EPA-600/3-77-089
August 1977
Ecological Research Series
REACTIVE HYDROCARBON CONTROL COSTS
FOR LOS ANGELES
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the
aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
EPA-600/3-77-089
August 1977
REACTIVE HYDROCARBON CONTROL
COSTS FOR LOS ANGELES
by
Kenneth W. Arledge
Ellen C. Pulaski
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
Contract No. 68-02-2445
Project Officer
Joseph J. Bufalini
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency,
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
ABSTRACT
This report documents the results of a study to determine the costs
associated with controlling reactive organic emissions in the Metropolitan
Los Angeles Air Quality Control Region. An inventory of organic emissions
from 26 categories of stationary and mobile sources was developed for the
calendar year 1975. The photochemical reactivity of the emissions from
each category was determined in terms of a 3-class reactivity classifica-
tion scheme. The costs associated with reducing the emissions from each
category were estimated by assuming the application of the most cost ef-
fective combination of available control equipment. The costs associated
with reducing the emissions from all sources were estimated by assuming
the application of the most cost effective controls selected from those
available for all source types. It was concluded that only approximately
53% of the total organic emissions could be eliminated using currently
available control technology.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of EPA Contract No. 68-02-2445
by TRW under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Work was completed as of 23 March 1977.
iii
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract . .iii
Figures vi
Tab! es vi 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Inventory of Total Organic Emissions 2
3. Reactivity Ratings 8
4. Control Devi ces 45
Stationary Sources 45
Mobi 1 e Sources 51
5. Cost Data 53
Control Selection 53
Control Costs 57
6. Least Cost Calculations 90
References 96
Appendix A. Estimated Organic Molar Composition for 26 Device
Categori es 98
-------
FIGURES
Number .
...ic-.iia Ftnriat'ion t-rorri Csdss ill Organics ..' 1^
2 Petrol eum Product! on x T 59
3 Petroleum Refining • 60
4 Underground Service Station Tanks 61
5 Auto Tank Filling 62
6 Fuel Combustion -. 63
7 Waste Burni ng and Other Fires 64
8 Surface Coating - Heat Treated 65
9 Surface Coating - Air Dried 66
10 Dry Cleaning - Petroleum Based Solvent 67
11 Dry Cleaning - Synthetic Solvent (PCE) 68
12 Degreasing - TCE Solvent 69
13 Degreasing - 1, 1, 1-T Solvent 70
14 Printing - Rotogravure 71
15 Printing - Flexigraphic 72
16 Rubber, Plastic, Adhesive and Putty Manufacturing 73
17 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 74
18 Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Operations 75
19 Light Duty Vehicle - Exhaust 76
20 Light Duty Vehicle - Evaporative 77
21 Heavy Duty Vehicles - Exhaust 78
22 Heavy Duty Vehi cl es - Evaporati ve 79
23 Other Gasoli ne Powered Equi pment - Exhaust 80
23 Other Gasoline Powered Equipment - Evaporative 81
25 Di esel Powered Motor Vehi cles 82
26 Airaraft - Jet 83
27 Aircraft - Piston 84
28 Cost of Achieving Various Levels of Control 91
VI
-------
TABLES
Number Page
1 1975 Total Organic Emissions Inventory For the Metropolitan
LOS Angeles AQCR - Metric Units 3
2 1975 Total Organic Emissions Inventory for the Metropolitan
Los Angeles AQCR - English Units 4
3 Five Clciss Reactivity Categorization of Organic Compounds .... 9
4 Three Class Reactivity Categorization of Organic Compounds ... 10
5 Summary of Composition Data in Terms of the Five-Class
Reactivity Scheme 14
6 Molar Reactivities and Weight Reactivities for the Five-Class
Scheme 15
7 Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted By Petroleum
Producing Operations 16
8 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted from Refinery
Operations * 17
9 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted From Underground
Gasoline Storage Tanks 18
10 Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted During Automobile
Gasoline Tank Filling 19
11 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During the
Combustion of Fuel 20
12 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted From Waste
Burning And Other Fires 21
13 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During Heat
Treati ng of Surface Coati ngs 22
14 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During Curing
af Air Dried Surface Coatings 23
15 Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted From Dry Cleaning
Operations Using Petroleum Based Solvent 24
16 Composition of the Organics Emitted From Dry Cleaning
Operations Using Synthetic Solvent (PCE) 25
17 Composition of the Organics Emitted During Trichloroethylene
(TCE) Degreasing Operations 26
18 Composition of the Organics Emitted During 1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane Degreasing Operations 27
19 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By Rotogravure
Pri nti ng Operati ons 28
20 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By Flexigraphic
Pri nti ng Operati ons 29
21 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted by Rubber,
Plastics Putty and Adhesive Manufacturing Operations 30
-------
TABLES (Continued)
Number . Page
22 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 31
23 Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By
Miscellaneous Solvent Using Operations T 32
24 Estimated Organic Composition of the Exhaust Emissions From
Light Duty Gasoline Powered Vehicles 33
25 Estimated Organic Composition of the Evaporative Emissions
From Li ght Duty Gasol1ne Powered Vehi cles 34
26 Estimated Organic Composition of the Exhaust Emissions
From Heavy Duty Gasoli ne Powered Vehi cles 35
27 Estimated Organic Composition of the Evaporative Emissions
From Heavy Duty Gasol i ne Powered Vehi cl es 36
28 Estimated Organic Composition of the Exhaust Emissions From
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment 37
29 Estimated Organic Composition of the Evaporative Emissions
From Other Gasoline Powered Equipment 38
30 Estimated Composition of the Exhaust Emissions From Diesel
Powered Vehi cl es 39
31 Estimated Composition of the Organic Emissions From Turbine
Powered Ai rcraft ; 40
32 .Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted by Piston
Powered Ai rcraft 41
33 Summary of Composition Data in Terms of the Three-Class
Reactivity Scheme 42
34 Molar Reactivities and Weight Reactivities For the Three-
Class Scheme 43
35 Adjusted Molar Reactivities and Weight Reactivities For The
Three-Class Scheme 44
36 Summary of Major Organic Control Techniques for Stationary
Sources 46
37 Light Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Summary 56
38 Heavy Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Summary , 58
39 Summary of Organic Control Costs 86
40 Summary of Control Costs 92
41 Cost Effectiveness of Achieving Various Levels of Organic
Control ... T ". 95
A-l. Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted by Petroleum
Producing Operations 99
vm
-------
TABLES (Continued)
Number . (3a9e.
A-2, Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted From
Refi nery Operati ons . 100
A-3. Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted From Underground
Gasoline Storage Tanks 101
A-4. Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted Due to Automobile
Tank Filling , 102
A-5. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During Fuel
Combustion 103
A-6. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By Waste
Burning and Other Fi res 104
A-7. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During Heat
Greati ng of Surface Coati ngs ; 105
A-8. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During Curing
of Ai r Dri ed Surface Coati ngs 106
A-9. Estimated Composition of Organics Emitted From Dry Cleaning
Operations Using Petroleum Based Solvents !.. 107
A-10. Composition of the Organics Emitted from Dry Cleaning Operations
Using Synthetic Solvent (PCE) 108
A-ll. Composition of the Organics Emitted During Trichloroethylene
(TCE) Degreasing Operations 109
A-12. Composition of the Organics Emitted During 1,1,1-T Tri-
chloroethane Degreasing Operations 110
A-13. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By Rotogravure
Pri nti ng Operati ons Ill
A-14. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted by Flexigraphic
Pri nti ng Operati ons 112
A-15. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By Rubber
Plastic, Putty and Adhesive Manufacturing Operations 113
A-16. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted During
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 114
A-17. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted By Miscellaneous
Organic Solvent Operations 115
A-18. Organic Composition of the Exhaust From Light Duty Gasoline
Powered Motor Vehi cles 116
A-19. Estimated Organic Composition of the Evaporative Emissions
From Light Duty Gasoline Powered Vehicles 117
A-20. Estimated Organic Composition of the Exhaust Emissions From
Heavy Duty Gasoline Powered Motor Vehicles ... 118
A-21. Estimated Organic Composition of the Evaporative Emissions
From Heavy Duty Gasoline Powered Vehicles 119
ix
-------
FABLES (Continued)
Number ' page
A-22. Estimated Organic Composition of the Exhaust Emissions
From Other Types of Gasoline Powered Equipment 120
A-23. Estimated Composition of the Evaporative Emissions From
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment 121
A-24. Estimated Composition of the Exhaust Emissions From Diesel
Powered Vehicles 122
A-25. Estimated Composition of the Organic Emissions From Turbine
Powered Ai rcraft 123
A-26. Estimated Composition of the Organics Emitted by Piston
Ai rcraf t 124
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This report documents the results of a study to estimate the costs
associated with selectively controlItng organic emissions from stationary
and mobile sources on the Basis of photochemical reactivity. The study area
was the Metropolitan Los Angeles AQCR. There were four main objectives:
t Assemble an inventory of organic emissions from stationary and
mobile sources in the Metropolitan Los Angeles AQCR.
• Calculate the reactivity index for each source type in terms of
a 3-class reactivity scheme.
• Determine the costs associated with reducing the reactive emissions
from each source type by applying the most cost effective combina-
tion of controls.
• Determine the costs associated with reducing total reactive emis-
sions from all sources by applying the most cost-effective combina-
tion of controls from each source type.
The inventory was developed for the year 1975. That year was selected
primarily because two major organic emission Inventories of mobile and
stationary sources were conducted for that time period. The availability
of the data from these studies made It possible to make reliable emissions
estimates for each of the 26 source categories.
In a previous study, reactivities were calculated in terms of a 5-class
categorization scheme. For this study a 3^-class scheme was used. The 5-
class scheme has unitless reactivity- indexes ,for each class. Since the 3-
class scheme has qualitative Indications of reactivity only, a procedure
was developed for quantitatively estimating reactivity indices for each
class.
The costs associated with reducing the reactive emissions from each
category were calculated by applying one or more types of controls. The
controls were applied in the order of their cost effectiveness. That is,
the first reductions were obtained by using the most cost effective con-
trol and subsequent reductions by using increasingly less cost effective
techniques.
The costs of controlling the aggregate reactive emissions from all
sources in the AQCR were calculated in a similar manner. The most cost-
effective control available from any source was applied first, with sub-
sequent reductions being obtained by using the remaining control options
in order of their cost effectiveness.
1
-------
SECTION 2
INVENTORY OF TOTAL ORGANIC EMISSIONS
An updated inventory of organic emissions in the Metropolitan Los
Angeles AQCR was developed. The inventory was Based primarily on two pro-
grams funded by the California Air Resources- Board (ARB). The first was an
inventory of exhaust, evaporative and crankcase emissions from light duty
gasoline powered vehicles conducted By TRfiT (!]. The second was the pre-
liminary version of a comprehensive Inventory of organic emissions from
stationary sources conducted by KVB Engineering (2). Information from
these studies was supplemented wttB data produced By the ARB (3) and data
contained In a previous TRW study of organic reactivity (4). The inventory
is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
The assumptions used to obtain the total organic inventory are listed
below for each source category.
Petroleum Production
Petroleum production refers to the removal of crude oil and gas from
the ground. Organic emissions from petroleum production occur primarily
from operations which separate water, gases, and oil at the drill site (4).
The previous TRW reactivity study lists 56,200 kg/day (62.0 tons/day) (4).
With little new information available, this value was used in this study.
Petroleum Refining
Organic emissions result from a variety of processes in petroleum re-
fineries. The main processes Include storage, pumping, compression, separa-
tion, cooling, leaks and spills. Organic emissions from boilers and heaters
in refineries are included in the fuel combustion category of this inventory.
The KVB study estimated emissions from five of the six counties which lie
totally or partially in the Los Angeles AQCR (Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside,
San Bernardino, and Ventura Counties) but excluded Santa Barbara County.
Data from an inventory compiled By tfte California ARB was used to estimate
emissions for that area (3). KVB and ARB data were combined to estimate
emissions of 132,900 kg/day 046.5 tons/day) for this category.
Gasoline Marketing: Underground Service Station Tanks
Underground storage tanks at service stations emit organics as gasoline
vapor is displaced n'nto the atmosphere as the tanks are refilled. These
tanks also emit organics through a "Breathing" process caused by the diurnal
cycle in ground temperature. The KVB study estimated combined emissions of
172,700 kg/day (190.4 tons/day) for both this category and auto tank filling
-------
TABLE 1 1975 TOTAL ORGANIC EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE METROPOLITAN
LOS ANGELES AQCR -METRIC UNITS
SOURCE CATEGORY
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
AND COMBUSTION
Petroleum Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleun Refining
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Station Tanks
Auto Tank Filling
Fuel Contustlon
Naste Burning t Fires
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Treated
Air Dried
Dry Cleaning
Petroleun Based Solvent
Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Decreasing '
TCE Solvent
1.1. 1-T Solvent
Printing
Rotogravure
Flexigraphic
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber i Plastic Manf.
Pharmaceutical Kanf.
Miscellaneous Operations
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasoline Pomred Vehicles
Light Duty Vehicles*
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Exittions
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Cstsslons
Otner Gasoline Powered Equipment
Exhaust Eaissiens
Evaporative Enissions*
Diesel Fevered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
TOTAL
XUSrlT EMISSIONS
10"' KG/DAY
56.2
132.9
56.2
119.2
21.9
37.2
10.6
181.3
6.3
22.8
0.4
30.2
15.6
7.1
0.7
0.2
46.1
575.4
445.9
85.9
66.8
99.8
20.0
12.4
15.5
14.1
2080.7
HEIGHT I
OF TOTAL
2.7
(.4
2.7
5.7
1.1
1.8
0.5
8.7
0.3
1.1
0.0
1.5
0.7.
0.3
0.0
0.0
2.2
27.7
21.4
4.1
3.2
4.8
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.7
100
MOLAR EMI SS IONS
10-3 ICG
MOLES/DAY
193.8
142.9
96.9
161.1
87. 6
112.7
12.9
208.4
5.0
13.7
0.3
22.5
19.0
12.5
1.0
0.3
S7.6
833.9
490.0
124.5
73.4
144.6
22.0
13.9
12.8
25.2
2B8S.5
HOLE I
OF TOTAL
6.7
4.9
3.4
5.6
3.0
3.9
0.4
7.2
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.0
28.9
17.0
4.3
2.5 '
5.0
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.9
100
Al'-IRAGr
MOLECULAR
WilGHT
29
93
58
74
25
33
82
87
' 126
166
132
134
82
57
73
75
80
69
91
69
91
• 69
91
89
121
56
.
Includes light duty passenger cars and light duty trucks.
Includes crankcase emissions.
-------
TABLE 2,
1975 TOTAL ORGANIC EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE METROPOLITAN
LOS ANGELES AQCR - ENGLISH UNITS
SOURCE CATEGORY
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
MID COMBUSTION
Petroleuir Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Station Tanks
Auto Tink Filling
Fuel Combustion
Uaste Burning & Ftres
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Treated
Air Dried
Dry Cleaning
Petroleum Based Solvent
Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Deareasms
TCE Solvent
1.1.1-T Solvent .
Printing
Rotogravure
Flexlgraphlc
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber I Plastic Hanf.
Pharmaceutical Manf.
