
-?. • C
-2.0
-l.fl
i.9
15. f
11.1
'.8
l.f.
1.8
1..1
t.E
1.6
1.6
1.8
l.o
2.C
1.9
2.1
2.*
2.5
?.*
2.5
2.*
'.*
7.*
? . 6
7. &
2 * I*
?. * c
2.1.
?.=
2.5
2.5
? .7
•> e;
2 . c
2.5
2.5
?•?
2 . fc
' • 8
? • 7
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
?.5
77 1
t ' . L
ZT'.Z
?7.1
27.5
?T.8
27.8
78.1
?'.2
27.1
27.5
77. 9
78.2
28.5
2°. 6
2". 7
28.8
? ™ B n
?" .8
28.8
28.8
2". 8
?8 . 8
28.9
?8.9
?" . 9
29.8
2". 9
?8 .9
21.0
2°.0
2".0
29.0
20.0
?1 . 1
21.1
29.0
?8.9
2«.9
?8 .9
28 .9
?9.9
?8 . 8
28.8
28.8
2«.8
28.7
28.8
28.9
29.9
28.9
28.9
?9.0
-9.9
-9 .9
3 . ~
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.0
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-1.0
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9,0
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.0
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.0
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-1.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.9
-9.1
-o.l
-9.9
-9.1
-9.9
-0.9
-9.1
-9.1
-1.9
-9.1
-9.0
-1.1
-9.9
-l.o
-l.o
-1.1
-1.9
-1.1
-1.1
-9.1
-1.1
-1,1
-9.0
-o, 1
-9. a
-9.1
-9.3
-9.1
-i.0
-Q. q
-9.1
-q. q
-9.0
-9.1
-9.1
-9.1
* ^ a Q
-1.1
-1.1
-9.1
-9.1
-O.q
-9.1
-9.9
-1.9
-9.0
-9.9
-0.9
-9.9
-9.9
21.1
20.8
20.2
19.9
19.0
19.6
19. C
19.6
18.9
19. C
18.*
19.6
18.1
17.8
17.?
17.1
17.?
17.7
17.9
17.8
19. C
17.9
19. C
17. t
17.1
17.8
17.9
17.1
19. C
17.9
H.C
17.0
13.2
17.1
19. C
18. (i
19.2
19. C
19.7
19.0
19.2
19.0
19.?
19.0
18.3
18.'
18.*
19.5
19.6
19.'
11.?
19.5
19.1
19.1
17. ft
12.2
12!l
I'. !
12. *
12.?
11.1
19.2
12.1
1?.*
12. U
I'.r
12. »
19,7
12.6
f. ?
12.1
1?.*
12.*
12.7
11 , r
11.7
ll.o
11. 9
11.7
ll.o
It . ^
11. 7
11.=;
11. «
11. T
11.3
11. C
11. :
11.3
it. j
1J.Q
11. T
U.8
10.1
U.7
10. 9
1 .^
1 .5
1 .k
1 . 7
1 .5
1.5
1.3
7.?
7. 1
7.2
7 .*
.7
.8
.7
.6
.7
.7
.8
1.1
.8
.8
.6
.8
.8
.7
.7
i.3
.6
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
.7
.5
.7
.7
.7
.6
.7
.7
.7
.6
.7
.7
.7
.7
.9
.7
.8
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8
.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
1.9
.*
.*
.*
.*
*35
*36
*37
*16
**1
**7
**7
**6
***
*30
*19
*50
**7
*52
*78
501
522
C(. f.
5*4 D
570
59.1
533
678
706
73*
762
788
90S
922
951
872
908
91*
955
99 fi
102*
101*
1050
1069
1099
1110
1135
1156
117*
1201
1230
1257
128*
110*
13*7
'1388
1*25
1*60
1*87
1517
58.1
59.5
56.1
52.7
56.2
55.0
52.3
51.2
51.0
5*.l
*8.6
*9.2
*7.3
*5.*
*5.2
*5.9
*7.0,
*7.0
/. c 9
t 7 . C
*5.6
*6.8
*5.6
*7. 6
*6.1
50.*
1.5.5
50.2
*8.a
51.3
*9.3
51.2
50. &
5*.l
51.1
5*. 3
56.1
C6.*
53.7
5*. 8
53.*
55. f
53.8
5*. 2
55.3
55.0
5*. 6
53.9
59.2
5*. 3
58.*
60.3
62.7
fil.8
61.7
65.8
-------
TABLE C-6. FINAL DATA FILE FORMAT
HEADER RECORD 1 FORMAT
PARAMETER CHARACTER FORMAT IDENTIFICATION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4-6
7-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
Al
11
13
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
Aircraft ID
Year
Not used
Julian date
Not used
Parameter #1 ID (03)
Parameter #2 ID (NO)
Parameter #3 ID (NOX)
Parameter #4 ID (SO?)
Parameter $5 ID (CO)
Parameter #6 ID (COT)
Parameter #7 ID (CH4)
Parameter #8 ID (THC)
80
-------
TABLE C-6. (Continued)
HEADER RECORDS 2 AND 3 FORMAT
CHARACTERS ON
PARAMETER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
RECORDS 2
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
51-55
56-60
61-65
66-70
71-75
76-80
81-85
86-90
& 3 FORMAT
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
A5
RECORD 2
(PARAMETER)
DME 1
DME 2
VOR
HEAD
-
ALT
ASPD
TEMP
DPT
BSCAT
03
NO
NOX
S02
CO
CO T
CH4
NMHC
RECORD 3
(UNITS)
NMILES
NMILES
DEG
DEG
_
FEET
KNOTS
DEG C
DEG C
1/M
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
DEG C
PPM
PPM
LOCATION OF
PARAMETER
19-22
23-26
27-29
30-34
70-73
74-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
93-96
97-105
106-114
115-123
124-132
133-141
142-150
151-159
160-168
81
-------
TABLE C-6. (Continued)
DATA RECORDS FORMAT
PARAMETER
1
2
c_
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
CHARACTER
1
2
3
4-6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-18
19-22
23-26
27-29
30-34
35
36-39
40
41-44
45
46-49
50
51-54
55-56
57-58
59-65
66-73
74-77
78-82
83-87
88-92
93-96
97-105
106-114
115-123
124-132
133-141
142-150
151-159
160-168
FORMAT
Al
11
13
12
12
12
F6.2
F4.1
F4.1
13
F5.1
11
-
Al
-
Al
-
Al
A4
A2
-
A7
-
14
F5.1
F5.1
F5.1
F4.1
E9.3
E9.3
E9.3
E9.3
E9.3
E9.3
E9.3
E9.3
IDENTIFICATION
Aircraft ID
Year
v (not used)
Julian Date
Hours
Minutes
Seconds
Elapsed Time
DME 1
DME 2
VOR
Heading
Flight Status
(not used)
DME 1 CODE
(not used)
DME 2 CODE
(not used)
VOR CODE
Activity Thumbwheels
Bag Sample No.
(not used)
Instrument Range
(not used)
Altitude (feet)
Airspeed
Temperature
Dewpoint
Bscat (Nephelometer)
ftj Vrf %A **
°3
NO
NOX
SOo
CO
CO Temperature
CH4
NMHC
on a data record.
82
-------
APPENDIX D
USERS GUIDE TO RAMS SUPPORT MISSIONS
Table D-l. Regional Air Monitoring Station (RAMS) Locations
Table D-2. Spiral ing Locations Not Over RAMS Sites
Table D-3. VORTAC Radio Navigation Station Locations
Table D-4. Description of RAMS Support Missions
Table D-5. Users Guide to RAMS Support Missions
Figure D-l.
Figure D-2.
Figure D-3.
Figure D-4.
Figure D-5.
Figure D-6.
Figure D-7.
Figure D-8.
Figure D-9.
Figure D-10.
Figure D-ll.
Figure D-12.
Figure D-l 3.
Figure D-l 4.
Figure D-l 5.
Figure D-16.
Figure D-l 7.
Figure D-18.
Figure D-l 9.
Figure D-20.
Figure D-21.
Figure D-22.
Figure D-23.
Figure D-24.
Figure D-25.
Figure D-26.
Figure D-27.
Figure D-28.
Figure D-29.
Figure D-30.
Figure D-31.
Figure D-32.
Figure D-33.
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Track
Tract
Track
Track
1, July-August 1974
5, July-August 1974
7, July-August 1974
Red, November-December 1974
Blue, November-December 1974
North-South A, February-March 1975
North-South B, February-March 1975
Northeast-Southwest A, February-March 1975
Northeast-Southwest B, February-March 1975
Northwest-Southeast A, February-March 1975
Northwest-Southeast B, February-March 1975
East-West A, February-March 1975
East-West B, February-March 1975
East-West C, February-March 1975
North-South Pattern, July-August 1975
East-West Pattern, July-August 1975
South-North Pattern, July-August 1975
West-East Pattern, July-August 1975
North-South Final, July-August 1975
East-West Final, July-August 1975
South-North Final, July-August 1975
West-East Final, July-August 1975
North-South Double, July-August 1975
East-West Double, July-August 1975
South-North Double, July-August 1975
West-East Double, July-August 1975
North-South Double Final, July-August 1975
East-West Double Final, July-August 1975
South-North Double Final, July-August 1975
West-East Double Final, July-August 1975
North-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern, February-March 1976
East-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern, February-March 1976
West-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern, February-March 1976
83
-------
Figure D-34. Track South-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern, February-March 1976
Figure D-35. Track Southeast-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern, February-March 1976
Figure D-36. Track West-Downwind Final, July-August 1976
Figure D-37. Track West-East Double Background, October-November 1976
Figure D-38. Track East-West Double Background, October-November 1976
Figure D-39. Track North-South Double Background, October-November 1976
Figure D-40. Track West-East Double Final Background, October-November 1976
Figure D-41. Track East-West Double Final Background, October-November 1976
Figure D-42. Track North-South Double Final Background, October-November 1976
84
-------
TABLE D-l. REGIONAL AIR MONITORING STATION (RAMS) LOCATIONS
Station
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
Latitude
N 38°38'08"
38°38'30"
38°41'29"
38°39'42"
38°36'18"
38°36'59"
38°36'41"
38° 39 '08"
38°44'57"
38°37'17"
38°34'14"
38° 38 '5 2"
38°43'37"
38°47'38"
38°47'00"
38°43'20"
38°34'03"
38°29111"
38033'20"
38°41'44"
38050'29"
39°05'00"
38°41'05"
38°15'00"
38°40'08"
— — ,._
Longitude
W 90011'41"
90°12'42"
90°09'17"
90°09'35"
90°12'05"
90°15'32"
90°14'23"
90°08'32"
90°03'41"
90°09'45"
90°15'32"
90° 18 '43"
90°15'55"
90on,13n
90°03'25"
89° 58 '39"
90°00'34"
90012'48"
90°21'48"
90° 26 '06"
90°19'20"
90° 12 '08"
89°48'53"
90°08'53"
90°43'15"
85
-------
TABLE D-2. SPIRAL ING LOCATIONS NOT OVER RAMS SITES
.III— III. •
Location
105
106
113
41
42
43
44
141
142
143
31
32
_J^—_— — ^•.^^^^^^•••••••^•••liimmMiM
^
No. Latitude
N 38°35'24"
38°38'18"
38°44'07"
38°30'36"
38° 28 '00"
38° 26 '30"
38° 34 '00"
38037'43"
38°31'15"
38°25'32"
(Smartt Field) 38° 56 '00"
(Smartt Field) 38056'00"
Longitude
W 90°11'18"
90°16'30"
90°17'00"
89°49'00"
90°03'06"
90°16'30"
90°13'00"
90°12'33"
90°35'56"
90°01'06"
90°26'00"
90°26'00"
TABLE D-3. VORTAC RADIO NAVIGATION
STATION LOCATIONS
Station
1
2
3
4
Name Latitude
Troy 38°44'21"
St. Louis 38° 51 '38"
Maryland Heights 38°40'38"
Scott AFB 38°34'20"
Longitude UTM*
89°55'07" 16SBT465913
90°28'56" 15SYP185042
90°37'30" 15SYN067830
89°53'08" 16SBT487728
*Universa1 Transverse Mercator Grid Coordinates.
86
-------
TABLE D-4. DESCRIPTION OF RAMS SUPPORT MISSIONS
The flight patterns for all seven RAMS support missions are described
below. A corresponding figure, a map of the St. Louis, Missouri/Illinois
Metropolitan area, including the RAMS stations, shows the route taken by the
helicopter. It should be noted that the spiral locations for sites 105, 106
and 113 were not over the RAMS stations. The spiral for site 105 was over an
open field across the Mississippi River, as indicated on the figures. The
spiral for site 106 was done over open athletic fields in Forest Park as shown
in the figures. The spiral for site 113 was done over a golf course at a
point just east of the indicated RAMS site. The latitude and longitude of
these sites are listed in Table D-l. Also listed are coordinates of
additional special spiral sites not associated with the RAMS sites
(Table D-2).
JULY-AUGUST 1974
Three tracks were devised for RAMS support during the July-August
exercise. These were designated Tracks 1, 5, and 7.
Track 1. Scott AFB to site 118, to site 105, to site 106, to site 103, to
site 113, a stop at Lambert Field for refueling, to site 121, to
site 108, to site 115, to site 123, and return to Scott AFB. Later
in the exercise as the pilots became more familiar with the area and
the aircraft, more fuel was carried and the refueling stop at
Lambert was eliminated. Track 1 is shown in Figure D-l.
Track 5. Scott AFB to site 125, to site 105, to site 103, to site 123, and
return to Scott AFB. Track 5 is shown in Figure D-2.
Track 7. Scott AFB to site 117, to site 118, to site 106, to site 103, to
site 102, to site 108, to site 115, to site 116, and return to Scott
AFB. Track 7 is shown in Figure D-3.
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1974
Two tracks were used for this field exercise.
flight records as Track Red and Track Blue.
They are designated in the
Track Red. Scott AFB to site 118, to site 119, to site 103, to site 102, to
site 113, to site 121, to site 114, to site 108, to site 109, and
return to Scott AFB. Track Red is shown in Figure D-4.
Track Blue. Scott AFB to site 117, to site 105, to site 120, to site 121, to
site 115, to site 116, to site 123, and return to Scott AFB.
Track Blue is shown in Figure D-5.
— - [Continued)
87
-------
TABLE D-4. (Continued)
FEBRUARY-MARCH 1975
Nine tracks were used during the February-March 1975 exercise. The flight
patterns were designed to provide flux information along the North-South,
East-West, Northeast-Southwest, and Northwest-Southeast lines. Two patterns
were used for each direction, except for the East-West pattern, which required
three flight patterns.
The nine flight patterns were for particular wind patterns, i.e., when the
wind was from the North, the North-South patterns were flown. However, when
the wind was from the opposite direction, the flight pattern was reversed and
the mission log would indicate a South-North pattern.
North-South A. Scott AFB to site 123, to site 116, to site 115, to site 114,
to site 121, to site 113, to site 102, to site 105, to site 118, and
return to Scott AFB. Pattern North-South is shown in Figure D-6.
North-South B. Scott AFB to site 114, to site 113, to site 102, to site 105,
to site 118, to site 43, to site 119, to site 44, and return to Scott AFB.
Sites 43 and 44 were spiral sites over open fields to augment the
information being obtained from the RAMS stations. The locations of these
sites are shown with the rest of the flight pattern in Figure D-7.
Northeast-Southwest A. Scott AFB to site 123, to site 115, to site 121, to
site 108, to site 102, to site 119, to site 105, and return to Scott AFB.
Pattern Northeast-Southwest A is shown in Figure D-8.
Northeast-Southwest B. Scott AFB to site 103, to site 102, to site 106, site
120, to site 36, to site 119, to site 118, to site 43, and return to Scott
AFB. Site 36 was a St. Louis County monitoring pattern in Figure D-9.
Northwest-Southeast A. Scott AFB to site 106, to site 120, to site 121, to
site 113, to site 103,to site 116, to site 118, and return to Scott AFB.
This flight pattern is shown in Figure D-10.
Northwest-Southeast B. Scott AFB to site 106, to site 103, to site 105, to
site 109, to site 117, to site 118, to site 42, to site 41. Sites 41 and
42 were spiral locations chosen to augment the information obtained over
the RAMS network. Site 41 was over an open field, approximately 1
kilometer north of the town of Freeburg, and site 42 was over an open
field immediately north of Roachtown. All of the spiral locations are
shown in Figure D-ll.
East-West A. Scott AFB to site 121, to site 120, to site 125, to site 119,
and return to Scott AFB. The East-West A pattern is shown in Figure D-12.
(Continued)
88
-------
TABLE D-4. (Continued)
East-West B. Scott AFB to site 115, to site 108, to site 103, to site 105,
to site 118, to site 106, and return to Scott AFB. This pattern is shown
in Figure D-13.
East-West C. Scott AFB to site 40, to site 123, to site 117, to site 109, to
site 103, to site 105, to site 106, and return to Scott AFB. Site 40 was
near the town of Mascoutah, Illinois, and is shown with the rest of the
spiral sites in Figure D-14.
JULY-AUGUST 1975
Four basic patterns were used during the July-August 1975 exercise.
However, during the course of the study, the patterns were modified to supply
more information. By the end of the exercise, 16 patterns had been flown.
North-South. Smartt Field to site 122, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, and return to Smartt Field. The North-South pattern is shown
in Figure D-15.
East-West. Smartt Field to site 123, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, and return to Smartt Field. The South-North pattern is shown
in Figure D-16.
South-North. Smartt Field to site 124, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, and return to Smartt Field. The South-North pattern is shown
in Figure D-17.
West-East. Smartt Field to site 125, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, and return to Smartt Field. The West-East pattern is shown
in Figure D-18.
North-South-Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to
site 105, to site 122, and return to Smartt Field. The North-South Final
pattern is shown in Figure D-19.
East-West Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site
105, to site 123, and return to Smartt Field. The East-West Final pattern
is shown in Figure D-20.
South-North Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to
site 105, to site 124, and return to Smartt Field. The South-North Final
pattern is shown in Figure D-21.
West-East Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site
105, to site 125, and return to Smartt Field. The West-East Final pattern
is shown in Figure D-22.
~~ (Continued)
89
-------
TABLE D-4. (Continued)
North-South Double. Smartt Field to site 122, to site 102, to site 103, to
site 106, to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105,
and return to Smartt Field. The North-South Double pattern is shown in
Figure D-23.
East-Nest Double. Smartt Field to site 123, to site 102, to site 103, to
site 106, to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105,
and return to Smartt Field. The East-West Double pattern is shown in
Figure D-24.
South-North Double. Smartt Field to site 124, to site 102, to site 103, to
site 106, to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105,
and return to Smartt Field. The South-North Double pattern is shown in
Figure D-25.
West-East Double. Smartt Field to site 125, to site 102, to site 103, to
site 106, to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105,
and return to Smartt Field. The West-East Double pattern is shown in
Figure D-26.
North-South Double Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105, to
site 122, and return to Smartt Field. This pattern is shown in
Figure D-27.
East-West Double Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to 106, to site 105, to site 123,
and return to Smartt Field. This pattern is shown in Figure D-28.
South-North Double Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105, to
site 124, and return to Smartt Field. This pattern is shown in
Figure D-29.
West-East Double Final. Smartt Field to site 102, to site 103, to site 106,
to site 105, to site 102, to site 103, to site 106, to site 105, to
site 125, and return to Smartt Field. This pattern is shown in
Figure D-30.
FEBRUARY-MARCH 1976
Some of the same flight patterns were used as in the July-August 1975
field exercises. However, a different nomenclature was used to describe the
pattern. Also, five new patterns were used. When patterns were repeated
during the day they were numbered in sequence, for example North 1. North 2,
and North 3.
(Continued)
90
-------
TABLE D-4. (Continued)
- _
The nomenclature used in the July-August 1975 exercise is given below with
the February-March equivalents and Figures showing the patterns.
North-South = North 1 or North 2 or North 3 = Figure D-15.
North-South Double = North 1 & 2, or North 3 & 4 = Figure D-23.
North-South Double Final = North 4 = Figure D-27.
East-West = East 1 or East 2 or East 3 = Figure D-16.
East-West Double = East 1 & 2 or East 3 & 4 = Figure D-26.
East-West Double Final = East 4 = Figure D-28.
South-North = South 1 or South 2 or South 3 = Figure D-17.
South-North Double = South 1 & 2 or South 3 & 4 = Figure D-25.
South-North Double Final = South 4 = Figure"D-29.
West-East = West 1 or West 2 or West 3 = Figure D-18.
West-East Double = West 1 & 2 or West 3 & 4 = Figure D-26.
West-East Double Final = South 4 = Figure D-30.
All five new patterns used during the February-March 1976 exercise fell
into the general category of "Upwind Background Flights," also called
"Crosswind Flights." Each of these flights used a single "upwind" RAMS site
as its focus. The upwind sites for the patterns were:
West Upwind Background (crosswind) = RAMS site 125
South Upwind Background (crosswind) = RAMS site 124
East Upwind Background (crosswind) = RAMS site 123
North Upwind Background (crosswind) = RAMS site 122
Southeast Upwind Background (crosswind) = RAMS site 117
Each of the "Upwind Background" patterns followed a common practice of
flying to the upwind site at 1,000 feet MSL from Smartt Field. At the site, a
right turn was made (90° to the wind direction) and the helicopter flew out
from the site for 10 nautical miles at 1,000 feet MSL. At the end of the
— • (Continued)
91
-------
TABLE D-4. (Continued)
10 nautical mile leg, the helicopter ascended to 2,000 feet MSL and flew back
to the site. The helicopter then spiraled down 1,000 feet MSL and the
helicopter flew out from the site 10 nautical miles in the opposite direction
to the first leg, 270° to the wind direction. At the end of this leg, the
helicopter ascended to 2,000 feet MSL to return to the site where it spiraled
down to 200 feet AGL. The helicopter ascended to 1,000 feet MSL and again
flew a 10 nautical mile leg at 90° to the wind direction. The pattern was
repeated as many times as time would allow, and then the helicopter returned
to Smartt Field. These patterns are depicted in Figures D-31 through D-35.
