EPA-600/3-77-123
November 1977
Ecological Research Series
NEAR-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORIES -
ST. LOUIS, 1975
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the
aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/3-77-123
November 1977
NEAR-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORIES -ST. LOUIS, 1975
by
L.J. Hull, W.P. Dannevik, and S. Frisella
Environmental Quality Research, Inc.
225 S. Meramec
Clayton, Missouri 63105
5-02-6875A
Project Officer
Jack L. Durham
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the office of Research and Monitoring,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
-------
ABSTRACT
The utility of air parcel trajectories is described for the diagnosis of
mesometeorological and urban air pollution problems. A technique is
described that utilizes the St. Louis Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS)
to provide wind measurements for the local urban scale.
A computerized trajectory model is described that computes near-surface
air parcel motions. Results are presented for a study of 50 trajectory case
studies during the summer 1975 St. Louis experiments.
It is concluded that the use of RAMS minute-averaged data has been made
a fully operational segment of the trajectory model and produces a detailed
and accurate description of the urban wind field. The model can be modified
to accept wind observations on any time or distance scale.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 5-02-6875A(PO)
by Environmental Quality Research, Inc. under the sponsorship of the
Environmental Protection Agency. This work covers the period April 1975
to April 1976. The work was completed as of May 30, 1976.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract ill
Figures vii
Tables ix
1. Introduction 1
The utility of near-surface urban-scale air
parcel trajectories 1
Development of an in-house trajectory model 2
Scope of report 3
Summary of Results 3
2. Conclusions 5
3. Recommendations 7
4. RAMS Data Source 9
RAMS data network 9
Data validation 14
RAMS data retrieval 15
5. Technical Approach 17
The trajectory program 17
The use of RAMS 1-minute data 23
Calculating a trajectory 25
Recycling to achieve convergence for step
accuracy 25
Averaging RAMS network wind data at
each time step 27
Missing data 29
Secondary wind validity cheeks 30
Foreward and backward trajectories 30
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
Terminating the trajectory calculations 31
The tabular summary of results 32
Objective plotting of trajectories 35
6. Capabilities and Limitations of the Model 37
Wind averaging techniques 37
Options built into the trajectory program 40
Limitations due to the storage requirements
of the program 41
Capabilities depending on the nature of the
input data 43
Sources of accumulated error 45
7. Validation and testing of the model 52
Comparison to hand analysis 52
Comparing smoothing techniques 53
The iteration scheme 56
Using 1-minute or 15-minute wind averages 57
Comparison to tracer study 60
8. Project Results 68
The trajectory tasks 68
The cases and their meteorology 70
Accuracy of results 92
Compliance with user needs 94
References 96
Appendix
A. Trajectory Print-Outs (50 cases) 97
vi
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FIGURES
Number Page
1. The Metropolitan area covered by the Regional Air
Monitoring network (RAMS) surrounding St. Louis, Missouri . 10
2. A flow chart describing the basic logic of the EQR
in-house, objective trajectory program utilizing RAMS
1-minute data for the calculation of one complete
trajectory 18
3. The form used to display the Regional Trajectory
information calculated by the Contractor's model
combining the header information and representative
trajectory path produced by a Calcomp plotter with the
Regional UTM grid scaled accordingly 33
4. The description of the trajectory algorithm
compared to the real trajectory 48
5. A backward trajectory case study derived employing
each of 4 techniques for September 19, 1973, arrival
time 2400 LST 54
6. A backward trajectory case study derived employing
each of 4 techniques for September 20, 1973, arrival
time 1000 LST 55
7. A backward trajectory case study in which recycling
of the trajectory stepping is included. The case
is for February 19, 1975 and uses as input RAMS
1-minute averages 1n computer compatible tape form 58
8. Height-time cross-sections of SFg concentrations
monitored during continuous traverses Aug 11, 1975 62
9. One-hour averaged SFg concentrations monitored at fixed
sites Aug 11, 1975 63
vii
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FIGURES (continued)
Number Page
10. The foreward trajectory calculated using RAMS 1-minute
surface data starting at 1000 CST (1100 CDT) simultaneous
with the release of tracer material originating at the
KETC-TV tower 65
11. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 16, 1975 71
12. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 17, 1975 72
13. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 18, 1975 73
14. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 22, 1975 75
15. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 23, 1975 76
16. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 24, 1975 77
17. Weather maps for 0600 CST, July 25, 1975 78
18. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 7, 1975 82
19. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 8, 1975 83
20. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 9, 1975 84
21. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 10, 1975 86
22. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 11, 1975 87
23. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 12, 1975 88
24. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 13, 1975 89
25. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 14, 1975 90
26. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 15, 1975 91
27. Weather maps for 0600 CST, August 16, 1975 93
vi i i
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TABLES
Number Page
1. A description of the type, time, and location of the
50 trajectories 4
2. A list of the locations of the 25 RAMS stations and
the location of the four additional radiosonde sites
used to produce vertical wind profiles 11
3. A list and description of the 24 parameters measured
by the RAMS network 12
4. A list and description of the instrumentation used
to determine each parameter measured by the RAMS network . 13
5. Specification of subroutine tasks in the Contractor's
in-house, objective, trajectory program 19
6. Description of the data content in each 4-minute
block of the RAMS 1-minute tape 23
7. A data tabulation sheet printed by the trajectory
program listing the step by step details of the
trajectory location and average speed and direction
of the parcel 34
8. Comparisons between the Simple Inverse and Exponential
Inverse weighting techniques 39
9. Variables that can be read into the trajectory program
in computer card form to generalize its application .... 40
10. Tracer Release statistics relating to the EQR foreward
trajectories 61
11. The tabular summary for the trajectory given in
Fig. 10 initiated at 1000 CST (1100 CST) coincided
with the KETC-TV tower 66
IX
-------
TABLES (continued)
Number
12. The description of the 50 trajectories produced by the
objective model for cases during the EPA 1975 Summer
Intensive
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
THE UTILITY OF NEAR-SURFACE URBAN-SCALE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORIES
The objective analytic prediction and diagnosis of air motions has long
been the goal of a large segment of the meteorological discipline. Since
the advent of the computer, the upper atmosphere and now the lower boundary
layer have been examined intensively for techniques that can aid us in the
answering of two basic questions: "Where did the air at a particular loca-
tion originate?" and "Where is it going?"
More recently, emphasis has been increasingly placed on smaller spacial
and temporal scales to include mesometeorological and micrometeorological
problems, and even interdisciplinary questions involving the realms of
geography, chemistry, and physics. The solutions to these lower boundary
layer problems cannot be accomplished using conventional predictive or
diagnostic techniques.
The path traced by an air parcel, commonly called a trajectory, is
vitally important to scientists of all disciplines since air is the carrier
of weather and other physical parameters that interact with man at any
given location. Near-surface air parcel motions are also indicators of
small-scale meteorological processes in the lower boundary layer that are
outside the resolution of conventional analysis.
In the urban scale trajectories can be useful in many aspects. Air
pollution meteorologists attempt to recreate local smoke and pollution
plumes using the local windfield and Gaussian assumptions. The plumes
can be traced backward in time (backward trajectories) to locate the path
along which the probable source is located. If the source is known, the
projected plume path (foreward trajectory) can be derived to determine
the area which will be affected downstream.
1
-------
Air quality measurements are, of course, affected by the ambient atmos-
phere and its past history. Documentation of the vertical structure of the
wind and thermal fields should be accompanied hand-in-hand with the spacial
movement of these fields over the measurement site. Calculation of trajec-
tories, both foreward and backward, originating at the experiment and a
series of synoptic trajectories to define the wind field are seemingly
essential to the eventual success of the data interpretation of the experi-
ment.
It is also obvious that some methodology must be derived to mesh with
the analytic formulations of wind calculations that exist for all geostrophic
levels down to the near-surface boundary layer. Urban models are caught in
the time and space scales that defy similar analytic solutions. New tech-
niques combined with high resolution and frequent data measurements are
necessary to produce a realistic air flow model in the surface boundary layer.
In the diagnostic sense many empirical solutions relating to radiational
or roughness interactions with the atmosphere can be derived by studying
the detailed observed wind patterns in the local framework provided by an
accurate trajectory model.
The near-surface trajectory model should be versatile enough to handle
any type and scale of input wind data. Not enough emphasis can be placed
on the formation of a sophisticated data network such as the St. Louis
Regional Air Monitoring Networks (RAMS) and the complementing of field experi-
ments with both horizontal and vertical meteorological data.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN-HOUSE TRAJECTORY MODEL
During the summer of 1973 Environmental Quality Research, Inc. was
involved in the Aerosol Characterization component of the EPA's St. Louis
field study. This was one of the first opportunities for aerosol physicists,
air chemists, and meteorologists to combine efforts toward a detailed study
of urban air pollution transport processes. Trajectories were produced
through laborious hand analysis to document how the St. Louis heat island
affects the transport of local pollution emissions.
In March 1974 the results of the preliminary trajectory study was
presented at the Fifth Conference on Weather Forecasting and Analysis
-------
(Dannevik; et al, 1974). Positive reaction to this work prompted the
further in-house research that resulted in the objective Model* used to
derive the results presented in this Final Report.
Efforts to obtain funding for additional trajectory calculations began
early in 1974 and were finally awarded in February 1975. A list of possible
trajectory calculations was formulated to correlate with the summer 1975
Air Pollution Intensive during the month of August. Options for foreward
and backward 2-dimensional trajectories were provided by EQR.
SCOPE OF REPORT
The scope of this Final Report documents the Contractor's
1. development of a trajectory model
2. evaluation of the trajectory model
3. incorporation of RAMS minute tapes into the trajectory model
4. use of the trajectory model in the calculation of 50 specific
air parcel paths
5. description of the meteorology involved in each of the 50
calculated trajectories
6. and assessment of the accuracy of the trajectory results
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Fifty near-surface air parcel trajectories were derived by EQR using
their in-house, objective Model. The times and other specifications were
provided through close cooperation with the teams of scientists involved
in the Intensive air pollution samplings and with EPA supervisory personnel.
Table 1 briefly details the trajectory type, time, and location. The
results are provided in both pictorial and tabular format. The cases are
described meteorologically and the sources of errors estimated. It is also
shown that most trajectory calculations are valid in the surface boundary
layer within 10% limitations in both direction and speed.
*Proprietary computer software
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TABLE 1. A DESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE, TIME, AND LOCATION OF THE 50 TRAJECTORIES
Date
7/17/75
7/18/75
7/22/75
7/23/75
7/24/75
8/8/75
8/11/75
8/13/75
8/15/75
Locations
RAMS 106, 111, 105, 104,
102, 108, 121, 122, 123
RAMS 106, 111, 105, 104,
102, 108, 121, 122, 123
14th & Market,
Broadway & Hurck
14th & Market,
Broadway & Hurck
14th & Market,
Broadway & Hurck
RAMS 111
KETC-TV TOWER
WEBSTER COLLEGE
RAMS 111
Type
Backward
Backward
Backward
Backward
Backward
Fo reward
Foreward
Foreward
Foreward
Timi
2000
0800
1900
0300
1500
0300
1500
1000
1000
2000
1000
Number of
Times (CST) Trajectories
0300, 0700, 1100,
0300, 0700, 1100,
12
12
1
1
1
1
TOTAL
50
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of work reported here, it is concluded that:
1. The in-house trajectory model is adaptable to a large number of
data analysis tasks that are of immediate utility to field investi-
gations conducted in the St. Louis area during periods when RAMS
minute data has been archived.
2. The use of RAMS minute data to construct near-surface trajectory
estimates may be made an operational aspect of the model, and
results in a detailed description of the urban wind field with
an accuracy comensurate with the intrinstt limitations imposed by
pointwise data.
3. The various scales of applicability for the trajectory product with-
in the RAMS network necessitates either 15-minute averaging or the
corrected use of the 1-minute values. The former is employed in
the regional and metropolitan scale and the latter is utilized in
the metropolitan and urban scales of the model.
4. A simple inverse area smoothing technique, involving at least a 10
kilometer radius about the air parcel location and a minimum of
two stations, is the best choice among other more complicated
techniques due to cost considerations and universality of applica-
bility.
5. Trajectory paths of 6 hours or longer often exhibit changes in
direction and speed during the summer months due to the passage of
meteorological wind perturbations produced by convective activity
and other diurnal effects. Trajectories produced by 1-minute
stepping show the real effects of turbulence and roughness pertur-
bations. These fluctuations are apparant in the 1-minute data at
each station but their application in area averaging to represent
winds elsewhere is still speculative.
5
-------
The trajectory model optimizes the usage of RAMS surface wind data
in the production of near-surface air parcel motion. The model
can be modified to accept observations on any time or distance scale.
The air parcel paths simulated by the Contractors in-house trajectory
algorithm are accurate within the tolerances ascribed to the temporal
and spacial representativeness of observed data.
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
The processing of 50 near-surface urban-scale trajectory estimates
using RAMS wind data has provided a first exploration into the utilities
and capabilities of the Contractor's trajectory model for application to
special investigation periods during the RAPS program. Based on the insights
and experience gained, it is strongly recommended that further work in the
following areas be undertaken:
1. All past RAPS intensive periods of scientific investigation in the
St. Louis area be made the subject of trajectory calculations.
2. Within each period of RAPS intensive investigation the sites for
the various experiments should be listed as end points (or air
parcel origins as in the case of tracer releases) for trajectory
calculations.
3. Rectangular grid of end points should be designated for which
periodic trajectory calculations will be calculated during the
RAPS intensive periods.
4. Computations be made comparing vorticity and divergence derived
from these trajectory patterns to those made from conventional
analysis of wind data. Differences should be attributable to
the time rate of change of the wind pattern.
5. Studies be undertaken to correlate known sources of pollution
emissions to their progression downwind past the RAMS monitoring
networks. Time sequences of foreward trajectories originating
from these known sources will give the supposed arrival times of
pollution "plumes". Peaks in concentrations will document the
arrival and will indicate the validity of the trajectory results
for various meteorological conditions.
-------
6. Efforts be made to incorporate vertical profiles of wind speed and
direction into trajectory calculations for distinct levels in the
lower boundary layer.
7. Additional trajectories be run for the tracer studies of
Dr. Frederic Shair so that a succession of air parcel paths origina-
tion during the entire period that SFg was released. A succession
of trajectories will help to distinguish the horizontal speed of
tracer materials from advective rather than dispersive processes.
8. More testing of the trajectory model incorporating 1-minute RAMS
data be documented.
9. Studies be made of severe weather conditions in the urban area by
evaluating the confluence and divergence patterns of simultaneous
trajectory patterns.
10. Studies be made of stagnant wind conditions in the urban area
through the use of simultaneous trajectories to evaluate the buildup
and transport of locally produced pollution.
11. Determination of the sources of large scale high pollution episodes
be attempted using the trajectory model and surface wind data
commensurate with the scale of air parcel travel over the period
of 4 to 7 days.
12. Preplanning of future studies to incorporate the use of trajectories
in an operational and post-analysis mode.
13. Future surface data networks be linked directly to the trajectory
model as a part of an instant analysis scheme. An enormous quantity
of unanalyzed meteorological and air quality data exists not only
after the three years of RAMS data collection in the St. Louis area
but from hundreds of scientific experiments in which thorough
meteorological post-analysis has been omitted. The trajectory model
has the potential to be a powerful tool in the examination of the
physical environment in which scientific research has taken place.
Other significant meteorological aids, possibly even in the forecast
mode, may be derived as continued research is undertaken to expand
the utility of the trajectory product.
8
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SECTION 4
RAMS DATA SOURCE
RAMS DATA NETWORK
The Regional Air Pollution Study for St. Louis, Missouri was initiated in
1973. A Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS) was constructed to measure
surface air quality and meteorological data. Twenty-five RAMS sites
continually monitor the environment of St. Louis, Missouri, which has given
the urban scale meteorologist an opportunity to scientifically examine air
parcel trajectories. Data from this system is to be utilized by scientists
and principal investigators as part of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS).
The region covered by RAMS is pictured in Fig. 1. The 25 automatic air
quality monitoring sites are concentrically spaced, extending outward to a
distance of 30 miles. Average station separation distance is about four
miles within a ten mile diameter of downtown St. Louis. The outer four
RAMS stations are approximately ten miles beyond the neighboring ring of
stations. Table 2 describes each station's location.
The station data is recorded on magnetic tape on a continuous basis at
a central location in Creve Coeur, Missouri. The data is validated and
archived in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
The 24 parameters listed in Table 3 are converted into both 1-minute and
1-hour averages. The 1-minute data are used in urban trajectory calculations.
The RAMS instrumentation list is given in Table 4.
The wind speed and direction sensors are accurate to .06 meters per
second (or 1% of the wind speed whichever is higher) and 2 1/2° within a
range of .3 to 54 meters per second according to factory specifications.
Continuous analog averaging of the wind speed and direction for 60 seconds
constitutes the data recorded on the RAMS minute tapes. Hour averaged RAMS
tapes contain wind data that are vectorially averaged from the minute data.
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FIGURE 1. THE METROPOLITAN AREA COVERED BY THE REGIONAL AIR MONITORING NETWORK (RAMS) SURROUNDING"
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
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TABLE 2. A LIST OF THE LOCATIONS OF THE 25 RAMS STATIONS AND THE LOCATION
OF THE FOUR ADDITIONAL RADIOSONDE SITES USED TO PRODUCE VERTICAL
WIND PROFILES
SITE
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
UTM (ZONE 15)
NORTHING EASTING
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
RAMS
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
no
m
112
113
114
115
RAMS 116
RAMS 117
RAMS 118
RAMS 119
RAMS 120
RAMS 121
RAMS 122
RAMS 123
RAMS 124
RAMS 125
UAN 141
UAN 142
UAN 143
UAN 144
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 39°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
N 38°
38'
4V
39'
36'
36'
36'
39'
44'
37'
34'
34'
38'
43'
47!
47'
43'
34'
29'
33'
4V
50'
04'
4V
14'
40'
37'
3V
25'
53'
03"
30"
29"
42"
18"
59"
41"
08"
57"
17"
14"
52"
37"
38"
36"
20"
03"
11"
20"
44"
29"
50"
04"
39"
07"
4?"
15"
32"
10"
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
89°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
89°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
90°
IV
12'
09'
09'
12'
15'
14'
08'
03'
09'
15'
13'
15'
IT
02'
58'
00'
12'
2V
26'
19'
12'
48'
09'
43'
12'
35'
01 '
03'
41"
42"
17"
35"
05"
32"
23"
32"
41"
45"
32"
43"
55"
13"
23"
39"
34"
48"
48"
06"
20"
24"
43"
06"
50"
33"
56"
06"
01"
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
279,
286,
282,
277,
276,
277,
282,
291,
279,
272,
272,
280,
289,
297,
297,
290,
272,
263,
270,
285,
302,
329,
286,
236,
282,
279,
266,
257,
308,
862m
045m
467m
304m
453m
566m
610m
102m
886m
826m
479m
913m
820m
456m
799m
083m
818m
256m
547m
909m
376m
223m
378m
537m
240m
053m
130m
038m
067m
744
742
747
747
743
738
740
748
755
747
738
733
737
744
757
762
760
743
729
723
732
741
111
749
697
742
,183m
,518m
,588m
,312m
,706m
,660m
,179m
,407m
,802m
,209m
,812m
,938m
,738m
,320m
.lllm
,777m
,560m
,065m
,759m
,079m
,414m
,631m
,320m
,275m
,445m
,949m
709,270m
760
755
,2%m
,861m
ELEVATION
145m
128m
127m
124m
131m
150m
158m
130m
127m
134m
174m
162m
134m
172m
177m
155m
15Sm
168m
174m
180m
143m
207m
187m
149rri
179m
17 Cm
166m
11
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TABLE 3. A LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF THE 24 PARAMETERS MEASURED BY THE RAMS
NO
1
2
3
4
5
NETWORK
PARAMETERS
WIND SPEED
WIND DIRECTION
TEMPERATURE
DEW POINT
BAROMETRIC
PRESSURE
SYMBOL
WS (m,
WD (°
T (°C
DP (°
BP (i
at
at station height
DELTA TEMPERATURE
7-9 PYRANOMETER
DT
PYRA (CAL/CM-MIN)
(HEATER OFF-ON)
23,24 PYRHELIOMETER
- hour tapes only
PYRO (CAL/CM -MIN)
12
STATIONS
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
101,109,112,
122-125
101,102,104-107,
109,111-113,122,
123
103,104*,108*.114
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21,22
PYRGEOMETER
OZONE
CARBON MONOXIDE
METHANE
TOTAL HYDROCARBON
NITRIC OXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
TOTAL SULFUR
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
SULFUR DIOXIDE
NEPHELOMETER
PYRG (CAL/CM2-MIN)
03 (PPM)
CO (PPM)
CH4 (PPM)
THC (PPM)
NO (PPM)
N00 (PPM)
^j *
NOX (PPM)
TS (PPM)
H2S (PPM)
S02 (PPM)
NEPH
118,122
103,114,118,122
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
101,103-106,108,
113-116,120-122
same as H?S
ALL
103,114,118,122
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TABLE 4. A LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTATION USED TO DETERMINE
EACH PARAMETER MEASURED BY THE RAMS NETWORK
03-Monitor Labs 8410
NO-NO Monitor Labs 8440
A
CO-CH4-THC Beckman 6800
TS-S02-H2S Tracer 270HA
TS-Meloy SA 185
Visibility-MRI 1561
Wind Speed-MRI 1022 S
Wind Direction-MRI 1022 D
Temperature-MRI 840-1
Dew Point-Cambridge 880
Temp. Gradient-MRI 840-2
Barometer-Sostman 363
Solar Pyranometer
Radiation Pyrheliometer
(Eppley) Pyrgeometer
Turbulence-R.M. Young 27002
Gas Bags-Xonics
Hi-Vol. Sierra 305
LBL Dichotomous Sampler
Stations 101-105
Stations 101-105
Stations 101-105
Stations 101, 103-106, 108, 113-117, 120-122
Stations 102, 107, 109-112, 117-119, 123-125
Stations 101-125
Stations 101-125
Stations 101-125
Stations 101-125
Stations 101-125
Stations 101-102, 104-107, 109, 111-113,
122-123
Stations 101, 109, 112, 122-125
Stations 103-104, 108, 114, 118, 122
Stations 103, 114, 118, 122
Stations 103, 114, 118, 122
Stations 105, 107, 109, 111, 113
Stations 101-125
Stations 103, 105-106, 108, 112, 115, 118,
120,122,124
Stations 103, 105-106, 108, 112, 115, 118,
120,122,124
13
-------
Since the minute averages are not computed vectorially, the calculated wind
speed could be as much as a factor of 2 too high during turbulent regimes
where the wind direction is extremely variable.
DATA VALIDATION
Meteorological and air quality data that are suspected to be invalid are
flagged in one of several ways according to the most current validation scheme
(Version 4) .
Missing Data
37
If any of the 24 parameters are missing, a value of 10 is put in
position as a replacement. This can occur due to any number of conditions
that produce equipment outage. When a station is powered down, all 24
37
channels will be missing and will be assigned to the 10 category. Once
a day, near midnight (local 2400), data storage tapes are changed at RAPS
headquarters and several minutes of data are lost for all stations.
Status Errors
An auxiliary channel of input is produced to indicate proper operation
or status of the instrumentation. If this check is positive, the data
pc
being generated is declared invalid and is multiplied by 10 .
Excessive Drift
The current version of the validation scheme does not correct for
machine zero drift. A catalogue of drift values is currently being processed.
Parameters that exceed drift limits are left unchanged.
Lower Detectable Limits (LDL)
All output that is below the LDL is converted to a value of one half
the LDL. This criteria varies for the different parameters as follows:
LDL = + .005 PPM for Og, NO, N02> N0x> S02, HgS, and TS
LDL =+ .100 PPM for CO, CH. , THC
~
Gross Limit
-4
LDL = 10 for the nephelometer
Each parameter has a reasonable limitation on the high side which is
determined by the nature of the variable. When this value is exceeded the
14
-------
data is converted to 10 .
Relational
Several correlations between chemical parameters exist and, if violated,
the variables that are invalid are multiplied by 1032. The relationships
checked are as follows:
1. QDewpoint -0. 5) < Temperature (in °C)
2. Pyranometer #1 >P#2>P#3
Pyranometer #2
-- -
QQ
.98
AH 0
7. S02 + H2S
-------
around time for data retrieval from RTP for the latest tape took less than 2
weeks. Coordination supplied by Robert Jurgens, RTP Data Manager, has been
excellent.
16
-------
SECTION 5
TECHNICAL APPROACH
THE TRAJECTORY PROGRAM
Environmental Quality Research, Inc. during the Summer of 1973 con-
structed an in-house computer simulation Model* to calculate both forward
and backward trajectories given suitable wind data within the grid covered
by the trajectory. This model inputs RAMS minute wind data including records
of up to 12-hour periods.
The basic program is depicted in Figure 2. Two iterative loops compli-
cate the basic logic. The first, labeled A, is executed every time another
15-minute trajectory step is calculated. The number of steps is determined
by the amount of hours of data inputed or by the position of the trajectory
point if it is still within the boundaries predetermined for the trajectory.
The second loop, labeled B, is executed every time the iterated trajectory
position is not within a prescribed distance of the previous calculation.
Steps sublabeled A are executed A times. Steps sublabeled AB are executed
the product of A and B times.
The more detailed functions of each subroutine are described in Table 5.
Many of the products of the trajectory program are checks of inputs and of
calculations. Most of outputs are eliminated during actual program use to
reduce program costs. The primary outputs are:
a. The 15-minute wind average from all 25 RAMS stations are all
input data (usually 12 hours), (from WINDAV.)
b. The summary page of trajectory calculations (from OUT)
c. The Calcomp plot of the trajectory steps down to a scale to fit a
predrawn St. Louis grid (from PLOTER).
The trajectory program can be run for an unlimited number of trajectories
using the same data base. This outside loop is not indicated in Fig. 2.
*Proprietary
17
-------
LOOP A RUNS FROM 1 TO THE NUMBER
OF TRAJECTORY STEPS DONE
LOOP B INCLUDES
ITERATION OF BEST FIT
TRAJECTORY LOCATION
FIGURE 2. A FLOW CHART DESCRIBING THE BASIC LOGIC OF THE EQR IN-HOUSE,
OBJECTIVE TRAJECTORY PROGRAM UTILIZING RAMS 1-MINUTE DATA FOR
THE CALCULATION OF ONE COMPLETE TRAJECTORY.
18
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TABLE 5. SPECIFICATION OF SUBROUTINE TASKS IN THE CONTRACTOR'S IN-HOUSE,
OBJECTIVE TRAJECTORY PROGRAM
Subroutine
1. Main Program
2. Subroutine INITL
Function
1. Call for input data [to subroutine
INITL (step 1), return (step 4)].
2. Reads in grid fixing coordinates.
3. Controls calculation of first trajectory
step estimate [to subroutine SORT!
(step 5), return (step 6)3, [to subroutine
WEIGHT! (step 7), return (step 8)].
4. Loop A controls cycling through each
trajectory step using 15-minute wind
averages in chronological order, [to
SORT2 (step 9A), return (step 10A)], [to
HEIGHT2 (step 11A), return (step 12A)],
[to CAL (step ISA), return (step 22A)].
5. Checks to see if trajectory has exited
the grid boundaries.
6. Calls plotting subroutine [(to subroutine
PLOTER (step 23), return (step 24)].
7. Calls final printout routine [to subrou-
tine OUT (step 25), return (step 26)].
8. Concludes program after making a check to
see if another trajectory is to be cal-
culated using the same wind data.
1. Reads in trajectory start and end time
and prints it out.
2. Reads in indicator for 15-minute input
or 1 minute input (standard RAPS input)
and prints it.
3. Reads in indicator for how many 4 minute
block of RAPS data will be read in (if
applicable) and prints it.
(continued)
19
-------
TABLE 5 (continued)
3. Subroutine WINDAV
4. Reads in indicator for foreward or back-
ward trajectory and prints it.
5. Reads in indicator of how many 4-nrinute
blocks will be passed over in a 2-hour
file to start at the correct time and
prints it.
6. Reads indicator of how many minutes to
skip within a 4-minute block to start on
time and prints it.
7. Reads indicator which controls printing
of all 15-minute averages generated and
prints it.
8. Reads indicator which controls printing
of all intermediate trajectory calcula-
tions and prints it.
9. Defines the number of stations.
,1
10. Defines subscripts for 15-minute averages
and for data read in.
11. Defines the si^ze of the circle around
each trajectory, location within which
averaging takes place.
12. Reads in station locations (UTM coordi-
nates).
13. Inputs all raw wind speed and direction.
14. Throws out all wind data outside of
limits and assigns it a constant value.
15. Controls calculation of 15-minute aver-
ages [to subroutine WINDAV (step 2),
return (step 3)].
16. Reads in data to throw out 15-minute
averages if suspect data is on RAMS
minute tape.
17. Prints 15-minute averages for all
stations.
1. Calculates vector 15-minute wind aver*
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5 (continued)
4. Subroutine SORT
5. Subroutine WEIGHT
6. Subroutine CAL
2.
3.
4
5.
1
1
2.
ages and prints them.
Calculates distance between trajectory
location and all stations.
Prints trajectory locations.
Prints the distance between station and
each trajectory location.
Arranges all distances in ascending order.
Determines how many stations are within
a prescribed distance of the trajectory
location.
Calculates weighting factor for each
station's wind in calculation of
average wind at the trajectory location
and prints it.
Calculates wind speed direction at
trajectory location.
Calculates x and y positions for
trajectory for each step.
Calculates the first estimate of a
trajectory location for each step.
3. Calls sorting and weighting in the
interaction of the fine tuning of
each trajectory step, [to subroutine
SORT2 (step 14AB), return (step 15AB)],
[to subroutine WEIGHT2, (step 16AB),
return (step 17AB)].
4. Calculates distance between last and
next estimate of the trajectory position
and reiterates if it is too large.
5. Prints the distance between last and next
trajectory step during iteration.
6. Computes speed and direction between
last 2 trajectory positions.
(continued)
21
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TABLE 5 (continued)
7. Subroutine PLOTER
8. Subroutine OUT
7. Prints trajectory speed and direction
average at the initial and final points
of the step.
8. Prints trajectory speed and direction
average at the initial and final points
of the step.
9. Prints the past and new trajectory loca-
tion in kilometers from (0» 0) start.
10. Prints the final step location in UTM
coordinates.
11. Calls sorting and weighting for the
first estimate of the next trajectory
step, [to subroutine SORT!> (step
18A), return (step 19A)], [to subroutine
WEIGHT! (step 20A), return (step 21A)].
1. Defines plotter coordinates.
2, Calculates start and end time in hours
and minutes of trajectory.
3. Calcomps header for final output.
4. Calcomps locator stations on the plot.
5. Plots trajectory locations on final
output each 15 minutes.
6. Prints out plotter coordinates and
trajectory locations.
1. Prints a one page summary of all
trajectory steps coordinates.
2. Prints time and day headers on summary
page.
3. Calculates and prints radial distance
between steps and for cumulative
trajectory and speed and direction of
each step and cumulative on summary
page.
22
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THE USE OF RAMS 1-MINUTE DATA
As described 1n Table 3, the RAMS minute data tapes contain meteorologi-
cal and air quality data. The trajectory program requires the surface wind
data from the 25 RAMS stations listed 1n F1g. 1. The wind data 1s continu-
ously sampled, however the minute data 1s not vectorlally averaged. The
instrumentation (model MRI-1022) 1s located on towers 30 meters 1n height
for most sites, except for stations 108, 110, 114-118, and 121 where 10
meter towers are utilized.
The non-uniformity of sensor placement causes some disparity 1n wind
speed results which will be discussed in more detail 1n the project results
section. All wind speeds and directions are adjusted to some representative
height for which the trajectory calculation 1s derived. (Karl, 1976).
The parameters listed 1n Table 6 describe the minute RAMS tapes as
TABLE 6. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA CONTENT IN EACH 4 MINUTE BLOCK OF THE
RAMS 1-MINUTE TAPE.
Word Value Type
3 Time (LST) INTEGER
4-27 parameters of Table 3. REAL
station 101, above Time
28-51 same for station 102 "
579-503 same for station 125
504-628 parameters for station 101
2379-2403 parameters for station 125 Real
Time + 3 minutes
23
-------
archived by RTF for each 4 minute block of data. The entire block is read
in alphanumeric (ID(2403)) and is equivalenced to a real variable. The first
three variables represent the year, Julian date, and the hour and minute
of the first of the four minutes of data. Thirty reads of the tape are
required to encompass one file of data. These two hour files were packed
on a 2400 feet magnetic tape reel to include 10 days or 120 files of data.