Miscellaneous Operations
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Light Outy Vehicles4
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Heavy Outy Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment
Exhaust Eoriisioni
Evaporative Emissions
Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
TOTAL
HEIGHT EMISSIONS
TONS/DAY
62.0
146. 5
61.9
131.4
24.1
41.0
11.7
199.9
6.9
2S.1
0.4
33.3
17.2
7.8
0.8
•-0.2
50.8
634.3
491. 5
94.7
73.6
110.0
22.0
13.7
17.1
15. 5
2293.4
HEIGHT I
OF TOTAL
2.7
6.4
2.7
S.7
1.1
. 1.8
0.5
8.7
0.3
1.1
0.0
1.5
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.0
2.2
27.7
81.*
4.1
3.2
4.8
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.7
100
MOU8 EMISSIONS
10~* TON
MOLES/DAY
213.8
157.5
106.7
177.6
96.4
124.2
14.3
229.8
5.5
15.1
0.3
24.9
21.0
13.7
1.1
0.3
63.5
919.3
S40.1
137.2
80.9
169.4
24.2
15.4
14.1
27.7
3114.0
MOLE I
M TOTA|
6.7
4.9
3.4
5.6
3.0
3.9
0.4
7.2
0.2
0.5 '
0.0
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.0
0.0
2.0
28.9
17.0
4.3
2.5
6.0
0.8
O.S
0.4
0.9
100
AVERAGE
10LECUL«R
WE I :••-•:
29
93
58
74
25
33
82
87
126
166
132
134
82
57
73
75
80
69
91
69
91
69
91
89
121
56
Includes light duty passenger cars and light duty trucks
Includes crankcase emissions
-------
for the five-county area (2). The TO study concluded that approximately
32% of these emissions are due to underground gasoline storage tanks (4).
The total for this category, Including the ARB estimated emissions in Santa
B?rbar?. County are 56,200 kg/day (61.9 tons/day) (3).
Gasoline Marketing: Automobile Tank Till ing
During automobile tank filling, organic emissions occur as the gasoline
vapor in the fuel tank ts displaced by liquid gasoline. Some emissions
(approximately a fiftfi of tfie total for t&ts category] result from spilled
gasoline (4). Srxty^efght percent (68351 of tRe KVB combined estimate for
this category and underground service station tanks was combined with ARB
data to arrive at 119,200 kg/day 031.4 tons/day) (2), (3), (4).
Fuel Combustion
This category includes organic emissions from combustion of all fuels,
including that burned In refineries. The adjusted KVB estimate (adjusted
for Santa Barbara County) of 21,900 kg/day (24.1 tons/day) was used (2),
(3).
WasteBurning and Fires
The TRW study lists 37,200 kg/day (41.0 tons/day) for this category
(4). That value was used for this study.
Surface Coating: Heat Treated
This category includes organic emissions from processes where the
organic solvent either comes in contact with a flame or is baked, heat-
cured or heat polymerized in the presence of oxygen (4). The adjusted KVB
estimate of 10,600 kg/day (11.7 tons/day) was used (2), (3).
Surface Coating: Air Dried
Air dried surface coating emissions in the Metropolitan Los Angeles
AQCR result mostly from industrial paint spray booths and architectural
painting. The adjusted KVB estimate of 181,300 kg/day (199.9 tons/day)
was used (2), (3).
Dry Cleaning: Petroleum Based Solvent
Two major dry cleaning solvents are used in the Los Angeles area. Emis-
sions of petroleum based solvents were determined to be 6,300 kg/day (6.9
tons/day) from the adjusted KVB estimate (2), (3).
Dry Cleaning: Synthetic Solvent (PCE) '
The adjusted KVB estimate of 22,800 kg/day (25.1 tons/day) for synthetic
dry cleaning solvent (perchloroethylene) emissions was used (2)8 (3).
-------
Degreasinq: TCE Solvervt
Two basic degreasing solvents are used in the Los Angeles area, tri-
chloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1 trichloroethane (1,1,1-T). The adjusted
KVB estimate of 400 kg/day (0.4 tons/day) for TCE solvent emissions was
used for this study (2), (3).
Deqreasinq: 1,1,1-T Solvent
The adjusted KVB estimate of 30,200 kg/day (33.3 tons/day) for 1,1,1-T
degreasing solvent emissions was used (2), (3).
Printing; Rotogravure
The adjusted KVB estimate of 15,600 kg/day (17.2 tons/day) for emis-
sions from rotogravure printing operations was used (2), (3).
Printing: Flexigraphic
The adjusted KVB estimate of 7,10.0 kg/day (7.8 tons/day) for emissions
from flexigraphic printing operations was used (2), (3).
Rubber, Plastic, Adhesive, and Putty Manufacturing
Data from several categories used in the KVB study and ARB data were
compiled to arrive afthe adjusted estimated emissions for this category
of 700 kg/day (0.8 tons/day) (2), (3).
Pharmaceutical Manufacturi ng
The adjusted KVB estimate of 200 kg/day (0.2 tons/day) for this category
was used (2), (3).
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Operations
This category consists of miscellaneous chemical manufacturing (e.g.
soaps, cleaners, insecticides, fertilizers, explosives, etc.) as well as
miscellaneous solvent usage in industry (e.g. the potting of electrical and
electronic equipment). Several categories used in the KVB study were
combined and adjusted to arrive at the estimated emissions of 46,100 kg/day
(50.8 tons/day) for this category (2), (3).
Light Duty Vehicle Exhaust
Organic emissions from light duty (under 6,000 pounds gross vehicle
weight) passenger cars and trucks were determined in a study conducted by
TRW. That study determined the emissions 1n a four-county area to be
546,100 kg/day (602 tons/day) (1). Using the same metnooology, emissions
for Ventura County were determined to be 22,900 kg/day (25.2 tons/day)(1).
The ARB estimate for Santa Barbara County was 6,400 kg/day (7.1 tons/day)
(3). The estimated total for light duty vehicle exhaust for the AQCR used
in this study was 575,400 kg/day (634.3 tons/day)..
-------
Light Duty Vehicle Evaporative
Evaporative emissions, which for this study also include crankcase emis-
sions, were calculated using the data sources listed above. Evaporative
emissions for the four-county area, determined by the TRW study are 423,700
kg/day (467.1 tons/day). Using the TRW methodology, emission for Ventura
County were estimated to be 17,900 kg/day (19.7 tons/day). ARB data in-
dicates 3,700 kg/day (4.1 tons/day) for Santa Barbara County (3). The
value for evaporative emissions for light duty vehicles was estimated to be
445,900 kg/day (491.5 tons/day).
Heavy Duty Vehicle Exhaust
Exhaust emissions from heavy duty gasoline powered vehicles were
calculated from the ARB estimate of total vehicular evaporative and crank-
case emissions (3). The emissions were estimated at 66,800 kg/day (73.6
gons/day).
Other Gasoline-Powered Equipment Exhaust
The original estimate of 99,800 kg/day (110.0 tons/day) was used (4).
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment - Evaporative
The original estimate of 20,000 kg/day (22.0 tons/day) was used for
this study (4).
Diesel Powered Vehicles
The ARB estimate of 12,400 kg/day (13.7 tons/day) was used for this
study (3).
Jet Aircraft Emissions
The ARB estimate of 15,500 kg/day (17.1 tons/day) was used for this
study (3).
Piston Aircraft Emissions
The ARB estimate of 14,100 kg/day (15.5 tons/day) was used for this
study (3).
-------
SECTION 3
REACTIVITY RATINGS
A series of photochemical reactions are initiated when a mixture of
organic chemical compounds and oxtdes of nitrogen (NO ) are irradiated by
sunlight in the atmosphere. Tftese result in the formation of a complex
mixture of secondary air pollutants. One-.of the-most significant is ozone/
oxidant. Although the chemistry of these reactions is not well understood,
it has been shown in smog chamber studies that under similar conditions of
radiation intensity, NO concentrations, and organic concentrations, the
rate and amount of ozone formed is a function of the organic involved.
Therefore, the measured photochemical reactivity of an organic is an index
of its ozone forming potential.
The apparent reactivity of a large number of organics has been measured
during several smog chamber studies. As measured by several researchers,
the reactivity index of most compounds varied over a wide range. Since it
could not be determined which smog chamber design and experimental conditions
most accurately reflected actual conditions, reactivity ratings can be
expressed only semi-quantitatively. In a previous study each compound was
assigned to one of five (5) reactivity classes, each with an index of
reactivity. Table 3 shows the reactivity scheme used.
For the current study, a reactivity scheme based on the same principles
was employed. The new scheme, however, consists of only three (3) reactivity
classes with qualitative instead of quantitative reactivity indices. Table 4
shows the 3-class scheme. Class I compounds are non-reactive; they do not
result in ozone production above the allowable standard with multi-day ex-
posure to sunlight. Class II compounds are moderately reactive; they result
in ozone production above the standard, only after multi-day exposure to sun-
lifht. Class III compounds are Rtghly reactive; they result in ozone pro-
duction above the standard witfi less than one day exposure to sunlight.
To compare reactivity ratings for each source type quantitatively, a
procedure for estimating a numerical reactivity rating for each source
type had to be developed. This was done by employing the following technique.
Since Class II compounds result in maximum ozone only after multi-day
exposure, it is the concentration of these compounds on the second and third
days after they are emitted that determines their contribution to the
ambient ozone level. However, mechanical transport and diffusion would be
expected to reduce the concentrations of these compounds by a significant
amount. This dilution effect has been estimated at approximately 90% on an
annual basis, and approximately 50% during a period of stagnation (5), (6).
For purposes of calculating the reactivity indices, a worst case situation
was used. That is, it was assumed that the dilution factor was 50%. For
8
-------
TABLE 3. FIVE CLASS REACTIVITY CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins :
1 J Z
z
Acetylene :
•
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
z
Phenyl acetate i
m
Methyl benzoate :
z
Ethyl amines 5
:
Dimethyl fornmlde :
5
Methanol j
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons |
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
CLASS II
5
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-n1tropropane
2
s
|
|
i
CLASS' II I
C4t-p.r.ff1ns 1
•
Cycloparafftns s
•
Alkyl acetylenes z
•
Styrene ;
i
N-alkyl ketones •
•
Pr1ro-i sec-alkyl :
acetates :
s
Nnuethyl pyrrol idone \
z
N.N-dlmethyl :
acetanlde ;
:
s
i
:
:
. . :
i
CLASS IV
I
Prlm-S sec-alkyl :
benzenes |
"
D1 alkyl benzenes :
£
Branched alkyl ;
ketones :
z
Prlro-i sec-alkyl |
alcohols . :
:
Cellosolve acetate 2
s
Partially halogenated f
oleflns ; '
r .
|
:
i
CLASS V
Aliphatic oleflns |
s
or-methyl styrene •
z
Aliphatic aldehydes |
z
TH-& tetra-alkyl :
benzenes :
i
Unsaturated ketones :
• • s
Dlacetone alcohol :
z
Ethers 1
z
Cellosolves :
i
:
|
|
1
s
:
-------
TABLE 4. THREE CLASS REACTIVITY CATEGORIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CLASS I
(Lou REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATEO HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N^-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
»
CLASS HI
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC 'ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY I SECONDARY C?+
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVE s
GLYCOLS*
Cj* ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj* ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
* i
i
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE,
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
10
-------
purposes of this study, it was assumed that all Class III compounds were
either reacted to completion or had otherwise been removed from the atmo-
phere by the end of the day on which they were emitted.
The ozone producing ability of Class II organics was determined in the
following manner:
1. Assuming no ozone formation on Day 1, 50% of the Class II organics
remain in the atr mass on Day 2.
2. Assuming half of the remaining Class II compounds form ozone on
Day 2, 25% of the original emissions react. Half of the remain-
ing emissions (12.5%) are carried over to Day 3.
3. It is assumed that on Day 3, all of the remaining Class II
compounds (12.5%) form ozone.
4. Therefore, ozone is formed by 37.5% of the organics emitted on Day 1.
This procedure is shown schematically in Figure 1.
Since the reactivity indices are relative, the following indices were
assigned:
Class I 0.00
Class II 0.38
Class III 1.00
It should be noted that these reactivity indices are different in nature
from those used in the previous study (7). Since the Class II index is
based partially on meteorological considerations, the calculated reactivity
is AQCR specific. That Is, the rate at wfilcfi Class II compounds are re-
moved from an AQCR will depend primarily on the meteorological conditions
that normally prevail in that area.
This approach provided a working estimate of the relative reactivities
of Class II and Class III compounds only. The hold-over approach is not
universally accepted, and therefore any conclusions drawn from it should
be used with caution, for example, the effects on air quality in areas
downwind of the metropolitan Los Angeles AQCR are not considered. It was
necessary to make some estimate of relative reactivities. This approach
seems reasonable if not rigorous.
Another major component of this study is the organic emission composi-
tion data. To calculate the reactivity of emissions from each source type,
it was necessary to know the detailed composition of these emissions. The
same composition data developed for the previous study was used here (3).
Although additional work on identifying the specific compounds emitted by
various source types has been done since the initial report was written,
these studies are either general in nature or do not apply to the special
conditions in the Los Angeles area. Therefore, the best data appears to
be that used in the previous study. The twenty-six (26) source categories
were also retained so that direct comparisons between the 3-class and 5-class
schemes can be made.
11
-------
DAY 1: Mole Fraction
Emitted: 1.000
DAY 2:
Mole Fraction
Remaining: 0.5000
DAY 3:
Mole Fraction
Remaining: 0.1250
Mole Fraction Which Leaves
the AQCR: 0.5000
Mole Fraction Which Leaves
The AQCR: 0.125
Mole Fraction Which Produces
Ozone: 0.250
Mole Fraction Which Produces
Ozone: 0.125
Total Moles Resultina in Ozone Formation: 0.375
That is, half of the unreacted half, or one-quarter.
Figure 1. Ozone Formation From Class II Organics
12
-------
Appendix A contains the estimated composition of the organics emitted
from each of the categories in terms of the 5-class reactivity scheme.
Table 5 is a summary of these data. In both cases the composition is ex-
pressed in mole percent, not weight percent. Table 6 shows the reactivity
values calculated for each source type (5-class).
Tables 7 through 32 present the estimated composition of the organics
emitted by each of the source categories in terms of the 3-class reactivity
scheme. Table 33 summarizes these data. Percent composition by reactivity
class is presented, and as with all tables in this report, percent composi-
tion means mole percent, unless otherwise indicated. Table 34 summarizes the
source molar reactivity, source weight reactivities, and reactive emissions.
Source molar reactivities (SMR) are equal to the summation of the mole
fraction (X.) of each compound in each reactivity class multiplied by the
reactivity rating (R.) of that class, for n compounds, i = 1, 2 n:
SMR
t
i = 1
Source weight reactivities (SWR) are equal to the source molar reactivities
(SMR) divided by the average molecular weight (MW) for the corresponding
source type category:
SMR
SWR =
Reactive emissions (RE) are calculated on a mass basis by multiplying the
source weight reactivity (SWR) by the mass emission rate for each source.
The 3-class reactivities shown in Table 34 cannot be compared directly
with the 5-class reactivities shown in TaMe. The 5-class reactivities con-
tain arbitrary constants selected such that both the molar and weight re-
activities of light-duty vehicle exhaust would be 0.72. The reasoning aid
justification for this are presented in the previous TRW report (3).
Table 35 showing the 3-class reactivities also incorporates a constant
to adjust both the molar and weight reactivities of light-duty vehicle ex-
haust to 0.72. These reactivity values are the ones to be compared to the
5-class values presented in Table 6.