JULY-AUGUST 1976
This field exercise used the same flight patterns as described under the
February-March exercise plus the addition of one new pattern. The new pattern
was a "Downwind Pattern" designed to examine the pollution concentrations over
the RAMS site furthermost downwind. The pattern was described as a West
Downwind Final and the helicopter flew from Smartt Field to site 102, to site
103, to site 106, to site 105, to site 123, and returned to Smartt Field.
This pattern is shown in Figure D-36.
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1976
The same "Double" patterns used during the Summer RAPS 1975 missions were
used during the first week of operations. During the second week and for the
rest of the exercise, six of the eight "double" patterns were modified
slightly to include flight legs to measure the upwind concentration. These
legs were flown in a similar pattern to the background flights described
above. The South-North Double and the South-North Double Final were not
modified because the flight times were too long to allow additional flying.
The remaining double pattern covered the same RAMS sites and in the same order
as those during the Summer RAPS 1975 exercise.
The West-East Double Background Pattern is shown in Figure D-37.
The East-West Double Background Pattern is shown in Figure D-38.
The North-South Double Background Pattern is shown in Figure D-39.
The West-East Double Final Background Pattern is shown in Figure D-40.
The East-West Double Final Background Pattern is shown in Figure D-41.
The North-South Double Final Background Pattern is shown in Figure D-42.
92
-------
TABLE D-5. USERS GUIDE TO RAMS SUPPORT MISSIONS
HELICOF
Date:
Calendar
Julian
8/13/74
4225
8/14/74
4226
8/14/74
4226
8/15/74
4227
8/15/74
4227
8/16/74
4228
8/16/74
4228
8/19/74
4231
8/19/74
4231
8/19/74
4231
8/19/74
4231
^M«____d
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Track 1
Track 1
Track 1
Wood River Refinery
Track 1
St. Louis Pt. Sources
Track 5
Track 7
Track 7
Track 1
Track 7
_^________— _ _^^___ _ __• «
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
ii
ii
II
i
••^••••••••Ml
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0635
1040
0900
1144
1411
1654
0818
0945
1116
1354
0820
0945
1100
1308
0650
0810
0930
1035
1230
1325
1417
1604
••MMHMHI^MHM^VBi
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
93
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
8/20/74
4232
8/20/74
4232
8/21/74
4233
8/21/74
4233
8/21/74
4233
8/22/74
4234
8/22/74
4234
8/26/74
4238
8/26/74
4238
8/26/74
4238
8/27/74
4239
f>TER SUPPORT MU
Mission Description
Track 1
RAMS Site 103
Track 7
Track 1
Track 5
Track 7
Track 1
Track 1
Track 5
Track 1
Track 1
>SION.
Heli-
copter
No.
I
ii
i
ii
ii
ii
i
ii
i
ii
ii
S
Time
Period
(CST)
0704
1032
1400
1645
0626
0810
0842
1227
1351
1522
0634
0836
0653
0908
0938
1221
1440
1646
1531
1720
0634
0840
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
94
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
8/27/74
4239
11/12/74
4316
11/12/74
4316
11/14/74
4318
11/14/74
4318
11/15/74
4319
11/16/74
4320
11/16/74
4320
11/20/74
4324
11/20/74
4324
11/21/74
4325
•••—•—•___
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Track 7
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Red Track
Red Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
•_n_^______>___^«^»^B«»»««»
>SIONJ
Heli-
copter
No.
ii
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
ii
II
i
3
Time
Period
(CST)
0957
1140
0840
1040
1314
1510
0736
1005
1132
1318
1149
1424
0800
1030
1142
1400
0713
0934
1145
1401
0739
0957
•••^•••••^•«i^™
Comments
"•
95
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
11/21/74
4325
11/21/74
4325
11/21/74
4325
11/22/74
4326
11/23/74
4327
11/25/74
4329
11/25/74
4329
11/25/74
4329
11/26/74
4330
11/26/74
4330
11/26/74
4330
PTER SUPPORT Ml!
Mission Description
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Red Track
Red Track
Red Track
Red Track
Red Track
Red Track
Red Track
Red Track
5SION
Heli-
copter
No.
ii
i
ii
i
i
i
i
ii
i
ii
ii
S
Time
Period
(CST)
1002
1207
1150
1425
1350
1558
1313
1546
0939
1142
0735
1013
1219
1452
1446
1646
0729
0851
0925
1143
1256
1540
Comments
96
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
11/26/74
4330
11/27/74
4331
11/27/74
4331
11/27/74
4331
11/27/74
4331
11/28/74
4332
11/28/74
4332
11/28/74
4332
12/2/74
4336
12/2/74
4336
12/2/74
4336
^— «»_^^_i^^_
>TER SUPPORT Ml*
Mission Description
Bed Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Blue Track
Bed Track
Blue Track
Bed Track
Bed Track
Bed Track
Bed Track
— — ••••••••
5SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
I
I
ii
i
ii
i
I
i
I
ii
i
IHMBMM^MMM
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1455
1644
0730
1002
0937
1136
1119
1320
1415
1626
0718
0930
1005
1225
1342
1628
0807
1025
1019
1211
1305
1551
p««^— — — i
Comments
~~
97
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOPTER SUPPORT MISSIONS
Date:
Calendar
Julian
Comments
Mission Description
12/3/74
4337
Blue Track
12/3/74
4337
Blue Track
12/4/74
4338
Baldwin, IL
Power Plant Plume
Special Study
See Table E-l
12/3/74
4338
Blue Track
12/3/74
4338
Blue Track
12/5/74
4339
12/5/74
4339
Red Track
12/5/74
4339
Red Track
12/5/74
4339
Red Track
12/5/74
4339
Square Track
Special Track
12/6/74
4340
Red Track
98
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
12/6/74
4340
12/6/74
4340
2/3/75
5034
2/3/75
5034
2/6/75
5037
2/7/75
5038
5/7/75
5088
5/7/75
5088
2/8/75
5039
2/9/75
5040
2/9/75
5040
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Bed Track
Square Track
Northeast-Southwest
Northeast-Southwest
Northwest-Southeast
East-West-A
East-West-B
East-West-C
Northwest-Southeast
Northwest-Southeast
Northwest-Southeast
>SION(
Heli-
copter
No.
ill
ii
in
in
ii
ii
I
Ii
i
ii
II
i
3
Time
Period
(CST)
0857
1115
1105
1247
0838
1100
1326
1521
1310
1610
0731
0927
0842
1039
1046
1234
0855
1130
0836
1053
0920
1133
Comments
Special Track
Two tapes
Parallel flights
99
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
MBMi^MMMPi^H^HMM^
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
2/9/75
5040
2/10/75
5041
2/10/75
5041
2/10/75
5041
2/10/75
5041
2/12/75
5043
2/12/75
5043
2/13/75
5044
2/13/75
5044
2/13/75
5044
2/13/75
5044
^^^^__^^_____^^^^B^BBB»»'>
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Northwest-Southeast
South-North
South-North
South-North
South-North
Northwest-Southeast
Northwest-Southeast
Northeast-Southwest
Northeast-Southwest
Southeast-Northwest
Southeast-Northwest
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
i
ii
i
ii
ii
i
ii
ii
ii
i
ii
i
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1340
1550
0738
1002
0800
1030
1300
1440
1304
1510
0823
1031
1203
1402
0852
1046
0918
1123
1301
1438
1402
1614
Comments
Two tapes
Parallel flights
0_ Inoperative
O-j Inoperative
Oo Inoperative
100
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
2/17/75
5048
2/17/75
5048
2/17/75
5048
2/17/75
5048
2/17/75
5048
2/18/75
5049
2/19/75
5050
2/19/75
5050
2/20/75
5051
2/20/75
5051
2/20/75
5051
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
West-East
West-East
West-East
West-East
West-East
Southwest-Northeast
northwest-Southeast
Baldwin, IL
Power Plant Plume
Background Flight
Southwest-Northeast
Background Flight
>SION:
Heli-
copter
No.
i
I
il
i
"i
ii
II
ii
i
ii
II
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0900
1045
1046
1221
1115
1420
1420
1530
1530
1640
0721
0913
0716
0916
1148
1557
0730
1130
0739
0912
1034
1334
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
101
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
•••••••^•••MMMMHHMi
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
^^••MMMMMMMMMMMi
2/20/75
5051
2/21/75
5052
2/26/75
5057
2/26/78
5057
2/26/75
5057
2/26/75
5057
2/27/75
5058
2/27/75
5058
2/28/75
5059
2/28/75
5059
2/28/75
5059
__*____^»_«___B_— ^^^^— ^—
*TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
i^BMBMBHBHH^H^BlMHMMBBMHIHMMMBMM
Southwest-Northeast
Alton Area Spirals
Northwest-Southeast
Double
Northwest-Southeast
Double
Northwest-Southeast
Double
Northwest-Southeast
Double
Baldwin, IL
Power Plant Plurre
North-South
Northwest-Southeast
Northwest-Southeast
Northwest-Southeast
JSION!
Heli-
copter
No.
M^MMMMMM
I
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
I
II
%
Time
Period
(CST)
»««——•—
1250
1451
1403
1616
0659
0852
0853
1008
0715
1052
1037
1335
0648
0939
1212
1351
0753
1012
0854
1053
1214
1406
Comments
.
Special Study
Special Study
See Table E-l
0.3 Inoperative
O., Inoperative
102
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
3/1/75
5060
3/2/75
5061
3/4/75
5063
3/4/75
5063
3/4/75
5063
3/4/75
5063
3/5/75
5064
3/5/75
5064
3/5/75
5064
7/14/75
5195
7/14/75
5195
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Labadie Plume Study
Northwest-Southeast
North-South Double
North-South Double
North-South Double
North-South Double
Southwest-Northeast
Southwest-Northeast
P?Vlli?le
Southwest-Northeast
Double
West-East
West-East
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
II
i
i
ii
i
II
I
II
II
III
I
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0902
1230
0757
0932
0630
0953
0700
0954
1151
1446
1215
1605
0655
0657
1053
1247
1603
0716
0930
0800
1017
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
NO and NOX Inoperative
103
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
^••^^•••^•••^•••••MM
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
7/14/75
5195
7/14/75
5195
7/15/75
5196
7/15/75
5196
7/15/75
5196
7/16/75
5197
7/16/75
5197
7/16/75
5197
7/16/75
5197
7/17/75
5198
7/17/75
5198
*TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
West-East
West-East Double
West-East Double
West-East Double
Oxidant Max Study
South-North
South-North
South-North
South-North
West-East
West-East
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
I
ill
I
HI
I
in
i
I
ill
ill
i
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1109
1254
1100
1300
0758
1027
1100
1416
1410
1645
0705
0845
0810
1002
1117
1250
1215
1434
0700
0910
0806
0949
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
104
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
7/17/75
5198
7/17/75
5198
7/18/75
5199
7/18/75
5199
7/18/75
5199
7/18/75
5199
7/19/75
5200
7/19/75
5200
7/19/75
5200
7/19/75
5200
7/22/75
5203
>TER SUPPORT Ml<
Mission Description
West - East
West - East
South - North Double
Gxidant Max Study
West - East Double
Qxidant Max Study
West - East
West - East
West - East
West - East
East - West
>SION:
Heli-
copter
No.
in
i
ill
i
in
i
in
I
i
in
in
S
Time
Period
(CST)
1109
1315
1242
1342
0700
1000
0829
1130
1126
1404
1239
1526
0707
0910
0810
0959
1107
1252
1226.
1411
0658
0850
Comments
Special Study
See table E-l
Special Study
See table E-l
105
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOF
Date:
Calendar
Julian
7/22/75
5203
7/22/75
5203
7/22/75
5203
7/23/75
5204
7/23/75
5204
7/23/75
5204
7/24/75
5205
7/24/75
5205
7/24/75
5205
7/25/75
5206
7/25/75
5206
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
East - Wast
South - North
South - North
South - North
South - North
South - North Double
Vfest - East Double
North - South Double
Station 108 Spirals
North - South
North - South
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
I
in
i
in
i
i
in
i
in
in
I
3
Time
Period
(CST)
0805
0956
1124
1330
1200
1525
0706
0930
0807
1023
1220
1545
0701
1004
1104
1430
1330
1615
0715
0929
0800
1010
Comments
NO and NQjj inoperative
SC>2 inoperative
Special Study
See table E-l
106
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOf
Date:
Calendar
Julian
7/25/75
5206
7/25/75
5206
7/26/75
5207
7/26/75
5207
7/26/75
5207
7/27/75
5208
7/27/75
5208
7/28/75
5209
7/28/75
5209
7/29/75
5210
7/29/75
5210
»TER SUPPORT Ml!
Mission Description
North - South Double
Oxidant Max Study
East - West
East - Wast
East - West Double
West - East Double
West - East Double
West - East Double
North - South Double
North - South
East - West Double
>SION:
Heli-
copter
No.
in
i
in
i
in
ii
in
in
in
in
HI
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1102
1334
1340
1545
0704
0928
0812
1025
1111
1403
0824
1054
1105
1350
0700
0948
1312
1538
0708
0918
1246
1535
Comments
Special Study
See table E-l
107
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOPTER SUPPORT MISSIONS
Date: 1
Calendar 1
1, Julian 1
7/30/75
1 5211 1
7/30/75
I 5211 1
7/31/75
I 5212 1
7/31/75
1 5212 1
8/3/75
1 5215 1
8/3/75
1 5215 1
8/4/75
1 5216 |
8/5/75
1 5217
8/5/75
15217
8/6/75
[5218
8/6/75
1 5218 ;
1 8/7/75
t 1
Mission Description
East - West Double
Sulfur Transformation
Study
East - West Double
East - West Double
North - South Double
^^•••••^••••^•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••MIMMMi
Oxidant Max Study
Labadie Plume Study
Labadie Plume Study
i Labadie Plume Study
North - South Double
Qxidant Maximum Study
Helicopter Parallel
Flight
Heli-
copter
No.
in
II
II
ii
i
MnMnn^HMMH
II
I
II
II
••••••••^••^B
I
II
I, II
Time
Period
(CST)
1103
1230
1107
1440
0750
1005
1157
1423
1100
1340
•MHMHBMHMBMMMHHW
1248
1457
0638
1031
0717
1044
1210
1510
1158
1422
1230
1440
0719
0816
Comments
Special Study
See table E-l
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•••^^^^^^^••••••••^^••"•MM
Special Study
See table E-l
Special Study
See table E-l
Special Study
See table E-l
Special Study
Special Study
See table E-l
Two Tapes
108
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOf
Date:
Calendar
Julian
8/8/75
5220
8/10/75
5222
8/11/75
5223
8/12/75
5224
8/12/75
5224
2/14/76
6045
2/14/76
6045
2/15/76
6046
2/17/76
6048
2/19/76
6050
2/19/76
6050
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
South-North Double
West-East Double
West-East Double
West-East Double
West-East Double
East-West Double
South-North Double
South-North Double
East-West
West-East Double
West-East
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
I
II
li
II
li
III
ill
III
III
ill
in
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0720
1022
1100
1332
0630
0930
0708
0943
1110
1350
0709
1004
1200
1600
0715
1034
0700
1000
0707
1014
1210
1400
Comments
SCL Inoperative
S02 Inoperative
109
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOF
Date:
Calendar
Julian
2/20/76
6051
2/21/76
6052
2/22/76
6053
2/22/7 '6
6053
2/23/76
6054
2/23/76
6054
2/24/76
6055
2/26/76
6057
2/27/7 G
6058
2/28/76
6059
3/1/76
6061
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
South-North Double
South-North
North-South
Temperature Profile
Temperature Profile
Special Spirals
Temperature Profile
Temperature Profile
Parallel Flights
West-East
East-West Double
South-North Double
>SION;
Heli-
copter
No.
in
ill
in
III
i
i
i
i
I
Hi
ill
3
Time
Period
(CST)
0711
1113
1056
1400
0710
0852
1600
1800
0514
0914
1549
1750
0700
1000
1106
1817
0738
0950
0803
1140
0710
1130
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Flights
Three Tapes
110
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
3/1/76
6061
3/6/76
6066
3/7/76
6067
3/9/76
6069
3/9/76
6069
3/10/76
6070
3/10/76
6070
7/16/76
6198
7/16/76
6198
7/16/76
6198
7/19/76
6201
»TER SUPPORT MU
Mission Description
South-North
Temperature Profiles
Temperature Profiles
North-South Background
Spiral, Sta 103, 108
West-East Double
Pfest-East
West Upwind
North Upwind
North Upwind
South Upwind
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
in
in
in
i
i
i
I
I
ii
I
i
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1209
1336
0644
2300
0634
1200
0727
1049
1314
1500
0718
1021
1317
1528
0728
1003
0828
1109
1216
1512
0614
0941
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
7 Tapes
Special Study
See Table E-l
3 Tapes
Special Flight
111
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
i^MM^HMMM^MMMMI
HELICOf
Date:
Calendar
Julian
7/19/76
6201
7/20/76
6202
7/20/76
6202
7/23/76
6205
7/23/76
6205
7/23/76
6205
7/29/76
6211
7/29/76
6211
7/30/76
6212
7/30/76
6212
7/30/76
6212
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
South Upwind
West Upwind
West Upwind
Project DaVinci
Project DaVinci
Project DaVinci
West Upwind
Temperature Profiles
South Upwind
Temperature Profile
Temperature Profile
JSION!
Heli-
copter
No.
II
ii
I
i
ii
i
i
i
I
II
i
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0719
1037
0616
0912
0723
1009
0433
0743
0545
0900
0833
1129
0613
0651
1731
2314
0619
0957
0826
1034
1120
1345
Comments 1
Special Study 1
See Table E-l 1
Special Study 1
See Table E-l 1
Special Study 1
See Table E-l
Flight Aborted
Special Study 1
See Table E-l 1
Special Study
See Table E-l |
Special Study
See Table E-l
112
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOF
Date:
Calendar
Julian
7/30/76
6212
8/1/76
6214
8/2/76
6215
8/2/76
6215
8/2/76
6215
8/3/76
6216
8/3/76
6216
8/3/76
6216
8/3/76
6216
8/3/76
6216
8/3/76
6216
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Parallel Flight
Temperature Profile
Temperature Profile
North Upwind
Southeast Upwind
Temperature Profile
East Upwind
Temperature Profile
East - West Double
East-T/fest Double
East Upwind
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
I
ii
III
ii
in
in
Ii
in
Ii
III
ii
ii
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1446
1625
1052
1300
0456
0657
0806
1108
1318
1613
0435
0635
0559
0843
0730
0927
1033
1318
1047
1313
1517
1748
Comments
Special Flight
Two Tapes
Special Flight
See Table E-l
Special Flight
See Table E-l
Special Flight
See Table E-l
Special Flight
See Table E-l
113
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOF
Date:
Calendar
Julian
8/4/76
6217
8/4/76
6217
8/4/76
6217
8/6/76
6219
8/7/76
6220
8/07/76
6220
8/07/76
6220
8/07/76
6220
8/8/76
6221
8/8/76
6221
8/09/76
6222
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
Temperature Profile
Temperature Profile
South-North Double
West Upwind
North Upwind
North Upwind
North Upwind
North Upwind
Tenperature Profile
Portage-Des-Sioux
Plume
South Upwind
>SION:
Heli-
copter
No.
II
ill
ii
ill
i
in
i
Hi
ill
I
I
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0504
0619
0806
1016
0735
1030
0620
0754
0604
0840
0708
0952
1102
1358
1207
1512
0430
0750
0635
0930
1121
1324
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
114
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOt
Date:
Calendar
Julian
8/10/76
6223
8/11/76
6224
8/12/76
6225
8/13/76
6226
8/13/76
6226
10/26/76
6300
10/26/76
6300
10/27/76
6301
10/27/76
6301
10/28/76
6302
10/28/76
6302
JTER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
South Upwind
East Upwind
Portage-Des-Sioux
Plume
West Upwind
West Upwind
East-West Double
East-West Double Final
North-South Double
North-South Double
South-North Double
South-North Double
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
i
HI
i, in
i
in
in
in
HI
in
in
ill
3
Time
Period
(CST)
0642
0916
1217
1621
0615
1500
0658
0941
0729
1003
0555
0900
1030
1305
0600
0820
1015
1245
1050
1340
1330
1605
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-1,2 Tapes
115
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOPTER SUPPORT MISSIONS
Date:
Calendar
1 Julian
10/29/76
6303
1 10/29/76
1 6303
11/1/76
I 6306
11/1/76
I 6306
1 11/2/76
1 6307
11/2/76
1 6307
11/3/76
6308
11/3/76
6308
11/4/76
6309
11/4/76
1 6309
11/5/76
1 6310
Mission Description
West-East Double
Double
South-North Double
South-North Double
Final
•••••••^^^^M^^^MMHMMMMMMM^^MM
South-North Double
MMMHMHH(MMMHMM(H^MBHmMWMHBMMa.MBM
West-East Double
Background
West-East Double
Background
West-East Double
Background
West-East Double Final
Background
North-South Double
Background
North-South Double
Background
West-East Double
Background
Heli-
copter
No.
in
in
in
•MMMMBMMMl
III
HMMMMMH^HM
III
III
I
III
III
III
III
Time
Period
(CST)
0700
0940
1115
1400
0850
1154
••••••M^Bi^M^MMMMM
1348
1637
••••••••••^•••MHH
0710
0952
1131
1355
0715
1018
1145
1505
0716
1020
1144
1447
0707
1019
Comments
^^^— ^^-— »-^— •— -^— — ^«
116
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOI
Date:
Calendar
Julian
11/6/76
6311
11/8/76
6313
11/8/76
6313
11/9/76
6314
11/9/76
6314
11/10/76
6315
11/10/76
6315
11/11/76
6316
11/11/76
6316
11/12/76
6317
11/12/76
6317
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
West-East Double Final
Background
North-South Double
Background
Labadie Plume Study
West-East Double
Background
Labadie Plume Study
North-South Double
Background
West-East Double
Double Background
North-South Double
Background
North-South Double
Final Background
North-South Double
Background
Labadie Plume Study
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
ill
in
ill
5
Time
Period
(CST)
1230
1600
0650
0947
1227
1535
0810
1140
1245
1525
0807
1108
1219
1453
0656
1013
1115
1416
0648
1003
1130
1430
Comments
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
Special Study
See Table E-l
117
-------
TABLE D-5. (Continued)
HELICOF
Date:
Calendar
Julian
11/15/76
6320
11/15/76
6320
11/16/76
6321
11/16/76
6321
11/17/76
6322
11/17/76
6322
11/18/76
6323
11/18/76
6323
>TER SUPPORT MIS
Mission Description
North-South Double
Background
East-West Double Final
Background
South-North Double
South-North Double
Final
West-East
Double Background
West East Double
Final Background
West-East Double
Background
West-East Double
Final Background
>SION!
