c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring and Support EPA-600/4-78-031
Laboratory June 1978
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
Fabrication,
Optimization, and
Evaluation of a
Massive Volume
Air Sampler of
Sized Particulate
Matter
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING series.
This series describes research conducted to develop new or improved methods
and instrumentation for the identification and quantification of environmental
pollutants at the lowest conceivably significant concentrations. It also includes
studies to determine the ambient concentrations of pollutants in the environment
and/or the variance of pollutants as a function of time or meteorological factors.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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FABRICATION, OPTIMIZATION, AND EVALUATION OF A MASSIVE
VOLUME AIR SAMPLER OF SIZED RESPIRABLE PARTICIPATE MATTER
by
R.I. Mitchell, W.M. Henry, and N.C. Henderson
Battelie-Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-02-2281
Project Officer
R.J. Thompson
Analytical Chemistry Branch
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
11
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ABSTRACT
This project was initiated with the overall objective of designing and
fabricating (two) improved and thoroughly tested (Mark II) massive volume
air samplers of respirable particulates. The samplers are to collect large
masses of particulate aerosols in three size ranges. Collections are obtained
using air flow of about 18 m3/min through two large impactor stages and an
over-designed electrostatic precipitator stage. In a prior program two proto-
type (Mark I) samplers were designed and fabricated and operated in the field
on a nearly continuous basis for over a year by personnel of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
Incidences of component breakdown, electrical failures, and operating
difficulties encountered in the prototype samplers were reported. Improve-
ments were made in the new design and fabrication, principally through the
use of stainless steel, Teflon, and Teflon-coated structural components for
better strength and durability. Automatic power shutoffs, failure indicator,
flow gages, and timers were installed to insure better unattended operation.
A more durable and voltage-adjustable high-voltage power pack was incorporated
for the electrostatic precipitator.
The redesigned samplers were experimentally tested for reproducibility,
sharpness of cutoff stages, and collection efficiencies; details of these
test procedures and results are given in the text.
A significant and novel advance in the second generation (Mark II)
samplers was the use of a conductive Teflon-clad substrate to replace the
more reactive pure aluminum plate surfaces incorporated in the electrostatic
collector section.
111
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The 50% cutoffs found for the three stages, 3.5, 1.7 and below 1.7 pm,
closely fit the Atmospheric Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
respirable size curve. The reproducibility between the two samplers operating
in parallel was better than 5%; efficiencies up to 99% can be obtained by use
of a higher ionizing voltage with the resultant generation of a small amount
of ozone.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2281 by
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. It covers the period December 15, 1975, to November
14, 1976, and work was completed as of November 14, 1976.
For a description and discussion of the Mark I prototype sampler, EPA
publication #600/4-78-009 may be consulted.
iv
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CONTENTS
Abstract ill
Figures vi
Tables vii
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary 4
3. Conclusions 6
4. Recommendations 7
5. Experimental Plan 8
Work Plan 8
Experimental Work - Laboratory Evaluations 9
Field Reproducibility, Efficiency, and Gas-Particulate
Reactivity Tests and Results 18
6. Discussion 29
References 31
Appendices
A. Description and Operating Procedures 33
B. Parts/Price/Supplier List and Reproduction of
Drawings 45
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Impaction characteristics of the first stage 12
2 Impaction characteristics of the second stage 13
3 Comparison of ACGIH Curve and collection efficiency of the
first stage 14
4 Impaction efficiency curves for 6.3 nun wide jets 16
5 Particle size distribution data of fluorescent aerosol package
can "E" 26
6 Collection efficiency of Mark II Massive Volume Sampler obtained
with the Minnesota aerosol analyzing system on ambient
particles 28
A-l Overall photograph of Massive Volume Air Sampler (Mark II) .. 34
A-2 Impactor plate assembly module, partially withdrawn 37
A-3 Electrostatic precipitator assembly, partially withdrawn ... 39
A-4 Rear-view of Massive Volume Air Sampler 41
B-l Drawings for construction of the Massive Volume Air Sampler. . 55
Note:
Drawing No. 6352-A-030 supercedes drawing No. 6352-A-034.
VI
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Reproducibility Tests Using Heterogeneous Fluorescent
Aerosols Dispensed with Conventional Aerosol Packages. ... 17
2 Reproducibility of the Mark II Samplers in the Collection
of Ambient Aerosols 18
3 Comparative Collection Rate for Three Types of Respirable
Aerosol Samplers 19
4 Collection Efficiency of Particles Smaller than 0.42 ym
at Different Operating Conditions for the Massive Respirable
Particulate Air Sampler 20
5 24-hour Averages of Reactivity of Gases Sampled as Measured
through Samplers (results in ppb) 22
6 Comparison of Collection Efficiency of Teflon-Coated
Electrostatic Precipitator Plates with Uncoated Aluminum
Plates Using Fluorescent Aerosol 25
B-l EPA Massive Volume Air Sampler Parts/Price/Supplier List ... 46
VII
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Currently, considerable attention is being given to the direct effects
of air pollution on health. Previously/ effects of chronic exposure have
not been readily recognized, and attention has been focused on the subject
only when disastrous episodes such as Donora, Meuse Valley, London, New York,
Tokyo-Yokohama, etc. occurred under extraordinary meteorological conditions
that reduced the effective volume of air in which the pollutants were diluted.
In the last decade, however, it has no longer become necessary to raise
the question as to whether air pollutants produce chronic and acute adverse
human health effects. Each year the evidence demonstrating health effects
becomes more and more impressive. The problem now appears to be one of deter-
mining the amount of pollution which is safe and tolerable rather than ques-
tioning if pollutants are harmful.
The current Community Health and Environmental Surveillance System (CHESS)
studies relate community health to changing environmental quality. These
studies are designed to measure simultaneously environmental quality and sensi-
tive health indicators in different communities. Communities studied represent
various exposures to common air pollutants, with the communities selected to
obtain data on the predominant effects of particulate matter, sulfur oxides
(SO ), and nitrogen oxides (NO ) alone, as well as in various combinations to
X X
determine interaction effects.
One of the most severe limitations of the CHESS study is achievement of
comprehensive characterization of the particulate insult that produces the
physiological response. Also, in part, a limitation on characterization has
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been imposed by lack of adequate amounts of valid sample for testing particu-
late pollutant levels. The collection of adequate masses of particulates
irequires that large volumes of air be sampled, which entails long time period
efforts with conventional high-volume samplers. However, since short-term
episodic changes in pollutant levels are also of concern in health studies,
the availability of a sampler capable of processing massive volumes of air in
a comparatively short time period has distinct advantages. In addition to
processing large volumes of air, the sampler described here was designed to
overcome several other deficiencies or problems encountered with the use of
previous available samplers — notably the capability to collect particulates
in three size ranges on inert substrates without acquiring contamination from
the substrate surfaces. Working under a previous Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) program, two prototype Massive Respirable Particulate Air Samplers
were designed and fabricated to fulfill the need for collection of large
masses of particulates, sized into respirable-nonrespirable size ranges, and
readily recoverable from the collecting surfaces with minimal substrate con-
tamination and interaction. The samplers can collect the respirable particu-
late fraction of ambient aerosols in quantities to provide both for detailed
chemical characterization and for toxicity screening. These prototype samplers
were immediately pressed into operational use at the EPA background catalyst
study site in Los Angeles in September 1975 and have been operated on a con-
tinual basis by EPA technician-level personnel since that time.
Since delivery of these prototype samplers, the Battelle-Columbus project
personnel responsible for their design and fabrication have maintained close
contact with EPA personnel involved in the current and future applications of
the pollutant collection capabilities of these samplers. During this period
several deficiencies have been observed in the performance of these samplers
when operated by untrained technicians in the field 24 hours a day for well
over a year. While these deficiencies have been taken care of in the field,
the remedial actions have given insight into design and materials changes that
would provide for better durability and ease of sampler operation in future
sampler construction. Besides these largely materials and assembly improve-
ments, several other optimization features have suggested themselves and/or
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have been recommended by EPA personnel. Operational and performance aspects,
including collection efficiency, precision, accuracy and reproducibility,
sharpness of cutoff stages, gas/substrate and gas/particle interaction were
not investigated in sufficient depth for total acceptance and use of the
Massive Respirable Particulate Air Samplers in future pollutant studies and
health assessment programs. This program, defined together with the EPA
Project Officer and described in the following sections, was designed to
improve the operational characteristics of the prototype samplers and to
obtain the needed performance measurement data.