Reactive emissions are the true measure of the ozone producing potential
of the aggregate emissions from a source type. This parameter incorporates
both the mass emission rate and an index of the reactivity of those emis-
sions. Reactive emissions can be reduced either by reducing the mass emis-
sion rates, or by reducing the reactivity of the organics emitted, or both.
It should be noted that reactivity considerations do not address the
potential harm due to organics' toxicity, but only their ozone producing
potential.
13
-------
TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF COMPOSITION DATA IN TERMS OF THE FIVE-CLASS
REACTIVITY SCHEME
SOURCE CATEGORY
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
AND COMBUSTION
Petroleum Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Service Tanks
Auto Tank Filling
Fuel Combustion
Waste Burning S Fires
STATIONARY SOURCES-ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Treated
Air Dried
Dry Cleaning
Petroleum Based Solvent
Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Deqreasing
TCE Solvent
1,1. 1-T Solvent
Printing
Rotogravure
Flexigraphic
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber & Plastic Manf.
Pharmaceutical Manf.
Miscellaneous Operations
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Light Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
' Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
NOUUt COMPOSITION (PERCENT)
CLASS 1
84
11
18
4
90
74
20
14
0
100
0
10.0
16
19
16
34
44
20
5
28
5
28
5
13
9
34
CLASS II
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
&
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0 .
9
0
0
0
4
0
CLASS III
16
67
60
69
3
7
28
52
94
0
0
0
61
8
24
5
29
30
58
30
58
30
58
24
38
23
CLASS IV
0
8
0
9
1
3
SO
29
5
0
100
0
23
73
7
60
18
19
. 21
19
21
19
21
6
16
10
CLASS V
0
14
22
18
6
16
2
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
52
0
9
23
16
23
16
23
16
57
33
33
14
-------
TABLE 6. MOLAR REACTIVITIES AND WEIGHT REACTIVITIES FOR
THE FIVE-CLASS SCHEME
SOURCE CATEGORY
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
AND COMBUSTION
Petroleum Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Station Tanks
• Auto Tank Filling
Fuel Combustion
Waste Burning t Fires
STATIONARY SOURCES-ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Treated
Air Dried
Dry Cleaning
Petroleum Based Solvent
Degreasinn
TCE Solvent
1.1. 1-T Solvent
Printing
Rotogravure
Flexigraphic
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber S Plastic Manf.
Pharmaceutical Manf.
Miscellaneous Operations
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Light Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
SOURCE MIM
REACTIVITIES
.19
.71
.71
.78
.20
.37
.70
.69
.66
. 10
.95
.10
.62
.76
.97
.64
.S3
.72
.80
.72
.80
.72
.80
1.02
.88
.74
SSWHK
.45
..53
.84
' .73
.55
.77
.59
.55
.36
.04
.50
.05
.52
.92
.92
.59
.46
.72
.61 '
.72
.61
.72
.61
.79
.50
.91
15
-------
TABLE 7. ESTIMATED COHPOSITION OF ORGANICS EMITTED
BY PETROLEUM PRODUCING OPERATIONS
CLASS I .
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS.
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-AUYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAM IDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
8K
8H
Cuss II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj* PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL IDONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
-
TOTAL CLASS II
13
J
IE
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY t SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS L
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS** .
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*'
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
'
0
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
. SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
••REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
16
-------
TABLE 8. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS
EMITTED FROM REFINERY OPERATIONS
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-tj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATEO HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
6
3
2
11
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
N,N-D1METHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
a
67
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING' PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATEO)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS «
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
1*2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*'
FORM IN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI -ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
»
8
14
22
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
17
-------
TABLE 9 ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
FROM UNDERGROUND GASOLINE STORAGE TANKS
Cuss I .
(Low REACTIVITY)
Ci-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE'
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATEO HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS**
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
18
18
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
O-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
59
1
CO
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
( INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY 1 SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS *
0 1 ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVE s
GLYCOLS*
C^* ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES'*
Cy- ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
>
22
22
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE/ RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN 5-cuss REACTIVITY SCHEME.
18
-------
TABLE 10. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ORGANICS EMITTED
DURING AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE TANK FILLING
CLASS. I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
2
2
4
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
N/N-DIMETHYL ACETAHIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS* •
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS 1 1
6B
1
69
CLASS HI .
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY l SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS '
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
(3* ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cy ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*'
FORMIN**
(HEXA NETHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBON^
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
»
10
17
27
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE/ BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE/ RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN 5-cuss REACTIVITY SCHEME.
19
-------
TABLE 11. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE OR6ANICS
EMITTED DURING THE COMBUSTION OF fUEL
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMA* IDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOSENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES •<
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*** j
•
TOTAL CLASS I j
85
5
90
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
M-D1METHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
3
3
CLASS"TTT -
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
6ENATEDJ
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATIMATED KETONES
PRIMARY 1 SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS i
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
SLYCOLS*
€2* ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES'*
Cj* ORGANIC ACIDS *DI-ACIDS*'
FOUMIN**
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
1
3
3
7
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•••ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
20
-------
TABLE 12. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
FROM WASTE BURNING AND OTHER FIRES
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMANIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
62
4
8
W
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KE TONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
3
2
i
L
7
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UN SATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY C?+
ALCOHOLS '
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
Cj* ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
FORM IN"
(HEX* METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
. I
1
13
3
2
19
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
'"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
21
-------
TABLE 13. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
DURING HEAT TREATING OF SURFACE COATINGS
Cuss I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Ij-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZAUJEHYDE
•
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
n
PHENYL ACETATE
u
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS .
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*"
TOTAL CLASS I
20
20
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL IDONE
M-D I METHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
i. .„
•*
TOTAL CLASS 1 1
28
28
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATIMATED KETONES
PRIMARY I SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS *
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C£* ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*'
FORMIN"
(NEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
. ' !
SO
2
52
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE/ BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•••ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
22
-------
TABLE 14. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
DURING CURING OF AIR DRIED SURFACE COATINGS
CLASS I .
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS**
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*".
TOTAL CLASS I
10
1
1
15
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
N,N-D I METHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
3
37
5
6
51
•
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY C?+
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS •
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj* ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS"
FORM IN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
-
IE
2
12
h
5»
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
23
-------
TABLE 15. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ORGANICS EMITTFn FROM
DRY CLEANING OPERATIONS DSING PETROLEUM..BASED SOLVENT
CLASS I •
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIOE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*-
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*"
TOTAL CLASS I
0
CLASS 11
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
28
66
91
•
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING1 PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATEO KETONES
PRIMARY 1 SECONDARY C?+
ALCOHOLS '
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2* ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGAN 1C AC IDS +DI -AC IDS*'
FORM IN"
(RexA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI -AC ID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
. t
6
6
I
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
24
-------
TABLE 16. COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED FROM DRY
CLEANING OPERATIONS USING SYNTHETIC SOLVENT (PCE)
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*"
TOTAL CLASS I
10)
100
Cuss II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
N/N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
0
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC. HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY t SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS '
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*
FORM IN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES**
C3 + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III ,
• I
0
i
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
25
-------
TABLE 17. COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED DURING
TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE) DECREASING OPERATIONS
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGEN ATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
0
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cy- PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
0
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY I SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS L
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKVL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
-------
TABIE 18, COMPOSITION OF THE OR6ANICS EMITTED DURING
1,1,1,-TRICHLOROETHANE DECREASING OPERATIONS
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATEO HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATEO
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE"*
TOTAL CLASS I
100
JOO
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
0
.
Cuss III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEF1NIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY t SECONDARY C7+
ALCOHOLS i
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
Cj* ALKVL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
FORM IN** '
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
» t
0
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
27
-------
TABLE 19. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
BY ROTOGRAVURE PRINTING OPERATIONS
Cuss I
(Low REACTIVITY)-
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIOE .
PREHALOGENATEO HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES T*
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
16
M
15
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL 1 DONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
** w
TOTAL CLASS II
i
5
49
7
61
Cuss III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE i
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY t SECONDARY C?+
ALCOHOLS '
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
Gj* ALKVL PHTHAUTES"
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +D1-ACIDS*'
FORM IN"
(HEXA METHYLENE^TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj » DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL Cuss III
» i
ID
13
23
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE/ BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE/ RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN 5-cuss REACTIVITY SCHEME.
28
-------
TABLE 20. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
BY FLEXIGRAPHIC PRINTING OPERATIONS
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVIT'Y)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE"*
TOTAL CLASS I
ID
9
19
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
ly- PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
NjN-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
8
8
•
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING. PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY t SECONDARY IV
ALCOHOLS L
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
fy ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj* ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES'*
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
• «
73
73
'REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE/ BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE/ RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
29
-------
TABLE 21. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY RUBBER,
PLASTIC, PUTTY AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATEO HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS** .
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
7
14
2
3
16
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
NONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
O-DIMETHYL ACETAMIOE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
:
1
1
9
7
3
n
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO- •
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARV t SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS L
Dl ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
tj* ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES'*
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS"
FORMIN**
(HEXA NETHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES**
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
6'
41
10
2
1
63
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
30
-------
TABLE 22. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
DURING PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Fj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
llTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
7
20
7
54
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
1
5
6
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS • *
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
Cy- ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGAN 1C AC IDS +DI -ACIDS"
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
• 1
3
57
60
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE..
••REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
31
-------
TABLE 23. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED
BY MISCELLANEOUS SOLVENT USING OPERATIONS
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS**
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES >
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
'
3
19
19
3
*
CLASS JI
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES** '
TOTAL CLASS II
3
13
4
9
29
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED/
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY Cn+
ALCOHOLS *
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI -AC IDS*'
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES**
Cj * D I -AC ID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
• i
11
4
1
il
H
3
27
i
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
••REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
32
-------
TABLE 24. ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST
EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLES
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYOE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE .
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS**
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE"*
TOTAL CLASS I
M
3
11
28
Cuss II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
30
30
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER. AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES •
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS L
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVE s
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*'
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
)LEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
22
20
«
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
33
-------
TABLE 25. ESTIMATEC> ORGANIC^COMPOSITION OF THE EVAPORATIVE
EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLES
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-AUYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*"-
TOTAL CLASS I
1
4
5
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
..
TOTAL CLASS II
57
1
58
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS *
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
FORM IN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
/• i
a
D
37
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
••REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•••ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
34
-------
TABLE 26. ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST
EMISSIONS FROM HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE POKERED VEHICLES
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
•ilTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE"*
TOTAL CLASS I
11
3
11
28
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL1DONE
O-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
30
30
.
CLASS III
• (HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED) ,
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY Co+
ALCOHOLS /
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
FORM IN**
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
i
22
20
-------
TABLE 27 ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EVAPORATIVE
EMISSIONS FROM HEAVY DDTY GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLES
CLASS I
(Lou REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALOEHYDE
ACETONE
HETHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGEN ATEO
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
AcETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
1
i»
•
5
CLASS 1 1
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOP ARAFF INS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL P.YRROLIDONE
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
* *
TOTAL CLASS II
57
1
SB
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEF1NIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED) .
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY t SECONDARY Co*
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
€2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES"
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-AC1DS*'
FORMIN"
(HEXA HETHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
i
TOTAL CLASS III
i
»
13
37
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE,
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
36
-------
TABLE 28. ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM OTHEH GASOLINE POWERED EQUIPMENT
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
Q
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS**
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
14
3
11
28
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL) DONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
3D
3D
i
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS i
D I ACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVE s
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS**
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj-t- ORGAN 1C AC IDS +01 -AC IDS*'
FORMIN**
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
• i
22
20
«
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
37
-------
TABLE 29. ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EVAPORATIVE
1 EMISSIONS FROM OTHER GASOLINE POWERED EQUIPMENT
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
NETHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORNAHIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL* .
ACETYLENE"*
TOTAL CLASS I
1
4
5
CLASS II.
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
57
1
SB
CLASS III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC -ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY S SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS +DI-ACIDS*'
FORMIN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj * DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
•. . \
»
B
y
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
38
-------
TABLE 30. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM DIESEL POWERED VEHICLES.
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE**
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID i
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES i
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
11
2
13
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
N,N-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES**
TOTAL CLASS II
»
» 1
CLASS HI
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UNSATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY C9+
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES"
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-ACIDS*'
FORM IN"
(HEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + D i -AC ID ANHYDRIDES"
TOTAL CLASS III
6
27
30
63
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
39
-------
TABLE 31. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC EMISSIONS
FROM TURBINE POWERED AIRCRAFT
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
Cj-Cj PARAFFINS
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-AUYL ALCOHOLS
ft
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
3REHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID
AROMATIC AMINES
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE***
TOTAL CLASS I
7
1
1
9
CLASS II
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
t)
58
«
Cuss HI
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UN SATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj-*- ORGAN 1C ACIDS +DI -AC IDS*'
FORMIN"
(MEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS III
»
20
19
V
«
•REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"•ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN B-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
40
-------
TABLE 32. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS
.EMITTED BY PISTON POWERED AIRCRAFT
CLASS I
(Low REACTIVITY)
lyCj PARAFFINS
•
BENZENE
BENZALDEHYDE
ACETONE
METHANOL
TERT-ALKYL ALCOHOLS
PHENYL ACETATE
METHYL BENZOATE
ETHYL AMINES
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
PREHALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
PARTIALLY HALOGENATED
PARAFFINS
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE"
PHTHALIC ACIDS"
ACETONITRILE*
ACETIC ACID I
AROMATIC AMINES ;
HYDROXYL AMINES
NAPHTHALENE*
CHLOROBENZENES*
NlTROBENZENES*
PHENOL*
ACETYLENE*"
TOTAL CLASS 1
20
2
]2
»
CLASS I!
(MODERATE REACTIVITY)
MONO-TERT-ALKYL-BENZENES
CYCLIC KETONES
ALKYL ACETATES
2-NlTROPROPANE
Cj+ PARAFFINS
CYCLOPARAFFINS
N-ALKYL KETONES
N-METHYL PYRROL I DONE
M-DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE
ALKYL PHENOLS*
METHYL PHTHALATES"
TOTAL CLASS II
22
1
23
Cuss III
(HIGH REACTIVITY)
ALL OTHER AROMATIC HYDRO-
CARBONS
ALL OLEFINIC HYDROCARBONS
(INCLUDING PARTIALLY HALO-
GENATED)
ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES
BRANCHED ALKYL KETONES
CELLOSOLVE ACETATE
UN SATURATED KETONES
PRIMARY & SECONDARY CV
ALCOHOLS '
DlACETONE ALCOHOL
ETHERS
CELLOSOLVES
GLYCOLS*
C2+ ALKYL PHTHALATES**
OTHER ESTERS"
ALCOHOL AMINES**
Cj+ ORGANIC ACIDS + DI-AC1DS*
FORM IN"
(flEXA METHYLENE-TETRAMINE)
TERPENIC HYDROCARBONS
OLEFIN OXIDES"
Cj + DI-ACID ANHYDRIDES**
TOTAL CLASS 111
i
12
n
43.
i
'REACTIVITY DATA ARE EITHER NON-EXISTENT OR INCONCLUSIVE, BUT CONCLUSIVE DATA FROM
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS ARE AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, RATING IS UNCERTAIN BUT REASONABLE.
"REACTIVITY DATA ARE UNCERTAIN.
