EPA-600/3-78-007
January 1978
Ecological Research Series
LIGHT HYDROCARBON AND OXIDANT TRANSPORT
STUDIES IN OHIO - 1974
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the
aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/3-78-007
January 1978
LIGHT HYDROCARBON AND OXIDANT TRANSPORT STUDIES IN OHIO - 1974
by
H. Westberg, K. Allwine, E. Robinson and P. Zimmerman
Air Resources Section
Chemical Engineering Department
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99164
Contract No. 68-02-1232
Project Officer
Joseph J. Bufalini
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Science Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
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ABSTRACT
This report describes a field research study carried out in the Canton,
Ohio, area during July, 1974. Light hydrocarbons, oxidant and other air
pollution parameters were monitored in the city and in the surrounding area
both at ground level and aloft using an instrumented light aircraft.
Air pollutant concentrations both in the urban center and over the
region were shown to have strong dependence on synoptic weather patterns and
in particular to the passage of high pressure systems. The pollutant charac-
teristics of the air within a fresh or recent system that had moved out of
Canada exhibited relati-vely low pollutant loads. After the air mass within
the system had been present over the Midwest area for three to four days,
pollutant burdens including both hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidant were
significantly higher. Winds during this period of higher concentrations were
typically from the southwest at moderate speeds. Aircraft data showed that
pollutants were frequently widespread over the region and present in one or
more layers above the ground and through the lowest several thousand feet
of the atmosphere. In areas directly downwind of major urban centers, ozone
concentrations were inversely correlated with nitrogen oxide levels.
m
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iii
FIGURES vi
TABLES x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xii
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Experimental Site and Techniques 5
Sampling Site 5
Sampling Techniques 7
4. Results and Discussion 9
Meteorology 9
Ozone 17
Ozone Transport Model 27
Hydrocarbons 29
Carbon Monoxide 40
Oxides of N-i-trogen 40
REFERENCES 43
APPENDIX A 45
APPENDIX B 71
APPENDIX C 171
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Maps showing Canton area study sites 6
2 Canton barometric pressure 9
3 Canton winds in relation to the position of an anticyclone . 10
4 Wind, solar radiation and barometric pressure
relationships in Canton during July, 1974 11
5a 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 1-5, 1974
(first high pressure system) 12
5b 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 6-10, 1974
(second high pressure system) 13
5c 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 11-15, 1974
(third high pressure system) 14
5d 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 16-19, 1974
(fourth high pressure system) 15
5e 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 20-23, 1974
(fifth high pressure system) 16
6 Relationship between peak ozone values and barometric
pressure in Canton during July, 1974 18
7 Ozone changes as high pressure system crosses Canton area . 19
8 Peak ozone levels, average solar radiation and barometric
pressure in Canton during mid-July 20
9 Ozone and temperature soundings recorded during morning
flight (^9:50 am) July 17, 1974 22
10 Ozone concentrations (ppb) at points along afternoon
flight path on July 17, 1974 23
11 Ozone and temperature soundings recorded during afternoon
flight (^2:30 pm) July 17, 1974 24
12 Ozone and temperature soundings recorded during morning
flight (^9:30 am) July 18, 1974 25
13 Ozone survey flights on July 18, 1974 26
14 Ozone behavior within a high pressure air mass 28
15 Chromatogram of sample collected at Malone College site
on July 8, 1974 (6:00-9:00 am) 30
VI
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FIGURES (cont.)
Number Page
16 Ozone recordings downwind of Wheeling, WV 42
B-l Morning flight path on July 1, 1974 73
B-2 Afternoon flight path on July 1, 1974 73
B-3 Spiral climb over Malone College (1:38 pm) on July 1, 1974 . 74
B-4 Morning flight path on July 2, 1974 76
B-5 Afternoon flight path on July 2, 1974 77
B-6 Spiral climb over Malone College (9:15 am) on July 2, 1974 . 78
B-7 Spiral descent - 50 miles downwind (9:51 am) on
July 2, 1974 79
B-8 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:13 pm) on July 2, 1974 . 80
B-9 Morning flight path on July 3, 1974 82
B-10 Afternoon flight path on July 3, 1974 83
B-ll Spiral climb over Malone College (9:47 am) on July 3, 1974 . 84
B-12 Spiral climb over Malone College (1:56 pm) on July 3, 1974 . 85
B-l3 Morning flight path on July 4, 1974 87
B-l4 Afternoon flight path on July 4, 1974 88
B-15 Spiral climb over Malone College (7:44 am) on July 4, 1974 . 89
B-16 Morning flight path on July 5, 1974 91
B-l7 Afternoon flight path on July 5, 1974 92
B-18 Afternoon flight path on July 6, 1974 94
B-l9 Morning flight path on July 8, 1974 96
B-20 Afternoon flight path on July 8, 1974 97
B-21 Night flight path on July 8, 1974 98
B-22 Spiral climb over Malone College (9:11 am) on July 8, 1974 . 99
B-23 Spiral climb over malone college (3:28 pm) on July 8, 1974 . 100
B-24 Spiral climb over Malone College (9:52 pm) on July 8, 1974 . 101
B-25 Morning flight path on July 9, 1974 103
B-26 Afternoon flight path on July 9, 1974 104
B-27 Spiral climb over Malone College (10:02 am)
on July 9, 1974 10b
B-28 Spiral climb over Malone College (4:16 pm) on July 9, 1974 . 106
B-29 Morning flight path on July 10, 1974 108
B-30 Afternoon flight path on July 10, 1974 109
vn
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FIGURES (cont.)
Number Page.
B-31 Spiral climb over Malone College (8:58 am) on July 10, 1974- 110
B-32 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:11 pm) on July 10, 1974. Ill
B-33 Morning flight path on July 11, 1974 113
8-34 Afternoon flight path on July 11, 1974 114
B-35 Morning flight path on July 12, 1974 116
B-36 Afternoon flight path on July 12, 1974 117
B-37 Spiral climb over Malone College (10:32 am) on July 12, 1974 118
B-38 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:21 pm) on July 12, 1974. 119
B-39 Afternoon flight path on July 13, 1974 121
B-40 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:17 pm) on July 13, 1974. 122
B-41 Morning flight path on July 15, 1974 123
B-42 Afternoon flight path on July 15, 1974 124
B-43 Spiral climb over Malone College (10:05 am) on July 15, 1974 125
B-44 Morning flight path on July 16, 1974 127
B-45 Afternoon flight path on July 16, 1974 128
B-46 Spiral climb over Malone College (11:02 am) on July 16, 1974 129
B-47 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:28 pm) on July 16, 1974. 130
B-48 Morning flight path on July 17, 1974 132
B-49 Afternoon flight path on July 17, 1974 133
B-50 Spiral climb over Carroll Co. Airport (9:52 am)
on July 17, 1974 134
B-51 Spiral climb over Weltzien Airport (11:14 am)
on July 17, 1974 135
B-52 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:31 pm) on July 17, 1974. 136
B-53 Morning flight path on July 18, 1974 138
B-54 Afternoon flight path on July 18, 1974 139
B-55 Spiral climb over Malone College (9:30 am) on July 18, 1974. 140
B-56 Spiral climb over Courtland - 50 miles downwind (10:31 am)
on July 18, 1974 141
B-57 Spiral climb over Sugarcreek - 30 miles upwind (11:40 am)
on July 18, 1974 H2
B-58 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:30 pm) on July 18, 1974. 143
B-59 Morning flight path on July 19, 1974 145
B-60 Afternoon flight path on July 19, 1974
vrn
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FIGURES (cont.)
Number Page
B-61 Spiral climb over Weltzien Airport (10:45 am)
on July 19, 1974 147
B-62 Spiral climb over Malone College (1:59 pm) on July 19, 1974. 148
B-63 Morning flight path on July 20, 1974 150
B-64 Spiral climb over Dover (11:21 am) on July 20, 1974 .... 151
B-65 Morning flight path on July 22, 1974 153^
B-66 Night flight path on July 22, 1974 154
B-67 Spiral climb over Malone College (9:29 am) on July 22, 1974. 155
B-68 Spiral climb over Malone College (7:59 pm) on July 22, 1974. 156
B-69 Afternoon flight path on July 24, 1974 158
B-70 Night flight path on July 24, 1974 159
B-71 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:18 pm) on July 24, 1974. 160
B-72 Spiral climb over Randolph - 15 miles downwind (3:58 pm)
on July 24, 1974 161
B-73 Spiral climb over Malone College (8:24 pm) on July 24, 1974. 162
B-74 Morning flight path on July 25, 1974 164
B-75 Afternoon flight path on July 25, 1974 165
B-76 Night flight path on July 25, 1974 166
B-77 Spiral climb over Malone College (9:39 am) on July 25, 1974. 167
B-78 Spiral climb over Malone College (2:47 pm) on July 25, 1974. 168
B-79 Spiral climb over Malone College (8:18 pm) on July 25, 1974. 169
C-l Location of airports used for touch and go landing 173
IX
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Number
TABLES
Light Hydrocarbon Concentrations (yg/m3) Associated with
Page
2
3
4
5
6
A-l
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-ll
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
A-17
Various Sources in the Canton Area
Light Hydrocarbon Concentrations (yg/m3) in Canton, Ohio;
Downtown Site
Light Hydrocarbon Concentrations (yg/m3) in Canton, Ohio;
Mai one College Site
Light Hydrocarbon/n-Butane Ratios in Auto Exhaust and
Downtown Samples, Canton, Ohio, July 1974
Afternoon Light Hydrocarbon Concentrations at Ground Level
and Aloft under Various Meteorological Conditions ....
Ethylene to Ethane Ratios in Aircraft Samples Collected
During the Morning Hours of July 16-19
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 1, 1974 ...
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 2, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 3, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 4, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 5, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 6, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 7, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 8, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 9, 1974
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, .Ohio, July 10, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 11, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 12, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 13, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 14, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 15, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 16, 1974 ....
Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 17, 1974 ....
31
32
V ^
34
37
v i
38
39
46
\j
47
r /
48
~\j
49
~ J
50
>J \J
51
J 1
52
»/ Cm
5"}
W> J
54
sJT
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
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TABLES (cont.)
Number Page
A-18 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 18, 1974 .... 63
A-19 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 19, 1974 .... 64
A-20 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 20, 1974 .... 65
A-21 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 21, 1974 .... 66
A-22 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 22, 1974 .... 67
A-23 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 23, 1974 .... 68
A-24 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 24, 1974 .... 69
A-25 Continuous Ground Data, Canton, Ohio, July 25, 1974 .... 70
B-l Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 1, 1974 75
B-2 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 2, 1974 81
B-3 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples, July 3, 1974 86
B-4 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 4, 1974 90
B-5 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 5, 1974 '93
B-6 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 6, 1974 95
B-7 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 8, 1974 "!02
B-8 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 9, 1974 107
B-9 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 10, 1974 112
B-10 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 11, 1974 115
B-ll Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 12, 1974 120
B-12 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 15, 1974 126
B-l3 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 16, 1974 131
B-l4 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 17, 1974 137
B-15 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 18, 1974 144
B-16 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 19, 1974 149
B-17 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 20, 1974 152
B-18 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 22, 1974 157
B-l9 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 24, 1974 163
B-20 Aircraft Collected Bag Samples. July 25, 1974 170
C-l Ozone Concentrations (ppb) Recorded during Touch and Go
Landings 172
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank the Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, for financial
support of this work. The guidance and technical advice provided by Dr.
J. J. Bufalini was much appreciated.
In addition to the authors, significant contributions to the research
were made by Dr. R. A. Rasmussen and P. Weir.
The hospitality and assistance of Malone College, Canton, Ohio, in
providing space and power for the trailer laboratory and housing for the
scientific field party were gratefully acknowledged.
xn
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
It has become apparent in recent years that photochemical smog is not
exclusively an urban problem as previously thought. Measurements in rural
areas of the United States have shown significant ozone concentrations in
regions far removed from any known anthropogenic sources. Because the ori-
gin of rural as well as urban ozone has ramifications for any attempt to
modify existing control strategies, the discovery of elevated rural ozone
levels has stimulated a great deal of conjecture within the scientific
community about its source. As a result, several mechanisms have been pro-
posed to explain this situation: injection of stratospheric ozone into the
troposphere; ozone production from naturally emitted terpenes; transport
downwind of urban-generated ozone; and entrapment of urban ozone in a stable
inversion layer with subsequent transport and fumigation as the inversion
breaks up.
Several studies have been undertaken to determine the source of periodic
high ozone concentrations in non-urban areas. The impact of ozone transport
from anthropogenic sources has been examined in the midwest(l-7), far-
west(8-10), northeast(ll-16), and southeast(17-18). Results from these and
other studies indicate that the transport of ozone and its precursors into
areas downwind of urban centers is an important factor contributing to
elevated rural ozone levels.
In order to gain a better understanding of the significance of trans-
port phenomena for ambient air ozone concentrations, the Environmental
Protection Agency(EPA) has funded a project to examine the transport of photo-
chemical ozone, as well as measure light hydrocarbon concentrations at several
urban, non-urban, and industrial locations throughout the United States. As
part of that effort, Washington State University was authorized to carry out
a one-month research program in the Canton, Ohio area during July, 1974. This
-------
study focused on delineating ozone production and drift within the region
so that pollutant transport patterns could be documented. Measurements were
accomplished using both ground-based and aircraft monitoring systems.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
During the month of July, 1974 a series of high pressure systems moved
across Ohio from northwest to southeast. At the WSU monitoring site in Canton,
Ohio,the passage of these anticyclones resulted in a remarkably symmetrical
pattern of increases and decreases in barometric pressure. The situation
during July presented a unique opportunity to document the relationships
between transitory summertime high pressure systems and ambient ozone concen-
trations in the Canton area.
Ground and aircraft measurements indicate that it is possible to account
for fluctuations in ozone levels at Canton during the passage of an anticy-
clone by using a three-stage model. During the first phase, clean air is
advected into the area by northerly winds associated with the leading edge of
the high pressure system. Ozone levels are typically below 80 ppb due to good
atmospheric mixing and reduced photochemical ozone formation. Phase two occurs
wh.en the high is centered over Ohio and is characterized by stagnate condi-
tions and increased ozone production through local photochemical mechanisms.
In phase three, as the trailing edge of the high moves through the area south-
west winds remove locally generated pollutants and bring in ozone and its
precursors from upwind anthropogenic sources. At this time ozone concentra-
tions in the Canton area are dominated by long range transport from urban
areas to the south.
Hydrocarbon data show the same general relationships with synoptic
weather patterns. Concentrations were lowest with the advection of a clean
air mass over the site and highest when the anticyclone produced stagnate
conditions in the area. As the'high moved past the station hydrocarbon
levels decreased but continued to remain substantially above those measured
on the leading edge of the high pressure system.
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Within the city of Canton, hydrocarbon levels were highest in the cen-
tral business district and composition of the ambient hydrocarbon mixture
suggested auto exhaust as the primary source.
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SECTION 3
EXPERIMENTAL SITE AND TECHNIQUES
This field program began on July 1, 1974 with both ground and aircraft
sampling. Continuous measurements of ozone, nitrogen oxides, methane, total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and meteorological variables were recorded
through July 25, 1974. Aircraft data was acquired everyday except Sundays and
July 23 when low clouds grounded the aircraft. The weather was excellent
during the study period which, together with minimal instrument down-time,
resulted in a very successful field operation.
SAMPLING SITE
The WSU base of operations was in Canton, Ohio. Canton is a city of
approximately 350,000 population located 50 miles south of Cleveland. Bag
samples for hydrocarbon analysis were collected twice daily at three sites
within the Canton metropolitan area. Continuous NO , ozone, methane, total
/\
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and meteorological data were gathered at cen-
trally located Mai one College. Satellite sampling stations were to the south
in the midst of the downtown section and to the north in a mostly suburban
residential area. A map showing these sites is provided in Figure 1.
Canton and vicinity is an industrialized area which includes a wide vari-
ety of pollutant sources - steel mill, oil refinery, power plants, etc. Most
of these are located in the southern portion of the city. Farm land surrounds
Canton to the west, south and east. There are some oil fields to the south-
east.
Canton was selected as the northeasterly terminus of an EPA coordinated
monitoring network designed to measure pollutant transport in the state of
Ohio. Other research groups were located in the southwest in Dayton and
Wilmington, Ohio-
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MICHIGAN
NEW YORK
PENNSYLVANIA
WEST
VIRGINIA
" -.«.
I = 75 mi.
DOWNTOWN SITE
Figure 1. Maps showing Canton area study sites.
6
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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
WSU sampling operations included both ground and aircraft data collec-
tion. The fixed base for ground operations was at Malone College. Instru-
mentation was housed in a 23-ft trailer.
The following atmospheric gases and meteorological parameters were moni-
tored on a continuous basis using the indicated commercial instruments:
Nitrogen Oxides - Teco 14B (Holy Converter)
Ozone - Meloy OA 350
Carbon Monoxide -t
Methane [ Beckmann 6800 AQGC
Total Hydrocarbon J
Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Dew Point
Temperature
Solar Radiation
Climet CI-60
Output from the TECO, Meloy, and Climet systems was recorded on magnetic
tape for computer reduction. A high speed printer was interfaced to the data
logger for protection against failure of the system and for on-site review of
the data.
Measurements for individual light hydrocarbons (C2 - Cg) were made on
Perkin Elmer 900 gas chromatographs with the output channeled into a Hewlett
Packard 3352 data system. Stainless steel columns packed with Durapak
(n-Octane/Porasil C) were used for separating the hydrocarbons. Details of
the hydrocarbon analysis techniques have been published elsewhere (18).
Calibration was performed as follows:
Meloy OA 350 - Once weekly with a McMillan 1000 ozone generator.
With this generator, ozone concentrations in the
range measured in ambient air (50-100 ppb) could
be dependably produced. The ozone generator it-
self was checked by the wet KI method twice during
the study period. Zero checks were made daily.
TECO 14B - Calibrated twice during the sampling period by
dilutions into Teflon bags from a high concentration
tank (10 ppm). Background suppression checks were
made at least once daily.
-------
Beckmann 6800 - Once a day calibration for methane, total hydrocarbon
and carbon monoxide from tanks containing standards
of known concentration.
Perkin Elmer 900 - An internal standard of known concentration (neo-
hexane; .209 ppm) included in each analysis for
light hydrocarbons.
Aircraft instrumentation consisted of a Bendix chemiluminescent ozone
monitor (calibrated the same as Meloy OA 350), MRI integrating nephelometer,
Environment One condensation nuclei counter and Metrodata system for record-
ing and storing the numerous flight parameters (speed, altitude, rate of climb,
position, etc.) as well as the chemical and meteorological variables. In
addition to this automatic data logging, ozone levels were recorded continu-
ously on a strip chart recorder. In most cases the pilot assisted in manually
mapping the flight path as it progressed.
Integrated samples for light hydrocarbon analysis were collected in 25-
liter Teflon bags. These bags were filled over three-hour periods twice a
day - 6 to 9 AM and 1 to 4 PM. Komhyr Teflon gas sampling pumps (Science
Pump Corp.) were used to fill the bags. Both the pumps and the bags were
shown to be free of contamination. In addition to the integrated samples
collected on the ground, three to five bags were collected in the aircraft
during each flight. Thus, on a typical day a detailed light hydrocarbon
analysis was obtained from samples collected at the three ground stations both
morning and afternoon and up to ten aircraft collected samples upwind and
downwind of Canton.
Two aircraft flights lasting from two to three hours were flown each day.
The flight pattern generally began with a spiral climb to 6000' over the
trailer at Malone College. After returning to 1000', upwind and downwind loops
were flown that extended to 50 miles on each side of Canton. At various points
along the loops, touch and go landings were made to monitor ozone levels down
to the surface. Bag samples for light hydrocarbon analysis were generally
collected at 1000' and 6000' over the trailer plus at designated points along
the upwind and downwind loops. The aircraft track and sampling locations for
each flight are provided in Appendix B.
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SECTION 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
METEOROLOGY
The study period was characterized by a series of high pressure weather
systems crossing Ohio from northwest to southeast. In most cases these air
masses originated in the polar continental area of central Canada. The fact
that these systems followed one another very closely resulted in a remarkably
symmetrical pattern of increases and decreases in barometric pressure through-
out the month of July. This is illustrated below in Figure 2.
1014
K>I2
9 II IS 15
DAY OF JULY, 1974
17
19 21
23 25
1024
1022
1020
1018
1016
1014
1012
Figure 2. Canton barometric pressure.
It can be seen that the time a particular anticyclone influenced Canton varied
from 3 to 4 days. Associated with the passage of these highs were three dis-
tinct wind conditions.
(1) As the air mass approaches, winds are from a northerly direction.
This then brings air into the Canton area that has been transported
over the Great Lakes region from Canada. Typically, afternoon wind
speeds during this time vary between 10 and 14 knots. July 6, 11,
and 16 are examples of this phase.
-------
(2) The second phase occurs after the leading edge has passed and
Canton falls inside the flow pattern of the high. This is a
period of low ventilation with afternoon wind speeds generally
less than 5 knots. Well developed early morning inversions
accompany this stagnation period. July 7, 12, and 17 are good
examples of this phase.
(3) As the high continued its southeasterly movement, winds pick up
again but now from the southwest. This southwesterly flow on
the trailing edge of the high showed little diurnal variation in
speed-averaging about 10 knots.
Figure 3 illustrates these changes.
Southwest
Winds
Northeast
Winds
Figure 3. Canton winds in relation to the position of an anticyclone
Figures 4 and 5a - 5e contain additional meteorological information of
interest. The former illustrates the relationship between barometric pres-
sure, solar radiation and wind. Each of these parameters will be discussed in
greater detail in succeeding sections of this report.
Figure 5a - 5e provide synoptic weather maps showing the position of
the high pressure system influencing Canton each day. These are separated into
five groups corresponding to five identifiable synoptic situations.
10
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i!
ce
CO
13
N
10
8
6
4
2
0
1000
800
600
400
200
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
III
1 1 1 1 1 1
i i i ! i i
CO
r
\
1 1 1 1
- t
to
8
6
4
2
0
!000
800
600
400
200
1012
7 9 II 13 15 17
DAY OF JULY, 1974
21 23 25
1012
Figure 4. Wind, solar radiation and barometric pressure
relationships in Canton during July, 1974.