Heli-
copter
No.
in
HI
ill
in
in
ill
in
in
5
Time
Period
(CST)
0649
1009
1115
1416
0706
0959
1104
1356
0923
1239
1325
1603
0700
1025
1141
1500
Comments
118
-------
• 40
Figure D-l. RAMS Network - Track 1
• 40
42
Figure D-2. RAMS Network - Track 5
119
-------
• 40
41
42
Figure D-3. RAMS Network - Track 7
•40
42
Figure D-4. RAMS Network - Track Red
120
-------
• 40
Figure D-5. RAMS Network - Track Blue
•40
41
42
Figure D-6. RAMS Network - North-South A
121
-------
• 40
Figure D-7. RAMS Network - North-South B
• 40
Figure D-8. RAMS Network - Northeast-Southwest A
122
-------
• 40
Figure D-9. RAMS Network - Northeast-Southwest B
•40
Figure D-10. RAMS Network - Northwest-Southeast A
123
-------
• 40
41
Figure D-ll. RAMS Network - Northwest-Southeast B
Figure D-12. RAMS Network - East-West A
124
-------
• 40
Figure D-13. RAMS Network - East-West B
40
Figure D-14. RAMS Network - East-West C
125
-------
a
115
O116
123
0109
D117
SCOTT A.F.B 0
• 40
41
42
Figure D-15. RAMS Network - North-South Pattern
SCOTT A.F.B. 0
• 40
41
Figure D-16. RAMS Network - East-West Pattern
126
-------
a
118
Q116
123
D109
D117
SCOTT A.F.8. a
•40
•
41
42
Figure D-17. RAMS Network - South-North Pattern
D
115
Q116
123
D109
D117
SCOTT A.F.B. D
• 40
41
42
Figure D-18. RAMS Network - West-East Pattern
127
-------
o
115
0116
123
D109
Q117
•
42
SCOTT A.F.B. a
• 40
41
Figure D-19. RAMS Network - North-South Final
SCOTT ».F.B. D
• 40
41
Figure D-20. RAMS Network - East-West Final
128
-------
o
115
O116
123
D109
D117
SCOTT A.F.B.D
•40
41
42
Figure D-21. RAMS Network - South-North Final
o
116
O116
123
D109
D117
scon ».F.B. D
• 40
•
42
41
Figure D-22. RAMS Network - West-East Final
129
-------
• 40
Figure D-23. RAMS Network - North-South Double
SCOTT A.F.B. a
• 40
41
42
Figure D-24. RAMS Network - East-West Double
130
-------
a
116
O116
123
O109
O117
SCOTT ».F.B. O
• 40
41
42
Figure D-25. RAMS Network - South-North Double
si
a
115
O116
123
a 109
0110 0117
SCOTT A.F.S. a
• 40
42
Figure D-26. RAMS Network - West-East Double
131
-------
a
115
O116
123
O109
O117
SCOTT A.F.B. O
• 40
41
42
Figure D-27. RAMS Network - North-South Double Final
a
115
D116
123
O117
SCOTT H.F.B.0
• 40
• 41
42
Figure D-28. RAMS Network - East-West Double Final
132
-------
O116
123
D117
SCOTT A.F.B. O
•40
41
42
Figure D-29. RAMS Network - South-North Double Final
a
116
O116
123
a 109
an?
SCOTT K.F.B. a
• 40
41
42
Figure D-30. RAMS Network - West-East Double Final
133
-------
O116
123
O109
O117
scon A.F.B. a
• 40
41
42
Figure D-31. RAMS Network - North-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern
Figure D-32. RAMS Network - East-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern
134
-------
O116
123
D117
SCOTT t.F.B. O
•40
41
Figure D-33. RAMS Network - West-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern
• 40
Figure D-34. RAMS Network - South-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern
135
-------
• 40
Figure D-35. RAMS Network - Southeast-Upwind (Crosswind) Pattern
• 40
Figure D-36. RAMS Network - West Downwind Final Pattern
136
-------
a
115
am
123
aios
Q117
SCOTT A.F.B. D
•40
•
41
Figure D-37. RAMS Network - West-East Double Background
Figure D-38. RAMS Network - East-West Double Background
137
-------
• 40
Figure D-39. RAMS Network - North-South Double Background
o
116
D116
123
O109
D117
SCOTT A.F.B. O
41
Figure D-40. RAMS Network - West-East Double Final Background
138
-------
a
115
D116
123
O109
D117
SCOTT A.F.8. Q
• 40
•
41
42
Figure D-41. RAMS Network - East-West Double Final Background
Figure D-42.
RAMS Network - North-South Double Final Background
139
-------
APPENDIX E
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS
FOR RAPS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
140
-------
TABLE E-l. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS FOR RAPS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
8/15/74
4227
8/16/74
4228
8/20/74
4232
12/4/74
4338
2/19/75
5050
A flight was made in a square pattern at constant altitude around the
Wood River, Illinois, and Alton, Illinois, refinery complex to assess the
emissions; particular emphasis was placed on examination of hydrocarbon
concentrations.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Stan Kopczynski, EPA.
Flights were made in square patterns at constant altitude around four
point sources in the St. Louis Metropolitan area. The point sources
were the Chrysler assembly plant, General Motors assembly plant, American
Can Co., and Monsanto Chemicals (E. St. Louis).
Principal Investigator - Mr. Stan Kopczynski, EPA.
Cross patterns were flown over RAMS site 103 in coordination with ground
monitoring units to determine the 3-dimensional distribution of ozone
around the monitoring site.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Lou Chaney, Univ. of Michigan.
Vertical profiles and horizontal cross sections were made of the Baldwin,
Illinois, power plant plume at intervals downwind of the stacks to
characterize the emissions.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Rudolph Husar, Washington University,
St. Louis.
Vertical profiles and horizontal cross sections were made of the Baldwin,
Illinois, power plant plume at intervals downwind of the stacks to
characterize the emissions.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Rudolph Husar, Washington University,
St. Louis.
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
2/27/75
5058
2/27/75
5058
3/1/75
5060
3/1/75
5060
3/3/75
5062
7/15/75
5196
7/18/75
5199
7/23/75
5204
7/24/75
5205
Plume study same as February 19, 1975 (Morning Flight).
Plume study same as February 19, 1975 (Afternoon Flight).
Plume study same as February 19, 1975 (Morning Flight)
P-lume study same as February 19, 1975 (Afternoon Flight)
Plume study same as December 4, 1975.
Cross sections and vertical profiles were made of the St. Louis urban
plume to determine the position of maximum 03 concentrations and to
characterize the pollutant transport downwind of the city.
Principal Investigator - Mr. E.L. Martinez, EPA.
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study of the urban plume.
Bag samples of air were taken at various altitudes over RAMS sites
103 and 108 for hydrocarbon analysis.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Stan Kopczynski , EPA.
Bag samples of air were taken at various altitudes over RAMS site 108
for hydrocarbon analysis.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Stan Kopczynski, EPA.
Data
Avail
Yes
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Tape
able
No
X
(L'ontinued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
-IS.
CO
7/24/75
5205
7/25/75
5206
7/30/75
5211
8/3/75
5215
8/4/75
5216
8/4/75
5216
8/4/75
5216
Flight patterns were flown along freeways, near power plants, and over
"clean" rural areas to collect particulate filter samples which were to
be analyzed by electron microscopy.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Ron Draftz, Illinois Institute of Technology.
Same as July 15, 1975 03 study of the urban plume.
An experiment was run to examine sulfur transformations in the St. Louis
area. Particulate filters and glass canister packed with an absorbant
were used for the study. Air was drawn through the filters and the
absorbant and the filters at locations upwind of the city, in the city
center, and downwind of the city.
Principal Investigator - Dr. William Wilson, EPA.
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study of the urban plume.
Same as February 19, 1975, plume study (Morning).
Same as February 19, 1975, plume study (Afternoon).
Repetitive spirals from 4500 feet MSL down to 200 feet AGL at RAMS
site 103 were done to determine the particulate-size distribution with
the Royco 220 analyzer.
The Royco system malfunctioned.
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
8/4/75
5216
8/5/75
5217
8/5/75
5217
8/5/75
5217
8/5/75
5217
8/6/75
5218
8/7/75
5219
8/7/75
5219
Metal cans were pumped full of air for subsequent laboratory analysis
for fluorocarbons. One sample was taken upwind of the city and five
samples were taken across the urban plume downwind of the city.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Jack' Durham, EPA.
Same as February 19, 1975, plume study (Morning).
Same as February 19, 1975, plume study (Afternoon).
Same as August 4, 1975, study with cans for f 1 uor.ocarbon analysis.
Same as July 30, 1975, study of sulfur transformations.
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study in the urban plume.
Helicopter spirals were made over RAMS sites 122, 114, 118, and 103
from 4,000 feet MSL to 1,000 feet MSL to determine particulate-size
distribution with a Royco 220 and supporting equipment.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Jim Peterson, EPA.
Bag samples for hydrocarbon analysis were taken upwind and downwind
of the Wood River refinery complex.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Stan Kopczynski, EPA.
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
8/7/75
5219
8/8/75
5220
8/8/75
5220
8/8/75
5220
8/8/75
5220
8/9/75
5221
8/11/75
5223
Bag samples for CO analysis were taken at various altitudes above
RAMS site 108. Data correlated with ground monitors to determine
the 3-dimensional distribution of CO.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Lou Chaney, Univ. of Michigan.
Same as July 30, 1975, study of sulfur transformation.
Bag samples were taken to determine the changes in hydrocarbon composition
across the city. Samples were taken-upwind, near the center, and
downwind of the city.
Principal Investigator - Mr. Stan Kopczynski, EPA.
Multi-stage high volume samples of air were collected for subsequent
chemical analysis. High volume samples were collected upwind of the
city and at several locations over the downtown area.
Principal Investigator - Dr. William Wilson, EPA.
Sulfur hexafluoride was released from towers to simulate stack emissions.
The helicopters collected air samples in syringes along cross sections of
the extended plume path at several intervals to determine plume
dispersion characteristics.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Fred Shair, California Institute of Technology.
Same as August 8, 1975, sulfur hexafluoride release.
Same as August 8, 1975, sulfur hexafluoride release.
X
X
X
X
(continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
8/11/75
5223
8/12/75
5224
8/12/75
5224
§ 8/12/75
5224
8/13/75
5225
8/15/75
5227
8/15/75
5227
Same as July 18, 1975, NO study of urban plume.
Bag samples were taken upwind and downwind of the Wood River refinery
complex for hydrocarbon analysis.
Same as August 8, 1975, bag study across the city.
Same as August 7, 1975, study of CO distribution.
Orbits were made at 4,000, 3,000, 2,000 and 1,000 feet over RAMS site
118 to determine particulate-size distribution with the Royco 220 and
supporting equipment.
Same as August 8, 1975, sulfur hexafluoride plume study.
Same as August 8, 1975, hydrocarbon bag sampling experiment.
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2/22/76 Vertical spirals were made over a number of RAMS ground stations and
over the RAMS pibal stations. The emphasis was on collecting temperature
soundings. The vertical profiles were, to the extent possible, taken at
the same time as radio-sondes were launched.
6053 Principal Investigator - Dr. Jason Ching, EPA.
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
2/23/76
6054
2/23/76
6054
2/24/76
6055
2/25/76
6056
3/6/76
6066
3/7/76
6067
7/16/76
6198
7/20/76
6202
Same as February 22, 1976, temperature profile studies (Morning).
Same as February 22, 1976, temperature profile study (Afternoon).
Same as February 22, 1976, study of temperature profiles.
Vertical profiles were made over RAMS sites 118 and 103 to determine
the size distribution of particulate matter with the Royco 220 and
supporting equipment.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Jim Peterson, EPA.
Vertical profiles were made over Smartt Field and other selected sites
to obtain temperature profiles. Seven missions were flown on this date.
Principal Investigator - Dr. James McElroy, EPA.
Same as March 6, 1976, temperature profiles. Three missions were flown
on this date.
Same as February 25, 1976, Royco mission.
Same as February 25, 1976, Royco mission.
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(ContinuedJ
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
oo
7/20/76
6202
7/22/76
7/23/76
6205
7/23/76
6205
7/23/76
6205
7/26/76
6208
7/27/76
6209
7/28/76
6210
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study of urban plume.
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study of urban plume.
Cross sections and vertical profiles were made of the St. Louis urban
plume in support of the DaVinci balloon flights. Three flights were
made on this date.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Bernie Zak, Sandia.
Same as February 25, 1976, Royco mission.
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study of urban plume.
Same as February 25, 1976, Royco mission.
Same as March 6, 1976, temperature studies.
Vertical profiles were made over RAMS sites 122 and 114 do determine
the size distribution of particulate matter with the Royco 220 and
support equipment.
Principal Investigator: Dr. Jim Peterson, EPA.
X
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
vo
Calendar
and Julian
Date
7/29/76
6211
7/30/76
6212
7/30/76
6212
7/31/76
6213
8/1/76
6214
8/2/76
6215
8/2/76
6215
8/3/76
6216
8/4/76
6217
Vertical profiles were made over Sangamon, Illinois, to provide information
on the temperature structure of the atmosphere. The work was done to
support studies done by Argonne National Laboratories.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Bruce Hicks, Argonne National Laboratory.
Same as March'6, 1976, temperature studies.
Same as February 22, 1976, temperature studies.
Study of plume behavior, Portage-Des-Sioux Power Plant.
Same as February 22, 1976, temperature studies.
Same as March 6, 1976, temperature profile study.
Same as February 25, 1976, Royco mission.
Same as March 6, 1976, temperature profile study.
Same as March 6, 1976, temperature profile study.
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
en
o
8/8/76
6221
8/8/76
6221
8/10/76
6223
8/10/76
6223
8/12/76
6225
11/8/76
6313
11/9/76
6314
Same as March 6, 1976, temperature profile study (Early morning).
Same as July 31, 1976, study of Portage-Des-Sioux plume (Mid-morning),
A downward-looking radiometer was carried by the helicopter to measure
the reflected light intensity
Same as July 15, 1975, 03 study of urban plume.
Same as July 31, 1976, study of Portage-Des-Sioux plume. Four flights
were made on this date.
Horizontal cross sections and vertical profiles of the Labadie power
plant plume were made to gather pollution data for coordination with
data being collected by the California Institute of Technology on sulfur
hexafluoride dispersion. The sulfur hexafluoride was released concurrent
with helicopter measurements, and data on sulfur hexafluoride concentrations
were collected both on the ground and in the air by Cal. Tech. researchers.
Principal Investigator - Dr. Fred Shair, California Institute of Technology.
Same as November 8, 1976, sulfur hexafluoride study.
(Continued)
-------
TABLE E-l. (Continued)
Calendar
and Julian
Date
Data Tape
Available
Yes No
11/12/76 Same as November 8, 1976, sulfur hexafluoride study,
6317
en
-------
APPENDIX F
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
This brief summary of measurements is provided as a preview of the data in
each flight. It proceeds in chronological order and includes data flights
within the following periods: 22574 - 23974 (Julian Day 225, 1974 to Day 239,
1974), 31674 - 34074, 03475 - 06475, 19475 - 22475, 04576 - 07276, 19876 -
22676 and 30076 - 32376. Flight times are based on the first to last records
with thumbwheel Nl set to 1 or 4, except for flights 80, 81 and 110 which are
based on Nl=2. Flight numbers correspond to the sequential files archived in
the Regional Air Pollution Study data bank at the EPA National Computer
Center. A complete copy of the data is available from the National Technical
Information Service. For further information on the data and the NTIS
accession number contact:
Chief, Data Management and Analysis Section
ESRL MD AMAB (MD-80)
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Appendix D contains descriptions of the RAMS support missions. The list
of sites flown over is derived from the N5 and N6 thumbwheel settings. These
correspond to the last two digits of the RAMS station number (Table D-l).
Other sites are identified in Table D2. The order presented is in the
sequence contained within the flight data record. It may not be a complete
list for any given flight and a note, "SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION", was inserted
for each flight with no sites indicated. Appendix E provides information on
the special missions.
The maxima and minima presented in the summary are in the units originally
recorded. Users of these data are cautioned to apply their own editing
standards to the data. Editing codes appearing in this summary are not in the
basic data record. The notation, **, is substituted for values generated from
excessive instrument noise, or relational inconsistency. Some of this noise
was probably due to RFI from radio communications, other to instrument
instability. A BMDL (below minimum detectable limit) is substituted for gas
or b scat minima less than zero. No valid 03 maximum above 0.30 ppm was
seen in summer flights nor above 0.10 ppm in winter flights. None of the CO
data above 10.0 ppm appear to be valid. An upper limit of 30.0 m'1 applies
to b scat- OAT (outside ambient temperature) and DPT (dew point
temperature) are quite noisy. These data were limited to a range of -30.0°C
to +50.0°C further, DPT must be less than OAT. Additional editing was also
152
-------
done based upon examination of some flight records. In several instances the
NO values exceed the NOX values; however, this is due to the different
response characteristics of the measurement systems. The OAT and DPT data in
flights 27 - 33 are erratic and *** was substituted for them. Also in flights
214 - 225 the NO and NOX do not have mutually supporting patterns so a
substitution of *** was made in several cases. Finally, blanks indicate no
valid measurements are available.
153
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C.t BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = <:25 YEAR = 1974 TUE, AU6 13 TIMES: 06:35:10 - 10:42:20 FLIGHT NO. = 1
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (USD
"INIMA: .Or-1 .002 8WDL BMDl BMOL 20.3 ** .2
MAXIMA: .131 .338 .282 .765 3.4 24.1 23.2 2.5 262P. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 226 YEAR = 1974 MED, AUG 14 TIMES: 09:00:52 - 11:44:18 FLIGHT NO. = 2
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 2 16 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0.7 BHPL BMDL .001 BMDL ** .4
MAXIMA: .122 .166 .397 .356 8.2 ** 6.7 3251. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 226 YEAR * 1974 «ED, AUG 14 TIMES: 14:28:12 - 16:49:32 FLIGHT NO. = 3
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .042 BHDL .022 BHDL BMDL ** .8
MAXIMA: .100 .093 .449 .142 5.0 ** 5.6 5093. FT.
JULIAN DAY = £27 YEAR = 1974 THU, AUG 15 TIMES: 08:22:11 - 09:49:16 FLIGHT NO. = 4
SITES FLOWN OVER: 40
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (RSL)
MINIMA: .015 BMDL .028 BMDL BMDL ** .9
MAXIMA: .073 .066 .166 .487 5.2 ** 12.1 1661. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 227 »EAR = 197* THU, AUG 15 TIMES: 11:17:00 - 13:44:05 FLIGHT NO. =
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT
MINIMA: .016 .U06 .025 BfDL BMDL 16.3
MAXIMA: .146 .115 .226 .111 ** 27.4
BSCAT ALT
.6
2.7 3198. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 228 YEAR * 1974 FRI, AUG 16 TIMES: 0^23:52
SITES FLOWK OVER: 80 60 1C 90 70
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA
MAXIMA
JULIAN
SITES
•
•
»
DAY
FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA
MAXIMA
JULIAN
SITES
•
J
DAY
FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA
MAXIMA
03
BMDL
.072
= 228
OVER:
03
BMDL
.0*2
= 231
OVER:
o:
1
YEAR
•
•
25
NO
007
130
= 19?4
5
NO
BMDL
1
YEAR
•
17
470
= 1974
18
NO
: BMDL
»
•
604
NOX
.005
1.300
FRI,
3 23
NOX
BMOL
1.380
MON,
6 2
NOX
PMDL
.7C.7
SO?
BKDl
•
AUG
251
16
SOZ
BMDL
1.
AUG
3
£20
19
SO?
•
1.
'-JO
no
CO
BMDL
**
TIMES :
CO
BMDL
* *
TIMES:
CO
OAT
20
28
11:03
.3
.6
:58
OAT
i)6:53
**
**
:16
OAT
21
25
.7
.6
10:02:55 FLIGHT NO. - 6
ALT (USD
1820. FT.
DPT BSCAT
**
28.5
13:05:58 FLIGHT NO. = 7
ALT (MSL)
3121. FT.
DPT BSCAT
* *
»*
08:12:31 FLIGHT NO. = 8
OPT BSCAT ALT (WSL)
18.8 1.0
21.8 16.0 1778. FT.