"ESTIMATED REACTIVITY; BASED ON POSITION IN S-CLASS REACTIVITY SCHEME.
41
-------
TABLE 33. SUMMARY OF COMPOSITION DATA IN TERMS
Of THE THREE-CLASS.REACTIVITY, SCHEME
SOURCE CATEGORY
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
AIID COMBUSTION
Petroleum Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Station Tanks
Auto Tink Filling
Fuel Coi*6ust1on
Waste burning 1 Fires
STATIONARY SOURCES-ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Tretted
Air Drleo
Dry Clean*nd
Petroleum Bated Solvent
Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Oegreasing
TC£ Solvent
1.1.1-T-Solvent
Printing
Rotogravure
FlexlgrapMc
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber 1 Plastic Nanf.
Pharmaceutical Nanf.
Miscellaneous Operations
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Light Duty Vehicles '
Eihaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Other Gasoline Pooered Equipment
Eihaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
MOLAR COMPOSITION (PERCENT)
CLASS I
84
11
18
. 4
90
74
20
IS
0
100
. 0
100
16
: 19
16
34
44
28
S
28
5
28
5
u
9
34
CLASS II
1C
67
60
69
3
7
28
SI
94
0
0
0
Cl
8
21
6
29
30
U
10
56
30
58
24
42
23
CLASS III
0
22
22
27
7
19
52
34
6
0
100
0
23
73
63
60
27
42
37
42
17
42
37
63
49
43
AVERAGE
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
29
93
58
74
25
33
82
87
126
166
13?
134 .
82
57
73
75
60
69
91
69
91
69
91
89
121
56
42
-------
TABLE 34. MOLAR REACTIVITIES AND WEIGHT REACTIVITIES
FOR THE THREE-CLASS SCHEME
SOURCE CATEGORY
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
AND COMBUSTION
Petroleum Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Station Tanks
Auto Tank Filling
Fuel Combustion
Waste Burning S Fires
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Treated
Air Dried
Dry Cleaning
Petroleum Based Solvent
Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Peg rea sing
TCE Solvent
1,1,1-T Solvent
Printing
Rotogravure
Flexigraphic
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber S Plastic Manf.
Pharmaceutical Manf.
Miscellaneous Operations
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Light Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Erissions
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Erissions
Evaporative Emissions
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
TOTAL
REACTWT1K
0.06
0.47
0.45
0.53
0.08
0.22
0.63
0.53
0.42
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.46
0.76
0.71
0.62
0.38
0.53
0.59
0.53
0.59
0.53
0.59
0.72
0.65
0.52
SOUKC
REASS^IB
0.21
0.51
0.78
0.72
0.32
0.67
0.77
0.61
0.33
0.00
0.76
0.00
O.S6
1.33
0.97
0.83
0.48
0.77
0.65
0.77
0.65
0.77
0.65
0.81
0.54
0.93
REACTIVE EMISSIOB
REACTIVE j
KG/MT I UT
11.8
67.8
43.8
85.8
7.0
24.9
8.2
110.6
2.1
0.0
0.3
0.0
8.7
9.4
0.7
0.2
22.1
443.1
289.8
66.1
43.4
. 76.8
11.0
10.0
8.4
13.1
1367.1
HEACTTTE
TUB/MY
13.0
74.7
48.3
94.6
7.7
27.5
9.0
121.9
2.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
9.6
10.4
0.8
0.2
24.4
488.4
319.5
72.9
47.8
84. 7
14.3
11.1
9.2
14.4
1507.0
OFrod
0.9
5.0
3.2
6.3
0.5
1.8
0.6
8.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.1
0.1
1.6
32.4
21.2
4.8
3.2
5.6
1.0
0.7
0.6
1.0
100
43
-------
TABLE 35. ADJUSTED MOLAR REACTIVITIES ANO WEIGHT REACTIVITIES
FOR THE THREE-CLASS SCHEME' '-;••
SOURCE CATEtOn
UUKIMUt
•ucmniD
SOMCE UEIOff
REMTIVinO
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC FUELS
ANO COMBUSTION
Petroleum Production and Refining
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Rtflnlng
Gasoline Marketing
Underground Service
Station Tinki
Auto Tank Filling
Fuel Condition
Haste Burning i Fires
0.08
0.64
0.61
0.72
0.11
0.30
0.20
0.48
0.73
0.«7
0.30
0.63
STATIONARY SOURCES: ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Surface Coating
Heat Treated
Air Dried
Dry Cleaning
Petroleum Based Solvent
Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Deqreaslnq
TCE Solvent
1,1.1-T Solvent
Printing
Rotogravure
Flexigraphtc
Industrial Process Sources
Rubber i Plastic Manf.
Pharmaceutical Manf.
Miscellaneous
O.B6
0.72
0.57
0.00
1.36
0.00
0.62
1.03
0.96
0.84
0.52
0.72
0.57
0.31
0.00
0.71
0.00
0.52
1.24
0.91
0.78
0.45
MOBILE SOURCES
Gasol Ine Powered Vehicles-
Light Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment
Exhaust Emissions
Evaporative Emissions
Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
0.72
0.80
0.72
0.80
0.72
0.80
0.98
0.88
0.71
0.72
0.61
0.7.2
0.61
0.72
0.61
0.76
0.50
0.87
44
-------
SECTION 4
CONTROL DEVICES
STATIONARY SOURCES
There are relatively few "off-the-shelf" technologies available for
controlling organic emissions from stationary sources. For purposes of
this study, only demonstrated technologies will be considered (8). For
stationary sources there are seven (7) basic control techniques:
• Incineration
t Adsorption
• Absorption
9 Condensation
• Substitution
o Floating roof tank seals
• Improved maintenance and control
The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each technique are sum-
marized in Table 36 and discussed tn more detail in the following pages.
Incineration
Incineration processes control organic emissions by oxidation. When an
emission stream contains a sufficient quantity of combustible organics, the
pollutant itself is the fuel. An example of this is a refinery flame.
Generally, supplementary fuel Is employed to maintain stable combustion
conditions. Two basic designs of incinerators use supplementary fuel,
direct-flame and catalytic. Direct-flame incinerators consist of a burner
and a refractory-lined incineration chamber. The incineration chamber is
a plenum in which combustion occurs. In some situations the emission stream
can be fed into an existing boiler or heater, eliminating the need for an
incinerator. Catalytic incinerators are similar except that the combustion
occurs on a catalyst bed. Less fuel Is burned because catalytic oxidation
occurs at lower temperatures. Lower fuel costs, however, are offset by the
higher costs of the catalytic unit.
The advantages of this technique are:
« Possible heat recovery from the incineration process. If
this can be done, both the heat from the supplementary fuel
and the heat from what would otherwise be a pollutant can
be utilized.
45
-------
TABLE 36. SUMMARY OF MAJOR ORGANIC CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR STATIONARY SOURCES
TYPE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
SOME APPLICATIONS
Incineration
Adsorption
-p.
cr>
Absorption
Condensation
Secondary Floating
Substitution
1.
2.
1.
2.
Possible Heat Recovery
Control of Low Concentration
Emissions
Solvent Recovery
Control of Low Concentration
Emissions
1.
1.
2.
Applicable to Sources That Can-
not Be Controlled By Other
Techniques
Solvent Recovery
Applicable to Sources That
Cannot Be Controlled By Other
Techniques
1. Only Feasible Technique
1. Only floplicable Techniciue In
Sone Cases
1. Consumes Fuel
2. Catalysts Can Be De-Activated
3. Cannot Be Used When the Organics
Contain llalopens or Sulfur
4. No Solvent Recovery
1. Selective Control of Low
Vanor Pressure Oraanics
2. Non-Continuous Process
1. Poor Economics
2. Relatively Low Control
Efficiency (i.e. Relatively
High Final Emissions Levels)
1. Selective Control of Low Vapor
Pressure Organics
2. Relatively Low Control
' Efficiency (i.e. Relatively
High Final Erission Levels)
1. Poor Economics
1. Lirited Applicability
1. Petroleum Refining
2. Chemical Processing
3. Baking Ovens
1. Dry Cleaning
2. Degreasing
3. Paint Spraying
4. Solvent Extraction Processes
5. Metal Coating
6. Plastic, Chemical, Pharmaceutical
and Rubber Manufacturing
1. Petroleum Coking
2. Varnish and Resin Cookers
1. Gasoline Storage and Marketing
Facilities
2. Petrochemical Manufacturing
3. Dry Cleaning
4. Degreasing Operations
1. Petroleum and Chemical Storage
1. Dry Cleaning
2. Surface Coatings
• 3. Degreasing Operation
-------
• Control of very dilute concentrations of organics with
catalytic incinerators; there is no lower concentration limit.
• Equal control of all types of organics. That is, regardless of
the volatility, molecular weight or chemical structure of the
organics, they are oxidized by the flame.
The disadvantages of this techniques are:
• Supplementary fuel is required.
• Some operations produce substances that poison (deactivate)
the catalysts.
t If the organics contain halogens or sulfur, the combustion
process can produce toxic or otherwise unacceptable emissions.
Incineration can be applied to the control of emissions from petroleum
refining, chemical processing, baking ovens and others.
Adsorption (8)
Organic emissions can Be controlled By using adsorption techniques.
The adsorption process is one in which the molecules of a vapor adhere
to the surface of a solid adsorbent. Two types of adsorption can occur:
1) physical adsorption - gas is attracted to the surface of the solid and
2) chemical adsorption - gas interacts chemically (and usually reversibly)
with the solid. As an emission stream is passed through an adsorbent bed,
the organics are selectively removed. When the bed becomes saturated it
can either be replaced or regenerated.
The regeneration process consists of heating and/or stripping the col-
lected organics with steam or an inert gas. Heating raises the temperature
of the adsorbent to vaporize the organtcs. The organics, now more concen-
trated, can be disposed of or recovered. Stripping consists of passing an
inert gas, usually steam, through a Bed of adsorbent and condensing the
stripped organics for disposal or recovery. In some cases, an adsorbent
that is also an oxidation catalyst is used to destroy rather than recover
the organics. The catalyst, inactive while adsorbing the organics, oxidizes
them on heating.
Adsorbents do not remove all organics with equal efficiency. The com-
ponents of an organic iritxture usually are adsorbed at a rate roughly inverse
to their vapor pressure. However, there are adsorbents which have greater
affinities for some types of organtcs than others. TIetal oxtdes, for
example, tend to have an affinity for polar compounds.
In a newly regenerated adsorbent bed, this selectivity effect tends
to be minimized with all components being adsorbed to nearly the same
degree. As the adsorbent approaches saturation, higher boiling components
begin to displace lower boiling ones. The point at which this begins to
occur rapidly is called the "break point." As a general rule, organics
with molecular weights less than 45 a.m.u. cannot be controlled efficiently
47
-------
by adsorption techniques. Wethanol (Molecular weight 32) is an exception.
The advantages of this technique are:
• The organics can be totally or partially recovered. In some
operations, solvent can Be recovered which will partially
or completely off-set the cost of the control equipment.
• It can be used to remove very low concentrations of organics.
• Adsorption may be the most economical method of controlling
organic emissions in the concentration range of 100 to 200 ppm.
The disadvantages are:
• Low vapor pressure components are not controlled as Well as
high vapor pressure components.
• For smaller operations, the system is non-continuous.
Adsorption techniques are applicable to dry cleaning, degreasing, paint
spraying, solvent extraction processes, metal coating, the manufacture of
plastics, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and rubber, and others. Unless scrubbed
to remove the substances that foul the adsorbents, emissions from paint and
varnish manufacture cannot be controlled by this method.
Absorption (8)
In the absorption process some components of a gas mixture are re-
tained by a liquid. Either the gas can dissolve in the liquid or can react
chemically with it.
There are drawbacks to this technique. Absorption is best used in con-
nection .with other control techniques because it usually does not result in
sufficiently low organic concentrations. The economics are often unfavorable
unless the absorbent can be regenerated or the absorbing solution used as a
process stream.
In general, solvents will have different affinities for different
organics as the technique is somewhat selective. Since each constituent
saturates the solvent at a different concentration, after a period of opera-
tion, some components will begin to pass through the solvent. (It is actual-
ly an absorption - desorption process but the result is the same).
The advantage of this process is:
• It can be used where the omission stream contains materials
which would contaminate catalyst or adsorbent beds.
The disadvantages are:
• The method does not normally reduce emissions to sufficiently
low levels.
48
-------
• The economics are unfavorable under most circumstances.
Absorption techniques have been used to control organic emissions
from petroleum coating units and varnish and resin coaters.
Condensation (8)
Organic emissions can also be controlled by condensation processes.
The organics in an emission stream can, In principle, be condensed either
by cooling the stream or by increasing its pressure. Refineries and-oil
producing operations use some condensing procedures. Hbwever, the cooling
procedure is used almost exclusively.
Emission streams are cooled By two Baste processes, surface and contact.
In a surface condenser the gas stream pass-es over a heat exchanger and the
hydrocarbons condense on its surface. Contact condensers cool the vapor by
spraying a cold liquid, usually water, directly into the gas stream. The
condensate can then either Be disposed of or the organics can Be separated
and recovered. Contact condensers are usually less expensive and more
efficient than the surface type.
Usually condensers are used only as a preliminary control device and
therefore, must be followed by a secondary control system such as an in-
cineration or adsorption unit. The lowest level to which a given organic
can be reduced is limited primarily By its vapor pressure at the condenser
operating temperature. That is, assuming organic vapor-liquid equilibrium,
at each temperature a specific concentration of the organic will remain in
the gas stream. For example, the vapor pressure of toluene at 0 C (32 F)
is approximately 6mm Hg. At atmospheric pressure that corresponds to
approximately 8000 ppm. In the contact type of condenser some organics may
be soluble enough in the cold water for their concentration to be lowered
to below the equilibrium level. In general, this type of control cannot
reduce organic emissions to very low levels.
The vapor pressure limitation also results in selective control. If
water solubility is ignored, the gas phase concentration of organics with
higher vapor pressures (lower Boiling points) will be higher than those with
lower vapor pressure. The result is, low boiling components such as methane
cannot be controlled as effectively as higher boiling compounds such as
toluene.
Water solubility variations also contribute to selective control. 1-
hexane (b.p. 63.4 C) for example, has a very low solubility in water while
acetone (b.p. 56.2 C) is infinitely soluble. Even though the vapor pressure
(as expressed by boiling points) of these two compounds are similar, be-
cause of the solubility differences, acetone would Be expected to Be con-
trolled to a lower level.
The advantages of this system are:
• The organics can be totally or partially recovered.
• It can be used where the emission stream contains materials which
would contaminate catalyst or adsorbent beds.
49
-------
The disadvantages are:
t The process selectively controls emissions. Low boiling components,
in general, are not controlled as effectively as high boiling
compounds.
t Low emission levels cannot Be achfeved because of the vapor pressure
limitation.
Condensers have been used to control emissions from gasoline storage
and marketing facilities, petrochemical manufacturing, dry cleaning, and
degreasing.
Floating Roof Seals (9), 00)
Many petroleum and chemical storage tanks have floating roofs. A
floating roof, as the name implies, is a cover which floats on the liquid
surface. Since the roof moves up and down as the volume of liquid changes,
it is difficult to maintain a tight seal between the roof and the inside
walls of the tank. Typically, a gap exists around the circumference of the
roof. These emissions can be reduced By installing and properly maintaining
a more efficient seal.