11
-------
PO
X JULY 1
JULY 2
JULY 5
Figure 5a. 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 1-5, 1974 (first high
pressure system).
-------
Figure 5b. 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 6-10, 1974 (second high
pressure system).
-------
JULY 11
JULY 12
'16
JULY 15
Figure 5c. 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 11-15, 1974 (third high
pressure system).
-------
JULY 16
Figure 5d. 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 16-19,
1974 (fourth high pressure system).
15
-------
Figure 5e. 7:00 am surface pressure maps for July 20-23,
1974 (fifth high pressure system).
T6
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OZONE
A large amount of ozone data was gathered during the 25-day experiment in
Canton. It consisted of a continuous record at the ground trailer plus that
obtained from aircraft flights over and around the Canton area. Morning and
afternoon survey flights at 1000' extended approximately 50 miles upwind and
downwind of Canton. In addition, vertical profiles accompanied most of the
(
horizontal surveys. Thus on a typical day we have continuous ozone data at
ground level in central Canton, two or more vertical soundings to 6000' over
the ground site and morning and afternoon horizontal traverses at 1000' around
the Canton area. All this data has been assembled on a daily basis and is
presented as such in the Appendix.
It would be needlessly complex to try to summarize all of this informa-
tion. What will be done for the most part is to look in detail at a typical
four day period - July 16-19. This corresponds to the passage of one of the
high pressure systems through the Canton area. We believe this period pro-
vides a good example of the changes that occur as an anticyclone moves through
the area and hence is representative of the several air masses that were
observed during the experiment.
With ground measurements it is most informative to consider first the
total study period. A recognizable pattern was observed with peak daily ozone
and barometric pressure being roughly in phase on a day-to-day basis. Re-
corded ozone concentrations were very dependent on the geographical position of
the high pressure system and its previous track. It is evident in Figure 6
that the lowest peak ozone levels were recorded on the first day of increasing
pressure as the incoming high began to influence the Canton area or after a
frontal passage brought in a new air mass. Thus July 1, 5, 11, 16 and 20 ex-
hibited relatively low peak ozone levels. Ozone concentrations then increased
on each succeeding day reaching a maximum on or shortly after the day of
highest barometric pressure. A very noticeable feature of Figure 6 is the
fairly regular cyclic pattern that existed throughout July. Oftentimes these
high pressure systems will move slowly, bringing about a prolonged period of
stagnant weather and leading to a possible air pollution episode.
17
-------
5
SSI
en
u
*1
n
<
CD
ir~irITifrir~r i iiiiiiiiii
1024
1022
1020
1018
1016
1014
1012
A i IT i r i i i i
\ /~\ _ -
» i
iii
9 II 13 16 17
DAY OF JULY, 1974
19 21 23 25
1024
1022
1020
1018
1016
1014
1012
Figure 6. Relationship between peak ozone values and barometric pressure in
Canton during July, 1974.
Figure 7 illustrates the ozone and weather changes in more detail by pro-
viding a daily summary of continuous ozone changes, wind direction and loca-
tion of the center of the air mass for the specific period July 16-19. On the
16th the winds were from the north and Canton was on the leading edge of the
advancing high. A peak ozone concentration of 55 ppb was measured in this air
being carried from the north. By the morning of the 17th Canton was within the
central portion of the high and remained so until midmorning on the 18th. In-
creasing peak ozone levels were recorded during this and the succeeding period
of southwesterly winds - reaching 105 ppb on the 18th. Ozone concentration
then began to drop on the 19th as the wind shifted and the next high pressure
system moved into Ohio from the north.
One particularly noteworthy feature shown in Figure 7 is the late after-
noon - early evening time of ozone maximums on the days of highest ozone
readings (July 17 and 18.). This was quite characteristic of the entire study
period. The reasons for these late afternoon peaks are probably complex; how-
ever, it could be partially due to decreased solar radiation and consequently
18
-------
^ «ao
it
140
120
100
£ 80
O.
g60
840
20
\ \
\
V
6 12 18 0
JULY 16, 1974 |
« 12 IS
JULY 17
TIME
OF
6 12 18
JULY 18
DAY
6 12 18
JULY 19
Figure 7. Ozone changes as high pressure system crosses Canton area.
-------
a slowing down of photochemical processes on these days. Maximum solar
radiation usually coincided with the first day of increasing pressure and
then tailed off as the high continued to move to the southeast. Figure 8
shows that in some cases an inverse relationship actually existed between
peak ozone levels and solar intensity. Transport processes from sources
beyond the local region also should not be ignored.
UJ
!i
CO
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
ItXX)
900
600
700
600
500
1024
1022
1020
1018
1016
1014
1012
10 12 14 16 18
DAY OF JULY, 1974
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1000
900
800
700
600
500
1024
1022
1020
1018
1016
1014
1012
Figure 8. Peak ozone levels, average solar radiation and barometric pressure
in Canton during mid-July.
20
-------
As mentioned previously, aircraft collected ozone data consisted of
vertical profiles and horizontal surveys. As with the ground ozone data,
upper level ozone concentrations were found to be very dependent on
meteorology. A look at changes that occurred during the passage of the July
16-19 high pressure system serves to describe most of the other systems as
well.
In addition to providing ozone data, the vertical soundings supplied
the upper level temperature structure. Throughout the study period, afternoon
mixing depths were generally 3000-5000'. The shallowest mixing coincided
with the periods of lowest ventilation. On most mornings a low level radiation
inversion (<1000') was present. As is to be expected, these temperature
gradients had a profound effect on ozone concentration at various altitudes.
On July 16, as the high pressure system moved into Ohio, morning ozone
levels aloft (10001) were in the 30 ppb range. Little difference was observed
over an area 40 miles upwind and downwind of Canton. The morning vertical
profile showed little change up to 4000' with ozone concentration in the
30-40 ppb region.
By afternoon, ozone readings downwind of Canton had increased to the 60
ppb range, while those upwind averaged about 10 ppb lower. The afternoon
vertical sounding shows a variation of 35 to 60 ppb below 6500', with the
top of the mixing layer at about 4500'. Thus, as the leading edge of the
new high pressure system moved into the Canton vicinity, bringing with it air
from the north, ozone concentrations remained relatively low throughout the
day at all altitudes, although there was a weak diurnal cycle shown by the
data.
As the period of low ventilation began during the early morning hours of
the 17th, an upper level subsidence inversion dropped to approximately 3000',
trapping below it ozone produced on the 16th. This is illustrated in Figure 9,
which clearly shows that peak ozone levels were recorded just below the base
of the inversion. The rapid rise in concentration with altitude indicated that
no mixing was occurring below the base of the inversion.
21
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' --
5000' -
4000' - -
3000' -
2000' - '
1000' -
GROUND
7/17/74: AM
30
40
50 60
ppb 0
70 80
Figure 9. Ozone and temperature soundings recorded during morning flight
(0,9:50 am) July 17, 1974.
The 1000' horizontal survey flight showed average concentrations of
about 60 ppb on the morning of the 17th. This is a two-fold increase from
the previous morning. As the period of low ventilation continued, afternoon
ozone levels showed a substantial jump. Figure 10 provides data from the
afternoon flight and shows that, in the Canton area, concentrations are, for
the most part, between 80 and 110 ppb but with some readings as high as 130
ppb.
22
-------
Figure 10. Ozone concentrations (ppb) at points along afternoon flight path
on July 17, 1974.
By midafternoon on July 17, daytime heating had increased the mixing
depth to about 4000', as shown in Figure 11. As a result, the ozone concentra-
tion is fairly constant up to the base of the subsidence inversion and then
drops off rapjdly at higher altitudes. The type of ozone - temperature -
altitude relationship seen in Figure 11 is typical of those observed on most
afternoons.
23
-------
BOOO' .
7000
6000' -
5000'
4000' -
3000' -
2000' '
1000' -
GROUND
T i i i
10 12
/: \
~~~- ^
,
o
o
o
°y
" 7/17/74: PM '°
1 . I . 1 . 1 -
20 40 60 80
ppb 03
| |
H 16 16 20 22
TEMP CO
O
\
°\
\ "
\
1 . 1
100 120
tf
^
Figure 11. Ozone and temperature soundings recorded during afternoon flight
(^2:30 pm) July 17, 1974-
A different type of ozone-altitude behavior was observed on the morning
of the 18th. As illustrated in Figure 12, a nearly constant ozone concentration
existed up to the base of the inversion, then a large increase was recorded
within the stable layer. This ozone rich layer at <3000' could be followed
for a distance of 20 miles from Canton. An explanation for this stratification
seems to be that as the inversion reformed at a lower altitude during the
nighttime hours, it trapped above its base high ozone levels produced the day
before. Efficient mixing up to the base of the stable layer is indicated by
the fairly constant ozone levels measured throughout that lower region. This
probably means that a low level radiation inversion was absent for a good por-
tion of the nighttime hours. Support for this contention is gained from Fig-
ure 7, which shows an unusual ground level nighttime ozone build-up - undoubtedly
the result of mixing with ozone rich air aloft.
24
-------
GROUND
Figure 12. Ozone and temperature soundings recorded during morning flight
(^9:30 am) July 18, 1974.
The survey flight on the morning of the 18th (Figure 13) showed increased
ozone levels compared to the previous morning. Where the downwind concentra-
tions averaged 65 ppb on the 17th, they were up to 85 on the 18th.
Between the morning and afternoon flights on the 18th meteorological
conditions changed. The period of low ventilation ended with Canton now feel-
ing the effects of the trailing edge of the high and the approach of a frontal
trough. Winds were from the southwest at approximately 12 mph throughout the
afternoon and evening hours. With the increased air movement, a noticeable
decrease in afternoon ozone concentrations was observed. Figure 13 shows that
whereas the average morning downwind concentration was about 85 ppb, the cor-
responding afternoon data showed a drop of about 10 ppb. Also the afternoon
upwind measurements were higher than those on the downwind loop.
This influx of ozone into Canton is also reflected by the ground measured
ozone values during late afternoon and evening hours. Returning once again to
25
-------
ro
en
Figure 13. Ozone survey flights on July 18, 1974.
-------
Figure 7 it is seen that after sunset on the 18th, the ozone concentration
didn't drop off as usual. Values greater than 80 ppb were recorded past mid-
night.
As the wind shifted to the northwest on the morning of the 19th (signaling
the approach of a weak trough) ozone concentrations began to decrease. July
19th consisted of a transition day in which a broad trough was passing and the
old high pressure system was being displaced by a new one from the northwest.
Peak ozone concentrations both on the ground and aloft were lower than on the
18th. The cycle began anew on the 20th with northerly winds and ozone concen-
trations comparable to those measured on the first day (16th) of the previous
cycle.
This completes the description of ozone behavior in relation to these mid-
west weather patterns. Certainly some differences exist between the eir mass
just described and others during the July 1-25 period, however the general
pattern for all the observed anticyclones was similar to that outlined.
OZONE TRANSPORT MODEL
From the observations described in preceding paragraphs it appears possi-
ble to explain ozone behavior during the passage of a high in terms of a model
consisting of three distinct phases. During two of these stages, long range
transport serves as a source of the oxidant while ozone build-up in the other
is due to localized photochemical processes.
Northerly winds associated with the leading edge of the high pressure
system control ozone concentrations during the first phase. This is a period
of good atmospheric mixing in which ozone and/or ozone precursors may be
carried into the Canton area and blend with local emissions. Afternoon ozone
levels are lowest during this first stage of the cycle and may in part be due
to stratospheric or background sources.
Phase two is experienced when the high is centered over Ohio. A stagna-
tion period results during which high afternoon ozone concentrations develop.
This ozone production is due primarily to local photochemical mechanisms.
Phase three results as the area comes under the influence of the trailing
edge of the high. The associated southwest winds clear out locally generated
pollutants and bring in ozone and its precursors produced in source areas up-
wind. This period is characterized by long range transport of ozone produced
27
-------
as a result of anthropogenic emissions incorporated into the air mass. Figure
14 provides a graphical sketch of the important features of the model.
HIGH
PRESSURE SYSTEM
TRAILING EDGE I I LEADING EDGE
Advected Ozone \ / ^ected
Levels - ^80 ppb \^ k/ Levels -
SOURCE AREA
Figure 14. Ozone behavior within a high pressure air mass.
Support for this model comes from the data presented previously, plus its
intuitively reasonable features. The low ozone levels associated with the
leading edge of the high are not unexpected, since prior to reaching Canton the
air mass has spent very little time over highly populated areas. However, as
it passes over industrialized areas in the United States, ozone and precursors
necessary for ozone production are incorporated into the air mass. The fact
that ozone persists in the air mass and is transported as such is supported by
the high levels recorded during nighttime hours with strong southwesterly winds.
A good example of this phenomenon occurred on July 18 (see Fig. 7). The persis-
tant southwesterly flow began about 6 AM, signalling the end of the stagnation
period. Ozone levels increased throughout the day even though solar intensity
28
-------
was relatively low. As the sun set, a small decrease in ozone concentration
occurred but not nearly that seen during other stages of the cycle. Levels
above 80 ppb persisted past midnight and then began to drop off as the wind
shifted,indicating the approach of a new air mass.
HYDROCARBONS
Samples for light hydrocarbon analysis were collected at ground sites
within the city and by aircraft over Canton. Figure 15 shows a gas chromato-
gram typical of those obtained from ground collected bag samples. The named
compounds are ones for which concentrations will be provided. Identification
is based on retention times. The GC system exhibited excellent reproducibility
from run to run, and this, coupled with good resolution, proyided a high confi-
dence level for both identification and quantisation. Minor interferences are
possible in the Cr and Cg ranges, but for the lower molecular weight region all
components are clearly resolved. Oxygenated species do not interfere, since at
the temperatures employed they pass through the column very slowly. Even the
volatile compound acetone possesses a retention time considerably longer than
hexane.
Sampling in the close vicinity of three Canton area hydrocarbon sources
provided a profile of their light hydrocarbon emissions. Table 1 lists the
identity and concentration of light hydrocarbons associated with oil fields, a
refinery, and automobiles. The numbers provided in Table 1 need not be normal-
ized to see that the oil field sample is low in unsaturates and very rich in
ethane and propane. The refinery sample, which was collected near the border-
ing fence!ine, consists of predominantly C^ and Cg saturated hydrocarbons and
is low in ethylene and acetylene. The automotive sample resembles that of the
refinery except for the proportionately larger amounts of ethylene, acetylene
and propene. The contribution of these sources to the hydrocarbon burden in
Canton will be mentioned in succeeding paragraphs.
Ground sampling consisted of three-hour integrated samples collected
twice a day at three didfferent sites; downtown, Mai one College, and North
Canton. Data for the downtown and Mai one sites are provided in Tables 2 and
3. Light hydrocarbon levels at the third site (North Canton) were nearly iden-
tical to those reported for Malone College and thus are not included.
29
-------
§
O-
00
UJ =3 13
t CO CO
ZJ I I
CQ CVI CM
I I I
O
\XM
+J
C
o
OJ
INCREASING TIME AND TEMPERATURE
Figure 15. Chromatogram of sample collected at Malone College site on
July 8, 1974 (6:00-9:00 am).
-------
TABLE 1. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS (mg/m3) ASSOCIATED
WITH VARIOUS SOURCES IN THE CANTON AREA
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
neo-Pentane
1-Butene
i-Butene
T-2-Butene
Propyne
C-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Cyclopentane
1-Pentene
i-Hexane
3-Methylpentane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Oil Field
276
4.5
2.0
163
1.5
34.5
69.0
1.5
.5
*
*
30.0
26.0
1.0
.5
7.0
3.5
13.0
4.5
Refinery
25.0
6.0
3.0
61.0
4.0
427
656
63.0
40.0
74.0
59.0
564
248
19.5
88.0
93.0
35.5
78.0
30.0
Automobile^
32.5
51.0
52.0
29.5
27.5
120
288
10.5
13.5
28.0
16.5
423
117
15.5
13.0
122
58.0
90.0
14.5
* = Less than .5 yg/m3.
f Enclosed parking lot sample.