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK
The primary objective of this program was to further develop, design, and
fabricate a second generation (Mark II) Massive Respirable Particulate Air
Sampler for the collection of airborne suspended particulate matter for use in
determining the composition and toxicity effects of the collections respirable
to humans, particularly the sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), and polycyclic organic
compounds.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY
An improved, Mark II, three-stage Massive Respirable Particulate Air
Sampler was designed to provide for the rapid collection of gram quantities of
ambient aerosols in three cutoff size ranges, namely, >3.5, 3.5 to 1.7, and
<1.7 ym. The latter two ranges generally are regarded as the sizes respirable
by humans. Two samplers were fabricated, test evaluated, and delivered to EPA
for subsequent use in particulate burden-health effects studies. The samplers
are unique in their capability to provide respirable-sized particulates in suf-
ficient masses for both bioassay screening and, when indicated, detailed chemical
characterization of the collections.
The sampler design utilizes two impactor stages (Teflon-coated steel)
followed by a high-efficiency electrostatic precipitator (55 steel plates
coated with conductive Teflon) to effect the three-stage size separation.
(A scalping stage before the first impactor removes the very large [>20 ym
diameter] particles.) A flow rate of 17.3 mVmin (as compared to a nominal
1.1 m3/min High-Volume sampler [Hi-Vol] flow) is obtained which, with a par-
ticulate loading of 100 yg/m3, gives a total 24-hour collection of about 2.5 g.
The collection efficiency of the sampler has been determined to be better than
90% for submicrometer particles, and the precision between two side-by-side
samplers better than 5%.
The collection stages are modular in design with duplicate modules
supplied for each sampler. In field operation, the impactor stages are re-
moved for sample recovery, and duplicate clean stages installed for nearly
continuous collection. The "loaded" stages can be taken to a clean area and
the sample recovered by use of a brush or Teflon-coated scraper. Also, the
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entire precipitator plate assembly can be removed when particulate loaded, and
a cleaned plate assembly installed. The precipitator assembly similarly can
be taken to a clean area for recovery. The use of Teflon-coated collection
surfaces minimizes any extraneous contamination and gas-substrate reactivity.
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SECTION 3
CONCLUSIONS
The redesigned and fabricated Mark II samplers have been thoroughly
tested in all collection aspects except for possible gas-particulate reactivity.
More thorough testing of reactivity can be performed at the EPA laboratories.
The durability of the Mark II samplers has been improved by the use of stronger
and less corrosive stainless steel components and of Teflon which has superior
dielectric properties and introduces less contamination into the collections.
When malfunctions do occur in the Mark II samplers, they are manifested by a
warning light, indicator gages, and power shutoff.
As pointed out in the Discussion section, the adoption of a conductive
Teflon to coat the surfaces of the electrostatic plates represents a technical
breakthrough. Such a use had not previously been attempted, and its adoption
greatly improved the hitherto tedious and time-consuming particulate recovery
operation. A further benefit is the reduced substrate contamination as
compared to that from the aluminum plate surfaces.
The reproducibility between samplers, particle size cutoff stage points,
and overall collection efficiencies have all been found to be sufficiently
valid for use of the samplers in the field to collect samples for detailed
chemical and toxicological characterization.
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SECTION 4
RECOMMENDATIONS
The design, fabrication, and test evaluation efforts have resulted in a
three-stage sampling system novel in capability to collect large masses of
particulates in respirable and nonrespirable particle size fractions. Until
the advent of these Massive Respirable Particulate Air Samplers, efforts to
relate health effects to particulate burdens have been hampered due to insuf-
ficient sample size for detailed chemical and bioassay-type analyses. Of
especial interest in assessing health effects are the chemical forms of sulfur
species present in a given environmental burden. With an insufficient sample
size, determinations often have been limited to total sulfur and/or sulfate
(804) values without measuring for reduced sulfur or organosulfur species.
Even when larger masses of samples have been obtained over relatively long
periods, these usually have not been fractionated into respirable and non-
respirable sizes and are not as meaningful as they could be, since studies
have, shown heavy metals, organic species, reduced sulfur compounds, and
certain nitrogen compounds to be concentrated in the smaller particle sizes.
A recommended use of the samplers to characterize atmospheric burdens
for health effects assessments very briefly is:
Locate the samplers where other monitoring information is being
obtained simultaneously, viz., hydrocarbon (HC), sulfur dioxide
(SO ), and ozone (0 ).
"Screen" the particulate fraction collections by bioassays and
broad-base analytical techniques such as spark source mass spectro-
graphy, ion chromatography, solvent separation followed by flame
detection infrared (FDIR).
Determine quantitatively those fractions or chemical species indicated
by the bioassays and/or the analytical screening to be potentially
toxic or hazardous.
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SECTION 5
EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
An experimental work plan was designed to meet the overall objectives
*
of the program and to encompass the efforts delineated in the scope of work.
This plan was amplified near the end of the contract period to provide for the
experimental trial of conductive Teflon coating on the electrostatic precipi-
tator plates and, if experimentally sound, the subsequent incorporation of
such a coating into the final sampler fabrication.
WORK PLAN
• Review of Prototype Air Sampler
Analysis of design and operational performance
Determination of impaction slot characteristics
• Formulation of Modifications
• Fabrication of Two Mark II Samplers
• Evaluation of Full-Scale Samplers
Laboratory aerosol tests
Ambient aerosol field tests
• Final Modifications, Based on Field Test Evaluations
• Preparation of Revised Drawings, Parts and Costs Lists, Operational
Instructions, and Preventive Maintenance Guide
The work plan was followed in detail as described in the following sec-
tions. A visit was made to the site where the prototype "Mark I" samplers
had been in continual operation for over a year, and operational problems were
8
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identified and reviewed with site personnel. These observations served as
the basis for most of the material and fabrication changes incorporated into
the Mark II samplers. Spare sets of the impactor and precipitator assemblies
were returned from the prototype operation to Battelle's Columbus Laboratories
for additional calibration and collection efficiency testing prior to making
modifications for optimum performance in the Mark II samplers.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK - LABORATORY EVALUATIONS
Fabrication Changes for Long-Term
Operational Performance
The initial sampler design was based on assumed 2- to 4-week sampling
periods at selected sites by personnel knowledgeable in the operational char-
acteristics of the samplers. Actual continuous operation over many months by
relatively untrained operators demonstrated that many design and fabrication
changes were needed to improve the functional capability of the sampler for
particulate collection and to facilitate recovery (removal) of the particulates
from the three sampler-collection stages. A major change for the Mark II
sampler was the redesign of the electrostatic precipitator plate holders. Al-
though the dielectric used for the prototype sampler performed adequately
under laboratory atmospheric conditions, it was found to absorb moisture in
the field which caused excessive voltage drain in the high-voltage section.
This problem was eliminated by the use of Teflon as a construction material
for the plate holder assembly. Another major field operational problem was
the physical breakdown of the high-voltage ionizing wires. These would break
on extended use and fall across the precipitator plates, causing parts of this
assembly to malfunction. Unless observed and repaired immediately, this would
result in incomplete collection of the finer size particulates. This problem
has been minimized by the use of soldered wire clip holders for the ionizing
wires, which lessens their stress-corrosion failure, and by automatic shutoff
of the sampler when the high voltage drops below a preset minimum.
-------
Other design and fabrication changes were made to better evaluate sampler
performance, improve safety of operation, and facilitate sample recovery.
These changes include:
• The precipitator section was enclosed within a stainless steel
frame to improve durability and strength. This permits it to be
lifted and removed by use of attached handles.
• High voltage to the precipitator plates is now supplied through a
contact in the back. This contact is broken when the precipitator
section is removed to minimize possible electrical shock hazard.
• The impactor plates are notched so that they can be inserted only
in the correct sequence and alignment.