The advantage of this method is:
• It is frequently the only feasible method for controlling emissions
from this source.
The disadvantages are:
• The seals are expensive to install.
t Seals are difficult to maintain.
This technique can be applied to petroleum and chemical storage
facilities.
Substitution (8), (11)
In some circumstances, reactive organics can be controlled by substitu-
ting a less reactive solvent or solvent mixture in the process that results
in the emissions. As mentioned in Section 3 with respect to reactivity,
it is the reactive emissions, not the mass emissions that are significant.
Therefore, substitution of less reactive components is considered to be a
control technique.
In the Los Angeles area this technique has been applied to degreasing
operations and, to a lesser extent, architectural and other types of coat-
ings.
The advantage of the technique is:
• The potential for obtaining large reactive emission reductions
at low cost.
50
-------
The disadvantages are:
• It has limited applicability.
• It is not possible to attatn very low levels of reactive emissions
unless a non-reactive solvent can 5e used.
This technique has been applied to degreasing operations, dry cleaning
and surface coatings.
Improved Maintenance and Control
In many industrial operations a substantial fraction of the total
organic emissions are due to poor maintenance and poor process control.
A large fraction of these emissions could be prevented by adequate main-
tenance. Improved maintenance has, in addition to the air pollution control
benefits, additional benefits in terms of improved equipment reliability
and safety. With many industrial facilities in Southern California being
quite old, there is a tendency for the process monitoring and control in-
strumentation to be outdated. Since improved instrumentation can result in
more efficient operation of many processes, it also qualifies as a control
technique.
A study was conducted by the California Air Resources Board to determine
the economic feasibility of requiring continuous monitoring of stack emis-
sions from large combustion sources. It was concluded that in many cases,
by using the required Instrumentation to fine tune the boilers for lower
emissions, the fuel savings- would pay for che instruments, the maintenance,
and data management that would be required (12).
The advantages of applying this technique are:
• It is possible that, in some cases, applying these techniques
would result in a net savings to the plant operator.
• Little capital investment is required.
From an air pollution control point of view there are no disadvantages.
These techniques can be applied to most industrial operations, although
they are more feasible in larger plants.
MOBILE SOURCES
Light Duty Vehicles, Heavy Duty Vehicles and Other Gasoline Powered Equipment
For these categories, tfiere are three (3£ types of emissions', exhaust,
evaporative and crankcase.
Exhaust Emissions (11), (13), 04)
Exhaust emissions can be controlled by either modifying the combustion
process or eliminating organics from the exhaust, "Modifications- of the
51
-------
spark advance, modifcation of the carburetor, or installation of exhaust
gas recirculatton (EGR) are examples of retrofit combustion modifications.
Catalytic or thermal reactors accomplisfi exhaust cleanup.
Evaporative Emissions (11), (13), 04)
Evaporative emissions occur at tRe carburetor and fuel tank. The ap^
plicable control technique for thes-e emissions is-vent modification. Emis-
sions that occur as the engine is- running are routed into tfie carBuretor
and burned. Those that occur when the engine is off are trapped until the
engine is started and then routed tnto the carBuretor. The trap is usually
an activated carbon adsorption unit.
Crankcase Emissions (11), (13], 04)
Crankcase emissions are controlled by a connection of the crankcas-e
vent to the carburetor or intake man if old. As wttfi evaporative controls,
the organics are then burned In the cylinders-. TRe advantages- to tfiese
techniques are:
• They can be applied to vehicles- tftat are In use.
• They control emissions- from tRe device type categories that, in
aggregate, emit the largest quantities of organics.
The disadvantages are*
• Many of the vehicles now- In use already Rave tfiese or similar
controls,
• The possible emission reductions are Htotted.
Diesel Powered Vehicles
Other than adequate maintenance, there are no feasible retrofit
control techniques for this source type 031, 04).
Jet Powered Aircraft
The only feasible control technique for reducing emissions from this
source is redesign of the combustion chamber 03), (15).
Piston Powered Aircraft
Exhaust treatment with after-burners or reactors appears to be the only
feasible control technique (13).
52
-------
SECTION 5
COST DATA
CONTROL SELECTION
In considering which controls to apply to each category, three C3)
factors were considered:
t Reactivity - If the reactivity of the emissions Is zerop no con^
trols are required.
• Controllability - Some emissions cannot feasibly Be controlled.
• Cost Effectiveness- - The most cost effective combination of con-*
trols for each source was selected.
In the following, the selection of controls for eacET category rs
discussed.
Petroleum Production
Local air pollution control district regulations- have limited emissions
from this source for several years 0*>J. As- a consequence, th.ey are already
strictly controlled, for purposes of this study it was assumed tfrat no
further controls could Be applied.
Petroleum Refining
Local air pollution regulations limit emissions from this source also.
For this study it was assumed tfrat only fixed and floating roof tanks could
be further controlled. The costs and techniques for controlling emissions
from fixed roof tanks were assumed to be similar to those for gasoline
marketing operations. Emissions from floating roof tanks were assumed to Be
controlled by the use of a secondary seal at tfie perimeter of thie roof.
The following breakdown of refinery emissions was used 07)*
Fixed Roof Tanks: 33,300 kg/day (36.7 tons/day)
Floating Roof Tanks: 18,800 kg/day [20,7 gons/day]
Other Sources: 80,800 kg/day- (89.1 tons/day]
TOTAL 132,900 kg/day ("146.5 tons/day-)
Underground Service Station Tahks-
Controls for this category of devices and Auto Tank Filling are usually
53
-------
applied together (18). For convenience, however, the costs were calculated
separately. A combination of vapor recycle with adsorption or condensation
units are the optimum control.
Auto Tank Filling
Controlled in conjunction with Underground Service Station Tanks.
Fuel Combustion
There are no feasible controls for this cateogry of emissions.
Waste Burning and Other Fires
Emissions from this category are already limited by local regulations.
There are no further feasible controls.
Surface Coating - Heat Treated
Control requirements for this category of devices are similar to those
for flexigraphtc printing (18). Since catalytic incineration is the optimum
method for that source, it was assumed to Be the optimum method for this
source also. The same cost effectiveness was assumed.
Surface Coating ~ Air Dried
Thts category Includes emissions from two types of sources: architectural
coatings and factory applied coatings. It was assumed the emissions from the
first only could Be controlled By solvent modifications. Also, it was as-
sumed that the same controls that apply to emissions from heat treating
coatings also apply to emissions from factory applied air dried surface
coatings.
Tfie following breakdown of air dried surface coating emissions was
used (17):
Architectural Coatings: 93,100 kg/day 002.6 tons/day)
Factory Applied Coatings: 88,300 kg/day (97.3 tons/day)
TOTAL 181,300 kg/day*(199.9 tons/day)
Dry Cleaning - Petroleum Based Solvent
It was assumed that an adsorption system which allows recovery of the
solvent was used.
Dry Cleaning - Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
Since the reactivity of PCE solvent is zero, the reactive emissions are
zero. Therefore, no control is required.
* Rounding Error
54
-------
Degreasing - TCE Solvent
Typical uncontrolled degreasing units emit approximately 0.5 to 1.0
Ibs/hr-ft2 of degreaser surface area (18). Inventory data show that emis-
sions from a typical degreasfng operation tn the Los Angeles area are
24 kg/day (0.03 tons/day) (17). Therefore, emissions from this category
already are controlled. This fs consistent with local APCD regulations (16),
Degreasing - 1,1,1-T Solvent
Since the reactivity of 1,1,1-T solvent is zero, the reactive emissions
are zero. Therefore, no control is required.
Printing - Rotogravure
It was assumed that an adsorption system which allows recovery of the
solvent was used.
Printing - Flexigraph
It was assumed that a catalytic incineration system was used,
Rubber. Plastic, Adhestve, and Putty "Manufacturing
Since this category includes a variety of operations, tt was assumed
that no one type of control would be applicable. Therefore, it was assumed
that 50% of the emissions were controlled by catalytic incineration and
50% by adsorption.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Same as above.
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Operations
Same as above.
Light Duty Vehicle - Exhaust
Controls on organic exhaust emissions from light duty vehicles have
been applied incremently. That is, the controls required on new vehicles
have become more stringent in later model years. As a result, the extent
to which existing vehicles can be further controlled is dependent on model
year.
Table 37 shows the existing emissions from several model year groups
(19). The model year groupings were selected because the vehicles in each
group have similar exhaust and evaporative emission controls.
Since there are no feasible retrofit controls for exhaust emissions on
California vehicles for mddel years after 1969, the control potential for
this source is limited. That is, only 46.9% of Tight duty vehicle exhaust
emissions are controllable.
55
-------
TABLE 37. LICIT DUTY; VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS SUMMARY (9)
MODEL YEAR
GROUP
Pre - 63
63 - 65
66 - 69
70
71
72 - 75
NUMBER OF
VEHICLES
609,952
761,346
1,569,510
435,592
478,714
2,071,505
AGGREGATE
EXHAUST
EMISSIONS
(TONS/DAY)
46.1
61.7
189.4
II
47.5
64.6
225.1
% OF
EXHAUST
EMISSIONS
7.3
9.7
29.9
7.5
10.2
35.5
AGGREGATE *
EVAPORATIVE
EMISSIONS
(TONS/DAY)
80.7
82.5
168.0
39.1
24.6
96.6
% OF
EVAPORATIVE
EMISSIONS
16.4
16.8
34.2
8.0
5.0
19.7
01
(ft
Includes crankcase emissions
-------
Light Duty Vehicles - Evaporative
The evaporative and crankcase emission controls on existing vehicles
are also model year dependent. Evaporative emissions by model year group
are presented in Table 37. As with exhaust emissions, the control potential
for evaporative emissions is limited. Only 67.4% of these.emissions are
controllable.
Heavy Duty Vehicles - Exhaust .
Table 38 shows a summary of emissions from heavy duty gasoline powered
vehicles. As with light duty vehicles., the exhaust emission standards have
become more restrictive in later model years. Heavy duty standards, however,
are not as stringent as those for light duty vehicles and did not take ef-
fect until several years later. It was assumed that retrofit exhaust emis-
sion controls were applicable to 1972 and earlier vehicles.
Approximately 84.4% of the emissions are controllable.
Heavy Duty Vehicles » Evaporative
Evaporative and crankcase emissions from heavy duty vehicles are sum-
marized in Table 38. Retrofit evaportive controls were assumed to be ap-
plicable to 1972 and earlier vehicles. Approximately 77.2% of the emissions
are controllable.
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment - Exhaust
This category of devices was assumed to have emission characteristics
similar to un-controlled automobiles. It was assumed further that the same
controls are applicable.
Other Gasoline Powered Equipment - Evaporative
Same as above.
Diesel Power Vehicles
There are no feasible controls for this category of emissions.
Aircraft - Jet
Emissions from this category were assumed to be controllable only by
retrofitting modified combustion cans.
Aircraft - Piston
Emissions from this category were assumed to be controllable only by
retrofitting afterburners.
CONTROL COSTS
Figures 2 through 27 graphically present the costs associated with
57
-------
TABLE 38. HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS SUMMARY (19), (20), (21)
MODEL YEAR
GROUP
Pre - 61
61 - 63
64-68
69 - 71
72
73 - 74
75
NUMBER
OF
VEHICLES
41,922
19,932
50,705
41 ,680
15,901
36,468
12*419
AGGREGATE
EXHAUST
EMISSIONS
(TONS/DAY)
18.8
8.9
29.0
17.1
6.1
13.7
1.3
% OF
EXHAUST
EMISSIONS
(.
19.9
9.4
30.6
18.1
6.4
14.5
1-4
AGGREGATE *
EVAPORATIVE
EMISSIONS
(TONS/DAY)
19.0
7.6
18.5
15.2
6.0
5.5
1.8
% OF
EVAPORATIVE
EMISSIONS
25.8
10.3
25.1
20.7
8.2
7.5
2.4
en
oo
Includes crankcase emissions
-------
10--
Sg
o
o
o
to
§ «T
_J
_J
>—I
2:
I
to
8 4t
o
UJ
g n-
r •
No Feasible Controls
"lO 20 30 7! 5(5 66 76 80 96 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 2. Petroleum Production
59
-------
00
o:
•a:
o
o
o
00
o
oo
o
o
o
UJ
M
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 3. Petroleum Refining
60
-------
20 30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70 80 90 100
Ftgure 4. Underground Service Station Tanks
61
-------
20 30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70
80 90
100
Figure 5. Auto Tank Filling
62
-------
CO
o
a
u.
o
to
o
No Feasible Controls
co
o
o
0
LU
M
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 6. Fuel Combustion
63
-------
00
cc
o
o Already Controlled - No
Additional Controls Are
o T Feasible
to
o
CJ
a
M
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 7. Waste Burning and Other Fires
64
-------
t-—I 1 1
20 30 40 50 60 70
% REDUCTION
80 90 TOO
Figure 8. Surface Coating - Heat Treated
65
-------
22.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% REDUCTION
80 90 100
Ftqure 9. Surface Coating - Air Dried
66
-------
20
30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70 80 90 100
Ftnure 10. Dry Cleaning - Petroleum Based Solvent
67
-------
co
QC
o
a
u.
o
co
o
Reactivity Is Zero
o
o
o
UJ
M
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 11. Dry Cleaning - Synthetic Solvent (PCE)
68
-------
CO
Of.
o
o
0 Already Controlled - No
z Additional Controls Are
0 Feasible
CO
o
o
0
UJ
IXI
H I-
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 12. Degreasing - TCE Solvent
69
-------
00
QC
_
§
U.
O
V)
o Reactivity Is Zero
00
o
o
a
UJ
M
z
<
10 20 30 40. 50 60 70 80 90 TOO
% REDUCTION
Figure" 13. Degreasing - 1,1,1-T Solvent
70
-------
10 20 30 40
1 1 J J 1 H
50 60 70 80 90
% REDUCTION
Figure 14. Printing - Rotogravure
71
-------
1.3 "
20 30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
Figure .15. Printing - Flexigraphic
72
70 80 90 TOO
-------
0.10 •-
to
on
o
a
0.08-
o
tO
o
0.06 --
to
o
S 0.04
-------
0.04
to
QC
o
a
o
CO
z
o
0.03 --
0.02 --
to
o
o
~ 0.01
20 30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70 80
90
TOO
Figure 17. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
74
-------
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 .90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 18. Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Operations
75
-------
20 --
o 1C
o 16
14 --
12 --
8
-. 8
6 --
4 - -
2 - -
Pre - 1963
Model Years 1963-1965
Model Years 1966-1969
10 20 30 40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70 80 90 100
Figure 19. Light Duty Vehicle - Exhaust
76
-------
Model Years 63-65
Pre - 63 Crankcase
Model Years 66-69
10 .20
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
Figure 20. Light Duty Vehicle - Evaporative
77
-------
Pre - 61
Model Years 61-63
Model Years 64-68
Model Year 72
Model Years 69-71
20 30
I I I
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70 80 90 100
Figure 21. Heavy Duty Vehicles - Exhaust
78
-------
10.0
Model Years 69-71
Model Years
61-63 Crank
case
Pre - 61
Model Years 61-63
Pre 1961 - Crankcase
Model Years 64-68
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 22. Heavy Duty Vehicles - Evaporative
79
-------
20 30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70
80 90
TOO
Figure 23. Other Gasoline Powered Equipment - Exhaust
80
-------
16.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 24. Other Gasoline Powered Equipment - Evaporative
81
-------
CO
OC
o
a
o
co
o
s:
'. No Feasible Controls
i—
CO
o
o
0
LU
M
—1 1 1 I 1 i I - I I
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 25. Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles
82
-------
50.0
00
a:
o 40.0
o
o
t—I
_J
ri 30.0
s:
>
o
o
W 20.0
*—i
_i
Z3
«t
10.o--
20
30
40 50 60
% REDUCTION
70 80 90 TOO
Figure 26. Aircraft - Jet.