31
-------
TABLE 2. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS (yg/m3) IN CANTON, OHIO; DOWNTOWN SITE
OJ
r\>
I. 6:00-9:00 AM
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
1-Butene
i-Butene
T-2-Butene
C-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Cyclopentane
1-Pentene
i-Hexane
3-Methylpentane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH,, (ppm)
NOV (ppb)
7/2
42.0
10.0
7.0
27.0
4.5
15.0
33.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
*
27.0
13.0
2.0
1.0
9.0
5.5
6.5
1.0
209
.7
1.9
2.3
73
7/3
20.5
12.0
8.5
14.5
5.5
12.0
25.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.0
27.5
10.5
1.5
1.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
1.5
167
.4
1.9
1.9
59
7/4
16.0
5.5
2.0
12.0
1.5
7.5
16.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
.5
19.0
7.0
1.0
*
6.0
4.0
3.5
*
105
.5
1.3
1.9
31
7/5
27.0
17.0
10.5
20.5
7.0
18.5
43.5
8.0
8.0
7.5
4.5
51.0
21.5
3.5
1.0
17.0
13.0
8.5
288
.7
2.4
2.0
77
7/8
125
41.0
46.5
90.5
19.0
79.0
159
8.0
8.5
11.0
6.0
155
60.5
6.0
3.0
43.0
32.0
27.0
7.5
928
2.5
6.2
3.6
185
7/9
47.0
20.0
15.0
31.0
10.0
37.0
72.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
3.0
84.0
31.5
4.0
2.0
24.0
17.5
12.5
4.0
429
1.2
3.2
2.3
89
7/10
25.0
22.5
18.0
20.0
8.5
25.5
60.5
6.0
6.0
7.0
4.5
77.0
28.0
4.0
2.0
16.5
10.5
15.0
3.0
360
.4
1.5
1.9
64
7/11
9.0
8.0
5.5
5.5
3.0
4.5
9.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
11.0
5.0
1.0
*
2.5
2.0
3.0
*
75.0
.4
1.6
1.7
31
7/12
23.0
14.0
12.5
16.0
5.5
9.5
23.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
24.0
10.5
1.5
1.0
5.5
4.5
6.0
1.5
166
.6
2.8
1.9
77
7/15
29.0
26.0
23.5
17.5
10.5
19.5
45.5
5.0
6.5
9.0
4.5
59.5
23.0
4.0
.5
17.0
9.0
13.0
3.5
326
1.2
4.0
2.0
135
7/16
18.5
23.0
23.5
8.5
9.5
14.5
36.0
3.0
4.5
14.5
3.0
49.5
17.0
3.0
18.5
1 4.0
17.0
4.0
282
1.1
3.8
2.0
135
7/17
57.0
22.0
19.5
38.5
9.0
30.0
66.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
3.0
63.5
25.5
3.0
*
15.5
8.5
12.5
3.5
393
1.2
3.3
2.4
140
7/18
47.0
17.0
14.0
27.5
8.5
22.5
49.0
3.5
5.5
5.5
4.0
55.5
23.5
2.0
1.0
11.5
8.5
13.5
2.5
322
1.1
3.2
2.4
97
7/19
11.5
17.0
13.5
10.0
6.0
21.5
44.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
2.0
51.5
17.0
1.0
1.0
18.5
14.5
14.5
251
1.8
3.3
1.8
71
AVE
35.5
18.0
15.5
24.0
7.5
22.5
49.0
4.0
4.0
5.5
2.5
54.0
21.0
2.5
1.0
15.0
10.5
11.0
2.5
308
1.0
2.9
2.2
90
-------
TABLE 2. Continued
GO
co
II. 1:00-4:00 PM
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetyl ene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
1-Butene
i-Butene
T-2-Butene
C-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Cyclopentane
1-Pentene
i-Hexane
3-Methylpentane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH4 (ppm)
N0v (ppb)
7/1
8.0
8.0
5.5
6.5
4.0
16.0
34.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
35.5
12.0
1.5
1.0
10.0
7.0
6.0
1.5
163
.7
1.8
1.6
27
7/3
14.0
15.5
12.0
12.0
6.0
19.0
41.5
4.5
6.0
3.5
2.0
42.5
16.5
1.0
1.0
7.5
5.5
8.0
1.5
220
.7
2.4
1.8
38
7/4
11.0
5.0
2.0
8.0
1.0
5.5
11.5
1.0
1.0
*
*
12.0
5.0
.5
*
3.5
2.0
1.5
70.5
.1
1.0
1.8
23
7/5
13.0
17.0
15.0
9.5
6.5
20.0
46.0
3.5
3.5
3.0
1.5
55.0
18.0
2.5
1.5
15.5
9.5
8.5
2.0
251
.8
3.6
1.8
68
7/8
11.0
13.5
12.0
8.5
4.5
43.0
88.5
4.5
4.0
1.5
1.0
100
27.0
3.5
2.5
32.0
22.0
56.0
4.0
439
1.3
3.0
1.7
38
7/9
12.5
14.5
11.5
12.0
6.0
29.0
62.5
4.0
2.5
1.5
.5
68.0
22.5
2.0
1.5
21.0
14.0
18.5
304
.9
2.7
1.7
48
7/10
13.5
15.5
13.5
10.5
4.5
22.0
49.0
3.0
2.5
1.5
.5
55.5
18.5
17.5
12.0
16.5
1.5
258
.9
2.8
1.8
59
7/11
7.5
8.5
7.0
4.5
3.0
8.0
19.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
21.0
8.0
1.5
.5
5.0
3.0
6.0
*
109
.5
2.0
1.6
30
7/12
9.0
12.0
9.5
6.5
4.5
16.5
40.0
3.0
1.5
3.5
1.5
41.5
13.5
2.0
*
6.5
4.5
6.0
1.0
183
.7
2.3
1.6
35
7/15
9.5
15.0
12.5
5.5
5.0
14.5
36.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
.5
40.5
14.0
2.5
1.0
12.5
8.5
8.0
1.5
193
.7
3.0
1.7
48
7/16
7.0
6.0
10.0
3.5
3.0
11 .5
29.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
*
34.5
11.5
1.5
1.5
9.0
7.0
6.5
145
.6
2.4
1.7
39
7/17
15.0
7.0
5.0
10.0
2.5
16.0
35.0
.5
.5
1.0
.5
37.0
12.0
.5
*
4.5
2.0
3.0
*
152
.6
1.7
1.7
28
7/18
12.5
8.0
5.5
6.0
2.5
13.5
28.5
1.0
1.0
.5
*
36.0
11.5
1.5
1.0
12.0
8.0
14.0
163
.7
1.8
1.7
30
7/19
8.5
10.0
12.5
4.5
5.0
15.0
36.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
1.5
45.0
15.0
2.0
.5
15.0
11.0
11.5
200
.8
3.3
1.7
55
AVE
11.0
11.0
9.5
7.5
4.0
18.0
40.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.0
44.5
14.5
1.5
1.0
12.5
8.5
12.0
1.5
205
.7
2.4
1.7
40
-------
TABLE 3. LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS (yg/m3) IN CANTON, OHIO; MALONE COLLEGE SITE
CO
I. 6:00-9:00 AM
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
1-Butene
i-Butene
T-2-Butene
C-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Cyclopentane
1-Pentene
i-Hexane
3-Methylpentane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CHt, (ppm)
NOV (ppb)
7/1
45
16
31
9
32
71
6
6
6
4
73
34
3
2
18
15
14
3
388 1
1.1
2.9
2.3
123
7/2 7/3
31 19
6
6 3
20 18
4 5
15 16
30 38
3 2
2 2
2 2
1 *
25 36
13 21
1 3
1
7 8
6 4
3 7
1 1
70 192 1
.6 .4
1.6 1.3
2.0 1.9
64 40
7/4 7/5
18 19
5 7
1 5
18 12
3 3
15 5
34 12
3 1
2 2
1 1
1
29 12
19 6
1
1
7 3
5 2
3 4
1
67 94
.6 .2
1.2 1.2
1.8 1.9
53
7/6 7/7
16 38
6 14
2 8
8 20
1 5
3 8
7 20
* 1
* 4
* 2
* 1
6 21
3 11
* 1
* *
2 8
1 4
3 5
1 1
59 172
.3 .6
1.0 2.0
1.8 2.2
30 89
7/8 7/9
71 43
19 14
16 10
43 28
8 6
24 17
57 39
1 3
6 3
4 3
2 1
52 46
26 26
2 2
1 1
18 14
11 10
12 7
2 3
375 276
1.1 .8
3.2 3.2
2.7 2.2
120 74
7/10
19
8
5
10
2
5
12
1
1
*
11
5
1
*
3
3
3
*
89
1.3
3.4
1.9
94
7/11
7
4
2
4
1
2
5
*
1
1
*
6
2
*
*
1
1
3
*
40
.3
1.1
1.6
33
7/12
17
10
7
8
3
4
10
1
1
2
*
11
5
*
*
5
2
3
89
.4
2.3
1.9
96
7/13
72
10
8
2
17
37
1
1
1
30
15
8
7
8
217
.8
1,9
2.6
60
7/14
19
6
3
11
1
12
24
*
*
21
11
*
6
5
6
*
125
.4
1.2
1.7
24
7/15
18
10
6
11
4
6
14
1
2
2
14
7
1
*
5
3
8
1
113
.7
1.6
1.8
72
7/16
15
8
5
7
3
5
12
1
1
13
6
1
*
5
3
10
1
96
.4
1.4
1.9
72
7/17
27
18
14
18
6
10
24
1
2
3
1
23
12
1
9
6
5
1
181
.6
2.5
2.7
123
7/18
34
10
7
18
4
8
18
1
2
2
1
18
9
1
3
4
140
7/19
12
6
3
7
1
5
10
*
*
11
4
3
4
2
*
68
1.3
1.8
41
7/20
8
3
1
5
1
1
4
1
*
*
3
1
*
*
*
1
*
29
.4
.9
1.7
27
-------
TABLE 3. Continued
OJ
en
I. 1:00-4:00 PM
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
1-Butene
i-Butene
T-2-Butene
C-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Cyclopentane
1-Pentane
i-Hexane
3-Methylpentane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
Total vg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CHit (ppm)
N0v (ppb)
7/1
6
11
1
3
2
5
*
*
*
4
1
*
*
1
1
1
*
36
.3
.9
1.6
16
7/2
14
4
2
9
2
4
9
2
1
*
*
7
4
*
2
1
1
62
.3
1.1
1.8
24
7/3
9
4
2
8
1
3
9
1
1
*
*
6
3
*
*
1
1
1
*
50
.1
1.0
1.7
20
7/4
10
3
1
8
1
4
10
1
1
*
*
8
5
*
3
1
1
57
.1
.9
1.8
23
7/5
7
7
4
4
1
4
9
*
*
10
4
*
3
2
2
*
57
.1
1.4
1.7
24
7/6
7
3
1
3
1
1
3
*
*
*
3
1
*
*
1
*
*
24
.2
1.0
1.6
16
7/7
14
7
2
8
2
5
12
1
1
*
*
12
5
2
*
3
2
2
*
78
.4
1.3
1.7
33
7/8
10
3
2
5
1
3
6
2
*
*
5
2
*
*
1
1
*
41
.3
1.0
1.6
25
7/9
7
5
1
4
1
2
5
*
*
*
4
2
*
*
*
31
.2
1.0
1.6
30
7/10
7
3
1
6
1
7
10
*
*
*
*
9
4
*
*
2
1
2
*
53
.4
1.2
1.7
42
7/11
5
4
2
2
1
1
2
*
*
*
*
2
1
*
*
1
*
21
.2
.9
1.6
21
7/12
4
2
1
3
2
3
*
*
*
*
3
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
20
.2
.9
1.5
14
7/13
7
3
2
5
*
2
6
*
*
*
*
4
2
*
*
1
1
*
*
33
.2
1.0
1.6
20
7/14
6
3
1
5
5
6
*
*
*
*
4
2
*
*
*
*
*
*
32
.2
1.0
1.6
22
7/15
8
4
2
4
1
2
6
1
1
*
*
5
3
*
*
1
*
1
*
39
.2
1.4
1.6
20
7/16
5
3
1
2
1
3
*
*
*
*
3
1
*
*
*
1
*
20
.1
.9
1.6
20
7/17
15
3
1
7
4
8
*
*
*
7
3
*
*
3
1
1
*
53
7/18
9
3
1
5
3
7
*
*
*
*
6
3
*
*
2
2
1
*
42
.3
1.0
1.7
19
7/19
7
3
1
4
2
4
8
1
2
*
7
3
1
1
1
1
*
46
.2
1.2
1.6
25
-------
Notable features in Table 2 and 3 include the following:
1) Light hydrocarbon levels are highest in the downtown area.
6:00 - 9:00 AM totals are two to three times higher at the
downtown site than at the Mai one College site. The difference
is even larger during the afternoon hours (1-4 PM) with approxi-
mately a five times higher light hydrocarbon burden recorded in
the downtown area.
2) Afternoon hydrocarbon totals at Mai one College (Table 3) are
considerably lower than those recorded in the morning. On
July 1 and 8 there is nearly a 10-fold difference with the
average being about a factor of four. However, this was not the
case downtown as can be seen in Table 2. On some days such as
July 3 and 11, the afternoon total was actually higher. The
average difference in hydrocarbon levels between morning and
afternoon at the downtown site was only 1.5.
3) Unusually high levels of ethane were recorded on several
mornings. This is especially evident on the mornings of
July 8, 13 and 18 at the Malone College site. Oil fields
in the Canton vicinity are the most likely source of this
excess ethane.
4) The composition of many samples collected at the downtown
site resemble very closely the automobile sample listed in
Table 1. A good example is the ambient air sample collected
at the downtown site on the afternoon of July 8. As shown in
Table 4, the ratios of various hydrocarbons to butane in that
afternoon sample are nearly identical with those in the
automobile sample.
36
-------
TABLE 4. LIGHT HYDROCARBON/n-BUTANE RATIOS IN AUTO EXHAUST AND DOWNTOWN
SAMPLES., CANTON, OHIO, JULY, 1974.
C2H6
Auto Emission .11
(from Table 1)
Downtown Sample .12
1-4 PM 7/8/74
(from Table 2)
C2H4
.18
.15
C2H2
.18
.14
C3H8
.10
.10
n-C4H1Q i-C5H12
1.0 1.4
1.0 1.1
n-C5H12
.40
.30
These data suggest that hydrocarbons measured at the downtown site result pri-
marily from auto emissions, while at the Malone College site hydrocarbons from
sources other than the automobile are recognizable.
It is interesting to examine hydrocarbon behavior in relation to meteoro-
logical changes. It can be clearly seen in Table 3 that light hydrocarbon
concentrations are lowest on July 6, 11, 16 and 20. On all of these days,
Canton was experiencing northerly winds and from an examination of the synoptic
weather maps was on the leading edge of an advancing high pressure system. It
should be recalled that these were also the days of lowest ozone build-up.
Table 5, which includes both ground and aircraft collected data, further
illustrates the tie between meteorology and hydrocarbon concentration. This
table shows afternoon hydrocarbon levels recorded on the ground and aloft over
the Malone College site. As expected, hydrocarbon levels were highest during
the period of low ventilation, July 17, when locally emitted pollutants were
not readily dispersed. During the other two days shown in Table 5 (July 16 and
18), concentrations were lower. However, comparing July 16 and 18 brings out
the fact that there was about a two-fold difference in hydrocarbon concentra-
tion between the leading and trailing edge of the high pressure system. This
is about the same behavior that was observed with ozone. Afternoon wind speeds
(12 mph) and mixing depths on July 16 and 18 were about the same, so the dif-
ference in hydrocarbon levels can't be ascribed to dilution factors. Rather,
it appears that the difference is best explained in a manner similar to that
for ozone; namely, air advected into the Canton vicinity from the southwest
has spent more time over industrialized areas, and consequently, it contains
a larger pollutant burden.
37
-------
TABLE 5
AFTERNOON LIGHT HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS AT GROUND LEVEL
AND ALOFT UNDER VARIOUS METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
CO
CO
July 16
Leading Edge of High
with Northerly Winds
(mixing depth ^4000')
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Ground
7.0
3.5
1.0
3.5
1.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
1.5
25.0
4000'
5.0
4.0
*
2.5
.5
.5
1.0
1.0
*
14.5
July 17
Stagnation Period with
Light and Variable Winds
(mixing depth ^4500')
Ground
15.
3.
1.
7.
4.
8.
7.
3.
52.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
5
0
3300'
17.5
4.5
1.5
11.0
2.0
8.0
14.5
11.0
6.0
76.0
4300'
8.0
4.0
2.0
10.5
1.0
5.5
11.0
9.0
4.5
55.5
Ground
9.5
3.0
1.5
5.5
.5
3.5
7.0
6.5
3.0
40.0
July 18
Trailing Edge of High
with Southwest Winds
(mixing depth ^3500' )
1000'
8.0
4.5
1.5
6.0
3.0
4.0
7.0
6.5
2.5
43.0
2300'
10.5
3.5
1.5
7.0
1.5
3.5
8.0
7.5
3.0
46.0
4000'
7.0
2.5
*
4.0
1.0
3.0
6.0
3.0
2.0
28.5
6000'
5.5
3.0
*
4.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
2.5
1.5
24.5
* = Less than .5 yq/m3.
-------
Table 5 illustrates an additional feature of the hydrocarbon data; this
being that the subsidence inversion appears to serve as the upper dispersion
limit for hydrocarbon emissions. It can be seen that a significant difference
in light hydrocarbon levels exists above and below the inversion on July 18.
If advection of a contaminated air mass is a valid explanation for the
changes in the hydrocarbon levels in this sequence of days, in addition to
the higher hydrocarbon content, hydrocarbon ratios in the air samples collected
on July 17 and 18 should reflect the "aging" of the air mass. This means that
the relative amount of reactive hydrocarbons should be lower in the air that
has been exposed to sunlight and oxides of nitrogen for the greatest length of
time. Normally; the ratio of ethylene and/or propylene to acetylene is used
to assess the "photochemical age" of a polluted air mass. We don't feel secure
in using acetylene and propylene because in most aircraft-collected samples, they
are present at levels approaching the lower detection limit (.5 yg/m3) of the
analytical method. However, it is also reasonable to select ethane as the
unreactive species and to ratio it with ethylene. Ethylene/ethane ratios are
shown in Table 6, and the trend from July 16 to 17 to 18 does support a con-
clusion of air mass aging. Less ethylene relative to ethane was present in
the air samples collected during the stagnation period (July 17 and 18). The
data shown in Table 6 are from aircraft samples collected during the morning
hours before extensive mixing has begun and thus the sampled air was isolated
from most ground level sources of these two hydrocarbons. Although the use
of this ratio or any other as evidence of air mass aging can be questioned, it
appears to provide the most reliable measure available using data we collected.
TABLE 6. ETHYLENE TO ETHANE RATIOS IN AIRCRAFT SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE
MORNING HOURS OF JULY 16-19
Ethylene (yg/m )
2
Ethane (yg/m )
Ethylene/ Ethane
July 16
4.0
5.5
.72
July 17
3.0
6.5
.46
July 18
2.0
6.0
.33
July 19
7.0
6.0
1.2
39
-------
Little has been said to this point about absolute hydrocarbon levels.
Since we measured only the light hydrocarbons, a comparison to the Federal
Standard, which includes all non-methane hydrocarbons, is not very meaningful.
However, it is obvious from Table 2 that the Canton downtown area exceeds the
160 yg/m ambient air standard most of the time. The light hydrocarbons alone
3
averaged over 300 yg/m in the 6:00 - 9:00 AM samples.
At the other extreme, it appears from the aircraft and cleanest ground
3
data that a total light hydrocarbon burden of 15 to 25 yg/m represents the
so-called "background" level for this test period.
Much additional hydrocarbon information is contained in the Appendix sec-
t
tion of this report. Methane and non-methane total hydrocarbon data-from the
Beckman 6800 is provided there in the form of hourly averages. Since both of
these measurements showed the normal diurnal pattern they need no special
mention. Also contained in the Appendix is a complete record of all aircraft
bag analyses plus a map showing the collection location.
CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide was monitored continuously at the Malone College site.
The usual urban diurnal pattern was observed with maximum CO levels recorded
during the morning peak traffic period (7:00-8:00 AM). Maximum concentrations
never exceeded 10 ppm with the normal high being 4-5 ppm. During afternoon
hours a constant level of about 1 ppm was generally registered.
Carbon monoxide levels were somewhat higher downtown than at Malone. A
comparison of CO concentrations in bags collected simultaneously at the down-
town site (Table 2) and Malone College (Table 3) shows close agreement on many
mornings but generally about a two-fold higher concentration in the downtown
area during afternoon hours. Thus peak levels in the downtown area probably
seldom exceed 10 ppm and therefore are well below the Federal Air Quality
Standard.
The continuous CO record is summarized in the Appendix in the form of
hourly averages.
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
NO data was gathered continuously at the Malone College site. The usual
^\
type of diurnal pattern was observed with NO and N02 being highest during
40
-------
nighttime hours and during the morning peak traffic time. Hourly averages for
NOX never exceeded 200 ppb and normally varied between 100 and 150 ppb during
the high periods. Afternoon concentrations were generally less than 50 ppb.
A complete summary of the continuous NO and N02 data is contained in the
Appendix.
NOX measurements from bag samples collected at the downtown site exhibited
similar behavior to that described above. Table 3 shows that over the three
week sampling period, morning NOV levels averaged 90 ppb and the afternoon
X
average was 40 ppb.
NO levels in aircraft-collected bags were lower, generally falling in the
j\
range of 15 to 25 ppb. There was no recognizable diurnal change in the samples
collected aloft and concentrations throughout this range were recorded in both
mornings and afternoons.
Oxides of nitrogen measurements are of interest because of the integral
part NO and N02 play in atmospheric photochemical processes. Therefore, the
relationship between these species and hydrocarbons and ozone should be men-
tioned. From the downtown Canton data presented in Table 2 it can be seen
that during the 6-9 AM sampling period, an average hydrocarbon to NO ratio of
/\
about 10 prevailed. This is in the range commonly encountered in other U.S.
cities, and thus the potential for photochemical oxidant production certainly
exists in the Canton urban air mass.
Nitric oxide, in addition to being a necessary ingredient for oxidant
production, can also serve as a sink for ozone. This latter quality is the
major reason why low ozone levels are registered in urban areas during night-
time hours. On many nights near-zero ozone levels were recorded at the Malone
College site, indicating the presence of excessive amounts of nitric oxide. Of
interest also is data collected on certain flights which seem to indicate that,
at times, the urban plume downwind of the city is depleted in ozone. The
evening flight on July 25 showed ozone levels of about 80 ppb in the air upwind
of Canton while the levels downwind were in the 50-60 ppb range (see pg A-125
for flight map and other details).
The afternoon flight on July 5 provided another example of an urban plume
that was presumably rich in nitric oxide and definitely deficient in ozone.
Figure 16 shows a portion of the continuous ozone record obtained as our air-
craft flew about 10 miles downwind of Wheeling, W. Va. The city of Wheeling
lies in a U-shape with a ridge of hills filling the middle. The two distinct
41
-------
valleys in the ozone profile correspond to plumes emanating from the separated
sections of Wheeling. These ozone dips were especially noticeable because of
large distances on either side of Wheeling the levels had remained very con-
stant. A bag sample (see bag A-6 on pg A-27) was collected as the aircraft
passed through the plume at 4:39 PM. The NO level measured in this baq
A
was 38 ppb and thus definitely above the 15-25 ppb range normally seen.
SOUTHBOUND
8 Ml S.E. of winding
NORTHBOUND
II Ml. S.E. of WhMlino.
Figure 16. Ozone recordings downwind of Wheeling, WV.
42
-------
SECTION 5
REFERENCES
1. Decker, D. C., Boch, W. D., Eaton, W. C., Hamilton, H. L., King, W. J.,
Ripperton, L. A., Tommerdahl, J. B., Vukovitch, F. M., White, J. H., and
Worth, J. J. B. Investigation of Rural Oxidant Levels as Related to
Urban Hydrocarbon Control Strategies. EPA-450/3-75-036, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1975.
2. Johnston, D. R., Decker, C. E., Eaton, W. C., Hamilton, H. L., Jr., White,
J. H., and Whitehorne, D. H. Investigation of Ozone and Ozone Precursor
Concentrations at Non-Urban Locations in the Eastern U.S. EPA-450/3-74-034,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1974.
3. Lovelace, D., Kapsalis, T., Bourke, R., and Cook, P. Indianapolis, 1974,
Summer Ozone Study, Report from Indianapolis Center for Advanced Research,
Inc., Indianapolis, IN, 1975.
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6. F. The Transport of Oxidant Beyond Urban Areas. EPA-600/3-76-018, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1976.
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N. V., Husar, J. D., and Wilson, W. E., Jr. Formation and Transport of
Secondary Air Pollutants: Ozone and Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban
Plume. Science, 194: 187-189, 1976.
6. Spicer, C. W. Formation and Transport of Ozone in the Troposphere. In:
Proceedings of Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with the Total Environment,
APCA Publication, Pittsburgh, PA, 1976. pp.207.
7. Westberg, H., Allwine, K., and Elias, D. Vertical Ozone Distribution Above
Several Urban and Adjacent Rural Areas Across the United States. In:
Proceedings of Ozone/Oxidants Interactions with the Total Environment,
APCA Publication, Pittsburgh, PA, 1976. pp. 84.
8. Westberg, H., Robinson, E., and Zimmerman, P. Ozone and Light Hydrocarbon
Measurements in Phoenix, AR. In: Paper 74-75 Presented at 67th Annual
Meeting Air Pollution Control Association, Denver, CO, 1974.
9. Blumenthal, D. and White, W. In: Paper 75-07.4 Presented at 68th Annual
Meeting Air Pollution Control Association, Boston, 1975.
43
-------
REFERENCES (cont.)
10. Calvert, J. G. Test of the Theory of Ozone Generation in Los Angeles
Atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology, 10 (3): 248-256, 1976.
11. Coffey, P. E. and Stasiuk, W. N. Evidence of Atmospheric Transport of
Ozone into Urban Areas. Environmental Science and Technology, 9 (1):
59-62, 1975.
12. Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B., McRae, J. G., and Warner, J. L. Photo-
chemical Air Pollution: Transport from the New York City Area into
Connecticut and Massachusetts. Science, 191: 179-181, 1976.
13. Rubino, R. A., Bruckman, L., and Magyar, J. Ozone Transport. J. Air
Pollution Control Association, 26 (10): 972-975, 1976.
14. Diple, G. W., Fitzsimmons, C. K., van Ee, J. J., and Zeller, K. F.
Air Quality Data for the Northeast Oxidant Transport Study, 1975.
EPA-600/3-76-018, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, 1976.
15. Westberg, H., Robinson, E., Elias, D., and Allwine, K. Studies of
Oxidant Transport Beyond Urban Areas: New England Sea Breeze - 1975.
EPA-600/3-77-055, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, 1977.
16. Bufalini, J. J. and Lonneman, W. A. (eds.). Proceedings of Symposium
on 1975 Northeast Oxidant Transport Study. EPA-600/3-77-017, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1977.
17. Study of the Formation and Transport of Ambient Oxidants in the Western
Gulf Coast and Northcentral and Northeast Regions of the United States.
In: Draft Report, Submitted by Research Triangle Institute to EPA,
April, 1976.
18. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Atlanta, GA. EPA 1973 South
Florida Ozone Study Ambient Air Quality Monitoring. 1974.
19. Westberg, H. H., Rasmussen, R. A., and Holdren, M. Gas Chromatographic
Analysis of Ambient Air for Light Hydrocarbons Using a Chemically Bonded
Stationary Phase. Anal. Chem., 46: 1852, 1974.
44
-------
APPENDIX A
Ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, non-methane total hydrocarbon,
carbon monoxide and methane concentrations are listed in this section.
Meteorological parameters including wind speed, wind direction, temperature,
dew point, relative humidity and solar radiation are also tabulated. The
data are compiled on a daily basis and recorded as hourly averages. Time
is Eastern Daylight Time.