• The impactor plate housing frame was redesigned for easier assembly.
• The samplers now have a running-hour-meter to record total sampling
time.
• The electrical circuit has a minimum voltage relay such that the
sampler is completely shut down in case of a high-voltage malfunction
to the precipitator plates.
• The sampler is equipped with two high-voltage power supplies,
one for the ionizing wires and another for the precipitator plate
voltage.
• The sampler is equipped with a red light to indicate failure and a
voltmeter to assist the operator in maintaining proper operation.
• The electrostatic collector plates are coated with conductive Teflon,
which facilitates particulate recovery and minimizes substrate
contamination.
Calibration of the Mark II Impaction Slots
The original prototype of the Massive Respirable Particulate Air Sampler
was taken to the Los Angeles Catalyst Study (LACS) sampling site before it was
thoroughly calibrated. The designed cutoff sizes for the two impaction stages
of the Mark I samplers were 3.5 um for Stage 1 and 1.7 um for Stage 2. The
actual cutoff sizes of the original samplers are given later in this discussion.
In order to obtain the impaction characteristics of the long slots, a
10
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miniature impactor was made that would accommodate either one or two slot
impaction jets of the same size to be used in the full-scale sampler. This
impactor was designed so that the jet-to-slot spacing could be varied over a
wide range. Particulates that did not impact on the impaction stage were
collected on a 142-mm glass fiber back-up filter.
The impaction efficiency curves for the impactor jets were determined
using monodispersed aerosols of dibutyl phthalate containing a highly
fluorescent dye. The aerosols were generated using a Bergman-Liu generator,
and the particles were passed through a heated duct to insure complete evapora-
tion of the diluting solvent (ethanol). The particle size distribution of the
particles was continuously monitored by cascade impactor sampling on coated
slides which were examined under the microscope.
Figure 1 shows the impaction characteristics of the first stage of the
Mark II Massive Respirable Particulate Air Sampler. The impaction slot is
oval (2.5 by 4.8 mm), and the distance between the jet and the impaction
target is 12.7 mm. The width of the impaction target is 6.3 mm. Several
combinations of these parameters were varied, and this set of conditions
produced the closest approximation of the Atmospheric Conference of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) respirable curve. The total air flow for
this condition was 17.3 m3/min. The jet-to-target distance could have been
reduced, but this would have required a reduced target size, resulting in very
frequent cleaning of the collection surface. The slot width of the first
stage of the Mark II sampler is 25% narrower than the Mark I. This change
reduces the velocity component for impaction of a given particle size and
necessitates more slots for a given volume flow rate. A reduced jet velocity
minimizes blowoff of collected particulates, especially when the deposit is
thick.
Figure 2 shows the impaction characteristics for the second stage of
the sampler (Mark II). The impaction slot is rectangular1(25.4 x 1.2 mm), and
the jet-to-target distance is 3.2 mm with a 12.7 mm target width.
Figure 3 shows a comparison of the ACGIH curve and the collection
efficiency of the first stage of the Mark II sampler. This plot shows a
11
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100
80
60
c
0)
0>
a.
o
c
a>
"u
c 40
o
20
O
Dw- jet width 4.8njim
Target width 6.3 mm
Jet to target I2.7mjn
Jet dimensions:
J4.8nr|m
o.o
O.I
0.2 0.3
Impaction Parameter i/T =
0.4
F_ /ev
0.5
0.6
O.7
Dc
FIGURE 1. IMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRST STAGE OF THE MASSIVE
VOLUME SAMPLER (MARKU)
-------
100
80
c
0>
if
0)
Q.
CJ
9?
'o
H—
»«—
LU
C.
o
CJ
o
Q.
E
60
40
20
Dw-jet width-4.8mm
Target width -12.7mm
Jet to target -3.2mm
Jet dimensions:
25.4m
m— 1 4
0.0
O.I
0.2
0.3
.0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
T /'ev \2"
Impaction Parameter v// =i — J Dp
FIGURE 2. IMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECOND STAGE OF THE MASSIVE VOLUME
SAMPLER (MARK I)
-------
c
O
TV
DC
c
OJ
O
0)
0.
IUU
80
60
40
20
°C
3.E
>/z aer
A
W
TIN-*
5.3;.
osol.^
J
(
)
K
L aero
^
/
7
"
-1.7/1
soU
^V
•$
7
X
y
* /
r-r~
X
^^
^-^
O ACGIH Curve
V Ist Stage High Volume Sam
(1/2 plate clearance)
aerosol
i
^-~^\
pier
) 2 4 6 81
Particle Size, micrometers
FIGURE 3. COMPARISON OF ACGIH CURVE AND COLLECTION
EFFICIENCY OF THE FIRST STAGE OF MASSIVE
VOLUME SAMPLER (MARKU)
14
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very close similarity for the two curves. The cutoff size of 3.5 ym and
the smaller particle sizes lie on both curves. Although there is some devia-
tion from the ACGIH curve for the larger sizes, it is minimal considering that
the ACGIH is only a theoretical approximation of the lung deposition characteris-
tics. This curve also shows the collection efficiency data obtained for three
different sizes of monodispersed aerosols (1.7, 3.5, and 5.3 ym) which were
used to challenge the completely assembled Mark II sampler head mounted in a
wind tunnel. These data show that there is no interaction between slots and
that the impaction data for the full-scale sampler can be predicted from single
slot data.
The collection efficiency of the impaction slots for the prototype sampler
(Mark I) was determined at the same time that the new impaction slots were
calibrated. Figure 4 shows the impaction characteristics for the impaction
slot used in the prototype Mark I sampler (6.3 x 25.4 mm oval slot). The
curve also shows the effect of reducing the target width (the narrower the
width, the more inefficient the sampler becomes in obtaining sharpness of cut-
off) . The total flow through the Mark I sampler was previously reported as
26.0 m3/min. However, an error was found in the integration data obtained
with the hot-wire anemometer. The true flow is actually 19.5 m /min. At
this flow rate the cutoff size for the first stage is 3.6 ym, and for the
second stage 2.1 ym.
Reproducibility Tests with Fluorescent Aerosols
After showing that identical data could be obtained with the full-scale
sampler as compared to single slots, the sampler was challenged with a fluores-
cent dye aerosol dissolved in Freon contained in a conventional aerosol can.
The particle size of various formulations was varied by changing propellant
concentrations and by adding small quantities of nonvolatile dibutyl phthalate.
Table 1 shows the reproducibility of the two new Mark II samplers when they
were used to sample the fluorescent aerosols. Three different aerosol formula-
tions, having mass median diameters of 2.1, 2.4, and 5.1 ym, and two samplers
(A and B) were used.
15
-------
100
"V28.6 mm width target (Mark I)
O 12.7 mm width target
80
c
(V
o
l_
(V
ex
o
c
0>
o
LJ
c
o
•4—
o
o
o
60
Dw- jet width 6.3mm
Impaction Parameter
/ ev N
"U8/iDw
D
FIGURE 4. IMPACTION EFFICIENCY CURVES FOR 6.3 mm WIDE JETS
16
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TABLE 1. REPRODUCIBILITY TESTS USING HETEROGENEOUS FLUORESCENT
AEROSOLS DISPENSED WITH CONVENTIONAL AEROSOL PACKAGES
Test
Can
Sampler
MMD ym
Grams Dispensed
Total Fluorescence
1
F
A
2.1
17.6
/- f\ *\ S- 1 A
2
F
B
2.1
17.5
f r\ ^ A T "i
3
E
A
2.4
18.3
T A t 1 rt*1 f
4
E
B
2.4
17.9
1 A A S\ /•* ••» CT
5
A
A
5.1
7.9
*^ T /"\ rt «^ r\
6
A
B
5.1
8.0
"•» *1 ^ ^ I" f\
. \J ^ ^J \JJ-~* \JU~J ~XJ, I -i. -XJLJ- U / —' J. T~X\J U I *J *) A.^ l_f^/W ^/^ J. _>.^_S
Units Collected 3g 41Q 3g Q52 ?? lgl 8Q 4g5 4Q 4Q5 4Q 1?()
per Gram Dispensed
Percent Collected
Stage 1
Stage 2
Precipitator
Backup filter
Overall Collection
Efficiency, % 97.2 97.5 96.7 96.7 ; 98.6 98.7
The aerosols were sprayed into a wind tunnel containing the massive
volume sampler heads and a special cascade impactor. A high volume filter
sampled the effluent from the Massive Respirable Particulate Air Samplers in
order to obtain the overall collection efficiency.