83
-------
3.0
2.5
or
g
o
o
fe 2.0
CO
o
1 1.5"
CO
o
CJ
o
LU
M
1.0
0.5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% REDUCTION
Figure 27. Aircraft - Piston
84
-------
controlling emissions from each source type. Many of the curves consist of
several segments, each of which represents a different control technique
or control of a different segment of the category's emissions. The seg-
ments are placed in order of decreasing cost effectiveness. That is, the
first emission reductions within each category were obtained by applying
the most cost effective control.
The costs shown on the vertical axis are the total annualized costs
of installing, operating and maintaining the control. The horizontal
axis represents percent reduction of the emissions in that category.
Table 39 summarizes the same data in tabular form.
85
-------
Table 39. SUMMARY OF ORGANIC CONTROL COSTS
$/TON
REMOVED
Petroleum Producti
Petroleum Refining
100
480
1000
% OF CUMMULATIVE ANNUALIZED
CATEGORY % OF COST •
EMISSIONS CATEGORY $ x 10 ~6
REMOVED EMISSIONS
REMOVED
CUMMULATIVE
ANNUALIZED COST
FOR
CATEGORY $ x 10"
TECHNIQUE OR
MODEL YEAR GROUP
on - No Feasible Controls
14
23
12
14 - 0.7
37 5.8
49 6.5
0.7
6.5
13.0
Vapor Recycle
Vapor Adsorption
Secondary Floating
Roof Seals
Underground Service Station Tanks
100
480
Automobile Tank Fi
100
480
Fuel Combustion -
Waste Burning and
Surface Coating -
518
55
90
11 ing
55
90
No Feasible Controls
Other Fires - No Feasi
Heat Treated
90
55 .1.24
90 9.76
55 2.6
90 20.7
ble Controls
90 2.0
1-2
9.8
2.6
20.7
2.0
Vapor Recycle (3)
Vapor Adsorption
or Condensation (3)
Vapor Recycle (3) .
Vapor Adsorption
or Condensation
Catalytic Incineration
(3)
Continued
-------
TABLE 39. SUMMARY OF ORGANIC CONTROL COSTS (Continued)
$/TON
REMOVED
% OF
CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
REMOVED
CUMMULATIVE
% OF
CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
REMOVED
ANNUALIZED
COST r
$ x lO'6
CUMMULATIVE
ANNUALIZED COST
FOR
CATEGORY $ x 10"
TECHNIQUE OR
MODEL YEAR GROUP
Surface Coating - Air Dried
*
160
518
38
44
**
38
82
4.4
16.6
4.5
21.1
Dry Cleaning - Petroleum Based Solvent
330 90 90 0.7
Degreasing - TCE Solvent - Already Controlled'
Degreasing - 1,1,1-T Solvent - Reactivity is Zero, No Control Required
Printing - Rotogravure
330 90 90' 1.9
Printing - Flexigraphic
518 90 90 1.3
0.7
1.9
1.3
Rubber and Plastic Manufacturing
424 90 90
0.1
0.1
Solvent Modification
(5)
Catalytic Incineration
(3)
Carbon Adsorption (3)
Adsorption (3)
Catalytic Incineration
(3)
Catalytic Incineration
and Adsorption (3)
'75% of architectural coating emissions
**90% of non-architectural coating emissions
Continued
-------
TABLE 39. SUMMARY OF ORGANI'C CONTROL COSTS (Continued)
$/TON % OF
REMOVED CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
REMOVED
CUMMULATIVE
% OF
CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
REMOVED
ANNUALIZED
COST
$«x 10-6
CUMMULATIVE
ANNUALIZED COST
FOR .
CATEGORY $ x 10"'
TECHNIQUE OR
MODEL YEAR
5
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
424
Miscellaneous Solvent
424
Light Duty Vehicle -
220
550
827
Light Duty Vehicle -
877
1414
1477
2067
Heavy Duty Vehicle -
35
39
62
134
159
90
Operations
90
Exhaust
13.7
4.5
3.3
Evaporative
29.1
3.2
14.1
11.3
Exhaust
8.3
3.0
14.0
4.3
9.1
90
90
13.7
18.2
21.5
29.1
32.3
46.4
57.7
8.3
11.3
25.3
29.6
38.7
0".03
7.1
7.0
5\7
6.4
45.7
8.0
37.3
41.8
0.1
0.04
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.03
7.1
7.0
12.7
19.1
45.7
53.7
91.0
132.8
0.1
0.14
0.44
0.64
1.14
Catalytic Inci
and Adsorption
Catalytic Inci
and Adsorption
66 - 69 (6)
63 - 65 (6)
Pre - 63 (6)
66 - 69 (6)
neration
(3)
neration
(3)
Pre - 63 Crankcase (6)
63 - 65 (6)
Pre - 63 (6)
69 - 71 (6)
72 (6)
64 - 68 (6)
61 - 63 (6)
Pre - 61 (5)
Continued
-------
TABLE 39. SUMMARY OF ORGANIC CONTROL COSTS (Continued)
$/TON
REMOVED
Heavy Duty Vehi
161
191
314
457
530
.607
1826
Other Gasoline
827
Other Gasoline
2067
Diesel Powered
Aircraft - Jet
8000
% OF
CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
REMOVED
cle - Evaporative
6.9
17.5
21.3
4.9
8.4
17.8
0.4
Power Equipment -
46
Powered Equipment
85
CUMMULATIVE
% OF
CATEGORY
EMISSIONS
REMOVED
6.9
24.4
45.7
50.6
59.0
76.8
77.2
Exhaust
46
- Evaporative
85
ANNUALIZED
COST ,
$ x 10~6
0.3
0.9
1.8
0.6
1.2
2.9
0.2
15.3
14.1
CUMMULATIVE
ANNUALIZED COST
FOR
CATEGORY $ x 10~°
0.3
1.2
3.0
3.6
4.8
7.7
7.9
15.3
14.1
TECHNIQUE OR
MODEL YEAR
72 (6)
69 - 71 (6)
64 - 68 (6)
Pre - 61 Crankcase (6)
61 - 63 (6)
Pre - 61 (6)
61 - 63 Crankcase (6)
Pre - 1963 Automobile
Controls (6)
Pre - 1963 Automobile
Controls (6)
Vehicles - No Feasible Controls
95
95
47.5
47.5
Combustion Modification
(5)
Aircraft - Piston
730
75
75
3.1
3.1
Afterburner (5)
-------
SECTION 6
LEAST COST CALCULATIONS
Figure 28 graphically presents the cost versus percent control data
for the combined emissions of all source categories. The vertical axis
represents the total annualized cost of installing, operating and maintain-
ing the combined controls for all categories. The horizontal axis repre-
sents the percent reduction in reactive emissions. It does not represent
the percent reduction in mass emissions. The control techniques were ap-
plied in decreasing order of their cost effectiveness. That is, the
first reductions were obtained with the most cost effective control. The
same data are presented in tabular form in Table 40.
Table 41 shows the aggregate control costs for achieving various
levels of control. Although approximately 95% control of organics would
be required to assure that the ambient air quality standard was met (22),
53% is the maximum control that can be obtained using currently available
control technology.
90
-------
300" -
250
200
o
"ISO
100 - -
50
4 h
•I 1-
10 20
30 40 50 60
X REDUCTION
70 80 90 100
Figure 28. Cost of Achieving Various Levels of Control
91
-------
TABLE 40. SUMMARY OF CONTROL COSTS
$ Per
Reactive
Ton
Removed
45
51
81
128
139
174
206
248 ,;
i
262
286
Reactive
Emissions
Remov ed
kg/day
xlO"3
5.5
2.0
9.3
24.0
47.3
2.9
6.0
3.0
42.6
60.9
(tons/day)
(6.1)
(2.2)
(10.2)
(26.5)
(52.1)
(3.2)
(6.6)
(3.3)
(47.0)
(67.1)
Cumulative %
of Reactive
Emissions From
All Sources
0.40
0.55
1.23
2.99
6.45
Cost for Maximum
Control $xlO"6
Industrial
0.1
0.04
0.3
1.2
2.6
•
6.66 0.2
7.10 0.5
7.32 0.3
10.44
14.89
4.5
7.0
Cumulative
0.1
0.1
0.4
1.6
4.2
4.4
4.9
5.2
9.7
16.7
Source Categories and
Control Techniques
Or Model Year Group
HDV - Exhaust;
69-71
HDV - Exhaust;
72
HDV - Exhaust;
64-68
Underground Service Station
Tanks; Vapor Recycle
Auto Tank Fillingt
Vapor Recycle
HDV - Exhaust;
61-63
HDV - Exhaust;
pre - 61
HDV - Evaporative;
72
Surface Coating - Air Dried
Solvent Modification
LDV - Exhaust;
66-69
Continued
-------
TARI F d(l MINIMA
294
389
437
476
483
511
589
615
667
673
703
714
785
815
7.6
8.4
0.6
3.8
9.3
0.2
7.9
39.4
77.3
(8.4)
(9.3)
(0.7)
(4.2)
(10.2)
(0.2)
(8.7)
(43.4)
(85.2)
7.3 (8.1)
2.1
19.9
9.8
3.6
. (2.3)
(21.9)
(10.8)
(4.0)
15.45
16.07
16.12
16.40
17.08
17.09
17.67
20.55
26.20
26.74
26.89
28.34
29.06
29.33
RY np r.nwTRn
0.9
1.3
0.1
0.7
1.8
•0.03
1.9
9.8
20.7
2.0
0.6
5.7
3.1
1.2
rn<;T<; (Continued)
17.6
18.9
19.0
19.7
21.5
21.6
23.5
33.3
54.0
56.0
56.6
62.3
65.4
66.6
HDV - Evaporative;
69-71
Printing - Flexigraphic;
Catalytic Incineration
Rubber and Plastic Manufacturing
Adsorption and Incineration
Petroleum Refining - Fixed
Roof Tanks; Vapor Recycle
HDV - Evaporative; i
74-68
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing; :
Adsorption and Incineration '
Printing - Rotogravure; ;
Adsorption
Underground Service Station \
Tanks; Vapor Adsorption or ;
Condensation
Auto Tank Filling; Vapor
Adsorption or Condensation
Surface Coating - Heat Treated;
Catalytic Incineration
HDV - Evaporative;
Pre-61 Crankcase
LDV - Exhaust;
63-65
Aircraft - Piston;
Afterburner
HDV - Evaporative;
61-63
Continued
-------
TABLE 40. SUMMARY nr CONTROL COSTS (Continued)
849
883
934
1,000
1,074
1.074
1,349
2,175
2,272
2,286
2,809
3,180
3,180
4,762
14,815
48.4
19.9
7.7
1.8
14.8
35.4
84.2
9.2
40.8
6.3
0.2
32.7
11.1
3.2
7.9
724.1
(53.4)
(21.9)
(8.5)
(2.0)
(16.3)
(39.0)
(92.8)
(10.1)
(45.0)
(6.9)
(0.2)
(36.0)
(12.2)
(3.5)
(8.7)
798.2
32.87
34.32
34.88
35.01
36.09
38.68
44.84
45.51
48.50
48.96
48.97
51.36
52.17
52.40
52.98
16.6
7.1
2.9
0.7
6.4
15.3
45.7
8.0
37.3
5.8
0.2
41.8
14.1
6.5
47.4
322.4
83.2
90.3
93.2
93.9
100.3
115.6
161.3
169.3
206.6
212.4
212.6
254.4
268.5
275.0
322.4
Surface Coating - Air Dried;
Catalytic Incineration
Miscellaneous Operations;
Adsorption and Incineration
HDV - Evaporative;
Pre-61
Dry Cleaning - Petroleum Basec
Solvent; Adsorption
LDV - Exhaust; Pre-63
Other Gasoline Powered Equip-
ment - Exhaust; Same as
Pre-63 Auto
LDV - Evaporative;
66-69
LDV - Evaporative;
Pre-63 crankcase
LDV - Evaporative;
63-65
Petroleum Refining - Fixed
Roof Tanks; Adsorption or
Condensation
HDV - Evaporative;
61-63 Crankcase
LDV - Evaporative;
Pre-63
Other Gasoline Powered Equip-
ment - Evaporative;
Same as Pre-63 Auto
Petroleum Refining - Floating:
Roof Tanks; Secondary Seals
Aircraft - Jet; Combustor
Can Redesign
-------
TABLE 41. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF ACHIEVING VARIOUS LEVELS OF ORGANIC CONTROL
In
% Reduction
Reactive Emissions
10
20
30
40
50
maximum 53
Annual ized
Control
Costs
$9.1 x 106
$31.4 x 106
$69.7 x 106
$125.4 x 106
$230.6 x 106
$322.4 x 106
Average Cost Effectiveness -
Dollars Per Reactive Ton
$312
$539
$797
$861
$1583
$2088
10
in
-------
REFERENCES
1. Goodman, H.S.; Abercrombie, G.E.; Arledge, K.W.; and Tan, R.L.
"A Mobile Source Emissions Inventory System for Light Duty Vehicles in
the South Coast Air Basin," California Air Resources Board Contract
Number AR3-1236, TRW Environmental Engineering Division, February 1977.
2. Tabak, H., KVB Engineering, Tustin, California, Personal communication
of data from a preliminary organic inventory conducted for the California
Air Resources Board, February 1977.
3. Xavier, T., California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California,
Personal communication of 1975 organic inventory data.
4. Trijonis, J.C.; and Arledge, K.W., "Utility of Reactivity Criteria in
Organic Emission Control Strategies for Los Angeles," EPA Contract
Number 68-02-1735, TRW Environmental Services, December 1975.
5. Blumenthal, D., Private communication of data, MRI, Inc., Pasadena,
California, March 1977.
6. Bonamassa, F., Private communication of data, California Air Resources
Board, El Monte, California, March 1977.
7. Trijonis, J.C. and Arledge, K.W., "Utility of Reactivity Criteria in
Organic Emission Control Strategies for Los Angeles," TRW Environmental
Services, Redondo Beach, California, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1735,
December, 1975.
8. National Air Pollution Control Administration, "Control Techniques for
Hydrocarbon and Organic Solvent Emissions From Stationary Sources,"
March 1970.
9. Porter, W., Private communication, Standard Oil Company, El Segundo,
California, March 1977.
10. Loop, J., Private communication, California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento, California, March 1977.
11. Goodman, H., et_ aU "A Methodology for Determining Least Cost Air
Pollution Control Strategies," TRW Transportation and Environmental
Engineering Operations, EPA Contract No. 68-01-2629, June 1975.
12. Arledge, K.W., et aj_, "In-Stack Continuous Monitoring of Emissions
From Stationary Sources," KVB Engineering, ARB Contract No. 3-733,
January 1975.
96
-------
13. Trijonis, J.C., An Economic Air Pollution Control Model - Application
Photochemical Smog in Los Angeles County 1 hi 975. Ph.D. Thesis, "~
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, May 1972.