154
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 231 YEAR = 1974 HON, AUG 19 TIMES: 09:31:20 - 10:38:00 FLIGHT NO. * 9
SITES FLOWN OVER: 3 8 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (I"SL)
MINIMA: .013 .002 .007 BKCL BMDL 21.8 13.4 .7
MAXIMA: .107 .019 .028 .079 2.4 25.9 22.4 6.8 162P. FT.
j"Ll*N «>M = 231 YEAR = 1974 MON, AU6 19 TIMES: 12:32:20 - 15-02:00 FLIGHT NO. = 10
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO 0»T
MINIMA: .003 .038 .COS 26.0
MAXIMA: .069 .209 .243 31.1
ALT (MSL)
DPT BSCAT
14.3 1.6
22.7 22.1 1864. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 231 YEAR = m« MON, AUG 19 TIMES: 14:17:28
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 18 6 2 3 8 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT
MINIMA: BMDL .012 .033 BKDL BMDL 21.4
MAXIMA: .160 .047* .106 .423 9.6 29.0
16:04:38 FLIGHT NO. = 11
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
** 1.1
21.9 5.2 2101. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 232 YEAR = 1974 TUE, AUG 20 TIMES: 07:05:36 - 10:32:47 FLIGHT NO. = 12
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT
MINIMA: .OD6 .009 .008 BKDL BMDL 14.6
MAXIMA: .192 .386 .295 1.UO ** 24.6
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
** .1
22.0 7.3 5995. FT.
JULIAN DAY - 232 YEAR = 1974 TUE, AUG ?Q TIMES: 09:28:25 - 11:00:50 FLIGHT NO. = 13
SITES FLOWN OVER: 333
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .050 .079 .001 BMDL 23.8 19.5 3.6
MAXIMA: .0*3 .152 .104 5.5 28.6 23.3 8.4 1357. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 232 YEAR « 1974 TUE, AUG 20 TIMES: 14:19:20 - 15:27:08 FLIGHT NO. =
SITES FLOWN OVER: 38
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
0^
NO
.003
.063
NOX
.012
.084
S02
.003
.1)43
CO
BMDL
2.2
OAT
27.5
31.8
OPT
15.8
20.4
BSCAT
2.4
5.3
ALT (MSL)
1586. FT
JULIAN DAY = 233 YEAR = 1974 WED, AUG tl TIMES: 06:26:40 - 07:23:50 FLIGHT NO. = 15
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 18 2
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .003 BMDL .011 .000 BMDL ** ** 1.2
MAXIMA: .122 .079 .117 .270 2.6 23.2 ** 3.7 3570. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 233 YEAR = 1974 WED, AUG 21 TIMES: 08:43:20 - 12:25:20 FLIGHT NO. = 16
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SOt CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
«IN1MA: .095 BMDL .000 BMDL 19.8 ** .2
.8
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY « 233 YEAR = 1974 WED, AUG 21 TIMES: 13:52:15 - 15:23:05 FLIGHT NO. = 17
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
FINIMA: .006 .011 B*DL BMDL 21.8 11.5 .8
MAXIMA: .030 .098 .1"0 3.6 31.2 20.6 3.2 4073. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 234 YEAR = 1974 THU, AUG 22 TIMES: 06:39:56 - 08:36:16 FLIGHT NO. = 18
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 18 6 2 3 8 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BKDL .002 .030 .000 BMDL 21.1 15.0 .4
MAXIMA: .0?7 .136 .255 .446 ** 25.8 20.7 14.1 3565. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 234 YEAR = 1974 THU, AUG 22 TIMES: 07-10:00 - o9=o7:30 FLIGHT NO. = 19
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 563 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CD OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 16.6 ** .1
MAXIMA: .092 .238 .243 .654 2.4 23.7 21.3 6.4 2961. FT.
JULIAN pAY = 234 YEAR = 1974 TH0, AuG 22 TIMES: 11:05:20 - 12:16:50 FLIGHT NO. = 20
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .019 .005 BMDL -(.TO -9 22.5 15.8 .6
MAXIMA: .092 .056 .088 .826 9.8 26.4 21.0 11.2 2373. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 234 YEAR = 1974 THU, #U6 22 TIMES: 11:05:30 - 12:17:00 FLIGHT NO. = 21
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SOI CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .017 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 20.3 ** .3
MAXIMA: .072 .015 .023 .570 1.5 23.8 22.4 14.8 2305. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 238 YEAR = 1974 MON, AUG 26 TIMES: 09:40:35 - 12:21:45 FLIGHT NO. = 22
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 6 3 13 21 15 23 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .023 BMDL .COO BMDL 24.1 18.3 .2
MAXIMA: 1.300 1.410 -962 ** 36.3 26.9 5.9 2203. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 238 YEAR = 1974 MON, AUG 26 TIMES: 15:10:OP - 16:46:05 FLIGHT NO. = 23
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 5 3 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"1NIMA: .031 BMDL PMDL BMDL BMDL 21.4 15.6 2.8
MAXIMA: .1fO .451 .470 1.650 7.6 30.1 22.7 15.9 3209. FT.
JULIAN DJY = 238 YEAR = 1974 MON, AUG 26 TIMES: 15:31:54 - 17-19-39 FLIGHT NO - 24
SITES FLCWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 21 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S0£ CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .OC8 -il'O BMDL 29.4 19.4 3 0
1AXHA: .139 .5*8 *• '3.2 22.7 6.7 U?7. FT.
156
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAT = 239 TEAR = 1974 TUE, AUG 27 TIMES: 06:35:05 - 08:40:75 FLIGHT NO. = 25
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 5 6 3 13 12 8 15 23
PARAMETERS: 0* NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .003 .021 BfDL BMOL 23.0 16.2 .3
MAXIMA: .744 .791 2.940 .9 26.5 22.5 6.6 1798. FT.
JUHAN DAT = 239 TEAR « 1974 TUE, AUG 27 TIMES: 0?:58:16 _ 11:39:46 FLIGHT NO. = 26
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 18 6 2 3 2 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: BMDL .016 BKDL BMDL 22.4 19.6 .6
MAXIMA: 1.370 1.210 2.500 3.9 28.4 22.8 3.5 2245. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 316 TEAR = 1974 TUE, NOV 12 TIMES: 09:20:00 - 10:41:40 FLIGHT NO. = 27
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 2C 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .004 BMDL BMDL BMDL BNDL -29.0 ** .3
MAXIMA: .041 .008 .017 .107 .6 -11.4 -16.6 1.2 2223. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 316 TEAR = 1974 TUE, NOV 12 TIMES: 13:21:01 - 15:09:41 FLIGHT NO* = 28
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 6 2 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .005 BHDL .003 BMDL BHDL *** *** .1
MAXIMA: .035 .034 .109 .t05 9.0 *** *** 1.2 2190. FT.
JULIAN DAT * 318 TEAR = 1974 THU, NOV <|4 TIMES: 07:38:10 - 10:05:10 FLIGHT NO. = 29
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BHDL BNDL BMDL BKDL .1 •** *** BMDt
MAXIMA: .062 .019 .041 .003 ** *** *** 1.4 7258. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 318 TEAR = 1974 THU, NOV 14 TIMES: 11:33:45 - 13-09:45 FLIGHT NO. = 30
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: O1, NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .006 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL *** *** .2
MAXIMA: ** .007 .013 .004 5.2 **» *** 2.5 2365. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 319 T£AR = 1974 FR1, NOV 15 TIMES: 11:50:30 - 14:24:55 FLIGHT NO. = 31
SITES FLOHN OVER: 5 6 2P 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL .000 .004 PFOL BMDL *** «** BMDL
MAXIMA: »* .014 .029 .001 9.8 *** *** 21.2 241". FT.
JULIAN DAT = 320 »E*R * 1974 SAT, NOV 16 TIMES: 0?:40:29 - 10:41:04 FLIGHT NO* - 32
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 21 14 8 2 13 3 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (PSD
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL PMDL BPDL BMDL *** *** BMDL
MAXIMA: .Qf5 .IMS .053 .i,':3 5.6 *** *** 1.4 331?. FT.
157
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DFT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 320 YEAR = 1974 SAT, NOV 16 TIMES: 11:47:30 - 13:48:05 FLIGHT NO. = 33
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 3 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 0* NO NOX Sl)2 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
BMDL BflDL BMDL BMDL BMDL *«* *** BMDL
.049 .107 .137 .Of'7 8.5 *** *»* 6.9 2076. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 324 YEAR = 1974 WED, NOV 20 TIMES: 07:20:10 - 09:26:00 FLIGHT NO. = 34
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: OT NO NOX 502 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,0:<2 BMDL BMDL .000 BMDL -2.2 -18.4 BMDL
MAXIMA: ** .017 .033 .020 1.0 9.5 5.4 .5 36EO. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 324 YEAR = 1974 WED, NOV 20 TIMES: 11.51:05 - 12:53:35 FLIGHT NO. = 35
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX SC2 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .003 BMDL .000 B*DL BMDL ** -8.0 BMDL
MAXIMA: ** ** .020 .185 .1 13.4 9.7 1.0 3598. FT.
JUHAN 0AY = 325 YEAR = 1974 THu, NOy 21 TIMES: 07:49:20 - 09:54:20 FLIGHT NO. = 36
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 0* NO NOX SC2 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL -2.2 .1
MAXIMA: ** .651 .675 .£'05 9.0 4.7 3.6 3464. tT.
JULIAN DAY = 325 YEAR = 1974 THU, NOV 21 TIMES: 10:10:15 - 12:06:55 FLIGHT NO. = 37
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .009 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 1.1 -21.6 BMDL
MAXIMA: .042 .023 .043 .124 1.9 7.7 -4.5 .9 3506. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 325 YEAR = ,97* THU, NOV 21 TIMES: 11:55:25 - 14:17:35 FLIGHT NO. = 38
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 23 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO ' NOX S02 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .013 BMDL BMDL BMDL -2.2
MAXIMA: ** .024 .048 .007 7.8 3406. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 325 YEAR = 1974 THU, NOV 21 TIMES: 14:01:25 - I5:4i:jo FLIGHT NO. = 39
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX SC2 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,0r'7 BtlDL .002 .001 .1 4.9 -11.0 .2
MAXIMA: .057 .029 .052 .194 3.6 10.3 -1.5 1.2 2130. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 326 YEAR = 1974 FR1, NOy 22 TIMES: 13:39:35 - 15:45:35 FLIGHT NO = 40
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9 *
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"1NI1A: . 015 BMDL .004 err.L 10.0 29 7
-AXIMA: .* .010 .046 .,41 16.3 12;5 2J 3498> „.
158
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 327 YEAR = 1974 SAT, NOV 23 TIMES: 09:43:00 - 11:33:CO FLIGHT NO. = 41
SITES^ FLOWN OVER: 18 10 3 2 10 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (USD
MINIMA: .012 BHPL BKDL BKDL BMDL 10.0 -20.0 .6
MAXIMA: .071 .005 .03t) .004 2.3 15.1 ** 2.5 2103. FT.
jUiiAN DAY = 329 YEAR = 1974 MON, NOV 25 TIMES: 07:41.15 - 10:00:35 FLIGHT NO. = $2
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 4 8 9
PARAMETERS: 01, NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .003 BHDL BMDL BPDL -4.8 -29.3 BMDL
MAXIMA: .058 .035 .049 .UH3 .3 -3.9 4.7 3333. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 329 YEAR = 1974 piON, NOV 25 TIMES: 12:30:25 - 14:51:50 FLIGHT NO. = 43
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (fiSL)
MINIMA: .002 BMOL BMDL BKDL BMDL -7.7 ** BMDL
MAXIMA: .OT9 .024 .C36 .{102 6.4 5.2 -1.8 4.5 3515. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 329 YEAR = 1974 HON, NOV 25 TIMES: 14:53:25 - 16:34:15 FLIGHT NO* = **
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
"INIMA: .002 BHDL BMDL .001 BMDL -16.5 ** BMDL
MAXIMA: ** .217 .104 .175 4.1 6.5 ** 1.2 3510. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 330 YEAR = 1974 TUE, NOV 26 TIMES: 07:37:53 - 08:49:53 FLIGHT NO. = 45
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 22 13
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0:6 BMDL BHDL BRDL BMDL -2.9 ** BMDL
MAXIMA: .054 .055 .081 .008 BMDL 2.5 -3.9 1.7 3416. FT.
jULiAN DAY = 330 YEAR = 1974 TUE, NOV 26 TIMES: 09:42:58 - 11:41:48 FLIGHT NO. = «$
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .008 BHDL BMOL . UC'1 BMDL -4.9 ** BMDL
** .1C6 .057 .103 2.5 ** ** 8.1 4160. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 330 YEAR = 1974 TUE, NOV 26 TIMES: 13:10:35 - 15:40:15 FLIGHT NO. * 47
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT 1 8.1 -3.9 1.5 171F. FT.
159
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN D*Y = 331 YEAR = 1974 WED, NOV 27 TIMES: 07:34:40 - 09:53:30 FLIGHT NO. = 49
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: .001 BMDL BMDL BM0L -2.8 -16.8 BNDL
MAXIMA: .061 .030 .0*4 ** 4.6 -1.3 1.7 3790. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 331 YEAR = i97« WED, NOV 27 TIMES: 09:50:39 - 11:27:49 FLIGHT NO. = 50
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 t 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
C6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M>
JULIAN OA» * 336 TEAR = 1974 BON, DEC 2 TIMES: 0»:13:55 - 10:25:55 FLIGHT NO. * 57
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL>
MINIMA: 8MDL BMDL B«DL -4. 8 -4.6
MAXIMA: .0»-6 .112 . C-01 .3 -.8 3274. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 336 TEAR = 1974 BON, DEC 2 TIMES: 10:32:05 r 12:10:05 fLigHT NO. = 58
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .001 .001 .000 BMDL ** -18.2 .3
MAXIMA: .188 .208 .351 2.6 1.0 -3.4 2.7 1955. FT.
= 59
JULIAN DAT = 336 TEAR = 1974 BON, DEC 2 TIMES: 13:13:01 - 15:51:36 FLIGHT NO.
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 C0 OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA; BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL -3.5 -18.6
MAXIMA. .88j .850 .006 ** 3.5 -.3 3455. fT.
JULIAN OAT = 337 TEAR = 1974 TUE, DEC 3 TIMES: 07:20:02 - 09:20:02 FLIGHT NO. = 60
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX 502 co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: 6*0*- B"DI BMDL »MO BMDL -14.1 *»
MAXIMA: ** 1.230 1.250 11.CUO 5.0 ** 3.7 3292. FT.
JULIAN DAT * 337 TEAR = 1974 TUE, DEC 3 TIMES: 14:01:35 - 15:42:30 FLIGHT NO. = 61
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .000 BMDL BMDL .(.00 -.6 **
MAXIMA: .063 .093 .143 .975 ** -2.6 2033. FT.
JULIAN BAT = 338 TEAR = 1974 WED. DEC 4 TIMES: 11:00:10 - 12:31:05 FLIGHT NO- = 62
SITES FLOWN OVER: 99 99
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX soa co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL .001 BMDL -23.3 -26.6
MAXIMA: «* 1.320 1.310 15.600 ?•« ** Z-5 2144. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 338 TEAR = 1974 WED, DEC 4 TIMES: 12:04:45 - 14:14:25 FLIGHT NO. = 63
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BHDL BMDL .001 BCiDL BMDL -2.2 -24.9
MAXIMA: .050 .067 .118 .010 9.1 3.0 1.3 2833. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 338 TEAR = 1974 WED, DEC 4 TIMES: 14:05:03 - 15:57:13 FLIGHT NO. = 64
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 5 6 20 21 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so* co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
"INIMA: »0'!9 BMDL BMDL .V>c1 6MOL ** -27.2
MAXIMA: ** .218 .074 ,1?8 3.3 6.4 3.5 346''. FT.
161
-------
REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/«)
DAY = 339 YEAR = 1974 THU, DEC 5 TIMES: 07:31:50 - 09:50:05 FLIGHT NO.
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BSCAT
MINIMA: BMPL BMDL .001 BKDL BMDL -2.2 -18.4
65
«AXI*A:
BMPL
.U44
.23*
,267
.110
8.4
8.9
ALT (USD
3323. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 339 YEAR = 1974 THU, DEC 5 TIMES: 09:53:23 - 11:23:58 FLIGHT NO. = 66
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 99 9
PARAMETERS: o-> NO NOX see co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: .or7 BMDL BMDL .t-^1 ** -10.3
MAXIMA: ** .260 .075 .029 21.3 9.7 2049. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 339 YEAR = 1974 THu, DEC 5 TIMES: 12:08:59
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 3 2 13 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX SO? CO OAT
"ININA: . Q-,9 BBDL BMDL B«DL BMDL 2.9
"AXIMA: .0^5 .055 .084 .119 ** 8.9
14:25:34 FLIGHT NO. = 67
DpT BSCAT ALT
.7
1.8 2024. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 340 YEAR = 1974 FRI, DEC 6 TIMES: 07:17=15
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 6 3 2 21 14 8 9
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NO* SO? CO OAT
MINIMA; .001 BMDL .001 .'00 BMoL 5.2
MAXIMA: .058 .112 .147 .451 4.8 11.2
09:13:20 FLIGHT NO. » 70
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-8.0
5.2 346". FT.
JULIAN DAY = 340 YEAR = 1974 FRI,
SITES FLOWN OVER; 18 19 6 3
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX
MINIMA: .Q05 BHDL BMDL
MAXIMA: .061 .030 .067
DEC 6 TIMES: 09:10:06
2 21 14 8 9
SO? CO OAT
BPDL BMDL 2.9
.079 2.6 10.1
11:04:41 FLIGHT NO* * 71
BSCAT ALT (l"SL)
2907. FT.
DPT
.8.7 .4
1.3 3.8
JULIAN pAY = 340 YEAR = 1974 FRI, DEC 6 TIMES: 12:08:30 - 13:32:55 FLIGHT NO. = 72
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT OEScRIPTlON
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL . Q'j7 .,'•.'.'1 3.5 -7.0
MAXIMA: ."ȣ7 ,3?3 .3C.7 l.t'.O 9.1 .4 1474. rt.
162
-------
SUMMARY REPORT CF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 34 YEAR = 1975 MON, FEE 3 TIMES: 0*:49:39 - 10:45:04 FLIGHT NO. = 73
SITES FLOyN OVER: 23 15 21 8 19
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX SOI C° OAT DpT BsCAT ALT CMSL>
BMDL BMDL BKDL ' -3.5 -22. i)
.j27 .047 . :'6 .4 -1-1 329°' FT'
JULIAN DAY = 34 YEAS = 1975 MON, FEE 3 TIMES: 17:34:15 - 15:2j:25 FtlGHT NO- = 7*
SITES FLOWN OVER: 17 T ? 6 20 36 19 1s?
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX soz co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT («SL>
tflNINA: .001 -005 .uOO -2.2 -4.2
MAXIMA: .023 .044 .u;i9 4.6 1.3 2B25. FT.
JULIAN 0A* = 35 YEAR = 1975 TUE. FEB 4 TIWES: OS:4£:jO - 09:E5:cC FLIGHT NO. = 75
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DES c fi I P T j ON
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO 0AT DPT BSCAT ALT C«sD
I»INI«A: .0',;3 SMDL «01Z e«OL .6 -2-2 8MOL
»SAXI«A: .Qi:2 .007 .022 ."D1 3.0 2..J BMOL 943. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 37 YEAR = 1975 THU, FEB 6 TIMES: 1*:27:14 - I6:u3:?2 FLIGHT NO. = 76
SITES FL°*N O^ER: ^3 ' * 9 17 18 42 41
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 Co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (WSL)
"INIflA: .0-9 B M 0 L BWDL Bi'DL -11.3
MAXIMA; .Q6-| .0^8 .1-J6 .156 -5.1 3334. FT.
JULIAN DAY = J3 YEAR = 1975 FBI, FEB 7 TIMES: 3^:41:5r- - 09:13:45 FLIGHT NO. = 77
?ITES FLOWN OVER: 19 25 20 21
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so? co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT <*SL>
"INI«A: BMDL BHDL BHDL B!*OL -11.4 BCIDL
!«!AXI1A: .059 .072 .098 .528 -7.5 1.6 330f. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 3fe YEAR = 1975 F R I , FEB 7 TINES: 0*:48:56 - 10:26:01 FLIGHT NO. = 78
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 18 5 3 8 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 cC< OAT DPT BsCAT ALT C*SL>
>iji^ BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL -14.7 ** B^D1-
.0*6 .051 .033 .WC3 1.6 -5.9 -12.1 1.7 3321. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 38 YEAR = 1975 FRI, FEB 7 TIKES: 1:<:57:50 - 12:29:10 FLIGHT NO. = 79
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 5 3 17 23 40
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX see co OA.T DPT BSCAT ALT (KSL)
MINIMA: .0'3 BMDL PMDL BfDL -8.3 -14.6 BMDL
.057 .a?8 .039 .5,72 -2. a -5.2 2.7 3030. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 38 YEAR = 1975 FRI, FEB 7 TIMES: 13:29:12 - 16:07:27 FLIGHT NO. = 80
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DEScRIPT!ON
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SC2 CO 0AT DPT 6SCAT ALT (»!SL>
FT.