The first three integer values read are used to control the search
for the correct wind data to be used in the trajectory calculation. Addi-
tional data are read into the program on cards.
The first of these card data is the trajectory end or start time depend-
ing on which is fixed in the problem. The time of the unspecified trajectory
endpoint is calculated by the program.
A second variable read in on cards determines how much data on the tape
is passed over to arrive at the wind data that must correlate with the time
of the trajectory. Any file can be accessed. Accessing file 13 on the tape
means that 12 files are automatically skipped. Since these 12 files contain
24 hours of data the first wind data in the 13th file contains values for
hour 00 and minute 00 of the second day out of ten in the tape. Selecting
the correct files allows one to pass through the tape, bypassing unnecessary
data, and to start within two hours of the any prescribed time.
A third variable is read in to specify the number of "dummy" reads
needed to focus in on the predetermined initial minute of wind data. A
fourth indicator is read in and determines how many minutes to skip within
a four minute block to start reading exactly on time.
The trajectory program is designed to accept up to 12 hours of RAMS
minute data the last of which is used as the read cut-off point unless the
trajectory has been limited for some other reason. All 25 stations are
utilized in the trajectory calculations even if one of the stations has some
or all of its data missing.
To conserve program space the wind data is averaged in blocks as the
minute data is read into the program. The space allocated for bulk data
input is refilled once each set of wind data is averaged. The wind averaging
24
-------
is usually performed over a 15-minute period but this can be varied.
CALCULATING A TRAJECTORY
The first step in trajectory calculation is to determine the extent of
RAMS minute data that will encompass the entire trajectory. Usually the
trajectory's initial location and time and final time are specified. When
the length in unknown, up to 12 hours of 15-minute wind averages can be
utilized for all 25 stations.
Once the wind speed and wind direction are averaged, this determines
the time step involved in each trajectory step, (i.e., 15-minute averaged
winds are used to produce trajectories with fifteen minute time increments).
The steps involved in calculating a trajectory using 15-minute averaged
winds are as follows:
1. Determine the average wind speed using wind data from as many sta-
tions as necessary at the initial point of the trajectory for time
(t0).
2. Calculate how far the air parcel would move from the initial point in
fifteen minutes at the speed and direction of the average wind.
Define this new point x...
3. Determine a new average wind, centered about a time 15 minutes later
than the first average in the vicinity of the new point x1.
4. Calculate how far the air parcel would move from point KI in 15
minutes at the new average speed and direction. Define this new
point x«.
5. These steps are continued until either the prescribed length of
time has expired, until wind data is no longer available, or until
the trajectory point has gone as far as is necessary.
Details in the wind averaging will be defined in later sections.
RECYCLING TO ACHIEVE CONVERGENCE FOR STEP ACCURACY
In the true trajectory the wind speed and direction are changing instan-
taneously at each point of the path taken by the air parcel. Accuracy in a
calculated trajectory is usually achieved by decreasing the increment of the
true step so that the wind averages better represent the instantaneous wind
so that the accumulated error along the trajectory path is reduced. Later
25
-------
sections will discuss some results of reducing the time step.
It was found that the basic methodology described previously diverges
rapidly from the true solution toward the end of the trajectory. The source
of the error is the following:
The average wind defined at the initial location is not valid
either at the time of or at the location of the next trajectory
step. Moving the air parcel for 15 minutes for a constant speed
and direction defined by the initial time and location makes the air
parcel diverge tangentially from the true solution. It is not
long until neither the speed nor direction used in the calculations
is representative and the rate of divergence increases.
An almost complete solution to the problem is to define the average wind for
both ends of the trajectory step, then average vectorially, and move from
the first location with this averaged speed and direction. This direct
approach is complicated by the fact that the average wind at the endpoint
can't be calculated until that end point is calculated.
However by a process of iteration this solution can be approached. The
methodology is exactly as described in the previous section through step 3.
The approach is given below:
1. Determine the average wind speed using wind data from as many stations
as necessary at the initial point x of the trajectory for time t .
2. Calculate how far the air parcel would move from the initial point
in 15 minutes at the speed and direction of the average wind. Define
this new point x,.
3. Determine a new average wind centered about a time 15 minutes later
than the first average in the vicinity of the new point x,.
4. The average wind speed at tQ and t. are combined to derive a wind
speed more representative along the path from x to x,.
5. Step 2 is repeated using the new average wind and a new trajectory
location x, is defined.
6. The two values of x^ are compared, the latter one being more correct.
If the amount of correction has been insignificant the latter value
of x1 is accepted and step 1 is repeated for the point x, at time t,.
7. If the difference between the two calculated values of x, exceeds
26
-------
some limit, then a new average wind is calculated at the latest x,
location at time t,.
8. Winds at XQ and x1 are then reaveraged and a new step location
x-j is found. This iteration is repeated until successive values
of x.| are within acceptable limits.
For the trajectories presented in this report in Section 8 the limit was
defined as a one meter difference between iterations. The method usually
converged within five repetitions. Keeping this error below one meter of
each 15 minute step ensures the accuracy of the method even for trajectories
up to 12 hours in length.
AVERAGING RAMS NETWORK WIND DATA AT EACH TIME STEP
Wind averaging must be accomplished since none of the RAMS surface wind
data is representative of the moving air parcel. Each station is affected
by the nature of the topography, the height and thickness of the surrounding
tree cover, and the positioning and geometry of the neighboring buildings.
It is very unlikely that any station's wind data are undisturbed and that none
are really representative of the true flow at that location.
There are several techniques that can be used to produce an averaged
wind, but they are admittedly subjective in their final applications.
1. The number of stations used to create an average "representative"
wind should increase if either the wind data are unreliable or if a
larger scale application is to be used.
2. The number of stations used in the average may be fixed if the sta-
tions are more or less equidistant or they may be variable so as to
cover approximately equal area coverage if the stations are randomly
dispersed.
3. The wind data from each station may be weighted to incorporate either
reliability or closeness of the station to the point of application
of the average.
The trajectory model derives as close to real air parcel paths as can be
determined for an urban environment using a mesoscale network of wind monitors.
As can be seen from Fig. 1 the network of 25 stations is not equally spaced.
Therefore the first modification in the program was to define some radius
around the trajectory location within which a search of wind data would be
27
-------
undertaken to derive a representative mesoscale wind average for that location.
The trajectory model currently utilizes a value of 10 kilometers
(-6 miles) as an averaging circle. This circle contains up to six stations
when the trajectory is located in the denser urban network and theoretically
none when the parcel passes the fringe of the network. The reasoning
behind the 10 kilometer limiting circle is that certain data are too far
away to be applied in any degree to the wind average at some trajectory
locations. Often the urban wind field is disturbed by a real phenomenon
especially with light winds or during unstable convective situations and
utilizing too much wind data contaminates the results.
A more serious problem is encountered as the trajectory passes through
the extremity of the data network since the data to be averaged is reduced
to zero. A check is made in the program to keep at least two stations in
the averaging circle. This is accomplished by Incrementing the circle's
size by another 10 kilometers and redetermining the number of stations in the
new circle. In this manner the trajectory moves past the last stations
of the network always using the data from at least two stations. It is
obvious that an extrapolative procedure such as described above is only
approximately valid and necessitates that the data in the periphery of
the data network be areawise representative.
Within the averaging circle of 10 kilometers the wind data is weighted
according to the relative distances the stations are from the point of
application of the average wind. On the belief that any wind observation
may not be totally representative, the weighting of data at the center of
the 10 kilometer circle is only twice that of data at the edge of the
circle. This is done by assigning a weighting equation as follows:
wind(l) weighting * distance + 10
where distance is the separation between station(l) and the trajectory
location in kilometers. This ratio varies between a value of 1/10 to 1/20.
Each wind weighting is normalized by dividing the weighting factor by
the sum of all the weighting factors. For example if 5 wind sets are located
1, 5, 3, 8, and 0 kilometers from the trajectory location, the corresponding
weighting factors are .263, .193, .223, .161, and .289. The sum of the
28
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weighting factors is 1.000 so that the vectorially averaged wind is the sum
of each stations wind components multiplied by its appropriate weighting
factor.
MISSING DATA
It is not uncommon that a majority of the wind data from any RAMS
station be invalidated for a 15 minute period. As was discussed previously,
missing data, as well as invalidated data, are denoted appropriately by
flagging procedures. Wind speed and wind direction are flagged separately
and only one or the other may be invalidated. However, vectorially averag-
ing requires that both wind speed and direction must be validated. The
flagging procedure forces the data out of normal range. The trajectory
program makes two checks, either of which can define the particular minute
of data as missing. The two checks for good data are:
1. 04 wind speed ^ 25m/sec
2. 0 < wind direction < 360°
If either of these checks is violated the wind speed and direction
are set to 99. In the construction of 15 minute averages a majority of the
25 RAMS stations were found to produce some missing wind data. If even one
minute of data was reported during the 15 minutes, then the average wind
was calculated. Stations that did not report any valid data were assigned
speeds and directions of 99.
In the wind averaging section of the trajectory program the distance
between the present parcel position and each of the 25 stations is calculated.
All the wind data are listed in order of increasing distance. Stations
that have missing 15-minute averages are defined as being 99.999 km from
the air parcel. This ensures that the stations with missing wind data
are last when they are arranged by increasing distance.
At each trajectory location all stations falling within the 10 kilometer
circle are used in the averaging. If less than two are found, then increments
of 10 kilometers are added until at least two stations can be utilized in
the averaging. If two stations cannot be found with validated data, then
as an approximation, the data for the previous 15 minute averages are used.
29
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SECONDARY WIND VALIDITY CHECKS
One of the program options Is the printing of all 15*-minute averages
derived to accomplish the trajectory. The program maximum includes twelve
hours of wind data or 48 15-minute averages. The time sequence of these
wind averages as well as their spacial comparison allow the user to
effectively judge the validity of even the data that falls within the
standard ranges of valid data but may be distorted by some minor malfunction.
Four procedures were routinely followed to minimize the inclusion of
spurious data which might cause the trajectory to diverge from its true path.
1. The printouts of the fifteen minute averages for each station are
visually inspected to see that normal meteorological continuity is
maintained. Mesoscale weather phenomenon that produce wind changes
will affect several 15-minute averages at each station and will
move systematically through the RAMS network.
2. The fifteen minute averages are plotted specially to produce an
interstation relational check. Streamlines are drawn over the
network using all available good wind data.
3. Maps of 15-minute plotted winds are compared for various time
periods to ensure discontinuity of suspected anomalies.
4. Various derived conservative products, such as vorticity, divergence,
and their time rate of change are also plotted spacially and exam-
ined for continuity.
On the above basis several fifteen minute averages are usually declared in-
valid and cards are read into the program setting these wind speeds and
directions to 99. Conversely, to provide a more sound base for trajectory
calculations the above four checks for data continuity can be used to give
reasonable estimates of missing or suspect data. These estimates can be
also entered in card form, taking precedence over the already computed 15-
minute averages.
FOREWARD AND BACKWARD TRAJECTORIES
In the Introduction many of the uses of air parcel tracing are alluded
to, but all fall into two basic categories: foreward trajectories and
backward trajectories. The following is a brief description of each:
30
-------
1. Foreward Trajectory; the path taken by a parcel of air starting
at some fixed location and time as it travels to some later place
and time.
2- Backward Trajectory; The path taken by a parcel of air that has
arrived at a fixed location and time as its movement is retraced
to an earlier place and time.
More frequently the wind is thought of as a carrier of some physical param-
eter such as chemical stack emissions, clouds, or even conservative proper-
ties of the air itself.
In application, if a source emission is being studied, both types of
trajectories can be utilized. The source location and time of emission can
be fixed so that the foreward trajectory of the pollutant can be followed
to some point and time downstream. Conversely, for the same situation, if
some downwind monitor picks up a high concentration of the particular
pollutant, a backward trajectory can be followed upwind from the receptor
coordinates at a fixed time to see if any known source of the pollutant
lies along the path.
The trajectory program incorporates card read-ins that define whether
the trajectories will proceed forward or backwards in time. Also the source
or receptor location is entered, both by name and by UTM coordinate. The
time that the trajectory is to begin is also entered by card and determines
the wind data to be entered into the program from tape.
TERMINATING THE TRAJECTORY COMPUTATIONS
The RAMS network in the St. Louis metropolitan area encompasses a 110
by 110 kilometer (69 x 69 miles) square. Extrapolating the trajectory
calculations past these boundaries are based on less reliable wind data
and the accuracy of the results deteriorates rapidly.
The grid boundaries are entered into the trajectory program and each
time the trajectory location is recalculated its position is checked against
those of the grid boundaries. The last position calculated is the one
immediately preceeding the crossing of the grid periphery.
This total RAMS area is referred to as the regional trajectory network.
The boundaries are the following:
31
-------
NORTH: 4S340,OOON UTM
EAST: 790.000E UTM
SOUTH: 4,230,OOON UTM
WEST: 680.000E UTM
The scaling needed to depict the trajectory for this area in the 8 1/2" by
11" format given by Fig. 3 is fixed at 16.1KM to the inch.
Other versions of the trajectory program include metropolitan and urban
scales where finer resolution can be provided. Their grid sizes are 50 by
50 KM and 20 by 20 KM respectively. The coordinates of the boundaries are
movable to include any area defined by the regional grid.
A less frequent occurence is that of the trajectory remaining within
the confines of the grid for the maximum of 12 hours. The trajectory can
be continued from the last point calculated in a second run of the program.
With this method the accompanying trajectory plots and tabular printouts will
be in two parts. These outputs will be discussed in the next two sections.
If less than twelve hours of a trajectory are needed, the reduced input
of raw wind data might automatically stop the trajectory before the parcel
leaves the grid boundaries. Input on cards control both the amount of
data read as well as the access of the proper data on tape.
THE TABULAR SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Each subroutine module in the trajectory program is designed to be able
to print the results of any calculations for cross-checking purposes.
These program options will all be discussed in Section 6. At the end of
each trajectory run a summary sheet is produced (Table 7) which lists all
the important facts pertaining to the trajectory.
The header in Fig. 3 describes a combination of computed and inputed
data. Depending on whether the trajectory is foreward or backward either
the start time or end time is predefined. The other is calculated in the
program. The initial coordinates, in UTM northing and easting, are those of
RAMS station 122. The trajectory described in Fig. 3 took the full allot-
ment of 12 hours, 48 15-minute steps, without leaving the regional grid.
The data in Table 7 describes the coordinate location of the calculated
32
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M
10
MO
*« .
M
40
kite
RflMS NEfiR-SFC
TRflJECTORT
ST. LOUIS. MO.
fur*)
10
2000 CS1 17 JUL 75
flRRIVING 800 CST * 18 JUL 75
TRflJEClORTf STflRT *
OPTfl flVG JNtEPVUL- 900 SEC
1JHE STEP-900 SEC
D- INVEBSE
DESCRIPTOR*.
RflMS STRT10N NO. \2?.
FIGURE 3. THE FORM USED TO DISPLAY THE REGIONAL TRAJECTORY INFORMATION
CALCULATED BY THE CONTRACTOR'S MODEL COMBINING THE HEADER INFORMA-
TION AND REPRESENTATIVE TRAJECTORY PATH PRODUCED BY A CALCOMP
PLOTTER WITH THE REGIONAL UTM GRID SCALED ACCORDINGLY
33
-------
TABLE 7. A DATA TABULATION SHEET PRINTED BY THE TRAJECTORY PROGRAM LISTING THE STEP BY STEP DETAILS OF
THE TRAJECTORY LOCATION AND AVERAGE SPEED AND DIRECTION OF THE PARCEL
OJ
" HAPS NEAR-SURFACE AIR P4RCEL TRAJECTORY
XT*.P-T__T1«E; 11 JUL 75 2CCC.£ST EHD TIPE: 19 JUL 75 BOO CSI ._ -
UOTJLA.L CaO«DI"t*TES.:_ _432<5223N. 741631E. . LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAMS. STAT 101 NO. 122
UUAECTCftY TYP1: "ACKHARD IN T:«=
15 fls NU^SEI Of STEPS: 48
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
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-------
air parcel at each 15-minute interval. In the "incremental displacement"
column the distance traveled, the speed, and the direction of travel are
given between each 15-minute trajectory location. Under the "accumulated
displacement" header are given the same parameters except that they are
calculated from the trajectory origin.
It is evident from this particular product that substantial changes
in the air parcel motion can be reconstructed during the diurnal time
frame. Examples to be discussed in Chapter 8 show the effects of squall
line and frontal passages and even minor circulations that produce no
sensible "weather" changes.
OBJECTIVE PLOTTING OF TRAJECTORIES
It became evident that the ability to calculate accurate trajectories
would quickly outstrip in both quantity and quality the ability to manually
depict the results properly. A separate computer module has been developed
to take the resultant coordinates of the trajectory output and objectively
portray the results on a 2-dimensional plotter. When the product was
refined and thoroughly tested, this program was included directly in the
trajectory package as a subroutine. The Calcomp is a refined plotting tool
with the ability to draw coordinate axes, plot numbers, letters, and symbols,
connect points on a curve, and do many other operations. This software
item has the capability of producing Fig. 3 in its entirety. However due
to the time involved in drawing all the grid lines and legends, the Calcomp
output was limited to the top and bottom headers, the connected triangles
representing the air parcel path, and two marks identifying the location
of stations 125 and 123 so that the grid, with accompanying station locations,
could be later superimposed.
The type of trajectory is described in two ways. First the legend
explicity indicates "backward trajectory". Secondly the beginning of the
trajectory is marked in with a star and is labeled "Air parcel origin"
while the other end terminates at a RAMS Receptor.
This particular case was traced backwards directly over the Labadie
Power Plant. Checking against the data summary it can be determined that
the air parcel arriving at station 122 at 0800 on July, 1975 interacted
35
-------
with the Labadie Plant at 2330 LSI the evening before, traveling 8 1/2 hours,
A foreward trajectory can be defined using the Labadie source and various
times before and after 2330 LSI to determine the steadiness of the air parcel
paths containing the Labadie "plume".
It should be emphasized that, due to the iteration techniques used in
the "stepping" of the trajectory, the foreward starting at the near Labadie
point (4272341N and 619153E from Fig. 3) will arrive only a few tens of
meters from station 122 at 0800 the next morning, duplicating the steps of
the backward trajectory.
36
-------
SECTION 6
CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE MODEL
WIND AVERAGING TECHNIQUES
The previous section describes the current methodology to utilize 15-
minute averages in the construction of meaningful air parcel velocities.
The technique employed introduces a weighting that is inversely proportional
to the distance between the trajectory location and the nearby stations.
Several other smoothing modules have been derived and are interchangeable
with the current subroutine WEIGHT described in Table 5.
The most analytical approach is that of a least squares fit. This
technique is very suited to the problem of determining the wind speed and
direction at a point P surrounded by N data points at varying distances.
These N points are used to derive an analysis of the wind field which then
can be interrogated at every point. The equation which represents the
general solution of the wind analysis is a 2nd order polynomial in the form
V - AQ + A.,x + A2x2 + A3xy + A4y + A&y2
where x and y are the coordinates of the observed wind stations to be inputed
and the vector coefficients are derived by the method of least squares.
As an example for the u component the general equation is
3iL (-2*1) Cu(x1y1) - a0 " aixi " Vi ' Viyi " Vi - Vi] = °
This represents the general solution for the u component anywhere within
the influence of the N stations and requires the solution of six equations
with six unknowns. This solution minimizes the sum of the residuals, or
differences, between the general solution for u and at the location of N data
points and the observed N values of u. An efficient matrix algorithm has
been offered by Faddeeva (1963) for the solution of this least squares tech-
nique for an estimate of both the u and v component of the wind at the
trajectory location.
37
-------
Several drawbacks rear themselves in this approach:
1. A minimum of the six most proximate stations' data are necessary to
solve these least squares equations. Even though 25 stations are
interrogated, significant data outages occur regularly so that the
technique is invalidated when the wind data from only 5 or less
stations are available.
2. Due to the substantial increase in complexity of this technique
over that of the inverse weighting, the computer costs have been
multiplied by several factors.
3. Calculations of derived products such as vorticity and divergence
from the fields of u and v supplied by both the inverse and least
squares methods showed not enough departure to warrant the increased
computer cost.
4. Forcing the fit of a 2nd degree polynomial onto the urban wind
field can lead to wide discrepancies in certain areas. Inclusion
of only one bad data point forces non-fit at many other points.
Hblding either x or y constant gives a parabolic solution which
can simulate frontal zones but will fail to reproduce the more com-
plicated regimes which accompany light wind and mesoscale convective
phenomena.
There are also some distinct advantages to this least squares approach.
1. Since the method employed does not force an exact fit of the data
points, the method performs a smoothing over the network used. The
least squares technique therefore, does not fit flagrant wind data,
but minimizes the sum of all the squares of the differences between
the real data and the polynomial approximation.
2. A polynimial approximation can produce maximums, minimums, ridges,
and troughs between the data points based on the surrounding informa-
tion of at least 6 other data points.
A third wind averaging module is available as a result of previous EQR
in-house development which utilizes an exponential-inverse weighting. As
with the other methodologies, this technique is completely contained in a
separate weighting subroutine, interchangeable with any other.
The principle behind this smoothing is very similar to the preferred
inverse weighting except that the basic wind weighting is defined by:
38
-------
/ DISTANCE \
WEIGHTING = e^~14-42695'
where DISTANCE is the separation in meters between the trajectory location
and the station to be used in the weighting. Table 8 compares the two
inverse techniques so that they are comparable for distances of 0 and 10 Km.
TABLE 8. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE SIMPLE INVERSE AND EXPONENTIAL INVERSE
Distance (km)
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
80
100
••-• • • •
• "
•y
10
Distance (km) +10
1.0000
.9091
.8333
.7143
.6250
.5556
.5000
.4000
.3333
.2500
.2000
.1667
.1429
.1111
.0909
_
/ Distance (km) \
\ -14.42695 /
1.0000
.9330
.8706
.7579
.6598
.5743
.5000
.3536
.2500
.1250
.0625
.0313
.0156
.0039
.0010
_____ — •• - — •
, — — — — — - —
There are two disadvantages to the exponential technique:
1. There is a slight computer cost increase per calculation which, due
to the reiterative nature of the trajectory calculations, adds a
substantial amount to the cost of the entire trajectory.
2. In cases where the ten kilometer circle must be expanded to locate
at least two data points for the smoothing, the weighting of the
exponential equation drops off considerably, putting almost total
emphasis on the closest point. The simpler inverse technique
39
-------
reduces this emphasis to a more reasonable amount and produces more
smoothing under these conditions.
Further in-house research is being continued by EQR to develop and document
these and other methodologies.
OPTIONS BUILT INTO THE TRAJECTORY PROGRAM
The intent of EQR in developing a general and widely applicable trajec-
tory program was to allow for maximum optimization of the different types of
wind data available and for maximum variety of applicability of the final
product.
Table 9 describes a list of variables that can be read into the trajec-
tory program in card format to generalize its application.
TABLE 9. VARIABLES THAT CAN BE READ INTO THE TRAJECTORY PROGRAM IN COMPUTER
CARD FORMAT TO GENERALIZE ITS APPLICATION
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
1. STIME start time (LST) of trajectory in hours and minutes
2. ETIME end time (LST) of trajectory in hours and minutes
3. LDATE(3) alphanumeric description of month, year, and date
of initial time of trajectory
4. JDATE(3) alphanumeric description of month, year, and date of
final time of trajectory
5. DELT If DELT equals 900 input data is combined into 15-
minute averages. If DELT is 60, input data is used
as it stands and every 15th trajectory step is
plotted and documented.
6. IBLOCK describes how many 4-minute blocks of data will be
read from the RAMS data tape
7. SIGN is either
+1: foreward trajectory
-1: backward trajectory
8. IPASS indicates how many 4-minute blocks of wind data will
be passed over on the RAMS data tape in the first
file accessed to start the trajectory at the proper
time , _ JX
(continued)
40
-------
TABLE 9 (continued)
VARIABLE
9. JADD
10. NPRINT
11. MPRINT
12. MDP
13. MAX
14. IDEN(25)
15. YY(25)
16. XX(25)
17. YSTART
18. XSTART
19. IPLACE(5)
20. XEAST(2)
21. YNORTH(2)
22. FACTOR
DESCRIPTION
indicates whether to skip 0, 1, 2, or 3 minutes of
data in the first 4-tninute block to start the data
read precisely on time
entered as 1 allows the program to skip the printing
of all 15-minute averages calculated from the RAMS
minute tape
entered as 1 allows the program to skip all prints
pertaining to the intermediate trajectory calculations
refers to the number of wind stations used (is at
most 25 for RAMS data)
<\
defines the circle around the immediate trajectory
location inside of which the wind averaging is
accomplished (is 10000 meters in the current model)
defines the station numbers
defines the northing in UTM coordinates for the
stations (
>,
defines the easting in UTM coordinates for the
stations
fixes the northing of the initial trajectory step
fixes the easting of the initial trajectory step
gives the alphanumeric description of the trajectory
starting location
describes the east and west extremities of the grid
boundaries
describes the north and south extremities of the
grid boundaries
gives the scale factor of the grid to be used (km/in)
LIMITATIONS DUE TO THE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROGRAM
The factor which is the most difficult to accommodate into the trajectory
program is the need of inputing twelve hours of minute RAMS data for 25 sta-
41
-------
tions Into the trajectory calculations. There are 24 variables per station
per minute on the RAMS data tape that must be processed. A simple calcula-
tion shows that 432,000 statistics must be interrogated in order to follow
one air parcel for 12 hours.
The computing facilities of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri,
executes all programs on an IBM 360 with cost options as a function of the
fast core storage demanded by each job. The maximum program size, including
space for data allocation, program storage, and peri phial software sub-
routines, is 500 times 210 bytes (500K) where one real variable occupies 8
bytes and one integer variable occupies 4 bytes. Even with no space alloca-
tion given to the program or software routines only 128,000 integers can be
stored in active core.
Certain compromises had to be made at the program's outset to accomplish
the following 2 goals:
1. Keep at least 12 hours of 15-minute wind averages in active storage
so that multiple trajectories can be calculated without additional
data rereads.
2. Mimimize the program size to less than 200K to reduce program cost.
The above two objecrives were met by eliminating:
1. The capability of the model to store an average of any other meteoro-
logical or air chemistry data available on the RAMS data tape. Only
each minute of wind speed and direction are retained.
2. The accuracy past 5 significant figures for all inputed wind speed
and direction data. All wind data is stored in integer form,
multiplied by a factor of 10,000. Truncation and round-off errors
will accumulate in integer form. This will be discussed further
in a following subsection.
3. The individual minute wind data after 15-minute averages have been
calculated. The total storage allows for the retention of all 12
hours of 15-minute averages and 120 minutes of individual minute
wind data corresponding to one file of data. Certain minutes that
are needed with the next file of data to perform the 15-minute
averaging (up to 14 values) are also carried over.
4. The possibility of calculating more than one 12-hour trajectory
42
-------
when using only unaveraged RAMS minute data and 1-minute time steps.
After a maximum of two hours of calculation, a new file of wind
data is read in, replacing the previous data base. The program is
not designed to rewind the input RAMS data tape. Additional
trajectories must be accomplished by rerunning the program.
5. The extension of a trajectory calculation past the 48 steps
currently employed. For trajectories longer than 12 hours using
input wind data over a several state network (e.g., 3 to 7 days
to follow a large scale air pollution build-up) the program
must be modified to produce one or two hour averages with a simi-
larly proportioned time step. In this procedure the iteration
steps are essential to reduce accumulated error. It is likely
that the iteration criteria of 1 meter can be relaxed somewhat
for the large scale trajectory calculations.
CAPABILITIES DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE INPUT WIND DATA
As was alluded to in the previous section, the calculation of trajec-
tories in various time and area frames necessitates changes in the wind
averaging techniques and often changes in the data base itself.
Using the RAMS minute data supplied for the entire St. Louis area
(Fig. 1) several different modes of application are possible:
1. The Regional scale trajectory, shown in the diagram of Fig. 3,
extends the data capabilities of the RAMS network to the fullest.
The grid boundaries are fixed at a distance past the nearest
station not farther than the station to station distance of the
nearest two wind measuring points. This ensures that extropola-
tion of wind data is still representative at the boundaries.
The Regional scale uses RAMS 15-minute averaged data by definition
of the scope of the area to be traversed and the time needed to
complete the trajectory. The intent of the Regional scale grid
being designed as shown in Fig. 3 is that the interaction between
the entire St. Louis emission inventory and the St. Louis Metropoli-
tan area can be covered.
2. The Metropolitan scale grid is a 50 by 50 km grid set within the
Regional scale. It is usually affixed at the center of the Regional
43
-------
grid of Fig. 3 to cover the St. Louis city and East St. Louis
emission inventory maximums. Depending on the wind direction and
coverage required the grid can be positioned anywhere as long as
the true North (UTM) is maintained.
At the Metropolitan scale the option for use of 1-minute trajectories
exists. At this scale every 15th step is tabulated on the summary
sheet and is plotted on the Calcomp depiction. No time limit is set
on the trajectory length since the program will accept two hours
of RAMS minute data continuously when 15-minute averaging is not
being performed. The trajectory ends at the grid boundaries. When
15-minute averages are used, a 48 step limit (12 hours) is imposed,
but usually the trajectory crosses the grid boundary and ends well
before this option is exercised.
The intent of the use of the Urban scale is detailed tracking of
some plume or tracer and the 20 by 20 km grid can be moved anywhere
inside the Regional grid. The use of the minute data is necessitated.
An added program option is for inclusion of additional supportive
surface wind data taken to better define the low level wind flow
at the time of the experiment. These supplementary data are entered
in card form as though they are defining corrections. Station
numbers are defined for these additional locations starting from
126, 127 . . . etc. and the wind speed and direction values are
initially defined as missing (i.e., 99.999). The card read-ins
will take precedence. The UTM coordinates of these supportive
stations are entered with those of the RAMS network in card form.
Since the Urban grid is usually set up entirely within the RAMS net-
work, some of the RAMS stations can be eliminated from the calcula-
tions, reducing the calculations. The total number of stations used,
including the RAMS and the supplementary networks, must be kept at
35 or less to minimize the storage class that determines the program
costs.
The trajectory program has the capability of operating totally exclu-
sively of the RAMS network at any scale accepting wind observations
in either magnetic tape or card form. Despite the endless varieties,
44
-------
the experiment design and data availability can be adapted by the
model.
SOURCES OF ACCUMULATED ERROR
The discrepency between the trajectory product and the observed results
can be attributed to three main sources:
1. The unrepresentativeness of the input wind data to be applied to
the specific trajectory required.
2. The unrepresentativeness of the algorithm employed to generate a
trajectory.
3. The unrepresentativeness at the algorithm to select an average
wind at the trajectory location.
4. The unrepresentativeness of the mathematical techniques used to
simulate the various program algorithms.
Each of these four aspects of the trajectory model influences, in a
cumulative fashion, the final results. The following discussion describes
these four sources of error.
wind Data
The Introduction describes numerous uses of the trajectory concept.
However, the various scales of applicability must be characterized by
different types of wind data.
RAMS minute data tapes, in the original UNIVAC 1110 format, contain 35
bits of information for each real number stored. Twenty-six bits of informa-
tion contain the mantissa or significant figures for all the RAMS data in-
cluding that of wind speed and direction. This assures that none of the ori-
ginal data accuracy is lost in packing the RAMS data onto tape for archiving.
As was discussed previously the MRI wind system used to determine wind
speed is accurate to .06 meters per second or to 1% of the windspeed, which-
ever 1s greater. This guarantees that the error for each 15-minute time
step due to wind sensor measurement limitations will be less than 60 meters.
If the sensor error is biased, which is likely, then the trajectory errors
will tend to accumulate 1n time, especially as the actual and calculated
parcel locations become more separated spacially.
45
-------
Operationally, wind speeds and directions observed at a given frequency
can be calculated two ways:
1. Winds can be observed instantaneously at a fixed interval of time.
2. Winds can be vectorially averaged over a fixed interval of time.
The first choice has merit when fields of wind speed and direction are to
be evaluated either for hand analysis or by analytical techniques such as
the least square 2nd order polynomial, described at the beginning of this
section. Instantaneous observations, synoptic in time, will give the maximum
determination of the wind field at that instant of time as long as small
turbulence effects on the wind sensors can be controlled.