14. National Air Pollution Control Administration, Control Techniques For
Carbon Monoxide. Nitrogen Dioxide, and Hydrocarbon Emissions From
Mobile Sources. March 1970.
15. Bastress, E.K., et al_, "Assessment of Aircraft Emission Control
Technology," NortFern Research and Engineering, EPA Contract No.
68-04-0011, APTD 0805, NREC 1168 1, September 1971.
16. Danielson, J.A., Ed., "Air Pollution Engineering Manual," Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, AP-40, May 1973.
17. Tabak, H., Private communication of data from a preliminary organic in-
ventory conducted for the California Air Resources Board, KVB
Engineering, February 1977.
18. "Systems and Costs to Control Hydrocarbon Emissions From Stationary
Sources," Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, EPA 450/2
74 006, PB 236-921, September 1974.
19. Goodman, H.S., Abercrombie, G.E., Arledge, K.W. and Tan, R.L.; "A
Mobile Source Emissions Inventory System for Light Duty Vehicles in
the South Coast Air Basin," California Air Resources Board Contract
Number ARB-1236, TRW Environmental Engineering Division, February
1977.
20. Trijonis, J.C., An Economic Air Pollution Control Model - Application:.
Photochemical Smog in Los Angeles County in 1975, Ph.D. Thesis,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, May 1972.
21. Goodman, H., et aj_, "A Methodology for Determining Least Cost Air Pollu-
tion Control Strategies," TRW Transportation and Environmental Engineering
Operations, EPA Contract No. 68-01-2629, June 1975.
22. Trijonis, J.C. and Arledge, K.W., "Utility of Reactivity Criteria in
Organic Emission Control Strategies for Los Angeles," TRW Environmental
Services, Redondo Beach, California, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1735,
December, 1975.
97
-------
APPENDIX A
ESTIMATED ORGANIC MOLAR COMPOSITION
FOR 26 DEVICE CATEGORIES
This section presents the estimated molar composition of the organics
emitted by each of the 26 categories of devices in terms of the five-class
reactivity scheme.
98
-------
TABLE A-l. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ORGANICS EMITTED BY PETROLEUM PRODUCING OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
84
Benzaldehyde s
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formanlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
gens ted paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
84
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl :
benzenes :
Cyclic ketones :
Tert-alkyl acetates |
2-n1tropropane
s
•
I
:
|
|
:
I
I,
0
CLASS III
C -paraffins
Cycloparafflns
Alky] acetylenes
13
3
Styrene j
s
N-alkyl ketones ;
5
Prlm-t sec-alkyl §
acetates •
N-methyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dtraethyl
acetamlde
TOTAL CLASS III
16
CLASS IV
Prlm-4 sec-alkyl I
benzenes |
Dlalkyl benzenes ;
Branched alkyl •
ketones :
s
Prlm-4 sec-alkyl •
alcohols •
Cellosolve acetate |
s
Partially halogenated :
oleflns !
:
|
j
i
i
•
i
i
•
TOTAL CLASS IV 0
CLASS V
Aliphatic oleflns |
5
or-methyl styrene :
Aliphatic aldehydes |
Tr1-4 tetra-alkyl :
benzenes s
•
Unsaturited ketones |
D1 acetone alcohol :
s
Ethers §
Cellosolves •
|
.
I
s
:
i
•
TOTAL CLASS V 0
vo
VO
-------
TABLE Ar2. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED FROM REFINERY OPERATIONS
MOLE
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene i
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamlde
Hethanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
6
2
3
i
11
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl 1
benzenes s
I
Cyclic ketones :
Tert-alkyl acetates :
:
2-nHropropane |
:
5
•
1
1
s
•
£
1
1
I
1
1
s
I .
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C^-parafflns
B
Cyclopirafflns
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones >
Prtm-& sec-alky 1
acetates
N-methyl pyrrol Idone
1 '
N.N-dtnethyl
acetamtde
TOTAL CLASS III
67
!
;
i
i
67
CLASS IV
Pr1iti-& sec-alky 1 § 3
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes 5
Branched alkyl
ketones
Pr1m-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleflns
|
E
8
CLASS V
Aliphatic oleflns 14
o-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-i tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
D1 acetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
s
TOTAL CLASS V 14
o
o
-------
TABLE A-3. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ORGANICS EMITTED FROM UNDERGROUND GASOLINE STORAGE TANKS
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C3 paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
18
18
CLASS II
Kono-tert-alkyl |
benzenes £
s
Cyclic ketones :
Tert-alkyl acetates £
£
2-n1tropropane s
5
1
•
1
•
{
I
£
5
|
S
*
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns
Cycloparafflns
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Pr1m-4 sec-alkyl
acetates
N-raethyl pyrrol 1 done
N.N-dlnethyl
acetamtde
TOTAL CLASS III
59
1
60
CLASS IV
Pr1m-& sec-alkyl £
benzenes £
£
Dlalkyl benzenes £
Branched alkyl |
ketones £
s
Prlro-4 sec-alkyl s
alcohols £
Cellosolve acetate £
5
Partially halogenated £
oleflns :
s
|
|
£
1
i
TOTAL CLASS IV 0
CLASS V
Aliphatic oleflns 22
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-i tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
01 acetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
1'
22
•Weighed average of regular grade and premium grade storage tanks based on 1972 gasoline sales
of 30 volume % regular grade and 70 volume ". premium grade.
-------
TABLE A-4. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION Op ORGANICS EMITTED DUE TO AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE TANK FILLING
MOLE %
CLASS I
C.-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamide
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially nalo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
2
2
4
CLASS II
S
Mono-tert-alkyl §
benzenes :
:
Cyclic ketones :
Tert-alkyl acetates :
|
2-nitropropane :
s
2
;
•
j
s
1
}
s
:
•
£
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
:
C^-paraffins i 68
s
Cycloparaffins 1 1
s
Alkyl acetylenes z
•
Styrene !
:
N-alkyl ketones \
5
Prim-* sec-alkyl s
acetates •
N-methyl pyrrol Idone |
,
acetamfde |
|
}
I
|
|
I
TOTAL CLASS III 69
CLASS IV
Prim-4 sec-alkyl
benzenes
Oialkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prim-S sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV
:
5
4
9
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins 17
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-i tetra-alkyl 1
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Diacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
i
s
TOTAL CLASS V 18
o
ro
•Assuming 30 volume X regular and 70 volume £ premium grade consumed, and 81 weight %
emitted by vapor displacement and 19 weight " emitted due to spillage.
-------
TABLE A-5. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED DURING FUEL COMBUSTION
MOLE %
CLASS I
s
C,-C3 paraffins | 85
Acetylene jj 5
s
Benzene i
Benzaldehyde :
•
Acetone :
s
Tert-alkyl alcohols ;
Phenyl acetate ;
s
Methyl benzoate S
•
I
Ethyl amines !
Dimethyl formamide |
Hethanol :
Perhalogenated S
hydrocarbons jj
Partially halo- I
genated paraffins :
TOTAL CLASS I 90
CLASS II
i
Mono-tert-alkyl s
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
I
1
i
|
:
|
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
5
C4+-paraffins s 3
Cycloparaffins 1
s
Alkyl acetylenes !
5
Styrene •
•
N-alkyl ketones =
•
Prlm-4 sec-alkyl
acetates
•
H-methyl pyrrol i done \
•
N.N-dlwthyl . |
acetamJde :
i
TOTAL CLASS III 3
CLASS IV
Prim-i sec-alkyl \
benzenes
Dialkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prim-4 sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogens ted
olefins
1
CLASS V
i
Aliphatic olefins : 3
or-methyl styrene s
:
Aliphatic aldehydes : 3
Tri-4 tetra-alkyl :
benzenes . :
§
Unsaturated ketones :
Diacetone alcohol |
•
Ethers :
5
Cellosolves i
1
i
s
i
i
i
s
TOTAL CLASS V 6
o
oo
-------
TABLE A-6. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY WASTE BURNING AND OTHER FIRES
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl fomainide
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
• 62
! 8
;
i
i
|
4
74
CLASS II
s
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
I
i
s
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns s 3
5
Cycloparaffins I
Alkyl acetylenes 2
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones 2
Prin-4 sec-alkyl
acetates
N-methyl pyrrol idone
N.N-dlnethyl
acettmlde |
i
s
TOTAL CLASS III 7
CLASS IV
Prim-4 sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dialkyl benzenes 1
Branched alky!
ketones
Prin-4 sec-alkyl
alcohols 2
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleflns
TOTAL CLASS IV 3
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tri-« tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Oiacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
TOTAL CLASS V
13
3
16
-------
TABLE A-7. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED DURING HEAT TREATING OF SURFACE COATINGS
MOLE %
CLASS I
C.-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamide
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
gen a ted paraffins :
!
TOTAL CLASS I
20
20
CLASS II
i
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
i
1
i
i
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C^-parafflns 28
Cycloparaffins
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prim-1 sec-alkyl
acetates
N-roethyl pyrrol i done
N.N-dlwthyl
acetamlde
1
•
i
|
TOTAL CLASS III 28
CLASS IV
Prim-i sec-alkyl 35
benzenes
Oialkyl benzenes 15
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prim-l sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
1
TOTAL CLASS IV 50
CLASS V
i
Aliphatic olefins S 2
or -methyl styrene S
s
Aliphatic aldehydes I
Tri-i tetra-alkyl |
benzenes :
s
Unsaturated ketones :
01 acetone alcohol s
s
Ethers |
Cellosolves S
i
z
i
|
|
s
§
TOTAL CLASS V 2
o
en
-------
TABLE A-8. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED DURING CURING OF AIR DRIED SURFACE COATINGS
MOLE %
CLASS I
Cj-Cj paraffins :
2
Acetylene |
•
Benzene r
Benzaldehyde :
s
Acetone s 10
5
Tert-alkyl alcohols ;
:
Phenyl acetate •
:
Methyl benzoate S
:
Ethyl amines •
Dimethyl fornamide :
Hethanol } 4
Perhalogenated ;
hydrocarbons >
Partially halo- •
genated paraffins ; 1
TOTAL CLASS I 15
CLASS II
Hono-tert-alkyl i
benzenes \
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns 37
Cycloparaffins ' 5
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones 6
Prim-» sec-alkyl
acetates 3
N-methyl pyrrol idone
N.N-dimethyl
acetamide
SI
CLASS IV
Prin-a sec-alkyl §
benzenes : 9
5
Dialkyl benzenes i 6
•
Branched alky! ;
ketones : 2
m
Prim-4 sec-alkyl §
alcohols ; ^2
2
Cellosolve acetate |
2
Partially halogenated :
olefins r
:
|
2
2
i
2
|
2
!
TOTAL CLASS IV 29
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tri-S tetra-alkyl
benzenes 1
Unsaturated ketones
Diacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves 4
TOTAL CLASS V 5
-------
TABLE A-9. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ORGANICS EMITTED FROM DRY CLEANING OPERATIONS USING PETROLEUM BASED SOLVENTS
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C3 paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene i
Benzaldehyde i
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamtde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
gens ted paraffins
TOTAL .CLASS I
i
0
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
.
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nltropropane
TOTAL CLASS II
:
i
^
0
CLASS III
j
C4+-paraff1ns j
Cycloparafflns i
Alkyl acetylenes i
Styrene j
N-alkyl ketones
|
PrtBv-S sec-alkyl j
acetates
N-nethyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dlMthyl
•cetamlde
TOTAL CLASS III
28
66
'
94
CLASS IV
Prlm-S sec-alkyl
benzenes >-^
^^>
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
i
Prlm-t sec-alkyl
alcohols i
Cellosolve acetate i
i
]
Partially halogenated
oleffns
TOTAL CLASS IV
..
5
j
5
CLASS V
.
Aliphatic oleflns
a-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Trl-t tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
01 acetone alcohol
i
Ethers
Cellosolves
TOTAL CLASS V
i
1
1
-------
TABLE A-10. COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED FROM DRY CLEANING OPERATIONS USING SYNTHETIC SOLVENT (PCE)
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-Cj paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
-
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamlde
Hethanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
!
:
.
100
i
100
CLASS II
|
Mono- tert-a Iky 1
benienes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-n1tropropane
I
TOTAL CLASS II n
CLASS III
s
C4+-paraff1ns
Cycloparaffins
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prlm-i sec-alkyl
acetates
N-nethyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dinethyl
acetamtde
•
TOTAL CLASS III 0
CLASS IV
Prlm-i sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alky!
ketones
Prim-4 sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV 0
CLASS V
r
Aliphatic olefins
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-» tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
01 acetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
1
TOTAL CLASS V 0
-------
TABLE A-ll. COMPOSITION OF THE OR6ANICS EMITTED DURING TRICHLORETHYLENE (TCE) DECREASING OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS I
Cj-Cj paraffins
Acetylene i
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl anines
Oiwthyl fornamide
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
!
i
1
0
CLASS II
f
Hono-tert-alkyl |
benzenes |
£
Cyclic ketones :
Tert-alkyl acetates |
s
2-nitropropane :
s
s
|
S
|
s
i
i
1
i
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C^-paraffins
Cycloparaffins
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Pr1»-» sec-alkyl
acetates
N-oethyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dlaethyl
•cetartde
:
TOTAL CLASS III
:
!
:
i
i
i
i
1
'
CLASS IV
Prim-4 sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prtn-a sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolye acetate
Partially halogenated
oleftns
TOTAL CLASS IV
|
100
100
CLASS V
:
Aliphatic olefins
a-nethyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-» tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Diacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
•
i
1
i
s
TOTAL CLASS V 0
o
v£>
-------
TABLE A-12. COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED DURING 1,1,1,-TRICHLOROETHANE DECREASING OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS 1
C,-C, paraffins i
Acetylene j
Benzene j
Benzaldehyde !
. j
Acetone !
i
Tert-alkyl alcohols ]
Phenyl acetate i
.
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Olnethyl fomamide
Hethanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
gens ted paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
.
100
100
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl i
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
'
.
TOTAL CLASS II
!
;
i
E
I
0
CLASS III
|
C4+-paraff1ns I
Cycloparafflns ;
i
Alkyl acetylenes i
Styrene j
N-alkyl ketones
i
Prlm-i sec-alkyl j
acetates j
J
M-nethyl pyr roll done i
M-diaethyl i
•cetoitde i
TOTAL CLASS III
0
CLASS IV
s
Pr1m-» sec-alkyl ;
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prlm-t sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleflns
i
0
CLASS V
s
Aliphatic oleflns :
or-methyl styrene :
«
Aliphatic aldehydes |
Tr1-» tetra-alkyl jj
benzenes r
Unsaturated ketones
s
D1 acetone alcohol 5
S
Ethers |
s
Cellosolves §
TOTAL CLASS V 0
-------
TABLE A-13. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY ROTOGRAVURE PRINTING OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS I
Cj-Cj paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formanide
Methanol 16
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
gen a ted paraffins :
TOTAL CLASS I 16
CLASS II
Hono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
5
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C44-paraffins | 49
Cycloparafflns 1 7
:
Alkyl acetylenes |
Styrene !
s
H-alkyl ketones §
•
Pr1m-» sec-alkyl |
acetates s 5*
J
N-nethyl pyrrol idone |
N.N-dtaethyl i
aceturfde s
i
I
|
s
i
s
|
i
TOTAL CLASS III 61
CLASS IV
s
Prlro-* sec-alkyl
benzenes S
Dialkyl benzenes 5
Branched alkyl
ketones
Pr1ro-& sec-alkyl 13
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
|
|
TOTAL CLASS IV 23
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins E
or-methyl styrene E
s
Aliphatic aldehydes E
Tr1-i tetra-alkyl E
benzenes E
s
Unsaturated ketones E
s
D1 acetone alcohol 5
•
Ethers I
•
Cellosolves E
i
1
i
i
•
i
1
s
TOTAL CLASS V 0
•Both saturated acetates and other esters are included in this category.