16.
51.
28.
2.
52
90
76
82
14.
50.
30.
2.
54
17
79
48
26.
51.
18.
3.
56
35
77
32
27
51
17
3
.76
.18
.80
.25
54.
29.
14.
1.
72
46
44
37
54.
29.
14.
1.
73
86
14
27
17
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FIELD REPRODUCIBILITY, EFFICIENCY, AND GAS-PARTICULATE
REACTIVITY TESTS AND RESULTS OF MARK II SAMPLERS
Reproducibility Tests Using Ambient Aerosols
In order to check the reproducibility of the two samplers in the field
with ambient aerosols, they were positioned outside the laboratories about
6 m apart. Because of building obstruction and possible variance in meteoro-
logical conditions, the sampler positions were interchanged daily in order to
minimize sample bias. The samplers were operated for 14 days. Table 2 shows
the weights of particulates removed from each collection surface. The alcohol
scrub was used to recover any particulate residue left on Stage 3 after the
normal scrape recovery. These results show that the two samplers have vir-
tually identical collection characteristics.
TABLE 2. REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE MARK II SAMPLERS
IN THE COLLECTION OF AMBIENT AEROSOLS
1st Impactor Stage (3.5 to 20 ym)
2nd Impactor Stage (1.7 to 3.5 ym)
3rd ESP Stage (<1.7 ym)
Alcohol Scrub of Precipitator Plates
Total
Sampler A
1.177 g
0.996 g
9.110 g
0.800 g
12.083 g
Sampler B
1.074 g
0.995 g
9.073 g
0.860 g
12.002 g
Cyclone Comparison of Massive Respirable Particulate
Air Sampler with Miniature Cyclones and High-Volume
Sampler Equipped with Andersen-2000 Impactor Head
A 14-d test was run in which a comparison was made among the respirable
fractions of particulates collected by the Massive Respirable Particulate Air
Sampler, two miniature cyclones, and a high-volume sampler equipped with an
18
-------
Andersen-2000 impaction head. The sampling rate for the Hi-Vol-Andersen
sampler was 1.1 m3/min. The operating voltage of the precipitator action of
the Massive Respirable Particulate Air Sampler was 7600 V (positive corona),
which is about 78% efficient for submicrometer particles.
Table 3 shows the comparative collection rates for the three types of
samplers. These results indicate that the concentration of the respirable
fraction obtained by the cyclones and the Hi-Vol-Andersen sampler is about
39 yg/m3, while the Massive Respirable Particulate Air Sampler gave a con-
centration of 32 yg/m3. Correcting for operation at the low-ionizing voltage
o
yields a concentration of 40 yg/m (see Table 4).
TABLE 3. COMPARATIVE COLLECTION RATE FOR THREE TYPES OF
RESPIRABLE AEROSOL SAMPLERS
Sampler
Sampling Rate
Sample Weight
High Volume
(Andersen)
1.13 m3/min
895.9
Miniature
a
8.72 1/min 8.
6.37
Cyclones
b
26 1/min
6.48
Massive Res-
pirable Part
iculate Air
(Mark II)
17. 3 m3/min
11,210
collected <3.5 (mg)
Volume of Air Sampled
(m3)
Concentration of res-
pirable particulates
(yg/m3)
22,780
39
175.8
36
166.5
39
348,800
32*
*80% of sample collected on precipitator plates; correcting for low collection
efficiency at operating voltage, the respirable concentration would be 36 yg/m3.
Massive Respirable Particulate Air Sampler Collection
Efficiency of Submicrometer Aerosols
The collection efficiency of the Massive Respirable Particulate Air
Sampler for submicrometer aerosols was determined using the Minnesota Aerosol
19
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TABLE 4. COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF PARTICLES SMALLER THAN
0.42 ym AT DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR
THE MASSIVE RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE AIR SAMPLER
Test
1
to
0 2
3
4
5
6
Sampler Exit
Concentration*
yg/m
2.88
2.48
2.39
1.37
1.95
1.22
Corona
Sign
Positive
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Corona
Voltage
7800
7800
7800
9500
11 500
13 000
Plate
Voltage
7800
7800
7800
7800
7800
7800
Ozone t
Concentration
Above Background ,
ppm
0
0.025
0.025
0.050
0.120
0.220
Collection
Efficiency,
Percent
66.0
80.4
81.1
89.2
84.6
90.4
*Ambient aerosol concentration 12.7 ym/m3.
tAmbient background ozone concentration 0.05 ppm.
-------
Analyzing System. The instrument was used to determine the concentration of
ambient aerosols in the size range from 0.028 to 0.42 ym. These measurements
were made at the sampler inlet and outlet for varfLous operating conditions.
Table 4 lists the collection efficiency for the total integrated mass of
particles in the above size range. The table also lists the ozone generation
rate for the different operating voltages.
The raw data show that for a given operating condition the efficiency
was fairly consistent and did not drop off as the particle size decreased.
Evaluation of Gas-Substrate and Gas-Particle Reactivity
Considerable evidence (1-5) exists on artifact particulate formulation
with the use of certain filter substances for aerosol collection. High ef-
ficiency filters have large surface areas on which monolayers of gases can
adsorb and undergo chemical reactions to form artifact sulfate and nitrate
salts. This problem is much less severe when quartz, pH neutral glass, or
Teflon filters are substituted for the more commonly used alkaline glass
filters, but some interaction has still been found. It was not anticipated
that similar reactivity would occur in the Massive Respirable Particulate
Air Sampler precipitator collections, but efforts were made to ascertain any
reactivity. The electrostatic precipitator collector stage of the Massive
Respirable Particulate Air Sampler employs 55 aluminum sheets measuring ap-
proximately 43 x 28 cm charged with a high electrostatic voltage. (Note:
After completing the substrate and gas-particle interaction studies described
below, the aluminum collection surfaces were coated with a conductive Teflon
surface. Therefore, the results of the studies using aluminum substrates may
not apply to the more chemically inert Teflon substrate surfaces.)
To evaluate substrate and gas-particle reactivity, a series of experiments
were made wherein the two assembled samplers were set up side by side with one
sampling ambient air spiked with well-above (10X) ambient concentrations of
S0_, NO7, and O , while the other sampled ambient air only. These experiments
21
-------
were performed sequentially; i.e., the S0_ spike and nonspike experiments were
run followet
each study.
run followed by the 0 and then the NO spike. Two-day runs were made for
In these experiments it was planned to evaluate reactivity by two methods:
(a) using a calibrated gas analyzer to monitor at the exit of the samplers,
alternating measurements between the spike gas flow sampler and the nonspike
gas flow sampler; and (b) removal and chemical analyses of particulates col-
lected on each sampler. These experimental trials were largely unsuccessful
due to erratic operation of both the gas-measuring monitors and the spike gas
flow system, as well as the very small masses of particulates collected during
the experimental trials. The SO spike experiment indicated minimal reactivity,
but the error bars were too large for positive results as can be seen in
Table 5.
TABLE 5. 24-h AVERAGES OF REACTIVITY OF GASES SAMPLED
AS MEASURED THROUGH SAMPLERS
(results in ppb)
Reactant Gas S0_
±75
Sampler "A" Spike, Addition to Ambient 750
±13
Sampler "B", Measured Ambient Concentration 48
at Exit
±28
Sampler "A", Measured Spike and Ambient . 775
Concentration at Exit
Sampler "A", Concentration over Ambient 727
The SO spike experiments followed by SO determinations of the collected
particulates show nominally equal (0.49 versus 0.61%) SO contents in the
particulates recovered from the electrostatic stages of the two samplers.