The second method of wind calculation averages the wind over a period
of time, "smearing" the mesoscale scale detail but also eliminating,
especially in short frequency observations such as the minute RAMS data, the
turbulence and roughness generated fluctuations that are not representative
of the actual air parcel motions.
Higher frequency wind data is essential for the short term, minute by
minute, trajectory stepping. In the Urban and Metropolitan scales, when
mir.ute RAMS data is used, individual plumes can be followed with accuracy
out to 6 hours of travel.
When 15-minute time steps are used for longer trajectories, the inaccu-
racy increases since the estimate of the wind at the trajectory location is
derived from the nearest 15-minute averaged wind data. The only meteorologi-
cal difference in winds among the several stations to be used in the creation
of a trajectory point wind that should be incorporated into the average is
the one produced by some phenomenon moving through the network of stations.
Differences caused by turbulence at a station or by local topographical
influences should not be extrapolated out to other points.
Aside from averaged wind data being unrepresentative in time scale, the
largest source of discrepancy is caused by the difference between the level
at which the wind is measured and the level at which the air parcel is being
carried. So called "surface" winds are valid only at the heights of their
observations. Due to the physics behind the Ekmann Spiral concept concerning
the change of winds 1n the near-surface boundary layer the following two
46
-------
concepts are usually observed;
1. The wind directions turn clockwise with increasing height.
2. The wind speed increases exponentially with increasing height.
To quantify these relationships the ambient vertical temperature profile
and the surface roughness characteristics must be specified.
Due to the omnipresence of wind speed and directional shears, stack
plumes and tracer clouds released near the surface tend to become smeared
both vertically and horizontally. Occasionally bifurcation, plume-spitting,
or excessive looping that produces "puffs" at a fixed receptor will occur.
Substantial research must be undertaken to determine the proper adjustments
to be made on surface wind observations to best simulate the air parcel
motion.
For tracking constant level balloons or other airborn quanta that under-
go no dispersion the problem is simplified but still remains: How can surface
winds be modified to become representative at another level? One approach
to the solution is to provide at least one vertical profile of winds within
the network that operates on the same frequency as the surface wind network.
The accumulated error involved can be of great magnitude if the height
of the parcel to be followed and the height of the defining winds are several
hundred meters or more apart. It is not uncommon that 10 meter level winds
and 100 meter to be at variance by 30 degrees and by 5 m/sec-in speed. The
entire trajectory, if left uncorrected, would also reflect these errors.
The current trajectory model has been used for only low level air
parcel trajectories and contains a basic adjustment for the discrepancy in
heights of the observed wind data. The complicating factors of surface
roughness, which are known to have widely varying effects on the observed
surface wind data, must be studied at each station location.
Trajectory Algorithm
Section 5 describes the analytical approach used to follow an air parcel
through the RAMS network. The iteration assures that less than one meter
disparities can occur at each trajectory step between the theoretical
algorithm and Its computed application.
Figure 4 describes both the path taken by the actual parcel from P] to
47
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FIGURE 4. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAJECTORY ALGORITHM COMPARED TO THE REAL
TRAJECTORY.
P. and the iterated approximations of the end point. The connected arrow-
heads simulate the succession of instantaneous increments that constitute
the continuous movement of an air parcel through the points P, and ?„. The
points P, and P« lie exactly 15 minutes apart.
The first assumption df the algorithm used in the model states that the
actual trace of the air parcel can be calculated in one step from P, to Py
using the average of the winds at P, and P«. These winds V, and V. represent
the instantaneous value and the vector average of the wind at some time
interval centered about P, or P,,. In the previous discussion about wind
representativeness it was noted that instantaneous winds monitored by the RAMS
network likely include turbulent effects and should be replaced by 15-minute
averages.
The basic assumption of the model's trajectory algorithm states that
48
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path P1 to P2 can be estimated by a parcel moving from P for 15 minutes at
a speed and direction equal to the average of the 15 minute averaged winds
centered about PI and P,,. This is only an approximation by definition and
point P2, at some discrete distance from Pg, would be the estimated end
point of this trajectory step.
The accuracy of the algorithm up to this step depends on the nature
of the wind along the air parcel path, especially in the 7 1/2 minutes
before PI is reached and the 7 1/2 minutes after P« is passed. Any large
wind change at these times, such as the marked slowing of the wind in Fig. 4,
makes the average winds at V] and V? unrepresentative and will put P* several
hundred meters away from the real P2_ Steady winds will introduce little
error and ?2 and ?2 will be almost coincident.
It must be noted that at the next step from P. to PS the average cal-
culated parcel speed will be too high because it now includes the 7 1/2
minutes of higher speed before the time represented by P_. Therefore P3,
the true air parcel location, and PV", the model's final approximation of
the actual trajectory location, will be quite close. If the wind speed and
direction becomes constant with time the estimated and actual trajectory
locations should be coinsident. If the trajectory is terminated at a step
when the wind field is changing, the last estimate will be in error as
much as several hundred meters.
The second portion of the algorithm deals with the calculation of the
wind at P2, the location of which is undefined since only the initial location
of P.. is given. The first step calculates the point P2 which is the end
point of a 15-minute trajectory step from PI at a direction and speed equal
to the wind speed at P,. The air parcel speed used is approximated by a
15-minute average centered on P,. Once the location of ?2 is determined, the
interpolated wind at Pi is calculated from the RAMS network and is averaged
with VA at Pr A new 15-minute trajectory step is derived from P] to P^1.
New winds at the final step location and new 15-minute trajectory steps are
iterated until two successive end points are within a small distance of each
other. In Fig. 4.4 the final approximation is at Pg '.
In each of the Regional, Metropolitan, and Urban scale applications the
49
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criteria for the termination at this iterative process is
- P^" 1 meter
1111 *
The location of P, and P, will be in close proximity but are not within
^ * <-
1 meter apart since P« is defined using the wind at P« in the average which
can never be determined explicitly except by experimental observation of
either a balloon or tracer.
In practice, to enable P« and ?„ to be within 1 meter apart, the vector
averaged winds used would have to be accurate to .001 m/sec. However, it
seems reasonable to expect errors of +_ .1 to i 1 meter/sec at each trajectory
step due to the inexactness of the above wind smoothing algorithm. These
speed and directional Inaccuracies introduced for a curving trajectory will
accumulate since a bias will occur in the algorithm. For a straight air
parcel path the accumulated errors due to the algorithm approximation will
be small and random. However, the farther the calculated trajectory falls
from the true air parcel path the more the interpolated winds will deviate
from those winds carrying the air parcel causing the rate of separation from
the same path to increase.
The Wind Smoothing Algorithm
The simple and exponential inverse weighting algorithms using the ten
kilometer circle still incorporate the possibility of one of the stations
to be used in the average being influenced by a wind discrepancy, real or
otherwise, even though there are no effects at the trajectory location. The
least squares technique and the hand analysis method supposedly reproduce
the wind field including the exact location of real wind perturbations. It
is at these perturbations, where the wind changes drastically or near stations
whose winds are out of line with the others, where trajectory errors begin
to diverge, the errors usually continue to multiply.
The least squares method reduces the emphasis of a bad or unrepresenta-
tive data point but cannot eliminate it. Hand analysis of the wind field for
determination of the air parcel speeds at each 15-minute interval produces
the wind field with least large errors but all estimations of wind speed and
direction are inexact by at least 10° and 1 meter per second.
50
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The errors Introduced by any of the wind smoothing algorithms are greater
than those of the trajectory algorithm discussed in the previous section.
Since the simple Inverse depends on "clean" data in its averaging routine,
it is suggested that subjective evaluation of all IOmeter or 15-minute
averages, depending on the scale of the air parcel studies, be undertaken
so that the trajectory model errors can be minimized.
It is thought that the errors due to the unrepresentativeness of the
trajectory and averaging algorithms are far less than those introduced in
the earlier discussion which describes the differences between the averaged
surface RAMS wind data and the winds at the level of the air parcel movement.
Truncation and Round-off Errors
All wind data that is read from the RAMS minute tape to the trajectory
program are stored in integer format truncating all decimal content below
whole number values. This 1s done since integer space in the program is
half the size of real variable space and allows for twice the number of
variables to be held in active program storage.
In order to save significant digital content, each wind speed and
direction value on tape is multiplied by 10000 before the integer storage
takes place. For example a wind speed of 2.631864237... is converted to
26318.64237... and is then stored as 26318. Since the accuracy of the
wind speed sensor is only >.06 m/sec, the above technique causes no loss
of significant value.
All mathematical computations within the trajectory program are per-
formed in real mode so that no losses of significant figures occur in any
trajectory step. Even for an entire 12 hour trajectory the accumulated
effects of truncation and round-off errors will fall well below the
threshold of the accuracy of the wind values themselves.
51
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SECTION 7
VALIDATION AND TESTING OF THE MODEL
COMPARISON TO HAND ANALYSIS
The history of EQR's Trajectory Program has consisted of several years
of development and testing. The first goal was to automate the production
of trajectory calculations. The second goal was to optimize the trajectory
algorithm.
Hand analysis at 15-minute intervals of synoptic St. Louis urban wind
data provided the earliest estimates of low level air parcel trajectories.
Streamlines and isotachs were drawn for each map time from which the direction
and speed at any location could be estimated. Trajectories were accomplished
in a subjective fashion a step at a time.
The first comparisons between the hand analysis and an objective
computerized technique were qualitative in nature and determined only that
correct analytical direction was being maintained in the model. Later
tests showed that several deficiencies existed in the hand-drawn trajectory
product.
1. Enormous time expenditures were required to hand analyze each
field of urban wind data at 15-minute intervals.
2. Hand generated analyses of wind speed and direction are only
approximate to within 10° and i 1 meter per second and the fntra-
station smoothing technique is not consistent.
3. Trajectory stepping was accomplished by overlaying analyses at
15-minute intervals from which the air parcel movement had to be
estimated during the intervening time.
The main advantage of the subjective hand analysis technique is that the
wind field can be manipulated to account for unrepresentative data, mesoscale
wind discontinuities, and time continuity. The same effects could be
52
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introduced into the computerized schemes by correcting missing or unrepre-
sentative data using card inputs and by introducing ficticious stations in
data deficient areas whose wind values are estimated on the basis of
subjective analysis. So far only the former has been employed.
COMPARING SMOOTHING TECHNIQUES
Various wind averaging techniques have been discussed previously. The
four methods employed by EQR in its development of the low level trajectory
model are the following;
1. Hand Analysis
2. Least Squares
3. Exponential Inverse
4. Simple Inverse
The last three methods are totally objective computerized models.
Figures 5 and 6 describe two backward trajectory case studies on which
each of the four methods were tested. The wind data utilized was not
of the scope of the RAMS network. These 15-minute averages were produced
by an air quality network established by a cooperative effort of St. Louis
City and St. Louis County. These 10 stations are located in each of Figures
5 and 6 and are designated as numbers 1 through 10. The RAMS locations are
marked as a reference.
Fig. 5 represents a case with southwesterly winds at 5 miles per hour.
The receptor site selected was near Washington University centrally located
within the wind network. The four sets of connected points represent the
computed trajectories, and are defined on the figure legend.
The exponential trajectory, the station location, and much of the
descriptive legends were plotted automatically as part of the trajectory
program. For comparison, the other three air parcel paths were superimposed.
The inverse and exponential wind smoothing methods were both able to
trace back the air parcel position upwind for at least 4 hours. The last
points of these two methods are the two estimates of the trajectory location
at 2000 (LST), a discrepancy of about 10 kilometers. However, at this point,
both methods are dealing with extrapolated wind data well outside of the
network, precisely where the two techniques differ most. Once inside the
53
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• City-County Air Quality Network 740000
4- RAMS Network
• RAMS Upper Air Sites
DOB Trajectory (Exponential)
©—©—0 Trajectory (Inverse)
A-£r-A Trajectory (Least Squares)
8-®~® Trajectory (Hand Analysis) t
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TIME CDT
RRRIVPL 2400
STORTING 2000
RRRIVHL SITE
a
DRTfl RVC INTERVRL- 900 SEC
tNTCORflTION Tine STEr- 1800 SEC
FIGURE 5. A BACKWARD TRAJECTORY CASE STUDY DERIVED EMPLOYING EACH OF FOUR
TECHNIQUES FOR SEPTEMBER 19, 1973, ARRIVAL TIME 2400 LST
54
-------
• City-County Air Quality Network
-I- RAMS Network
• RAMS Upper Air Sites
000 Trajectory (Exponential)
»-•—• Trajectory (Inverse)
Trajectory (Least Squares)
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"FIGURE 6. A BACKWARD TRAJECTORY CASE STUDY DERIVED EMPLOYING EACH OF FOUR
TECHNIQUES FOR SEPTEMBER 20, 1973, ARRIVAL TIME 1000 1ST
55
-------
wind network, the exponential and inverse weightings give essentially the
same air parcel locations. Due to more complicated weighting analytics,
the exponential trajectory costs were established at 5% to 10% more depending
on the number of iteration steps needed.
The least squares method in Fig. 5 was computed for only two half-hour
steps before the solution blew up. As soon as the trajectory runs out of
the data network this method always seemed to diverge rapidly from the
real solution. Even the first two calculated trajectory locations that
looked reasonable were substantially out of line with the exponential and
simple inverse solutions.
The trajectory based on a hand analysis of the City-County wind network
was produced at 15-minute intervals. The half-hour positions are noted in
both figures 5 and 6. In each figure this subjective trajectory method was
terminated when the trajectory location fell substantially outside of the
wind network. No justification could be given to the extrapolated fields
of wind speed and direction more than 15 kilometers past the last real
data point. In Figures 5 and 6 the trajectory's direction is especially
suspect for this technique.
Fig. 6 represents a set of 4 trajectories with an endpoint ten hours
later than those in Fig. 5. The wind regime has become easterly at about
7 miles per hour. Once again the inverse and exponential methods are in
close proximity within the wind network and diverge by nearly 3 kilometers at
the end of 2 1/2 hours. The least squares solution is only useful out to
one hour. The hand analysis again is substantially different from the
inverse and exponential solutions.
From these and many other tests, both using the City-County wind data
and RAMS data, the simple inverse method seemed to be the most accurate
and cost effective of the wind averaging methods. All projects results
described in Section 8 were run with the simple inverse method.
THE ITERATION SCHEME
The iteration process as described in Section 6 was the last major
addition to the trajectory module. Several months of refining the algorithm
were spent. All testing was done using the 25 station RAMS network with
56
-------
minute data as input in punched card format as transcribed from hard copy
format. All tests were done previous to the Contractor's assigned task to
adapt its Inhouse Trajectory Model to RAMS magnetic tape input. The technical
aspects of this portion of the project task is described in Section 5.
Due to the cumbersome task of reducing hard copy printouts to punch
card format, just the one case shown in Fig. 7 was tested extensively. It
was selected since both the wind speeds and directions change dramatically
during the trajectory.
The station locations and their numeric coding are plotted automatically
by the program. The UTM grid and highway and river depiction are superimposed.
The trajectory plot and the headers were omitted during the program running
and were added manually.
The 6-hour trajectory that is plotted is the final version of the
recycled model consisting of 23 15-minute steps. The endpoint of the
trajectory is again near Washington University at RAMS station 112. The
wind regime describes the west to east passage of a high pressure ridge-
line over the St. Louis area in which northwest winds become light and then
increase out of the south.
The point labeled "non-cycled", immediately to the west of the end of
the backward trajectory, is the source of the air parcel movement for the
same time interval using no iteration in the trajectory calculation. The
disparity between the two points is 3.69 kilometers, or approximately 160
meters a time step.
The iterated trajectory was retraced using the western most point as
the beginning of a foreward trajectory. The difference between the end point
of the foreward trajectory at 1900 1ST, coinciding with the beginning of the
backward trajectory, was 8 meters. This error can be attributed to round-
off errors in the calculations.
USING 1-MINUTE OR 15-MINUTE WIND AVERAGES
As 1s described in Section 6 the EQR in-house trajectory model can be
operated using the 1-minute or 15-minute averages derived from the RAMS
1-mlnute data tapes. This versatility is programmed into the model so that
57
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to
to
10
4*00
to
to
M
*0
»tio
MO *0 199
C-TH)
FIGURE 7. A BACKWARD TRAJECTORY CASE STUDY IN WHICH RECYCLING OF THE
TRAJECTORY STEPPING IS INCLUDED. THE CASE IS FOR FEBRUARY 19,
1975, AND USED AS INPUT RAMS 1-MINUTE AVERAGES IN COMPUTER
COMPATIBLE TAPE FORM
58
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meaningful trajectories can be derived depending on the scale of the problem
under study.
In order to specify which program option should be used, similar trajec-
tories were calculated using the same minute data input, one set left as
1-minute data and the other accumulated into 15-minute averages.
Several results were concluded from five separate case studies.
1. Inter-trajectory comparisons at 15-minute intervals showed that dif-
ferences, in one 15-minute step up to 300 meters were generated even
though recycling was used for both the 1-minute and 15-minute
data sets.
2. The cost to produce a comparable trajectory with 1-minute time steps
plotted at 15-minute intervals is a factor of 8 higher.
3. The 1-minute data properly simulated sub 15-minute wind oscilla-
tions and sharp wind discontinutes whereas the 15-minute vectorially
averaged winds filter out high frequency wind responses.
From a study of an intermediate printout that accompanies the production
of 15-minute wind averages, it was discovered that all of the 25 RAMS sites
has some portion of 1-minute data that had been declared invalid or missing.
The number of good data points, up to 15, used in the creation of each 15-
minute averages was printed out. It showed that at least 19% of the wind
data would have to be subjectively interpolated and entered in card form in
order for the 1-minute data sets to be complete.
For the 15-minute averages, on the other hand, only 3 stations at the
most, in any of the five cases studied, were missing all the 1-minute data for
an entire 15-minute period. On the average for the 5 trajectory cases, each
running out to six hours, only 6% of the 15-minute averages were missing or
invalid. The reason for this is that, even if 14 out of 15 minutes of wind
data are missing, the average is set equal to the lone value in the period.
This approach was preferred for two reasons:
1. Any missing data, either in 1-minute or 15-minute form, invalidates
the use of that station 1n the determination of an average wind at
the trajectory location.
2. If the existence of all 15-minute values would be a requirement for
59
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the computations of a 15-minute average then 45% of the 15-minute
averages would have to be declared missing. At least 1 or 2 minutes
of data were either missing or invalid in many cases.
3. It was thought that using a portion of observed data produced a far
better estimate of the ISnninute average than to expend the time
to subjectively or analytically determine it.
The result of this technique is that a 15-minute average computed with any
missing data is not a true average and it is likely not to represent the
conditions existing at that station centered about the 15-minute interval
from which the data was selected.
The comparison of the 1-minute and 15-minute trajectories showed that
without correcting for the many individual missing and invalid data, that
1. the 15-minute trajectories were more accurate and smoother curves in
which all the data surrounding the air parcel location were available.
2. the 1-minute trajectories moved irregularly and were determined to
be less accurate since data near the air parcel location, to be
used in the calculation of the average trajectory motion, were
only randomly available.
One of the case studies was reduced to the Urban scale so that only six
RAMS stations were locally important in the air parcel movement through the
system. Minute averages for the six stations were time and area interpolated
so that all missing and invalid data were regenerated for a two hour period.
The resulting trajectory, plotted in a minute by minute form, contained none
of the irregular characteristics of the earlier ones and was deemed an
accurate product. Further research and development with the Urban scale
trajectory is being conducted by EQR currently.
COMPARISON TO TRACER STUDY
One of the most conclusive methods to validate an air parcel trajectory
is through the release of tracer material that can be identified downwind. A
dense enough network of samplers can document the centerline of the trajectory
as well as the vertical and horizontal dispersive characteristics of the air
stream.
Five Regional scale tracer studies were conducted in the St. Louis
60
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area coincident with the RAMS network by the California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, between August 8 and 15, 1975 (Lamb, et. al., 1975).
The primary tracer used was Sfg although in some of the releases a quantity
of CBr F3 was inputed into the test trajectory.
More than 3000 air samples were analyzed, most of these from 50 downwind
automobile traverses. Additional point samples were obtained from air-borne
measurements. Almost 1000 hourly averaged samples were taken from 20 fixed
site locations, mostly at RAMS sites, distributed throughout the St. Louis
area.
The goal of the research was not just to determine the air parcel path
but to establish crosswind standard deviations at varying distances downwind
to aid in Gaussian plume modeling.
In conjunction with a request from Dr. Frederick Shair, principal
investigator of the tracer research, EQR supplied four foreward trajectories,
each representing the tracer release point. Information concerning the
releases are described in Table 10.
TABLE 10. TRACER RELEASE STATISTICS RELATING TO THE EQR FOREWARD TRAJECTORIES
Traj.
No.
1
2
3
4
Date
8/8/75
8/11/75
8/12/75
8/15/75
Time
(CDT)
1100
1100
2100
1100
Location
RAMS 111
KETC-TV-tower
Webster College
RAMS 111
UTM
Coordinates
4272479N 73881 2E
4263440N 728295E
427451 ON 731225E
4272479N 73881 2E
Height of
Release
100'
1000'
100'
100'
Documentation concerning the tracer path is given in Figures 8 and 9
reproduced from a preliminary data publication referenced above. This brief
project summary was a synopsis of a report presented at the RAMS meeting for
the principal investigators involved in the Summer 1976 RAPS field exercise.
Fig. 8 portrays three distance cross-sections showing the concentrations
of SF. as measured from the automobile point samples. Each profile is a
result of a single automobile pass as described in the legend of Fig. 8. The
time of the SF, sampling is approximately 1400 CDT in all cases.
0
61
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ST. LOUIS TEST N0.3
8/11/75
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*- 8 1:56- 2:l8p.m.CDT'
* RELEASE POINT
MAX. [SF6] = 52 ppt.
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0000
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,114
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FIGURE 8. HEIGHT-TIME CROSS-SECTIONS OF SFg CONCENTRATIONS MONITORED DURING CONTINUOUS TRAVERSES
AUG 11, 1975
-------
a*
"-LINOI%cL
ST. LOUIS TEST NO. 3
8/11/75
ONE-HOUR AVERAGED
SF6 DATA
_S SF6 SCALE * 0 to 100 ppt..
TIME » = Sam to 8pm
RELEASE POINT
i J2j> • --"-- :
* '/**''• . >: i:
ot/ '~L- f- /--
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FIGURE 9. ONE-HOUR AVERAGED SFg CONCENTRATIONS MONITORED AT FIXED SITES AUG 11, 1975
-------
The release of the tracer was not a single pulse but was a continuous
stream of air mixed with SFC in a mixture of 52 parts per ton. Under these
o
circumstances the correlation between the downwind concentrations and the
results of one trajectory initiated sometime during the continuous tracer
release may not be one to one. Under conditions of vertical wind shear
and winds varying with time the dispersion of the plume of tracer material
will be significant. However, this fact approximates the intent of the
experiments, i.e., to induce a steady state source which hopefully will
disperse in a Gaussian fashion downstream. Fig. 9 indicates the positions
of and the results from stationary SFC monitors set up at many of the RAMS
o
sites. The graphical displays show, in box-graph format, the hourly averaged
SFC data, with 8 AM on the far left to 8 PM on the far right. Several results
D
seem evident:
1. Concentrations of SFC decrease the farther from the source they
o
are measured.
2. The length of observed SFg varies from 4 to 6 hours.
3. The maximum value of SFC concentration is observed earlier at
D
stations close to the source and later for stations far from the
source.
4. Spikes of high concentrations occur at several stations, probably
due to shifting of the SFg plume over these sites.
5. The average trajectory seems to have an orientation of 210° from
the tracer release site.
Fig. 10 shows the trajectory calculated using RAMS surface data starting
at 1000 CST (1100 CDT). Each triangle indicates a ISrminute mark. The
trajectory passes near station 114 at 1345 CDT, roughly 2 3/4 hours of travel
to traverse the entire city. This trajectory was selected since its beginning
time corresponded to medium time of tracer release. The track given by Fig.
10 compares favorably to the center!ine through SFg observations in Fig. 9.
The time of passage at any station is impossible to determine since the tracer
release is continuous.
The table of trajectory statistics, Table 11, describes the individual
15-minute time step statistics for the trajectory given in Fig- 10. For the
first two hours the wind is uniform at about 213° and at 3.5 to 4.0 meters/
second. However, two subsequent wind shifts and wind speed fluctuations
64
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I I I
_..!__+_.. 4- . «
to so 40 jo «o >o
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTORT
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
KETC-TV TOWER (1000')
CUTN)
STflRTING 1000 CST 11 flUG 75
flRRIVING 1715 CST 11 flUG 75
TRflJECTORY STflRT *
ORTfl flVG INTERVAL- 900 SEC
INTECHRTION TIME 3TEP-900 SEC
3MOC37HJNG METHOD- INVERSE
FOREWORD IRfUECTORY
FIGURE 10. THE FOREWARD TRAJECTORY CALCULATED USING RAMS 1-MINUTE SURFACE
DATA STARTING AT 1000 CST (1100 CDT) SIMULTANEOUS WITH THE
RELEASE OF TRACER MATERIAL ORIGINATING AT THE KETC-TV TOUER
65
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TABLE 11. THE TABULAR SlffWRY FOR THE TRAJECTORY GIVEN IN FIGURE 10 INITIATED AT 1000 CST (1100 CST)
COINCIDED WITH THE KETC-TV TOWER
NEAR-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORY
cr>
START TIKE: II AUG 75 1000 CST END TIME: H AUG 75 1715 CST
INITIAL COORDINATES: 4263440N. 723295-. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: KETC-TV T3»t*C1000'
TRAJECTORY TYPE: BACKWARD IN TI"E
STEP INTERVAL; is HIM NUMBER OP STEPS: 29
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
STEP TI-E
0 10CO CST
1 1015 CST
2 1030 CST
3 10*5 CST
4
5
6
7
8
"3
10
LI
12
3
11CO CST
115 CST
130 CST
1*5 CST
2CO CST
215 CST
230 CST
2*5 CST
300 CST
315 CST
.* 1330 CST
5
6
.7
,8
,9
SO
!1 1
3*5 CST
400 CST
*15 CS|
430 CST
*45 CST
500 CST
515 CST
!2 )510 CST
>3
»*
15
!6
ie
!9 ;
.545 CST
600 CST
615 CST
630 CST
-6*5 CST
700 CST
715 CST
LOCATION
*263*40N.
4266208N.
4268725N.
4271536N.
4274393N.
4277231N.
*2«025tN.
4233597N.
4297112N.
4290607N.
42«>4157N.
4297350N.
430039QN.
4303457N,
'306026N.
4309613N.
4311290N.
4313281S.
4314981N.
4316*07N.
4313618N.
4320290N.
4320437N.
4313694N.
4318606N.
4319377N.
4322341N.
4326C55N.
433064CN.
4335437N.
723295E.
729796-.
731522E.
733459E.
735347E.
737C67E.
739129E.
741324E.
743621E.
745677E.
740858E.
7475C55.
748350E.
7493835.
749765E.
749761E.
749fc *4= .
749967E.
750153=.
750218E.
750010E.
749534E.
749C94E.
74 9^' 3C .
747379=.
7464646.
746263E.
745SC8?.
745806E.
745876E.
RADIAL AZIMUTH
0
3149.9
3052.0
3413.3
3424.4
3318.4
3660.7
3999.6
4207.7
4054.7
3741.2
3253.0
3155.5
3236.1
2597.1
2591.6
2673.3
1999.4
1723.9
1927.4
1923.2
1739.4
473.7
I 30 3 . 7
1247.1
1555.0
2473.4
3731.1
4585.5
4797.9
M o
M 209.5
H 214.4
M 214.6
M 213.5
M 211.2
M 214.3
M 213.4
M 213.1
M 210.5
M 19 8". 4
M 191.4
M 195.5
M 198.6
M 199.5
M 179.9
M 178.3
M 185.3
M 199.6
M 192.0
M 173.5
M 164.1
M 108.1
M 14.8
M 8fc.O
M 144.8
r 174.9
M 174.5
M 178.7
M 190.8
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
SPEED
D "/SEC
3.50 H/SEC
3.39 "/SEC
3.79 "/SEC
3.30 "/SEC
3.69 "/SEC
4.07 "/SEC
4.43 M/SEC
4.68 M/SEC
4.51 M/SEC
4.16 M/SEC
3.62 M/SEC
3.51 M/SEC
3.60 "/SEC
2.99 M/SEC
2.98 M/SEC
2.97 "/SEC
2.22 M/SEC
1.92 "/SEC
2.03 "/SEC
2.03 "/SEC
1.93 «/SEC
0.53 "/SEC
2.00 "/SEC
1.39 "/SEC
1.73 "/SEC
2.75 "/SEC
4.15 "/SEC
5.10 M/SEC
5.33 M/SEC
PATH
AZIMUTH
LE-NGTH (FROM ORIGIN!
J *•
3149.3 M
6201.7 M
9615.0 M
13039.4 M
16357.3 M
20018.6 M
24008.2 M
28215.9 M
32270.6 M
36011.3 M
39269.3 M.
42425.4 M
45661.4 M
48258.5 M
5085C.I »
53523.4 M
55522.9 M
57246.6 M
59074.3 M
60397.2 !»
62635.6 M
63109.2 M
64913.3 M
66160.1 M
67715.3 M
70188,4 "
73919.5 M
78505.0 M
833C2.9 H
0 OEG
203.5 DEG
211.4 DEG
212. 5 OEG
212.3 OEG
^* &^^
212. 3 DeG
212. a OEG
212.3 OcG
2i2. 9 DEG
212 = OEG
'ill: OEG
2:9.5 DEC
2C9.5 OcG
2 } 7 . a DcG
2C6.i DEG
2.5.4 05G
z:*.i DEG
2:3. 4 DcG
7,3.: OEG
5>.'. 3 OEG
2C1.5 DEG
2:^. 5 DEG
?.:.: DEC
Zv.. > OEG
199.1 OEG
137. ^ DtG
197.: DEG
195. 7 DEG
194. b OEG
193.7 OEG
SPEED
4ALONG PATH)
0
3. 50
3.45
3.56
3.62
3.64
3.71
3.81
3.92
3.98
4.00
3.97
3.93
3.90
3.83
3.77
3.72
3.63
3.53
3.45
3.33
3.31
3.19
3.14
3.06
3.01
3.00
3.C4
3.12
3.19
M/SEC
M/ S ~C
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SE:
M/SEC
M/SE:
M/SEC
M/SE:
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SE:
"/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
-------
are apparant afterwards. These changes could either be spacial or time
related in nature, that is, either the wind deviations are caused by the
air parcel's movement into an area where the representative winds are
different or by some moving meteorological phenomena that has changed the
entire wind field. The answer to this question would have been provided
by a series of trajectories all initiated at the tracer release point, but
begun at uniformly spaced times throughout the period of the tracer release.
Only if the trajectory is not affected by a wind field changing in time can
the tracer results be truly applied to a Gaussian representation.
It appears that the tracer comparison partially documents the accuracy
of the EQR trajectory mode. Adequate documentation of the speed of air
parcel motion can be answered in subsequent tests where discrete emissions
are monitored downwind. The capabilities of the model to monitor diverse
meteorological phenomenon will be discussed in the next chapter.
67
-------
SECTION 8
PROJECT RESULTS
THE TRAJECTORY TASKS
In conjunction with the work of several investigators it was recommended
that EQR's expertise in providing local trajectories in the St. Louis area
be utilized. The first formal request was made to EQR by EPA scientists on
March 10, 1976 that two days, July 23, and 24, be the object of special study
from the summer 1975 EPA intensive study periods and that local trajectories
be produced for two sites at 4-hour intervals.
An additional request was formulated to EQR to produce a similar product
for two arrival times on July 17 and 18 each for 9 separate sites. A third
request for four foreward trajectories was provided through direct communica-
tion with Dr. Frederick Shair, whose tracer study was discussed in Section 7.
The composite effort by EQR entailed
1. The acquisition of 5 RAMS minute tapes, each with 10 days of both
air quality and meteorological data.
2. The development of the technique to directly utilize this magnetic
tape version of RAMS minute data in the trajectory model for both
1-minute and 15-minute trajectories and for both the foreward and
backward modes.
3. The completion of the 50 trajectories tasks as discussed above and
as detailed in Table 12.
4. The compilation of the Final Report according to EPA guidelines,
documenting the development of the trajectory product, Its applica-
tion to the specific cases as defined in Table 12, and its adapta-
tion and use for future experiments.
The 50 trajectory outputs are presented in the Appendix in the order of
their listing in Table 12. The tabular summary sheet for each case is
included in the Appendix and follows each gridded trajectory depiction.