45
-------
TABLE A-l
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 1, 1974
Time 03
hr ppb
0100 22
0200 2
0300 27
0400 3
0500 7
0600 7
0700 3
0800 17
0900 42
1 000 35
1 1 00 46
1200 63
1300
1400
1 500 68
1600 66
1700 65
1800 60
1900 61
2000 50
2100 16
2200 2
2300 3
2400 7
NO
ppb
10
38
10
16
14
16
69
109
15
11
7
4
--
--
6
7
6
6
7
10
8
37
48
13
GAS
N02
ppb
60
82
42
82
60
58
66
100
60
21
18
17
--
15
20
16
22
16
34
87
105
100
85
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.4 1.4 1.8 0 4 343 19 14 75
.5 1.9 2.0 0 4 283 17 14 80
.2 1.1 1.9 0 2 276 17 14 82
.8 1.6 2.3 0 4 250 16 13 83
.5 1.3 2.2 0 4 241 16 13 83
.4 1.3 2.1 0 3 239 16 13 84
.8 2.7 2.3 62 3 243 15 13 85
1.6 319 2.4 309 4 238 17 14 81
.6 1.6 1.9 584 5 222 21 14 64
.1 .9 1.7 882 11 243 23 11 49
.1 .9 1.7 1119 11 236 24 11 45
.1 .8 1.6 1315 11 245 25 11 40
.1 .8 1.6 1439 16 261 26 10 36
-- 1476 14 257 27 9 32
.1 .9 1.6 1443 16 268 28 9 31
.1 .8 1.6 1066 15 246 29 10 32
.1 .9 1.6 993 11 254 29 11 32
.1 .9 1.6 578 10 288 28 11 33
.1 .9 1.6 626 10 276 29 10 31
.1 1.0 1.6 279 8 293 28 10 33
.7 2.5 1.7 88 7 254 27 11 37
.9 3.2 1.9 0 1 243 23 11 47
1.6 3.7 2.1 0 1 218 22 12 54
01 220 21 12 58
46
-------
TABLE A-2
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 2, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
35
42
35
33
41
18
25
22
56
68
82
85
87
89
86
86
85
90
85
83
62
43
47
57
NO
ppb
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
34
16
16
16
15
14
14
14
14
11
10
10
9
5
14
17
19
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
42 01 222 20 12 58
37 - 01 235 20 12 58
40 04 237 20 12 59
43 02 234 19 12 61
28 - 04 233 19 11 61
50 .5 1.2 2.1 0 2 223 18 11 63
57 .5 1.5 2.0 94 3 215 18 11 64
74 .6 2.0 2.0 278 4 203 20 12 58
44 .5 1.6 1.8 528 8 219 23 14 54
29 .4 1.0 1.8 826 13 230 25 16 57
19 .1 .9 1.8 1033 12 242 27 18 58
19 .2 1.0 1.8 885 13 245 28 19 56
18 .1 1.0 1.8 1023 11 243 29 19 54
19 .1 1.0 1.8 831 11 243 30 19 53
19 .1 1.0 1.8 718 12 239 30 19 53
24 .1 1.1 1.7 760 10 241 30 20 52
26 .2 1.2 1.7 594 11 238 30 20 55
24 .2 1.1 1.7 601 12 219 30 19 52
26 .3 1.1 1.7 492 14 225 30 19 50
29 .3 1.1 1.7 321 12 222 30 19 52
16 .2 1.2 1.8 89 14 230 28 18 56
40 .5 1.5 1.8 5 15 232 27 18 59
30 .1 .9 1.8 0 12 237 26 18 61
20 .1 .9 1.8 0 13 236 25 17 62
47
-------
TABLE A-3
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 3, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
55
51
45
39
40
18
30
38
49
63
75
83
83
84
87
89
91
108
111
99
69
60
44
44
GAS DATA MET. DATA
NO N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
20 17 .1 .8 1.8 0 12 243 25 18 64
20 16 .1 .8 1.8 0 10 237 24 17 65
20 15 .2 .9 1.8 0 14 239 24 17 67
18 19 .2 .9 1.8 0 11 240 23 17 70
17 15 .1 .8 1.9 0 11 238 23 17 71
18 23 .4 1.0 1.9 0 7 239 22 17 74
19 41 .6 1.4 1.9 44 7 238 22 17 74
20 31 .3 1.3 1.8 258 10 235 23 17 70
19 25 .2 1.0 1.8 536 9 239 25 18 64
18 18 .1 .9 1.7 823 13 243 27 18 59
14 20 .1 .9 1.7 1064 9 262 29 19 55
15 17 .1 .9 1.7 1258 11 262 30 19 52
18 15 .1 .8 1.7 1392 11 251 31 20 51
16 16 .1 .9 1.7 1178 12 240 32 20 48
14 15 .1 .9 1.7 1366 11 249 33 20 47
14 18 -- -- 794 11 243 33 20 46
12 20 -- -- 1024 12 252 33 19 44
9 18 -- -- 775 13 240 33 19 44
9 23 - 483 11 237 32 19 46
8 22 -- -- 263 10 244 31 19 49
8 41 .4 1.4 1.7 86 9 236 29 19 53
9 36 .2 -- 1.8 07 224 28 19 57
15 28 .2 -- 1.8 0 9 226 27 18 61
20 29 .41.8 09 225 25 19 66
-------
TABLE A-4
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 4, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
42
42
47
45
37
17
35
42
53
63
74
75
78
89
86
86
86
79
69
65
31
26
27
26
NO
ppb
20
17
17
16
15
15
16
19
21
20
18
13
11
10
9
10
10
7
10
12
11
14
16
20
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
27 .31.8 06 237 25 18 65
25 .2 1.8 0 7 232 24 17 66
20 .21.8 09 227 24 18 69
17 .4 1.8 0 8 229 23 18 70
22 .51.8 08 227 23 17 71
25 .61.8 07 236 22 17 72
25 .4 1.9 41 5 218 22 17 73
23 .3 1.3 1.8 239 5 212 24 18 69
17 .3 1.2 1.8 518 8 218 26 18 64
17 .3 1.2 1.8 800 10 233 27 18 57
13 .1 1.0 1.8 1053 9 221 29 18 54
14 1266 13 241 30 19 51
13 .2 .9 1.7 1363 9 219 32 20 48
15 .1 .8 1.7 1367 16 223 33 19 44
11 .1 .8 1.7 1407 15 219 33 18 42
13 .1 .7 1.8 1214 15 230 32 17 41
15 0 1.0 1.8 1066 13 228 32 17 39
16 0 .9 1.8 735 14 236 32 17 41
20 .1 1.0 1.8 453 14 224 31 17 43
19 0 .9 1.8 103 11 238 39 17 47
43 .3 1.4 1.9 28 9 270 23 15 61
40 .1 1.3 1.9 0 4 216 21 16 72
36 .2 1.4 2.0 0 6 230 21 16 73
32 .2 1.2 1.9 0 4 219 20 16 74
49
-------
TABLE A-5
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 5, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
27
25
24
22
21
17
7
11
18
17
17
17
37
66
70
83
77
81
70
75
31
24
22
12
NO
ppb
21
24
24
24
20
21
30
33
27
28
29
31
29
22
20
17
15
12
20
10
16
15
13
20
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
26 .3 1.0 1.9 0 3 233 20 16 74
19 .1 1.0 2.0 0 5 210 20 16 74
14 .1 .9 1.9 0 6 224 20 16 74
15 .1 .8 1.9 0 6 235 20 16 75
15 .1 .8 1.9 0 5 252 20 16 74
21 .2 .9 1.9 0 4 230 20 15 74
35 .1 1.2 1.9 14 4 240 20 16 76
30 .2 1.2 1.9 107 4 250 20 16 75
30 .1 1.2 1.8 191 5 233 22 16 70
24 .1 1.0 1.8 164 4 273 22 16 69
32 .1 1.2 1.8 330 4 275 23 17 68
43 .1 1.4 1.8 286 5 298 23 17 66
31 .1 1.5 1.8 381 10 318 23 16 65
31 .1 1.3 1.8 450 10 332 23 16 64
38 .1 1.3 1.8 747 11 332 24 16 60
25 .1 1.2 1.7 738 11 342 24 16 61
27 .1 1.1 1.7 783 11 330 25 16 58
24 .1 1.0 1.7 811 9 335 25 16 57
24 .2 1.2 1.7 580 13 333 25 15 56
45 .2 1.4 1.7 269 12 343 24 14 56
76 .3 1.8 1.8 107 9 002 21 13 57
65 .2 1.3 1.8 0 8 000 19 11 60
44 .2 1.2 1.7 0 8 023 17 10 64
46 .2 1.2 1.8 0 6 032 16 10 69
50
-------
TABLE
A- 6
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON,
July 6,
OHIO
1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
18
5
3
19
20
16
16
25
34
44
48
59
67
69
74
81
89
100
99
94
23
13
9
2
NO
ppb
11
16
13
8
7
9
15
14
14
13
13
9
9
7
6
7
7
6
7
6
8
25
37
48
GAS
N02
ppb
35
44
41
26
29
32
30
24
13
14
18
13
11
9
7
12
11
11
18
37
91
109
96
96
DATA
NMTHC CO
ppm ppm
.2 1.1
.2 1.1
.2 1.1
.2 .9
.2 .9
.2 1.0
.2 1.1
.3 1.2
.2 .9
.2 .9
.2 1.0
__ __
.4 .9
.2 .8
.2 .8
.2 .8
.2 .8
.3 .9
.3 1.0
.4 1.3
.6 2.0
.6 2.2
.8 2.0
.6 2.1
CH4
ppm
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
RAD
mLy
0
0
0
0
0
0
63
305
598
893
1134
1353
1473
1501
1457
1338
1146
917
625
266
77
0
0
0
ws
mph
4
3
2
1
1
0
2
5
8
7
6
7
6
5
4
6
5
5
2
2
1
0
0
0
MET,
WD
deg
026
038
041
023
044
050
052
066
097
073
067
083
038
036
065
052
090
129
090
067
103
101
051
059
DATA
TMP
°C
15
14
13
12
12
12
12
14
18
20
22
24
25
26
27
27
28
28
28
27
25
22
21
19
DP
°C
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
11
11
12
12
13
12
12
11
11
11
11
10
10
11
12
11
11
RH
%
72
76
78
80
80
81
82
82
66
58
54
51
47
42
37
36
35
34
32
35
42
51
56
58
51
-------
TABLE A-7
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
T
CANTON, OHIO
July 7, 1974
Time 03
hr ppb
0100 14
0200 17
0300 7
0400 2
0500 9
0600
0700 1
0800 1 2
0900 26
1000 62
1100 92
1200 98
1300 114
1400 116
1500 121
1600 135
1700 129
1800 137
1900 131
2000 108
2 1 00 115
2200 105
2300 76
2400 56
NO
ppb
23
15
16
15
24
37
87
49
36
17
7
7
7
8
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
10
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
55 .7 1-4 1.6 0 1 056 18.2 10.9 63
49 .4 1.2 1.9 04 050 17.6 12.0 69
59 .4 1.4 1.9 0 1 058 16.5 12.3 76
55 .5 1.5 2.1 0 1 120 15.4 11.9 80
73 .8 1.8 2.3 0 1 310 15.2 11.7 80
56 .5 1.5 2.1 0 1 040 15.0 11.4 79
55 .7 2.2 2.2 46 1 010 15.1 12.1 82
56 .6 1.9 2.2 267 1 073 17.3 14.2 82
57 .5 1.5 2.2 562 1 073 20.2 15.0 72
39 1.5 1.3 1.9 863 2 098 25.1 14.9 53
13 .5 .9 1.6 1120 4 091 27.8 13.1 40
14 .3 .8 1.6 1341 4 054 28.9 11.7 35
18 .3 .8 1.6 1461 5 119 30.1 11.3 31
15 .3 .8 1.6 1474 6 151 31.3 11.8 30
17 .4 .9 1.7 1416 6 122 31.7 12.0 30
20 .4 1.0 1.7 1277 5 266 32.4 12.4 30
20 .4 .9 1.6 1089 6 061 31.7 12.2 30
22 .4 1.0 1.6 844 6 043 31.0 12.332
32 .4 1.0 1.6 612 6 034 30.8 12.1 32
90 .5 1.4 1.6 274 6 028 29.9 11.4 32
71 .5 1.6 1.7 95 4 034 27.8 12.6 39
83 .5 1.7 1.7 0 6 022 25.1 13.9 50
71 .6 2.2 1.8 0 5 035 23.6 13.2 52
130 .7 1.8 2.0 0 4 081 21.8 13.2 58
-------
TABLE A-8
Tim«
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0990
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
19
63
70
53
48
_
9
12
56
62
82
97
108
112
102
103
no
108
106
75
66
46
18
34
NO
ppb
16
14
13
15
15
16
98
70
26
23
21
16
12
12
13
16
14
11
10
11
12
14
13
16
GAS
N02
ppb
123
48
36
48
48
44
88
128
55
35
17
15
18
12
10
11
15
18
16
65
52
64
90
58
CONTINUOUS
CANTON ,
July, 8
DATA
NMTHC CO
ppm ppm
.7 1.9
.6 1.7
.8 1.5
1.0 1.6
1.1 1.7
1.0 1.7
1.2 2.5
1.8 3.6
1.3 2.4
.7 1.4
.7 1.0
.5 .8
.4 .9
.4 .8
.3 .8
.4 .8
.4 .8
.4 .8
.4 .9
.5 1.1
.5 1.7
.6 1.8
.9 2.1
1.1 1.7
GROUND DATA
OHIO
, 1974
CH4
ppm
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.6
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
RAD
mLy
0
0
0
0
0
0
39
230
489
738
991
1272
1343
1400
1361
1272
1067
787
518
268
81
0
0
0
ws
mph
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
4
7
7
9
8
7
6
6
6
7
5
6
2
3
2
3
MET.
WD
deg
075
091
206
236
223
324
248
240
248
295
301
316
304
338
300
277
319
307
285
334
064
244
239
233
DATA
TMP DP
°C
20.7
19.8
19.8
19.5
18.3
17.2
17.2
20.2
24.0
26.0
27.9
29.4
30.8
31.3
32.1
32.9
32.4
32.5
32.2
31.2
29.9
27.8
26.8
24.9
°C
13.8
14.5
14.2
13.9
13.4
13.0
13.2
14.4
14.8
lfc.1
17.7
18.4
18.1
17.3
16.6
15.7
16.0
16.4
16.4
16.0
16.0
16.7
17.1
16.7
RH
%
65
71
70
70
73
76
77
69
57
54
54
52
47
43
40
36
37
38
39
40
43
51
55
60
-------
TABLE A-9
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 9, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
64
69
67
44
28
_
13
21
49
80
101
118
97
101
100
90
68
58
64
54
42
25
38
35
NO
ppb
26
27
26
26
26
25
32
40
29
27
29
25
21
15
11
13
20
23
29
18
17
26
33
26
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
26 .3 1.0 1.8 0 8 241 24,3 16.3 61
18 .2 .9 1.8 0 6 253 23.5 16.1 63
19 .3 1.0 1.8 0 3 246 22.7 15.9 66
35 .4 1.1 2.0 0 2 257 21.7 15.9 69
54 .6 1.2 2.3 0 2 238 21.0 15.7 72
53 .7 1.4 2.4 0 1 238 20.7 15.7 73
83 .9 2.1 2.3 30 3 245 20.7 15.9 74
80 .8 2.4 2.0 198 5 244 22.3 16.4 69
36 .4 1.5 1.8 447 6 243 24.8 16.6 61
24 .3 1.2 1.8 751 8 253 27.6 17.9 55
16 .2 1.1 1.7 991 6 274 29.7 18.9 53
12 .2 1.0 1.6 1108 9 274 31.0 18.7 48
16 .2 .9 1.6 1059 8 285 31.7 18.6 46
11 .2 .8 1.6 458 5 311 30.7 17.6 46
9 .1 .8 1.6 1150 7 290 33.3 18.3 41
31 .4 1.4 1.7 389 5 299 32.2 16.8 40
34 .4 1.7 1.7 231 6 188 29.6 17.8 49
40 .4 1.5 1.7 158 9 209 26.5 16.4 54
46 .6 1.6 1.7 285 6 230 27.2 16.3 51
36 .4 1.5 1.7 226 5 235 28.4 17.0 50
47 .4 1.5 1.7 50 4 227 26.1 14.8 50
60 .8 1.7 1.8 0 5 237 25.2 15.8 56
45 .3 1.3 1.8 0 6 240 24.9 16.9 61
31 .3 1.1 1.8 0 7 239 24.6 17.6 65
54
-------
Time 03
hr ppb
0100 44
0200 39
0300 21
0400 36
0500 37
0600
0700 18
0800 19
0900 40
1000 51
1100 91
1200 113
1300 117
1400 127
1500 129
1600 117
1700 101
1800 76
1900 72
2000 48
2100 35
2200 32
2300 24
2400 24
NO
ppb
11
9
9
8
9
8
10
13
11
12
11
7
8
11
16
16
23
30
28
12
14
12
14
16
GAS
N02
ppb
21
19
24
17
13
15
26
33
29
23
20
17
18
25
29
26
27
23
38
18
31
28
23
19
TABLE A- 10
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 10, 1974
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.2 1.0 1.7 0 6 308 24.8 18.0 66
.5 1.3 1.9 0 2 132 23.8 16.6 64
.7 1.2 2.0 0 2 228 23.2 17.0 68
.3 1.0 1.8 0 4 236 23.0 17.8 73
.3 .9 1.8 04 248 22.5 17.3 72
.3 1.0 1.8 0 3 249 22.1 16.9 72
.4 1.4 1.9 14 4 275 22.0 16.4 70
.4 1.5 1.8 173 5 267 22.8 16.5 67
.3 1.2 1.7 465 6 260 24.9 17.0 61
.4 1.1 1.7 649 8 284 26.1 16.8 56
.5 1.0 1.6 915 7 294 27.7 17.5 54
.4 1.0 1.6 1116 9 282 29.7 18.1 50
.4 1.0 1.6 1096 10 298 30.4 18.2 48
.4 1.1 1.7 950 14 340 29.9 18.3 50
.4 1.0 1.7 1203 16 338 29.3 18.5 52
.3 1.2 1.6 963 17 340 29.6 18.7 52
.3 1.3 1.6 831 16 344 28.7 17.6 51
.3 '1.2 1.6 659 15 009 28.2 17.1 51
.3 1.3 1.7 397 14 003 26.8 16.2 52
.3 1.0 1.6 187 10 005 26.2 16.4 55
.3 1.1 1.6 57 6 009 25.1 16.1 57
.3 1.2 1.7 0 6 358 23.9 15.9 61
.3 1.1 1.7 0 6 348 23.2 15.8 63
.4 1.1 1.8 0 5 006 22.9 15.7 64
55
-------
TABLE A- 11
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 11, 1974
Time 03
hr ppb
01 00 28
0200 17
0300 34
0400 28
0500 21
0600
0700 10
0800 12
0990 18
1000 22
1100 34
1200 37
1300 42
1400 44
1 500 48
1600 52
1700 47
1800 45
1 900 43
2000 45
2100 43
2200 15
2300 17
2400 15
NO
ppb
16
17
13
10
12
12
17
18
15
21
14
9
7
7
5
4
11
8
16
10
10
10
12
14
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm ml_y mph deg °C °C %
16 .3 .9 1,7 0 5 013 22.4 16.0 67
11 .3 .9 1.7 0 8 359 21.4 15.5 69
8 .2 .9 1.7 0 7 033 21.0 15.1 69
8 .2 .9 1.7 0 12 061 20.7 13.9 65
7 .2 .8 1.7 0 8 058 18.8 12.0 65
12 .3 .8 1.6 0 10 045 17.2 11.3 68
11 .3 1.0 1.6 43 8 049 16.5 11.2 71
9 .3 1.0 1.6 264 12 041 17.3 11.4 68
5 .2 .9 1.6 570 11 053 18.4 11.1 62
6 .2 .8 1.6 865 11 043 19.5 11.2 59
6 .2 .8 1.6 1126 9 036 20.9 11. 1 53
18 .2 .8 1.6 1326 14 032 21.4 10.4 49
11 .2 .8 1.6 1441 14 010 22.0 10.6 48
18 1495 12 052 23.3 10.3 44
23 .2 .7 1.6 1479 11 028 24.2 10.5 42
16 .2 .8 1.6 1350 15 039 24.8 10. 1 40
20 .2 .8 1.6 1202 16 043 25.0 9.3 37
25 .2 .8 1.6 973 15 044 24.6 6.7 32
16 .2 .8 1.6 697 9 030 24.0 5.5 30
26 .2 .9 1.6 276 11 048 22.6 5.2 32
44 .2 1.0 1.6 108 10 038 20.3 5.0 36
68 .3 1.1 1.6 0 6 026 17.4 4.7 43
56 .3 1.1 1.7 0 1 023 15.6 5.2 50
56 .3 1.1 1.7 0 1 016 14.7 5.6 55
-------
TABLE A- 12
CONTINUOUS
CANTON ,
July 12
GROUND DATA
OHIO
, 1974
Tims
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
26
29
30
24
22
-
3
7
17
41
43
52
67
74
90
92
76
83
84
60
109
54
25
18
NO
ppb
7
9
7
11
7
34
86
83
32
11
9
8
6
9
6
6
8
7
8
11
9
8
11
18
GAS
N02
ppb
39
26
28
44
28
57
61
57
56
15
13
12
n
11
14
14
10
26
36
43
89
109
89
94
DATA
NMTHC CO
ppm ppm
.3 1.0
.3 .8
.2 .8
.3 .9
.3 .8
.3 1.1
.4 1.8
.5 2.7
.4 1.6
.2 1.3
.3 .9
.2 .8
.2 .8
.2 .8
.2 .9
.1 .9
.1 .8
.1 .8
.2 .9
.2 1.0
.4 2.0
.4 1.9
.4 1.7
.3 1.4
CH4
ppm
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
I./
1.7
1.7
1.7
RAD
mLy
0
0
0
0
0
0
47
295
510
796
1045
1215
1409
1428
1411
1326
1118
891
617
266
115
0
0
0
ws
rnph
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
6
6
3
6
1
3
2
8
6
2
3
3
1
1
1
MET.
