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REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RIVER BASINS
COMMISSION, VANCOUVER, WASH
1950
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Technical Information Service
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Water Pollution Series No. #19
REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
I960
SANITARY E i< . N £ * R ! N G SERVICES
KL..U.JM -,!
PUBLIC HL/'.LTH SERVICE
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REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
1950
Prepared by
Pacific Northwest Drainage Basins Office
• Division of Water Pollution Control
Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency
in cooperation with
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
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Public Health Service Publication No. 123
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TABLE OF.CONTENTS
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN KEPORT
Introduction ------«.--«•------------ 1
Acknowledgment - - 3
Summary -------------•--------.--- 4
Conclusions T „_•_..--_-....____-_-- 9.
Recommendations ------ __--_- _-__ 12
Historical Background — 17
Physical Description 19
Geography 19
Topography 19
Climate - 21
Hydrology 22
Economic Development ------------:------ 23
Land Uses and Resources 23
Population - - - - - 24
Logging 26
Agriculture -------------- _--_ 28
Manufacturing -» 29
Recreation 32.
Uses of Water Resources - 33
Municipal Water Supply -------------- 35
Industrial Water Supply - 40
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
.. Page No.
Uses of Water Resources (Continued)
Agriculture --•--.------_--__- 42
Fishery . 43
Recreation 46
Navigation ---------------- - 47
Hydroelectric Power -'---'----------- 48
Wildlife i A9
Pollution Contributed To Water Resources ------- 50
Damages to Water Resources from Pollution - - - - 59
Public Health 60
Public Water Supply ---_„---- 63
Fishery --- --- --------- 67
Navigation -__-_---__---- 71
Recreation ___-__---- 71
Property -______-_ 73
Benefits Resulting from Pollution Prevention and
Abatement w -.• - 74
Pollution Abatement Measures in Effedt -~--~-~- 78
Pollution Prevention Measures Required *• -- 90
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
MAPS
Page No.
"•••MB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
3
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
General Reference Map Following1
Water Resources Developments "
Existing Primary Water Uses °
Present Stream Status ---------- "
Sources of Municipal Pollution and
Existing Treatment Facilities - "
Sources of Industrial Pollution and
Existing Treatment Facilities "
Municipal Waste Treatment Needs "
Industrial Pollution Abatement Needs "
TABLES
Sources of Pollution — Municipal
Sources of Pollution — Industrial
Existing Treatment Facilities— Municipal - - -
Existing Treatment Facilities— Industrial - - - -
Adequacy of Existing Treatment Facilities—
Municipal • -
Adequacy of Existing Treatment Facilities —
Industrial
Progress in Construction of Pollution Abatement
Facilities
Waste Treatment Needs — Municipal ---------
Industrial Waste Pollution Abatement Needs
Current Status of Municipal Action on Pollution
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
56
56
80
82
85
86
87
93
94
O.A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TABLES (Continued)
Page No.
K
L
M
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Current Status of Industrial Action on Pollution
Municipalities and Industries Needing Improve-
Municipalities Needing Both Sewers and Sewage
PLATES
Where sPollutional Discharges Originate Following
Soil Erosion on Cultivated Land ----- »
Bacterial Pollution of Willamette River - "
Dissolved Oxygen in Willamette River - "
-..-. Dissolved Oxygen in Willamette River - - - »
Sewage .Treatment Facilities for Urban
Municipal Sewage Treatment Program - - - - "
97
98
102
52
58
63
69
77
77
79
82
95
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
APPENDIX 2
Appendix
Pae
Sec. 1 Summary of Oregon State Water Pollution
Control Legislation 1
Sec. 2 City of Portland—Waterworks - 7
Sec. 3 City of Salem—Waterworks 14
Sec. 4 City of Eugene—Waterworks — - - — 20
Sec. 5 City of Springfield—Waterworks 26
Table 1 Basic Data on Sources of Municipal Pollution 31
" 2 Basic Data on Sources of Industrial Pollu-
tion 37 .
" 3 Physical Characteristics of Willamette River -48
11 4 Physical Characteristics of Main Tributaries 49
« 5 Climatological Data 50
" 6 Critical Months Stream Flow 51
" 7 Critical Months Stream Flow 52
11 8 Stream Flow Characteristics 53
" 9 Land Distribution by Use •• 54.