68
-------
TABLE 12. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE 50 TRAJECTORIES PRODUCED BY THE OBJECTIVE
.MODEL FOR CASES DURING THE EPA 1975 SUMMER INTENSIVE
Start End
Endpolnt Time Time
Location (CST) (CST)
Mode
No
Steps
Ave
Motion
(deq/m sec'1)
DATE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
RAMS 106
11 111
11 105
" 104
" 102
" 108
11 121
11 122
11 123
11 106
" 111
11 105
11 104
11 102
" 108
" 121
" 122
" 123
City 12
" 11
" #2
" #1
" n
11 #1
" 12
" #1
" #2
" #1
" #2
" #1
" #2
11 #1
" #2
11 11
" #2
11 #1
" #2
" #1
11 #2
" #1
11 n
" #1
11 #2
" 11
" #2
" #1
RAMS 111
KETC tower
Webster Col.
RAMS 111
2000
M
n
n
n
n
n
M
n
0800
II
M
M
II
11
l|
II
11
1900
n
2300
II
0300
M
0700
II
1100
II
1500
n
1900
M
2300
n
0300
a-
0700
n
1100
II
1500
n
1900
n
2300
II
1000
1000
2000
1000
1530
1545
1515
1515
1500
1100
0945
0800
1130
0245
0330
0245
0230
0200
0115
0045
2000
0230
1215
1400
1615
1630
1915
1900
0115
2300
0815
0715
1200
1130
1630
1545
1900
1815
2215
2200
0145
0145
0515
0430
0700
0900
1215
1300
1500
1515
1745
1715
2300
1900
Backward
Fo reward
18
17
19
19
20
36
41
48
34
21
18
21
22
24
27
29
48
22
27
20
27
26
31
32
23
32
11
15
12
14
10
13
16
19
19
20
21
21
23
26
32
24
27
24
32
31
31
29
12
36
192.1°/2.94
188.7V2.76
191.4°/2.88
192.2V2.81
190.9V3.07
195.7V2.80
191.2V2.68
204.1V3.04
197.8V2.69
181.6V2.51
180.9V2.54
178.1V2.43
172.6V2.46
184.2V2.70
180.3V2.69
184.1V2.78
211.7V2.73
182.4V2.82
July 17
July 18
July 17-18
July 18
109.0V2.09
107.9V2.49
102.6V1.99
100.0V1.89
119.0V2.03
119.2V1.74
140.2V2.25
136.3V2.04
171.9V3.59
175.5V3.40
176.9V3.55
175.9V3.76
201.8V4.62
198.9V4.19
229.6V4.33
229.0V4.65
264.4V3.63
262. 6 °/3. 78
259. 5 V3. 11
260.9V3.37
285.5V3.48
282.9V3.47
319.2V2.92
330.3V3.04
346.8V2.94
347.8V2.75
358.4V2.23
356.8V2.il
134.2V2.89
193.7V3.19
183.8V5.85
338. 4 °/l. M
July 22
11
M
M
July 22-23
II
July 23
July 22-23
July 23
II
II
(1
II
M
II
M
July 23-24
II
July 24
M
"
M
M
M
II
II
M
It
Aug 8
Auq 11
Aug 12
Aua 15
69
-------
THE CASES AND THEIR METEOROLOGY
The period selected for the production of the 50 trajectories coincided,
of course, with the 1975 Summer EPA intensive and therefore only represents
a few of the meteorological types that influence the St. Louis urban area.
The integration of mesoscale wind data from the RAMS network was accomplished
automatically using the trajectory program modified to accept 1-minute RAMS
data on magnetic tape. This improved trajectory model derived detailed
surface air parcel movements for the periods required.
Most of the cases selected in this July-August test period were akin to
the climatological norm in which southerly winds prevail. It is not uncommon
for winds between 220° and 140° to persist for several days during the summer
months. It is also not uncommon for convective disturbances to develop
during these conditions of moist southerly flow. These produce wind shifts
which invalidate the assumptions of steady-state, uniform flow which are
needed in most of the experiments to support modeling efforts under investi-
gation during the EPA intensive.
The 50 trajectories take place during three separate meteorological
periods:
1. July 17-18 (steady southerly winds)
2. July 22-24 (shifting winds, E to S to W to N)
3. Aug 8-15 (steady southerly winds)
Each weather regime can be correlated to the trajectory patterns that were
produced using local surface wind data.
Period 1 July 17-18
The period of weather from July 14 through July 20 evolved during a
strong entrenchment of the Bermuda high pressure zone off the East Coast of
the United States. The resultant weather in the central United States
consisted of steady southerly winds, interrupted only with the occasional
passage of a line of rain showers.
Figures 11, 12, and 13 are the surface weather maps for the mornings of
July 16, 17, and 18. Each shows a report of southerly winds at St. Louis.
The long range trajectory is from SSE, with the air over St. Louis on the
18th originating from near the northern Alabama border two days prior.
70
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
* tt
m T,
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
1TW" • •
, _
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 11. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, JULY 16, 1975
71
-------
•% ' ~ *F.r^ j / / A ^uT ^K**^ *&£&/
i jv*5*? / / «*,-._ \..7r±- / /_. / ^i ^r. ^^^^^E^ / v -aKS- ^
^E9> -^
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNT
tow J (V- \
. - \ 1
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
FIGURE 12. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, JULY 17, 1975
72
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
1012
R
Si
t«
*~9
*
•r * _. ». ':> *
B ^. '* '•• -9.1
a - s 3
* * * *
» 2 * ' > *
IHIGHEST AND LOWEST"TEMPERATURES'
\. / \ ^. /'
^^ \ - "J
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS,/ JpRECIPIT
ATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 13. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, JULY 18, 1975
73
-------
Eighteen trajectories were selected during this 48-hour period, nine ending
at 2000 CST, July 17, and nine ending at 0800 CST, July 18. Nine sites were
selected covering the entire range of the RAMS network as arrival sites.
Pages 108 through 116 in the Appendix describe trajectories long enough
to incorporate the passage of a line of showers through the St. Louis area.
A National Weather Service report of .06 inches of precipitation was recorded
between 1400 and 1500 CST on July 17 at Lambert Field, located about midway
between RAMS 120 and 121.
Referring to the tabular data describing the trajectories 6 through 9,
each notes the initiation of the squall line passage as 1400 CST. Typical
of an air mass instability line is the eventual return to southerly flow
after the line passes. In this case four 15-minute steps reflect the west-
northwest outflow of air from the meso-high produced by the line of showers.
Each case also reflects the significant convergence into the line that
evolves as the showers develop over the metropolitan area. Trajectory 8,
whose air parcel path intersects the squall line west of the urban area, is
not preceeded by significant inflow. The rate of change of development of
convective activity can be inferred by a set of synoptic trajectories
originating at uniformly spaced locations.
An additional perturbation is captured in the trajectories 1 through 9
that initiates at 1615 CST. No precipitation is recorded at the official
Weather Service guage for the system or at any other time during the period
July 17 to July 18.
The weather map, Fig. 13 for July 18 at 0600 CST, shows the appearance
of a stipled area along the Illinois - Indiana border. This represents a
north-south line of showers and is indicated by rain falling at the Evansville,
Indiana, Weather Service station and by the conclusion of a thundershower at
Chicago, Illinois.
Trajectories 10 through 18 in the Appendix shows a steady turning during
the early morning hours from southerly to southwesterly. This is a normal
occurance after sunrise for the winds to begin to approximate the gradient
winds that parallel the orientation of the isobars in Fig. 13. Both of the
trajectories ending at the most northerly RAMS Station, 122, fail to exit the
74
-------
bounds of the regional grid and consume the entire allotted 12 hours of min-
ute RAMS data. The other trajectories automatically terminated after
approaching within five kilometers of the grid boundaries.
Period 2 July 22-24
Figures 14 through 17 depict the northwest passage of a weak warm front
through the St. Louis area and a subsequent passage of a cool front from
the northwest. Twenty-eight trajectories were calculated during this period
of changing weather. Air parcel paths were determined so that arrival times
would be fixed every four hours at two sites. These locations are near the
intersection of 14th and Market in downtown St. Louis and near Broadway and
Hurck in the southern edge of St. Louis City. They correspond to the
locations of the City Air pollution network's stations 1 and 2.
Trajectories 19 and 20, on pages 135 and 138 in the Appendix, indicate
a steady east-southeasterly flow from 1215 to 1900 CST. Figure 14, despite
calm winds at the surface at 0600 CST the morning of July 22, indicates an
easterly gradient flow which corroborates the trajectory.
By the time Fig. 15 is valid, at 0600 CST July 23, both the trajectories
and the surface wind at Lambert Field coincide. The showers that appear in
Iowa have not passed through the St. Louis area prior to the map time of
Fig. 15 either in the form of precipitation or in the form of a wind shift
that would be documented in the trajectory products.
However, as the day passes, .03 inches of convective precipitation
occurs at the Weather Service gauge in the northwest portion of the city
between the hours 0900 and 1000 CST. No indication of wind shifts occur in
trajectories 27 or 28. It is probable that, due to the orientation of
the geostrophic winds above the boundary layer, the convective elements were
moving to the northeast and did not propagate into the southern portions
of the grid.
An additional shower was reported between 1300 and 1400 CST, dropping
.10 inches of rain. Trajectories 29 and 30 contain both directional and
speed irregularities that are likely attributable to this system of showers.
The trajectory that reaches the downtown St. Louis area shows a marked shift
at 1345 CST. Both trajectories depict a marked slow-up of the wind as the
75
-------
f- 3^5?
A*»Vi^ A«Vt?
sahift
*r™>,$L°/ ••
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
\ .
* a
5?
%
3? «
fe't
«^
i
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 14. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, JULY 22, 1975
76
-------
-~jy -no
.:•, '^O&$2gg^
rK ^
,l»)
__.J?*ffef
^&-'%ffi-JSfr^$'
^*A ' J . 1 > / .-flS* ^ ^*L7 •
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
-/r , \ . '
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
** f?^ s «.
* '4' . „ g » n • *•» 2
«,i t/i' i' w " ''
^T S> 9o g» M w ^'*
/ * 5 „ i » % ? I *
^a .» *^ * ! 3 »
.* .,..
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
- • V " • '- IB "
% ^
^ '
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS*
FIGURE 15. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, JULY 23, 1975
77
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
fRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 16. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, JULY 24, 1975
78
-------
tA ji , ^*y^y •- » — f ••- ^""'^l ., $T"«\vn '// fi^ 1 ^/ \ ,' ^*1* ^,'
i^*\s I"..-" \" ^'•-^^'^S?!^"«^^M^
m-~^
t; -• ;Aw*»'.3BB, «K «f^JW «A^ai£(
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
7
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
j« *° *J
JffB. 57
-E :«
-------
showers are passing through. Trajectories 31 and 32 indicate a slight turn
in the gradient wind from the southwest and a typical return to moderate wind
speeds.
A third shower element passed the official measuring site at the Weather
Service office at Lambert between 2100 and 2200 CST depositing .07 inches of
rain. Trajectories 33 and 34 both indicate a marked turning at 2100 CST and
an initiation of a return to southwesterly flow after about an hour.
Trajectories 35 and 36 indicate a substantial disruption of the south-
westerly wind flow at 2330 CST. No precipitation is recorded officially,
but some significant meteorological feature has passed since the wind flow
remains west-northwesterly until at least 0300 CST.
The winds derived from the surface weather map, Fig. 16, valid at 0600
CST, July 24, and the trajectories in the Appendix pages 172 and 174, cor-
relate in time. The dry convergence zone that is portrayed in Fig. 16 just
east of Evansville, Indianopolis, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, seems to be the
phenomenon that correlates to the St. Louis wind shift at 2330 CST, shown
on trajectories 35 and 36.
The surface map in Fig. 16 depicts the weak cold front that is moving
southeastward through the State of Missouri. A second convergence zone,
unanalyzed, stretches from just west of Abilene, Texas, to south of Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma, to north of St. Louis. The four trajectories, numbers 37-
40, each indicate a windshift at 0630 CST, thirty minutes later than the
analysis in Fig. 16.
The cool frontal passage, with a switch to northly winds, occur by the
completion of the trajectories number 39 and 40 at 1100 CST. The winds seem
to turn northly earlier on the trajectory 40 that is closer to the frontal
zone. However, each of these two trajectories calculate the onset of winds
from 330° to be 0930 CST. The thermal gradient of the frontal zone is weak,
typical of summer, and, because of its passage early in the morning, was
devoid of rain shower activity.
The remaining trajectories, numbers 41 through 46, describe the influx
of cool air carried by light northerly winds. No precipitation or convective
elements of note occurred after the frontal passage. As is indicated by
80
-------
Fig. 17 on the morning of July 25, the frent's southward push was halted
barely 150 miles south of St. Louis.
This series of trajectories offers a rare opportunity to study the
mesoscale meteorology comprising a complex but common weather phenomenon.
Time continuity of this type offers a keen insight into the interpretation
and analysis of larger scale data and, of course, defines the carrier of the
air pollution parameters that were under study during the 1975 summer EPA
intensive.
Period 3 Aug 8-15
Between the days Aug 6, when a cool front past through the St. Louis
area, and Aug 16 eastern Missouri remained in the western extremities of a
high pressure zone with southerly winds and increasing humidities. Airmass
showers developed late in the period on August 13, 14, and 15th.
During this week the tracer studies described in Section 7 were
accomplished. Four foreward trajectories were requested that correlated
to SFC releases. The results of one of these releases was discussed in the
D
aforementioned section.
Trejectory number 47 indicates a peculiar turn in the wind around
1200 CST. No precipitation accompanied this feature. The surface winds
indicated in Fig. 19 for 0600 CST correlates quite well to the southeasterly
movement of the calculated air parcel motion.
It should be noted in the trajectory products 47 and 50 that the
legend now reads "foreward trajectory" and the* now is located near the
center of the regional grid at the specified origin of the tracer release.
The designation "air parcel origin" has also been repositioned in this mode
to correspond to the release point.
By Aug 10 widely scattered shower activity has been noted in the Midwest
correlating to the gradual buildup of low level moisture as southerly flow
continued. Fig. 20 describes the conditions on the morning of Aug 10.
Convective activity is already occurring from northeast Kansas to northern
Illinois. It would be expected that this activity would move close to the
St. Louis area by late in the day coincident with the second foreward
trajectory, number 48.
81
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
•:J1
I
'- ^C^\
vaa» i
vi \
VI 7 . M- J
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 18. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 7, 1975
82
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 19. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 8, 1975
83
-------
SIWFACE WEATHER MAP
I6HEST AND LOWEST TEMPTRATURES
'MOO'
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTSj
FIGURE 20. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 9, 1975
84
-------
Despite the fact that no precipitation is officially recorded at the
airport's official guage, the trajectory on Aug 11 indicated a disruption of
the southerly flow about 1545 CST. This corresponds to the time of the
greatest convective heating and sporadic shower development is very common
in the summer months. The short duration of northerly winds indicates that
the rain cell passed to the north of the air parcel being followed in the
trajectory and after it moved out of the area southerly flow returned. Tha
general flow indicated by Fig. 22 correlates quite well to the derived air
parcel motions.
The maps for Aug 12 and 13, Figs. 23 and 24, both indicate surface winds
at St. Louis of about 5 meters/second (10 mph). This is corroborated by the
6 meter per second speeds calculated by the trajectory. Increased stability
along with an intrusion of maritime air aloft lifted surface temperatures to
their seasonal high of 38.3° C (101F) on the afternoon of Aug 12. Since
trajectory 49 occurs late in the evening of Aug 12 the map for the morning
of Aug 13 correlates much more closely to the air parcel direction calculated
by the model.
Because of the increased stability during this period no convective
precipitation was present in the St. Louis vicinity during the time of this
trajectory. This is confirmed by the smooth movement generated by the RAMS
surface observations. The squall line drawn just to the north of St. Louis
in Fig. 24 initiated precipitation and a wind shift at 0900 CST, Aug 13, well
after the trajectory was completed.
The last trajectory, number 50, begins four hours after the surface
weather map depicted in Fig. 26. From the analysis at 0600 CST, Aug 15, it
appears that a northerly wind shift is imminent. The National Weather Service
precipitation totals at the airport indicate .49" fell between 1100 and 1200
CST with an additional .07" between 1200 and 1300 CST.
From the data tabulation on page 198 in the Appendix the northerly wind-
shift took place at 1215 CST. From an analysis of the individual RAMS
stations it was ascertained that the time of the first northerly wind
progressed from before 1000 CST at RAMS 122, to 1115 CST at RAMS 120, to
1200 CST at RAMS 119 to 1315 RAMS 117.
85
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAH
500-MILLI BAR HE IGHT CONTOURS -
">* (&. "1
*•»
'« * ,? -
»»8 S^
^ ACWI A..
*
-a-
fi
;.. ?i :.* *i
LHISHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNtSj
FIGURE 21. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 10, 1975
86
-------
*»••• , ««»«V"-
&>;» 1' • i
*^s. -v ^
i«w- / «r ^^-^o^ \ja
- - -1-~^J- ^?5 L^ -."*i--- ^r/
T* v *^x i •Hnu*r *
T\_^! ^?^
' *»<*a«n X.
~f?? N2
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
S /
»-.»-.
!.*.•.*» i
S — , f^ ^* i
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
i
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 22. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 11, 1975
87
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
•* .
fe
**
• *.
I*;*,
- •«
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND_AMOUNTS
FIGURE 23. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 12, 1975
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
7-1
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
*
s »f "
J I *U •*
va...
_ , ______ . ___
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES |
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTSj
FIGURE 24. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 13, 1975
89
-------
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
HA «5 « •»
W 9> I '
*%*** * 2 * **
1«' * *» * • 5 •*
* ^ * ji »
'.*A *
HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS
FIGURE 25. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 14, 1975
90
-------
"•* i7iX,i4*>- ^yHVw
«t*--v r«A
w-^m^
' ~S Ll ..» -\ iVjl*™* l ~ \ ..»•.-crfR
fW^I
'. . _^JSir^; rA
faS&r-ie* \7 '•«&*r^
#*^ s^^#^
SURFACE WEATHER MAP
500-MILLIBAR HEIGHT CONTOURS
ft*****
*
a
*»
t. !
JLJL
HIGHEST AND~L5WEST TEHPEWTDRES"
PRECIPITATION AREAS AND AMOUNTS J
FIGURE 26. WEATHER MAPS FOR 0600 CST, AUGUST 15, 1975
91
-------
It is obvious from the detailed wind data that scattered, slow moving
thunderstorm activity was moving through the RAMS network. Even after the
initiation of northerly winds the pressure gradient weakens for an entire
hour after 1330 CST. Three hours of significant northerly winds probably
describes the actual cool front's entrainment of the air parcel. The cool
front push is very weak and by the morning of Aug. 16, Fig. 27, is barely
past the St. Louis area. The slowing of the air parcel movement is marked
just as the trajectory exists the regional grid at 1900 CST.
ACCURACY OF RESULTS
The accuracy of any individual trajectory is directly related to the
representativeness of the input data. As was discussed previously there are
four sources of error that can be introduced into the data and into the
calculations to produce a spurious air parcel trajectory. These sources
of errors, listed in their decreasing importance, are
1. the wind data
2. the spacial averaging of the wind field
3. the iteration technique for trajectory stepping
4. the round-off and truncation errors
The most significant source of error is reduced substantially in well-
mixed low-level wind situations. These occur usually when speeds are
above 5 meters per second during daylight hours. Most of the trajectory
cases were selected under conditions of well-mixed southerly winds with
moderate speeds. This should ensure that trajectories computed with RAMS
data at the 10 and 30 meter levels are representative to within 20% of the .
speed and to within 20° of the direction of winds at the 100 m level which
move represent transport winds in the urban environment.
The first source of trajectory error also includes the problem of missing
winds due to station outages. During the Summer 1975 five RAMS sites were
shut down for varying periods of time due to the lighting strikes. Data from
RAMS 101, 111, 120, 124, and 125 was entirely missing for many of the tra-
jectories calculated. Total wind outages also occurred at several other sta-
tions at various instances.
Two sources of wind data error were corrected manually before
92
-------
-^VL--*-- **•*£?! ** ?-ji$^y^-&
- ..^s^wr" *>& ^n iCn'-tsurP^ ' lfe~~*
T^«t«^ \ %i-v -^
-------
trajectories were calculated. In one case all wind speeds were several
factors too high but were within limits and had not been invalidated. In
several cases a wind direction of 360° was reported consistently when missing
data should have been reported. In each of these cases the 15-minute
averages were reduced to missing data and was inputed in card form into the
trajectory model.
The spacial averaging of RAMS data is most accurate when uniform wind
conditions exist over the RAMS network. Each set of trajectories contained
wind perturbations that move into and through the regional grid. Trajectory
50, during which the wirid field is substantially disturbed, is probably the
most prone to inaccuracies of this nature. In addition, due to the light
winds reported by the near-surface monitoring network, vertical wind shears
of speed and direction are common in this weather situation, so that a
substantial smearing of the tracer is to be expected, both vertically and
horizontally.
The errors due to the iteration technique are negligible in comparison
to the first two sources of error. It is expected that the point of entry
(or exit) of the trajectory parcel from the regional grid is within 5
kilometers of the true location assuming the desired parcel is traveling in
the near-surface boundary layer. If the tracer or parcel is transported to
levels substantially higher than the levels at which the winds are monitored,
i.e., levels of several hundred meters above the surface, then errors up to
50% in speed and 40-50° in direction can be expected.
COMPLIANCE WITH USER NEEDS
The development of a tool such as a low-level trajectory model requires
the inputs from the various potential users in the scientific community. As
of yet, little contribution to the trajectory product has been necessitated
by users demands, but considerable time and expense has been expended to
anticipate these needs and develop a product that:
1. Represents the physical properties of air parcel motion as a carrier
of air quality parameters.
2. Incorporates the options necessary to be immediately useful to the
widest range of scientific interests.
94
-------
3. And can be accessed quickly for fast turn around to provide
trajectory results in conjunction with the analysis of field
measurements.
Both pictorial and tabular formats are provided so that immediate
recognition of data results can be obtained. Various additional parameters,
such as incremental speed and directions and accumulated trajectory path
lengths are precalculated and are listed on the tabular data summary. This
format can be changed to optimize the user needs.
Various map scales can be provided to conform to the scale and detail
that the scientific investigator desires. For the RAMS network three scales,
a 100 by 100 kilometer (regional scale), a 50 by 50 kilometer (metropolitan
scale), and a 20 by 20 kilometer (urban scale), can be represented in the
pictorial air parcel path display. Unlimited representations of other scales
for other data networks can be manufactured with little added effort.
95
-------
REFERENCES
Dannevik, W.P. et. al. Analysis and Characterization of Heat-Island
Induced Urban Circulation During the 1973 EPA Aerosol Characterization
Study, St. Louis, Missouri. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference
on Forecasting and Analysis, American Meteorological Society. St. Louis,
Missouri, March 1974. 6pp.
Karl, T.R. Summertime Surface Wind Fields in St. Louis. In: Proceedings
of the Third Synopsium on Atmospheric Turbulence Diffusion and Air
Quality, American Meteorological Society. Raleigh, North Carolina,
October 1976. pp 107-113.
Lamb, B.K. et. al. Tracer Studies for Characterizing the Transport and
Dispersion of Plumes Emitted at Ground and at Elevated Levels. In:
Proceedings of a Regional Air Pollution Study Conference Summarizing
the St. Louis, Missouri Summer 1975 Summer Exercises, Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, October,
1975. pp 83-88.
96
-------
APPENDIX
A: Trajectory Printouts (50 cases)
97
-------
RRMS NE.'fiR- r4,Kf;
TRRJECTORTtfl
ST. LOUIS, MH.
LOCflTION DEjIjRIPrH
RflMS MfiTIHN Nil.
ING 1530 ^37 17 JUL 75
PRPIVJNf; 2000 CfT ' 17 JUL 75
five iNienvflL 900 sec
TIME 31EF-900 SEC
98
-------
RAJ'S NEAR-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORY
STAPT TI»E: 17 JUL 75 1530 CST ENO TIME: 17 JUL 75 2000 CST
IMTtAL COC*D!NATES: 4277566N. 73866CE. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: *AHS STATIOM NO. ICb
TRAJFCTCRY TYPE: BACKWARD IN TIME
STEP INTERVAL: 15 MIH NUMBER OF STEPS: is
to
10
o
i
3
A
t
7
B
9
1C
11
12
13
15
If
n
le
TIM£
2COC CST
1545 CST
193C CST
1915 CSJ
19CO C§T
1645 CST
1630 CST
1S15 CST
!60C CST
174? CST
172C CST
1715 CST
17CO CST
163P
U15 CST
1600 CST
1545 CST
1530 CST
LOCATION
4277566N.
4275072N.
4272'»OtN.
4270207N.
426799CN.
4266141N,
4264321N.
4259285N.
4256195N.
4252P8CN.
4249783N.
424523CN.
4243252N.
4240894N.
4237333N.
42337fctN.
7382165.
7378'OE.
737289E.
7367ME.
736542E.
736611E.
736t»lE.
736923=.
737C71E.
737Ce5E.
737C20E.
736965E.
736275E.
734643E.
731560E.
7303COE.
729872E.
7292«IE.
INCPEMENTiL dlSPlACEMENT
RADIAL AZIMUTHSPEED
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
C
2533.0
2390.7
2566.0
2286.2
1858.3
1821.7
2324.0
2723.5
3093.7
3314.4
.3098.2
2535.4
.2132.8
1965.5
3587.;
3613.!
21
M 186
M 189
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
K/ScC
M/SEC
K/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH IfRCn ORIGIN!
2533.
4923.
7489.
9775.
11634.
13455.
15779.
18503.
21597.
24911.
280C9.
30545.
32678.
34643.
37467.
40351.
43938.
47551.
0
0
7
7
9
2
9
4
2
6
7
1
J
5
§
3
8
H
H
M
M.
M
M
M
ff
pt
M
M.
M
M
M
M
ft
rt
190,
189.
190.
191.
190.
188.
187.
185.
1*4.
183.
if!:
184.
186.
191.
192.
192.
192.
0
1
2
6
5
8
2
4
3
7
2
2
9
0
8
3
1
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
D£G
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
.DEC
DEG
81E
DcG
DEC
SPEED
(ALONG PATH)
C
2.81
2.74
2.77
2.72
2.59
2.49
2.50
2.57
2.67
2.77
2.83
2.33
2.79
2.75
2.78
2.80
2.87
2.9<,
M/SeC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/S5C
M/ScC
M/SeC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SeC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/StC
-------
RflMS NERR-3FC
TRflJECTORT #2
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCBIPinR:
RflMS STflT IflM Mt?. 1 1
G 1545 CST 17 JUL 75
flBRIVINC 2000 CST ' 17 JUL 75
STflfll *
Ofllfl flVG IMlERVflL- 900 SEC
1K1CGRB110N HhC 3UP-900 SEC
METHOD-
TOO
-------
*£*R-St»F»Ct A!R PARCEL
ST4PT T!««E! 17 JUL 75 1545 CST END TIME: 17 JUL 75 2COO CST
INITIAL COORDINATES: 4272479N. 733812E. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
-------
10
4)00 :—
NFRR-:;,K:
TRRJECTORT #3
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCRTION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STRTlflN Nfl. I
ING 1515 CS" 17 JUL 75
flPPIVING 2000 C?t ' 17 JUL 75
IRfiJECIOflY STflRT Dr
OP1B PVR JNTEflVflL- 900 SEC
TIME 31EP-900 SEC
METHOD- INVERSE
102
-------
KE*R-SURF»CE MR PARCEL TRiJECTQRY
O
Cx>
STA9T T!NE: 17 JUL 75 1515 CST END TIPS: "17 JUL 75 2000 CST
IMTUL CCC«D!NAT€S: 427i453N. 743706=. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAMS STATION NO. 1C5
T«tAJ£CTC«Y TYPE: 9ACK*A9C !M TIPS
STE«> !NT?«V*i; 15 *m NUMBS1* OF STEPS: 19
INCREMENTAL "DISPLACE'iENT
...ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
STEP Ti"E
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
12
14
15
16
17
ie
19
2CCO
1945
1930
1915
19CO
16«5
1930
1815
19CO
17*5
1730
1715
17CC
1630
1615
16CO
15*5
1530
1515
cii
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
£ST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
LCCATION
4276453N.
4274113H.
4271B33N.
4269563N.
*2fc754CN.
4265937N.
4264157N.
4262131N.
425977CN.
4253793N*
4250901N.
424R395N.
^ i 4 O& 4 r ^ •
*245&2CN.
47447? IN •
424Z365N.
4233 B5 \ N*
*235341N.
743706=.
7^ 3 ? ?**£ *
74 2 i* *1 *-
742324=.
74213C=.
'4 2 3 70S.
742737E.
7432C3E.
743827=.
7442Cfc=.
74423CE.
744179?.
743814E.
7424C5E.
740C32=.
737363=.
735750=.
735355=.
734779=.
734729E.
^AO'.AL
2373.4
2327.8
2326.4
2032.4
1720. C
1713.0
lffl:l
2^11.3
3090.5
2933.1
2531.9
2243.1
2583.5
2916.3
2955.6
2535.8
3556.7
3237.4
pi
M
p
P
M
H
M
f"
^
ft
^
M
M
p
f*
f*
f*
M
AZIMUTH SPEED
19C.3
191.1
192.6
185.5
172.0
167.7
166.7
165.5
172.5
179.6
191.0
138.3
218.9
246.7
251.4
214.4
136.4
199.3
19C.9
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
C
2.64
2.59
2.58
2.26
1.91
1.31
2.26
2.77
3.23
3.43
3.21
2.81
2.5C
2.97
3.13
3.17
3.93
3.95
3.60
M/SEC
M/ScC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/StC
M/SEC
M/S = C
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
"/SEC
H / SEC
ft/ s ~C
H/SEC
K/SEC
H/SEC
LENGTH
.^2373.4
4701.2
7027.7
9060.1
10 780. i
12499.1
14529.3
17019.8
19931.2
23021.7
25914.8
29446.9
33695.9
3327Q.4
36095.7
39951.2
42487.0
46043.3
49281.2
(F*CM ORIGIN)
M
H
M
H
M
M
M
f
M
M
M
p
M
H
M
K
M
M
M
0
190.3
190.7
191.3
190.0
187.2
184.5
182.0
179.6
178. 5
179.7
178.9
179.8
192.5
186.8
191.3
193.1
192.5
192.3
191.4
OEG
DEG
DEG
OcG
OcG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
o!c
DEG
OEG
DEG
C£C
OcG
OEG
(ALONG PATH
C
2.64
2.e>l
2.CC
2.52
2.4C
2.31
2.31
2.36
2.46
2.56
2.62
2.63
2.62
2.64
2.67
2.70
2.78
2.64
2.88
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/StC
M/sec
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
f^ 9 S c C
M ' j c C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
-------
4300
60
RflMS NEflR-'-FC
TRflJECTORT m
ST. LOUIS, Mfl.
LOCRT10N
RPMS S
Hll.
l;JC 1515 ::?' 17 JIJL 75
^T ' 17 JUL 75
SlflRT H
OP1B PVG INIEPVUt- 900 sec
nut siep-soo sec
iflfi.;T'
104
-------
P4«S KE4R-SU«»FACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORY
START TI-E: 17 JUL 75 1515 CST END TIPE: 17 JUL 75 2CCO CST
IK1THL CGGSOTNAT=St 4277304M. '"'"'312$. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAMS STATION NO. 1C4
STE° !
!N
15 "IN
N'J?")E<> 3F STEPS: 19
O
en
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
STEP T«*£ LCCAi
P
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
P
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ifc
18
19
i COO
1945
1930
1915
19CO
1845
I? 30
1615
18 CO
1745
1730
1715
1700
1 1 4 5
1630
1615
16CO
1545
1530
1515
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
42773G4N.
4275136N.
4272599N.
4270996N.
^*'t^Cl^»N«
4267352N.
4265679N.
4263932H.
4261553N.
4258752N.
4255752N.
'25054CNI
^2 A 3 ^6*^ N
4247663N.
4246206N.
4243»50N.
4240547N.
4237251N.
4234032N.
rICn °AO!AL
74731»=: 0 M
74b863£
746291S
745744=
7455C4E
745487=
745547=
745964=
746735=
747251:
74737CE
747503E
747357=
7^* 5*» ^ 3 ~
743456=
740613?
7386COE
738C11?