However, the finding of only about 0.5% ambient air sulfate appears unusual
even in view of the fact that during the period of these experiments (mid-
March 1976) there was considerable rainfall which would tend to clean the
atmosphere. Another factor casting doubt on the evaluation of these data is
22
-------
the small amount of total mass collected in the series of 2-d spike experi-
ments. An average of only MD.5 g of particulate was recovered from the
precipitator stages during the experiments, due to the very low atmospheric
particulate loading during the rainy 2-d collection periods. Rigorous
scraping of the precipitator plates was required for recovery of the collected
particulate with the result that a disproportionately high amount of aluminum
and aluminum oxide subsurfaces was included in the particulate samples used
for the chemical determinations. (This problem of difficult removal and
metal, metal-oxide contamination and possible chemical reaction was resolved
with the use of Teflon-coated plates.)
The NO and 0 gas spike-measurement data were too erratic for valid
interpretation. The experiments did emphasize the difficulty in recovering
small masses of particulates from the precipitator plates, and attention was
given to resolving this problem with the resultant adoption of coating the
plates with conductive Teflon. This provides a very smooth surface in contrast
to the previously used aluminum surface which eventually becomes oxidized,
somewhat porous, and irregular, making complete recovery difficult.
Feasibility of Coating Precipitator Plates with Teflon
The original Mark I samplers utilized 55 high-purity aluminum plates
for high-efficiency collection of the small size range particles in the
electrostatic precipitator section of the sampler. These plates, which are
removable for sample recovery, are 43 x 28 cm in size. One of the major
problems with the Mark I sampler has been the time and effort required to
recover the small particles from all this surface area. Razor blade scraping
has been the quickest way, but this introduces contamination from the razor
blade and from the aluminum substrate. Several suggestions were made to apply
nonmetallic polymer-type coatings to the plates. However, most of the people
familiar with electrostatics believed that these would be inefficient since
the surface would not be conductive. Experimental trials were made using
thin Teflon-coated surfaces, but these proved to be nonconductive and were
judged inefficient. Subsequent to these trials, proprietary discussions with
23
-------
people at E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co. revealed the availability of Teflon
containing graphite that was reported to be fairly conductive. A few gallons
of this product were located, and several plates were coated and evaluated in
the sampler. This trial showed that each graphite fiber acted as a needle
electrode and caused the complete plate to ionize. Further investigation re-
vealed another formulation containing a high percentage of carbon black which
made it a better conductor. It was tried and appeared to be satisfactory.
After several unsuccessful trials to obtain a suitable way to adhere the
carbon-impregnated Teflon to the plates, a suitable application mode was found,
and one set of coated precipitator plates was obtained. Comparisons were made
with a set of uncoated plates. For these tests the Massive Respirable Parti-
culate Air Sampler head was placed in a wind tunnel and challenged with fluores-
cent aerosols identical to those used in the reproducibility tests.
Table 6 lists the results for two different aerosol formulations. The
quantity of particulates obtained on the different collection surfaces was
determined by washing the dye off of all surfaces with absolute ethanol, and
the concentrations of dye were measured by a fluorophotometer. This table
shows that the collection efficiency of the sampler was the same regardless
of the type of precipitator plates.
Figure 5 is a particle size distribution plot of the second set of
fluorescent aerosol generated by Can "E" as obtained by a special Battelle
cascade impactor. This plot shows that the mass median diameter of the
aerosol is 2.8 ym. The plot also shows the two data points obtained with
the Massive Respirable Particulate Air Samplers. Twenty-eight percent of the
aerosol mass was collected on Stage 1 (3.5 ym), and the distribution shows
that about 32% was larger than that size. This is very good agreement con-
sidering that some of the material, removed by the scalping inlet stage, was
not analyzed. The second data point for the 1.7 ym fell exactly on the
distribution curve.
24
-------
TABLE 6. COMPARISON OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF TEFLON-COATED ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
PLATES WITH UNCOATED ALUMINUM PLATES USING FLUORESCENT AEROSOL
to
LTI
Teflon Coated
Collection Surface
Fluorescent Units
Percent of Total
Uncoated
Fluorescent Units
Aluminum
Percent of Total
Test 1 - Can E
Stage 1
Stage 2
Precipitator plates
Backup filter
950
1 670
475
19
3 115
000
130
600
460
190
30.50
53.61
15.26
0.62
1 198
1 915
543
27
3 684
436
246
850
168
702
32.52
51.98
14.75
0.73
Test 2 - Can F
Stage 1
Stage 2
Precipitator plates
Backup filter
161
667
490
10
059
500
200
350
12.12
50.22
36.88
0.78
247
880
564
12
450
000
849
900
14.51
51.6
33.12
0.76
1 329 109
1 705 199
-------
g>
a>
c
-------
For the above series of tests, a negative voltage was used for both the
ionizing wires (10,000 V) and the precipitator plates (6400 V). Table 6
also shows that by using a negative voltage the overall collection efficiency
was increased (99.2% as compared to about 97% for all the same conditions
using a positive corona).
Measurement of Collection Efficiency of Teflon-Coated Precipitator Plates
The collection efficiency of the Massive Respirable Particulate Air
Sampler containing Teflon-coated precipitator plates was determined with the
Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System. Ambient air was sampled, and the particle
concentration was measured at the sampler inlet and outlet.
Figure 6 is a plot of the collection efficiency obtained over the
particle size range of 0.013 to 0.75 ym. This plot shows that the average
collection efficiency for the submicrometer particles is over 90%. For this
test the voltage on the precipitator plates was 5500 V, and the ionizing wires
carried a negative potential of 10,000 V.
27
-------
100
NJ
03
C
O)
o
g. 80
o
I 60
LJ
.2 40
o
"o
o
Q
O
0.01
0.05 0.10
Particle Size, micrometers
0.50
1.0
FIGURE 6. COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF MARK H MASSIVE-VOLUME SAMPLER
OBTAINED WITH THE MINNESOTA AEROSOL ANALYZING SYSTEM
ON AMBIENT PARTICLES
-------
SECTION 6
DISCUSSION
The Mark II second generation samplers represent substantial improvement
over the initially designed and fabricated Mark I prototype samplers. Com-
ponents that were observed to show wear, distortion, and failure have been
strengthened and/or changed. Notable changes were (a) the use of stainless
steel for the frames holding the precipitator plates, (b) the use of noncon-
ductive Teflon with its better dielectric properties, (c) the addition of an
inplace-shelf to hold the heavy precipitator assembly when it is being changed,
(d) the improvement to the ionizing wire holders, and (e) the use of conductive
Teflon coating on the precipitator plates to aid in collected sample removal.
Use in the field by relatively untrained operators has been made feasible
and safer by:
• The preparation of a more comprehensive and detailed operating
instruction and preventive maintenance document.
• The additions of an indicator light, a running-hour-meter, a
flow meter and a voltmeter to permit ready observation of proper
or improper running conditions.
• The inclusion of a minimum voltage relay to automatically shut
down the sampler in the case of voltage malfunction to the pre-
cipitator plates.
• The inclusion of notches in the impactor'plates so they can be
inserted only in the proper sequence and alignment.
• The use of a high-voltage safety contact which is broken when the
precipitator section is removed.
29
-------
An important feature is the addition of a more rugged and versatile
high-voltage system with two high-voltage supplies — one for the ionizing
wires and one for the precipitator plates — to permit the use of various volt-
ages and either positive or negative corona.
The incorporation of a conductive Teflon coating for the precipitator
plates represents an advance over the high-purity aluminum collector surfaces
used in the Mark I samplers. After continued use, especially in a relatively
corrosive atmosphere such as Los Angeles, the aluminum plate surfaces become
oxidized, making particulate recovery increasingly difficult to carry out with-
out excessive inclusion of the oxidized aluminum surface materials. The
smoother, more inert Teflon-coated plates enable particulate recovery to be
done easier, faster, and relatively contaminant-free.
Experimental tests of the samplers' efficiencies, reproducibility, particle
size cutoff stages, and overall operational performances have shown good re-
sults as described in the experimental text of this report. The raw data and
results of these tests are recorded in Laboratory Notebook No. 32484.