11 10 Public Lands and Reservations 54
11 11 Agricultural Resources — - — 55
11 12 Gross Farm Income .__ 55
" 13 Population Distribution and Trenr: 56
" 14 Industrial Distribution of Employ. 1 Persons - 57
11 15 Unreserved Saw Timber ------------ 58
" 16 Lumber Production 58
M 17 Manufacturing 59
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
APPENDIX 2 (Continued)
Appendix
Page No.
Table 18 Municipal Waterworks 60
" 19 Industrial Waterworks 65-
rt 20 Irrigation Water Supply 71
n 21 Hydroelectric Power Projects -- 72
Comments of State and Federal Agencies Upon Review of
Preliminary Draft Copy of Willamette River Basin Report:
Oregon State Sanitary Authority - - - - 73
Fish :and Wildlife Service, Department of
the Interior __.,_-___- - - 74,
Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the
Interior - • • 76
Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army - 78
Soil Conservation Service, Department of
Agriculture ---------------- 80
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- 1 -
INTRODUCTION
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Public Law 845,
passed by the 80th Congress in June 1948, requires the Surgeon
General of the Public Health Service to cooperate with other
Federal agencies, with State and interstate water pollution control
agencies and with municipalities and industries in the preparation
or adoption of comprehensive programs for eliminating.or reducing
the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof;, and
improving the sanitary condition of surface and' underground waters.
In developing .these programs, due regard must be given to
improvements necessary to conserve the Nation's waters fp.r public
water supplies, propagation of fish and aquatic life, recreational
purposes, agricultural, and other legitimate uses.
Recognizing the fact that full technical information was not
available to permit the development of such compi-ebeasivo programs
'immediately for most of the Nation's waters,, the f'eiD.L.,0'Health Service
envisioned, the development of a series of reports tr; corer the
interim period prior to the development of comprehensive water
pollution cc.'Tvrol programs. The first of these reports were the
Summary Reports which were prepared.for the 15 major' drainage basins
of the cour.t:?y oii the basis of information r&adily available as.of
July 1, 1950. The second.group of reports:of this series, of which
this is one, are reports on several sub-basics of the country's
major drainage basin areas. Since development cf comprehensive water
pollution control programs is to proceed as rapidly as conditions
permit., only a. limited number of these interim sub~baoin reports are
to be completed, ugh this co-
operating ago:'.)?,y additional data have been ob:,£j ir^d from other
State officials, county and city officials ai.J representatives of
industry. Federal agencies also have been of grnat assistance.
The sub-basin reports present informat:'.r.jt. about the ways the
water resources -.:-f the area are used, the po--.lu.tion entering those
water resrinoea and the resulting damages, the benefits which may
result fr.-.m pollution prevention and abatement, pollution prevention
measures new in effect, and those which appear to be needed.
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- 2 -
Since the sub-basin reports are based on data which are
presently available, they do not discuss the present and future
best uses of the waters of the sub-basin as such uses are related
to pollution control. Such considerations will be included as a
part of the comprehensive water pollution programs which will be
developed later.
The deficiencies in data and the gaps in information indicated
in these sub-basin reports are as significant as the presentation of
available facts fmd statistics. They indicate the work that still
needs to be accomplished by water pollution control authorities for
the preparation of comprehensive programs.
Data and knowledge now available are sufficient, however, to
permit the immediate solution of many of the pollution problems within
the Willamette River Basin without awaiting the results of additional
surveys and studies.
A sincere effort has been made by all who contributed to this
report to present a fair picture of the complex water pollution
problems in the Willamette River Basin.
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- 3 -
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Public Health Service wishes to acknowledge the coop-
eration and assistance of those agencies and individuals ,who have
contributed to the preparation of this report.
The Oregon State Sanitary Authority furnished the basic
information and actively cooperated in the preparation of this
report. Through the Sanitary Authority, other State agencies,
such as the Oregon State Game and Fish Commissions, the Board of
Health, Department of Agriculture and Oregon State College, fur-
nished valuable data and assistance.
Federal agencies from which assistance was obtained include:
the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Ann.yj the Bureau of Rec-
lamation, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Geological Survey,- Depart-*
ment of Interior; and the Soil Conservation Service and Forest:
Service, Department of Agriculture.