163
-------
SUMMARY RfPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN PEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 38 YEAR = 1975 FRl, FEB 7 TIMES: 14:05:06 - 14:58:46 FLIGHT NO. = 81
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCR1PTION
PARAMETERS: Or NO NOX S02 CO OAT OPT BSCAT Ai_T
MINIMA:
JULIAN DAY = 39 YEAR = 197; SAT, FEB 8 TIMES: 0^:07:20 - 11:31:00 FLIGHT NO. = 82
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 21 13 2 3 16 -) 8
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0:3 B«OL .001 .L>?1 -7.0 -11.3 .4
MAXIMA: .032 .1*5 .158 .077 .8 -3.3 1.9 326?. FT.
JULIAN DflY = 39 YEAR = 1975 SATt FEB 8 TIMES: 09:03:55 - 11:22:50 FLIGHT NO. = 83
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 21 2 3 18
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 cO OAT DpT BgCAT ALT (»SL)
MINI1A; BMDL BHDL .001 BMOL BMDL -10.4 -11.6
MAXIMA. .060 .494 .394 .026 9.2 ** ** 4019. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 4p YEAR = 19/5 SUN, FEP 9 TIMES: 0?:49:30 - 10:53:35 FLIGHT NO. = 84
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 21 13 2 3 16 18
PARAnETERS: OZ NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMOL BflDL .(-'00 BMDL -2Q.2 BMDL
MAXIMA: ,0?3 .010 .019 .066 ** -13.4 3.0 3231. FT.
JULIAN DAY - 40 YEAR = 1975 SUN. FEB 9 TIMES: 09:24:24
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 3 5 9 17 18 42 41
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 c° °*T
MINIMA: .005 BMDL BMOL BMDL BMDL -20.7
MAXIMA:
.057
.018
.029
.009
-14.1
11:27:54 FLIGHT NO. = 85
DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
3292. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 40 YEAR x 1975 SUN, FEB 9 TIMES: 14:07:11
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 3 9 17 18 42 41
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX SO? CO OAT
MINIMA: .0-8 .003 .010 BMDL .3 -16.5
""AXIMA: .043 .031 .052 .017 2.8 -10.4
15:39:56 FLIGHT NO. = 86
BSCAT ALT (MSL)
2142. FT.
DPT
-22.3
-13.9
JULIAN DAY = 40 YEAR = 1975 SUN, FEB 9 TIMES: 13:57:24 - 15:42:34 FLIGHT NO. = 87
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 3 5 9 17 18 42 41
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT
MINIMA: BMOL .002 .007 .C'rO BMDL -15.1
MAXIMA; .0?6 ,4i'9 .418 «t56 2.0 -9.4
ALT (MSL)
BSCAT
.4
11.1 1908. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 41 YEAR = 1975 BON, FEB 10 TIMES: 07:49:10
SITES FLOHN OVER: 18 5 ? 13 21 14 15 1« 23
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so2 co OAT
"IN1MA: .OZZ BMDL 8M&L BKDL BMDL -14.3
MAXIMA: .i>~5 .U?5 .049 ..'5 1.5 8.8
09:52:15 FLIGHT NO. = 88
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
** PMDL
-9.8 .6 459P. FT.
164
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPK, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C.t BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN pAt = 41 YEAR = 1975 HON, FEB 10 TIMES: 0?:09:00 - 10:17:55 FLIGHT NO. = 89
SITES FLOKN OVER: 19 43 1? 44 5 2 13 14
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT C|»SL>
MINIMA- BMDL BMDL .000 BMDL -29.4 ** .1
MAXIMA; .26} .285 1.1RO ** 2.1 -6.1 15.3 3387. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 41 YEAR = 19/5 HON. fEB 10 TIMES: 13:20:18 - 14:43:03 FLIGHT NO. = 90
SITES FLOUN OVER: 10 43 18 44 5 2 -|3 U
PARAMETERS: oJ NO NOX soz co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (USD
MIN1.1A: .000 .002 .001 -2.7 -4.3 .6
MAXIMA: .019 .032 .065 3.5 -1.5 15.2 1941. FT.
JUL1AN HA* = 41 YEAR = 1975 MON, FEB 10 TIMES: 13:16:40 - 14:58:00 FLIGHT NO. = 91
SITES FLOHN OVER: 18 5 2 13 21 14 15 16 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 c<> OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL>
MINIMA: .016 BMDL .004 BMDL BMDL -10.4 -11.6 eHD<-
MAXIMA: .0*2 .044 .058 .t.pB 1.2 2.4 -4.6 .3 3058. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 43 YEAR = 1975 WED, FEB 12 TIMES: OP:37:45 - 10:14:55 FLIGHT NO. = 92
SITES FLOUN OVER: 6 20 21 13 2 3 16 18
PARAMETERS: 0- NO NOx SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: B"oL .005 .004 BMDL -6.3 .5
MAXIMA: .053 .098 .198 5.0 -.9 3.5 1893. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 43 YE«R * 1975 WED, FEB 12 TIMES: 12:14:28 - 14:02:08 FLIGHT NO. = 93
SITES FLOHN OVER: 6 20 21 13 2 3 16 18
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT
MINIMA; BMDL .003 .001 -4.0
MAXIMA: .016 .063 .078 .3
ALT <*SL>
BSCAT
.5
3.1 1539. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 44 YEAR = 1975 THU» FEB 13 TIMES: 05:56:22
SITES FLOUN OVER: 23 15 21 8 2 6 14 5
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT
MINIMA: BMDL PMDL BMDL BMDL -7.5
MAXIMA: .040 .065 .297 ** -1.6
10:46:52 FLIGHT NO. = 94
DPT BSCAT ALT 0 BMDL pMpL -10.4
MAXIMA: ,c?3 .156 -176 .195 ** -1.0
11:23:05 FLIGHT NO. = 95
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-18.4 BMOL
-5.6 3.0 3277. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 44 YEAR = 1975 THU, FEB 13 TIMES: 13:01:51 - 14:13:06 FLIGHT NO. = 96
SITES FLOWN OVER: 41 42 18 17 9 5 4 6
PARAMETERS: o- NO NOX so? co OAT
MINIMA: BMDL PBDL . i'C 1 .9 -4.0
MAXIMA: .071 .072 .1"-5 ** -.2
DPT BSCAT ALT
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
16AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 44 YEAR = 1975 r«Uf f*B 13 TIMES: 14:13:35 - 16:00:35 FLIGHT NO. = 97
SITES FLCWN OVER: 18 16 3 2 13 21 20 6
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: . y.9 BMDL .004 BMDL BMDL -9.0 -11.6 B«Dl-
MAXIMA: .081 .014 .043 .004 4.4 .3 -4.2 2.7 1989. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 48 YEAR = 1975 MON, FEB 17 TIMES: 09:15:45 - 10:39:50 FLIGHT NO. = 98
SITES FLOWN OVER: 19 25 20 21
PARAMETERS: 07 NO NOX soz co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (BSD
MINIMA: .006 BMDL .006 BRDL BMDL -2.2
MAXIMA: .0?8 .009 .023 .doZ 1.8 4.2 1990. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 48 YEAR = 1975 MON, FEB 17 TIMES: 10:53:25 - 12:18:35 FLIGHT NO. = 99
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 18 5 3 8 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 c° OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0(6 BMDL .007 BNDL BMDL -2.2
MAXIMA: .028 .104 .134 .(o3 2-0 5.3 2725. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 48 YEAR * 1975 WON, FEB 17 TIMES: 11:32:01 - 14:16:16 FLIGHT NO. = 100
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 5 3 9 23 40 19 25 20 21
PARAMETERS: Oi NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: .003 B«Dt. -034 .OJ2 -.5 -2.7 .5
MAXIMA: .077 .028 .040 .076 4.6 .9 1.4 2080. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 48 YEAR = 1975 MON, FEB 17 TIMES: 13:36:55 - 14:56:45 FLIGHT NO. = 101
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 18 5 3 8 15 16
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 cO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,0'.»3 BMDL .007 BMDL BMDL
MAXIMA. .079 .1/8 .071 .004 1.4 2037. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 48 YEAR = 1975 MON, FEB 17 TIMES: 15:12:45 - 16:32:10 FLIGHT NO. = 102
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 5 3 9 17 23 41
PARAMETERS: oJ NO NOX so? co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
"IN1MA: .Ot2 BMDL .097 PKOL BMOL -2.2
MAXIMA: .038 .025 .044 .1-01 1.5 5.0 2257. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 49 YEAR = 1975 TUE» FEB 18 TIMES: 07:25:42 - 09:04:02 FLIGHT NO = 103
SITES FLOWN OVER: 18 19 36 20 6 2 3
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 tO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .CK2 BMDL .001 .001 BMDL .3 -2.0 .8
MAXIMA; .0*8 .136 .276 .663 ** 3.0 .0 9.6 1609. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 50 YEAR = 1975 WED, FEB 19 TIMES: 07:22:15 - 09:17:n0 fLIGHT NO. = 104
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 17 2 3 16 •)& 41
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: BMDI. BHDL BFDL BMDL -5.9 -8.1 7
"AXIMA: .159 .151 .J12 ** -.5 -4.6 3.4 1P47. FT.
166
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C.t BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DA» = 50 YEAR ~ 1975 WED, FEB 19 TIMES: 11:56:32 - 15:45:02 FLIGHT NO. = 105
SITES FLOWN OVER: 1
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA. BMDL BMDL PKDL -5.2 -27.0 BMCL
MAXIMA: .769 .875 11.690 3.0 -5.1 9.3 3788. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 51 YEAR = 1975 THU, FEB 20 TIMES: 07:29:06 - 11:29:01 FLIGHT NO. = 106
SITES FLOwN OVER: 43 43 43 43 43
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT <»SL>
MINIMA: BMPL BHDL BBDL BMDL BMDL -2.2 -17.0
MAXIMA: ,U53 1.240 1.240 .712 2.4 «* ** 4553. FT.
JULIAN DAT * 51 YEAR = 1975 THu» FEB ?0 TIMES: 07:40:07 - 09:12:42 FLIGHT NO. = 107
SITES FLOWN OVER: 43 18 19 36 20 6 2 3
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? c<> OAT OpT B$CAT ALT
MINIMA: .QC3 BHDL BMDL BMDL -.6 -18.2 B^D*-
MAXIMA: .OM .116 .177 .413 5.2 -1.5 2.4 2892. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 51 YEAR = 1975 THU, FEB ?0 TIMES: 10:45:05 - 13:00:55 FLIGHT NO. = 108
SITES FLOWN OVER: 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOx S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA; BMDL B*DL .CM .8 -14.4 .1
MAXIMA: .007 .014 .001 10.6 -5.7 1.2 2907. FT.
JULIAN BA» = 51 YEAR = 1975 THUt FEB 2Q TIMES: 13:00:55 - 14:43:10 FLIGHT NO. = 109
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 19 6 2 8 21 15 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? c° OAT DPT BSCAT ALT «"!SL>
MINIMA: .0^5 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL -2.2 -16.6
MAXIMA: .060 .0.21 .045 ,0.?8 .6 12.2 -1.1 3381. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 51 YEAR = 1975 THU, FEB 20 TIMES: 14:52:15 - 15:32:35 FLIGHT NO. = 110
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA:
MAXIMA: fT.
JULIAN DAY = 52 YEAR = 1975 FRI, FEB 21 TIMES: 12:16:34 - 16:11:09 FLIGHT NO- = 111
SITES FLOWN OVER: 123456789
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (PSD
MINIMA: .OU2 BHDL -001 BHCL BMDL 5.6 -3.6
MAXIMA: .G79 .457 .561 1.050 8.3 17.9 2.9 4977. FT.
JULIAN OA» = 57 YEAR = 1975 WED, FEB ?6 TIMES: 09:10:10 - 09:48:00 FLIGHT NO. - 112
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 2P 21 2 3 16 18
PARAMETERS: OJ, NO NOX SOt (0 OAT DpT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BKDL BMDL -2.2 -20.0 BMDL
MAXIKA: .060 .089 . 68 .7 «.e -5.P .8 373F. FT.
167
-------
RfcPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 57 YEAR = 1975 WED, fEB 26 TIMES: 0?:25:55 - 11:46:50 FLIGHT NO. = 113
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 21 3 2 3 16 18 6 3 5 9 17 18 42 41
PARAMETERS: 0! NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (WSL)
MINIMA: .0;>1 BMDL BMDL BKDL BMDL -3.5 -20.0
MAXIMA: .OM .1,89 .123 -008 1.6 6.7 -5.2 4102. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 57 YEAR = 1975 WED, FEP 26 TIMES: 09:58:30 - 11:02:15 fLIgHT NO. = 114
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 3 5 9 17 ^8 42 41
PARAMETERS: OT NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: BMOL BMDL BKDL BMOL .9 -12.9 .1
MAXIMA; ,0'4 .120 .1-85 8»0 ** 1.8 1.2 2046. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 58 YEAR = 19/5 THU, FEB 27 TIMES: 06:54:55 - 09:29:00 FLIGHT NO. = 116
SITES FLOWN OVER: 10 20
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX 502 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT CMSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL -4.8 .2
1AXIMA: .788 .871 2.390 3.5 3.0 7.1 3497. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 58 YEAR = 1975 THUt FEB 27 TIMES: 13:21:03 - 14:50:03 FLIGHT NO. = 117
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 16 15 14 21 13 2 5 18
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
"IN1MA. BMDL BMDL .001 BMDL -.2 .1
"AXIMAJ .Qj8 .040 .J01 3.2 5.9 1.1 1973. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 59 YEAR = 1975 FRI, FEB ?8 TIMES: 08:05:55 - 09:59:05 fLiGHT NO. = 118
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 21 13 2 3 1ft 1s
PARAMETERS: oi NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BHDL BMDL BMDL BMDL -1.6 .1
"AXINA: .018 .037 .073 2.7 4.8 2.5 3389. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 59 YEAR = 1975 FBI, FEB 28 TIMES: 09:03:46 - 10:48:26 FLIGHT NO. * 119
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 3 5 9 17 18 42 41
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 cO OAT OpT BsCAT ALT
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DES C.i BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAT = 60
SITES FLOWN OVER:
PARAMETERS: 0?
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
YEAR = 1975 SAT, BAR 1
SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
NO NOX S02
BMDL PMDL .COO
.351 .384 .535
TIMES: 09:14:12 - 1Z:16:17 FLIGHT NO. = 121
CO
BMDL
9.3
OAT
-5.1
3.4
pPT
-8.4
-.3
BSCAT
.5
2.3
ALT <«sL>
2853. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 61 YEAR = 1975 SUN, KAR 2 TIMES: 0*t09:55 - 09:25:30 FLIGHT NO. = 122
SITES FLOWN OVER: 6 20 21 13 2 3
PARAMETERS: 0? NC NOX S0? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: .029 BHDL BMDL fK0L BMoL -13.7 -18.4 BMDL
MAXIMA: .£)Sa .009 .023 .C04 6.5 -5.7 -10.2 1.6 1973. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 63 YEAR = 1975 TUE, MR 4
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 16 j5 U 21 13
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX soz
MINIMA: .000 BHDL BMDL BRDL
MAXIHA: .063 .616 .664 .955
TIMES: 06:39:01 - 09:53:11 FLIGHT NO* = 123
2 5 18 1* 13 2 5 18 43 19
co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL>
BMDL -9.0 -18.4 BMDL
5.4 .1 -4.8 6.2 2104. FT
JULIAN DAY = 63 YEAR = 1975 fUE, MAR 4 TIMES: 07:11:15
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 16 15 14 21 13 2 5 18 14
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? c» 0*T
MINIMA; BMDL BMDL EMDL .tt.'O BMDL -5.3
MAXIMA: .076 1.160 1.210 3.Z60 7.8 -1.1
- 09:44:35 FLIGHT NO. = 124
13 2 5 18 43 19
DpT BsCAT ALT («SL)
.4
16.8 2423. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 63 YEAR = 1975 TUE, PAR 4 TIMES: 11:59:40
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 16 15 14 21 13 2 5 18 14
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT
MINIMA: .014 B«DL .005 .ODD BHDL -2.9
MAXIMA: .056 .066 .150 .1*8 ** 5.5
- 14:46:45 FLIGHT NO. * 125
13 2 5 18 43 19
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-17.7 .1
-5.4 8.1 2168. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 63 YEAR = 1975 TUE, MAR 4
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 16 -|5 14 21 13
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02
MINIMA: .Qo9 .004 .016 .000
«AXIMA: .095 .2-:'3 .229 .256
TIMES: 12:21:41
2 5 18 14
CO OAT
BHDL -2.2
5.7 4.0
- 14:42:36 FLIGHT NO* = 126
13 2 5 18 43 19
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
.7
6.5 2016. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 64 YEAR
SITES FLOWN OVER:
PARAMETERS: 0!
"INDIA: .005
"AXIHA: .056
1975 WED,
5 19 6 2
NO NOX
MAR 5 TIMES: 07:06:00
8 21 99 70 71 5
S02 CO OAT
B*t>L BMDL -2.2
.296 9.3 6-8
- 10:40:50 FLIGHT NO. = 127
15 23
DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-11.6 .3
-1.1 5.4 2675. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 64 YEAR = 1975 'WED, MAR
SITES FLOWN OVER: 43 18 19 36 20
PARAMETERS: o' NO NOX s
MINIMA: ,0'6 eMcL P«DL -'
KAX1KA: .049 .1"'1 .112 .
5 TIMES: 07:03:22
2 2 3 5 19
co OAT
O BRDL .6
J6 ** 5.9
10:20:42 FLIGHT NO. = 128
6 2 8 21 15 23
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
.4
1.8 2P4f. FT.
169
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
<6AS DATA IN PPM, CAT AND DPT IN DEC C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 64 YEAR = 1975 MED, MAR 5 TIMES: 13:04:42 - 15:50:12 FLIGHT NO. = 129
SITES FLOWN OVER: 5 19 6 2 8 21 15 23 43 18 19 36 20 6 2 2
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SOH CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT 0 7.1 «5
MAXIMA: .0?7 .021 .050 .C48 14.9 1»* 1930. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 194 YEAR = 1975 SUN, JUL 13 TIMES: 13:06:46 - 14:55:51 FLIGHT NO. = 130
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA; ,o!8 BMDL BMDL B«DL BHDL ** ** .1
MAXIMA: .077 .011 .034 .C54 2.2 27.3 23.5 1.5 2199. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 196 YEAR = 1975 TUE, JUL -|5 TIMES: 0?:59:55
SITES FLOWN OVER: 252365236~5
PARAMETERS: O.r N0 NOX SO? CO OAT
MINIMA: ,0'2 BMOL .GPO pC'DL BMD|. 19.7
"AXI1A: .11^ .443 .544 ,t70 4.e ?6.6
10:17:25 FLIGHT NO. = 136
DPT BSCAT ALT <"SL)
10.0 >6
17.5 8.9 366^. fT.
170
-------
SUMMARY REPORT Of HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C.f BSCAT IN 1/1")
JULIAN DAY = 196 TEAR = 1975 TUEt JUL 15 TIMES: 11:18:08 - 14:15:53 FLIGHT NO. * 137
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 cO OAT DpT B$CAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .Q?2 BMDL ~ PBDL BMDL BMDL *« 8.9 .2
MAXIMA: .066 .114 .148 ,C71 3.6 28.9 ** 2.1 3513. FT.
JULIAN OAT * 196 TEAR = 1975 TUE, JUL iS
SltEs FLO|jN OVER: 33 55 66 88
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02
MINIMA: .037 BMDL BMDL .1.00
MAXIMA: .157 .013 .060 .036
TIMES: 13:18:25 - 15:26:25 FLIGHT NO. = 138
CO
BMDL
2.1
OAT
**
29.5
DPT
11«2
27.9
BSCAT
.3
3.1
ALT (MSL)
4686. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 197 YEAR = 1975 WED, JUL 16
SITES FLOWN OVER; 24 2 3
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02
MINIMA: .Q?3 BMDL BMDL .000
.065 .077 .110 -041
TIMES: 0?:17:03 - 08:30:33 FLIGHT NO- = 139
ALT CMSL)
3607. FT.
CO OAT
BMDL **
2.4 25.4
DPT BSCAT
** .1
4.7
JULIAN DAY = 197 TEAR = 1975 WED, JUL 16
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02
MINIMA: .014 BMDL .002 .COO
MAXIMA. .134 ,049 .-|06 '113
TIMES: 0?.03.03 . 09:48:28 FLIGHT NO. =
CO o*T OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
BMDL 19.6 8.9 1.0
3.4 28.0 17.6 7.2 3845. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 197 YEAR = 1975 WED, JUL 16
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so?
MINIMA: »o?3 BMDL BMDL .coo
MAXIMA: .097 .064 .111 .Cf)1
TIMES: 11:21:34 -
CO OAT
BMDL 22.0
4.8 30*6
12:57:14 FLIGHT NO. = 141
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
10.6 1.9
16.7 2.9 2443. FT.
JULIAN PAY = 197 YEAR = 1975 WED, JuL 16 TIMES: 12:27:35 - 13:45:00 FLIGHT NO. = 142
SITES FLOWN OVER: 2 3 6 5 24
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 cO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0^9 BMDL BMOL BMDL .4 23.7 2.0
MAXIMA: .0?8 .118 .135 ,o?D 3-3 27-7 8.6 2553. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 198 YEAR = 1975 THU, JUL 1? TIMES: 07:15:34 - 08:59:19 FLIGHT NO. = 143
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: OT NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: .036 BMDL BMDL BOOL BMDL 22.5 2.0
MAXIMA:
.077
.445
.500 1.42(3
3.5
26.8
8.2
2101. FT.
JULIAN D*Y = 198 YEAR = 1975 THU»
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2 3 6
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX
MINIMA; .017 BMDL .002
MAXIMA: .099 .079 .149
jL 17 TIMES: 09:09:08 - 10:38:18 FLIGHT NO. = 144
5
S02 CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
,U"'0 BMDL 22.4 15.0 " 2.4
.59 1.R 29.0 20.7 8.7 2160. FT.