737961=
2213.6 M
2212.6 M
2172.3 M
1S92.9 M
1666.8 M
1673.7 M
1894.1 M
2405.3 M
2843.9 P
3C01.8 M
2823.9 M
2390.7 M
2158.5 M
2BC3.8 K
3013.3 M
2905.6 M
3343.1 K
3345.8 M
3221.6 M
AZIMUTH
0
191.7
195.0
194.6
187.3
iac.6
177.9
167.3
161.3
169.6
177.7
177.3
183.5
219.2
244.6
241.1
215.9
l6fl.B
190.1
130.9
OEG
OEG
OEG
^DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OcG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
SP;
n
2.46
2.46
2.41
2. 10
1.85
1.86
2. 1C
2.67
3.17
3.34
3.14
2.66
2.40
3.12
3.35
3.23
3.71
3.72
3.58
:EO
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
w / S t C
M/SEC
M/SEC
"/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/5EC
PATH
LENGTH
0
2213.6
4426.3
6598.6
8491.4
10153.2
11831.9
1372o.O
16131.3
1898C.2
21982.0
24811.0
27201.7
29360.1
32168.9
35187.2
3dO<52.8
41435.9
44781.3
480C3.4
AZIMUTH
(F*CH OatGlNI
M
*1
M
M
M
p
M
M
M
M
pj
M
M
M
M
M
P.
P.
M
M
0
191.7
193.3
193. 7
192.3
190.4
168.6
185.7
182.1
180.2
179.8
179.5
179.9
IR2.7
187.4
191.8
193.8
193.3
193. I
192.2
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
CEG
OEG
C:G
OEG
DEG
OEG
D5G
0£G
OEG
OEG
SPEED
CALGNG PATH)
0
2.46
2.46
2.44
2.3o
2.26
2.19
2.16
2.24
2.34
2.44
2.51
2.52
2,51
2.55
2.6i
2.65
2.71
2.76
2.81
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M i "~ ~ /*
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SiC
M/ScC
M/ScC
-------
4900
20 30 JiO »0 eO TO
«IO 90 700
CUTMJ
RflMS NERR-3FC
TRflJECTORY #5
ST. LOUIS. hr1.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTjrjN NH. i
t«;:Hl C31 H JUL 75
2000 CS7 '17 Jill 75
SlflflT P.
OflIP pvn IWlEBVflL- 900 SEC
INUfiflfUION HHE 31EP-900 SEC
106
-------
KE»">-SURF»CE AIR P4HCEL TRAJECTORY
ST4ST TJ*CS 17 JUL 75 1500 CST END TIME"* I? JUL 75 ZCCO CST
IMTICL COO-»01M4T = S: *28eC45M. 742518E. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: R4HS STATION NO.
TSAJECTCSY TY«>E: aeCKWASC IN TI* =
STEP INTERVAL; is c:s NUMBER OF STEPS: 20
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
STEP T!«£
0
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1*
11
17
18
19
20
2000
1945
1930
1915
19CO
1845
1830
1815
18CO
17*5
1730
1715
1700
li*5
1630
Ittt
1545
1530
1515
1500
CST
C*T
CST
Si!
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
Si?
CST
CST
CST
CST
.
r * j r v ••
LCC4TION 9ADIAL AZIMUTH
4256CA5N.
42«3553N,
*2809UM.
4273318N.
4275919N.
4273909N.
427165SN.
*2t'»92CN.
*2t5977\.
6262S72N.
«25=»£3fcN.
4256*7eN.
«253<>75N.
*25200^N.
4250915N.
*250C2»N.
4247676N.
*24*143N.
42AC6UN.
«23736fcN.
4234775N.
742;i«= 0
7«225t?
7*1661=
ttilSi!
7*CCR5=
739559E
739174E
739339?
739626E
73<»i*9?
739t5«E
739*8C=
7387tl=
737125=
73«**<.?
732SC*=
7323?*=
731*17=
7317fcP=
?32t8*E
2505.6
2666.5
2673. A
2*M.O
2172.3
2213.3
2766.1
29A7.2
311B.5
3335.9
3058. A
2508.9
2C97.9
1965.6
292A.O
2667.6
3556.6
3573.8
32A5.A
27A3.3
H 0
M 186.0
K 13H.5
P Mil
* 193.8
H 193.7
(« 188.0
1" 176.8
f 17*. 7
M 179.6
K 179.9
H 18*. 0
f 200. 0
M 236. A
f 251.7
* 21A.9
P 136.6
C 189.3
M 190.9
M 16C.5
OEG
OEG
DEC
BIS-
DEC
DEC
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
« «
SPEED
0
2.79
2.96
2.97
2i76
2.A1
2.A6
3.07
3.27
3.A7
3.71
3. AC
2.79
2.33
2.18
3.14
3.19
3.95
3.98
3.61
3.05
M/SEC
M/SEC
N/SEC
fs/SEC
K/SEC
M/SEC
N/SEC
w/SEC
"/SEC
M/SEC
"/SEC
H/SEC
h/SEC
H/SEC
n/SEC
C/SEC
f/StC
H/SEC
l*/ScC
H/SEC
M/S£C
PATH
LENGTH
0
2505.6
5172. 1~
78A4.A
1C 325. 5
12A97.7
1*711.0
17*77.1
2CA24.3
235*2.8
26878.7
29937.1
324*5.9
3*5*3.?
36509.5
3=>333.*
A2201.0
*5757.6
*933fc.A
52581.3
55330. I
AZIMUTH
(FRCM ORIGIN)
M 0
H 186,0
1 187.3
ft 189.*
M 190.7
•1 191.2
1 191.6
H 191. C
M 189.0
M 187.1
1* 186.2
N 185.5
." 185.*
M 186.3
M 188.7
K 19Z.6
f 19*. 2
H 193.6
f 193.3
M 192.5
M 190.9
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OcG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OcG
DcG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DcG
OEG
OcG
SPEED
(ALONG PATH)
G
2.78
2.87
J:S»
2.78
2.72
2.77
2.8*
2.91
2.99
3.02
3.1,0
2.95
2.9C
2.91
2.93
2.99
3.05
3.07
3.C7
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SdC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/ScC
H/SEC
H/ScC
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
H/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
-------
+100
io n
RRMS NERR-5FC
TRPJECTGRY #5
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTIQN DESCRIPTOR:
RRMS STflTITN' N". 1HH
C HOn C31 17 JUL 75
anoo csi n JUL 75
ORTfl flV!7 JNTCflVflL- 900 SCC
utic 31CP-900 SEC
n- INVERSE
108
-------
RAM NEAR-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORY
START T!«E: 17 JUL 75 1100 CST END TIKE: 17 JUL 75 2000 CST
IMTIil COOPDiNATES: 429U02N. 748407E. LOCATION OESCafPTQR: RAMS STATION NO. K8
TRAJECTORY TYPE: BACKWARD IN TI"«c
STEP INTERVAL; 15 "t?4 NUMBER OF STEPS: 36
"DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED. DISPLACEMENT
STEP T!"E
0
1
3
4
5
6
7
a
•j
10
11
12
1?
15
It
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2t
27
28
29
3C
31
32
33
34
35
36
2CCO
1*545
1*530
1915
1<5CC
l?45
1830
1815
1 SCO
1745
1730
1715
17CC
It45
1630
1615
UCC
15*5
1530
1515
I SCO
1445
1430
1415
14CO
1345
1330
1315
1360
1245
1230
1215
12CO
1145
1130
1115
11CO
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
LOCATION
4211102N.
4287506N*
4285103N.
42*2328N.
4279507N.
4276831N.
4273«C4H.
4270822N.
4267899N.
4264823N.
4261Q14N.
4259538N.
4257907N.
4256R7**N.
4255751N.
42534C4N.
4249959N.
4246527N.
424.3318N.
4240703N.
4241153N.
4243777N.
4244640N.
4244605N.
4245217N.
4244979N.
4245C59N.
4245681N.
4246153N.
4245288N.
4243360N.
424120CN.
4239200N.
4237839N.
4236C17N.
4234154N.
748407=.
74515BE.
747863E.
747577=.
747C81?.
746331E.
744661§I
744743=.
7447355.
744fc55?.
74493C;.
743550:1
741167=.
736?43El
736396E.
735826E.
735775E.
736662E.
735666E.
731231E.
725t49E.
723672£.
724QQ9E.
725719E.
728665=.
730668E.
732375E.
73316CE.
733144E.
732936E.
732356E.
732246E.
732473E.
732435E.
"4D!AL AZIMUTH ~
C
1533.0
2104.0
2419.2
2818.9
leuls
3095.8
2934.2
2923.4
3077.3
2914.2
2375.7
2066.1
2596.6
3092.6
2814.7
3452.3
3478.6
3209.6
2761.8
914.6
5325.3
5649.0
1913.3
593.4
1638.0
2947.5
2096.9
1770.9
1168.8
1927.9
216S.8
2082.7
1365.2
1835.7
1863.6
M 0
M 189,3
M 188.1
M 196.8
M 19C.1
M 194.9
"1 198.0
M 191.2
M 162.3
M 18C.1
M 181.5
» 176.6
M 130.3
M 217.9
H 246.6
M 248.6
M 213.5
M 195.8
M 139.4
M 18C.9
M 161.3
M 299.5
M 299.5
M 278.3
M 274.8
H 46.0
M 98.4
M 39.4
M 72.8
M 74.5
H 137.8
M 190.5
M 185.5
M 196.2
M 184.6
M 172.9
M 181.2
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
.OEG
OEG
QEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
SPEED"
0
U7Q
-2.3*"
2.69
3.13
3.24
3.13
3.43
3.32
3.25
~ 3.42
_3.24
2.64
2.3C
2.39
3.43
3.13
3.85
3.37
3.57
3.07
1.02
5.92
6.23
2.2C
0.66
1.32
3.27
2.33
1.97
1.30
2.14
2.41
2.31
1.52
2.04
2.07
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
••/SEC
«/SEC
M/SSC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M./SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
LENGTH
' ~ ' 0
1533.0
3637.1
6056.3
8875.2
11794.9
14608.4
17694.2
20678.3
236C1.7
26679.0
29593.2
31969.0
34035.1
36631.7
39714.3
42523.9
45991.3
49469.9
52679.5
55441.3
56355.9
61681.7
67330.7
69314.4
69907.8
71545.7
74493.2
76590.3
7836C.8
79529.6
81457.4
83627.3
857G9.9
87075.1
83910.8
9C774.3
(F*CM ORIGIN)
M 0
M IP9.3
M 188.6
M 187.9
M 183.6
•4 \ Q£ . 1
M 191.7
* 191.6
M 190.2
M 189. C
M 188.1
M 187.0
M 136.5
M 163.3
M 151.9
M 196.0
« 197.2
M 196.3
n 195.8
r 194.9
M 193.1
« 194.1
M 199.9
M 2G6.1
1 209.1
M 207.9
M 2C6.2
M 2C3.2
M 2C1.3
M 199.6
M 193.4
M 197.7
M IQ7.2
M 197.2
M 196.9
M 196.1
M 195. 7
DEG
DEG
DtG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
DEG
DEG .
DEG
DtG
DEG
CcC
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DeG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEG
DtG
OEG
(ALONG PATH
C
1.7C
2.C2
2.24
2.47
2.62
2.71
2.81
2.87
2.91
2.96
2.99
2.96
2.91
2.91
2.94
2.95
3.CI
3.C5
3.C8
3.C8
2.93
3.12
3.25
3.21
3.11
3 .C o
3.C7
3.^4
3. CO
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.89
2.85
2.82
2.80
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/StC
M/S£C
M/S£C
M/S£C
M/S£C
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/S£C
N/SEC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M / S c C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/S£C
-------
610 50 100
RflMS NEflR-r:.rT
TRAJECTORY #7
ST. LOUIS. HO.
LOCflTlON DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS BTRTJf"! MH. i;.;i
SI OR I IMP, 345 C31 H JUL TS
flflRIVJMG 2000 CS1 ' H JUL 75
STflRT *
- 900 sec
1IME S1FP-900 SCC
flvc
~Hn<'V'MlW.': Mf
no
-------
R*?S KE4R-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TPAJECT03Y
~Stft«f >!!•£: 17 JUL 75 9*5 CST END 'T*>¥i~lT JUL"75"~206b CYt
IKITI4L COORDINATES: 4302376N. 732414E. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: "RAMS~Sf AT ION! NO." ~~IZ\~
TRAJECTC«V TYPE: BACKWARD IN TIME
STEP I1T6RVM.: 15 M!N NUMBER OF STEPS: 41~~~~ " ~
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED-DISPLACEMENT
STEP TI«E
C
5
6
a
9
1C
11
I!
i*
15
It
17
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2P
29
30
31
34
35
34
37
39
3«
4C
*l
LOCATION
?AO!Al
AM mm*
SPEED
PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH CFRCfl QRIGIM1
2CCO
19*5
1930
1915
19CO
1845
1930
1!15
leoo
1745
1730
1715
17CO
lt*5
1630
1615
16CO
1545
1530
1515
15 CO
1445
1430
1415
14CO
13*5
1330
1315
130C
1245
1230
1215
12CO
1145
1130
Hoo5
10*5
1030
1015
1000
945
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
'302376N.
*301002-S.
*299**5N.
*297**4N.
4295391N.
*293239N.
*29027*N.
*286873N.
42S3481N.
427932CN.
4275P95N.
4272234N.
4269163N.
*2e6»0?N.
4265673N.
*26*9*9N.
4262567N.
4255291N1
4251934N.
*2*940CN.
*249912N.
4252524N.
425339CN.
4253C91N.
4252941N.
4252484N.
*2 *2399N.
4252975N.
4253134N.
4252C91N.
4250135N.
4247915N.
*245873N.
424459SN.
4242S39N.
4241029N.
4239795N.
4238406N.
4237C74N.
4235839N.
7324145.
732769E.
732900E.
732929=.
7331295.
734CC7E.
735C385.
7355495.
7356395.
735395?.
7346555.
734C30E.
7331165.
7322C05.
7306195.
7277955.
725467=.
7245l«=.
7239C25.
7238575.
7243455.
7241335.
7196615.
714C415.
7124C25.
7129»35.
7142S25.
7169645.
7186955.
7202685.
7211455.
7212705.
721C825.
7204906.
7203556.
72C590E.
7205665.
7202965.
719553E.
71 9378^ •
718954=.
1413.
1562.
'001.
3062.
2323.
3139.
3439.
3393.
3669.
3961.
3739.
3222.
2526.
1946.
2915.
3330.
3T73.
3671.
3356.
2*19.
924.
5235.
166&I
599.
1377.
2693.
1603!
1353.
1060.
2227.
2125.
1281.
1774.
1810.
1263.
1431.
1365.
1265.
1227.
C
9
8
1
6
9
2
C
C
9
9
5
6
3
3
3
5
6
5
6
r>
4
5
8
6
7
j
5
7
7
0
I
2
9
0
1
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
ft
P.
M
p
165
175
179
17*
157
160
171
178
193
187
0
.5
.2
.2
.4
.8
.8
.5
.5
.3
.8
DEG
-DEG-
OEG
DEG .
DEG
OEG—
DEG
DEG _
DEG
DEG
DEG
H 191.8 DEG
p
M
p
M
P
r
M
H
P
M
M
ft
M
M
M
pi
M
p
M
M
M
p
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
197
201
234
255
224
194
189
180
158
308
299
278
259
104
109
92
74
8C
139
176
184
196
186
172
180
192
193
192
192
20C
.6
.3
.3
.6
.3
.5
.7
.8
.7
.3
.9
.8
.7
.5
.4
.0
.2
.7
.9
.4
.8
.2
.1
.7
.4
.3
.9
.9
.3
.2
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
0
1.58.
1.74
2.22
2.29
2.56
3.*9
3.82
3i77
4.09
4.40
4.16
3.58
2.81
2.16
3.24
3.7C
4.2C
4.08
3.73
3.02
C.92
5.82
6.32
1.35
0.67
1.53
2.9e
1.99
1.78
1.51
2.18
2.48
2.36
1.42
1.97
2.01
1.40
1,59
1.52
1.41
1.36
M/SEC
MAS EC.
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/S5C
K/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
_ L418.
2981.
4982.
7045.
9368.
12508.
15947.
19341.
23009.
26971.
30711.
33934.
3646C.
38407.
41322.
44652.
43431.
521C2.
55456.
58178.
59003.
64238.
6992*.
7159C.
72189.
73567.
76250.
78039.
71643.
91006.
82966.
85194.
37319.
63600.
90375.
92185.
93448.
94879.
96245.
97510.
98737.
3
7
3
2
3
7
9
0
9
9
3
3
4
0
3
7
0
3
7
5
2
7
3
3
6
1
4
1
6
2
3
3
3
4
4
6
4
4
5
M
N.
p
H
M
M
M
M
M
P.
H
P.
P
P.
M
.1
M
M
M
M
M
M
H
M
M
n
M
M
M
M
M
*
H
M
p
M
M
M
M
M
M
165
170
174
174
170
167
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
187
189
190
190
189
138
ie-8
194
2CO
202
2C1
2CO
i Q7
195
193
192
192
191
191
191
191
190
191
191
191
191
191
0
'.b
.0
.1
.1
.8
.6
.3
. 5
.7
.8
.3
.3
.8
.0
.9
.3
.2
.6
.1
.9
.3
.6
.1
.5
.0
.2
^9
.6
.0
.8
.9
.8
.2
.9
.0
.0
'.I
.2
DEG
CEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
CEG
m
DEC
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
CEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
DEG
DcG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
SPEED
(ALONG PATH!
0
1.58
1.66
1.85
1.96
2.C8
2.32
2.53
2.69
2.84
3.00
3.1u
3.14
3.12
3.05
3.C6
3.10
3.17
3.22
3.24
3.23
3.12
3.24
3.33
3.31
3.21
3.14
3.14
3.10
3.05
3.00
2.97
2.96
2.94
2.90
2.87
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SHC
M/SEC
H/SEC.
M/SEC
M7ScC
H/SEC
M./SEC
H/S£C
H/SEC
M/SdC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
H/SEC
M/SiC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
n/sec
M/ScC
N/ScC
M/SEC
H/ScC
M/SEC
H/ScC
N/SEC
N/ScC
M/SEC
-------
CUTB)
RRMS NERR--3FC
TRflJECTORT #8
ST. LOUIS, NO.
LOCflTION OESf;RiFTP)R
RflMS STRTIHN Nf\
StflflTIMG 800 C3T 17 JUL 75
flRRfVJNG 2000 057 17 JUL 75
TRflJECtOBIf STflRT *
OPTS RVG INIEBVPL- 900 SEC
T](1C STEP-900 SEC
HC1MOO-
112
-------
PAPS MAR-SURFACE A!* PARCEL T»iJ=CTQRY
START T!H£: 17 JUL 75 fCC CST END TIME: 17 JUL 75 2000 CST
IMTIAL COORDINATES: 4329223*. 741631=. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: SANS STATION NO. 122
TPAJECTCRY TYPE: BACKKAOC IN T!*=
STEP INTERVAL: 15 "IN NU«1E<* QF STEPSS 43
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
STEP Tf!»E
C
1
3
5
4
5
*
7
e
Q
10
11
12
14
15
1 f
17
1 9
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2?
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
2CCO
1945
193C
191?
1SCC
1845
1830
1915
leco
1745
173C
1715
17CC
16«5
1630
1615
16 CO
1545
1530
1515
1500
1445
1430
1415
14CO
1345
1330
1315
13CO
1245
1230
1215
1200
1145
1130
11CO
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
LOCATION
4329223N.
4323554N.
4327Q»4N.
4327424N.
*3268C2N.
4325991M.
4323353NI
4321691N.
431937?N.
4316427M.
4312986N.
4304125NI
4293736N.
42931CCN.
4237-»72N.
4283036N.
427848CN.
4274724N.
4272516N.
42732"»6N.
427515PN.
4276729N.
4276473N.
4275714N.
427412CN.
4272772N.
4271316N.
4270177M.
4268327N.
4266476N.
42t3780N.
4261274N.
4259712N.
42578B4N.
4255984N.
741631E.
740497=.
739644=.
733991=.
73828C?..
'372P2E.
735787E.
7342^35 .
7 3 '9C 1 =
731fc3C€.
73C65CE.
729745=.
728743=.
727542=.
726446?.
7252?1E.
7243?3E.
7233C»E.
723119=.
722941=.
724185E.
723338=.
719S23?.
713634^.
712?^?=.
712655E.
712561=1
711219E.
709C48E.
7C81COE.
708615E.
708678E.
7035C2E.
708480=.
708655E.
709797=.
o.ADIAL
C
1316.1
1025.9
860. fl
944.2
1236.1
1312. C
20*5.6
2161.7
2639.1
3109.7
3558.2
4137.6
4992.4
5499.6
5755.4
5402.8
4760.3
4622.5
3759.3
2534.9
»35.3
5023.4
5755.1
1537.6
789.9
1673.2
1350.0
197362.3
78035.1
79385.1
81364.4
83816.8
35465.4
87872.6
90569.0
93031.7
94643.6
96430.1
93385.4
(FROM ORIGIN) (ALONG PATH)
H
.H
M
M.
^
M
1
M
M
M
H
M
H
K
M
M
rt
M
M
M
M
P
M
M
M
•H
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
0 OEG
239.5..0EG .
238.1 DEG
235.7 DEG
234.2 DcG
233.4 OEG
232.9 OEG
231.4 DcG
229.2 DEC
225.5 DEG
220.6 OEG
216.2 DEG
212.5 OEG
209.3 DEG
2C6.5 DEG
204.4 DcG
2C2.6 DcG
•201. 0 DEG
200.0 OtG
198.9 DEG
197.1 OEG
197.6 DcG
202.5 OcG
207. 9 DEC
209.1 OEG
2(,3.5 OEG
207.9 DEG
2C7.2 DcG
207. 7 DEG
208.9 OEG
209. C DEG
207.8 OcG
2C6.7 OEG
206.0 DcG
205.5 OEG
204.8 DcG
204.1 DEG
C M/ScC
1.46 fl/S = C
1.30 M/ScC
. 1.19 M/S£C
1.15 M/ScC
1.21 M/ScC
1.36 M/SEC
1.50 M/ScC
1.61 M./ScC
1.76 M/S=C
1.93 M/SEC
2.11 M/ScC
2.32 M/SEC
. 2.57 M/ScC
2.82 M/StC
3.06 M/S£C
3.24 f/ScC
3.3o M/ScC
3.46 M/ScC
3. 50 M/ScC
3.46 M/SEC
3.34 M/ScC
3.45 M/SEC
3.57 M/StC
3.50 M/StC
3.39 M/S=C
3.33 X/ScC
3.27 M/S=C
3.23 M/ScC
3.21 M/ScC
3.17 M/ScC
3.15 M/SEC
3.14 M/ScC
3.13 M/S;C
3.09 M/ScC
3.C6 M/ScC
3.04 M/ScC
-------
27
3P
2S
4C
41
*2
43
*4
'5
46
47
4?
1045
1C30
IC15
10CQ
<;«5
•520
«J15
9CO
54'i
"•'b
81 r;
8CO
CST
csr
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
4254501N.
4253C01N.
*251778N.
4250753N.
4249<332N.
4249222N.
424P313N.
4247134N.
42456&1N.
4244C71N.
4242242N.
4240C73N.
7C88C6E.
706741?.
70842fcE.
70904=? = .
70752C5.
7C66C5E.
'0553?=.
7042S3E.
702?34=.
701303€.
70CC37S.
6S8823S.
1483.1
1501.3
1262.5
1052.1
577.1
1157.1
1401.3
1715.«>
2073.2
2152.3
2271.1
2492.6
« 179.7
M 182.5
« 194.4
f 20C.2
f 212.8
M 232.2
W 229.5
f 226.6
f 2Z4.7
l« 222.4
» 216.3
* 209.1
DEC
DEC
DEC
OEG
_OEG
OEG
-DEC
OEG
DEC
DEC
DEG
OEG
1.65
1.67
1.40
1.21
.1.09
1.29
1.56
1.91
2.30
2.39
2.52
2.76
r«/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
N/SEC
M/5EC
"/SEC
M/SEC
f /S€C
M/SEC
P/SEC
"/SEC
95868.5
101369.8
102632.3
103724.3
104701,4
105853.5
1C7259.3
108975.7
111048.9
113201.2
115472.3
117954.8
*
H
f«
n
N
H
J1
H
H
M
H
«
2C3.7
2C3.3
2C3.2
203.2
2C3.3
2C3.6
2C4.0
2C4.5
204. 9
2C5.3
2C5.6
2C5.6
DEG
OEG
OEG
OiG
OEG
CEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
3.CC
2.96
2.92
2.68
2.84
2.3C
2.77
2.75
2.74
2.73
2.73
2.73
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
H/StC
M/StC
M/SeC
H/ScC
M/SEC
P/S^C
M/S = C
f/SEC
M/SiC
-------
so
MO '0
fUtM)
RRMS NERR-3F!,
TRflJECTORT #9
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
RRMS STRT I PIN Mf\ I
STflRTIiJC mr; r?; ;7 JUL 75
inr; 300" •: •"! n JUL 75
OP1(» RVH INlCRYfll- 900 SEC
TIME STCP-Smi 5CC
115
-------
RAPS KEAR-SURPACE A!R PARCEL TRAJECTORY
START T!*Es 17 JUL 75 1130 CST =NO
IMT'Al COORDINATES: 4286379N. 777320=.
TRAJECTORY TYPE: 9ACKMARO IN T!"E
STEP INTERVAL; i? PIN NUMBER OF STEPS? 3
: 17 JUL 75 2000 CST
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR! RAHS STftf ION NO/ 123
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
STEP T!"£
0
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
X
17
13
lo
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
30
31
2?
33
34
2CCO CST
1945 CST
1930 CST
1S15 CST
19CO CST
1845 CST
183D CST
1815 CST
18CO CST
1745 CST
1730 CST
1715 CST
17CO CST
1645 CST
1630 CST
1615 CST
16CO CST
1545 CST
1530 CST
1515 CST
15CO CST
1445 CST
1430 CST
1415 CST
14CC CST
1345 CST
133C CST
1315 CST
13CG CST
1245 CST
1230 CST
1215 CST
12CO CST
1145 CST
1130 CST
LOCATION
4286379N.
4294699N.
4283549N.
4292243H.
4280943N.
4279324N.
4277577N.
4275575N.
4272933N.
426976*14.
4266631N.
'2635S4N.
426Q927N.
42 * 8 'JO SN.
4256199N.
4253923H.
42H423N.
4243952N.
42464*6N.
A244352N.
4243057N.
4244221N.
4246P67N.
424772tN.
4247494N.
4247676*1
4247242N.
4246356N.
4245212N.
4243384N.
4241137N.
4>3903tN.
4236S99N.
4234875N.
777320|.
777230E*
7772795.
777590;.
779740E!
778724E.
7734c4E.
778050=.
777354E.
776C14E.
773668E.
77C727E.
768346?.
767C201!
766646E.
7661455.
'66C25E.
7656>»2E.
7636»6=.
759P32E.
7533»?E.
752C14S.
754C42E.
755584E.
757457=.
759413=.
76C9»3€.
761293E.
760864E.
7607S3S.
760714E.
7608325.
o.ADIAL AZIPUTH
0
14*9.6
1312.9
1347.3
1434.2
1651.5
1916.9
2002.7
2654.7
3195.8
3209.6
3328.3
3544.6
3307.1
2317.2
2534.0
2509.3
2597.5
2457.7
2098.1
1339.5
2310.6
5528.8
5512.7
1392.2
2023.0
1552.9
1922.5
2146.2
1944.1
1854.6
2297.0
2102.3
2039.6
2126.1
P 0
f [179,6
M 134.3
P 177.9
P 167.5
H 156.9
f» 164.0
P 18C.4
H 185.6
fl 197.4
P 192.5
DEG
-OE.G ...
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG.
DEG
DEG. _
DEG
_OEG_.._
DEO
H 2C3.7_D£G__
P 221.4
M 23C.6
f 225.9
M 206.1
« 184.9
M 18P.3
M 191.8
H 183.3
W 194.3
P 3C0.3
H 298.6
M 279.0
M 26C.4
P 9C.1
P 83.1
P 1C3.0
P 114.3
M 126.1
H 170.4
P 190.8
M 182.2
M 181.9
H 176.8
DEG
CE.G
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
SPEED
--'o
1 * 64
1.46
L.50
1.59
1.84
2.02
2*95
3^57
3.70
3.94
4.23
3.69
2.92
2.79
2.89
2.73
2.33
1.49
2.57
6.14
6.13
1.55
2.25
1.73
2.14
2.38
2.16
2^06
2. "54
2.34
2! 36
M/SEC
H/SEC
P/SEC
N/SEC .
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P./SEC
N/StC
H/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
14 f O ^ /^
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P./SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
M/ S = C
M/SEC
M/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P / ScC
H/SEC
H/SEC
PATH
LENGTH
0
—1479.6.
2792.4
. 4139.7
5573.9
7225.4
9042.4
11045.1
13699.3
16895,6
20105.2
23433.4
26978.1
30765.1
34102.3
36636.3
39145.6
41743.1
44203.7
46298.9
47638.4
49949.0
55477.8
6099C . 5
62382.7
6441C.7
65963.6
67886.3
70032.2
71976.3
73830.8
76117.8
78220.1
80259.7
82385.8
AZIMUTH
(FftCH ORIGI!
n
H
P
M
H
n
H
H
H
p)
M
H
^
H
H
M
P
n
£
M
P
P
H
P
M
H
P
44
p
P
P
P
P
0 DEG
..179. 6_ OEG
181.8 OEG
180.6 DEG
177.2 OEG
172.6 DEG
170.8 DcG
172,6 DEG
175.1 DEG
"l^IVOEG
.183.3 OEG
188.2 DEG
193.3 OEG
196.6 OEG
197.3 DEG
196.4 DcG
195.9 OtG
195.6 OEG
195.. 0 OEG
19?. 0 OEG
197.9 DEG
2C5.1 OEG
211.8 DEG
213.1 DEG
210.9 DEC
209.3 DcG
206.9 DcG
2C4. I DEG
201.6 DEG
200. 4 D£G
200.0 DEG
199.3 DEC
198.6 DEC
197.8 OcG
SPcEO
(ALONG PATH»
.1.64.
1.55
1.53
1.55
1.61
1.67
1.75
1.90
2.09
2.23
2.37
2.50
2.63
2.71
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.73
2.71
2.65
2.64
2.30
2.95
2.89
2.66
2.82
2.79
2.78
2.76
2.73
2.73
2.72
2.70
2.69
P/SEC
P./S£C
P./SEC
M/SiC
K/ScC
P./SEC
P/S£C
«/S£C
H/ScC.
P./StC
M/ScC
«/S£C
P./SEC
P./S£C
h/ScC
P/S£C
M/ScC
ri/stc
P/S£C
p/sec
P/SEC
M/SEC
H/SiC
P/S;C
«/5|C
-------
4MO
RflMS NEflR-::;FC
TRflJECTORY #10
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION .DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTIHN' Mn.
STflPTIHG 24", "51 18 JUL 75
flHFUVJNG 8QO C5T ' 18 JUL "?S
IRfl.JECIOBY STflflT ft
dfllfi HVO 1W7ERVSL- 900 SEC
TIME SIEf-900 3EC
TMHO- !NVFFI?E
117
-------
K€tR-SU*FAC£»f* PARCEL TRAJECTORY
ST2FT TI*E- 18 JUL 75 245 CST END T.'fE: 15 JUL 75 800 CST
COQeD!«l»TES: 4277566S. 739o60;. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAMS STATIC* NO. 106
TYPE: 6ACKWA-C IN T!M£
INTERVAL; 1=. "IN NUMBER OF STPPS: 31
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT,
00
STEP
r
I
7
3
10
11
12
13
1*
20
21
KCJ
7*5
733
715
7CO
CST
CST
CST
CST
615
6fO
51J
4*5
435
3C1
245
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
HI
CST
4272393M.
4264877N.
4260271NI
4245272N.
424157PNI
4237727N.
4235P5tN,
4233954K.
736910?.
735638E.
734*t7£.
7331335.
731636E.
73044CE.
720^27?.
729674?.
73^-229:.
7308«OS.
732058=.
733510E.
735C702.
735405=.
7356505.
736576E.
737071=.
737414E.
RACIAL
3112.8
2»92.6
2820.4
2375.5
2724.4
2243.5
2006.4
2144.5
2355.3
2430.3
1729ll
1601.2
1747.5
1995.2
2023.7
1334.5
1032.8
M
M
y
y
ff
M
J«
K
C
f
X
M
p
p
P!