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SUMMARY
The Willamette River Basin has a total drainage area of
11,200 square miles, all lying within the State of Oregon. This
is the most heavily populated sub-basin of the Columbia River drain-
agf3 basin. Its 1950 population of 873,000 represents a 48 percent
increase during the past decade. Industrial activity centers about
the utilization of timber, soil, and water resources.
• Forests cover 62 percent of the basin area, and will provide
for a sustained annual yield of about 1.7 billion board feet of tim-
ber." Thirty thousand farms, that cover 2 million acres, produce 100
million dollars worth of crops per year. Scenic areas, fish and
wildlife, and facilities for recreation make the tourist business
the third largest source of income for the State. No exact figures,
however, are 'available for the Willamette Basin alone.
• Economic development has progressed favorably, largely
because of the readily available water resources. These water
resources are used extensively for the following purposes:
1. Sources of water supply — domestic, industrial, irri-
gation and livestock.
2. Propagation of fish — game and commercial.
3. Recreation — fishing, hunting, swimming, boating,
camping, picnicking, and winter sports.
4. Navigation.
5. Hydroelectric power production.
6. Wildlife.
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Municipalities and industries make extensive use of these
resources for domestic and processing needs. It is estimated that
380 million gallons of water are required to meet an average summer
day's demand for municipal and industrial .purposets. Of this total
349 million gallons are obtained from surface sources and 31 mil-
lion gallons from ground water sources.
The major sources of pollution of the Willamette River and
its tributaries' are the discharge bf sewage and wastes from 52
municipalities and some 83 industries. These include-, the raw sew-
age from a population of 441,050, the treated sewage from a popula-
'tion of 47,400, and the wastes from 6 pulp mills and 77 other
industries with separate outlets, and 150 industries connected to
municipal sewers. The population equivalent of known organic wastes
discharged from all of these sources is about 4,000,000. The
organic waste load from 17 industrial sources with separate outlets
and 14 industries connected to-the municipal sewers are undetermined.
•The types and characteristic's of wastes discharged from 6 other
industrial sources also are undetermined.
Further surveys are needed to determine the volume and
strength of these unknown''waste s,' as well as wastes from a number
of industries in the Portland Harbor area of the lower Willamette
•River. Moreover, steps should be taken to locate and evaluate.the
pollution caused by gravel mining and logging operations.
Pollution exerts damaging effects on all water uses in the
main Willamette River and the"lower stretches of certain
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tributaries. It is particularly damaging to the basin's fishery
resources, to various recreational uses, to property values, and to
public arid domestic water supplies. Wastes from food and vegetable
processing plants, pulp and paper mills, and municipalities, create
an oxygen depletion zone 'in the lower Willamette Biver during the
summer .and fall months which obstructs migratory fish from reach-
ing 'and returning from valuable upstream, spawning areas. Untreated
sewage discharged by 19 municipalities creates unsatisfactory bac-
terial conditions in the Willamette River below Cottage Grove, and
in the lower stretches of Long Tom, Oalapooya, Santiara, Yamhill,
Molalla, and Clackamas Rivers, and Rickreall Creek. Inadequately
treated sewage discharged into Padding and Tualatin Rivers and
Johnson Creek, also creates unsatisfactory bacterial conditions.
The 'release of stored waters from existing reservoirs, and
those now under construction or proposed, \-/ill increase, the flow
in the Willamette River during the critical summer and fall months.
Although this will have a beneficial effect on the water quality in
the main river, it will not be sufficient to permit full use of
"these waters for planned developments of the fishery resources,
recreational areas, and public water supplies; and for new indust-
ries. Such increased summer and fall flows must be considered as
a supplement to, and not a substitute for, treatment of municipal
sewage and industrial wastes.
Municipal sewage treatment works now serve about 10 percent
of the total sewered population of 488,450. Thirty-three of the 52
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— n __
municipalities having sewerage systems treat their wastes prior to
discharge. However, some of these existing treatment plants have
become obsolete or overloaded during recent years. Twenty-two
treatment plants which serve 23 of the municipalities are adequate
to handle the sewage from the present population. Three of the
remaining 10 require enlargement or additions and the other 7
require complete replacements.
At present 54 of the 83 industries not connected to municipal
sewers havo treatment facilities. Thirty-nine of these facilities
provide satisfactory waste disposal methods. Thirteen of the
remaining 15 are of an inadequate capacity. Adequacies of the re-
maining two treatment facilities are undetermined.