171
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DCS C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY * 198 YEAR = 1975 THU»
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2 3 6
PARAMETERS: 0! NO NOX
MINIMA: .Q'-5 BMDL EMDL
MAXIMA: .113 .178 .205
17 TIMES: 11:17:46 - 13:11:41 FLIGHT NO. = 145
5
S02 CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
BMDL BMDL 19.2 2.3
.201 2.9 31.0 13.0 4177. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 198 YEAR = 1975 THU, JUL 17 TIMES: 12:47:47 - 13:43:17 FLIGHT NO. = 146
OvER: 265
NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT
BMDL .003 BMDL BMDL 26.2 14.6
PARAMETERS:
•1NIMA:
MAXIMA:
.098
013
.074
t05
33.1
20.9
BSCAT
1-3
4.7
AIT (MSL)
1749. FT.
JULIAN D»Y = 199 YEAR = 1975 FRI, JUL 18 TIMES: 07:04:53 - 09:55:08 FLIGHT NO. = 147
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 2365236
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .012 BHDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 22.1 13.6 1.3
MAXIMA: .071 .OR7 .127 .101 '2.9 28.4 21.6 3.1 3681. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 199 YEAR = 1975 FRI, JUL 18 TIMES: 0?:39:36 - 11:24:31
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
03 NO NO* S02 CO OAT
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
BMDL
• no
NO
BMDL
.047
BMDL
.055
.coz
CO
BMDL
9.6
22.4
31.2
DPT
12.0
22.5
FLIGHT NO.
148
BSCAT
1.9
3.6
ALT (MSL)
3606. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 199 YEAR = 1975 FRI, JUL 18 TIMES: 11:34:25 - 13:55:05 FLIGHT NO. = 1*9
SITES FLOWN OVER; 236s 2365 25
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-INIMA: .Q^6 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 23.2 13.6 j.g
MAXIMA: .075 .240 .271 .097 2.8 30.6 20.7 4.7 2404. FT.
JULIAN oAT = 199 YEAR = 1975 FRI, JuL 18 TIMES: 11:52:11
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03' NO NOX SOE CO OAT
MINIMA: .0^2 BMDL BMDL .i.01 .0 21.9
.1~3 .016 .023 .007 2.4 32.5
- 13:49:11 FLIGHT NO. = 150
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
15.5 1.2
22«0 3.8 3561. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 200 YEAR = 1975 SAT, JUL 19
SITES FLO«N OVER: 25 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX So?
MINIMA: .OJ6 BMDL BMDL .'.'00
MAXIMA; ,GZ? .057 .074 .1l>8
TIMES: 07:07:16 -
CO
BMDL
2.8
OAT
21.7
27-1
09:09:46 FLIGHT NO. = 151
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
17.0 .6
22.6 2.1 2172. FT.
JULIAN DAY = <;00 YEAR = 1975 SAT, JUL 19
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2 * ft 5
PARAMETERS: OZ NO NOX SC2
"INIMA: .Q12 BMDL BMDL BTDL
"AXIMA: . C-»9 .070 .057 .'.-M
TIMES: 08:18:28 - 09:48:"8 FLIGHT NO* = 152
ALT (*ISL)
CO
BMOL
3.9
OAT
21.6
30.7
DPT BSCAT
15.6 .4
21.6 2.1 347?. FT.
172
-------
SUMHARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN OEG C., BSCAT IN 1/MI
JULIAN DAY e 200 YEAR = 1975 S»T» -»UL 19 TIMES: 11:19:23 - 12:52:03 FLIGHT NO. = 153
SITES FLOHN OVER: 25 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN OAY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA.
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN (AY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA-
MAXIMA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
"AXIMA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN OAY
SITES FLOHN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
»AX1*A:
03
.015
.Of 3
NO
BHDL
.058
= 200 YEAR * 1975
OVER:
07
«Q37
.062
= 203
OVER:
03
•011
.063
= 2j3
OVER:
03
• 006
.0*5
= 203
OVER:
03
.o4*
.116
= 203
OVER:
03
.0*3
.121
= 204
OVER:
03
• 0?2
.064
= 204
OVER:
0?
.CKO
2 3
NO
BHCL
.042
YEAR = 1975
23 3
NO
BHDL
.378
YEAR = 1975
23 2
NO
BHCL
.110
YEAR = 1975
24 2
NO
BMDL
.145
YEAR = 1975
2 3
NO
BHDL
.030
YEAR = 1975
24 2
NO
YEAR = 1975
24 2
NO
BMDL
.353
NOX
BKDL
.102
SAT
6
NOX
BMDL
.066
TUE
6
NOX
BMDL
•3'3
TUE
3
NOX
PHDL
.163
TUE
3
NOX
BMDL
.206
TUE
6
NOX
?
5
t
5
t
6
f
6
»
5
BMDL
.055
WED,
3
NOX
6
HED,
3
NOX
.001
.343
6
S02
.t JO
.On 2
JUL 19
25
S02
.000
.048
JUL 22
S02
BHDL
.038
JUL 22
5
SO?
BKOL
.004
JUL 22
5
S02
BMDL
.051
JUL 22
24
S02
BHDL
.00*
JUL 23
5
SO?
.000
.071
JUL 23
5
SO?
PC.DL
. ''?0
CO
BMDL
1.0
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
3.3
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
3.1
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
2.0
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
2.4
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
.8
TIMES:
CO
.1
2.5
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
5.4
OAT
26.2
33.6
12:34:28 -
OAT
25.9
31.2
07:59:00 -
OAT
22.1
28.2
0°:18:24 -
OAT
23.1
30.1
11:27:05 -
OAT
22.7
32.8
13:15:31 -
OAT
26.2
33.8
07:14:40 -
OAT
27.5
31.0
08:13:53 -
OAT
26.2
33.8
DpT
20.0
23.2
14:10:
OPT
16.8
23.0
09:50:
DpT
11.7
20.2
BSCAT
.8
2.1
13 FLIGHT
BSCAT
.6
2.2
05 FLIGHT
BsCAT
.7
3.8
10:36:44 FLIGHT
OPT
14.6
19.2
13:17:
OPT
3.5
20.9
14:32:
DPT
14.6
21.6
09:03:
DPT
18.8
23.4
BSCAT
«2
4.5
05 FLIGHT
BSCAT
.8
3.4
26 FLIGHT
BSCAT
1.0
2.9
05 FLIGHT
BSCAT
.9
6.9
10:06:33 FLIGHT
DPT
19.6
24.6
BSCAT
.8
6.6
ALT
2217
NO.
ALT
2091
NO.
ALT
3125
NO.
ALT
1811
NO.
ALT
3696
NO.
ALT
2212
NO.
ALT
(MSL)
. FT.
= 154
. FT.
= 158
(MSL)
. FT.
= 159
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, CAT AND OPT IN DF6 C.t BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 204 YEAR = 1975 WED, JuL 23 TIMES: 11:32:01 - 14:47:31 FLIGHT NO. = 161
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 23652365 24
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA. BMDL BMDL BMDL BPDL BMDL 23.1 10.0 .1
PAX11AJ .068 .338 .403 .418 2.7 35.0 25.3 4.2 1822. FT.
JULIAN D»Y - 205 YEAR = 1975 THU, JUL 24 TIMES: 07:00:35 - 10:03:15 FLIGHT NO. = 162
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: os NO NOX soz co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (WSD
MINIMA: .009 BMDI PrDL BMDL BHDL 21.3 17.5 .6
»AXI«IA: .053 1.4LO 1.3«0 .U02 2.9 26.0 21.8 2.9 1968. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 205 YEAR = 1975 T"U»
•SITES FLOWN OVER: 22 2 3 6
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX
"INIHA: .Q'.j BHDL .002
1AX1MA: .080 .240 .2'4
BMDL
.U02
JUL **
5 2
S02
BKDL
.047
BHDL
2.9
TIHES: 1
3 6
CO
BMDL
7.1
21.3
26.0
1:22:25
5 22
OAT
**
33.6
- 14:18:40 FLIGHT NO. = 163
DpT
19.6
* *
BSCAT
.2
3.4
ALT (MSL)
2188. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 205 YEAR = 1975 THU,
SITES FLOWN OVER: 30 31 32 33
PARAMETERS1 03 NO NOX
MINIMA: .001 BMDL BHDL
"AXIMA: .0*9 .107 .181
JUL 24 TIMES: 13:50:09 - 16:19:14 FLIGHT NO. = 164
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (!"ISL)
.001 BMDL 24.8 18.0 .8
.135 3.0 28.6 21.9 1.7 1828. FT.
JULIAN DAY = i06 YEAR = 1975 FRI, JUL 25 TIMES: 07:17:19
SITES FLOWN OVER: 22 14 23 65
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? (0 OAT
"INIHA: .010 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 15.4
MAXIMA. .066 1.340 1,330 5.300 2.9 23.5
09:25:44 FLIGHT NO. = 165
DpT BSCAT ALT OAT
"AXJ1A:
.046
* *
BHDL
.016
BMDL
.033
.(00
.075
BMDL
2.7
22.1
26.5
13:20:49 FLIGHT NO. = 167
ALT (WSL)
DpT
9.4 1.1
15.0 2.1 1662. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 206 YEAR = 1975 FRI, JUL 25 TIMES: 12:55:40
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX ses co OAT
MINIMA: .Q23 BMDL .000 BFDL BMDL 26.2
***!**: -1'2 .048 .037 . -°3 1.0 79.5
14:41:25 FLIGHT NO. « 168
ALT (MSL)
I . FT
DPT BSCAT
10.0 .7
16.3 •>. 7
174
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER
C6AS OATA IN PPM, OAT ANB DPT IN BEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DA* = #07 YEAR = 1975 sATi JUL 26 TIMES: 07:06:20 - 09:28:05 FLIGHT NO. = 169
SITES FLOWN OVER: 14 23 23 6 5 14
PARAMETERS: OJ NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA; . gn8 BMDL 6MDL . Q{>0 BMDL 14.3 ** .3
MAXIMA: .070 .214 .282 O48 3.8 23.9 18.8 7.6 6032. FT.
JULIAN BAY = 207 YEAR = 1975 SAT, JUL 26 TIMES: 08:21:44 - 10:14:34 FLIGHT NO. = 170
SITES FLOWN OVER: 14 23 2 3 6 5 14
PARAMETERS: 0- NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .038 BMDL .000 BMDL BMDL 14.6 2.9 BMDL
MAXIMA: .160 .045 .093 .025 2.5 28.9 23.2 3.7 6461. FT-
JULIAN DAY = 207 YEAR = 1975 SAT, JUL 26 TIMES: 11:25:38 - 14:01:53 FLIGHT NO. = 171
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 23652365 23
PARAMETERS: OJ NO NOX SO? <;0 OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,057 BMDL BMDL .000 BMDL 21.3 1.2
MAXIMA: .145 .076 .151 .095 4.3 26«6 3.1 2113. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 208 YEAR = 1975 SUN, JUL 27 TIMES: 03:22:40 - 10:44:15 FLIGHT NO. = 172
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOx SO? CO OAT BPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: .001 BMDL B«0t EMDL BMDL 21.4 10.9 .7
MAXIMA: .078 .833 .884 .009 9.5 32.3 22.5 2.8 2490. FT.
JULIAN BA» = 2°8 YEAR = 1975 SUNf JuL 27 TIMES: 11:16:07 - 13:31:42 FLIGHT NO. .- 173
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2362365 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? cO OAT BpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: . Cp7 BMDL BCiDL BMDL 26.6 16.3 1.7
MAXIMA: .1C1 .032 .483 1.9 31.0 21.3 3.6 1641. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 209 YEAR = 1975 MON, JUL 28 TIMES: 07:15:39 - 09:49:19 FLIGHT NO. = 174
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 236 52365 25
PARAMETERS: 0$ NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (USD
MINIMA: .002 BMDL .UOO BMDL 23.1 18.3 1.3
MAXIMA: ** .627 1.650 4.3 28.4 24.1 11.1 1760. *T.
JULIAN BAY = 209 YEAR = 1975 MONt JuL 28 TIMES: 13:19:47 - 15:26:57 FLIGHT NO. = 175
SITES FLOWN OVER: 22 23552365 22
PARAMETERS: OJ NO NOX SOJ CO OAT BPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
BININA: .0-6 BMDL BKDL BMDL 27.7 15.8 1.0
MAXIMA: .058 .060 .578 2.8 31.3 20.5 7.5 1668. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 210 YEAR = 1975 TUE, JUL ?9 TIMES: 07:08:31 - 09:05:01 FLIGHT NO. = 176
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 2
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT («SL>
MIMIHIA: ,011 BMDL BMDL .too BMDL 22.7 18.3 1.6
»AXI«A: .072 .Oi4 .1D3 .1-9 1*8 26.8 22.6 5.6 2"3<-. FT.
175
-------
SUMMAfiY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 210 YEAR = 1975 T"E, JuL ?9 TIMES: 12:55:00 - 15:09:45 FLIGHT NO. = 177
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 273652365 23
PARAMETERS: 0T. NO NOX SO; CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: " BMDL BMDL BKDL BMDL 21.4 14.6 1.6
MAxlMA: .042 .095 .C78 4.3 33.1 23«7 6.2 2722. FT.
JULIAN DAY = £12 YEAR = 1975 THU, JUL 31 TIMES: 08:04:05 - 09:59:10 FLIGHT NO. = 180
SITES FLOWN OVfR: 24 23652365 24
PARAMETERS: 07 NO NOX S02 CO 0*T opT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL .002 .OH3 BMDL 21.4 14.6 .2
MAXIMA. ,Q78 .113 .099 5.6 28.0 20.4 8.5 2067. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 212 YEAR = 1975 THU, JUL 71 TIMES: 12:11:49 - 14:01:39 FLIGHT NO. = 181
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23 23652365 23
PARAMETERS: OT. NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL .006 BCOL 26.2 14.6 .3
MAXIMA; ,Q22 .068 .C61 31.2 19.2 2.3 1598. FT.
JULUN DAY = 215 YEAR = 1975 SUN» AuG 3 TIMES: 11:18:32 - 12:14:57 FLIGHT NO. = 182
SITES FLOWN OVER: 22 2 3 6
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
"IN1MA; .04* BMDL BMDL . C 50 BMDL 19.2 15.0 1.1
"AXIMA: .063 .017 .029 .C?7 1.6 26.4 20.3 3.6 2645. FT.
JULIAN DAY = ^15 YEAR = 1975 SUN, AUG 3 TIMES: 1?:54:05 - 14:56:45 FLIGHT NO. = 183
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX sot co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIM: .OC6 BMDL .001 .000 BMOL 20.3 9.9 .6
MAXIMA: .0?7 .080 .118 .1-50 2.4 29.5 19.2 3.5 3527. FT.
JULI«N D*Y = ai6 YEAR = 1975 I»ON» AUG 4 TIMES: 06:46:02 - 10:09:40 FLIGHT NO. = 184
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 0; NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT B$CAT AiT (wSL)
"INIMA: .018 BMDL BMDL . f fiQ BMDL 16.2 ** .2
•C'5 .074 ,1?6 .4.°7 1.9 27.1 16.3 2*1 5575. FT.
176
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 217 YEAR = 1975
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT
PARAMETERS: 03 MO NOX
MINIMA: .004 BMDL .002
"AxIMA: .OFO .159 .224
AUG 5 TIMES: 07:27:31 - 10:09:46 FLIGHT NO. = 185
S02
.397
CO
BMDL
2.3
20.3
26.3
DPT
BSCAT
.4
3.4
ALT
4092- FT.
JULIAN DAY = 217 YEAR = 1975 TUE, AU6 5 TIMES: 13:18:25 - 15:04:35 FLI6HT NO. = 186
SITES FLO^N OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA:
MAXIMA-
002
108
BHDL
1.320
BMDL
1.340
.000
3.950
5.9
21-4
30.6
9.9
**
.8
9.7
4167. FT.
JULIAN DAY = zig YEAR = 1975 HED, AUG 6 TIMES: 12:08:25
SITES FLOWN OVER. 22 2 36 5 5 22
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX so2 co OAT
MINIMA: .0*6 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 20.5
MAXIMA: .067 .019 .033 .043 2.8 24.6
14:06:10 FLIGHT NO- « 187
ALT (MSL)
2136. FT.
DPT BSCAT
11.2 .9
16.4 2.6
JULIAN DAY = 218 YEAR = 1975 WED, AU6 6 TIMES: 12:37:26
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DEScPIPTjON
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO 0AT
KINIMA: .033 BMDL .003 pf1t)L BMDL 16.3
.0?8 .025 .060 .019 .9 27.5
14:39:56 FLI6HT NO. = 188
I>PT BSCAT ALT (M$L>
10.4 1.0
26.8 3.1 2936. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 219 YEAR = 1975 THU, AU6 7 TIMES; 07:19:21
SITES FLO^N O"ER: SEE FLI&HT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT
MINIMA: .016 BMDL BMDL BKDL BMpL 15.0
MAXIMA: .064 .035 .075 .001 1.1 20.3
08:13:56 FLI6HT NO. = 189
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
10.9 .5
19.2 2.3 1554. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 219 YEAR « 1975 THU, AU6 7 TIMES: 07:30:20
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so2 co OAT
MINIMA: .Q22 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 17.1
MAXIMA: .055 .031 .063 .047 1.0 19-1
08:14:50 F«-16HT NO. - 190
DPT BSCAT ALT (f»SL)
8.9 .7
12.7 1.9 1679. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 220 YEAH = 1975 FRI, Au6 8 TIMES: 07:27:57 - 09:48:42 FLIGHT NO. = 191
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 23652365 24
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .Q15 BMDL BHDL .uoo 1.3 14.7 -.6 .5
MAXIMA: .078 .118 .163 .089 ** 22.7 17.0 4.8 3710. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 222 YEAR = 1975 SUN, AUG 10 TI«ES: 11:10:00 - 13:32:37 FLIGHT NO. = 192
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT («SD
"INIMA: .014 BMDL .003 P'^L BMDL 22.6 14.6 2.1
.112 .175 .243 . 58 .9 31.1 19.1 6.3 169*. FT.
177
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN OEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULUN DAT = 223 YEAR = 1975 MON, AuG 11 TIMES: 06:37:51 - 09:27:46 FLIGHT NO. = 193
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX SO? CO OAT OpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0)2 BMDL «°rj2 e"DL BMDL ** **
«AXnA: .0^1 .221 «273 .686 3.4 29.5 27.3 2849- fT.
JULIAN DAT = 224 TEAR = 1975 TUE, AUG 12 TIMES: 07:09:36 - 09:41:31 FLIGHT NO. = 194
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: o: NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT ODO PFDL BKDL 26.2 14.6 1.5
MAXIMA: .151 .032 .135 .'.'03 2.8 32.1 20.3 2.8 1665. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 224 TEAR = 1975 TUE, AuG 12 TIMES: 11:23:18 - 13:18:53 FLIGHT NO. = 195
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 c<> OAT OpT B$CAT ALT
.006 BMOL BMDL BMOL .2 .3
• 0'« «032 .048 .9 6.8 10.5 3789. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 45 TEAR = 1976 SAT, FEB 14 TIMES: 12:49:20 - 15:32:55 FLIGHT NO* = 197
SITES FLOWN OVER; 24 23652365 24
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: .QD9 BMDL BMDL BMDL 6.3 .8
MAXIMA: .045 .146 .165 2.7 12.9 7.1 2288. FT.
JULIAN oAT = 46 YEAR = 1976 suN» FIB 15 TIMES: 07:35:49 - 10:33:54 FLIGHT NO. = 198
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 23652365
PARAMETERS: 07 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: ,o?0 BMDL BMDL . I) 30 BMOL 12.1 11.1 -9
MAXIMA: .048 .076 .141 .U22 1.6 20.6 13.8 1.6 3462. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 48 YEAR = 1976 TUE, FEB 17 TIMES: 07:08:37 - 08:20:02 FLIGHT NO. = 199
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23
PARAMETERS: o: NO NOX 502 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT IMSL)
MINIMA: .001 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 2.7 .4
MAXIMA: .O'.D .U31 .040 .067 .5 11.6 3.3 3424. FT.
JULIAN oAT = 49 TEAR = 1976 WED, FEB 18 TIMES: 13:50:15 - 14:19:35 FLIGHT NO = 200
SITES FLOWN OVER: ^^
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX SO? C0 OAT OpT BSCAT ALT
• G-32 BMOL BMDL .{-70 BMDL 3.5 .7
•°'6 "111 .152 . !'2 .8 K.9 1.0 19SP. FT.
178
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DFG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 50 YEAR = 1976 THu» FEB 19 TIMES: 07:19:05 - 10:13:30 FLIGHT NO = 201
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? C0 OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,009 BMDL BMOL .000 BMDL -10.6 -23.7 .4
MAXIMA: .058 .034 .058 .002 .7 9.3 3.4 3.0 3320. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 50 YEAR = 1976 THU, FEB 19 TIMES: 12:22:40 - 13:53:30 FLIGHT NO. = 202
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2 3 3 3
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX 502 C0 0«T OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .QJ5 BMDL BMDL .000 BMDL 6.5 -10.3 .3
MAXIMA; .0*1 ,0?9 .044 .002 4.6 13.6 -.5 .8 2120. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 51 YEAR = 19?6 FBI, FEB 20 TIMES: 07:17:35 - 11:13:15 fLIgHT NO. = 203
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 236 5 3345 24
PARAMETERS: o~ NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: .oco BMDL BMDL BKDL BMDL 5.9 -15.8 .2
MAXIMA: .082 1.430 1.440 .688 ** 13.1 -1.8 1.9 3416. FT.