Details of all engineering changes are included in newly prepared
drawings, which with an accompanying parts list, including prices and manu-
facturer, should enable future samplers to be fabricated by equipment manu-
facturers or job shops. The accompanying Appendixes consists of comprehen-
sive information regarding the Mark II sampler. Appendix A is a description
of the sampler and operating procedures. Appendix B contains (1) a list of
the revised drawings followed by reproduction of them.
30
-------
REFERENCES
1. Lee, R.E., and J. Wagman. A Sampling Anomoly in the Determination of
Atmospheric Sulfate Concentration. J. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., 27:266,
1966.
2. Radian Corporation. Sulfur Dioxide Interferences in the Measurement of
Ambient Particulate Sulfate. (EPRI 262),Austin, Texas, January 1966.
3. Pierson, W.R., R.H. Hammerle, and W. Brachaizek. Sulfate Formed by
Interaction of Sulfur Dioxide with Filters and Aerosol Deposits. Anal.
Chem., 48:1808, 1976.
4. Coutant, R.W. Effect of Environmental Variables on Collection of
Atmospheric Sulfates. Environ. Sci. Tech., 11:9, 1977.
5. Battelle-Columbus Laboratories. Studies of the Effect of Environmental
Variables on the Collection of Atmospheric Nitrate and the Development
of a Sampling and Analytical Nitrate Method, Interim Report to the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-02-2213, Columbus, Ohio,
January 1977.
31
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32
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APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR THE MARK II
MASSIVE RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE AIR SAMPLER
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF MASSIVE RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE
AIR SAMPLER
The Massive Respirable Particulate Air Sampler is designed to pull a very
large volume of air, ^25 000 m3/day, through the sampler system and to collect
particulates in three size ranges. The first two size ranges of 3.5 to 20 ym
and 1.7 to 3.5 ym are collected by a two-stage impactor system housed in an
impactor assembly module, and the third size range, <1.7 ym, is collected by
a high-efficiency electrostatic precipitator.
Viewing Figure A-l, the air inlet is through the 50.8-mm slot seen near
the top of the assembly. A Nylon small mesh screen (not pictured) is wrapped
around this air inlet to prevent the entry of small insets. The impactor
assembly is in a drawer, closed by snaplocks on either side of the sampler
just below the air inlet. The electrostatic assembly is located just below
the impactor assembly. It is also closed by snaplocks. The motor and motor
housing is in the back of the sample collector. A galvanized duct is usually
coupled to the air exhaust outlet to minimize reentrainment of ground dust in
the immediate area of the sampler operation. The instrument panel includes a
magnehelic flow gage, a running-hour-meter, a voltmeter, and a red indicator
light to help insure proper operation.
Of course, the particulate collections should be kept separate when
recovered. They should be placed in large opaque containers (Teflon is preferred)
according to stages:
33
-------
FIGURE A-l. OVERALL PHOTOGRAPH OF MASSIVE-VOLUME AIR
SAMPLER (MARK II)
34
-------
First Stage, Impactor - Size 3.5 to 20 ym
Second Stage, Impactor - Size 1.7 to 3.5 ym
Third Stage, Electrostatic Precipitator - Size <1.7 ym
Refrigeration is recommended to minimize possible chemical interaction.
Two impactor assembly modules and two electrostatic precipitator assemblies
are provided with each sampler so that sampling can be nearly continuous;
i.e., a cleaned assembly can be put in when the particulate-laden assembly is
removed.
In operation the sequence of sample collection is as follows:
• Shut off power to the motor blower and to the electrostatic
precipitator, generally every 24-h period.
• Remove the impactor plate assembly from the sampler and take it
to a clean area or place in the impactor assembly shipping box.
• Install a second impactor plate assembly having cleaned (parti-
culates removed—not washed) the plates.
• Start up the sampler again.
• In a clean area, remove the collected particulates from the impactor
plates and replace the plates in the assembly for reinstallation and
collection in the sampler. The objective of this operation (which
is repeated every 1 to 3 d) is to prevent excessive particulate ,
buildup on the impaction plates which could be blown off, resulting
in improper size fractionation. Do not wash or excessively scrub
the particulates from the plates. Repeated collection and removal
will result in nearly total recovery over a time period.
• The electrostatic assembly sample recovery should follow the same
general procedure as above, except that the assembly will be changed
only about twice a month. The recovery of particulates from the
55 plates or about 13.9 m2 of surface will require a 4- to 8-h
effort. Since space and time for contaminant-free sample recovery
may not be available at the field site, and since the recovery needs
to be done only every 2 to 4 weeks, normally, it is recommended that
the electrostatic assembly containing the particulate-loaded plates
be placed in the shipping box provided and taken to a well-equipped
clean laboratory for particulate recovery, reinstallation of the 55
plates, and reshipment to the field collection site.
35
-------
OPERATIONAL GUIDE
Setup of Sampler System
It is assumed in this description that no electrical connections have
been made and that the impactor plate assembly and electrostatic precipitator
assembly are not in place in the sampler.
Step One—
Select a location to provide intake air at the desired vertical level.
Keep in mind that the exhaust air flow is of a very high volume and may re-
suspend particulates which could get into the inlet. A large sheet of plastic
spread below the sampler base or an extended exhaust can minimize this problem.
Step Two—
The base on which the sampler and blower motor are placed should be
approximately level. The weight of the sampler and blower motor is about 225 kg.
Step Three—
Secure the sampler and blower motor independently to the base to minimize
movement during operation. Prior to fastening, be certain that the blower motor
housing inlet is in alignment and snugly fitted to the bottom sampler air fit-
ting. The sampler should also be positioned so that the high-velocity blower
exhaust is not deflected back into the sampler inlet.
Step Four—
Install impactor plate assembly (Figure A-2). Open the two snap fasteners
located near the top of the sampler and raise the door opening. A magnetic
latch will hold the door open. Remove the impactor plate assembly from the
36
-------
FIGURE A-2. IMPACTOR PLATE ASSEMBLY MODULE, PARTIALLY WITHDRAWN
37
-------
shipping box and carefully slide the impactor assembly (Figure A-2) into the
opening. [Note: An impactor plate assembly may be already in place in the
sampler. In that case ascertain that it has clean plates and reserve the
second assembly for the next collection.]
The impactor plate assembly holder is a rigid box constructed of anodized
aluminum. It has a removable end plate which permits the insertion of the
impactor plates. The end pla^e is held in place with two knurled brass screws
located in the middle of the plate. The impaction plates are constructed of
stainless steel and are notched so that they can be inserted only in the proper
sequence and have the proper slot alignment. The plate holder assembly has
pins in the back which are spaced about 25.4 mm apart and fit the notches in
the impaction plates when they are aligned properly. The proper impaction plate
sequence is as follows:
Plate
Position
Slot Width, mm
1
2
3
4
Top
2nd
3rd
Bottom
4.8
9.6
1.2
3.2
Purpose
Stage 1 Jets
Stage 1 Impaction Plates
Stage 2 Jets
Stage 2 Impaction Plates
Be certain that these are placed in the right sequence (see slot width dia-
meters above) and in the correct directions—notches to the rear. Do not
force unnecessarily. Be certain of the proper alignment.
Step Five—
Install the electrostatic assembly (Figure A-3) by: (a) similarly
opening the two snaplocks located on either side near the bottom of the sampler,
(b) opening the electrostatic precipitator door until it is held by the mag-
netic latch, and (c) carefully sliding the electrostatic assembly into place.
(Electrical control to the high-voltage power supply is made by spring contact
when the assembly makes contact with the back wall.) After the precipitator is
placed completely within the sampler, it will then be possible to close the
38
-------
FIGURE A-3. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR ASSEMBLY, PARTIALLY WITHDRAWN
39
-------
door and lock it with the two snap connectors. A rear view of the sampler
(Figure A-4) shows the shelf on which the electrostatic assembly is held during
installation and removal.
Step Six—
After completion of the above steps, the sampler is ready to be connected
to an electrical outlet which has a capacity of at least 20 A. In order to
start the sampler, the following steps should be followed:
(a) Set high-voltage meter relay at 2000 V.
(b) Turn both circuit breaker switches on (switches are located at
side of control box.
(c) Push in override switch in the middle of control box. This will
override high-voltage relay switch.