M
f»
1"
*>
C
P
1*
0
214.2
206.1
234.4
2C9.2
211.4
236.0
195.9
1<54.5
175.0
169.8
1 *7 Q
L *. J . T
151.0
136.5
144.0
16C.I
169.9
172.7
169.0
164.0
U5.2
169. *
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
r\ s* f*
DEG
DEC
DEG
DEC
DEG
DEC
DEG
OcG
DEC
DEG
SPEED
C
3.46
3.21
3.14
3.13
3.19
3.03
2.49
2.18
2.23
2.38
2.62
2.70
2.44
1.92
1.78
1.94
2.22
2.25
2.15
2.15
2.15
H/SEC
K/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
W/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
C/SEC
H/SEC
P/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
K/SEC
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
PATH AZIWUTH SPcED
LENGTH <
214
210
208
208
2C9
208
207
2C5
202
199
196
193
189
187
186
185
184
IP.3
183
162
181
*
*
•
*
•
•
•
•
»
•
*
•
•
•
»-
•
*
*
•
*
ft
C
2
3
4
4
0
5
0
5
8
9
4
9
6
3
5
8
9
0
6
DEG
DEC
DcG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OcG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OcG
DEG
DcG
DEG
OcG
OEG
DEC
OEG
C
3.46
3.34
3.27
3.24
3.23
3.20
3.1C
2.98
2.90
2.85
2.32
2.81
2.79
2.72
2.66
2.62
2.59
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
N/SEC
M/ScC
«/S£C
M/SEC
K/SEC
M/SEC
K/ScC
K'ScC
H/SeC
H/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/S£C
(•/SEC
M/ScC
-------
90
20
4100
kMO
RflMS NERR-3FC
TRflJECTORT #11
ST. LOUIS. Mfi.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTI^N MH. 111
C 330 -:"T 19 Ji'l. 75
n ann c?1 IB JUL 75
TBfl.JfCTOBY Slflfil *
OflTfl SVC IWTeflVfli.- 900 SEC
TIME STEP-SOU SEC
3- JKVfflSE
119
-------
S KEA3-SURFACE
«>A*C=L TRAJECTORY
ST&OT T!*=: 1? JUL 75 330 CST END T!P£: 18 JUL 75 800 CST
CCQOOIN4TES: 427>47c-i. ?23S12=. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: P.4MS STATION NO. Ill
^Y TY?E: 6ACK*A*C IN T'.VE
STEF !NT?<»ViL; I? *IN 'IU1BER OF STEPS: 13
I\J
O
II
II
14
16
17
18
ec: CST
7*5 CST
730 CST
715 CST
'CO CST
6*5 CST
615 CST
tCft CST
545 CST
515 CST
5CO CST
445 CST
433 CST
41=5 CST
400 CST
3*5 CST
330 CST
LOCATION
73001jr
7376C1E
736542E
4264773N. 735532E
732217=
. '31770=
4252"70N. 7317159
733t57r
734239E
735fc«9=
7367C7E
•3Z§53E
iNC'EfENTAL DISPLACEMENT
SPEED
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
2*5?
2766
2652
56-59
26 3C
2159
1934
neo
2133
2357
24? 5
21 9'
1734
i i-.n>
1747
1995
2024
C
.2
*v
. w
.5
I?
.1
.5
.9
.5
.2
.3
.6
.7
.3
.7
.9
.0
H
•«
H
|»
f*
J*
ft
f
C
r
^
i>
N>
y
M
u
M
20*.
2C2.
202.
204.
254.
199.
t2h
173.
168.
163.
150.
138.
144.
itc.
169.
173.
169.
0
5
4
6
5
0
9
0
5
4
3
6
I
I
0
7
I
OEG
DEG
OEG
0=G
OEG
0£G
OEG
OFG
D6G
DEC
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
0
3.29
3.07
2.95
3.22
3.34
2.92
2.40
2.15
2.2C
2.3P
2.62
2.69
2.44
1.93
1.78
1.94
2.22
2.25
H/SEC
H/SEC
K/SEC
H/SEC
K/SEC
H/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
P/SEC
fl/SEC
H/SEC
P/SEC
H/SEC
PATH
LENGTH
0
2957.2
5723.1
8375.6
U27J.8
14230.6
16910.7
19070.2
21005.1
22985.6
25123.3
27481.1
29906.2
32098.3
33833.4
35435.9
37183.4
39179.3
412C3.3
A2IKUTH
:SCK ORIGIN!
1 0
K 204.2
I* 2C3.4
M 203.1
M 2C3.5
« 203.7
* 203.0
* 201.7
H 199.9
M 197.6
* 195.2
« 192.5
f 189.3
M 186.0
1 183.9
* 182.7
f 182.0
* 181.5
•» 130.9
DcG
DcG
DcG
DcG
DcG
DEG
OEG
DcG
CEG
DEG
OcG
OEG
DcG
CEG
DcG
DEG
CcG
OfcG
OcG
SPcEO
(ALONG PATH)
3.29
3.18
3.10
3.13
3.17
3.13
3.C3
2.92
2.84
2.79
2.78
2.77
2.74
M/SEC
M/ScC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/S6C
H/SEC
M/ScC
M/SHC
W/ScC
c/ScC
«/ScC
69
2.62
2.58
2.56
2.54
H/SEC
H/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
-------
4900
RflMS NEflR-jFC
TRRJECTORT #12
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DE3CH1PTOR:
RflMS STflTIflN Nfl. ins
STflflTJWO 245 C?T
G 800 CS1
18 JUL 75
18 JUL 75
IRflJECTOflt STflflT A
OHIfl flVC INIEflVflL- 900 StC
Jfte 3UP-900 SCC
121
-------
UPS NEA»-SU<»FACc
PARCEL TRAJ£CTC
1 >
t"
f*
f
M
r
M
H
M
K
K
M
*
V
AZIMUTH
C
212.7
21C.9
2C5.6
203,0
199.0
192.8
1S9.5
191.7
174.9
171.4
165. 1
153.1
142.1
145.8
159.4
163.0
159.3
156.7
157.2
160.6
156.1
OEG
OcG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
CEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
SPEED
0
3.48
!:!*
3.11
2.94
2.65
2.41
2.33
2.36
2.40
2.53
2.58
2.35
1.90
1.71
1.91
2.01
2.09
1.93
1.86
2.00
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
K/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SSC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH CFRCH ORIGIN)
0 M
3130.3 H
61U.Q «
3973.4 H
11779.2 H
14425.2 f
16807.7 x
1398C.3 v
21079.5 »•
23199.3 «
25363.2 *
27639.4 *
29958.2 «
32073.9 H
33780.4 M
35315.3 »
36945.6 *
38751.6 K
40636.4 M
42373.7 M
44044.0 M
45845.5 M
C OcG
212.7 OcG
211.6 OEG
2C9.S OcG
203.2 OcG
2C6.5 OEG
204.6 OEG
2C2.9 OEG
2C0.8 OEG
193.4 OfcG
196. 1 OcG
193.6 DEC
190.6 OcG
137.5 OcG
135.4 DEC
184.3 DcG
113.3 OcG
U2.1 0£G
180.9 OcG
179.8 OcG
179. 1 OcG
178.1 OcG
SPEED
(ALONG PATH)
C
3.48
3.39
3.33
3,27
3.21
3.11
3,01
2.93
2.36
2.82
2.75
2.77
2.74
2.63
2.62
2.57
2.53
2.51
2.48
2.43
i.43
M/S£C
M/sec
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/ ScC
M/ScC
M/S£C
M/ScC
M/sk
-------
40 l-r
10
Woo
»o :,
to
HJO
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTORY #13
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCflTJON OE3CHIPTPIR:
RflMS STflTIOM ND. 104
230 CST 18 JUL 75
800 CST ' 18 JUL 75
TRAJECTORY STflflT *
OUTS PVR jNTEpvfli- 900 sec
JNTECRRTION TIME STEP-900 SEC
PMIIIMlUn METHOD- INVEB3F
aRCKWUfln ififlj
123
-------
R/HS
AIR PiRCEl
ro
T!"E: I9- JUL ""i 230 CST *>JO T!H£: le JUl 75 800 CST
'!1L COQ'DINiTHS: 42773C4N. 7*7312=. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR RAH.S STATION NO. IC4
TYP5: SAC^'ilA^O IN T!w=
STS? !ST=»VSL; 15 His NUH3E1? OF STgPS: 22
ACCUHULATtD DISPLACEMENT
STE"
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
LOCATION
SAOIAL AZIHUTH
SPSEO
PATH AZIMuTH
LENGTH IFRCH. ORIGIN)
SPEED
(ALONG PATH)
0
1
3
5
*,
7
8
9
10
11
i i
* ^
13
14
i;
it
17
19
19
20
21
22
9CO CST
7*5 CCT
730 CST
715 CST
7rO CST
6*5 CST
620 CST
*•! 5 C*T
fro CST
5*5 CST
5 OA r * T
515 CST
SCO <-ST
445 CST
4?C CST
415 CST
4r ^ C S*
3*5 CST
3?0 CST
315 CST
3CO CST
2*5 CST
230 CST
*2773C4'J.
4274377N.
**72'**';>M,
4249585M.
*2£4fcS7Nl
*262412N.
**58322M.
*25fe33?N.
*25*262S.
*252l2*N.
*>5Cl7*n.
t > 4 93*? ^*^«
*246743N.
*24523tN.
*243a75M.
*242?93N.
*?3<52!'4Nl
*237744N.
4236C26N.
423396fe*».
747312=.
745196=.
7434<53E.
742128E.
741C47S.
74C272E.
7^CC20^ »
7 1 Of 7 OC
740339S.
74C'P''4;! .
741352|.
7431191!
74 4^ **8r »
74533 6E »
746A5fc- .
7*7t6ll.
74 *^f* 1 5C .
749367=.
75C145E.
751C2ar.
751940S.
752903E.
V
3218.8
3121.3
2915.7
2746.7
2620.5
2258.7
2057.6
2044.6
2146.2
2259.3
220?. 5
2131.9
1053.6
1937.5
1856.3
1762.1
1720.2
1735.9
\ 7 fJ3 » 3
1945.5
2273.1
H 0
H 221.1
H 213.1
H 207.9
P 203.2
H 197.2
H 136.4
y 1 7 s . 3
H 172.7
H 166.9
M 165.2
» 161.2
H 152.0
H 14t.4
H 147,9
* 142.4
M 139.5
H 147.2
f 154.1
M 153.4
H 15C.3
H 152.0
H 155.0
OEG
DEC
OEG
DEC
OEG
OcG
DEC
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
06G
OEG
OEG
OSG
OEG
DSG
OEG
D5G
DEG
0<=G
OEG
C
3.56
3.47
3 » ?^
3.55
2.91
2.51
2.27
W V W *
2.29
2.27
2.38
2.51
2.45
2.37
2.17
2.04
2.36
1.96
1.91
1.93
Zllb
2.53
M/SEC
H./SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
" v J ^t \*
H/ScC
M/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/StC
n / s^c
H/SEC
«/SEC
H/SEC
H/S=C
H/SEC
"/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
0
3218.3
6340.1
9255.3
120C2.5
14623.0
1688 1.3
189'5.5
» ** ' ^ ^ • J
2C983.0
23027.7
25173.8
27433.2
29641.7
31773.5
33727.1
35564.6
37420.9
39183.0
409C3.2
42639.2
44423.1
46363.6
43641.7
M
t>
M
|4
M
tf
H
M
M
M
M
M
h»
H
M
w
M
M
1*
N(
M
t»
K
0
221.1
217.1
214.2
211.7
2C9.1
2C6.1
203 . 1
^ v J * ^
2C0.2
197.2
194,5
191.7
183.8
1B6.0
183.7
1*?1.5
179.4
1 77. 4
176ls
175.7
174.6
173.6
172.6
OEG
C£G
0£G
OEG
DcG
DcG
OEG
IrC
\J C W
OEG
DcG
OcG
OEG
OcG
DEC
OEG
OcG
OcG
DEG
DEG
DEG
0 = 5
OcG
DcG
G
3.58
3.52
3.43
3.33
3.25
3.13
? ffi
J . \f V
2^84
2.80
2.77
2.74
2.72
2.68
2.63
2.60
2.56
2.52
2.49
2.«>7
2.45
2.46
M/ScC
H/sec
M/ScC
H/5tC
H/ScC
H/ScC
H,/ScC
M/??r
n r j C \f
M/ScC
H/ScC
M/StC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
H/ScC
M/ScC
H /StC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
H./SEC
M/SEC
-------
4400
RflMS NERP.-2FC
TRflJECTORY#M
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTlON DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTJflN NH, i
STflflflMC 200 C3T
flflfllVJNG 80'" Cf3T
18 JUL 75
18 JUL 75
IRflJECTORY 3'IRRT *
RVO JNTEPVPL- 900 SEC
7IHE SHP-900 SEC
125
-------
RAMS KE»R-SU*F»CS tl9 PARCEL TRAJECTORY
I\J
O>
ST4«T T1"E: IS JOL 75 2CO CST END Tlfgs 18 JUL 75 SCO CST
INITIAL COOD0!N',T?S: 42't045N. 742513E. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAMS STATION NO. 102
TRAJECTORY TYPE: "JACIUA^C IN T[M£
ST?F !NTePViL; 15 S*!N NUMBER OF STEPS: 2*
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
STEP
0
1
2
4
K
<,
7
8
9
10
11
1?
n
14
1 *
17
19
19
20
21
24
T!»E LOCATION
SCO CST
745 CST
730 CST
715 CST
7CO CST
645 CST
630 CST
615 CST
fcCO CST
54*. ret
530 CST
515 CST
5CC CST
447 CST
43? CST
415 CST
400 CST
345 CST
330 CST
315 CST
3CC CST
245 CST
230 CST
21? CST
2CO CST
42S6C45*.
4230616NI
- *|77?5fc««.
4272313NI
42t?3«jiNr
4? 62P59N.
426C65'^ftJ«
4^5^3^*6*4*
4256245'..
425460CM.
42 53202N.
4251696N.
42499**° N.
4243319N.
4246C37N.
4744} 73N.
4242303N.
424040CN.
4235fc66Nl
4233211N.
74251SE.
?396C65 «
7 3 74 P 5~ .
735849=.
734527?.
733CP8E.
73CfcC7=!
730C19E.
^30 1C *%c. •
?30 7 i fc^ •
7 ^ I. g °5£ .
?333M>I.
73435
-------
10
*>IO
10
4110
CUTH)
RPMS NERR-3FC
TRflJECTGRT #15
ST. LOUIS. MO.
ON DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTION NR. 108
STflRTlNC I1f CST 18 JUL 75
flPRIVING 800 C3T 18 JUL 75
TRflJECTORY STflfll , *
OPTfl flVG JNIEPVBL- 900 SEC
TIME STEP-900 SEC
eiHnn- INVERSE
ft^ IflflJECT'S1'
127
-------
P49CEL
ro
oo
STAPT M*E: 19 JUU 75 115 C3T END TIHE: 18 JUL 75 800 CST
INITIAL CCCPOtNATcS: 4291102M. 74}4C7£. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAHS STATION NO. 108
STcP INTERVAL; 17 fTN NU*95S OF STEPS: 27
ACCUMULATED DlSPLACeHENT
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
STEP
0
i
2
4
5
7
i
9
10
11
1?
n
1 *
Ib
1 1
I Q
20
21
23
24
se
27
T!"E
"»CO CST
745 CST
730 CST
71? CST
7CC CST
645 CST
63C CST
615 CST
tCC CST
54; CST
53C CST
51v CST
SCO CST
44«i CST
4'^ CST
415 CST
4CC CST
34 «>9"7A4H
425RC63N.
4255152'U
425369?').
425137U-.
4249409NI
4246735N.
4244962N.
424096^1
^"915 ^fl.
4237555H.
4235925H.
4234119N.
748407E.
74544<ȣ.
74252SE.
740172E.
73"3?t=.
736781=.
734?24=I
T ^ 3TA 2^ •
7334*2;.
733497=.
734C41*: .
7-3521 gc.
73fctl7|.
736194=1
73 **P7P*- •
739524E.
740C34=.
74C6C*ȣ.
741217=.
74 2 1 30r .
74315"=.
744131=.
745C21S.
746751EI
7481C7S.
C
4135.6
4140.1
3655.1
3303.2
3237.2
2P4?l4
27S3.7
2423.5
2261.9
2317.1
2421.9
21^6.2
1737.9
1564.3
1634.9
1?43.9
1934.3
\ 7 9 0 » I
1509.8
1990.7
2179.2
2266.2
2C17.4
1902.5
1B64.5
3259.0
M
H
M
fe
H
PI
j«
H
P!
M
H
f
H
C
p
H
f
H
C
M
w
f"
f«
H
M
M
M
H
AZIMUTH
0
225.6
224.9
220.1
212.7
209.6
204.4
200.8
19t.3
186.6
179.1
166.2
151.1
14C.3
145.6
157.6
155.3
159.5
164.7
161.3
157.6
153.5
153.3
154.6
153.8
152.8
151.0
143.1
OEG
OcG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OtG
DEC
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
PEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
SPEED
0
4.60
4.6C
4.06
3.68
3.60
3.35
3.16
3.09
2.69
2.5*
2.57
2.69
2.43
1.93
1.74
1.92
2.05
2.15
1.99
2.01
2.20
2.42
2.52
2.24
2.00
2.07
2.51
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/sIc
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
M/ScC
H/SEC
"/SEC
H/SEC
H/S5C
H/SEC
H/SEC
f/SEC
H/SEC
H/S6C
H/SEC
f/SEC
H/sec
H/SEC
H/SEC
PATH
LENGTH
3
4135.6
8275.6
11930.7
15238.9
18476.1
21495.0
24342.4
27126.1
29549.6
31831.5
34143.6
36570.5
38756.7
40494.6
42G58.9
43693.7
45537.6
47471.9
49262. J
51071.9
53C52.6
55231.3
57497.9
59515.3
61317.8
63182.4
65441.4
A2IHUTH
JFSCH Ot
1 0
H 225.6
* 225.3
H 223.7
•^ 221.3
H 219.3
H 217.2
* 215.3
H 213.3
H 211.2
« 2C8.9
H 206. 2
H 2G2.8
H 199.6
H 197.4
»« 195.9
H 1Q4..3
M 192.8
1 191.5
* 190.4
* 1S9.1
H 187.7
H 186.2
H H4.9
H Ib3.7
M 1P2.7
H 181.7
H 180.3
SPcED
UGINI ULQNG PATH)
DEC
DcG
OcG
0£G
DcG
DEC
OEG
DEG
DcG
CcG
CEG
CcG
DcG
OEG
OEG
OEG
CcG
D€G
OeG
OcG
DEG
DEG
OtG
DcG
OtG
OcG
OcG
OcG
0
4.60
4.60
4.42
4.23
4.11
3.98
3.86
3.77
3.65
3.54
3.45
3.39
3.31
3.21
3.12
3.C3
2.98
2.93
2.83
2.84
2.61
2.79
2.78
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.69
M/S:C
M/ScC
M/S£C
M/ScC
H/ScC
H/ScC
M/SEC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/s|c
n / S t C
n / 5 c C
f^ / S c C
H/ScC
C,/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
K/ScC
fVStC
H/ScC
M/ScC
M/SeC
H/ScC
H/ScC
H/ScC
-------
1.1 JO
TO 10
(I/TN)
RflMS NEPR-3FC
TRflJECTORY #16
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTiON DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STRTJflN NPI. \?.\
MS C~T 18 JUL 75
800 C:T 18 JUL 75
TflfUEC13Rt SlflHl *
Ofllfl SVC INtEflVflL- 900 3EC
TIME 31EP-9QO SEC
!)- INVERSE
129
-------
K£AR-Sl!»FACc
PARCEL TRAJECT03V
STAPT
»E5 l? JUL 7g 45 CST
COC?0!H»TES: 4302376N. '32414E.
TYPE; BACKJISD IN TIȣ
; 18 JUL 75 800 CST
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: RAMS STATION NO. 121
ST?» !NT=»VAL;
3F STEPS:
DISPLACEMENT
TI"E
8CC CST
7*; c3*18S.
7235555.
724ie25E.
724263?.
72 47? 3-..
"HJii:
°AD!AL AZIMUTH
727558E.
0
3=95.0
1970.2
351*. 5
3336.8
3402.9
3435.1
3173. I
M
0
f 220,5
f 215.1
M 2 1C. I
M 199.4
M 195.?
s
Iliri
2991.1 H 201.0
2934.3
2663.9
2*30.6
2432.2
1965.0
1211.4
1371.*
1»17.5
2105.7
2062.2
1?19.1
1915.3
l=J4.e
2220.6
2542.1
2516.5
2347.6
2154.4
2061.3
2059.7
2C61.4
M 194.2
i* 138.2
f 176.2
* 156.4
K 138.4
M 144.6
M 134.9
H 192.0
M 135.4
M 17*. 9
»
f*
H
L6t.3
.68.7
.74.6
.7t.5
.73.9
7C.O
H 167.2
n 164.1
M 159.9
r 158.1
M 159.9
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
06G
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
SPEED
0
4.44
4.41
3.91
3.71
3.78
1:11
3.26
2.96
2f7G
2.70
2.IP
1.35
1.52
2,02
2.34
2.29
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.47
2.92
2.80
2.61
2.39
2.29
2.29
2.30
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
«/ScC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
R/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
ff/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
PATH AZIMUTH SPEED
LENGTH IFRCM ORIGIN! (ALCNG PATH)
3995
7965
11479
14816
18219
21654
24832
27823
30758
33419
35849
3828i
40247
41458
42829
44647
46753
48815
5C734
52641
54554
56774
59317
61833
64131
66335
63396
70456
72524
3
.0
.1
.7
.4
.3
.4
. 5
.7
.4
.3
.9
.1
.0
.4
.3
.3
.0
.2
,3
.6
.3
.9
.0
.5
.1
.4
.7
.4
.8
*
M
M
H
jf»
«
«
K
«
«
H
j»
M
M
H
M
M
M
M
*
M
1
M
H
f
M
M
M
M
H
223
217
215
211
208
2C6
2C5
204
2C3
202
200
193
195
194
193
193
1^3
192
191
190
190
189
188
13d
1S7
196
IB5
IS 4
164
Q
. V
.8
.4
.8
.8
:!
.9
.8
.6
.8
. 2
.6
.2
.9
.3
.4
.6
.6
.7
.1
.6
.9
.0
.3
.5
.7
.8
.1
OEG
OcG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
°O!GG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DcG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
C=G
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
4.25
4.12
4.C5
4.01
3.94
3.80
3.80
3.71
3.62
3.54
3.44
3.39
3.17
3.1C
3.C6
3.C1
2.97
c.92
2.69
2.67
2.87
2.d6
2.85
2. 83
2.61
2.3C
2.78
M/StC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/sac
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
«/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
P./SEC
M./SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SSC
H/ScC
M/SEC
H/ScC
M/SEC
-------
u
to
woo
kit*
RRMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTGRY #17
ST. LOUIS. MO.
L3CRTION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTION MO. \?.?.
2000 CST 17 JUL 75
800 CS7 ' 18 JUL 75
Slflfll *
HVi; INlERVfll.- 900 3EC
11HC b'ltP-900 9EC
r, HE1H90- INVERSE
BUCKUBHO
131
-------
NEAR-SURFACE MR PARCEL TRAJECTORY
lT*PT_TJJ?t?__17 JUL 75 _ £CCO-CST END TITE J. 18 JUL 75. 800 CST
IMTLAL COO«tDlNAT£E_;__A329223N. 741631E. _.. LCC4.TI ON. DESCRIPTOR:
TRftJECTCRY TY££: 2ACKW40.D IH T!M£
STE° INTERViL; 15 •'IN MU*9E<* Of STEPS:. 48
H NO. 122
CO
ro
SJEP
2
4
5
I
3
4
IT
-W--
20
2!
22
23
24
25 -
27 ~
29
3C
31
33
34
35 "
36
37
_3|....
«C
4'
43
44
45
4fc
47
4 f
CATION
- 4 4W^K~^h A 1 *"i m * - •• J* 4
43;
5N,
737364E.
73338CE,
729705E.
~*319fc62»C
«31§*?3N»-
7212«£.
71916CE1
230
"215
200
~ 145
-Hi
100
45
_ _3°
15
C
2345
2330
2315
23CO
22*5
2230
2215
22CC
2145
2130
2115
2103
2C45
iCIO
ZC15
ZCCC
CST
CST
CST
CST
cCiT-
CST
CST"
SSf
m
CST
GST"'
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST~"
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST .
ccM
431495?*.
4313494N.
4312430N.
4311195N.
*309942N.
^430990 IN.
4307051N.
4306713H.
4305Q9&N.
4303569N.
*3C2CO?N.
717311E.
71545%c.
714C15E.
712t76S.
4298369N.
4296486N.
4294792N.
4293C61N.
4291014N.
42 J8845N.
4286700N.
4284307N.
4281756N.
4279132N.
706CfeOE.
704533E.
703161E.
7C2C51E.
701l?8£.
7002C8E.
69?879E.~
696826E.
696055E.
695405E.
694879E.
694556E.
694036?.
693154E.
42745eCN.
4272341N.
426671CN.
4263664K.
425951U-I
4256367N.
4251?lfcNl
424655£vl
689557E,
689153?.
689179E,
689335=.
699575E,
683?90|!
698339fl
6P7C14E.
696258|.
61E3?Ss!
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT^
PADIAL .. AZIMUTH SPcEO
CM 0 OEG 0 M/SEC
43<»6.5 M 25t.O OEG 4.98 M/SEC
4185.5 f 252.2 OEG 4.65 M/SEC
3943.9 M 248.7
3644.8
3125.3
2751.2
2526.5
21=57.0
2356.4
2531.3
1934.3
1718.2
1703.3
1752.8
1717.3
1792.5
1966.2
2120.4
1936.4
1757.3
1950.3
2230.3
2231.9
1996.0
1895.8
2147.6
2231. C
2169.8
2448.6
2699.5
2P94.9
2779.1
2374.5
2255.6
2542.9
3091.5
3C55.9
2696.8
2507.9
2188.1
2190.9
2334.9
2579.0
2786.5
2361.7
24*9.1
2015.5
M 245,1
M 242.3
« 239,5
M 23fc.3
c ;
M i
M ,
}4 ,
J37.7
'31.9
J14.8
>22.4
M 233.8
M 22C.5
M 224.8
M 232.7
« 238.0
M 231.0
MJ
J20.3
•15.0
M 211.3
M 208.5
M ;
M ;
>10. 4
212.6
M 211.8
M 204.0
H 197.6
M ]
M :
M :
93.6
!92l3
199.1
f 205.0
I* 20P.9
M 2C5.8
f 19C.3
M 179.4
f 177.1
M 175.5
M 181.8
M 131.5
f 191.5
M 165.6
M ]
36.4
M i89.1
•• 193.5
l» 195.3
> 193.1
l« 190.6
V ]
i aC . 1
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
818
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
4.38
4.05
3.47
3.06
2.81
2.43
2.62
2.31
2.2C
1.91
1.99
1.95
1.91
1.99
2.18
2.36
2.15
1.95
2.17
2,48
2.48
2.22
2.11
2.39
2.48
2.41
2.72
3.00
3.22
3.09
2.64
2.51
"2.83
3.44
' 3.40
3.00
2.79
2.43
2.43
2.65
2.87
3. 10
3. IB
_2.73
2.24
2.33
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
«/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
f/S£C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
••/SEC
M/SSC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
P/SEC
M/SEC
"/SEC
»/ScC
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH (FRCH ORIGIN)
4396.5
8581.9
12525.a
1617u.6
19295.9
22047.1
24573.6
2676C.6
29117.0
31648.4
33632.6
3535;.3
37054.1
338G6.8
4,3524.2
42316.6
44282.8
46403.2
43339.6
50G96.9
52047.2
54277.5
56509.4
58505.4
60401.2
62548.a
64779.8
66949.6
69398.1
72097.6
74992.5
77771.6
80146.1
82401.6
84944.5
88036.0
91091.9
93738.7
96296.5
93484.6
100675.4
!G3CfcC.3
105639.3
109427.3
111289.4
113748.5
115764.0
SPEED
(ALONG PATH)
H
*
M
f
f.
H
n
M
B
n
*
N
«
M
H
*
p
M
M
H
n
K
M
H
M
N
H
H
N
K
K
«
n
M
p
K
«
M
F
l«
K
n
M
»•
M
M
f
«
H
0
256.0
254.1
252.4
250.8
249.4
248.2
2*7.0
246.2
245.0
242.7
241.5
241. 1
240.2
239.5
239.2
239.1
233.6
237.9
237.0
236.1
235. 1
234.1
233.2
232.5
231.6
230.4
229.2
227.9
226.7
225.6
224.8
224.2
223.6
222.7
221.4
219.9
218.5
217.4
216.7
216.1
215.4
214.7
M4.0
213.5
213. C
212. 5
212. 1
211. 7
DEG
DEG
DEC
DEC
DEG
DEG
0£G
OcG
DEG
0 = G
OEG
DEG
OEG
OcG
OEG
OtG
OcG
OEG
OcG
OEG
OEG
DtG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OcG
CEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
OcG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DcG
DEG
CEG
DEG
DcG
OcG
DEG
PEG
OEG
D f G
C
4.88
4.77
4.64
4.49
4.29
4.ca
3.90
3.72
3.59
3.52
3.40
3.27
3.17
3.C8
3.00
2.94
2.89
2.86
2.83
2.78
2.75
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.68
2.67
2.67
2.66
2.66
2.67
2.69
2.70
2.70
2.69
2.70
2.72
2.74
2.74
2.74
2.74
2.73
2.73
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.75
2.74
M/StC
N/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
H/SEC
M/SeC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/StC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SE.C
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SeC
M/SEC
M/S£C
M/ScC
H/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/ScC
H / •;, - r
-------
*J«0
in, /-^ nt I f /' \
£•-- * -.._jL- -t 1
4»0
RflMS
TRflJECTORY
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STfiTIHM Nfi. 1?3
231
flRPlVING 800
18 JUL 75
18 JUL 75
Ofllfl flVG JNIEPVfli. • 900 SEC
llnE STEP-300 SEC
ME1M10- JNVfiPSE
133
-------
KE*R-SU"?FACE 4!R PARCEL
co
STAPT T!"Ss 18 JUL 75 23C CST E^O Tlrg: 18 JUL 75 800 CST
!N!TJ4L CGC°C!N4.T£S: 42"ifc37»N. 777320;. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: ?.AMS STATIGH MO. 123
TRAJcCTCRY TY»S: ^SCKMfC IN TI»=
ST£P !ST=PV£L; 15 »tN MUSSES OF STEPS: 22
DISHACEMENT
ACCUHUL4TEO OISPLACcMENT
STEP
i
2
^
5
6
7
A
9
10
U
12
13
14
If
17
19
20
21
22
T!ȣ
8C3 CST
745 CST
730 CST
'15 CST
700 CST
*4<5 CST
fc?C CST
615 CST
tCO CST
545 CST
530 CST
515 CST
5CC CST
445 CST
430 CST
415 CST
4C« CST
3*5 C ST
'"»0 rST
315 CST
3CO CST
2*5 CST
230 CST
LCC4TI3N ?AO!Al AZIMUTH
42P637PN. 777220C r, p Q DEG
4 ji « 3 a 7 R«J t
4281517N.
42*9062S.
4274^0 IN.
4371730V,
4269247N.
*2 6641 ?N.
4 26 3^9 ^N.
42 £03TSS.
4257658N.
425549CN.
4253432N.
4251382N.
4249542").
4245693N.
4 ' 4 3^ ' 'N.
4241537M.
4239472M.
4237367N.
4234972N.
775*54"
773645S
77 ^ ^q 3~
7 70440^
7%91 ?T:
7j.ojj^c
7ft 7 ^ -5 a —
76 ?1 '5-
76fc7
-------
r
4
-U V, 1
7
Woe
M :
ttio
•in f»p:r- OTICJN
RflMS NEflR-3Fr;
TRflJECTORY
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTC1R:
BROflDWflY RNO HURCK
-.V 7.2 JUI. 75
flflfllVING 1300 CST 22 JUL 75
TRflJECtQflY STflRT it
Ofllfl OVG JNIcpvfll- 900 SEC
31EF-9QO SEC
135
-------
PAMS NEAR-SURFACE *!R PARCEL TRAJ=CTQ*Y
STAOT T!*E: 22 JUL 75 1215 C3T ESC TI*E: 22 JUL 75 1900 CST
IMTUL COO<»D!SATSS: 426S330N. 7395COE. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: BROADWAY 4NO HURCK
TRAJrCTC'Y TYP;: BiCKai?-} [N TIM;
ST = P INTERVAL: 15 ."!M NU«>»c<* 3F STEPS: 27
INCPtMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
to
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
STEP TZ"E
c
1
t
7
P
9
1C
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
2t
27
CST
1845 CST
1315
1PCO
1745
1730
1715
17C2
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lt?0
16!5
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1545
153C
1515
15CO
14?0
1415
14CO
1230
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13CO
1245
1230
1215
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CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
LOCATION
4268555N. 74C307E.