Present requirements for pollution prevention and abatement
in the Willamette River Basin include the enlargement, replacement,
or construction of new treatment facilities at 42 municipal and 29
industrial locations. The municipal program, which is estimated to
cost 23.5 million dollars, will provide adequate treatment (under
present conditions) for a population of 513,050 plus the industrial
wastes presently being discharged into municipal sewers. This
includes new treatment plants for a population of 24,600 now living
in 13 unsewered communities! new treatment plants for a population
of 441,150 living in 19 sewered communities without treatment facil-
ities! and the enlargement or replacement of existing facilities
for 23,100 in 10 communities.
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The present industrial program estimated to cost nine million
dollars includes new treatment facilities for 15 industries and the
enlargement, addition to, or replacement of existing facilities for
13 other industries. In addition, ono industry will be required to
connect to the municipal system. The requirements of 15 other
industries are undetermined.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Water resources in the Willamette River Basin are vitally
important to the continued development of the area. Full usage of
these resources for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes,
propagation of fish, and recreation, is dependent upon the reduction
of polluting wastes now entering the streams, as well as the control
of future sources of pollution.
2. Pollution is particularly severe in lower sections of the
main Willamette River and certain tributary streams. In addition,
indiscriminate cutting of timber from public water supply watersheds
has left large areas unprotected and subject to serious erosion.
3. The major causes of pollution in the Basin are the wastes
discharged by municipalities, food processing plants, and pulp and
paper millsj and the silt, logs, bark, and other debris entering the
streams from eroding agricultural and cut-over forest lands, and
from uncontrolled logging operations.
4. Untreated domestic sewage from a population of 441,050,
treated domestic sewage from a population of 47,400, together with
a variety of industrial wastes, are discharged into the main stem
and tributaries through municipal sewerage systems.
5. Pulp and paper mill wastes having a population equiva-
lent of 2,901,000 and other industrial wastes with a population
equivalent of 227,150 are discharged to the main stem and tributar-
ies through separate outlets.
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6. The total organic waste load discharged to the main stem
and tributaries has a population equivalent of about four million.
1. Principal pollutional damages are: (a) serious impair-
ment of present and future municipal water suppliesj (b) inter-
ference with full development of fishery resources) (c) destruction
of recreational areasj and (d) decreased property values.
8. Most serious damages occur during the late summer and
early fall when stream flows are lowest, and wastes from seasonal
food processing increase the total pollutional load. Increased
stream flow during this period resulting from regulated releases
from existing reservoirs, and reservoirs now under construction or
*
proposed, will not in itself be sufficient to provide a suitable
quality of water for all beneficial uses.
9. Surveys conducted since 1929 have shown that, during the
late summer and early fall, bacterial contamination has been exces-
sive in certain stretches of the main stem and tributary streams,
and concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the vicinity of Portland
have not been sufficient to support fish life. This oxygen defic-
iency has extended for a lineal distance of as much as 35 miles in
some years.
10. Sufficient basic information is available and plans are
going forward under the Oregon State Sanitary Authority's program
for immediate construction of many sewage and waste treatment facil-
ities. Additional data on industrial wastes, degree of treatment
and water quality objectives are required to supplement the program.
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11. The program of the Sanitary Authority is strongly
backed by public opinion and by other State agencies concerned
with development and reclamation of the Basin's water resources.
Through the voluntary cooperation of municipalities and many'indust-
ries, a large part of the program is already well underway.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended thats
1. In order to reduce pollution in the Willamette River
Basin, 4.2 municipalities and 29 industries construct treatment
facilities in conformance with requirements of the Oregon State
Sanitary Authority as follows;
Name
^•••lll»
Municipal
1. Portland^/
2. Salemi/
3. Eugene
4. Corvallis
5. Albany
6. Springfield
7. Lebanon
8. McMinnville
9. Oregon City
10. Milwaukiei'
11. Oak Grove^/
12. Cottage Grove
13. Oswego
14. Staytoni/
15. West Linn
Available Data
On Pollutional Loads
(Population Equivalent)
Project Requirement
403,000
250,000
110,000
40,000
24,000
11,500
10,000
8,500
8,000
5,000
5,000
3,500
3,000
3,000
2,500
Hew Plant
it n
n n
n n
it n
it ii
H II
n «
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
n it
n it
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- 13 -
Available Data
Name On Pollutional Loads Project Requirement
(Population Equivalent)
16.