-------
TABLE A-H. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY FLEXIGRAPHIC PRINTING OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS I
Ci-C, paraffins
Acetyl ene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamide
Kethano)
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
]
! 10
i
9
19
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl :
benzenes §
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nltropropane
I
5
I
:
i
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C^-parafflns
Cycloparafftns
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene i
N-alkyl ketones |
j
. Priro-» sec-alkyl 1
acetates i
1
N-nethyl pyrrol Idone :
N.N-dlmethyl i
acetamlde i
*
TOTAL CLASS III
n
•
CLASS IV
:
Pr1m-& sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prlin-4 sec-alkyl
alcohols 73
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogens ted
oleflns
73
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins :
or-tnethyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-i tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
01 ace tone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
§
!
s
TOTAL CLASS V 0
ro
-------
TABLE A-15.
ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY RUBBER PLASTIC, PUTTY AND ADHESIVE
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C3 paraffins :
Acetylene J
s
Benzene | 7
Benzaldehyde i
m
Acetone • 4
•
Tert-alkyl alcohols • 2
3
•
Phenyl acetate :
Methyl benzoate ;
:
Ethyl amines |
Dimethyl formamlde 2
Hethanol s
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins 3
TOTAL CLASS 1 16
CLASS 11
Hono-tert-aUyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones 1
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
TOTAL CLASS II 1
CLASS III
C^-parafflns
Cycloparafflns
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Pr1m-» sec-alkyl
acetates
Nnnethyl pyrrol idone
N.N-dinethyl
acetamlde
'
TOTAL CLASS III
9
7
4
3
1
|
i
24
CLASS IV
Prlm-4 sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes 1
Branched alkyl
ketones 2
Prlm-i sec-alkyl
alcohols 4
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV 7
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins 41
or-methyl styrene 1
Aliphatic aldehydes 10
Tr1-i tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
01 ace tone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
i
TOTAL CLASS V 52
-------
TABLE A-16. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED DURING PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins i
Acetylene i
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl fonumlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
7
7
i
|
20
34
CLASS II
§
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones 1
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nltropropane
,
:
TOTAL CLASS II i
CLASS III
r
C^-parafflns |
Cycloparaffins I
:
Alkyl acetylenes £
Styrene |
5
N-alkyl ketones | 5
1
Prlm-i sec-alkyl s
acetates ;
«
N-rethyl pyrrol 1 done |
«
N.N-dtnethyl s
acetinilde :
i
|
1
£
i
:
s
TOTAL CLASS III 5
CLASS IV
i
Prim-4 sec-alkyl 1
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alky)
ketones 3
Prin-i sec-alkyl
alcohols 57
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogens ted
oleftns
I
TOTAL CLASS IV 60
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins :
or-nethyl styrene :
s
Aliphatic aldehydes E
Tr1-a tetra-alkyl 1
benzenes :
;
Unsaturated ketones r
D1 ace tone alcohol :
s
Ethers :
•
Cellosolves £
1
:
|
s
I
i
i
TOTAL CLASS V 0
-------
TABLE A-17. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIC SOLVENT OPERATIONS
MOLE %
CLASS I
C.-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene 3
Benzaldehyde
Acetone 19
Tert-alkyl alcohols 3
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formalin de
Hethanol 19
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
I
TOTAL CLASS I 44
CLASS II
Nono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-n1tropropane
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns 13
Cycloparafflns 4
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones 9
Prlm-4 sec-alkyl
acetates 3
N-methyl pyrrol Idone
N,N-d1methyl
acetimlde
i
TOTAL CLASS III 29
CLASS IV
Prim-4 sec-alkyl \
benzenes : 4
;
Otalkyl benzenes i 6
Branched alkyl i
ketones ; 4
i
Prim-4 sec-alkyl ;
alcohols : 4
:
Cellosolve acetate s
s
Partially halogenated :
olefins :
s
|
|
|
:
i
i
TOTAL CLASS IV 18
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins : 4
or-methyl styrene :
•
Aliphatic aldehydes : 1
Tri-t tetra-alkyl :
benzenes : 1
s
Unsaturated ketones i
j
Diacetone alcohol :
s
Ethers | 3
Cellosolves s
i
1
{
1
r
i
s
s
TOTAL CLASS V 9
-------
TABLE A-18. ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST FROM LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE POWERED MOTOR VEHICLES
MOLE
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins | 14
3
Acetylene : "
;
Benzene : '
Senzsldenyde :
»
Acetone ;
m
Tert-alkyl alcohols •
•
Pnenyl acetate >
z
Methyl benzcate S
z
Ethyl amines 8
Olfnethyl formamlde S
Kethanol |
Perhalogenated |
hyd'ocarbons |
Partially halo- r
genated paraffins :
TOTAL CLASS I 26
CLASS II
Hono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nltropropane
9:
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C4»-paraff1ns i 30
Cycloparaffins
Alky) acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prln-i sec-alkyl
acetates
N-methyl pyrroll done
N.N-dfmethyl
acetantde
30
CLASS IV
Pr1m-i sec-alkyl
benzenes 6
Dlalkyl benzenes 13
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prlm-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV 19
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins 20
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Trl-S tetra-alkyl
benzenes 3
Unsaturated ketones
01 acetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
TOTAL CLASS V 23
-------
TABLE A-19.
ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS
FROM LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLES
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C3 paraffins r 1
Acetylene
Benzene *
Benz aldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
I
TOTAL CLASS I 5
CLASS II
5
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-n1tropropane
TOTAL CLASS 11 0
CLASS III
C^-parafflns | 57
Cycloparaffins : 1
:
Alkyl acetylenes s
Styrene |
;
N-alkyl ketones |
s
Priro-4 sec-alkyl •
acetates ;
•
N-methyl pyrrol Idone •
5
N.N-dimethyl :
acetamlde |
|
|
i
5
:
s
:
TOTAL CLASS III 58
CLASS IV
Prim-& sec-alkyl
benzenes 9
Dialkyl benzenes 12
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prim-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV 21
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins
Qf-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-& tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Diacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
j
i
TOTAL CLASS V
13
3
16
Weighted to represent: (1) 67. carburetor, 33" fuel tank emissions;
(2) 30' regular, 70' premium grade gasolines.
-------
TABLE A-20.
ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE POWERED MOTOR VEHICLES
MOLE
CLASS 1
C,-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
'
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamide
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
14
11
3
i
I
1
:
2b
CLASS II
Mono-ter* ".kyl
benzv s
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
•
TOTAL CLASS II
0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns
Cycloparaffins
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prim-4 sec-alkyl
acetates
N-methyl pyrrol (done
N.N-dimethyl
acetamide
TOTAL CLASS III
30
30
CLASS IV
Prim-a sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dial kyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prim-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV
6
13
i
!
19
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins
a-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tri-t tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Oiacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
TOTAL CLASS V
20
3
23
CO
-------
TABLE A-21.
ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS
FROM HEAVY DUTY GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLES
MOLE %
CLASS I
Cj-Cj paraffins : 1
Acetylene i
Benzene : 4
Benzaldehyde :
s
Acetone :
s
Tert-alkyl alcohols •
s
Phenyl acetate :
Methyl benzoate S
:
Ethyl amines £
Dimethyl formamlde |
s
Methanol :
Perhalogenated |
hydrocarbons I
Partially halo- i
genated paraffins s
I.,.
5
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl :
benzenes :
Cyclic ketones :
Tert-alkyl acetates i
s
2-nitropropane s
•
•
;
S
i
s
1
i
|
5
;
I
I
TOTAL CLASS II 0
CLASS III
C4+-paraffins 57
Cycloparafflns 1
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Pr1m-» sec-alkyl
acetates
N-rethyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dimethyl
acetamide
I
I
TOTAL CLASS III 58
CLASS IV
Prira-& sec-alkyl
benzenes 9
Dialkyl benzenes 12
Branched alkyl
ketones
Pr1m-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogens ted
olefins
TOTAL CLASS IV 21
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins 13
or-raethyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
TH-& tetra-alkyl
benzenes 3
Unsaturated ketones
Dlacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
i
TOTAL CLASS V 16
-------
TABLE A-22.
ESTIMATED ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
FROM OTHER TYPES OF GASOLINE POWERED EQUIPMENT
Mole %
CLASS I
Cj-Cj paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
.Benza 1 dehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formamlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
14
11
3
28
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-aHyl acetates
2-nltropropane
-
|
|
|
:
TOTAL CLASS II 1 0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns
Cyctoparaffins
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prim-» sec-alkyl
acetates
N-fflethyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dlnethyl
acetamlde i
TOTAL CLASS III
30
30
CLASS IV
Pr1m-i sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Pr1m-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleflns
1
!
i
TOTAL CLASS IV
6
13
|
19
CLASS V
Aliphatic oleflns i
;
a-methyl styrene |
Aliphatic aldehydes i
Tr1-» tetra-alkyl 1
benzenes i
|
Unsaturated ketones :
1
01 acetone alcohol i
Ethers i
i
Cellosolves i
!
!
;
I
TOTAL CLASS V
20
3
•
23
ro
o
-------
TABLE A-23. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM OTHER GASOLINE POWERED EQUIPMENT
MOLE %
CLASS I
•
Cj-Cj paraffins | 1 .
Acetylene j|
«
Benzene i *
i
Benzaldehyde :
•
Acetone |
i
Tert-alkyl alcohols •
Phenyl acetate •
|
Methyl benzoate |
:
Ethyl amines |
Dimethyl formamlde -
Methanol |
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I 5
CLASS II
5
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nltropropane
1"
0
CLASS III
C4t-paraffins 57
Cycloparafflns 1
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prtm-i sec-alkyl
acetates
N-methyl pyr roll done
N.N-dinethyl
acetarolde
1
1
5
TOTAL CLASS III 58
CLASS IV
Prim-S sec-alkyl
benzenes 9
Dlalkyl benzenes 12
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prin-4 sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleflns
TOTAL CLASS IV 21
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins 13
cr-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-& tetra-alkyl
benzenes 3
Unsaturated ketones
Dlacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
TOTAL CLASS V 16
ro
-------
TABLE A-24. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. FROM DIESEL POWERED VEHICLES
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins f 11
3 •>
Acetylene | z
;
Benzene :
Benzaldehyde ;
S
Acetone :
s
Tert-alkyl alcohols |
:
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl fornanlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I 13
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nl tropropane
s
s
!
i
s
|
:
|
TOTAL CLASS 11 Q
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns | 24
•
Cycloparafflns s
AUyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Pr1m-» sec-alkyl
acetates
N-methyl pyrrol Idone
N.N-dfmethyl
acetamtde
|
TOTAL CLASS III 24
CLASS IV
Prtm-& sec-alkyl
benzenes 1
Olalkyl benzenes S
Branched alkyl
ketones
Pr1m-& sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleffns
TOTAL CLASS IV 6
CLASS V
Aliphatic olefins
a -methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Trl-S tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Dlacetone alcohol
Ethers
Cellosolves
TOTAL CLASS V
27
30
57
ro
ro
-------
TABLE A-25. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC EMISSIONS FROM TURBINE POWERED AIRCRAFT
MOLE
CLASS I
C,-C, paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formanlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
i
5 7
!
! 1
i 1
9
CLASS II
Mono-tert-alkyl
benzenes
Cyclic ketones
Tert-alkyl acetates
2-nitropropane
TOTAL CLASS II
8
|
i 4
i
4
CLASS III
C^-parafflns
Cycloparafflns
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
N-alkyl ketones
Prlm-i sec-alkyl
acetates
N-methyl pyrrol (done
N.N-dlroethyl
acetamtde
TOTAL CLASS III
:
38
i
38
CLASS IV
Pr1m-i sec-alkyl
benzenes
Dlalkyl benzenes
Branched alkyl
ketones
Prim-i sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Partially halogenated
oleflns i
|
TOTAL CLASS IV
i
8
8
,
16
CLASS V
Aliphatic oleflns
or-methyl styrene
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-& tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
01 acetone alcohol i
i
Ethers i
!
Cellosolves i
!
i
I
|
i
!
i
!
TOTAL CLASS V
I
! ]9
I
!
10
4
33
JVJ
For additional data see Tables 8-16 through B-18.
-------
TABLE A-26. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANICS EMITTED BY PISTON AIRCRAFT
MOLE %
CLASS I
C,-C3 paraffins
Acetylene
Benzene
Benzaldehyde
Acetone
Tert-alkyl alcohols
Phenyl acetate
Methyl benzoate
Ethyl amines
Dimethyl formenlde
Methanol
Perhalogenated
hydrocarbons
Partially halo-
genated paraffins
TOTAL CLASS I
20
12
2
34
CLASS II
g
Hono-tert-alkyl 5
benzenes :
Cyclic ketonts :
Tert-alkyl acetates |
2-n1tropropane
1
2
j
TOTAL CLASS II
0
CLASS III
C4+-paraff1ns
Cycloparafflns
Alkyl acetylenes
Styrene
fl-alkyl ketones
Pr1m-» sec-alkyl
acetates
N-oethyl pyrrol idone
N.N-dlMtl\yl
acetamlde
i
TOTAL CLASS hi
22
1
23
CLASS IV
i
Prlm-l sec-alkyl g
benzenes £ 6
Dlalkyl benzenes i 4
Branched alkyl
ketones
Pr1ra-a sec-alkyl
alcohols
Cellosolve acetate
Parttally halogenated
oleflns
TOTAL CLASS IV
10
CLASS V
j
Aliphatic oleflns
i
31
a -methyl styrene |
Aliphatic aldehydes
Tr1-l tetra-alkyl
benzenes
Unsaturated ketones
Dl acetone alcohol !
2
1
M
Ethers s
Cillosolves i
i
|
1
'
TOTAL CLASS V
i
|
!
i
33
ro
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-77^89
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
REACTIVE HYDROCARBON CONTROL COSTS FOR LOS ANGELES
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
K. W. Arledge, E.G. Pulaski
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
_ 1AA605 AC-08 (FY-76)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2445
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Pocoq-rr*h TTT qpq 1 e* P_ai*V Mr*T*i"Vi Paml "Lng 9771 1
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report documents the results of a study to determine the costs associated
with controlling reactive organic emissions in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Air
Quality Control Region. An inventory of organic emissions from 26 categories of
stationary and mobile sources was developed for the calendar year 1975. The
photochemical reactivity of the emissions from each category was determined in
terms of a 3-class reactivity classification scheme. The costs associated with
reducing the emissions from each category were estimated by assuming the
application of the most cost effective combination of available control equipment.
The costs associated with reducing the emissions from all sources were estimated
by assuming the application of the most cost effective controls selected from
those available for all source types. It was concluded that only approximately
53% of the total organic emissions could be eliminated using currently available
control technology.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
* Air pollution
* Hydrocarbons
* Control
* Cost estimates
Los Angeles, CA
13B
07C
14A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
135
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
125
------- |