(d) Adjust potentiometer so that the high voltage to precipitator plates
is approximately 5000 V. (Minimal arcing across plate should occur.)
(e) If excessive arcing occurs, check precipitator plates for straightness.
A bent plate will reduce spacing between plates and will cause arcing
at a low-voltage setting.
(f) If it is not possible to obtain any voltage reading on the plates,
check for proper orientation. Each plate is notched and the
unnotched end fits into a spring clip attached to a bus bar.
Therefore, the notches on every other plate are opposite each
other. If one plate gets in backwards, it will short out the
power supply.
(g) Check magnehelic gage reading. The magnehelic gage measures the
pressure drop across the sampler. Without any excessive leaks,
the magnehelic gage should read approximately 16.0 cm of water
pressure drop. This is equivalent to 17.3 m /min.
Step Seven—
Changing impactor assembly and recovery of impaction collection— Remove
the impactor plate assembly, replace it with spare assembly, and close the
door. Start up sampler again. [Note: As instructed in Step Four, the
40
-------
FIGURE A-4. REAR VIEW OF MASSIVE-VOLUME AIR SAMPLER
41
-------
sampler is kept in nearly continuous operation by alternate use of two
assemblies changed every 24 to 72 h.]
Recovery (requires about 1/2 h)— Place a long clean strip of heavy gage
aluminum foil on work bench to catch any spilled material removed from plates.
Place a second piece of aluminum foil in the center of the working area.
Remove impactor plate assembly door, and remove and clean plates in the
following sequence:
(a) Top Plate. The top plate is the impactor jet for the first stage
and should collect very little if any particulate (any material
which is collected probably caused primarily by electrostatics).
Brush any material off of the plate and place in a sample collec-
tion bottle labeled "1st Stage." Set the cleaned plate aside for
subsequent reinstallation in the assembly, keeping in mind its
correct orientation.
(b) Second Plate (1st Stage Collector). Remove plate and stand plate
up with slots perpendicular to table top, placed in the middle of
the top aluminum foil with the dirty side facing you. Then use a
soft spatula to scrape dirt off plate. Start at the middle of
the plate and scrape down. After the bottom half of the plate
has been scraped, brush any particulates from the slots with a
camel's hair brush. Set plate aside, and transfer particulates to
sample bottle (1st Stage) by using the aluminum foil sheet as a
funnel; if any material is spilled, remove it from the bottom
layer of foil. Replace both layers of foil, and scrape other half
of plate (positioned with collected particulates near the foil).
Repeat above procedure. Please note that it is much easier to
remove ambient samples after they have been allowed to equilibrate
with the humidity in the room air (dry particles are much easier
to remove than damp ones). There is no need to insure that 100%
of the particles are removed since the process is repeated at the
end of the next sample period.
(c) Third Plate. This is the slot plate for the second impactor stage
assembly. It should contain very little collection material. Treat
as with (a) above, but place any collections in a sample bottle marked
"2nd Stage."
(d) Fourth Plate. This plate contains the second stage impactor col-
lections. Treat as with (b) above, but add the collections to
the sample bottle marked "2nd Stage."
42
-------
How often the plates need to be cleaned is a function of the ambient
dust loading. It is recommended that they be scraped at least twice weekly
in a moderately dirty atmosphere. (Test at the LACS has shown that there is
no great loss or blowoff of particulates for periods even up to 10 d.
Step Eight—
Change of Electrostatic Assembly*—
(a) Turn off all electrical power to sampler.
(b) Open the two snaplocks and raise door to assembly until it engages
the magnetic latch. Pull assembly out until it rests on platform.
Although the unit is disconnected from power supply, it is advisable
to place a screw driver across any two plates in order to discharge
any capacitor effect.
(c) Place the electrostatic assembly with the particulate-laden plates
in the shipping boxes provided or take immediately to clean area.
(d) Install the second electrostatic assembly.
Step Nine—
Recovery of Sample Collection from Electrostatic Plates— Open the
shipping box and remove the electrostatic assembly in a clean area. Remove
the plates individually, place on clean subsurface such as aluminum wrap (see
Step Seven), and remove the collected particulates by scraping both sides of
each plate with a sharp-edged plastic or Teflon spatula. Using a clean lab
brush, brush the particulates into a sample bottle labeled "electrostatic
precipitator catch."
*The time interval for this change will vary depending on the particulate
loading of the location being sampled. If the loading is known to be
M.OO yg/m3, a weekly to bimonthly change appears appropriate from sample
collection and recovery aspects.
43
-------
After recovery of the sample, scrub the plates clean using a detergent,
rinse with deionized water, dry, and reinstall the plates back into the electro-
static assembly according to the following procedure.*
The precipitator plate assembly is designed so that every other plate is
either at ground potential or connected to the high-voltage potential. Thus,
in order that the individual plates can be interchangeable, they are notched
at the bottom corner so that there will not be a direct short across the two
bus bars. The first plate should be installed so that the unnotched corner
slides into a small clip attached to the bus bar and the notched corner does
not touch the bus bar on opposite side. Each additonal plate is placed in
the same manner, and the notches will be opposite each other. This positioning
is absolutely necessary for sampler operation.
After the plates have been installed, place the assembly into the shipping
box and ship back to the sampling site.
*This step is optional. If a continuous sampling at a specific site is main-
tained, the plates can be reinstalled without washing. They should be
thoroughly cleaned if the sample site is moved or if there is definite indica-
tion that the air contaminants at the sampling site have changed.
44
-------
APPENDIX B
PARTS/PRICE/SUPPLIER LIST AND
REPRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS
Appendix B consists of two parts:
Table B-l: Parts, Price and Supplier List
Complete set of drawings for construction of the sampler
45
-------
TABLE B-l. EPA MASSIVE VOLUME AIR SAMPLER PARTS/PRICE/SUPPLIER LIST
46
-------
TABLE B-l. EPA MASSIVE VOLUME AIR SAMPLER PARTS/PRICE/SUPPLIER LIST
QUANTITY
DRAWING NUMBER/
PART NUMBER
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
PRICE
SUPPLIER
110
110
6352-D-039-042
6352-D-005
6352-D-005
C-16C20
B-671
CGH-5
Model-D
Teflon coat with conductive teflon $225
impactor plates
Teflon coat with conductive teflon $550
electrostatic plates
Teflon rod, 1" diameter x 12" $ 12
long
6061-T6 Aluminum Sheets, 12" x $150
18" x 16 gauge (0.050-in. thick)
16 x 20 x 11-5/32 consolet (hoffman) $ 40
1-hp open dripproof motor, 115 N., $ 70
1 phase, 3450 rpm, #56 frame
1000 meg. ohm resistors
$ 50
American Standard blower,
1000 CFM, hp
$250
Wilkinson Ind. Coatings, Inc.
107 E. 2nd Street
Williamstown, W. Va. 26187
American Plastic Distributors
1375 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43212
Williams & Company
900 Williams Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43216
Electric Motor & Control Corp.
57 E. Chestnut Street
Columbus, Ohio 43215
Columbus Electrical Works Co.
777 N. 4th Street
Columbus, Ohio 43215
IRC Division
TRW, Inc.
P. O. Box 393
Boone, North Carolina 28607
Kramer Equipment Company
1350 West Fifth Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43212
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
DRAWING NUMBER/
QUANTITY PART NUMBER
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
PRICE
SUPPLIER
GO
Model 2010
190-225-101
(W92X11-2-25)
122-202-101
(W91X-11-2-2)
50-240311AAAB
Magnehelic differential pressure
gage, 0-10" of water
Wood electric circuit breaker,
25 amp
Wood electric circuit breaker,
2 amp
G.E. elapsed time indicator
103-3101-1211-403 Indicator lamp assembly, dial CO
53-0402-7502
115F60
20241-83
API meter relay
Amperite flasher relay
Series 900 detrol relay
$ 30
$ 25
$ 10
$ 30
$ 5
$200
$ 3
$ 10
Dwyer Instruments, Inc.