JULIAN D«Y = 52 YEAR = 1976 SAT, FEB 21 TIMES: 11:01:52 - 13:59:57 FLIGHT NO. = 204
SITES FLOWN OVER: 24 2 36 5 24 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 c° °*T DpT B$CAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .022 BMDL BMDL BltDL BMDL 6.4 -3.6 .5
MAXIMA: .059 .060 .055 .002 2.7 15.9 6.8 1.0 3320. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 53 YEAR = 1976 SUN, FEB 22 TIMES: 07:19:21 - 08:53:11 FLIGHT NO. = 205
SITES FLOWN OVER: 22 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX So? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL e"D«- ~S'3 "'• 5 *5
MAXIMA: .Q45 .027 BBDL .077 8.7 -.2 -3.7 2.6 2321. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 53 YEAR = 1976 SUN, FEB 22 TIMES: 16:04:37 - 19:55:22 FLIGHT NO* = 206
SITES FLOWN OVER; 31 20 21 15 16 9 17 10 18 42 18 10 17 9 16 15 21 32
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX 502 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"IINIMA: BMDL BMDL BP.DL BMDL BMDL 1.2 -6.6 .5
MAXIMA: .064 .177 .223 .26Q 2.7 10.8 2.6 1.5 2248. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 54 YEAR = 1976 MONt FEB 23 TIMES: 05:18:05 - 09:12:45 FLIGHT NO. = 207
SITES FLOWN OVER: 32 25 42 19 6 41 3 9 16 9 3 41 6 19 42 25 32
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMOL BMCL BMDL .'.'iC'O BMDL -16.5 -29.9 BMOL
MAXIMA: »* .147 .392 .7<>s 2.7 3.3 -2.8 3.9 4287. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 54 YEAR = 1976 MON, FEB 23 TIMES: 15:50:57 - 18:52:32 FLIGHT NO. = 208
SITES FLOWN OVER: 32 25 42 18 6 3 9 16 9
PARAMETERS: QT N0 NOX SO^ CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .o?-7 BMDL BWDL • :t'1 -o -10-2 -18.4 .3
.Clr,8 .273 .293 .'"ft ** 1?.A •* '•* 4*^. ft.
179
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEC C., BSCAT IN 1/B>
JULIAN DAY = 55 YEAR = 1976 TUE, FEB 24 TIMES: 07:06:05 - 10:21:90 FLIGHT NO. = 209
SITES FLOWN OVER: 32 21 H 9 3 41 51 52 42 25 32
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT
"IINIMA; .003 BMDL BMDL PKDL BMDL 3.7 -29.0 .2
flAXIMA; »* .001 -010 .066 4.4 18.6 -.2 1.6 4403. fl .
JULIAN DAY = 57 YEAR = 1976 THU, FEB 26 TIMES: 11:19:29 - 12:28:44 FLIGHT NO* * 21{)
SITES FLOWN OVER: 42
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT
HININA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL .6 4.7 .1
MAXIMA: ,uS8 .019 .035 .090 2.4 12.0 4.1 4334. FT.
JULIAN 6AY = 57 YEAR = 1976 TH0, FEB 26 TIMES: 14:10:46 - 15:52:36 FLIGHT NO. = 211
SITES FLOWN OVER: 61 62 63 64 65
PARAMETERS: 05 NO NOX S02 CO OAT OpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: .QMO BHDL BWDL .100 BMDL 9.7 .2
"AXIMA: .042 .051 .098 .235 2.6 15.3 3.0 3134. pT.
JULIAN DAY = 57 YEAR * 19/fc THU, FEB ?6 TIMES: 16:22:15 - 18:17:10 FLIGHT NO. = 212
SITES FLOWN OVER: 42
03 NO NOX 802 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (*SL>
•OCO BMDL BMDL .OCO .2 9.7 .3
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
RAXIMA:
.OP5
.047
.1)46
2.9
17.5
2.8
3475. FT.
JULIAN DA* = 58 YEAR = 1976 FRI, FEB 27 TIMES: 08:00:52 - 12:01:07 FLIGHT NO. = 213
SITES FLOWN OVER: 60 60 25 2 3 6 5 30
PARAMETERS: oz NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT IHSL>
MINIMA: ,016 BMDL BMDL BKDL BMDL -16.6 .3
"AXIMA: .076 .061 .101 .252 «7 -1«3 2.0 3401. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 59 YEAR = 1976 SAT, FEB 8 TIMES: OP,:03:25 - 11:42:00 FLIGHT NO. = 214
SITES FLOwN OVER: 23 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 23 32
PARAMETE"S: 05 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: .015 BMDL BMD>- P^DL B«DL 6.5 ** .2
MAXIMA: .068 *** .234 .024 1.0 13.0 4.6 2.9 3905. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 61 YEAR « 1976 noN, MAR 1 TIMES: 07:10:34 - 11:30:09 FLIGHT NO. = 215
SITES FLOWN OVER: 32 24 23 6 5 2 3 6 5 24 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL>
•UNIMA: .002 BMPL PMDL BPDL BMDL ** ** .6
•tAXIMA: .072 .161 .271 .057 ** 21.2 13.6 5.2 1855. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 61 YEAR * 1?76 MON, MAR 1 TIMES: 12:09:42 - 13:35:57
SITES FLOWN OVER: 2365
PARAMETERS:
•INIMA:
"AXIMA:
o?
NO
BMDL
.012
NOX
BMDL
.154
S02
BfDL
. j; 2
CO
BMDL
7.6
OAT
-17.3
23.7
DPT
**
13.8
BSCAT
.8
2.5
ALT (I"SL)
2077. FT.
180
-------
SUMMARY REPORT Of HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPH, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C.t BSCAT IN 1/M>
JULIAN DAY = 66 YEAR = 1976 s»T. WAR 6 TIMES: 06:49:33 - 07:19:53
SITES FLOWN OVER: 32 21 32
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
nAxinA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA-
MAXIMA.
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA;
MAXIMA.
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
*INIH A:
MAXIMA:
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
"INIMA:
MAXIMA;
JULIAN DAY
SITES FLOWN
PARAMETERS:
"INIMA:
03
= 66
OVER:
Q3
= 66
OVER:
03
= 66
OVER;
03
= 66
OVER:
03
= 66
OVER:
02
= 66
OVER:
03
= 67
NO
BMDL
*»•
YEAR = -|976
32 21
NO
BMOL
***
YEAR = 1976
32 21
NO
BMDL
***
YEAR - 1976
20 6
NO
BMDL
• **
YEAR = 1976
32 21
NO
BMDL
***
YEAR = 1976
32 21
NO
BHDL
.007
YEAR = 1976
32 21
NO
BMDL
.Qj7
NOX
BMDL
.22?
SAT,
32
NOX
BMDL
.452
S»T,
32
NOX
PMDL
= 343
SAT,
3 32
NOX
BMDL
.316
S*T,
32
NOX
BMDL
• 314
SAT,
32
NOX
BMDL
.028
SAT,
32
NOX
.000
.036
YEAR = 1976 SUN,
OVER: 32 21
03 NO
BMDL BMDL
" * n * * *
32
NOX
BMOL
t ?/
S02
BWDL
.101
MAR 6
SO?
BNDL
. 'jrtl
MAR 6
SO?
PKDL
.002
MAR 6
SQi
BMDL
.OoZ.
MAR 6
SO?
BPDL
.002
MAR 6
SO?
enoL
.U'»2
MAR 6
S02
BKRL
li^O
. > C
BAR 7
SO?
BCDL
. - 7
CO
BMDL
.4
TIMES:
CO
BHDL
.9
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
.1.1
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
1.6
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
1.3
TIMES:
CO
BMOL
1.5
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
1.1
TIMES:
CO
BMDL
?.n
OAT
-5.2
* -2.5
07:58:29
OAT
-5.6
-1.8
10:19:33
OAT
-5.5
.8
13:32:01
OAT
-3.5
8.1
17:28:00
OAT
-1.1
8.6
19:53:25
OAT
-1.2
7.0
21:54:54
OAT
-1.2
6.2
06:44:1?
OAT
-.1
4.1
DpT
-23.2
-2.6
- 08:54:
DPT
-23.3
-2.3
- 11:01:
DpT
-23.2
-2.2
BSCAT
.2
2.6
29 FLI6HT
BSCAT
• 2
1.3
53 FLI6HT
BsCAT
.3
4.4
- 15:10:06 FLI6HT
DPT
-20.4
-2.6
BSCAT
BMDL
.9
- 18:17:30 FLIGHT
OPT
-13.9
-2.2
- 20:42:
DPT
-13.0
-1.3
- 22:42:
DPT
-12.0
-1.1
- 07:36:
DPT
-22. «
-1.5
BSCAT
.4
.7
30 FLI6HT
BSCAT
.4
1.0
44 FLIGHT
BSCAT
.2
.9
33 FLI6HT
BSCAT
.1
1.2
ALT
3774
NO.
ALT
3892
NO.
ALT
3926
NO*
ALT
3830
NO.
ALT
3801
NO.
ALT
3849
NO.
ALT
3794
NO.
. FT.
= 218
(MSL)
. FT.
= 219
(nsD
. rT.
c 220
. FT.
= 221
. FT.
= 222
IMSL)
. FT.
= 223
(WSL)
• FT.
= 224
ALT «!»SL)
3777. FT.
181
-------
SUMMARY REPORT Of HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEC C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
IULIAN D*Y = 67 YEAR = 1976 S"N, WAR 7 TIMES: 08:13:27 - 08:59:22 FLIGHT NO. = 225
• ITES FLOWN OVER: 32 21 32
A»AMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 £0 OAT OpT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: BHOL BBDL BMDL 8MDL -1.8 -3.5 .6
HAX11A. «* 1.42>o 1=350 7.4 9.1 2.6 4.5 1931. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 69 YEAR = 1 9 76 TUE, MAR 9 TIMES: 13:24:55 - 16:29:40 FLIGHT NO. = 228
SITES FLOWN OVER: 8383838383838 32
PARAMETERS' 0' NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL-)
NINIWA: .Oi7 B«DL BBOL BMOL 2.6 -10.3 .5
"AXI«IA: .067 .030 .057 2.4 12.8 .9 1.6 2926. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 70 YEAR = 1976 WED, MAR 10 TIMES: 07:17:45
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX S02 c» OAT
MINIMA; .Q-4 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 2.6
MAXIMA: .074 .124 .167 .202 1.9 11.0
10:21:20 FLIGHT NO. = 229
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-2.8 .6
4.7 3.3 3341. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 70 YEAR = 1976 WED, MAR 10 TIMES: 13:16=31
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 2 3 6 5 2 25
PARAMETERS: 02 NO NOX so? co OAT
"INIMA: .026 BMDt BMDL .OOQ BMOL 3.5
MAXIMA: .064 .035 .070 .033 1.7 16.U
15:28:01 FLIGHT NO. = 230
ALT (MSL)
3350. FT.
DPT BSCAT
-5.7 .7
7.0 3.1
JULIAN o»Y = 72 YEAR = 1976 Fpl, MAR 12
SITES FLOWN OVER: 71 71 70
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02
MINIMA: BMOL BMDL .002 B*DL
MAXIMA: .065 1.350 1.370 126.000
TIMES: 0°:55:09 - 10:47:30 FLIGHT NO. = 231
ALT (MSL>
CO
BMDL
.7
OAT DPT BSCAT
15.4 4.1 .5
18.6 10.9 25.6 1484. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 198 YEAR = 19/6 FRI, JUL 16 TIMES: 07s27«1P
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 2 3 6 5 3 6 5 32
PARABETERS5 0? NO NOX SC2 CO OAT
MINIMA: BMDL BHDL 6MDL BKDL BMDL 19.8
"AXI-IA: .Q?4 .064 .m .144 ** 26.8
10:03:20 FLIGHT NO. = 232
•
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
9.3 .3
16.8 1.3 3066. FT.
182
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DA.TA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., 6SCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN o»Y - 198 YEAR = 1976 FRI, JuL 16 TIMES: 08:32:11 - 11:08:47 FLIGHT NO. = 233
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 22 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
™2!mst °3 N0 Nox so2 c° OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 15.5 4.6 .1
WAXIMA. .021 .010 .029 8.4 27.6 14.6 1.6 3512. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 198 YEAR = 1976 FRI, JUL 16 TIMES: 12:16:55 - 15:12:15 FLIGHT NO. * 234
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 22 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .043 B«D«- BMoL .CCO BMDL 17.0 7.2 .5
MAXIMA: .073 .010 .023 .023 1.3 28.4 14.5 1.3 4Q69. FT.
JULIAN DAY = £01 YEAR = 1976 MON, JUL 19 TIMES: 06:14:26 - 09:40:41 FLIGHT NO. = 235
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? t.0 OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .02? BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 21.1 11,8 .6
MAXIMA: .116 .172 .220 . \11 ** 28.3 17.6 3.1 3049. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 201 YEAR - 1976 MON, JUL 19 TIMES: 07:19:06 - 10:36:13 FLIGHT NO. = 236
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 2 6 5 2 3 6 5 3?
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX soz co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: .QZZ e"cL BMDL BH.DI. BMDL 2fl'3 10.3 .8
MAXIMA: .123 .1?1 .238 .C74 1.7 30.4 18.2 3.4 3597. FT.
JULIAN DA» = 201 YEAR = 1976 MON. JuL 19 TIMES: 12:49:06 - 14:17:51 FLIGHT NO. = 237
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 21 15 32
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT B$CAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .000 B«DL BBI)L BWOL BBBL 22«6 12'3 1'5
MAXIMA: .141 .222 -341 .274 3.7 34.5 18.9 6.1 3197. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 201 YEAR = 1976 MON, JUL 19 TIMES: 12:49:20
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 21 15
PARAMETERS: os NO NOX so? co OAT
H1N1MA: .066 BMDL BMDL BMDL BHDL 23.7
MAXIMA: .142 .228 .308 .6*1 .8 32.8
14:14:05 FLIGHT NO. = 238
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
13.7 1.1
** 3.3 3167. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 202 YEAR = 1976 TU*. 'UL 20 TIMES: 06:15:33
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 23 652365
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT
MINIMA: .002 B*DL BMDL 22'°
MAXIMA- .066 .679 1.6 30.0
• 09:11:20 FLIGHT NO. = 239
32
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
14.9 .8
22.1 3.2 2314. FT.
JULIAN DAY * 202 YEAR = 1976 TUEt
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 2 3
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX
MINIMA: .o'l BMOL BMDL
MAXIMA: .CK3 .022 .048
JUl 20 TIMES: 07:25:50
652365
S02 CO OAT
.000 BMDL 22.1
.'.•'> 6 .7 31.0
- 10:08:55 FLIGHT NO* = 240
32
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
15.2 .6
23.1 2.4 3637. fT.
183
-------
SUMMARY REPORT Of HELICOPTER DAT*
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAT = £02 YEAR = 1976 TUEf JUL ?0 TIMES: 12:38:15 - 14:11:20 FLIGHT NO. = 241
SITES FLOWN OVER-. 15
PARAMETERS: 01 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT SsCAT ALT (MSL)
«"1N11A: ,g?2 BHDL BMOL BUDL BMDL 29.6 14.9 .8
»AX1NA: .096 .012 .015 .037 2-0 35.4 21.9 1.5 1679. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 204 YEAR = 1976 THU, JUL 22 TIMES: 12:28=15 - 15:16:30 FLI6HT NO. = 242
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 99 32
PARAMETERS: os NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (WSL)
MINIMA: .Q?1 BMDL BMDL BMDL 24.7 11.5 .5
MAXIMA: .155 .OC9 .030 1.2 36.3 30.5 1.4 4121. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 205 YEAR = 1976 FRI, JuL 23 TIMES: 04:33:35 - 07:42:40 FL16HT NO. = 243
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 32 76 76 76 76 3 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT B$CAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA; BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 23.7 *'* .9
MAXIMA: .070 .786 .870 2.6 30.0 ** 5.3 3778. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 2fl5 YEAR = 19/6 FRI, JUL 23 TIMES: 05:45:51 - 09:00:11 FLIGHT NO. = 244
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 6 2 3 9 23 3j
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
•UN IMA: .010 B*DL B«DL BMDL 24.9 16.4 .6
MAXIMA: .128 .2^9 .274 2.4 31.4 22.3 2.9 3056. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 205 YEAR = 1976 FRIt JuL 23 TIMES: 08:36:20 - 11:28:55 FLIGHT NO. = 245
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 81 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 C<> OAT DpT BsCAT ALT
1INIMA: .056 BMDL BMDL BMDL 23.1 ** .6
MAXIMA: .129 .011 .022 ** 33.3 ** 2.5 3037. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 205 YEAR = 1976 FRI, JUL 23 TINES: 13:13:30 - 16:03:30 FLIGHT NO. = 246
SITES FLOWN OVER-: 31 61 32
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX 502 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (KSL)
1INIKA: .Qi1 BMDL BMDL BWDL ** .6
MAXIMA: -145 .010 .016 1.Q 35.0 4.9 4191. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 21!) YEAR = 1976 HEDt JUL 28 TIMES: 07:46:35 - 08:19:31 FLIGHT NO. = 247
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BsCAT ALT («SL>
MINIMA: .011 B«DL 6MOL BWOL BMDL 27.6 17.8
MAXIMA; .168 .018 .037 .021 1.1 33.5 24.3 2170. FT.
JULIAN DAY = £11 YEAR = 1976 THU, JUL 29 TIMES: 06:13:55 - 06:50:5U FLIGHT NO. = 248
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 32 32
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
•INIMA: BMDL BMDL .012 ,0?0 .5 22.0 20.2 .7
•"v'"" "•'' •7"" -7PR .,-1 3.0 24.5 22.8 2.3 2116. FT.
184
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C.t BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN CAT = 211 TEAR = 1976 THu« JUL 29 TIMES: 17:31:49 - 23:40:18 FLIGHT NO = 249
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,0:l4 BMBL 6MDL .WQ BMDL 22.5 14.8 .6
MAXIMA: .120 .140 .212 .2*2 ,.3 32.4 23.2 7.0 3105. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 212 YEAR = 1976 FBI, JUL 30 TIMES: 02:51:50 - 04:24:35 FLI6HT NO. = 250
SITES FLOWN OvER: 31 21
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .013 BHDL BMDL BMeL BMDL 26.5 14.3 .6
MAXIMA: .119 ,802 .932 .004 2.6 34.4 ** 6.9 3271. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 212 YEAR = 1976 FRI, JUL 30 TIMES: 06:21:56 - 09:56:46 FLIGHT NO. * 251
SITES FLOWN OVER; 31 24 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .Qio BMDL BMDL *ooo BMDL 16.8 ** ,2
MAXIMA: .121 .302 .408 1.01p 3.1 29.4 23.8 7.7 7037. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 212 YEAR = 1976 FRl, Jul 3o TIMES: 08:27:20 - 10:33:40 FLIGHT NO. = 252
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 90
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 C° OAT DpT 8$CAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA; BMDL BMDL BMDL .000 BMDL 17.8 3.5 .4
MAXIMA: .098 .020 .072 «133 2-8 34.5 25.0 8.2 7954. fT.
JULIAN DAY = 212 TEAR * 1976 FRI, JUL 30 TIMES: 11:17:30 - 13:37:45 FLIGHT NO- = 253
SITES FLOWN OVER; 31 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .0*6 BHDL BMDL .000 BMDL 16.8 -2.9 .2
MAXIMA: .160 .020 .032 .001 1.8 33.9 27.9 3.6 7354. FT.
JULIAN oAT = 212 YEAR = 1976 Fpl, JuL 30 TIMES: 14:46:15 - 16:25:15 FLIGHT NO. = 254
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 21
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA- .000 B«DL B"BL 'tQO BnDL 28'7 15*5 2'1
MAXIMA: .056 .908 1.150 1.420 1.5 38.1 22.7 7.5 3268. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 214 YEAR = 1976 SUN, AU6 1 TIMES: 10:53:00 - 12:59:50 FLIGHT NO. = 255
PARAMETERS: °V£o? NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: .022 BMDL BMDl .COO BMDL 11.8 -9.1 .1
MAXIMA: .058 .176 .218 .133 2.3 25.3 13.5 1.5 5524. FT.
JULIAN PAY = 215 YEAR = 1976 MON, AUG 2 TIMES: 04:56:13 - 06:56:30 FLIGHT NO. = 256
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO. 0,T 0PT BSCAT
MINIMA: .022 BMDL BMDL .OC,0 8.9 ** •*
.078 .038 .069 ."6 ?1.4 1=:.? 1.''
ALT («sD
*3
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN pAY = 215 YEAR = 1976 MON, AuG 2 TIMES: 09:04:31 - 11:06:46 FLIGHT NO. = 257
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 22 22 22 22 22 22 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,0e5 BMDL BMDL .Cf*0 BMDL 8.5 -4.6 B"Dl-
MAXIMA: .064 .009 .016 .Coi 3«1 26.0 12.0 .7 6870. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 215 YEAR = 1976 MON, AUG 2 TIMES: 13:17:30 - 16:12:35 FLIGHT NO. * 258
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 36 5 2 36 5 2* 23 32
PARAMETERS: o' NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (HSD
MINIMA: .014 BMDL -001 .000 BMDL 19.5 6.9 BMDL
MAXIMA: .376 .109 .142 .199 2.7 27.4 11.9 1.2 3013. FT.