WD
deg
023
036
043
064
047
048
042
078
085
096
091
125
092
043
019
351
002
017
037
052
021
022
031
030
DATA
TMP DP
°C
13.8
13.5
12.9
11.8
10.9
10.9
10.5
14.1
16.8
19.0
21.2
22.7
24.1
25.1
26.2
27.0
27.1
26.5
26.7
26.0
24.1
21.0
18.9
17.8
°C
6.0
6.3
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.4
7.7
7.5
7.9
7.2
6.6
7.0
6.7
7.1
8.0
8.0
7.3
8.0
8.7
10.0
11.4
10.4
10.0
RH
%
59
62
64
68
71
71
76
65
54
48
40
35
33
31
30
30
30
30
31
34
40
54
58
60
-------
TABLE A-13
CONTINOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 13, 1974
Time 03
hr ppb
0100 18
0200 19
0300 1
0400 20
0500 16
0600
0700 19
0800 21
0900 28
1000 64
1100 80
1200 79
1300 110
1400 no
1500 96
1600 88
1700 91
1800 88
1900 88
2000 80
2100 101
2200 34
2300 36
2400 38
NO
ppb
18
10
28
9
7
9
11
26
29
11
9
7
5
7
7
6
5
6
6
6
75
7
8
8
GAS
N02
ppb
77
66
84
55
57
54
45
61
65
29
23
18
18
17
14
8
12
11
15
45
162
83
67
63
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.5 1.7 1.7 0 1 060 16.7 9.7 63
.5 1.6 1.8 0 1 096 15.5 9.5 67
.9 2.1 2.0 0 1 152 14.0 9.3 73
1.2 1.8 2.3 0 1 184 13.5 9.4 76
1.1 1.6 2.6 0 1 209 13.6 9.2 74
1.0 1-4 2.6 0 1 161 12.5 8.8 78
1.2 1.7 2.6 44 1 162 12.8 9.2 79
1.3 2.2 2.5 234 1 175 16.5 10.8 69
.8 2.3 2.1 533 1 205 20.5 11.2 55
.3 1.2 1.7 825 2 240 23.4 11.5 47
.3 1.0 1.6 1094 5 286 25.5 11.7 42
.2 .9 1.6 1309 6 284 26.9 11.1 37
.2 1.0 1.8 1422 6 284 28.2 7.4 27
.2 .9 1.6 1458 4 267 29.5 7.7 26
.2 .8 1.6 1424 3 294 30.1 7.8 25
.2 .7 1.5 1315 4 305 30.4 7.8 24
.2 .7 1.5 1151 5 303 31.0 7.2 22
.2 .7 1.5 906 5 288 30.7 7.0 23
.2 .7 1.5 614 7 305 30.4 7.3 24
.2 .9 1.5 239 2 314 29.8 7.5 25
.6 2.4 1.6 62 1 354 27.6 8.1 29
.7 2.0 1.7 0 1 284 24.2 9.0 38
.5 1.6 1.8 0 1 245 24.2 10.2 41
.5 1.5 1.7 0 1 250 22.8 10.1 45
58
-------
TABLE A-14
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 14, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
52
57
57
57
56
_
42
51
63
65
80
83
90
97
92
87
80
73
78
83
56
55
43
44
GAS DATA MET. DATA
NO N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
8 40 .4 1.2 1.7 0 4 241 22.2 9.9 46
9 30 .4 1.1 1.7 0 1 241 21.3 10.5 50
9 28 .3 1.0 1.7 0 2 261 20.6 10.8 53
10 21 .3 .9 1.7 0 2 257 20.3 10.8 54
9 21 .3 .9 1.7 0 1 279 20.5 10.8 54
10 23 .4 1.0 1.8 0 2 247 20.5 10.7 53
11 35 .6 1.3 2.1 20 1 206 19.6 10.7 56
9 35 .6 1.2 1.8 197 1 239 20.9 11.4 54
10 22 .3 1.0 1.7 491 4 260 24.0 12.3 48
13 24 .3 1.0 1.7 772 6 246 26.6 13.6 45
12 17 .3 .9 1.6 1053 10 259 29.0 15.5 44
9 16 .3 .9 -1.6 1239 12 275 30.8 16.7 43
8 16 .2 .9 1.6 1330 15 256 31.6 17.3 42
7 15 .3 .8 1.5 1358 11 288 32.8 17.8 41
7 15 .2 .8 1.5 1373 10 265 34.1 18.6 40
11 12 .2 .8 1.5 885 12 273 33.8 18.9 41
14 13 - - - 699 12 262 34.2 19.1 41
20 14 .3 .9 1.5 554 10 254 32.9 18.8 44
27 13 .3 1.0 1.6 439 12 258 32.3 19-1 46
30 17 .3 1.1 1.6 241 16 247 30.7 19.0 50
23 21 .3 1.0 1.6 99 8 207 28.9 18.3 53
20 17 .3 1.0 1.7 0 11 178 26.2 16.2 b4
23 16 .1 1.0 1.6 0 9 140 24.9 15.4 56
23 11 2 .8 1.5 0 14 332 20.8 14.6 68
-------
TABLE A-15
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 15, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
36
26
28
21
19
-
2
3
17
25
62
69
72
60
74
74
75
70
70
52
23
6
3
4
NO
ppb
21
24
22
34
33
33
48
66
42
41
22
21
13
8
9
7
8
11
9
9
13
21
13
13
GAS
N02
ppb
n
16
13
21
22
38
61
56
28
44
32
29
21
21
23
20
33
44
30
28
39
39
38
36
DATA
NMTHC
ppm
.2
.2
,2
.3
.6
.6
.6
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
CO
ppm
.7
.8
.7
1.0
.9
1.1
1.9
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
CH4
ppm
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
RAD
mLy
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
135
288
653
1009
1250
1381
1460
1422
1029
927
741
521
257
65
0
0
0
ws
mph
13
4
2
3
5
2
1
4
8
12
10
10
15
17
18
19
17
15
15
14
11
11
9
7
MET.
WD
deg
267
255
238
269
234
250
258
293
349
346
352
336
329
337
332
345
349
001
003
018
004
010
348
348
DATA
TMP DP RH
°C °C %
19.9
20.4
20.6
20.0
19.8
19.6
19.5
20.5
21.1
21.7
23.4
24.9
25.7
26.4
27.0
26.6
26.1
25.7
25.0
24.2
22.1
20.2
18.8
17.9
14.5 71
15.9 75
16.6 78
16.0 78
15.6 77
15.5 77
15.7 79
16.7 79
16.9 77
15.1 66
13.0 52
13.6 49
12.9 45
11.2 39
10.3 35
11.8 40
12.8 44
13.2 46
12.8 47
12.9 49
13.2 57
12.1 60
10.5 59
9.5 58
60
-------
Time 03
hr ppb
0100 4
0200 3
0300 9
0400 4
0500 2
0600
0700 0
0800 2
0900 1 5
1000 25
1100 32
1200 45
1300 55
1400 49
1500 46
1600 47
1700 47
1800 40
1900 41
2000 34
2100 30
2200 1 1
2300 0
2400 2
NO
ppb
13
17
10
12
15
45
112
80
25
17
49
12
7
7
8
10
11
9
10
11
8
12
36
14
GAS
N02
ppb
32
25
17
2b
34
29
35
44
33
21
3
20
17
18
24
25
22
26
39
38
14
21
34
24
TABLE A- 16
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 16, 1974
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.2 1.0 1.7 0 8 355 17.1 8.9 59
.2 1.0 1.8 0 5 348 15.8 8.7 63
.2 .9 1.8 06 003 15.2 9.0 66
,3 .8 1.8 0 6 348 15.0 8.8 67
.3 .9 1.8 0 6 335 14.6 9.0 69
.4 1.1 1.9 0 5 348 14.1 9.0 71
.6 1.8 2.2 34 4 325 13.9 9.2 73
.6 1.8 2.0 251 3 337 15.2 10.1 72
.3 1.2 1.8 550 8 348 17.3 10.3 63
.2 1.1 1.7 843 10 355 18.6 9,7 56
.2 1.1 1.7 1094 11 353 20.0 8.8 48
.2 .9 1.6 1303 12 016 21.3 8.7 45
.1 .7 1.6 1428 5 032 21.9 8.7 43
.1 .7 1.6 1479 1 003 22.8 8.4 40
1441 I 017 23.4 8.5 39
.2 .8 1.6 1339 2 346 24.6 9.3 38
.2 .8 1.6 1146 7 360 24.8 10.0 39
.2 .8 1.6 920 3 044 24.9 10.0 39
.2 .9 1.6 642 9 022 24.4 9.9 40
.2 .9 1.6 295 7 Oil 23.4 9.3 41
.3 1.0 1.7 90 4 003 21.6 9.0 44
.4 1.1 1.7 0 1 358 18.7 6.9 46
.3 1.3 1.7 0 1 021 17.1 5.1 45
.3 1.2 1.7 0 1 023 15.7 4.5 47
61
-------
TABLE A-17
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 17, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
5
23
38
49
69
77
81
86
87
83
91
87
63
30
8
33
45
NO
ppb
36
36
34
24
61
135
139
70
33
12
10
9
9
7
8
6
6
5
5
4
5
8
5
6
GAS
N02
ppb
43
51
55
50
59
44
37
66
67
27
28
29
27
24
25
30
21
21
23
26
71
121
62
31
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.5 1.5 1.8 0 1 099 14.7 4.7 51
.5 1.5 2.0 0 1 089 13.6 5.8 59
.5 1.3 2.1 0 1 086 12.9 6.3 64
.3 1.1 1.9 0 1 064 12.4 6.3 66
.4 1.3 1.9 0 1 061 11.4 6.2 70
.4 2.0 1.9 0 1 088 10.6 5.9 73
.7 3.3 2.1 35 1 040 11.3 6.2 71
.7 2.5 2.1 261 1 094 14.6 7.5 62
.8 2.3 2.2 554 1 119 18.7 8.5 52
.4 1.2 1.9 844 1 166 21.8 9.0 44
.4 1.1 1.8 1078 2 299 24.2 9.6 40
.3 1.2 1.8 1274 2 284 25.4 10.0 38
.3 1.1 1.8 1402 1 308 26.4 11.0 38
.3 1.0 1.8 1385 1 214 28.4 10.4 33
1403 2 170 29.5 10.7 31
.2 1.0 1.7 976 4 235 29.4 10.7 31
.3 1.0 1.7 866 4 237 28.6 10.1 32
.3 1.0 1.7 449 4 184 27.5 10.1 34
.2 .9 1.7 499 4 179 27.3 10.3 35
.3 1.1 1.7 273 2 193 27.4 10.3 34
.5 1.9 1.8 67 1 244 25.5 9.0 35
.9 3.0 2.1 0 1 212 22.4 9.5 44
1.0 1.9 2.6 0 1 171 22.1 10.5 48
.7 1.1 2.5 0 4 197 21.4 11.3 53
62
-------
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
48
49
46
43
35
_
14
20
32
59
70
74
75
74
72
86
93
100
103
95
76
88
85
81
NO
ppb
6
8
10
9
9
11
15
22
17
12
8
7
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
GAS
N02
ppb
25
22
25
24
26
37
72
70
49
23
17
18
15
24
18
21
30
27
26
41
51
37
37
27
TABLE A-18
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 18, 1974
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.7 1.0 2.4 0 2 176 21.3 11.4 53
.5 1.0 2.2 0 1 219 21.0 11.5 54
.5 1.0 2.3 0 2 178 20.7 11-4 55
.5 1.0 2.3 0 1 197 19.9 11.5 58
.7 1.0 2.4 0 1 186 19.5 11.6 60
.8 1.1 2.5 0 1 176 18.9 11.6 62
.8 1.8 2.3 2 2 205 19.1 11.6 61
.8 1.7 2.0 162 4 234 20.4 11.8 58
.4 1.2 1.9 241 7 240 22.1 12.0 53
.3 1.0 1.7 669 6 249 23.8 12.6 49
.2 .8 1.7 1072 10 255 26.8 13.4 44
.3 .8 1.6 1270 12 279 28.4 13.8 41
.3 .8 1.6 1235 12 272 29.5 14.0 39
.3 - .9 1.6 1112 12 254 30.6 14.3 37
.2 1.0 1.6 547 10 263 29.0 13.5 39
.3 1.0 1.7 585 13 245 29.3 13.4 38
.4 1.2 1.6 563 14 260 29.3 13.9 39
.5 1.1 1.6 497 13 250 28.9 14.4 41
.5 1.2 1.7 540 12 246 29.5 15.9 44
.5 1.3 1.7 141 13 243 28.4 15.4 45
.9 1.6 1.8 65 9 243 27.6 15.4 47
9 1.3 1.8 3 9 241 26.5 14.7 48
9 1 3 1.8 0 10 235 26.0 14.2 48
1.0 1.2 1.7 0 9 243 25.4 13.7 48
63
-------
TABLE A- 19
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 19, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
83
75
62
56
53
_
26
25
28
41
45
73
61
56
49
36
41
56
52
45
11
2
6
3
NO
ppb
9
11
12
14
15
18
21
27
28
26
27
21
10
11
12
15
12
10
9
10
27
36
20
28
GAS
N02
PPb
21
23
29
29
20
25
42
36
39
40
38
36
19
21
20
27
25
26
43
44
54
58
44
36
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
1.1 1.0 1.7 0 7 251 24.8 13.7 50
1.3 1.0 1.7 0 7 251 24.4 14.0 52
1.5 1.1 1.7 0 5 249 23.8 14.2 55
1.6 1.1 1.7 0 5 257 23.1 14.4 58
1.4 1.0 1.7 0 3 282 22.6 14.6 61
1.1 1.1 1.7 0 5 275 22.3 14.7 62
.7 1.4 1.8 30 6 281 21.8 14.9 65
.7 1.3 1.7 221 7 281 22.9 16.0 65
.8 1.3 1.8 464 11 305 24.3 16.8 63
1.1 1.3 1.8 357 9 309 24.3 16.7 63
1.4 1.2 1.7 761 12 326 25.6 17.3 60
1.5 1.2 1.7 767 10 307 26.8 17.0 55
.2 1.0 1.6 1193 14 323 28.3 16.3 48
.2 1.0 1.6 1446 15 338 29.1 14.3 40
.2 1.1 1.6 1072 17 336 29.3 14.3 40
.1 1.1 1.7 768 14 346 28.4 14.1 42
.1 1.2 1.7 850 17 340 27.4 13.7 43
.1 1.2 1.7 717 15 358 27.4 13.4 42
.2 1.2 1.7 466 16 358 26.9 12.7 42
,.1 1.4 1.7 198 9 010 25.8 13.2 46
.1 1.3 1.7 62 4 019 24.2 13.2 50
.1 1.1 1.7 0 2 353 22.3 12.1 52
.1 1.0 1.7 0 6 359 21.4 11.3 53
.2 1.2 1.7 0 3 010 20.7 11.1 54
64
-------
TABLE A-20
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 20, 1974
Time 03
hr ppb
0100 10
0200 10
0300 13
0400 12
0500 1 3
0600
0700 9
0800 1 1
0900 15
1000 18
1100 22
1200 32
1300 42
1400 43
1500 47
1600 46
1700 46
1800 41
1900 30
2000 23
2100 19
2200 14
2300 10
2400 1 1
NO
ppb
14
14
13
15
16
14
18
22
17
19
10
8
7
9
8
9
9
7
8
11
8
10
21
13
GAS DATA
N02 NMTHC
ppb ppm
25 .1
26 .1
21 .1
15 .1
10 .1
16 .1
20 .1
14 .2
21 .2
18 .1
17 .1
11 .0
8 .1
12 .1
18 .1
12 .1
4 .1
13 .1
21 .1
23 .1
34 .1
37 .1
32 .1
46 .2
MET. DATA
CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm rnLy mph deg °C °C %
.9 1.7 0 4 019 19.8 10.8 56
.9 1.7 02 012 19.2 10.5 57
.8 1.7 0 6 014 18.9 10.9 59
.8 1.7 0 7 015 18.3 11.1 63
.7 1.7 0 7 021 17.8 11.3 66
.8 1.7 0 7 021 16.8 10.7 67
.8 1.7 26 6 021 16.0 10.1 68
.8 1.7 208 3 031 16.6 10.2 66
.8 1.7 504 3 026 17.7 10.1 61
.8 1.6 805 9 057 18.9 10.2 57
.7 1.6 1065 9 030 20.2 10.2 53
.7 1.6 1294 8 030 21.3 10.0 49
.7 1.6 1459 9 010 22.4 9.8 45
.7 1.6 1506 13 026 23.2 8.7 40
.7 1.6 1474 11 034 24.1 9.3 39
.7 1.6 1365 10 029 24.5 9.3 38
.7 1.6 1158 13 024 23.9 9.3 39
.7 1.6 913 11 012 22.7 8.2 39
.7 1.6 624 11 042 22.1 7.7 39
.9 1.6 253 10 049 21.2 6.8 39
.9 1.6 71 7 030 19.3 7.2 45
.9 1.6 0 6 017 17.1 6.6 50
.9 1.7 0 3 024 16.0 6.3 52
1.0 1.7 0 1 040 14.9 5.7 54
65
-------
TABLE A-21
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 21, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
7
14
15
14
12
_
11
14
18
26
29
34
42
48
55
58
57
58
52
47
8
0
18
16
GAS
NO N02
ppb ppb
11 38
8 24
4 23
6 24
4 25
4 28
10 29
13 23
18 21
11 16
9 12
10 10
7 11
6 11
6 9
5 15
5 8
7 16
8 24
7 25
26 87
58 91
10 50
10 36
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.2 1.0 1.8 0 1 051 14.0 5.6 57
.2 .9 1.8 0 1 047 13.0 5.8 61
.1 .8 1.8 0 1 047 12.7 5.9 63
.2 .9 1.8 0 1 041 12.4 6.0 65
.2 1.0 1.8 0 4 049 12.2 6.0 66
.2 1.1 1.9 0 4 053 11.8 5.8 66
.2 1.1 1.8 32 6 038 11.7 5.9 67
.2 1.0 1.8 247 6 055 13.3 6.5 63
.1 .9 1.7 540 10 080 16.0 7.4 56
.1 .8 1.7 840 6 084 18.9 8.3 50
.1 .7 1.6 1101 5 093 20.9 9.0 47
.1 .7 1.6 1318 8 089 22.2 8.8 42
.1 .7 1.6 1457 10 101 23.2 8.5 39
.1 .7 1.6 1490 8 120 25.1 8.9 36
.1 .7 1.6 1446 9 085 25.3 9.0 35
.1 .7 1.6 1352 9 103 26.3 8.9 33
.1 .7 1.6 1159 9 070 26.0 8.8 33
.1 .7 1.6 917 8 102 26.2 8.6 33
.1 .8 1.6 653 9 057 26.1 8.8 33
.1 1.1 1.6 274 9 074 25.3 7.9 33
.3 1.6 1.7 89 5 079 23.3 7.5 36
.4 2.2 1.8 0 2 083 20.3 7.8 44
.2 1.1 1.8 0 2 045 18.6 7.1 47
.1 1.1 1.8 0 2 052 16.8 8.1 57
66
-------
TABLE A-22
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 22, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
15
4
3
1
1
-
1
7
19
28
46
57
64
73
81
79
74
74
68
50
40
46
41
53
NO
ppb
8
11
11
14
10
73
58
56
27
24
15
12
6
6
6
6
6
8
6
8
7
7
9
9
GAS DATA MET. DATA
N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
32 .1 1.0 1.8 0 1 056 15.4 8.2 62
47 .2 1.0 1.9 0 1 064 14.3 8.0 66
48 .2 1.0 1.9 0 1 072 13.7 8.0 68
60 .3 1.1 1.9 0 1 085 13.5 8.0 70
50 .3 1.2 2.0 0 1 084 13.3 8.0 70
68 .4 1.8 2.1 0 1 081 13.1 7.7 70
57 .6 2.3 2.3 32 1 091 13.5 7.4 67
60 .6 2.6 2.2 254 1 095 15.4 8.2 62
47 .4 1.5 2.0 511 3 162 19.2 9.2 52
49 .5 1.6 2.2 675 1 166 21.4 9.8 47
40 .4 1.4 1.9 779 1 147 23.4 10.4 44
19 .1 1.0 1.9 1183 1 090 25.3 10.7 40
16 .1 .8 1.7 1414 4 189 27.1 10.8 36
14 .1 .9 1.7 1321 4 192 27.9 10.3 33
13 .1 .9 1.7 1250 8 156 28.5 10.5 33
11 .1 .9 1.7 1222 6 174 28.5 10.9 33
13 .1 .9 1.7 829 6 175 28.5 10.8 33
19 .1 .9 1.8 311 3 191 26.8 10.7 36
18 .2 1.1 1.8 170 6 179 25.7 11.0 40
36 .4 1.3 2.0 51 5 169 25.1 10.1 39
44 .6 1.4 2.2 3 4 173 24.2 11.0 43
30 .6 1.1 2.4 0 3 167 23.2 11.0 46
40 .7 1.2 2.5 0 1 175 24.4 11.1 49
29 .6 1.3 2.3 0 1 176 21.8 11.4 51
67
-------
TABLE A-23
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 23, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
26
34
29
27
29
-
15
6
7
11
13
13
18
18
27
41
31
46
25
23
26
26
22
22
GAS DATA MET. DATA
NO N02 NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppb ppb ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
13 29 .3 1.0 1.9 0 1 055 21.3 11.6 54
16 17 .1 .9 1.7 0 4 073 18.9 12.1 65
17 13 .1 .8 1.7 0 6 073 17.6 12.1 70
17 14 .1 .9 1.7 0 5 045 17.3 12.5 73
17 15 .1 1.0 1.7 0 7 052 17.0 12.2 73
19 28 .1 1.1 1.7 0 6 071 16.8 12.2 74
19 34 .2 1.7 1.8 0 8 066 16.8 12.2 74
23 45 .3 1.7 1.9 3 8 094 16.9 12.3 74
32 28 .6 1.5 2.0 14 5 105 17.1 12.7 75
25 26 .3 1.1 2.0 66 8 119 17.5 13.0 75
25 30 .3 1.2 1.9 123 8 111 18.0 13.4 75
24 29 .3 1.3 2.0 125 6 108 18.3 13.9 76
28 28 .4 1.5 2.0 209 1 107 19.4 14.9 75
33 53 .6 1.8 2.0 254 1 189 20.3 15.1 72
32 52 .5 1.8 1.9 264 1 268 21.1 15.5 71
23 26 .4 1.1 1.8 398 1 004 22.2 15.6 66
27 61 .3 1.2 1.8 164 3 016 21.9 15.0 65
27 28 .2 1.1 1.8 180 3 005 21.8 14.7 64
33 50 .3 1.4 1.8 74 6 020 21.3 14.5 65
29 56 .3 1.2 1.8 44 7 037 20.8 14.3 67
25 32 .2 1.2 1.7 8 7 032 19.5 13.5 68
27 37 .2 1.2 1.8 0 2 041 18.9 12.9 68
28 40 .2 1.1 1.8 0 1 038 18.6 13.1 70
29 38 .3 1.2 1.8 0 1 017 17.8 12.7 72
G8
-------
TABLE A-24
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 24, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
23
27
26
24
26
18
9
20
28
31
40
42
51
56
61
62
57
52
49
38
21
5
3
0
NO
ppb
29
25
23
23
21
19
20
25
22
23
21
18
18
13
11
11
12
12
11
12
22
50
57
78
GAS
N02
ppb
42
26
28
27
18
15
29
30
26
22
15
22
11
13
16
16
5
17
29
30
41
85
79
71
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.3 1.0 1.8 0 1 355 17.0 12.4 74
.3 1.0 1.8 0 1 341 16.3 11.9 75
.3 1.0 1.8 0 1 358 16.0 11.5 75
.4 1.0 1.8 0 1 008 15.6 11.4 76
.3 .9 1.8 0 1 021 15.8 11.8 77
.2 1.3 1.8 0 1 039 15.5 11.5 77
.3 1.1 1.8 7 6 046 15.2 11.1 77
.3 1.0 1.7 81 1 005 15.6 11.7 78
.3. 1.0 1.7 444 4 018 16.7 12.8 78
.3 .9 1.7 429 1 002 19.2 12.8 67
.2 .9 1.7 833 2 321 20.1 12.5 62
.3 .9 1.6 770 2 018 21.6 13.1 58
.2 .9 1.7 933 4 358 23.1 13.4 54
.3 .9 1.6 1273 6 008 23.8 13.1 51
.4 .8 1.6 1371 4 359 24.3 12.8 48
.3 .8 1.6 1305 2 358 24.8 12.5 46
.3 .9 1.6 1055 5 001 25.2 12.0 44
.4 .9 1.6 692 7 357 24.7 11.7 44
.3 .9 1.6 546 12 007 23.8 11.5 46
245 5 Oil 23.1 10.9 46
.5 1.6 1.7 35 3 001 21.0 9.5 48
.4 1.4 1.7 0 1 359 19.2 8.9 51
.5 1.9 1.7 0 1 023 17.8 8.7 55
.4 1.5 1.7 0 1 038 15.9 8.4 61
69
-------
TABLE A-25
CONTINUOUS GROUND DATA
CANTON, OHIO
July 25, 1974
Time
hr
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
°3
ppb
1
0
0
4
4
2
5
0
10
38
49
54
55
54
59
61
63
62
55
44
20
3
19
15
GAS
NO N02
ppb ppb
50 69
112 66
70 53
24 60
15 61
99 40
90 57
124 46
65 59
15 22
12 14
11 16
9 11
8 11
8 3
8 11
10 16
8 13
8 37
12 38
13 77
23 112
30 71
21 69
DATA MET. DATA
NMTHC CO CH4 RAD WS WD TMP DP RH
ppm ppm ppm mLy mph deg °C °C %
.6 2.2 1.9 0 1 066 14.9 8.3 65
1.3 2.5 2.2 0 1 085 13.5 8.3 71
1.2 1.5 2.2 0 1 092 13.1 8.6 74
.4 1.0 1.9 0 1 041 13.4 8.7 73
.5 1.2 2.1 0 1 042 12.8 8.8 74
.6 1.6 1.9 0 1 079 12.5 8.3 76
.8 3.1 2.2 13 1 070 12.9 8.6 75
1.3 4.0 2.9 154 1 143 13.4 9.0 75
.7 1.5 2.2 454 1 126 17.8 10.8 63
.4 .9 1.8 799 1 099 21.0 11.8 55
.2 .8 1.7 1054 4 111 22.9 11.9 50
.2 .8 1.7 1212 4 113 24.8 12.6 47
.2 .8 1.7 1206 3 048 25.3 12.3 44
.2 .8 1.7 1291 5 036 26.0 11.8 41
.2 .8 1.6 1165 3 043 26.4 11.5 39
.2 .8 1.6 1164 2 100 27.5 10.9 35
.2 .8 1.6 835 1 102 26.3 10.9 38
.2 .8 1.6 631 1 025 26.0 10.8 39
.3 1.2 1.7 314 1 045 25.0 10.5 40
.4 1.5 1.7 126 1 050 23.9 10.7 43
.6 2.3 1.8 21 1 072 22.7 10.9 47
.9 2.8 1.9 0 1 086 21.6 11.0 51
.4 1.5 1.8 0 1 070 20.5 11.0 54
.5 1.7 1.8 0 1 053 19.2 11.3 60
-------
APPENDIX B
This section provides a summary of aircraft collected data. For each
day, except Sundays, there are about three pages of data. The general order
of presentation is as follows:
1) Map showing flight paths with:
a) ozone concentrations (ppb marked at points along the route),
b) locations of aircraft bag collections,
c) locations of vertical soundings,
d) and locations of touch and go landings (marked T/G).