P. O. Box 393
Michigan City, Indiana 46360
Newark Electronics
9799 Princeton Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 43246
Pioneer Standard Electronics
1900 Troy Street
Dayton, Ohio 45404
Graham Electronics
1843 North Reading Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45215
Pioneer Standard Electronics
1900 Troy Street
Dayton, Ohio 45404
Hughes-Peters, Inc.
481 E. llth Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43211
McJunkin Corporation
1700 Joyce Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43219
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
vo
QUANTITY
2
2
DRAWING NUMBER/
PART NUMBER
SHW-1626
SKHL-1628
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
Braun latch
Braun keaper
PRICE
$14/
set
SUPPLIER
Braun Manufacturing Company
1655 N. Kostner Avenue
1
2
1
110
1
9
1
1
1
4
AUC-045
6352-D-001
6352-D-002
6352-D-003
6352-D-004
6352-D-005
6352-D-006
6352-D-008
6352-D-012
6352-D-013
6352-D-016
6352-D-019
Power supplies, 10 KV, 5 milliamps $444
Cover
Electrostatic precipitator housing
Wire retainer
Electrostatic door
Electrostatic plate
High voltage spring contact
Separator plate
Impactor flange housing
Large particle separator
Impactor door
Electrostatic door handle bracket
(continued)
Chicago, Illinois 60639
Advanced High Voltage Co.
14532 Arminta Avenue
Van Nuys, California 91402
T. N. Cook, Inc.
3520 Fulton, East
Columbus, Ohio 43227
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
DRAWING NUMBER/
QUANTITY PART NUMBER
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
PRICE
SUPPLIER
ui
o
2
2
1
1
8
2
2
2
2
4
4
6352-D-020
6352-D-021
6352-D-022
6352-D-031
6352-D-032
6352-D-038
6352-D-039
6352-D-040
6352-D-041
6352-D-042
6352-D-007
6352-D-009
6352-D-014
High voltage plate contact
Electrostatic drawer handle
Electrostatic drawer housing
Base plate
Exit duct
Impact housing bracket
Upper nozzle (plate No. 1)
Upper impactor plate (No. 2)
Lower nozzle (plate No. 3)
Lower impactor plate (No. 4)
Electrostatic insulator, front
and rear housing
High voltage insulator plate
Adjustable corner brace
(continued)
T. N. Cook, Inc.
3520 E. Fulton
Columbus, Ohio 43227
$3,562/lot
Blacklick Machine Shop
265 North Street
Blacklick, Ohio 43004
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
QUANTITY
2
1
2
6
12
4
14
4
8
2
2
2
DRAWING NUMBER/
PART NUMBER
6352-D-017
6352-D-018
6352-D-023
6352-D-025
6352-D-027
6352-D-029
6352-D-035
6352-D-036
6352-D-037
6352-D-043
6352-D-044
6352-D-045
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER PRICE SUPPLIER
Rear impactor plate frame - Blacklick Machine Shop
265 North Street
Blacklick, Ohio 43004
High voltage insulator cap - "
Right impactor plate frame - "
lonization wire insulator - "
Stiffener "T" bar
Bus bar - "
Front impactor plate alignment pin - "
Impactor frame front alignment pin - "
Rear impactor plate regulator pin - "
Impactor frame front cross member - "
Left impactor plate frame - "
Front impactor plate frame - "
2
2
T-9755
Amerock magnetic catch
1/4 x 1" strap x 8', cold rolled
steel
$3,782/Lot
$ 5 Battelle Stock Items
$ 5
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
en
to
DRAWING NUMBER/
QUANTITY PART NUMBER PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
2
1
1
1
2
1 6352-D-010
1 6352-D-015
1 6352-D-011
110 6352-D-028
100' 6352-D-024
Hose bib (brass), 1/8"
Aluminum plate, 13.62 x 20.62 x
20 Ky Insulated Wire x 25'
3/16" x 1" x 81 Support Bracket;
Cold Rolled Steel
1/8" x 1" x 1" x 81 Angle;
Cold Rolled Steel
Electrostatic Flange Gasket;
1/8" Neoprene Foam Rubber
Impactor Door Gasket, 1/8"
Neoprene Foam Rubber
Flange Gasket, 1/8" Neoprene
Foam Rubber
0.030" Brass
lonization Wire, 0.005",
PRICE SUPPLIER
$ 1 Battelle Stock Items
1/4 $ 10
$ 25
$ 15
$ 15
$ 15
$ 15
$ 15
$ 25
$50/Roll
20
Stainless Steel
E0120-016-0750-S Extension spring, 1/8" diameter
3/4" long
5-40 UNC
Round head cap screw, 1" long,
stainless steel
$ 20 Associated Spring or Equivalent
Battelle Stock Items
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
DRAWING NUMBER/
QUANTITY PART NUMBER
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
PRICE
SUPPLIER
ui
u>
6
14
14
4
28
24
4
4
12
16
5-40 UNC
5-40 UNC
#5
5-40 UNC
6-32 UNC
6-32 UNC
6-32 UNC
6-32 UNC
6-32 UNC
6-32 UNC
8-32 UNC
10-24 UNC
Round head cap screw, 1/2" long,
stainless steel
Hex nut, stainless steel
Lockwasher, stainless steel
Round head cap screw x 1/2" long,
stainless steel
Flat head screw x 5/8" long,
stainless steel
Socket head cap screw x 1/2" long,
stainless steel
Round head screw x 1/2" long,
stainless steel
Round head screw x 3/4" long,
stainless steel
Hex nut, stainless steel
Round head screw x 3/8" long,
stainless steel
Round head screw x 5/15" long,
stainless steel
Round head cap screw x 1/2" long,
stainless steel
Battelle Stock Items
(continued)
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
QUANTITY
60
76
60
DRAWING NUMBER/
PART NUMBER
10-24 UNC
#10
10-24 UNC
PART NAME/MANUFACTURER
Hex nut, stainless steel
Lockwasher, stainless steel
Round head cap screw x 3/4" long/
PRICE SUPPLIER
Bat te lie Stock Items
_ 11
_ tl
Ul
2
2
1/4-20 UNC
1/4-20 UNC
1/4-20 UNC
stainless steel
Brass knurled head screw x 1" long
Socket head cap screw x 0.50 long,
stainless steel
Plat socket head screw x 0.50 long,
stainless steel
$50/Lot
Total Purchased Parts: $9,728
Plus 5% P.O. Charges: 486
Grand Total: $10,214
-------
Figure B-l. Drawings for construction of the
massive volume air sampler.
The following section of this report contains reproductions of the
drawings necessary to construct the Massive Air Sampler described in this
publication. For further information regarding building of such a sampler,
the Project Officer may be contacted as specified below:
Dr. Richard J. Thompson
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mail Drop 78
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Telephone (Commercial) (919) 541-2150
Note: Drawing No. 6352-A-030 supercedes drawing No. 6352-A-034.
55
-------
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-6QQ/4-78-031
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
FABRICATION, OPTIMIZATION, AND EVALUATION OF A
MASSIVE VOLUME AIR SAMPLER OF SIZED RESPIRABLE
PARTICULATE MATTER
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R. I. Mitchell, W. M. Henry, and N. C. Henderson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AD606/1AA601
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2281
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
FINAL 11/76 - 9/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A prototype sampler which collects airborne particulate matter in three stages,
3.5 ym, 1.7 ym, and below 1.7 ym (the cutoffs of which closely fit the ACGIH
respirable size curve) was constructed previously. Component failures and operational
difficulties of the prototype were reviewed, and improvements made. The improvements
consisted primarily of design modification and changes in the materials of construc-
tion to provide for better strength, durability, and to insure unattended operation
and ease of maintenance.
The re-designed samplers were tested experimentally. The reproducibility between
two samplers operating in parallel was better than 5 percent, and efficiencies up to
99 percent. Test procedures and results for reproducibility, sharpness of cutoff
stages and collection efficiencies are given in the text. The use of a conductive
Teflon-clad electrostatic collector constitutes a significant advance.
This report contains a narrative description of the work done, an equipment,
materials and supplier list, and copies of engineering drawings to permit construction
of the sampler described.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Respirable
Sized Particulate
Airborne Particulate Matter
Massive Volume
Air Sampler
13B
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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