JULIAN BAY = 216 YEAR = 1976 T"E, AuG 3 TIMES: 04:35:40 - 06:35:20 FLIGHT NO. = 259
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT 0PT BSCAT ALT ("»SL>
MINIMA: .000 .000 BMDL 8.6 ** «2
«AxlMA: .090 1.880 6.9 18.5 13.5 5-4 6903. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 216 YEAR = 1976 TUE, AUG 3 TIMES: Q5:59:25 - Oa:4l:50 FLIGHT NO. = 260
SjTES FLO"N OVER: 31 23 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 07 NO NOX So2 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"IN1MA: .007 BMDL BMDL .COO B*D>- 14.9 6.4 .3
MAXIMA: ,io5 .389 .467 .7P4 3.1 21.4 13.4 4.1 3477. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 216 YEAR = 1976 TUE, AUG 3 TIMES: 07:29:55 - 09:26:50 FLIGHT N0« » 261
SITES FLOWN OVER. SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: OJ NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT B$CAT ALT <»SL>
MINIMA: BMCL .000 BMDL 8-6 ** .2
.092 2.580 ** 21.6 H.2 4.5 6944. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 216 YEAR = 1976 TUE, AUG 3 TIMES: 10:33:35 - 13:16:50 FLIGHT NO. = 262
SITES FLO«N OVER: 31 23 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .017 BMDL BMDL .000 BnDL 10.8 .2
"AXIMA: .102 .036 .081 .169 3.9 26.9 1.8 6742. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 216 YEAR = 1976 TUE, AUG 3 TIMES: 10:49:55 - 13:11:40 FLIGHT N0. = 263
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 23 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
KlNlMA: .Q<2 .000 BMDL 15.5 4.9 .7
MAXIMA: .095 ,07o 8.4 24.5 12.6 1.5 3015. FT.
JULIAN 6AY = 216 YEAR = 1976 TUE, AuG 3 TIMES: 15:31:21 - 17:46:46 FLIGHT NO = 264
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 23 6 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? C0 OAT OpT BsCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .015 ...'CO BMDL 20.8 6.3 .6
•1'3 -^2 ** ?5.8 10.7 ?.') 2170. FT.
186
-------
SUCSHART REPORT OF HELICOPTER DAT*
(GAS OAT* IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN DEC C., BSCAT IN 1/H)
JULIAN OAT = 217 TEAR = 1976 WED, AuG 4 TIMES: 05:04:45 - 06:18:05 FLIGHT NO. = 265
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: Oj NO NOX SOI CO OAT BPT BSCAT ALT (f.SL>
I«IN1»1A: .016 BHOL BHDL .U'O BMDL 9.7 .5
MAXIMA: .106 BMDL .067 .0«7 2.7 22. 0 1.5 7190. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 217 TEAR = 1976 WED, AUG 4 TIMES: 07:34:40 - 10:29:05 FLIGHT NO. = 266
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2* 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO* cO OAT 0PT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .Q25 BHDL BKDL .(/CO BMDL 18.4 .7
MAXIMA: .114 BHOL .157 ,C01 4.8 27.4 2.2 3208. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 217 TEAR = 1976 WED, AUG «
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31
PARAMETERS: o? NO NOX so?
PIlNlRA: . (p3 BMOL BP1DL .tCO
BAXINA: .195 .029 .088 .363
TIMES: OP:10:40 - 10:15:40 FLIGHT NO. = 267
co
BMDL
**
OAT
9.5
25.0
OPT
•*
14.5
BSCAT
.•)
2.2
ALT
8454. FT.
JULlftN oAT = 217 TEAR = 1976 WED, A^G 4 TIMES: 12:52:21 - 15:57:01 FLIGHT NO. = 268
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT (PSD
MINIMA: . 0',<8 BMDL BMDL BKOL BMDL 15.8 7.3 1.0
•fAXIMA: .211 .007 .040 .001 ** 29-5 12.6 1.9 4589. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 217 TEAR = 1976 WED, AUG 4 TIMES: 17:19:3? - 19:35:28 FLIGHT NO. = 269
SITES FLOWN OVER: 61
PARAMETERS: o3 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: «0?6 BFIDl .000 BPDL BMOL 16.8 7.5 .9
MAXIMA: .132 .010 .041 .('92 1.6 29.0 14.5 2.2 4501. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 219 TEAR - 1976 FRl, AUG 6 TIMES: 06:20:20 - 07:53:?5 FLIGHT NO. = 270
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 ? 3 32
(VOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
BMDL BfiDL BMDL 18.7 10.9 .3
PARAMETERS:
MINIMA:
03
.007
NO
BMDL
MAXIMA:
058
018
.006
.001
3.8
23.8
DPT
10.9
21.1
6.4
2916. FT.
JULIAN OAT = 220
SITES FLOWN OVER:
PARAMETERS: 0?
TEAR *• 1976 SAT, AUG 7 TIMES: 06:04:15 - 08:39:45 FLIGHT NO. = 271
31 22' 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA:
MAXIMA:
.Ov'9
.061
NO
B«D«-
.044
NOX
E*DL
.058
.001
1Z-0
15.7
.3
3.7
69Q9. FT
JULIAN OA* = 220
SITES FLOWN OVER:
PARAMETERS: 0T
MINIMA: .020
YEAR = 1976 SATt *Uf 7 TIMES: 07:08:15 - 09:50:45 FLIGHT NO. * 272
31 22 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
NO NOX 502 CO 0*T <>PT BSCAT ALT
BMDL PKDL .!^0 BMDL 12.2
MAXIMA
,U<>7
.1)56
.001
'•<•
**
14.0
.1
'. .
f-ttf. rT.
187
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER pATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C., BSCAT IN 1/H)
JULIAN DA* = t20 YEAR = 1976 S*Ti *U« 7 TIMES: 11:02:01 - 13:56:51 FLIGHT NO. = 273
SITES FLOWN OVER: 2365 2356 22
PARAMETERS: 02 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,Q31 BMDL BMDL BMDL 9.5 -11.0 .2
"AXIMA: .077 .027 .049 .051 25-4 14.0 1.8 8117. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 220 YEAR = 1976 SAT, AUG 7 TIMES: 12:13:25 - 15:11:00 FLIGHT NO. = 274
FLOnN OVER: 31 2 6 5 2 3 6 5 22 32
03 NO NOx S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: .059 BMDL BMDL »*•>''0 BMDL 10.9 -9.3 .1
MAXIMA: .0»1 .022 .048 .CJ01 5.9 25.6 12.9 1.9 6871. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 221 YEAR = 1976 s"N. AuG 8 TIMES: 04:38:14 - 07:45:36 FLIGHT NO. = 275
SITES FLOWN OVER: SEE FLIGHT DESCRIPTION
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO. OAT DPT. BSCAT A|.T (MSL>
MINIMA: .003 BMDL BMDL .coo BMDL 11.2 ** BMDL
MAxIMA: .OF5 1.400 1.400 2.2SO 5.3 19.6 13.5 7.9 6813. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 221 YEAR = 1976 SUN, AUG 8 TIMES: 0*:35:1» - 09:30:08 FLIGHT NO. « 276
SITES FLO"N OVER: 31 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 13.0 ** .2
MAXIMA; ,()77 .824 .946 1.240 22.5 14.2 3.6 7209. FT.
JULIAN DAY =• 322 YEAR = 1976 MON, AUG 9 TIMES: 11:21:55 - 13:22:47 FtiGHT NO. = 277
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .Q16 BMDL BMDL BMDL 18.3 =3
MAXIMA: .072 .036 .061 .10* 29.4 1.2 3075. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 223 YEAR = 1976 TuE» AuG 1Q TIMES: 06:45:15 - 09:29:35 FLIGHT NO. = 278
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 23 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 cO OAT DpT BsCAT ALT («SL)
MINIMA: .012 BHDL PMDL BI»DL 21.5 6.9 .2
MAXIMA: .2^4 .056 -112 .218 ** 30.8 1.7 3032. FT.
JULIAN DAY = HI, YEAR = 1976 WED, AUG 11 TIMES: 12:16:15 - 16:18:20 F«-TGHT NO. = 279
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 223652365 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so2 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .gt? BMDL BMOL .too BMDL 22.1 10.1 .5
MAXIMA: .108 .042 .094 .U7 3.5 33.6 22.8 3.1 5062. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 225 YEAR = 1976 THu, AuG 12 TIMES: 06:20:40 - 08:42:36 FLIGHT NO. = 280
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 32
PARAMETERS: OT NO NOX SO? C0 OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (WSL>
MINIMA: BMDL BMDL BMDL BfOL 24.4 12.7 .1
MAX11A: ,C;'4 1.410 1.2RO 2.770 28.0 ** 5.0 3M? . FT .
188
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEC C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIRN 0AY = 225 YEAR = 1976 THU, AyG 12 TIMES: Of:20:38 - 09:06:35 FLIGHT NO. = 281
™2rERSs 03c N0 NOX so2 co 0*T OPT BSCAT ALT (MSD
MINIMA: ,Q05 BMDL BMDL .COO BMDL »* 12.6 .9
MAXIMA: .079 1.280 1.380 3.C50 5.2 28-0 20.6 7-7 3513. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 226 YEAR = 1976 FRI, AUG 13 TIMES: 07:56:45 - 10:02:43 FLIGHT NO. = 282
SITES FLOWN OVER: 23652365 32
PARAMETERS: o^ NO NOx SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .004 B«DL BMDL .0?0 24.3 17.3 BMDL
MAXIMA: .122 .253 .339 .033 30.6 22.3 4.2 3o88. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 226 YEAR » 1976 FRI, AuG 13 TIMES: 07:59:41 - 10:41:11 FLIGHT NO. = 283
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 25 25 25 32
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 cO OAT DPT B$CAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA. .018 BMDL BMDL BMDL 23.9 14.9 1.5
KAXIMA: .090 .017 .049 j.8 30.2 22.3 3.8 3058. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 300 YEAR = 1976 TUE, OCT ?6 TIMES: 05:59:55 - 08:54:44 FLIGHT NO. * 284
SITES FLOwN OVER: 31 23 2 3 6 % 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 N0 NOX $02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .003 BMDL BMDL BMDL -5*6 -12.1 .5
MAXIMA: .050 .783 .986 3.3 7.0 2.9 5.2 7096. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 300 YEAR = 1976 TUE, OCT 26 TIMES: 10:37:48 - 13:05:24 FLIGHT NO* = 285
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 23 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
R1NIMA: '0?0 BMDL BHDL BMDL 2.4 -10.3 .6
MAXIMA: .0^3 .129 .176 3.2 11.5 1.9 2.9 3369. FT.
JULIAN 0A» * 301 YEAR = 1976 WED, OCT 27 TIMES: 06:09:36 - 07:49:00 FLIGHT NO. = 286
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 22 23 652365
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT OPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA. .000 BMDL .001 .0 .6 -1.1 1.2
MAXIMA: .012 .100 .136 3.8 4.4 1.4 3.5 1588. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 301 YEAR = 1976 WED, OCT 27 TIMES: 10:25:44 - 12:38:24 FLIGHT NO. = 287
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 22 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 C» OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (BSD
MINIMA: BMDL .002 BKDL BMDL .6 -1.4 1.1
MAXIMA; .028 .205 .242 2.7 6.9 1.9 6.7 2174. rT.
JULIAN DAY = 302 YEAR = 1976 THU, OCT 28 TIMES: 09:58:00 - 12:35:00 FLIGHT NO. = 288
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 2 3 6 5 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS'- 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (*SL)
MINIMA: .011 BMDL """>' BMDL ~2*2 ~9'1 '7
"AXIWA: .0*3
.!35 .167 3.9 7-9 .1 2.4 344n. FT.
189
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(GAS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DEG C.f BSCAT IN 1/M>
JULIAN DAT = i02 YEAR = 1976 iHg, OCT 28 TIMES: 13:40:08 - 16:03:T8 FLIGHT NO. = 289
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 24 32
PARAMETERS: 0^ NO NOX SOt CO OAT DpT B$CAT ALT
"INIKA: .001 BMDL BMDL •--'91 BMDL 2.8 -15.6 .4
MAXIMA: .043 .759 .900 .992 ** 8.0 -1.1 4.1 3381. FT.
JUL1*N DAT = 303 YEAR = 1976 Fpl, OCT 29 TIMES: 11:20:00 - 13:55:20 FLIGHT NO. = 291
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 24 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT OpT BsCAT ALT («SL)
MINIMA: .013 BMDL BflDL .'J01 BMDL 6.1 ** .2
MAXIMA. .046 .125 .153 .120 3.2 13.6 -1.1 3.2 3912. fT.
JULIAN DAT = 306 YEAR = 1976 WON, NOV 1 TIMES: 09:01:12 - 11:49:24
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 2 3 4 5 3 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so2 co OAT OPT BSCAT ALT
MINIMA: .022 BMDL BMDL .004 BMDL 11.0 -4.0 .4
MAXIMA; ** .110 .137 .063 5.2 16.6 .9 1.7 192P. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 307 TEAR = 1976 TUE, NOV 2 TIMES: 07:42:31 - 09:51:59 FLIGHT NO. = 294
SITES FLOWN OVER: 25 23652365 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT <"!SL)
MINIMA: .008 BMDL BMDL .COO BMDL 8.5 1.6 .9
MAXIMA: .068 .077 .125 .3o9 2.5 13.6 5.8 1.9 2018. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 307 YEAR = 1976 TUE, NOV 2 TIMES: 11:35:40 - 13:52:16 FLIGHT NO. = 295
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 25 32
PARAMETEPS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (KSL)
MINIMA: .Q31 BMDL BMDL BfPL BMDL 11.7 4.0 .9
MAXIMA: .074 .156 .210 .079 6.4 19.2 8.6 1.9 1965. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 308 YEAR = 1976 WED, NOV 3 TIMES: 07:16:04 - 10:17:48 FLIGHT NO. = 29<
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 25 25 2 3 6 5 2 3 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOx SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: .008 BMDL BMDL BfcDL BMDL 4.6 -22.1 .2
"AXIMA: .047 .4-:2 .550 l.nfl 2.2 10.2 -5.1 2.1 2911. FT.
190
-------
SUMMARY REPORT Of HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND DPT IN DE6 C., BSCAT IN I/ID
JULIAN CAY = 308 YEAR = 1976 WED, NOV 3 TIMES: 11:47:58 - 15:02:38 FLIGHT NO. = 297
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 25 25 25 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? C0 OAT DpT
.013 BMDL BMDL BMDL BMDL 6.7 -20.4
.047 .158 .261 .3?8 ** 13.8
MINIMA:
MAXIMA.
-7.3
BSCAT
.1
.9
AIT
2211.
JULIAN DAY = 309 YEAR = 1976 THU, NOV 4 TIMES: 07:17:08 - 10:22:08 FLI,
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 22 22 22 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX so? co OAT DPT BSCAT
"IN1MA: .017 BMDL BMDL BMDL
"AXIMA: .OJ3 .021 .165 1.5
-4.9
2.4
-10.8
-3.6
.5
2.4
NO. = 298
ALT (MSL)
3286. FT.
OAT = 309 YEAR = 1976
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX
MINIMA: .Ql4 BMDL BMDL
MAXIMA: .037 .092 .115
NOV 4 TIMES: 11:47:29 - 14:43:41 FLIGHT NO. = 299
5 2 3 6 5 22 22 22 32
so? to OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
BMDL -4.1 -10.3 .5
3-1 3.9 -5.5 1.2 2779. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 310 YEAR = 1976 FRI, NOV 5 TIMES: 07:09:48 - 10:18:48 FLIGHT NO. = 300
SITES FLOyN OVER: 31 25 25 25 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 05 N0 NQX SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .OT'O BMDL BMDL BMDL -3.7 -10.7 .5
MAXIMA- ** .6
-------
SUMMAM REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(G»S DATA IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN DF6 C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN t)AY = 314 YEAR = 1976 TUE, NOy 9 TIMES: 13:21:08 - 15:06:44 FLIGHT NO. = 305
SITES FLOWN OVER: 50
PARAMETERS: O7 NO NOX SOc CO OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"1N1MA: .Q:-6 BMDL BMDL BPDL BMDL 9.4 -5.8 .2
MAXIMA: .060 .692 .768 l.fclO 4«8 19-0 .0 1.6 3912. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 315 YEAR = 1976 WED, NOV 10 TIMES: Op:08:29 - 11:07:49 FLIGHT NO. = J06
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 22 2 3 6 5 2 3 5 3?
PARAMETERS: o- NO NOx SO? CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (WSL)
"INIMA: .OC9 B«Dt B«Dl •'-''30 BMDL -0 -9.0 «4
"AX1MA: .0^9 .2PO .341 .137 4.9 6.9 -3.7 1.2 2319. FT.
JULIAN DAT = 315 YEAR = 1976 WED, NOy 10 TIMES: 12:20:12 - 14:53:00 FLIGHT NO. = 307
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 25 32
PARAMETERS: 0? NO NOX S02 CO OAT OpT B$CAT ALT
-------
SUMMARY REPORT OF HELICOPTER DATA
(6AS DATA IN PPM, OAT AND OPT IN OEG C., BSCAT IN 1/M)
JULIAN DAY = 320 YEAR = 1976 MON, NOV 15 TIMES: 11:22:24 - 13:42:44 FLIGHT NO = 313
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 23652365 23
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 C0 OAT DpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
"INIMA: .001 BMDL BMDL .','01 PMDL -.5 -18.4 .1
MAXIMA: .052 1.220 1.300 .070 ** 9.3 -1.3 12.0 2967. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 321 YEAR = -|976 TUE, NOV 16 TIMES: 07:06:33 - 09:59:13 FLIGHT NO. = 314
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 24 2 3 6 5 2 3 f, 5 32
PARAMETERS: 0- NO NOX S02 CO OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: BMDL 6MDL BHDL -2.7 -9.1 .7
MAXIMA: .043 1.860 6.0 6.1 -.9 9.5 2348. FT.
,IULIAN DAY = 321 YEAR = 1976 tUEt NOV 16 TIMES: 11:08:52 - 13:50:28 FLIGHT NO. = 315
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 2 3 6 5 2 3 6 5 24 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 cO OAT OpT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: ,010 .007 BMDL 3.8 -8.3 .6
MAXIMA. .053 .310 2.4 10.4 -1.0 3.8 2906. rT.
JULIAN DAY = 322 YEAR = 1976 WED, NOV 17 TIMES: 09:23:28 - 12:38:48 FLIGHT NO. = 316
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 23 6 5 32
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX 502 co OAT DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
MINIMA: .008 BMDL BMDL .000 BMDL 1.9 -13.8 .2
HAXINA: .052 .099 .147 .514 4.3 12.3 2.5 3.7 2885. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 322 YEAR = 1976 WED, NOV 17 TIMES: 13:30:52
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 223652365
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX S02 CO OAT
MINIMA: ,Q?-7 BHPL BMDL .001 PMDL 9.0
MAXIMA: .055 .033 .051 .143 3.9 17.2
- 16:00:44 FLIGHT NO. = 317
25 32
OpT BSCAT ALT
-6.1 .4
4.4 2.1 2982. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 323 YEAR = 1976 THU, NOV -|8 TIMES: 07:00:01
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 25 23652365
PARAMETERS; 03 NO NO* so2 co OAT
MINIMA: .005 BMDL 6KDL BMDL ««5
MAXIMA: .057 .283 .366 7.8 16.2
- 10:25:25 FLIGHT NO. = 318
32
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
-7.0 .3
4.9 3.8 2890. FT.
JULIAN DAY = 323 YEAR = 1976 THU, NOV 18 TIMES: 11:42:52
SITES FLOWN OVER: 31 23652365 25
PARAMETERS: 03 NO NOX SO? CO OAT
HININA: .0^6 BMDL BMDL BMDL 14.2
MAXIMA: .0?2 .198 .245 4.4 26.1
- 14:39:16 FLIGHT NO. = 319
32
DPT BSCAT ALT (MSL)
.2
3.4 3022. FT.
193
-------
English unit
foot
Inch
knot
millIbar
nautical mile
mile
APPENDIX 6
METRIC CONVERSION TABLE
Multiply by
0.3048
2.54
0.5144
100
1,852
1.609
to obtain metric unit
meter
centimeter
meters per second
pascal
meters
kilometers
194
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
ff 'lease read Instructions on the reverse before completing/
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/4-79-078
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
.. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
'HE RAPS HELICOPTER AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT
PROGRAM, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
5. REPORT DATE
December 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
lharles Fitzsimmons, Norman Hester, Frank Johnson
Steve Pierett. George Siple and Robert Snelline
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Dffice of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
,as Vegas, NV 89114
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—Las Vegas, NV
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1974-1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/07
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
None
16. ABSTRACT
This research program was initiated with the overall objective of providing measure-
ment of air pollution and temperature gradient over the St. Louis, Missouri/Illinois,
metropolitan area to complement surface measurements of air pollution by the Regional
Air Monitoring System (RAMS) of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS). Measurements
aloft were made by instrumented helicopters provided with a data acquisition system
for recording all aerometric data, together with navigational data and supplementary
status information.
These data obtained during the 3-year period, 1974 to 1976, are intended to provide
insight into the transport and diffusion processes for air pollutants and to enable
model developers and other users to evaluate and analyze the suitability of simulation
models for prediction and decision-making.
This report describes in detail the helicopter data collection program and catalogs
the missions flown by date, time, flight pattern and purpose. These data, collected
on magnetic tape, are deposited in the RAPS data bank maintained by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Sufficient examples are provided, with figures and
tables, to enable the prospective users of these data to understand the measurements
and their limitations and so facilitate usage of the data bank.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
DESCRIPTORS
.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
air pollution
helicopter
temperature inversions
mathematical models
airborne operations
data collection
RAPS
St. Louis, Missouri
01C
04A
04B
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
194
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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