2) Graph(s) of altitude vs. ozone concentration and temperature.
3) Light hydrocarbon, methane, NMTHC, carbon monoxide and NO
X
concentrations in aircraft collected bag samples.
Notes on Tables:
1) All light hydrocarbon concentrations are reported as yg/m3.
2) * means hydrocarbon concentration was less than 0.5 yg/m3.
3) Blank space means value was questionable or the measurement
was not made.
71
-------
A-3
Time: 8:00 am to 10:36 am
Leg: 8:05 - 9:06 Center upwind
9:06 - 9:22 Upwind loop
9:22 - 10:06 Long downwind
10:06 - 10:36 Short downwind
Wind: 230° at 9 mph
Weather: Sunny with ground haze
Comments: Dotted line is path at 4000';
solid line is at 1000'
Figure B-l. Morning flight path on July 1, 1974.
-------
Time: 1:00 pm to 3:05 pm
Leg: 1:40-2:10 Short downwind
2:10 - 2:21 Upwind loop
2:21 - 3:00 Long downwind
Wind: 260° at 14 mph
Weather: Clear and warm
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-2. Afternoon flight path on July 1, 1974.
73
-------
8000' --
7000' -
6000' -
5000' --
4000' +
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
1 1 1
1 1 '
" - riiiiiiiiiiiiiiM
\ 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
o \^ TEMP (°C)
v\ \
X. O
N°
0 ^^
o ^w
o ^^
o
1
o
_ o
o
o
m
\
\
\
\
\
\ -
o .
I.I. I . 1 . 1 . 1
40
Figure B-3.
50
80
90
60 70
03 (ppb)
Spiral climb over Malone College (1:38 pm) on July 1, 1974.
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
-------
TABLE B-l. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 1, 1974.
A-2 A-3 A-4
Ethane 5.5 6.0 4.0
Ethylene 3.0 3.0 3.0
Acetylene * * *
Propane 2.5 3.0 2.5
Propene * .5 *
i-Butane 1.5 1.0 1.0
n-Butane 3.0 3.0 2.5
i-Pentane 3.0 2.0 2.0
n-Pentane 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total yg/m3 19.5 19.5 16.0
NMTHC (ppm; .3 .3 .3
CO (ppm) 1.1 1.0 1.0
CH^ (ppm) 1.6 1.6 1.6
NO (ppb) 13 10 11
Pv
A- 5
7.5
3.0
.5
3.5
.5
1.5
3.5
2.5
1.0
23.5
.3
1.0
1.6
12
A-6 A-7 A-8 A-ll
7.5 5.0 7.5 6.5
9.0 5.0 8.0 12.0
1.5 .5, 1.0 1.0
5.0 2.5 .45 3.0
3.5 1.5 2.0 1.0
3.0 1.0 2.0 1.5
9.5 3.5 4.5 3.5
8.0 6.0 5.5 7.5
4.0 2.0 2.5 2.0
51.0 28.0 37.5 38.0
.5 .6 .6 .4
2.6 1.6 1.0
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
A-12
5.5
7.0
.5
3.0
1.0
2.0
4.5
11.5
2.5
37.5
.4
1.6
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-2 Over Mai one College at 4000
A-3 16 miles upwind at 1000'
A-4 26 miles downwind at 1000'
A- 5 52 miles downwind at 1000'
A-6 Over Mai one College at 1000
A-7 Over Mai one College at 7500
A-8 14 miles upwind at 1000'
A-ll 18 miles downwind at 1000'
A-12 35 miles downwind at 1000'
1 (8
(9
(9
(1
1 (1
1 (1
(2
(2
(2
:15 AM)
:15 AM)
:40 AM)
0:20 AM)
:00 PM)
:25 PM)
:15 PM)
:30 PM)
:40 PM)
A-1,9,10 - Analysis Incomplete
75
-------
/^.CLEVELAND
/0-x i^ "\ r~
f YOUNGSTOWr
Time: 9:10 am - 12:05 pm
Leg: 9:10 - 10:26 Center downwind 10:41 - 11:40 Long downwind
10:26 - 10:41 Upwind loop 11:40 - 12:05 Short downwind
Wind: 240° at 12 mph Weather: Sunny and cool
Comments: Dotted line is path at 5000'; solid line at 1000'.
Figure B-4. Morning flight path on July 2, 1974.
76
-------
Time: 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm
Leg: 2:20-3:00 Short downwind
3:00 - 3:20 Upwind loop
3:20 - 4:15 Long downwind
Wind: 240° at 11 mph
Weather: Cloudy, hot, and hazy
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-5. Afternoon flight path on July 2, 1974.
77
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' --
5000' --
4000' --
3000' --
2000' "
1000' -
GROUND
I
40
16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
\
\
V
\
1
\
V
\
\
60
80
100
120
140
8000'
7000'
6000'
-I- 5000'
- - 4000'
- 3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(pob)
Figure B-6. Spiral climb over Malone College (9:15 am) on July 2, 1974.
-------
8000' --
7000' -
6000' -
5000' - -
4000' --
3000' - -
2000' '
1000' --
GROUND
T
40
60
80
100
III
16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
\
\
i
\
V
t
\
»
\
\
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
120
140
(ppb)
Figure B-7. Spiral descent - 50 miles downwind (g:5i am) on July 2, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' '
1000' -
ROUND
1 1 1
m
m
»
m
0
o
m i
0
m
I.I.I
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
17 19 21 23 25
TEMP (°C)
\ -
1.1.1
8000'
7000'
6000'
" 5000'
" 4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
7U 80 90 100 110 120
(ppb)
Figure B-8. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:13 pm) on July 2, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-2. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 2, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
Cttk (ppm)
N0x (ppb)
A-1
10.0
6.0
1.0
5.5
.5
2.5
4.5
4.5
2.0
36.5
.3
1.8
A-2
13.0
5.5
1.5
8.0
1.0
3.5
6.5
6.0
2.5
47.5
.4
2.6
1.8
A-3
14.5
8.0
1.5
9.5
1.5
4.0
8.0
9.0
3.5
59.5
.5
1.8
A-4
7.5
3.0
1.5
7.5
1.5
3.5
7.5
7.0
3.5
42.5
.7
2.2
1.7
A-5
6.5
6.0
*
3.5
2.0
2.0
4.5
4.5
2.5
31.5
.4
2.0
1.6
A-6
13.0
4.0
2.0
10.0
1.0
5.5
11.5
8.0
4.0
59.0
.3
1.2
1.8
20
A-7
13.0
23.0
4.0
9.0
3.5
13.0
32.0
45.0
20.0
163
.7
1.5
2.0
31
A-8
13.5
4.5
1.5
9.0
1.0
4.0
8.5
4.5
3.0
49.5
.2
1.0
1.8
16
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-1 Over Malone College at 1000' (9:15 AM)
A-2 16 miles upwind at 1000' (10:40 AM)
A-3 19 miles downwind at 1000' (11:50 AM)
A-4 44 miles downwind at 1000' (11:05 AM)
A-5 48 miles downwind at 5000' (9:40 AM)
A-6 Over Malone College at 1000' (2:15 PM)
A-7 18 miles downwind at 1000' (2:50 PM)
A-8 33 miles downwind at 1000' (3:45 PM)
81
-------
Time: 9:25 am to 11:55 am
Leg: 10:02 - 10:54 Upwind loop
Wind: 250° at 11 mph
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
10:54 - 11:55 Downwind loop
Weather: Sunny with light haze
Figure B-9. Morning flight path on July 3, 1974.
82
-------
YOUNGS TOW
Time: 1:30 pm - 3:35 pm
Leg: 2:02-2:31 Short downwind
2:31 - 2:49 Upwind loop
2:49 - 3:35 Long downwind
Wind: 240° at 11 mph
Weather: Hot and hazy
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-10. Afternoon flight path on July 3, 1974.
83
-------
CO
8000' -.
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' --
3000' 4-
2000'
1000' +
GROUND
30
18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
\
\
\
V
\
\
1
\
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
+ 3000'
2000'
-t* 1000'
GROUND
40
50
60
70
80
(ppb)
Figure B-ll. Spiral climb over Malone College (9:47 am) on July 3, 1974.
-------
CD
in
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' -
1000' -
iRDIIMn
1 1 1
v
0
»
o
o
o
o
o
V
o \w
o ^^^^^
M
1 .1 . 1
50 60 70
^
o
o
0
II 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
17 19 21 23 25 27
TEMP (°C)
M
\
\
\
O V
O >^
\
\
\
I.I.I
- 8000'
. 7000'
" 6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
r-nr\i m
80 90 1 00
(ppb)
Figure B-12. Spiral climb over Malone Colleae (1:56 pm) on July 3, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-3. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 3, 1974.
A-l A-2 A-3 A-4
Ethane 11.0 11.0 7.5 10.5
Ethylene 7.0 5.5 6.5
Acetylene 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.5
Propane 7.5 6.0 5.0 7.5
Propene 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.0
i-Butane 2.5 1.5 2.5 9.0
n-Butane 4.5 3.5 4.5 9.0
i-Pentane 4.0 6.0 5.5 7.5
n-Pentane 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.5
Total yg/m3 41.5 36.0 56.0
NMTHC (ppm) .1 .2
CO (ppm) 1.0 1.1
CH^ (ppm) 1.8 1.8
N0x (ppb) 20 19
A-5 A-6
14.0 10.5
5.0 9.5
1.5 2.5
9.5 6.5
1.5 1.5
3.0 3.0
6.0 6.5
4.5 6.0
3.0 2.5
48.0 48.5
.2
1.4
1.9
A-7
8.0
4.0
1.5
5.5
1.5
3.5
7.5
6.5
3.5
41.5
.2
1.2
1.7
18
A-8
10.0
6.0
2.0
7.5
1.5
3.5
9.0
6.5
3.5
49.5
.3
1.1
1.7
22
A-9 A-10
11.5 10.0
4.0
1.5 1.0
7.5 7.0
3.0 3.5
3.5 9.0
8.5 9.5
6.5 7.0
3.5 4.0
55.0
.5 .3
1.4 1.2
1.7 1.7
15
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l Over Malone College at 1000'
A-2 Over Malone College at 6000'
A-3 40 miles upwind at 1000'
A-4 5 miles downwind at 1000'
A-5 18 miles downwind at 1000'
A-6 35 miles downwind at 1000'
A-7 Over Malone College at 1000'
A-8 15 miles downwind at 1000'
A- 9 21 miles downwind at 1000'
A-10 25 miles downwind at 1000'
(9:30 AN)
(9:45 AM)
(10:25 AM)
(10:00 AM)
(11:35 AM)
(11:20 AM)
(2:00 PM)
(2:10 PM)
(3:05 PM)
(3:10 PM)
86
-------
54
58
59 61 Carrol ton
Time: 7:15 am to 10:15 am
Leg: 7:50 - 8:44 Downwind loop
8:44 - 9:39 Upwind loop
9:39 - 10:15 City circle
Wind: 210° at 5 mph
Weather: Sunny with light ground haze
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-13. Morning flight path on July 4, 1974.
-------
Time: 4:00 pm - 5:50 pm
Leg: 4:00 - 4:52 Long downwind
4:52 - 5:21 Upwind loop
5:21 - 5:50 Short downwind
Wind: 230° at 13 mph
Weather: Hot and very hazy
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-14. Afternoon flight path on July 4, 1974.
-------
oo
8000' -
7000' -
6000' --
5000' --
4000'
3000' 4-
20001
1000' 4-
GROUND
T
T
30
I f I *
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
TEMP (°C)
\
\
\
k
40
50
70
80
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-15. Spiral climb over Malone College (7:44 am) on July 4, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-4. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 4, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i-Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total Mg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CHi, (ppm)
NO (ppb)
X
A-l
8.0
1.0
5.0
.5
2.0
3.0
2.5
1.5
.3
.8
1.7
16
A-2 A-3
8.0 9.0
10.0
2.0 *
6.0 5.5
2.5 .5
2.5 1.5
4.5 2.5
4.0 2.5
2.5 1.0
42.0
.2
.7
1.7
16
A-4
10.0
10.5
.5
6.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
3.5
2.0
40.5
.3
1.1
1.7
20
A-5 A-6 A-8 A-9 A-ll
2.5 7.5 9.0 9.5 9.5
4.5 5.5 5.5 2.5 5.0
* 1.0 .5 .5 .5
4.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5
2.0 3.0 3.5 2.5 2.0
2.5 5.5 7.5 5.0 4.5
1.5 4.5 8.0 4.5 3.5
.5 3.0 3.0 1.0 2.5
18.0 36.5 44.0 32.0 34.5
.3 .3 .05
1.0 1.0 .9
1.6 1.6 1.8
16 17
KEY (see map
A-l Over
A- 2 Over
A-3 32 mi
on previous page):
Malone Col
Mai one Col
lege at 1000'
lege at 5000'
les upwind at 1000'
A-4 5 miles downwind at 1000'
A- 5 32 mi
A-6 47 mi
A-8 14 mi
A-9 29 mi
A-ll 40 mi
les downwi
les downwi
les downwi
les downwi
les downwi
nd at 1000'
nd at 1000'
nd at 1000'
nd at 1000'
nd at 1000'
(8:20
(8:30
(10:1
(9:35
(9:25
(9:05
(5:30
(4:10
(4:20
AM)
AM)
5 AM)
AM)
AM)
AM)
PM)
PM)
PM)
A-7,10,12-14 - Analysis Incomplete
90
-------
Time: 10:45 am to 11:55 am
Leg: 10:50-11:28 Downwind loop
11:28 - 11:55 Upwind loop
Wind: 300° at 5 mph
Weather: Cool with high clouds
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-16. Morning flight path on July 5, 1974.
-------
Wind: 340° at 11 mph
Weather: Cool with rain
Time: 3:15 pm - 5:10 pm
Leg: 4:10 Wheeling (Southbound)
4:30 Morgantown
4:50 Wheeling (Northbound)
Comments: Flight altitude - ^1000'. Followed cold front as it moved to SE.
Crossed squall line NE of Wheeling. Noted 03 depletion in Wheeling
downwind plume.
Figure B-17. Afternoon flight path on July 5, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-5. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY S, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH4 (ppm)
NO (ppb)
X rr
A-l
n.o
12.5
2.5
6.5
5.0
4.0
9.0
13.0
4.5
68.0
.3
1.2
1.8
39
A- 2
11.0
4.5
1.0
4.5
.5
2.5
7.0
14.5
3.0
48.5
A- 3
7.0
3.0
1.5
5.0
1.0
1.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
26.0
.1
1.0
1.6
18
A-4
13.5
9.0
1.5
9.5
2.5
7.0
14.0
14.5
4.5
76.0
A-5
5.5
5.0
1.0
7.0
*
2.5
5.0
4.5
2.0
32.5
.2
.8
1.7
21
A-6
5.0
3.0
1.0
4.5
*
1.0
2.5
1.5
.5
19.0
.3
1.2
1.6
38
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l Over Malone College at 700' (10:50 AM)
A-2 Over Malone College at 3000' (11:50 AM)
A-? 20 miles upwind at 1000' (11:40 AM)
A_4 14 miles downwind at 1000' (11:20 AM)
A-5 32 miles downwind at 1000' (11:10 AM)
A-6 75 miles S.E. of Canton at 1000' (4:40 PM)
-------
Time: 2:00 pm to 4:26 pm
Leg: 2:51 - 3:48 Long downwind
3:48 - 4:15 Short downwind
4:15 - 4:26 Upwind loop
Wind: 050° at 5 mph
Weather: Sunny and hot
comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-18. Afternoon flight path on July 6, 1974.
94
-------
TABLE B-6. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 6 1974
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
Clij (ppm)
NOX (ppb)
j\
A-l
5.0
10.5
*
2.5
.5
.5
1.0
1.0
*
21.0
.2
1.4
1.5
11
A-2
8.0
12.5
5.5
7.5
3.0
2.5
5.0
6.0
2.5
52.5
.2
1.4
1.7
13
A-3 A-4
9.5 6.5
10.0
1.5 1.0
5.5 5.5
3.5 2.0
3.5 2.5
6.0 5.0
6.5 6.0
3.0 2.0
49.0 30.5
.4
2.0
1.7
A-5
9.0
9.5
1.5
4.5
1.5
2.0
4.0
4.5
2.0
38.5
.2
1.2
1.7
15
KEY (see map
A-l Over
A-2 30 mi
A-3 32 mi
A-4 36 mi
on previous page)
Mai one College at
:
4000'
l^s downwind at 1000'
les downwind at 1
000'
les downwind at 1000'
A-5 444 miles downwind at
1000'
(2:30 PM)
(3:40 PM)
(3:35 PM)
(3:30 PM)
(3:20 PM)
95
-------
Time: 8:45 am to 10:41 am
Leg: 9:12 - 10:05 Downwind loop
.10:05 - 10:41 Upwind loop
Wind: 250° at 4 mph
Weather: Warm, humid, and hazy
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-19. Morning flight path on July 6, 1974.
96
-------
Time: 3:00 pm to 4:50 pm
Leg: 3:28 - 3:58 E and S to Liverpool
3:58 - 4:50 W-N-W-S-W
Wind: 290° at 6 mph
Weather: Hot and hazy
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-20. Afternoon flight path on July 8, 1974.