17.
18.
19-
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
Canby^/
Cornelius^
Gladstone
2/
Oakridge-'
Willamina^/
Mill Gity-2/
Philomath^/ %/
SandyS/
Dayton-/
Dunthorpe*'
Tigard
Molalla
Sheridan
Harris burg
Yamhill^/
Brownsville
Monroe
Forest Grove
Dallas^/
Mt. Angel
Woodburn
Carlton
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,400
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
800
700
500
300
30,000
6,100
3,500
2,000
850
New Plant
n n
n n
n n
n n
N n
n n
it ti
n it
n it
n it
n it
n n
n n
n it
it n
n n
Replace Existing Plant
n n n
it n n
n ii M
n n n
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-14-
'Naae
Available Data
On Pollutional Loads Project Requirement
(Population Equivalent)
38. Woodburn School 500
39. Vermont Hills 350
40. Gresham 12,000
41. Hillsboro 7,500
42. Cedar Mill Park 1*600.
TOTAL MUNICIPAL 973,600
Industries
1. Oregon Pulp & Paper,
Salem 860,000
2. Crown Willamette,
West Linn ' 831,000
3. Publisher Paper Co.,
Oregon City 556,000
4. Spaulding Pulp &
Paper Co., Newberg 495,000
5. Crown Willamette,
Lebanon 109,000
6. Mt. Angel Flax
Growers, Mt'l Angel 6,000
7, Volney Felt Mills,
Portland 6,000
8. Nebergall Meat Co.,
Albany 5,600
9.' Pacific Roofing Co.,
Portland 2,800
10. Bodle .Co., Banks Unknown
Replace Existing Plant
it «« «
Enlarge Existing Plant
n II '•
New Plant
n n
n n
n n
n n
n it
it n
n n
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- 15 -
Available Data
Name On Pollutional Loads Project Requirement
(Population Equivalent)
11,
12.
13.
u.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Eugene Chemical Co.,
Eugene
Alpenrose Dairy,
Vermont Hills
Fulton Park Dairy,
Vermont Hills
Brownsville Mills,
Brownsville
Goner al Foods, Inc.,
Woodburn
Oregon Turkey
Growers, Eugene
Maybe rry Chapman
Meat Co. , Eugene
Irish McBroom
Meat Co., Eugene
Benton County Flax
Growers, Monroe
McKenzie Moat Co.,
Springfield
Forest Fiber Prod-
ucts, Gas ton
H. N. Kumner Meat
Co., Hillsboro
Steen Bros., Albany
M. & S. Cannery,
Milwaukie
Albany Foods, Inc.
Albany
Portland Gas &
Coke Co., Portland
Unknown
tt
u
n
50,000
3,600
1,680
1,680
Unknown
4.60
30,000
2,100
1,450
570
100
Unknown
New Plant
n n
n n
ir ii
Enlarge Existing Plant
ti n it
n ti it
it it ti
n n it
Additions to Existing
Plant
Beplace Existing Plant
n n it
u n n
it n n
» , n n
It «- N
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- 16 -
Available Data
Name On Pollutional Loads Project Requirement
Replace Existing Plant
Connect to City Sewer
*
Connect to City Sewer
27.
28.
29.
Kelly Farquhar Co. ,
Banks
Borden Co. , Albany
Ried Murdock Co. ,
Salem
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL
GRAND TOTAL
Unknown Re
1,000 Co:
32,500 Co:
2,996,540
3, 970, HO
I/ Plants now under construction.
2/ Presently unsewered communities.
2. Erosion control measures be required on all public
water supply watersheds during and after timber cutting operations.
3. Surveys for determining the sources, characteristics and
amounts of industrial wastes discharged into public waters be
v
completed as rapidly as possible. " '
: 4. Desirable water quality objectives for all uses be
determined and adopted by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority.
5. In order to assure compliance with the Sanitary Author-
ity's policy of permitting no new domestic sewage or industrial
wastes to enter the basin's waters, the water pollution control
laws of the State be amended to include a permit requirement clause.