42t7618N. 742C50E.
426674eN. 7^3"»42=.
4245Q3SM. 74<544tc.
4265253N. 747222E.
42fc334tN. 750572E.
42t2235N. 75^57=.
426H64N. 754C"Bf.
"t0545'l. 756C90E.
426C366N. ~- " ' ' ~
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765C72±.
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TRAJECTORY #20
ST, LOUIS. MO.
DESCRIPTOR:
14TH RND MflRKET
STflflTIUn IMOn C:" ?.Z JUL 75
flRRJVJNG 1900 C:>1 ?1 JUL 75
STflfU +
flVG INIEflVfll.- 900 SEC
1JME STEF-300 SEC
ME1M10- INVERSE
137
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CD
ST4CT T;«.C: 22 JUL 7c «
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TRflJECTORT #21
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflDWflY flNO HiJRCK
STflflTING 1615 CST 22 JUL 75
ftBRlVJNC 2300 C3T 22 JUL 75
TRFUECTflfn STflRI *
Ofllfl BVG JWTEBVpL- 900 3EC
TIME 31EP-900 3EC
METHOD- JNVEHSE
BflCKMHBO
139
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AIS.PilCEJL
TtMc: 22 JUL 75 Iil5 CST EMO TIC£: 22 JUL 75 23CO CST"
IMTIAL COOPOI^tTSS: 42e<;38C-<. 73S5COE. iOC&TICN DESCRIPTOR: BROAOjjAV ANO HU«CK
TSAJ=CTC»Y TYPE: 8ACKtf4«0 IN TJM§
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4265634*.
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DISPLACEMENT
&CCUMJLAT50 DISPLiCrMENT
AZIMUTH
i'Ol
15=>1
1654
1726
1 ° 4 •*
i **3 5
1 ^ O'^
1755
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1660
15C1
1569
1645
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f
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116
113
114
113
10?
105
1C5
104
1C5
102
9P
97
96
95
92
93
99
ICC
101
103
106
111
113
97
92
99
91
0
.B
.0
.9
.5
.5
.7
.4
.7
.7
.7
.5
.9
.9
.7
.9
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.3
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.0
.9
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DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
SPEED
0
1.89
1.77
1.78
1.34
1.92
2.05
2.11
2.07
1.95
1.91
1.99
1.85
1.68
1.74
1.33
1.66
1.59
1.34
1.95
2.CC
2.35
2.71
2.59
1.77
1.95
2.53
2.37
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/S8C
M/SEC
(•/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
K/SEC
"/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SSC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH !
f
f.
fl
M
K
P«
f«
1
K
p
M
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116
115
115
114
113
111
110
113
1C9
1C3
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105
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1C4
1C4
1C3
1C 3
1C3
1C3
1C4
1C4
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102
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OcG
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DEC
OcG
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OcG
OEG
OcG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DcG
OcG
OEG
CEG
OEG
OEG
OtG
DEG
SPEED
(4LCNG PATH)
C H/SEC
i.39 M/ScC
i.33 M/ScC
1.81 K/ScC
1.82 H/SEC
i.84 H/S£C
1.87 M/ScC
1.91 M/StC
1.93 H/S£C
1.93 M/SEC
i.93 «/ScC
1.93 M/ScC
1.93 H/S£C
1.91 H/ScC
1.90 M/SEC
1.89 M/SEC
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M/ScC
M/SSC
M/ScC
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M/ScC
H/SEC
H/ScC
K/SEC
M/ScC
-------
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RRMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTORT #22
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
miH flND MflRKET
SlflRTINr. 1630 r;?
flRRIVING 230I1 C5
22 JUL 75
C? JUL 75
STfiHT A
OfllS flVR IMlCRVfli.- 900 SEC
INUGRfHinw TIKE 3TEP-9tin SPC
3l1l1«TftJMr. METHOD- IWVER3E
141
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74393GE. L3CATJON OtSCIIPTDP: 14TH
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!NC0EMENTAl DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
STEP T!fE LOCI
o »3CO r«T 4'7*75CN.
1
2
3
R
6
7
8
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10
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12
13
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21
22
23
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25
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22*5
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2040
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4*73164N.
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4271 742*4.
4271 ' 4 R*4
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42712UN.
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74 5 *7?~
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1655.5
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f
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AZIMUTH
0 DEG
109.0
115.1
118.6
115.2
113.2
119.2
119.8
110.6-
105.0
104.6
104.9
1C1.1
95.9
95.5
79.9
57.4
75.6
ia.4
38.6
90.8
97.3
102.9
103.0
72.9
75.1
98.4
OEG
DEG
DEC
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
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PEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
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OEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
SPEED
2.00
2.13
2.05
1.94
1.93
2.12
2.12
1.91
U78
1.71
1.72
1.67
1.57
1.62
1 * 46
1.29
1.37
1.75
1.92
1.84
2.12
2.49
2.54
1.92
1.95
2.51
P/SEC
M/SEC
N/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
"/SEC
."/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
"/SEC
M/SEC
."/SEC
«/SEC
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M/SEC
M / S CC
M/SEC
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M/SEC
H/sic
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PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH (FSCM ORIGIN)
0 M 0 OEG
1796.6 M
3714.7 *
5563.5 "
7306.4 M
9084.* f
1099C.5 H
12894.7 1
14616.3 "
16222.0 f
17765.2 M
1931C.9 M
2C31C.5 •<
2222«..7 «
23682.7 *
24997.6 «
26160.3 >»
27395.2 *
23973.9 K
33615.7 l»
32271.2 M
34181.3 M
36423.5 M
33709.6 M
4034,4.7 1"
42309.1 «
442&7..J f.
1C9.0
112.2
114.3
114.5
114.2
115. 1
115.3
115.2
114.2
113.4
112.7
111.8
110. a
1C9.9
K8.4
IC6. 3
105.0
icsle
1C2.5
IC2.2
102. 3
1C2.3
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ICO.l
1CO.O
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DEG
OEG
DEG
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DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
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DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
CEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
SPEED
(ALONG PATHI
C M/SEC
2.CC
2. 06
2,06
2.C3
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.;3
2.00
1.97
1.95
1.93
1.90
1.88
1.85
1.82
1.79
i.79
1.79
1.79
i.ei
1.84
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.89
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SiC
M/SeC
M/ScC
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M/S;C
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
-------
»»ao
1114
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTGRT #23
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BRORDWflY fiNO HURf.K
STflRTJHG 19 IT, C:'
flRfllVING 300 C:
P.' JUL 75
2" JUL 75
OB7P flVC
S1PRT
- 900 SEC
SEC
143
-------
R4"S
ST.-'T TI"£: 22 Jut '5 10H CST £NO Tlfg: 23 JUl ?5 300 CST
IVITIiL CDC^DI'iiTES: •V2c:»3r . M. ?33Si,C£. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: 8*04^4* AND HU?CK
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DISPLACEMENT
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150.3
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132.7
135.8
139.8
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123.5
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122.6
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113.7
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112.*
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102.6
iDl.6
96. a
93.3
92.3
92.0
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DEG
OEG
cec
DEC
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
CEG
DEG
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DEC
OEG
CEG
OEG
2FG
DEG
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OEG
DEG
OtG
OEG
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OEii
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1.92
1.70
1.8*
2.21
2.4*
2.31
2.2C
2*19
1.98
1.39
1.71
1 .06
1.37
1.9*
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1.31
1.90
1.37
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2.29
2.18
2.27
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LEMGTH
^
1729.9
32o3.3
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69w9 . 2
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11U5.3
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15237.2
17203.3
1899.,. 3
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139.5
137.6
136.8
136.7
137.0
137.8
133.2
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137.6
136.3
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131.2
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J..61 M/SE;
t« 62 M/ScC
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-------
MOO
nit
RflMS NEflR-SFf,
TRRJECTGRT #2H
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCRTJON DESCRIPTOR:
1MTH flNO MflRKET
STflflTJWG 1900 C3T
flflfllVING 300 c:~"!
2J JUL 75
n? JUL 75
TRflJItCTORt ?7flfl7 *
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JNTEGBPTJOM TIME 51EP-900 SEC
Sft"10TMJNr. HE1MBO-.
OHCKUfiflO T
145
-------
RA'S N64R-SURFtCe it.*
STi»T TIPS: 22 J'Jl 75 HOC CST END Ti«S: 23 JUl 7? 3vO CST
IMTIil CO-D»C!MATES: 427875^. 743s3C£. LOCATION OESCR I^TClS : 14TH
TRAJECTORY TYPE: 3iC<*i*0 IN TI.-E
STEP !NTE5,V£L: 15 "ts NUM3E* OF STEPS: 33
M4SKET
DISPLACEMENT
STEP
4
5
6
7
8
3
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11
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14
16
17
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19
20
21
22
23
24
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L-CATI IN
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PATH AZ.MUTH
LENGTH (FftCM "
i.543.0
3107.4
62831?
77C6.0
9023.J
iC4bo.2
13776.9
15337.J
16825.2
13239
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146.9
143.6
144.9
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141. i
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i.73 " "
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1.69 H/5EC
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i.75 «/
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-------
RflMS NERR-5FC
TRflJECTGRT#25
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflDWflY RND -1'iRCK
flRRIVING 700 C?7
STflflTINO 115 CJT 23 JUL 75
23 JUL 75
TflflJECTORY STfiRT *
OflTB flVC INlEflVflL- 900 SEC
TIME STEP-900 3EC
HE7HOO- INVERSE
147
-------
R4*S *E43-St'RFACc 4JR PARCEL
ST4FT T:*E: 23 JUL 75 115 CST =SO TJCE: 12 JUL 75 700 CST
IHITtiL CQO*C!N£T?S: 4 2t>538C^. 73^;cc=. LOCATION DESCAIPTO*: 3*CUOWiY 4NO
T'4JrCT3?-Y TYPE: ^iCK^ix? IN TI1!;
STEP INTSRViL; I? ."IN .23M. 7-
!?3i"!. 7-j
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4N. 7647C1:
4235162N. 76'J195;
4234263N. 7&?714=
INCSEHENT4L DISPL4CEMEMT
'.A2I4L 4ZIMUTH SPEED
C H o OEG j M/SEC
213£.9 r 160.0 OEG 2.37
232:.4 x 159.* OEG 2.58
2706.8 * 155.0 OcG 3.01
2785.7 f 151.9 OEG 3.10
2411.5 « 151.7 OEG 2.66
2:55.9 M 145.4 OEG 2.28
202J.I « 137.6 OEG 2.25
::j:s.2 * 135.1 OE& 2.26
1393.0 * 136.0 DeG 2.10
Is^.s " 141.7 OEG 1,87
lfc5J.4 f 145.5 OEG 1.84
1*03.3 •* 142.4 DEG 2.00
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« 13ft.7 OEG 1.94
* 13fc.5 OiG 2.0C
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r 131.6 C£G 2.3C
^ 132.4 OEG 2.17
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l^i.l M 122.0 OEG 1.96
1376.9 K 126.0 OEG 2.j9
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ACCUKJLiTcO 0:
PATH AZIMUTH
LENGTH (F*CH
2132.9
4453.3
9948.a K
1236J.3 .1
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16439.3 M
1S475.6 .1
2.368.0 «
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-------
<«oo
10 JO 40 50 «0 '0 10
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTORT #26
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
14TH flND MflBKEi
STflPTINC 2330 C3T
ftRRIVING 700 C3T
TflflJECIOflY STflflT
nvn :NICHVBL- 900 sec
TIME 3UP-900 3EC
5NO"J1HIN'',
.Z JUL 75
£1 JUL 75
*
149
-------
NcAS-SUOFACE ilft PMCEL TS4JECTOKY
STt'T T!*E: 22 JUL 75 23CC- C3T EHO T!?«c: 23 JUL 75 7wO CST
INITIAL CGD'OISiTtS: 427875CN. 74383::. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: 14TH
TP-LJECTOfY TVPri B4C<«i'D I'! TJ^r
ST^P :*;T5=ViL; 15 "IN NUM?E3 5F STEPS: 32
HASKET
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
cn
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1
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
H
12
13
16
17
2C
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
20
3C
31
32
545
53:
515
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315
300
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145
133
115
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4255370N.
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4242B72N.
4241673N.
4243&33N.
4239790N.
4233945N.
4233C75N.
4237173N.
74386C.:
7444735
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7-£307-7 =
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1813.4 f
1533.0 I*
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1563.5 M
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AZIMUTH
0
159.7
162.0
159.3
155.9
153.3
147.3
141.5
133.4
133.2
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147.0
142.5
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137.4
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132.«
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124.1
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125
129
133
135
132
128
124
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121
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1.9C
i.33
1.86
1.72
1.69
1.89
2.01
2.04
1.39
1.72
1.76
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2.41
2.31
2.43
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2.29
2.16
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2.41
2.39
2.21
1.99
1.78
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35
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M/SEC
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PATH AZ
LENGTH (FSGM
1712.9
3<*C7.&
5084.2
66JJ.4
3149.9
935-.. I
11667.6
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15201.8
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13337,2
2J287.J
22457..
24533.9
2t>723.7
23909.1
3293117
34857.t
36831.3
33804.7
4234c.'o
44516.3
1.92 M/SEC
5203Q.1
5522!".4
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M 159.7
M 159^3
M 153.t
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M 143*. 9
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1.39 M/SEC
1.66 K/icC
1,64 M/SEC
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1.32 H/SEC
1.35 M/SEC
1.68 M/SEC
1.33 M/SEC
1.66 M/SE:
..35 M/SEC
1°92 K/S=C
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i.wl M/ScC
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-------
4900
1.1)0
RflMS NERR-3FC
TRflJECTGPT #27
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BRORDWRY PNH HUBCK
SlflFUIi-IG 815 C3T 23 JUL 75
flflflJVJNG 1100 C3T 23 JUL 75
IflflJfiCTQflY STflfU *
DATA AVG INTERVAL- 900 SEC
IMTEGflflUBN TIME STEP-900 SEC
0- INVERSE
151
-------
STt-T TI-=: 23" JUL 75 815 CST =HO T!«: 23 JUL 75 IUO CST
fMT!AL"~CdafiDtN4"TcS:" 426938uN. 7335CCS. LOCATION OtSCRIPT3«: 8*OAOWtf ANO ho«CK
8AC~^4Sc IN T;«E
15 f!l NUMBER 3F ST = PS: 11
cn
LOCATION
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
RADIAL AZIMUTH SPEED
. ACCUIJLATEO DISPLACEMENT
PATH AZIMUTH SPEED
LENGTH (FROM ORIGIN) ULuNG PATH)
C
1
•>
4
A
f
a
9
1C
11
11CC
1 A 45
1C30
IC15
ICC3
9*5
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645
330
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CST
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4' £936CN.
42664 53H.
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426D245N.
4257588M.
4254473N.
425G464N.
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7385GO?
73964*5
742142?
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3474
3127
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3179
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3916
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27 j6
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159.2
158.2
157.4
160.2
168.5
191.9
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178.4
178.6
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3.59
3.36
3.47
3.14
3.53
4.46
4.34
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3.42
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3232.7
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3.52 M/ii.C
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3.77
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4MO
kl!0
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RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTGRT #28
ST. LOUJS. MO.
LOCflTIQN DESCRIPTOR:
1HTH flND MflRKET
STflflTING 71S CST 23 JUL 75
ftRRIVING 1100 CST 23 JUL 75
TBflJECTORY STflRT it
OflTfl SVG INTEflVflL- 900 3EC
INIECBiniBN TIME STEP-900 SEC
3MOOTM1NG ME1HOO- INVERSE
153
-------
PA*C=L TRJJSCTCTCY
cn
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STi=T T!"rt 33 JUL 75 ?'.5 CST 2ND
INITIAL CSjEDUiiTrS: *27«75>;N. 7i388CE.
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162.9
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?25 S.MEPflMEC SI.LOUIS MO. 63105 11-314-725-2122)
to
4500
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RRMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTGRT #29
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCPTION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflOWflY flND HURCK
IMG 1200 C3T 23 JUL 75
RPRIVING 1500 CST ' 23 JUL 75
TRflJECTORr STflRT *
DATA flVG 1NTEPVRL- 900 SEC
JNIEGflfltlflN TIME STEP-900 SEC
SMOCI1MJMG METH80- 1NVERSS
BflCKWflHO
155
-------
TSAJsCTCSY
cNVI?CNJ-=NTiL CUHITY
225
STtvT T:«E: 23 JUL 75 12-jO CST EHD TIPS: 23 JUL 75 15CO CST
INITIiL^COORCINiTES: «26<338CN. 7335CC£. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: BROAOJAY AND riu?CK
NU.135S OF STr?S: 12
STEP !NT=RVii; 15
01
STEP
Q
1
3
4
5
6
8
i!
1EC3
1445
1430
1<15
13-5
1350
1315
13CO
12-iS
1233
1215
12C-3
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
L3CATIOT
:n. 73*500=
__ 738657=
4266I64N.
4263201N.
4253922N.
4253C77S.
4238313H.
7379R9:
737231:
73B979!
74C553:
INCR£KESTAl~ DISPLACEMENT
'.40IAL AZIMUTH
U63
38a
699
534;
6219
368J
354?
3367
C
Is
.6
. 1
II
* &
•?
.C
.?
!•
H
,M
M
¥
H
!1
-------
4900
10
tIJO
RRMS NERR-SFC
TRRJECTORT #30
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
flND MflRKET
STflRTINO 1130 C31 23 JUL "75
flRRIVJNG 1500 C37 23 JUL 75
TflflJECTOflY STflRT It
OflTfl flVG JNTEflVflL- 900 SEC
INTECRRUQN 1IME 97EP-900 3CC
SMOOTHING HeiHOO- JNVEflSE
157
-------
?Ti?T TIKS; ?3 jOi 75 1130 CST t*ID TIKs: 23 JUL 75 15CO CST
csasoTfsTssy 42787501. y^aaeoe. VOCATION oESCRiPTafi:~i4TH AND MA
NU13E* OF STEPS: Tf
STE"" IKiTtRVM.;15 KIN
en
00
STEP T»«£
0
2
5
5
3
9
10
11
12
13
150C
1435
1415
1400
13*5
13"C
131?
1300
123C
1215
12CC
11-5
1130
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
C3T
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
4Z73750N.
427553GN.
4272J11N.
4270336N.
4253I03N.
74368C:
7434805
742438E
741563?
741137^
740525S
742343=
C.T^QvZ
747C95E
SiOIAL
31*3.0 *
2517.5 ".
1114.3 K
:357.3 l«
2525.5 W
4491.C ?«
537317 f
3977.6 f
3439.9 J
3llS!9 ?<
3321.1 f,
3346.5 »
AL DISPLACEMENT
AZIKUTH SPEED
j M/SEC
3.54 M/SEC
195.
132.
198.
21C.
200.
176.
177.
19C.
l *i ** *
172.
157.
149.
151.
151.
0
2
5
9
1
3
7
0
6
3
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1
9
9
3
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
DcG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
0 c G
DEG
DEG
1.24
1.51
2.81
4.99
6.55 I/SEC
5.96 M/S=C
4.*2
3.38
3.96
3.51 H/ScC
3.69 */$iC
3.72 M/SEC
PATH AZ.-KUTH
LENGTH (FHuH
3183.; «
5 70 ^ .5 ?*
8172lA H
Iib97.t» *
1518d.7 M
26"5«Id «
3392°ll M
37*93.1 f
4ibj^.l M
4397*.2 ?•
473.7.7 M
0 DEG
185.2 DEG
le-».« CEG
13o.4 DEG
150.3 D£G
192.7 OEG
137.9 OEG
leolj DEC
IO&.M DcG
loS.v CEG
1S2.4 DEG
179.9 0£G
177.d DcG
175.9 OEG
M/SEC
H/SiC
M/SiC
SPEED
liLGNG PATH!
3.54
|-i?
2^27
2.36
2.61
j.35
3.t>7
3.76
3.77
3.79
3.7t>
3.7o
j.7o
fl/S£C
M/Sc*
M/SiC
M/jcC
-------
to
RRMS NERR-SFC
TRflJECTGRY #31
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflOWflY flNO HURCK
STftflTING 1630 C3T 23 JUL 75
flRRIVING 1900 C37 23 JUL 75
TRflJECTQflY STflflT *
Ofllfl flVO IMTEBVflL- 900 SEC
JNTEGflflTJON TIME STEP-900 SEC
5HOBTHJNG HETHQO- INVERSE
BflCKWflHO
159
-------
STi?T Tr'fFi "23~JUITT5 '.530 CST END TIKE: 73 JUL 75 1900 CST -----
T>:T!»l~CDURD !N£TES: AZ5938CN. 7335CC5. 'LOCATION DESCRIPTOR! BROADWAY AVD HURCK
3Tc?
1=
Sc? 3F ST5PS: 10
STEP T{M=
C
1
o
fc
7
O
10
19CC CST
CST
IR3C CST
17*5
CST
CST
CST
CST
lfr*j . .
U3C CST
LCCiTION
4|66225N. 736748E
732222E
OrSPLiCENSNT
AZIMJTH
SPEED
4231!??';.
265?
5229
4 d**2
397*
3719
4C 3 o
426C
4405
r
.0
.7
.3
.3
.=>
. 6
* f
. 6
.3
!•
M
,•<
M
M
M
,y
p
f
f*
P
0
209.0
209.0
2C7.3
21C.6
2^6.7
199.5
196.7
199.1
190. 3
135.1
OEG
OEG
OtG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
DEC
DEO
OEG
4.
c
Jt .
5.
*.
3.
4.
4l
4.
0
01
55
31
42
31
87
13
49
73
39
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H/ScC
f/SEC
*/SEC
I/SEC
/•/5tC
^ / s ^c
f /sic
1/S£C
"/3EC
;
36C 6 . */
7699.7
12929.5
17811.8
21690.7
2517^.3
23891.3
32923.4
371S3.7
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M
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,«
r-
c
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Jri
M
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0
2C9.C
2C9.0
ace. 5
2:9.1
209. si
207.7
2C6. 3
2C5.4
2.3. 7
20 i . d
OEG
OcG
OEG
OcG
OEG
OEG
DcG
CcG
CcG
CEG
C!SP.4C=HcNT
PATH AZIKUTH SPctO
LENGTH (FRCM ORIGISi (ALCNG ?4TH)
C M/SEC
t, V, i
4.28
4.79 f/SHC
H.95 M/SEC
•i.a2 H/ScC
«». 66 N/ ScC
H.59 K/ScC
4.37 H/icC
-..J9 M/SeC
-------
to
4100
to
'00 10 20 30 40 90 »0
(UTM)
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTORT #32
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCflTlON DESCRIPTOR:
1UTH RND MflRKET
STflflTING 1SHS C5T 83 JUL 75
flflRIVING 1900 CST 23 JUL 75
TRflJECTOflY 37flRT *
OflTB SVC INTEflVfll- 900 SEC
JNTEGflBTJBN TIME 3TEP-300 SEC
METHOD- INVERSE
161
-------
ST»1?T TlP«r:"ZT"JUl ^75 1;45CST END TIHE1 23 JUL 75 1900 CST ------
lvrT!5r~COCP01S|»TE^i-*27c75C!>i. 7433SOE." " "LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: ~14TH AMD MARKET
ro
4
5
b
8
a
n
12
13
STEP IVT=i»Vil; 15 "TM
rrrs
5CO CST
CST
1830 CST
1815
LOCATION
E0- OF STEPS: 13
!HC«EKENTAl—DISPLACEMENT
AIIHUTh
SPEED
ACCUHJjLATtO. DISPLACcHENT
PATH AZIHOTH SPteO
LENGTH (FftCH ORIGIN! (ALONG PATH)
0
3619.C
3414. S
4111.2
4214.7
367C.7
"5451.5
3695.0
4020.2
•* ? 65 * 6
4425.6
3311.5
3132.5
3151.8
M
M
f*
H
t*
ft
p
C
H
ft
M
*
f
f
0
2C1.8
2C7.0
207.0
208.3
206.1
197.8
133,3
139.9
135.0
192.8
199.5
197.7
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
C
4.02
3.79
4.57
4.68
4.06
3.33
4. 11
4.47
4.7*
4.12
4.24
3.48
3.50
f / S E C
f/SEC
f/SEC
f/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
K/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
f/SEC
H/SEC
3619.
7C33.
11145.
15359.
19030.
22481.
26176.
3il97.
34462.
3838H.
42699.
4398-i!
J
0
8
0
7
4
9
9
J
6
?
5
3
.
u *^
™ U
M 2C9.8
C 2C8.5
H 2C7.9
P 2C8.0
f 207.7
* 2C6.2
»y 2C4.7
." 2C3.8
* 2C2.1
« 2C0.1
i 1<59.5
•« 199.3
f 198.9
OEG
OEG
DEG
OcG
DEG
OEG
OcG
DEG
OcG
OEG
DEG
DEG
CEG
OEG
u
4. 02
3.91
4.13
•i.27
4.23
•*. 16
4^19
H . 3i
•« . 3 1
4^24
H.19
H/ScC
K/ScC
H/S = C
M/ScC
H/ScC
«/S£C
«/ScC
M/StC
H/S£C
M/ S cC
V- 1 S • C
K/S = C
M/ScC
-------
4300
Cut*)
RflMS NERR-SFC
TRflJECTGRY #33
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflDWflY flNO HURCK
StflflTJNC 1900 CST 23 JUL 75
flflfllVING 2300 CST ' 23 JUL 75
TflflJECTOflY SlflBT *
Qfl7fl «VG INTERVBL- 900 9EC
INTECflflllBN TJHE 3TEP-300 3EC
SMOOTHING METHOD- INVERSE
BflCKUflflO
163
-------
S^ KEA'-SL'SFACS t.IR.Pi^CSt T<73.:
3l:4'.l
254.4
* 275.4
I* 2°4.6
f 263.3
* 241.5
f 221.7
33:2.t .« 2C4.3
.5 " 211.3
.5 f 214.9
, ? M 208.5
7 * 7 0 7 • 3
!& « 2Z7.7
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEC
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEO
DEG
"SPSEO
3.79
4.08
4.65
4.09
3.17
3.45
4.09
4.12
3.65
3.67
4.07
5.09
5. 38
5.35
5.36
5.05
M/SEC
H/SEC
«/SEC
"/SEC
C/SEC
M'-£C
f«/SEC
W/SEC
P/SEC
iCCUMULATcC DISPLACEMENT..
PATH AZIMUTH SPEED
LENGTH (F*QM CfclGlNl (ALONG PATH)
" 0 M
34C8.3 «
7C82.0 K
11269.3 K
1494d.j «
17803.4 V
2J307.4 ?<
24589.7 M
23297.J I"
31585.0 M
34887.3 «
33549.4 «
43125.9 M
4»151.4 M
5296S.2 1
57793.? «
62337.5 "
0
245.3
243.2
243.6
246.2
250. S
255.7
256.9
254.a
251. <,
247.1
242.7
239.2
23o.5
233. 3
231. -,
229.6
DEG
DcG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
OEG
CEG
CEO
DEG
OEG
CEG
DEG
w
3.79
3.93
4.17
4.15
3.96
3.c7
3.90
3.93
3.90
3.58
3)99
4.20
4.2ft
t. 33
M/5EC
H/SEC
H/ScC
M/ScC
K/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
.1/ScC
M/SEC
-------
10
to
<|100
RRMS NERR-SFC
TRRJECTGRY #34
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTlON DESCRIPTOR:
14TH flND MflRKET
STflflTIMG 1815 C3T 23 JUL 75
flflRIVING 3300 CST 23 JUL 75
TBflJECTORY STflflT *
OOTfl flVC JNIERVflL- 900 3EC
JNTECHOTION TIME STEP-900 SEC
SnOOIHING HETHOO- INVERSE
BfiCKWfiHP
165
-------
•515E!
4275003N. 735330E.
4273192K. 7312e3£.
42 72C9CN.
42"i2331N.
42 734 R 9\ .
4"* "*3 ^9*N •
4271793N.
L"> t<)3'J7i'!.
425631 If!.
42ct ^42-N.
i'SB^S&N.
4254?3fcN.
425C-61t\.
4246334N.
424231 7N.
423S577H.
4235C11N.
42J1322N.
727540E.-
•»24503E.
~*1 7 4 1 6? .
71 3549r .
7117*21.
71C372E.
709147E.
7067606.
733?81C.
7C 1591E .
699' 9 4^.
6972SB= .
694935E.
6923U|.
•
^
f
N
AJIfUTH ~
C DEG '
247.3 DEG
245.3 DEC
245.9 DEG
253.6
274.5
290.4
27C.1
243.9
221.9
204.4
199.4
211.4
215.1
20P.5
2C7.2
207.7
212.2
216.3
219.3
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEC
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
SP:
~ " C
^5.26
4^93
3t3<5
3.68
4.42
4.29
3.67
3.59
4.09
5.09
5.57
5.34
5.35
5.04
4.91
4.92
5.30
"/SEC
W/S£C
H/SrC
x/SEC
r/slc
"/SEC
M/S5C
H/S EC
M/ SEC
1* / S : C
f / S "C
«l/ScC
«/SEC
i^/S^C
«/SEC
r/SEC
H/SEC
PATH
LENGTH
472^.7
9335.7
13769.4
17671.2
2^03312
7A 0 1 "* • 5
31875.4
35177.9
3S495.7
42176.3
5176il4
56567.6
61379.8
65915.5
7C333.9
74753.9
79526.4
AZifUTH
(FftCM QftlGlNJ
H 0 DEG
W 247.3 DEG
f 246.3 DEG
C 240.2 DEC
H
M
M
M
M
I*
f«
P
M
K
H
M
P*
^
247.3
251.7
256.6
253.8
256.9
253.7
249.6
245.4
239U
236.4
233.9
232.0
230.6
22^.7
229.0
"D •" G
DEG
DEG
DcG
DcG
DEG
OEG
C:G
C£G
0£G
C:G
DcG
OEG
DEG
OEG
SPctO
(ALCNG PATH)
G f/SEC
5.26 K/SEC
5.19 H/5cC
5. 1C. X/S£C
4. 6C
-.45
4.45
4.43
•».34
4.28
-.26
-.33
4.42
4.49
4.55
4.5d
4.6C
4.61
i.b5
M/ S • C
K/ScC
*/S£C
M/ScC
M/ScC
N/ScC
H/ScC
H/ScC
K/ScC
K/SEC
H/ScC
M/ScC
H/S£C
H/ScC
-------
10
WOO
4(10
RflMS NERR-SFC
TRflJECTGPY #35
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BRORDWflY RND HURCK
STflBTING 2215 CST 23 JUL 75
flRRJVJNC 300 CST ' 24 JUL 75
TRfljECTORT
ORTfl flVC INTERVAL- 900 SEC
INIEGflfllJON TIME 3UP-900 SEC
ME1HOO- INVERSE
167
-------
RA*S
SUST
0%
00
rwe: 23 JO I ?5 2215 CST END T!r£: 24 JUL 75 303 CST
CCO°riSiT?S: 42i<5?eC<. 7335CCS. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: BROADWAY tND HURCK
STEP lST=
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
16
19
3CO
245
230
215
2CO
1*5
13D
11?
100
??
0
23*5
2 33C
2315
Z2CC
»'**
22?C-
Z215
C"^T
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
csr
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
" *2t9380N.
42 694 6CN.
A"270C 3 1 N .
427C925N.
4271?5"2N.
4'7->c * 7N .
4273380S.
i2735S5N!
4273119NI
~4275fc43N.
iI77C72K<.
~ ^277?4CN.
42 7563 i^l.
42~*2B6£N.
42 co°54N .
— fi"*67C 1 'N .
4263clfcN.
739TOOE. "
73t662E.
T3427GEV
731476E.
T283C6T.
725430E.
723C35E. '
72C;34|.
715003=1
112282E.
70^23 = .
7C8096E.
7CC-738?.
70 ^ *%4 Q" .
657053=.
tQ3<365£ .