97
-------
93 88 90 97 95 90 92
IOSTFRI - i « MAS»MION i\ c") i
CANTON l03 101 102 103 112 \
Spiral
~A-9,A-IO
Time: 9:15 pm to 10:50 pm
Leg: 9:51-10:20 Downwind loop
10:20 - 10:50 Upwind loop
Wind: 260° at 3 mph.
Weather: Warm and humid
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-21. Night flight path on July 8, 1974.
98
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' "
.1000' -
3ROUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
i i i i i i i i i
16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
«
0
0 ^
y^ (
°l \ "
0 1 N
- o/ \ "
" ° / >v
II II II
I I ft k 1 * I k I
- 8000'
. 7000'
- 6000'
5000'
- 4000'
3000'
2000'
- 1000'
GROUND
30 40 50 60 70 80
(ppb)
Figure B-22. Spiral climb over Malone College (9:11 am) on July 8, 1974.
-------
o
o
GROUND
60
..;... 4.
70
80
90
100
110
(ppb)
8000'
7000'
16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Figure B-23. Spiral climb over Malone College (3:28 pm) on July 8, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' - -
5000' - -
4000'
3000' 4-
2000'
10001 4-
GROUND
r
40
60
15 17 19 21 23 25 27
TEMP (°C)
I
80 100
0 (ppb)
120
140
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-24. Spiral climb over Malone College (9:52 pm) on July 8, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-7. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 8, 1974.
A-1U A- A-12
Ethane 7.5 7.0 9.5 9.5 14.5 10.5 4.0 5.0 9.5 21.5
Ethylene 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 6.0 3.0 8.5 5.5 21.0
Acetylene 1.0 * .5 .5 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 5.0
Propane 4.5 3.0 4.0 5.5 9-0 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.5 6.0 15.0
Propene * 1.0 .5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.5
i-Butane 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 9.5
n-Butane 3.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 4.5 5.5 9.0 6.5 20.5
i-Pentane 3.0 2.0 4.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 10.5 12.5 10.5 28.0
n-Pentane 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 4.0 2.5 1.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 13.5
Total pg/m3 24.0 21.5 30.0 35.0 50.5 47.5 28.0 41.5 40.5 46.0 136.5
NMTHC (ppm) .2 .2 .3 .2 .3 .4 .2 .3 .8
CO (ppm) 1-0 .9 1.0 .9 1.0 1.6 1.0 .9 1.5
(ppm) 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.0
(ppb) 21 21 19 18 31
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l Over Mai one College at 1000' (8:45 AM)
A-2 Over Mai one College at 4700' (9:00 AM)
A-3 30 miles upwind at 1000' (10:25 AM)
A-4 35 miles downwind at 1000' (9:25 AM)
A-5 12 miles downwind at 1000' (4:40 PM)
A-6 40 miles downwind at 1000' (3:55 PM)
A-7 40 miles downwind at 1000' (4:00 PM)
A-8 15 miles downwind at 1000' (4:30 PM)
A-10 Over Malone College at 5800' (9:35 PM)
A-ll 30 miles upwind at 1000' (10:40 PM)
A-12 35 miles downwind at 1000' (10:05 PM)
A-9 Analysis Incomplete
102
-------
Medina
\
Mlllersburg
70
65
77
76
l=ll.4mi.
Time: 9:25 to 11:25 am
Leg: 10:02-10:50 Downwind loop
10:50 - 11:25 Upwind loop
Wind: 220° at 6 mph
Weather: Warm and hazy
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-25. Morning flight path on July 9, 1974.
103
-------
62 62/64 6260
Time: 4:00 pm to 5:50 pm
Leg: 4:18 - 4:45 Eastbound
4:45 - 5:50 Westbound
Wind: 280° at 8 mph
Weather: Sunny and hot
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-26. Afternoon flight path on July 9, 1974.
104
-------
O
01
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' '
1000' -
nRnuwn
1 1 1 1 1 1
i i I i i i i i i i i
13 15 17 19 21 23
TEMP (°C)
_o
"*"" "^^"^ -^
" "Wl^ Q
o
o
IB
0
o
(
y
\
\
\
\
\
\
X
O >v
o N. -
q
°x
0 X
0 X
s
- r o <
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
" 8000'
. 7000'
- 6000'
" 5000'
- 4000'
3000'
2000'
1 000 '
on/"Vl Ikl r*
60 70 80 90 100 110
03 (ppb)
Figure B-27. Spiral climb over Mai one College (10:02 am) on July 9, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' "
1000' -
ROUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I i i
17 19 21 23 25 27
TEMP (°C)
m
VVK
\ ° \.
:]' \ '
. /
I.I. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
50 60 70 80 90 100
- 8000'
_ 7000'
- 6000'
" 5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
- 1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-28. Spiral climb over Malone College (4:16 pm) on July 9, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-8. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 9, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
MMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (ppm)
N0v (ppb)
s\
A-l
6.0
5.0
.5
3.0
.5
2.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
24.0
.2
.8
1.6
18
A-2
6.0
3.5
*
2.5
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
20.0
.3
.8
1.6
A-3
12.5
3.5
1.5
8.0
1.0
2.5
5.0
3.5
2.5
40.0
.4
1.1
1.7
A-4
9.5
3.5
2.0
6.5
1,0
2.5
5.5
5.0
3.0
38.5
.3
.9
1.6
24
A-5
9.0
5.5
3.5
16.5
10.5
19.0
23.5
28.0
11.0
127
.5
2.1
1.7
KEY (see map
on previous page) :
A-l Over Mai one College at 1000
A-2 Over Mai one College at 6400
A-3 30 miles upwind at 1000'
A-4 35 miles downwind at 1000'
1
(9:30 AM)
(9:45 AM)
(11:20 AM)
(10:30 AM)
A-5 Touch and go at Akron-Canton airport (5:45 PM)
107
-------
Time: 8:25 am to 11:15 am
Leg: 8:58 - 9:56 Downwind loop
9:56 - 11:15 Upwind loop
Wind: 250° at 6 mph
Weather: Cool and sunny
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-29. Morning flight path on July 10, 1974.
108
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' - -
3000' 4-
2000'
1000' 4-
GROUND
T
I
30
40
t I I I
16 18 20 22 24 26
TEMP (°C)
50 60
0, (ppb)
70
80
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-31. Spiral climb over Malone Colleqe (8:58 am) on Ouly 10, 1974.
-------
pv
r YOUNGSTOW
Time: 2:10 pm to 4:25 pm
Leg: 2:15 - 3:35 Long downwind
3:35 - 4:05 Upwind loop
4:05 - 4:25 Short downwind
Wind: 320° at 8 mph
Weather: Hot, cloudy, and humid
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-30. Afternoon flight path on July 10, 1974.
109
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000'
4000' -
3000' -
2000' -
1000' -
5ROUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 t * I 1 f **
17 19 21 23 25
TEMP (°C)
..
o
- o
o
m
0
o
m O
\
0 \
\
\
^^^__ \
' ^----<_ \ I
^^ \ -
0 ^V. V
0 X \
\ \ -
0'
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
- 8000'
. 7000'
- 6000'
- 5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
50 60 70 80 90 100
(ppb)
Figure B-32. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:11 prn) on July 10, T974.
-------
TABLE B-9. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 10, 1974.
Ethane
Ethylene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (ppm)
NOX (ppb)
A-l
8.0
4.0
2.0
6.5
1.5
3.0
6.5
6.5
3.0
41.0
.4
1.0
1.6
23
A-2
6.5
2.0
*
3.0
*
2.0
3.0
2.5
1.0
20.0
.4
1.1
1.6
A-3
6.5
3.0
.6
4.0
1.0
1.5
4.0
7.0
2.0
29.5
A-4
6.0
4.0
*
4.5
1.0
3.5
7.0
10.0
2.5
38.5
.4
.9
1.6
17
A-5
8.5
5.5
1.5
4.5
1.0
3.0
7.0
6.0
2.5
39.5
A-6
9.0
4.5
2.0
6.5
1.5
3.5
7.5
5.5
3.0
43.0
.4
1.5
1.7
A-7
9.0
5.5
2.5
8.0
1.5
3.0
6.5
5.5
3.0
44.5
.4
1.4
1.7
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l Over Malone College at 1000' (8:30 AH)
A-2 Over Malone College at 5000' (8:45 AM)
A-3 25 miles upwind at 1000' (10:20 AM)
A-4 30 miles downwind at 1000' (9:30 AM)
A-5 12 miles downwind at 1000' (4:10 PM)
A-6 32 miles downwind at 1000' (2:35 PM)
A-7 40 miles downwind at 1000' (2:55 PM)
112
-------
Time: 8:50 am to 11:00 am
Wind: 040° at 9 mph
Weather: Sunny and cool
Comments: FTight altitude - 1000'
counter-clockwise route
Figure B-33. Morning flight path on July 'II, 1974.
11:
-------
WOOSTCR 66 66 70
Time: 2:45 pm to 4:50 pm
Leg: 3:00-4:08 Long downwind
4:08 - 4:38 Upwind loop
4:38 - 4:50 Short downwind
Wind: 040° at 15 mph
Weather: Sunny and warm
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-34. Afternoon flight path on July 11, 1974.
114
-------
TABLE B-10. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 11. 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetyl ene
Propane
Propene
1 -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/rn3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (ppm)
N0x (ppb)
A-l
6.5
8.5
1.0
3.5
1.5
2.0
3.5
5.5
2.0
34.0
A- 2
5.5
4.0
.5
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
4.0
1.0
21.5
.2
.7
1.6
6
A-4
4.0
3.5
*
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.0
17.0
A-8
4.5
3.0
1.0
3.5
1.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
4.5
37.5
.4
1.1
1.6
16
A-9
6.0
6.5
.5
4.0
1.5
1.5
3.0
4.0
1.0
28.0
.2
1.5
1.7
11
KEY (see map
A-l Over
A- 2 50 mi
A-4 Over
A-8 10 mi
A-9 5 mil
A-3, 5,6,7
on previous page):
Mai one College at 1000
les upwind at 1000'
S.W. Canton at 3200'
les downwind at 1000'
es S.E. of Canton at 1
Refinery Samples
'
000'
(9:00 AM)
(10:30 AM)
(9:25 AM)
(2:30 PM)
(3:00 PM)
115
-------
C3
\J
-------
90 8888 89 84VCANTON [-96
92
89
Time: 2:00 pm to 4:30 pm
Leg: 2:23 - 3:19 West leg
^3:50 Dotted leg
Wind: Variable at 3 mph
Weather: Warm with high clouds
Comments: Dotted line is path at 2000'
Solid line is at 1000'
Figure B-36. Afternoon flight path on July 12, 1974
117
-------
00
8000' --
7000' -
6000' --
5000'
4000' 4-
3000' --
2000' T
1000'
GROUND
I
30
I
40
50 60
0 (ppb)
70
13 15 17
TEMP(°C)
\
y
\
\
x
\
80
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
20001
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-37. Spiral climb over Malone Colleqe (10:32 am) on July 12, 1974.
-------
8000' --
7000' -
6000'
5000' -
4000' - -
3000' --
2000'
1000'
GROUND
50
60
70
10 12 14 16 18 20
TEMP (°C)
80
90
100
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-38. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:21 pm) on July 12, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-ll. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 12, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i-Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (pprn)
N0x (ppb)
A-1
6.5
2.5
1.0
3.5
*
1.5
4.0
3.0
1.5
23.5
.2
.8
1.6
16
A-2
5.
3.
5
5
*
2.
1.
14.
1.
1.
5
5
5
0
5
5
5
2
0
6
A-3
7.0
13.5
1.5
3.5
1.5
2.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
39.0
A-4 A-5
15.
4.
1.
8.
1.
2.
5.
3.
2.
43.
*
*
1.
18
5 4.0
0 3.5
0 1.0
5 2.5
5 1.5
5 2.0
0 3.0
5 5.0
0 1.5
5 24.0
2
9
8
12
A-6
8
3
1
4
1
2
5
9
2
37
1
1
23
.0
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
.4
.6
A-7
4
3
2
3
3
4
3
3
27
1
1
16
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.2
.3
.6
A-8
6.5
4.0
2.0
3.5
.5
3.0
5.5
5.5
2.5
33.0
.2
1.2
1.6
21
KEY (see map
A-1 Over
A-2 Over
A- 3 55 mi
A-4 40 mi
A-5 Over
A-6 26 mi
A- 7 36 mi
A-8 36 mi
on previous page):
Mai one Col
Mai one Col
les upwind
les downwi
Ma lone Col
les downwi
les downwi
les downwi
lege at 1000'
lege at 5000'
, touch and go
nd at 1000'
lege at 4500'
nd at 1000'
nd at 1000'
nd at 2000'
(10:30 AM)
(10:40 AM)
(9:40 AM)
(11:05 AM)
(2:10 PM)
(3:20 PM)
(3:40 PM)
(3:45 PM)
120
-------
98 102 98\I04 95
rii\ Q_
105 100 102 98 92
Time: 2:00 pm to 4:10 pm
Leg: 2:18-3:03 Short downwind
3:03 - 3:48 Long downwind
3:48 - 4:10 Upwind loop
Wind: 280° at 6 mph
Weather: Sunny and hot
Comments: Flight altitude - 10U01
Figure B-39. Afternoon flight path on July 13, 1974.
121
-------
8000' - -
7000' -
6000' --
5000' -
4000' --
3000' --
2000' '
1000' --
GROUND
40
60
16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
I
80 100
0 (ppb)
120
140
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-40. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:17 pm) on July 13, 1974.
-------
8:50 am to 11:30 am
8:55 - 9:37 Downwind loop
10:04 - 11:30 Upwind loop
340° at 11 mph
Time:
Leg:
Wind:
Weather: Cloudy and warm
Comments: Flight altitude - 1UOO'
Figure B-41. Morning flight path on July 15, 1974-
123
-------
Time: 2:30 pm to 4:25 pm
Leg: 2:30-3:12 Short downwind
3:12 - 3:32 Upwind loop
3:32 - 4:25 Long downwind
Wind: 350° at 17 mph
Weather: Sunny and hot
Comments: Flight altitude 1000'
Figure B-42. Afternoon flight path on July 15, 1974-
-------
o
n
8000' -
7000' -
6000' - -
5000' -
4000' --
3000' 4-
2000'
1000' -I-
GROUND
30
40
I
50 60
0 (ppb)
70
80
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
-f- 4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-43. Spiral climb over Mai one College (10:05 am) on July 15, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-12. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 15, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CHit (ppm)
N0x (ppb)
A-l
10.0
13.5
3.0
6.5
2.5
3.0
6.5
11.5
3.5
60.0
A-2
5.0
2.0
*
3.0
.5
1.0
1.5
1.5
.5
15.0
.3
.9
1.5
12
A-3
8.
4.
1.
5.
1.
1.
3.
2.
1.
3.
1.
1.
18
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
5
5
0
3
2
7
A-4
17.0
4.0
2.5
16.0
1.
5.
10.
8.
4.
68.
1.
1.
0
0
5
0
0
0
7
3
9
A-6
7
6
2
4
1
2
4
4
2
33
1
1
17
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.3
.5
.6
A-7
5
4
1
5
1
5
10
12
2
48
.0
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.3
1.5
1
12
.7
A-8
3.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
.5
9.0
12.5
26.0
4.0
61.0
.4
1.3
1.6
KEY (see map
A-l Over
A-2 Over
A- 3 40 ml
A-4 20 mi
A-6 4 mil
A- 7 8 mil
A-8 6 mil
on previous
page):
Malone College at 1000'
Mai one College at 5000'
les upwind at 1000'
les downwind, touch and
es downwind at 1000'
es downwind at 1000'
es downwind at 1000'
go
(9:35
(9:45
(10:45
(9:15
(2:00
(2:15
(1:45
AM)
AM)
AM)
AM)
PM)
PM)
PM)
A-5 Refinery Sample
12C
-------
Time: 8:55 am to 11:30 am
Leg: 9:03 - 9:47 Downwind loop
9:47 - 10:28 Upwind loop
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Wind: 350° at 10 mph
Weather: Sunny and cool
Figure B-44. Morning flight path on July 16, 1974.
127
-------
_ , W m f W^ «. T» 91 rllL-V1*
51 57 62 72/75vST7 7I
Time: 2:15 pm to 4:45 pm
Leg: 3:36 - 4:06 Upwind loop
4:06 - 4:45 Downwind loop
Wind: 030° at 5 mph
Weather: Sunny and warm
Comments: Flight altitude - 10UO'
Figure B-45. Afternoon flight path on July 16, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000'
5000' - -
4000' --
3000' -
2000' "
1000' --
1 1 1 1 1 1
10 12 14 16 18
TEMP (°C)
m «
» «
' ;C~ ( :
\: \
i.i. i . i . i . i
. 7000'
- 6000'
- 5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
coniiMn
20
30
40 50
0, (ppb)
60
70
Figure B-46. Spiral climb over Malone College (11:02 am) on July 16, 1974.
-------
c >
o
8000' -.
7000' -
6000'
5000' --
4000' -.
3000' -i
2000' "
1000' -
GROUND
T
T
7/16/74: PM
I . I
20
30
I I I I I I I I I T^ T
79 11 13 15 17
\
TEMP (°C)
\
\
40
50
60
70
19
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-47. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:28 pm) on July 16, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-13.. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 16, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total pg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (ppm)
N0v (ppb)
2\
A-3
5.5
4.0
*
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
3.5
1.5
22.5
.2
.7
1.6
9
A-6
6.5
5.0
2.5
4.0
1.0
3.5
6.5
6.5
3.0
38.5
.3
1.3
1.7
A-9
6.5
4.5
1.0
4.0
2.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
1.5
32.5
.2
1.1
1.6
17
KEY (see map
A-3 Over
A-6 6 mil
A-9 7 mil
on previous page):
Southwest Canton at 4500'
es downwind at 1000'
es downwing at 1000'
(10:45 AM)
(11:25 AM)
(3:15 PM)
A-1,2,4,5,7,8 Refinery Samples
131
-------
Time: 9:00 am to 11:45 am
Leg: 9:05 - 10:05 Southeast loop
10:05 - 10:20 South loop
10:20 - 11:30 Northwest loop
11:30 - 11:45 City circle
Wind: Variable at 2 mph
Weather: Sunny
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-48. Morning flight path on July 17, 1974.
132
-------
72 7679 80 83 87
104 90 84 82 85
Time: 2:15 pm to 4:30 pm
Leg: 2:49 - 3:21 Short NE loop
3:21 - 3:54 SW loop
3:54 - 4:30 Long NE loop
Wind: Variable at 5 mph
Weather: Sunny and hot
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure .B-49. Afternoon flight path on July 17, 1974.
133
-------
Oo
8000' -.
7000' -
6000' +
5000'
4000' 4-
3000'
2000'
1000' -f
GROUND
T
T
7/17/74: AM
30
40
I .
10 12 14 16 18 20
TEMP (°C)
50 60
0 (ppb)
70
80
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-&0. Spiral climb over Carroll Co. Airport (9:52 am) on July 17, 1974.
-------
01
8000' -
7000' -
6000'
5000' +
4000'
3000' --
2000' "
1000' --
GROUND
I
7/17/74: AM
10 12 14 16 18 20
TEMP (°C)
r
(
30
40
50 60
0 (ppb)
70
80
8000'
7000'
- 6000'
5000'
4000'
+ 3000'
-I- 2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-51. Spiral climb over lleltzien Airport (11:14 am) on July 17, 1974.
-------
CO
8000' --
7000' --
6000' --
5000' --
4000' --
3000' --
2000' ""
1000' --
GROUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 i 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 III
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
TEMP (°C)
»
°> ) '
o
c
o
" o
o
V
i
\
\
\
I ' \ *
" 7/17/74: PM *
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
- 8000'
. 7000'
- 6000'
5000'
- 4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
CDHIINn
20
40
60
80
100
120
(ppb)
Figure B-52. Spiral climb over Mai one College (2:31 pm) on July 17, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-14. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 17 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CHt, (ppm)
N<) (ppb)
X\
A-l
14.0
5.0
1.0
17.5
1.0
6.5
12.0
11.5
5.0
73.5
.4
1.0
1.8
26
A-2 A-3
6.
3.
1.5
4.5 3.
.5 1.
2.0 1.
4.5 2.
3.5 2.
3.0 1.
21.
.5
1.0
1.7 1.
5
0
5
0
0
5
0
5
0
0
4
9
7
A-5
7.5
3.5
*
3.0
1.0
2.5
3.5
3.5
1.5
26.0
A-6
10
5
2
6
1
4
8
9
2
50
1
.5
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.4
.2
A-9 A-10
17.5 8.0
4.5 4.0
1.5 2.0
11.0 10.5
2.0 1.0
8.0 5.5
14.5 11.0
11.0 9.0
6.0 4.5
76.0 55.5
1.7
14
KEY (see map on
previous page):
A-l 5 miles upwind at 800'
A-2 20 miles upwind at 2200'
A-3 20 miles upwind at 2600'
A-5 20 miles upwind at 6000'
A-6 34 miles downwind at 1000'
A-9 Over Malone College at 3300'
A-10 Over Malone College at 4300'
A-4,7,8 Analysis Incomplete
(11:40 AM)
(9:50 AM)
(9:45 AM)
(9:30 AM)
(10:40 AM)
(.2:25 PM)
(2:15 PM)
137
-------
Scale
Uhrichsvillc |"= ll.4fni.
Time: 8:50 am to 11:50 am
Leg: 9:13 - 9:32 Upwind loop
9:32 - 11:01 Downwind loop
11:01 - 11:24 South leg
Wind: 250° at 9 mph
Weather: Cloudy and cool
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
except South leg at 3000'
Figure B-53. Morning flight path on July 18, 1974.
138
-------
82 78,. i 69
Sptral,A-5
A-6,A-7,A-8
SaltnevMle
UhrichsvMle
96
95 94,87 80 )75 47 62 71
O s
Scale ot HUcn
to
80
Time: 1:50 pm to 4:45 pm
Leg: 2:26 - 3:55 Upwind loop Wind: 220° at 10 mph
3:55 - 4:45 Downwind loop Weather: Hot with scattered clouds
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'. Passed through power plant plume on
southern most leg 175-47-62-71).
Figure B-54. Afternoon flight path on July 18, 1974.
139
-------
8000' --
7000' -
6000' --
5000' --
4000' --
3000' --
2000' "-
1000' --
GROUND L.
T
7/18/74: AM
i . I
I
_L
40
60
18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
I
120
^
\
f
80 100
03 (ppb)
Figure 8-55. Spiral climb over Malone College (9:30 am) on July 18, 1974.
140
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
-------
8000' -.
7000' -
6000' - -
5000' -
4000' --
3000' --
2000'
1000' --
GROUND
I
7/18/74: AM
60
70
I
80 90
0 (ppb)
100
18 20 22
TEMP (°C)
no
8000'
7000'
+ 6000'
T 5000'
=> 4000'
+ 3000'
4- 2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-56. Spiral climb over Courtland - 50 miles downwind (10:31 am) on July 18, 1974.
-------
PO
2000' "
1000' 4-
GROUND
8000'
7000'
70
80
(ppb)
Figure B-57. Spiral climb over Sugarcreek - 30 miles upwind (11:40 am) on July 18, 1974.
-------
to
8000' -.
7000' -
6000' - -
5000' - -
4000' --
3000' - -
2000' "*
1000' --
GROUND
7/18/74: PM
30
40
_L
16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
\
(
>
\
i
\
50 60
03 (ppb)
70
80
8000'
7000'
-f- 6000'
5000'
4000'
h 3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-58. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:30 pm) on July 18, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-15. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 18, 1974.
A-l
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total pg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (ppm)
N0x (ppb)
6
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
19
1
10
.0
.0
*
.5
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.1
.7
.6
A-2
24.
4.
1.
15.
2.
5.
8.
5.
3.
68.
1.
1.
19
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
5
5
3
0
8
A-3
11.0
4.0
1.0
5.0
*
2.5
4.0
3.5
1.5
32.5
.2
.8
1.7
17
A-4
12.0
2.0
1.0
6.0
*
3.0
5.0
4.5
2.0
35.5
.2
.9
1.8
19
A-5
8.
4.
1.
6.
3.
4.
7.
6.
2.
43.
1.
1.
20
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
5,
0
7
A-6
10
3
1
7
1
3
8
7
3
46
1
1
21
.5
.5
.5
.0
.5
.5
.0
.5
.0
.0
.8
.3
.7
A-7 A-8
7.0 5.5
2.5 3.0
* *
4.0 4.0
1.0 1.0
3.0 2.0
6.0 5.0
3.0 2.5
2.0 1.5
28.5 24.5
.8 .3
1.1 1.3
1.6 1.6
15 15
KEY (see map
A-l Over
A-2 28 mi
A-3 24 mi
A-4 50 mi
A-5 Over
A-6 Over
on previous
Ma lone
Coll
les upwind
page):
ege
at
at 1000
5000'
1
les downwind at 1000'
les downwind at
Mai one
Mai one
Coll
Coll
ege
ege
1000'
at
at
1000'
2300'
(9:00
(11:20
(10:50
(10:20
(2:30
(2:25
AM)
AM)
AM)
AM)
PM)
PM)
A-7 Over Mai one College at 4000' (2:20 PM)
A-8 Over Mai one Colleqe at 6000' (2:10 PM)
144
-------
Time: 9:00 am to 10:50 am
Leg: 9:03-10:02 Downwind loop
10:02 - 10:48 Upwind loop
Wind: 290° at 10 mph
Weather: Cool and overcast
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000' except
dashed line which represents a gradual
climb to 5700'.
Figure B-59. Morning flight path on July 19, 1974.
145
-------
Time: 1:30 pm to 4:00 pm
Leg: 2:03 - 3:05 Long downwind
3:05 - 3:31 Upwind loop
3:31 - 3:58 Short downwind
Wind: 340° at 15 mph
Weather: Mostly sunny; hot and humid
Comments: Flight altitude - 1000'
Figure B-60. Afternoon flight path on July 19, 1974.
146
-------
8000'
7000' -
6000' --
5000'
4000' 4-
3000'
2000'
1000' 4-
GROUND
I
7/19/74: AM
20
30
14 16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
I
I
40 50
0, (ppb)
60
\
%
\
70
8000'
7000'
+ 6000'
5000'
-J- 4000'
3000'
-I- 2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-61. Spiral climb over Weltzien Airport (10:45 am) on July 19, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' '
1000' -|
POUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
" f I t I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I *"
12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TEMP (°C)
- \^ \
o^ fl "- -~^._ ' \
~^~- * ^-9^, \
^^X o \
o ^
M*
- O
0
> o
0
7/19/74: PM
-
0 \
O X
N.
o .
N.
^
o
o
o
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
- 8000'
_ 7000'
k 6000'
5000'
- 4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
30
40
50
60
70
(ppb)
80
Figure B-62. Spiral climb over Malone College (1:59 pm) on July 19, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-16. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 19. 1974,
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH^ (ppm)
N0x (ppb)
A-l A-2 A-3
9.0 6.0 13.5
5.0 7.0 5.5
1.5 .5 2.0
6.5 3.5 10.0
1.0 .5 1.5
3.5 2.5 4.5
6.5 6.5 11.0
7.0 11.5
2.5 5.0 4.5
42.5 31.5 64.0
1.4 1.2 1.4
1.7 1.7 1.8
29 30 34
A-4 A-5
7.0 8.0
3.0 3.5
1.0 1.0
4.0 5.5
1.0 1.5
1.5 2.0
3.0 4.0
2.5 4.0
1.5 1.5
24.5 29.5
.3
1.2 1.3
1.6 1.7
18
A-6
b.5
2.5
1.0
3.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
1.5
24.0
.4
1.5
1.7
A-7 A-8
7.5 7.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 1.0
4.5 4.0
.5 1.0
2.5 1.5
4.0 4.5
3.5 3.5
2.0 1.5
29.5 27.0
.3
1.3 1.2
1.7 1.6
22 17
KEY (see map
A-l 20 ml
A-2 20 mi
A-3 34 mi
A-4 18 mi
A-5 18 mi
A-6 36 mi
A- 7 36 rni
A-8 40 mi
on previous page):
les downwind at 1000' (1
les downwind at 3400' (1
les downwind at 1000' (9
les downwind at 1000' (3
les downwind at 1000' (3
les downwind at 1000' (2
les downwind at 1000' (2
les downwind at 1000' (2
0:15 AM)
0:30 AM)
:35 AM)
:40 PM)
:45 PM)
:45 PM)
:30 PM)
:35 PM)
149
-------
Time:
Leg:
Wind:
Weather:
Comments:
9:25 am to 11:35 am
9:45 - 10:30 Upwind loop
10:30 - 11:35 Downwind loop
030° at 9 mph
Sunny and cool
Flight altitude = 1000'
Figure B-63. Morning flight path on July 20, 1974.
150
-------
8000' -.
7000' --
6000' -
5000'
4000' --
3000' 4-
2000'
1000' 4-
GROUND
I
7/20/74: AM
20
30
40
50
7 9 11 13 15 17
TEMP (°C)
60
70
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-64. Spiral climb over Dover (11:21 am) on July 20, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-17. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 20, 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetyl ene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CHtj (ppm)
NOX (ppb)
A-6
9.0
5.0
1.0
5.0
1.5
3.5
7.0
8.5
4.0
44.5
.2
.9
1.7
17
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-6 20 miles downwind at 1000' (10:45 AM)
A-l-5 Refinery Sampling
152
-------
Time: 9:00 am to 11:00 am
Leg: 9:27 - 10:15 Upwind loop
10:15 - 11:00 Downwind loop
Wind: 150° at 2 mph
Weather: Scattered clouds and light haze
Comments: Flight altitude = 1000'
Figure B-65. Morning flight path on July 22, 1974.
-------
Time: 7:35 pm to 9:10 pm
Leg: 8:00-8:16 Upwind loop
8:16 - 9:08 Downwind loop
Wind: 170° at 5 mph
Weather: Overcast and hazy
Comments: Flight altitude = 1000'
Figure B-66. Night flight path on July 22, 1974.
154
-------
01
in
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' -
1000' -
JROUND
1 1 1 1 I 1
I i i i I i I i ill
10 12 14 16 18 20
TEMP (°C)
1 \
S
-------
en
8000' -.
7000' -
6000' --
5000' -
4000' --
3000' 4-
2000'
1000' 4-
GROUND
T
I
70
I I I I I i I 1 r i i
12 14 16 18 20 22
TEMP (°C)
I
I
80
90 100
0, (ppb)
no
120
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-68. Spiral climb over Malone College (7:59 pm) on July 22, 1974.
-------
IABLE B-is. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 22, 1974.
A-l
Ethane
Ethylene
Acetyl ene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
11
6
1
7
2
8
21
37
6
.0
.5
.0
.5
.5
.5
.0
.5
.5
A-2
6.0
4.0
.5
2.5
2.0
4.0
10.0
19.0
3.5
A- 3
8.5
19.5
1.5
4.5
2.0
8.0
21.0
38.0
6.0
A-4
6.5
5.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
5.0
8.5
2.0
A-5
21.0
6.0
3.0
10.5
2.0
5.0
12.0
13.0
5.5
A-6
7.5
3.5
1.0
3.5
1.0
5.0
12.0
21.0
4.0
A-7
10.5
5.0
2.5
6.0
1.0
2.5
7.0
6.5
3.0
A-8
12.0
5.0
1.0
5.5
1.5
2.0
4.0
3.5
2.0
A-9
10.0
4.0
1.5
5.0
.5
2.0
5.0
4.5
2.0
A-10
7.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
.5
1.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Total yg/m3 102 51.5 109 34.0 78.0 58.5 44.0 36.5 34.5 27.0
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH1+ (ppm)
NO (ppb)
X
.2
1.1
1.8
1
1
17
.8
.1
.7
1
1
30
.2
.1
.6
.4
1.7
2.1
.3
1.3
1.7
.3
.9
1.7
.4
1.0
1.6
.4
1.1
1.7
.3
.9
1.6
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l Over Malone College at 1000' (10:55 AM)
A-2 30 miles upwind at 1000' (9:55 AM)
A-3 5 miles downwind at 1000' (10:50 AM)
A-4 10 miles downwind at 1000' (10:45 AM)
A-5 25 miles downwind, touch and go (10:35 AM)
A-6 25 miles downwind at 1000' (10:30 AM)
A-7 7 miles downwind at 1000' (9:00 PM)
A-8 20 miles downwind at 1000' (8:55 PM)
A-9 30 miles downwind at 1000' (8:45 PM)
A-10 42 miles downwind at 800' (8:40 PM)
157
-------
93 91 95 100 109
Time: 2:00 pm to 4:05 pm
Leg: 2:20 - 3:08 Western leg
3:08 - 4:05 Eastern leg
Wind: 360° at 4 mph
Weather: Partly cloudy and warm
Coinments: Flight altitude = 1000'
Figure B-69. Afternoon flight path on July 24, 1974.
158
-------
Time: 8:00 pm to 9:55 pm
Leg: 8:27 - 9:16 Outside loop
9:16 - 9:56 Inside loop
Wind: 360° at 4 mph
Weather: Clear and warm
Comments: Flight altitude = 1000'
Figure B-70. Night flight path on July 24, 1974.
159
-------
8000' --
7000' -
6000'
5000'
4000' --
3000' --
2000' -
1000' --
GROUND
40
I I I I 1I I I I I I
9 11 13 15 17 19
TEMP (°C)
50
60
70
80
90
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-71. Spiral climb over Malone College (2:18 pm) on July 24, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000'
6000'
5000' --
4000' --
3000' - -
2000'
1000' --
GROUND
I
30
40
I
9 11 13 15 17 19
TEMP (°C)
50 60
0- (ppb)
70
80
8000'
7000'
6000'
-J" 5000'
4- 4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
Figure B-72. Spiral climb over Randolph - 15 miles downwind (3:58 pm) on July 24, 1974.
-------
PO
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000'
1000' -
ROUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
i i i i i i i i i i i
8 10 12 14 16 18
TEMP (°C)
o
°S>\^ \
° J^°. \
m \ O v «M
0 \^ ^
J>0 \
o C \
\P N^
\ 0 \
\o \
1
I.I. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
30 40 50 60 70 80
8000'
. 7000'
6000'
~ 5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-73. Spiral climb over Malone College (8:24 pm) on July 24, 1974.
-------
IABLE B-19. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 24. 1974.
Ethane
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Propane
Propene
i -Butane
n-Butane
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
Total yg/m3
NMTHC (ppm)
CO (ppm)
CH4 (ppm)
N0v (ppb)
JN
A-l
6.5
5.0
.5
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
1.0
26.5
.2
.9
1.6
17
A-2
8.0
9.5
2.0
5.0
1.5
3.0
6.5
7.0
2.5
45.0
.5
1.1
1.7
23
A- 3
8.5
5.0
2.0
4.5
.5
3.5
6.0
8.0
2.5
40.5
.3
1.0
1.7
20
A-4
9.0
6.0
1.5
5.0
1.0
2.5
5.5
9.5
2.5
42.5
.3
1.0
1.6
19
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l 8 miles upwind at 1000' (3:35 PM)
A-2 10 miles downwind at 1000' (2:30 PM)
A-3 20 miles downwind at 1000' (2:40 PM)
A-4 35 miles downwind at 1000' (3:05 PM)
163
-------
Time: 9:10 am to 11:15 am
Leg: 9:40 - 10:49 Upwind loop
10:49 - 11:15 Downwind loop
Wind: 120° at 3 mph
Weather: Sunny and cool
Comments: Flight altitude = 1000'
Figure B-74. Morning flight path on July 25, 1974.
-------
6cr 63 6770 73 73 63 63 170 6?
iii i i i V i t^
57 56 54 5|
IASSII.GN
Time: 2:45 pm to 4:15 pm
Wind: 080° at 3 mph
Weather: Partly cloudy and hot
Comments: Flight altitude = 1000'; flown
in clockwise direction
Figure B-75. Afternoon flight path on July 25, 1974.
165
-------
Time: 7:50 pm to 9:00 pm
Wind: 070° at 4 mph
Weather: Cloudy and warm
Comments: Flight altitude = 1000'; flown in
counterclockwise direction
Figure B-76. Night flight path on July 25, 1974.
166
-------
en
8000' -
7000' -
6000'
5000' -
4000' --
3000' - -
2000' -'
1000' --
GROUND
1
20
I 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 I '
8 10 12 14 16 18
30
40
50
TEMP (°C)
\
60
70
8000'
7000'
6000'
5000'
H- 4000'
+ 3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
(ppb)
Figure B-77. Spiral climb over Malone College (9:39 am) on July 25, 1974.
-------
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' -
1000' -
POUND
KUUINU
1 1 1 1 1 1
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
TEMP (°C)
x*^ '
o ^^^
^^^^ o
' 1° \
» ol ^ *
° 1 ^
V \
o 1
- 1 o _
I.I. J . 1 . I . 1
30 40 50 60 70 80
Annn1
ouuu
. 7000'
6000'
' 5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
- 1000'
r*Dni IM r\
bKUUNU
0, (ppb)
Figure 8-78. Spiral climb over Mai one Colleqe (2:47 pm) on July 25, 1974.
-------
cr
vc
8000' -
7000' -
6000' -
5000' -
4000' -
3000' -
2000' "
1000' -
5ROUND
1 1 1 1 1 1
I I I I 1 I I P I I 1 f 1 1 1
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
TEMP (°C)
(^
\
>v m
\
\.
^
N.
\ "
1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1
- 8000'
. 7000'
- 6000'
5000'
4000'
3000'
2000'
1000'
GROUND
40 50 60 70 80 90
(ppb)
Figure B-79. Spiral climb over Malone College (8:18 pm) on July 25, 1974.
-------
TABLE B-20. AIRCRAFT COLLECTED BAG SAMPLES. JULY 25, 1974.
A-l A-2 A-3
Ethane 21.0 9.5 33.5
Ethylene 5.5 8.0 4.5
Acetylene 2.0 3.5 1.5
Propane 12.0 6.0 10.0
Propene 1.5 2.0 2.0
i-Butane 4.0 3.0 3.5
n-Butane 8.0 7.0 5.5
i-Pentane 5.0 7.5 8.0
n-Pentane 3.5 3.5 3.0
Total yg/m3 62.5 50.0 71.5
NMTHC (ppm) .5 .3 .4
CO (ppm) 1.2 1.5 1.1
CH^ (ppm) 1.8 1.8 2.5
N0x (ppb) 17 11 17
A-4 A-5 A-6
33.5 8.5 11.5
5.5 5.0 3.0
2.0 1.0 1.0
11.0 4.5 6.5
1.5 1.0 1.0
3.0 2.5 3.0
5.0 4.5 6.0
4.0 4.5 5.5
2.0 1.5 2.5
67.5 33.0 40.0
.4 .3 .2
1.2 1.1 1.1
2.5 1.7 1.7
16 23 15
A-7 A-8 A-9
7.5 8.5 7.5
5.0 7.5 2.5
1.0 1.5 2.0
3.5 5.0 4.0
1.5 5.5 2.0
1.5 3.0 6.0
3.5 6.0 9.5
5.0 8.5 6.5
1.5 2.5 2.0
30.0 48.0 42.0
» o o o
1.3 1.0 1.7
1.6 1.7 1.7
16 19 22
KEY (see map on previous page):
A-l Over Malone College at 1000'
A-2 45 miles upwind, touch and go
A-3 6 miles downwind at 1000'
A-4 18 miles downwind at 1000'
A-5 16 miles downwind at 1000'
A-6 25 miles downwind at 1000'
A-7 45 miles downwind at 1000'
A-8 8 miles upwind at 1000'
A-9 6 miles downwind at 1000'
(9:40 AM)
(10:05 AM)
(11:15 AM)
(11:05 AM)
(3:10 PM)
(3:20 PM)
(3:40 PM)
(8:55 PM)
(9:10 PM)
170
-------
APPENDIX C
This section provides ozone data obtained during touch and go landings
at various airports in northeastern Ohio. Table C-l lists the date, time,
location and ozone concentration at various altitudes during the descending
and ascending phases of the touch and go maneuver. A map showing the location
of airports where this ozone data was obtained is provided in Figure C-l. The
locations of the touch and go landings were also shown on the flight routes
illustrated in Appendix B.
171
-------
TABLE C-1. OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (PPB) RECORDED DURING TOUCH AND GO LANDINGS.
T/G#
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
Date
7/3
7/3
7/4
7/4
7/8
7/8
7/9
7/9
7/9
7/10
7/10
7/11
7/11
7/12
7/15
7/15
7/16
7/16
7/17
7/17
7/17
-JIM
7/17
7/18
7/19
7/19
7/20
7/22
7/25
7/25
Time
10:27
11:20
08:12
09:11
09:33
10:30
10:22
11:14
5:47
09:45
10:20
10:24
3:30
09:40
09:22
10:29
09:28
10:19
09:21
10:14
10:48
11:22
4:10
10:17
09:34
10:25
10:54
10:37
10:08
11:03
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
pm
am
am
am
pm
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
pm
am
am
am
am
am
am
am
Airport
Holmes County
Youngstown Executive
Ken ley
Holmes County
Phi 11 is Lakefront
Wayne County
Youngstown Executive
Holmes County
Akron/Canton Regional
TriCity
Holmes County
Youngstown Executive
Downing
Newcastle
Carroll County
Holmes County
Clever
Northfield
Carroll County
Magnolia
Weltzien
Akron/Canton Regional
Akron Municipal
Geauga County
Columbiana County
Weltzien
Clever
Weltzien
Steubenville-Pier
Weltzien
Descending
1500' 1000' 500'
65
73
49
63
52
49
80
81
--
63
__
29
71
52
40
--
24
23
61
52
52
58
120
56
51
28
61
52
52
67
75
54
49
50
37
78
71
67
54
84
32
74
61
42
58
22
33
50
38
44
62
109
91
54
52
30
48
46
44
66
77
54
45
45
39
78
62
70
41
67
34
76
49
38
56
19
32
26
37
54
65
103
94
52
53
31
224
39
44
RND
61
68
41
41
44
34
71
58
55
42
46
31
74
26
34
49
20
34
29
34
61
69
96
88
52
48
29
17
39
34
Ascending
500' 10DO' 1500'
65
77
47
46
44
37
76
64
73
44
58
34
72
52
36
58
22
32
20
38
56
74
100
94
56
50
30
20
39
43
69
75
55
53
48
39
82
65
69
44
82
32
71
56
39
56
22
32
50
43
48
81
92
90
57
51
30
41
50
40
65
71
54
61
51
45
80
69
--
56
-_
32
70
53
41
54
29
31
64
57
57
82
87
85
55
56
30
61
47
42
-------
YOUIWGSTOWN
: New
O
QiAkron
)Canton
Regional
Figure C-l . Location of airports used for touch and go landing.
173
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
_EPA-600/3-78-007
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf*NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
LIGHT HYDROCARBON AND OXIDANT TRANSPORT
STUDIES IN OHIO - 1974
5. REPORT DATE
January 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
H. Westberg, K. Allwine, E. Robinson,
and P. Zimmerman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Air Resources Section
Chemical Engineering Department
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99164
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1A1008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1232
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report describes a field research study carried out in the Canton, Ohio,
area during July, 1974. Light hydrocarbons, oxidant and other air pollution para-
meters were monitored in the city and in the surrounding area both at ground level
and aloft using an instrumented light aircraft.
Air pollutant concentrations both in the urban center and over the region were
shown to have strong dependence on synoptic weather patterns and in particular to the
passage of high pressure systems. The pollutant characteristics of the air within
a fresh or recent system that had moved out of Canada exhibited relatively low
pollutant loads. After the air mass within the system had been present over the
Midwest area for three to four days, pollutant burdens including both hydrocarbons
and photochemical oxidant were significantly higher. Winds during this period of
higher concentrations were typically from the southwest at moderate speeds. Aircraft
data showed that pollutants were frequently widespread over the region and present in
one or more layers above the ground and through the lowest several thousand feet of
the atmosphere. In areas directly downwind of major urban centers, ozone concen-
trations were inversely correlated with nitrogen oxide levels.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air pollution
Ozone
Hydrocarbons
Transport properties
Chemical analysis
Meteorological data
Field tests
Airplanes
Ohio
13B
07B
07C
07D
04B
14B
01C
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
186
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
174
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