6? 966 6? .
68*5 570E .
? 82 5C IE .
INCREM5MTAL DISPLACEMENT
PiOIAL AI!f«UTH~ SPEED
p
1839. C
2376.2
3C13.5
327^5.6
29^9 • A
2532.4
2471.6
2783.8
272 6 '.5
2532.2
2430.3
2756.9
3799.1
4309.2
4963. C
5110.1
4723.1
4651. C
M
H
H
M
" ft
M
K
M
r
p
V
t>.
H
f
ff
M
r«
j*
M
M
0
272.5
235.3
236.2
284.6
285.8
268.9
279.0
Zfct.O
263.9
2efc.5
291.3
311.3
301.2
274.1
24fc.6
23e.2
235.3
231.5
226.2
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DEC
DEG
DcG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DSG
CEG
0
2.04
"2.64
3.35
3.64
3.32
- . » ^
3.09
3.14
3.03
2.31
2.7C
3.06
4.22
4.79
5.52
5.6P
5.25
5.17
H/S-C
«/SEC
w/slc
M/SEC
v / 5 c C
"/SEC
."/SEC
P* / S^C
"/SEC
v- / ^ t C
M/SEC
f /SEC
H/SEC
*1 / S c C
f* / St C
H / ^ cC
f/SEC
M/StC
M/SEC
PATH
LENGTH
j
1839.0
4213.3
7223.3
1C5C4.3
13493.7
16C26.1
13497. .6
£1261.0
24111. C,
2b837.5
29309.7
3160^.0
3455b . 9
33356.0
426o5.2
47633.2
52743.3
57466.4
62117.t
(FSCM^O^IGIMJ
M
H
M
M
f
M
ft
t*
M
H
M
f.
f
>*
M
H
M
M
M
M
w
272.5
279.7
262.4
283.1
263.7
2P4.5
263.8
261.5
279.4
276.1
279.3
261.6
283.2
282.3
278.8
274.5
270.7
267.4
264. s
DEG
DcG
DEG
DEC
DEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEG
DcG
DEG
DcG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DcG
DcG
OEG
SFEEO
I4LCNG PATH)
_C
C * i* ^t
2.34
2.o8
2.92
3.CV.
2.97
2^96
2^98
2.97
2.94
2.95
3.C4
3.1b
3.31
3.45
3.55
3.o3
M/SEC
M/SeC
M / S ~ C
M/SEC
M/ScC
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M/ S cC
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M/SEC
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M/SEC
M/SEC
M/S£C
-------
4400
•0
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MO «0TOO 10 10 JO 40 SO 60 10 10 «0
RflMS NERR-SFC
TRflJECTORT #36
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCRTIQN DESCRIPTOR:
14TH flND MflRKET
STflflTING 2200 CST 23 JUl 75
DRIVING 300 CST 2M JUL 75
STflRl *
OflTfl BVG 1N1EBVRL- 900 SEC
JNIEGflflTJOM 11HE STEP-9DQ SEC
SMOOTH] NG HE7M80- 1NVEBSE
169
-------
STA=T T!«t:"23 JUi ">? 2?CC CST EMC TlfE: 24 JUl 75
l COO'DISiTES: 427875CM. 7439803. LOCATION OE
NU1SER OF STEPS:"" ZO'
3C-0 C3T
STfF "INTESlTZr;'" 15 PIT
14TH iND «M
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T i HE
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7
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11
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311.6
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275.1
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c
2.45
"3.33
4.06
4.22
3.71
2.77
2.56
2.72
3.17
3.20
2.32
2.74
3. 18
3.35
4.^5
5.17
5.34
5.30
5.15
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f/SEC
f/SEC
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10
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RRMS NERR-SFC
TRRJECTGRT #37
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCRTION DESCRIPTOR^
BRGflDWflY flNO HURCK
STflflTING 145 C3T 21 JUL 75
flBfllVING 700 CS1 ' 24 JUL 75
TRAJECTORY STflflT *
OflTfl flVG INTeRVflL- 900 SEC
INTECPBTJON TIME STEP-300 SEC
3H001MJNG M6TH80- JNVEfiSE
BflCKWfifll IfiH.iftW
171
-------
E tit P43.CEL TSAJECTO^.Y
STi<>T T^!"?: 24 JUL 75 145 CST END
!S:TTAL CQSsoi'UTEsr 426S3SCS. 736500E.
: 24 JUL 75 700 CST
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
ST=P
15
NUMBES OF STEPS: 21
AND
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
ro
— 5T
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7
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11
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430
415
3£5
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215
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C CT
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CST
CST
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CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
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CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
LOCATION
~ 4269330M. 7385COE.
__ 4269C96N. 7357C1E.
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~42 1 74Z5N."
4265 896N.
42 63939N •
42 12 42CN .
4261 ^ ^* 5 N »
42 tlC 1 ?N.
A'fc'^&lQM
4?^("1 ^ 1 M
4259341 M.
42 5 ** 71 7N.
42531 79N .
4258C62N .
A257°^2N.
4'57382N.
•~ '2570e9N.
42 5^3 fc 1 N .
425B167N.
425B967N.
• 7329 15C*
730156E.
- 727256E .' "
724529E.
722C51F. -
71C567E.
7172SOE.
7ll75i?.'
710C22E.
707:23=.-
7052975.
7Q 1 4 77E .
69953SE.
697328E.
694532E.
69C5SOE.
636332E.
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INC
-------
to
tioo
«0
RRMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTORT #38
ST. LOUIS. MO.
IQCflTIQN DESCRIPTOR'-
14TH flND MflRKET
G ms C3T gtj JUL 7s
flRfllVING 700 CST ' 24 JUL 75
TRflJECTOBT STflflT *
Of»7fl flVG INTEBVflL- 900 SEC
JNTEGRfltJON TIME S1EP-900 SEC
SHOOTHING METHOO- INVEflSE
173
-------
IMTIit C
STr«= '
24 JUt •»; 145 CST END TIPE: 2- JUL 75 7cO C£T
ES: 427?7^r\j. 743330E. LQCiTtaN OESCSIPT3P: 14TH
3iCKV4PO IN TIME
'T'iTN NU«BEi? 3F STSPS1 21
MARKET
INC^EMENTiL DISPLACEMENT
STE" ~l*z ~L;iCAT:Or) RADIAL AZIHUTH SPEED
-o
1
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3
- 4
5
"6
7
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10
11
12
15
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17
1?
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145
CST
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CST
CST
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CST
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CST
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736415E
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259.6
253.5
254.7
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267.3
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262.6
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281.2
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4.18
4.12
3.85
3.97
3.95
3.65
3.31
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2.32
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2.92
2.6G
2.32
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2.27
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3.20
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H/SEC
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iCCUHULATEO DISPLftCEHENT
PATH AZIP-UTH SPEED
LENGTH (FROM ORIGIN) ULCNG PATH)
^
37t>;.2
7^71.2
1C935.7
1306;Ia
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254.8
254.3
254.9
255.5
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255.4
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259.3
260.9
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DEG
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OEG
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0
4.ia
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3l72
3^52
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3.37
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3.13
3.13
3. ; §
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3.27
3.37
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H/SEC
H/SEC
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H/ScC
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H/SEC
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H/SEC
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H/SiC
H/S£C
-------
4300
MO »0
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRPJECTORT #39
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflDWflY RND HURCK
STflflTING 515 CST 2H JUL 75
flflRIVING 1100 CST 24 JUL 75
TRFUECTOFIY SlflflT *
DATA flVC INTEfiVflL- 900 SEC
INTEOBPIIflN 1IHE 31EP-900 SEC
SMOOTHING METHOD- INVERSE
175
-------
9.ir>3 KEft«-$U«»CACE Ala PARCEL
STO?T"TT'«=: 2A JOT 75"
STE? I
515 CST EMO TIf»E~: 24 JU1 75 1IGO CST
73a53C£. tOCATION OESCT?IPTdR: 3ROAOWAT iVO HU1CK
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4293fc99N.
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42933C°.N.
4291314N.
4299555N.
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737966^ 2814.6
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340.0
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279.8
278.9
283.6
2«C.3
273.2
266.5
259.3
247.6
237.7
231.2
228.6
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3.13
3.78
3.60
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3.35
3.27
3.06
2.97
3.29
3.36
3.14
3.22
3.11
3.06
3.23
3.31
3.47
3.7C
3.32
3.93
4.1fi
4.46
4.45
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H/SEC
M/SEC
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M/stc
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H/SEC
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f/ScC
H/SEC
H/SEC
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M/SEC
•
-------
tltt
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTGRY
ST. LOUJS. MO.
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
1UTH flND MflRKET
STflflTING »430 CST 24 JUL 75
flflfllVINC 1100 CST ' 2M JUL 75
TBflJECTORY STflRT *
OfHB BVG JMTERVflL- 900 SEC
WECflflllON TlhE 31EP-90Q SEC
SMOOtHING NE7HOO- INVERSE
BflCKWflflO
177
-------
TRAJcCTO'Y
TT"£: ?4 JUL 75 430 CST END TIKE: 24 JUL 75 11CO CST
IKlTTit COQPDTNiTES: 427E75CN. 74388CE. LOCATION OESCS1PT3?: ;4Th
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274.4
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266.8
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232.8
221.2
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3.77
3.43
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2.95
2.87
2.83
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3. 12
3.51
3.09
3.32
3.42
3.41
3.41
3.67
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3113.7
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3.4o
3.fc7
3.61
3.80
3.72
3/61
3.51
3.43
3.37
3.31
flsi
l!29
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.31
3.33
3.36
3.40
3.43
3.46
3.49
3.49
3.47
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
M/ScC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/ScC
H/SEC
H/S^C
M/SEC
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M/SEC
K/SEC
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M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/ScC
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M/SEC
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JO
to
4900 .
10
4110
RflMS NERR-SFC
TRflJECTGRT Ml
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTiON DESCRIPTOR:
BROflDWflY flNO HURCK
STARTING 700 CST 24 JUL 75
flflfllVJNG 1500 CST ' 24 JUL 75
TRAJECTORY STflRT *
Ofllfl RVC 1NTEPVRL- 900 3EC
JNTECRflTlON line STEP-900 SEC
3H081hINI5 METHOD- INVERSE
BflCKUflflO
179
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00
o
ST£»T T:»=t 24 JUL 75
COORDINATES:
ST£P I
7CC CST END TIKE: 24 JUL 75 15CO CST
. 739503=. LOCATION oescsrPTJs:
NUH5ES OF STEPS: 32
INCREFcNTAL D7. SPL4CEMEMT
ANO HU*CK
iCCUIULATEO D1SPLACEHENT
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— t?
1
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3
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12
13
14
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17
18
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21
22
23
24
25
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29
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31
32
15CQ"~T*T —
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I-i33~CST —
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"« ' C"93 SON —
427259CNI
"*2756"22N.
4278471N.
1400 CST — i2eiT53N;
H45 CST
H 30T: SI —
1315 CST
1?QO-TST~-
1245 CST
~~ 1230 T^l —
1215 CST
1 ->CO C^T ~
H45 CST
1133 CST
1115 CST
iifQ CST
104? CST
- 1C20 TST "
1C15 CST
1COO CST
<345 CST
/ S E C
M/S5C
M / ScC
f/ScC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/ ^£C
M/ScC
M / S = C
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
PATH AZIMUTH SPEEO
LENGTH fFRGM ORJGINI (ALONG PATH)
3 M
3655.5 «
7263.6 N
1C691.6 M
14435.4 M
17863.1 H
21C16.9 !•
24054.8 H
26752.1 f-
29333.3 «
31746.2 ^
33946.4 M
36099.1 K
38367.4 ."
4D577.2 M
42653.6 Is,
45133.0 «
47916.4 M
5C687.6 P.
53222.0 M
55046.6 M
56515.3 M
53375.0 M
60 80 7. 8 M
63525.3 »
66175.3 H
68589.8 M
70689.4 H
73042.4 M
75606.8 M
78366.1 M
8i£7C.6 M
84238.4 M
0 DEG
331.4 CEG
329.3 DEG
323.3 OcG
329.1 C£G
329.8 CEG
3£9,1 CEG
327.9 OEG
327.VCEG
3£fe.i DEG
325.5 OEG
3£5.1 0£G
324.0 CEG
322.9 DEG
3£2.6 OEG
3i3.C CEG
324.2 OcG
325.7 OEG
326.9 OcG
3£7.5 DEG
327.7 CEG
3£7.9 DEG
328.3 DEG
3£3.5 OEG
323.5 CEG
328.0 CEG
327. £ OEG
326. £ DcG
324.9"OEG
323.6 DEG
322.2 OEG
320.8 DEG
319.2 DcG
0
4. 06
4.C4
3.96
4.C 1
3.97
3.39
3,82
""3.72
3.6£
- " 3.53
3.43
3.34
3. £8
3.££
3.16
3.i3
3.13
3.13
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£.99
2.95
£.94
2.94
£.94
2.93
2.91
2.90
2.90
2.90
2.91
2.92
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M/SEC
H/ S ~ C
M/ScC
K/S£C
H/SEC
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M/ScC
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H/SEC
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H/ScC
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M/ScC
M/ScC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
-------
Iff
t»0 f I
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTGRY M2
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTJON DESCRIPTOR:
1MTH flNO MRRKET
STfiBTINC 900 CST
JUL 75
flflfUVJNG 1500 CST ' 24 JUL 75
TflflJECTOflY
OR1R RVC IWUPVflL- 900 SEC
JHTfCflfltJOM Tine 31EP-900 SEC
3HOBTH1NG METHOD- INVERSE
181
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RAPS *5AR-S«J«?FACE A!R P4HCSL T<*4J£CTp*Y
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500 CST = ND T!Ht: 24 3U1. 75 "15CO CST ~
COORDINATES: 427e750«4. 7435305. ^IdCSTIDN DESCRIPTOR: 14TH AND MA3KET
TYFT:~ "UCKtfSRC IN T!"E
STEP :r*TE?VEU 15~WIN NUK2E0. OF STEPS: 24
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4
5
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11
12
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10
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RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTORY #43
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
BROflDWflY FIND HURCK
S7BB1JNG 1215 C3T 21 JUL 75
flflfUVJNC 1900 C37 ' 24 JUL 75
7flflJEC70BY
OPTP flVC INlEflVRL- 900 SEC
IMTECRflTlON TJhE 3TEP-900 SEC
SMOOTHING nEiheo- INVERSE
183
-------
STi=T TI*?: 24 JUL 75 1215 CST END
IMTIil CO!j»DIT4TF$: 426536CM. 7385COE.
: 24 JUL 7S 1903 C5T
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
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AND HURCK
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Ip3r- C5T~
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31726^9
33969. 1
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33747.0
41365 .3
43959.0
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ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
14TH flND MflRKET
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flRfllVJNG 1300 CST ' 2^ JUL 75
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0 H/SEC
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ST. LOUIS. MO.
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M/SEC
M/SEC
M/ScC
n/ScC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/ScC
H/ScC
H/SEC
fl/ScC
M/isC
H/ScC
f/ScC
M/ScC
M/ScC
K/SEC
H/SEC
M/StC
M/S:-C
-------
40
1
/ ! \
MOO
ktlO
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTORY046
ST. LOUIS. MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
14TH flND MflRKET
STflflTINC 1515 C3T 2<4 JUL 75
flRRIVlNC 2300 C3T 24 JUL 75
TRflJECTORY STflflT *
DATf) RVC INtEnVfll- 900 3EC
1NTECPRTIQN TIME 9TEP-90Q 3EC
SMOOTHING METHOD- INVEHSE
BHCXUAflO
189
-------
STIC? TT»C-. 24 JUl 75 "1515 CST END TIH£: 24 JUL 75 23CQ CST
~COD«?in*JiTES: T27»75CN. 7438806." "LCCATI Off DESCRIPTOR:" I ATM AND MARKET
YP?r 5iCK¥iSC TN THE " " ~
ST?P TKTFTTVTIT" 15 '"IT NUM3ER OF STEPS: 31 ~
INCREMENT*! TUSPL1CEHENT
ICCUMULATEC DISPLACEMENT
STEP
C
1
2 ' ~
a
t ~ "
5
. ^
7
3
<5
i ~.
11
It
13
14
15
17
I"
> 9
21
22
23
24
? c
j *
^ 7
?o
29
30
31
-rr
23CC
2 ?3 0
2215
~7?r
21*5
21?C
2115
2100
2025
2CC?
1945
1930
15 15
1 9CI
i 345
1 ??D
] O * -
• afi
174?
17?3
171;
17 CO
1645
1615
uc"
1545
1530
1515
pg---
CST
CST
"CST
CST
CST
CST
~CST
CST
~ *~ ^ T"
CST
CST
r «T
CST
r *• T
CST
r tf
CST
CST
CST
f ~ T
C "T
CST
C7T
•" 5t
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
1CCSTIOM
4211181N*
J%'**3**1^N»
42^6416«|.
429 12 2 7*4»
"4 ^ 933-5 "**M »
i29529Vl.
-4^97229^.
4299251N.
— 43A J"7 P"J Y '
430311 tN.
43C4574M.
430o2>£N.
43C7740N.
£ "5V) 9 4 3 4 ^ .
4311149N.
4314517 ft.
4316347N.
4 319*!75N.
£ •* > i 14 *V.
4322177^.
4323217-I.
4325917;i!
437777^ ^.
4329357M.
4 332C3 4N »
43343*1CN.
i336?57kJ.
•»4*£J3i!
~~? ** -"*3'~ »
745965E.
-74f.4?f C m
7466C7E.
74 ^739- .
7-672CS.
74634Pt.
7459C3E.
74557"|.
745C69?!
"7 i /i P A £ ~
7A ^ 7C 3? •
^^t'jot^'r *
? t A ^ "^ p c
7^457 Or *
T i (| ^ |L ^ C
74 A 4 01 : :."
7;>4C?3^ .
743c^fi3 •
7A372?" .
T43470E.
74U51E.
747pQ5= .
742567E .
74209-5E.
74U45?.
741216E.
7406775.
?.4D
2545
2729
:>** 7 ?
2541
2319
2123
1942
1970
207C
2055
1S55
1575
1563
1519
1654
1735
1610
1741
1330
1362
1633
1233
1045
ion
1244
1519
1332
2138
2222
2353
2564
IAL
C M
.3 *
.3^ K
* 4 M
.3 H
.0 H.
*f *
*5^M
.4 M
.9 H
• C n
.6 H
.5 H
• 9 H
.3 H
.1 H
.4 M
.6 H
O H
.i H
.2 H
.9 H
.4 H
.6 ,w
. 1 H
.5 M
.3 H
7u
n
.7 H
.4 H
.6 H
S71HUTH
__ Q
17.2
T4 • 8
13.7
10.5
_4.5_
359^4
349.1
347.6
350.9
351.?
351.4
351.8
354.9
359.5
359.1
357.6
356.7
357.9
357.0
352.5
350.8
351.7
346. 1
345.1
350.3
349.9
347.3
34ft. 3
349.5
347.9
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
DcG
OEG
OcG-
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OcG
OEG
OeG
OEG
OEG'
DEC
OEG
DEO
OtG
DEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
SPEED
- o
2.33
3.03
2.97
2.32
2.58
2.37
2.16
2. 19
2.30
2.2°
2.C6
1.75
1.74
1.69
1.38
1.93
1.79
1.94
** 03
2.J7
1.37
1.43
1.16
1.19
1.38
1.59
2.09
2.3P
2.47
2.62
2.35
H/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
K/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
"/SEC
H./S!C
H / S = C
H/ScC
H/SEC
"/ScC
M / S " C
*/S£C
H/SEC
H/SrC
H/SEC
H/ SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
PiTH
' LENGTH
2545.
5275.
7947.
1C489.
12808.
14936.
16379.
13849.
20920.
22975.
2483C.
26406.
27975.
29494.
31139.
32924.
34535.
36276.
33107.
3997;..
41653.
42937.
4505*1
46293.
47817.
4970w .
51838.
54061.
56416.
5Q981.
3
3
1
5
3
3
3
3
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0
3
9
5
•j
9
a
9
3
9
3
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2
^
2
3
8
I
9
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9
6
AZIMUTH SPEED
(FROM ORIGIN! ULGNG PATH)
"M
H
M
H
^
H
f<
M
H
>]
H
H
M
M
M
H
M
•^
•1
M
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M
M
y
M
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M
M
M
' u
17.2
16. u
15.2
•"14.1
12.3
- u.i-
9.7
7.6~
5.6
4.3
3.3
2.6
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
0.9
0.3
C.6
0,3
3tJ.O
359.6
35?. 5
35-).!
358.8
353.5
3£~ ft "
S O • \J
357.6
357.3
356. 3
DcG ' - u
OEG 2.83
0£G" 2.93
OEG 2.94
OEG" 2.91
OEG 2.S5
"OEG 2.77
OcG 2.o8
DEG 2.62
CEG 2.53
CEG 2.55
OEG 2.51
OEG >.t5
OEG 2.39
OEG 2.34
OEG 2.31
OEG
DEC
CEG
0^ G
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
DEG
OEG
OcG
CEG
CEG
. Z 9
.2o
.24
.23
. C (.
. I 7
. i &
^
• v- t
.v 5
6
OEG I .>*^
OEG 2.09
OEG 2.1i
H/SEC
H/ScC"
H/ScC
H/SEC
H/ScC
H/SEC
H/SEC
,1/SEC
H. / S e C
Ci / S £ C
H./S.C
H/ScC
H./S = C
H/SEC
H / S •• C
M/ ScC
H/SCC
H/ScC
H / S I C
K/ScC
«/ScC
M/S.C
M / S t C
M/S^-C
K/ScC
-------
to
to
4400
10
mo t
RRMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTORT W
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTION NO. Ill
STflflTING 1000 CST
flRRIVING 1745 CST
8 flUG 75
8 flUG 75
TRflJECTORT STflflT *
Ofllfl AVG INTERVAL- 900 SEC
INTE6RHTJCN TIME STEP-SCO SEC
5HOOTHINO HE1H80- INVERSE
TRflJECTORT
191
-------
*»*JECTOPY
ST*°T
IMT»AL
» 4.JO 75 i£co CST END
INtTES: 427247SS. 738813;.
IN !!••=
NU«DE!CT:S: e
ST4TICH VJ. lil
iCCU-UL^TEC DISPLACEMENT
r\>
C TCP
c
1
2
4
5
11
12
13
1?
1?
21
22
!7
29
30
31
1000
1C15
1C30
1C45
HCO
1115
1130
1200
1215
1230
12*5
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
13*5 CST
141? C|T
14i? CST
15CO CST
1515 CST
1530 CST
15*5 CST
IfrCO CST
lt!5 CST
1630 CJT
16*5 C?T
17CO ..
1715 CST
17?0 CST
17*5 CST
73P147E.
736631=.
736126?.
429C122N.
431C11CN.
4322C07N. 68«JC75E.
^ACTAL A2ifUTH
2075
2211
233<5
2049
1703
. 1720
17&2
1652
1597
1»54
1750
*
.•
%
*
*
•
«
•
•
*
•
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5
2
5
4
0
3
3
7
3
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2C81.0
2221
">t 04
262"?
'7 *?fe
2675
2648
29D 5
3C76
?39*
3663
3993
3704
3360
3334
3570
3403
"2914
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M
161.
172.
171.
173.
17C.
16?.
163.
144.
12?.
HI:
131.
123.
127.
132.
121.
1251
123.
133.
133.
Ill:
125.
12C.
12C.
in.
125.
U6.
13t!
0
3
4
4
8
4
3
6
5
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6
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9
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5
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3
6
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9
6
DEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
OtG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEC-
DEC
DEG
DEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEG
OEG
DEC
2.
2.
^ .
1 B
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
3l
3.
3.
4 ^
4,
4.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
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31
46
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2?
6 3
91
96
37
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06
94
37
31
*7
65
3?
11
37
9*
23
42
6?
77
£•»
-------
-------
RAhS NEA«t-SWFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORY
WD
START TIME: 11 AUG 75 1000 CST END TIME: 11 AUG 75 1715 CST
INITIAL COORDINATES! 42t3440H. 72S295E. LOCATION DESCRIPTOR: KETC-TV TOWERC1000*1
TRAJECTORY TYPE: BACKWARD IN TIME
STE» INTERVAL: is HIN NUMBER OF STEPS: 29
INCREMENTAL DISPLACEMENT
ACCUMULATED DISPLACEMENT
STEP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ib
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
21
28
29
TIME
10CO CST
10 15 CST
1030 CST
10*5 CST
11CO CST
.115 CST
;.130 CST
il»5 CST
12CO CST
1215 CST
1230 CST
1245 CST
1300 CST
1315 CST
1330 CST
1345 CST
1400 CST
1415 CST
1430 CST
1445 CST
1500 CST
1515 CST
1530 CST
1545 CST
1600 CST
1615 CST
1630 CST
T6*5 CST
1700 CST
1715 CST
LOCATION
4263440N.
4266206N.
4268725N.
4271536M.
4274393N.
4277231N.
4280256N.
4283557N.
4237112N.
429S607N.
429415 7N.
4297350N.
4300390N.
4303457N.
*306026N.
4308618N.
4311290N.
4313281N.
4314981N.
4316807N.
4318618N.
4320290N.
4320437N.
4313694N.
4318606N.
4319877N.
4322341N.
4326055N.
4330640N.
4335437N.
728295E.
729796E.
731522E.
733459E,
735347E.
737C67E.
739129E.
741324E.
743621E.
745677E.
746858E.
7475056,
748350E.
7493835.
749765E.
749761E.
749684=,
749867E.
7501535.
750218E.
750010E.
749534E.
7490941,
749623E.
747379E.
74&4ME.
746263=.
7459C8E.
745806E.
745876S.
RADIAL AZIMUTH
0
3149.8
3052.0
3413.3
3424.4
3318.4
3660.7
39«9.6
4207.7
4054.7
3741.2
3258.0
3155.5
3236.1
2597.1
2591.6
2673.3
1999.4
1723.8
1827.4
1823.2
1738.4
473.7
1803.7
1247.1
1555.0
2473.4
3731.1
4585.5
47<37.9
M 0
M 208.5
H 214.4
M 214=6
M 213.5
M 211.2
M 214.3
M 213.4
n 213.1
M 210.5
H 198.4
M 191.4
M 195.5
M 198.6
M 188.5
M 179.9
H 178.3
H 185.3
M 189.6
M 142.0
M 173.5
M 164.1
M 108.1
H 14.8
M 86.0
M 144.8
H 174.9
M 174.5
H 178.7
M 180.8
DEC
OEG
DEC
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEC
DEC
DEC
DEC
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
DEC
DEC
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
OEG
DEC
OEG
OEG
OEG
SPEED
0
3.50
3.39
3.79
3.80
3.69
4.07
4.43
4.68
4.51
4.16
3.62
3.51
3.60
2.89
2.88
2.97
2.22
1.92
2.03
2.03
1.93
0.53
2.00
1.39
1.73
2.75
4.15
5.10
5.33
H/SEC
K/SEC
R/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
."/sec
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
K/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
N/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
M/SEC
H/SEC
H/SEC
LENGTH
0
3149.8
6201.7
9615.0
13039.4
16357.3
20018.6
24008.2
28215.9
32270.6
36011.3
39269.9
42425.4
45661.4
48258.5
50850.1
53523.4
55522.8
57246.6
59074.0
60897.2
62635.6
63109.2
64913.3
66160.1
67715.0
70188.4
73919.5
78505.0
83302.?
(FROM ORIGIN) <4LOMG PATH
M
,1
H
H
M
M
M
M
r-
M
n
M
M
M
M
M
M.
M
M
M
K
M
P
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
0 OEG
203. 5 OEG
211.4 OEG
3:2.5 OEG
212.3 DEG
212. 5 OcG
212.3 OEG
212.? OcG
212.9 D£G
212.0 OtG
211.1 OEG
2C9. 5 OEG
2C9.5 OcG
207.3 OtG
2Cfc. ? 0€G
21- 5. 4 0£G
2:*. 1 OEG
203.4 OcG
203.0 OcG
2C2.3 OeG
201.5 OEG
2CO. 5 OEG
2'.;.C OcG
20C-.2 OEG
193. 1 DEC
1^7.9 OtG
197.0 OEG
195.7 OcG
194,6 DEC
193.7 OEG
C
3. 50
3.45
3.56
3.62
3.64
3.71
3.81
3.92
3.98
4.00
3.97
- 3.93
3.90
3.83
3.77
3.72
3.63
3.53
3.45
3.33
J.31
3.19
3.14
3.C6
3.GI
3. GO
3.C<.
3.12
3,19
M/ScC
M/S = C
M/ScC
H/ScC
M/StC
M/SEC
H/S = C
M/StC
«/sac
M/ScC
K/ScC
M/SeC
M/ScC
M/S£C
M/StC
«/ScC
M/ScC
M/Sc'C
M/ScC
M/ScC
f*/StC
M/S£C
M/ScC
M/S£C
M/ScC
N/S£C
M/ScC
M/ScC
(«/S£C
«/SeC
-------
(0
4UO
0»«0
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRRJECTORY m
SI. LOUIS, MO.
LOCflTION DESCRIPTOR:
WEBSTER COLLEGE (20')
STflRTIrfG 2000 CST
flRRIVING 2345 CST
12 flUG 75
13 flUG 75
TRflJECTORY STflRT *
ORTfi AVG tNTEBVflL- 900 SEC
INTEGRATION TIME STEP-900 SEC
SHOQTH1NG METHOD- INVERSE
FOREHARO TflflJECTORT
195
-------
°4'.C£L
Tf»t:
STEP !NT?3Vit
7; 2CCO CST END
i 4*74«1CN. 721225E.
cc'EwAec IN T!""E
15 "!N NU^BS3 3F STEPS: 12
: 1Z iUG 75 23CO CST
LCCtTION DESCS1PT3S: HE3STER CCUcGE(2C'»
vo
CO
DISPLACEMENT
STEP
0
1
3
5
6
7
e
9
10
11
12
2CCO
2C15
2C30
arc
2115
214*5
22CO
2215
2230
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
731225E
73C524E
CST
2300
CST
CST
CST
CST
CST
4335103N, _ _._
431022fcN. 7296C3":
4315252N. 729352E
43204CCN. 73C3!»eE
4325727S. 731««1E
43312Q7N. 733*37?
735365E
C
4492.7
4745.7
5213.4
56C3.2
5405.5
5274.5
=134.3
5032.1
5253.1
551?.9
5767.1
5585.3
* 0
P 171.0
H 171.8
l» 17C.1
H 172.6
P Hlls
P 133.8
* 159.5
P 191.5
? 132:1
?• 198.0
DEG
DEG
DEG
DcG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
DEG
SPEJ
4.90
5.27
5.79
t.23
Sl86
5.70
5.65
tll3
i.41
6.21
»
-------
uoo
10
kJJO
RflMS NEflR-SFC
TRflJECTCRY #50
ST. LOUIS, MO.
LOCATION DESCRIPTOR:
RflMS STflTION NO. Ill
STflRTIMG 1000 CST 15 flUG 75
flRRIVJNG 1900 CST ' 15 flUC 7S
TflflJECTORY STflRT it
DATA flVC INTCHVffl.- 900 SK
iNTecnnnQN TIME SUP-BOO SEC
SMOOTHING METHOD- INVEA3C
FOHEUAflO TRAJECTORY
197
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'ltasr read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 Ml !•' 1MT NO
J. Til LL ->\D SUBTITLE
NEAR-SURFACE AIR PARCEL TRAJECTORIES - ST. LOUIS, 1975
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
November 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 ADTHORiS)
L.J. Hull, W.P. Dannevik, S. Frisella
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Quality Research, Inc.
225 S. Meramec
Clayton, Missouri 63105
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AA603
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
5-02-6875A
. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTF, NC
Office of Research nnd Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The utility of air parcel trajectories is described for the diagnosis of
mesometeorological and urban air pollution problems. A technique is described that
utilizes the St. Louis Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS) to provide wind
measurements for the local urban scale.
A computerized trajectory model is described that computes near-surface air
parcel motions. Results are presented for a study of 50 trajectory case studies
during the summer 1975 St. Louis experiments.
It is concluded that the use of RAMS minute-averaged data has been made a
fully operational segment of the trajectory model and produces a detailed and
accurate description of the urban wind field. The model can be modified to accept
wind observations on any time or distance scale.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
*Air pollution
Meteorological data
trajectories
Computerized simulation
Atmospheric models
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
St. Louis, Missouri
Regional Air Monitoring
Systems
13B
04B
19D
14B
14A
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21, NO. OF PAGES
208
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
198
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