Also, that the State water pollution control laws be further amended
to include a penalty clause,
;
6. In order to be able to make greatest possible use of
' f
regulated stream flows, all water resource developments in the
basin be 'effectively coordinated between both State and' Federal
agencies.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND^/
After traversing the dry, dusty stretches of prairie and
sagebrush of the Upper Great Plains region, immigrants to the Pac-
ific Northwest gazed with awe and renewed spirits at the lush
verdure of the broad Willamette River Valley. By 1841, the Oregon
Trail had served well the passage of many people coming from the
Mississippi River and beyond to seek their fortunes in the
Willamette and other green valleys of the Pacific Northwest,
Following an immigration lull during the gold rush in neighboring
California, it picked up again when congressional action in 1850
offered a square mile of free land to each Willamette Valley set-
tler. Within five years practically all desirable land had been
claimed.
Markets in the California and Southern Oregon gold fields
took all the farm produce grown by wives and children of men who
went to prospect for the precious metal. Agriculture became a
prosperous business. The ready gold from mining and farm pros-
perity was the starting point of small basic industries that pre-
pared the way for modern development of the Willamette Valley.
On the flip of a coin, the growing river mouth city
became Portland instead of Boston. Within twenty years villages
and towns sprang up along the river and its tributaries. Rail-
roads came through the mountain-passes from San Francisco and
I/ Parrish, P. H. Historic Oregon. The MacMillan Company. New
York. 1937.
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- 18 -
opened markets that softened the blow of the failing gold boom.
With these new dependable markets to the south and others up the
Columbia to the east, there emerged a healthy economy based upon
fertile lands, great stands of timber and abundant clean water.
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- 19 -
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Geography
The Willamette River Basin-' is a rectangular drainage
trough 150 miles long and about 75 miles wide, lying between the
Cascade and Coast Ranges in northwestern Oregon. The run-off from
its 11,200 square miles of mountain slopes, gentle hills, and
level fertile plains flows northward to the Columbia River near
Portland.
Topography
The Willamette valley floor is located somewhat west of the
center of the valley with the sides sloping upward to foothills
and finally to rugged mountains on the east, south and west. The
valley, 3,500 square miles in area, extends from Eugene almost to
the mouth of the river. Most of the valley lies below an eleva-
tion of 500 feet, mean sea level.
To the west, the ridges of the Coast Range reach eleva-
tions of 3,000 to 4,000 feet; to the south, the Calapooya Moun-
tains reach 5,000 feetj while peaks in the Cascade Range exceed
10,000 feet.
The Willamette River, which is fourth in volume of flow
among the tributaries of the Columbia River, has its origin at
2/
the confluence of its Coast and Middle Forks above Eugene
I/ See Map No. 1.
2/ See Appendix 9 — Table 3.
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- 20 -
From this point, about 435 fee.t in elevation above the Columbia
River, the Willamette meanders northward for 188 miles through
the fertile farmlands of the western half of the basin. The
Willamette River passes over the Keizcr and Windsor Island Rapids
below Salem, and Willamette Falls at Oregon City, dropping 47.45
feet before joining the Columbia River about 10 miles below Port-
land.
From Oregon City to its mouth, a distance of about 26
miles, the Willamette River is subject to tidal fluctuations, and
is affected by backwater from the Columbia River during high
stages on the latter river. At the junction with the Columbia
River, stage fluctuations over a 43-year period, have varied
between 0.8 and 33 feet above mean sea level.
Many tributaries, that range in size from prominent rivers
to small mountain streams, flow swiftly down the wooded mountain-
sides and then meander more slowly across the valley floor to the
Willamette.-/ The tributaries on the west drain the slopes of
the Coast Range, and those on the east originate in the Cascades.
The headx^aters of the majority of v/est side tributaries originate
at elevations of 1,000 to 2,900 feet, while those on the east rise
in the Cascade Range at elevations of 6,000 feet or more. Some
• • ' ' ;
of the major streams are more than 80 miles long.
Waldo Lake is the only natural lake of appreciable size
and is perched high in the mountains near the southeastern corner
I/ See Appendix 9 — Table 4.
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- 21 -
of the basin. Along the southwestern edge of the basin, Fern Ridge,
Cottage Grove, and Dorena Reservoirs have been constructed for flood
control, and to facilitate navigation and irrigation. Two addi-
tional multiple-purpose reservoirs are now under construction on
/
tributary streams. Although there are a few small natural lakes in
the area, the waters of these reservoirs will have .tre:mendous rec-
reational appeal.
Climate-/
The attractive climate of the Willamette area is an important
factor in the rapid economic and cultural development that stretches
along the river from Eugene to Portland. Outdoor work is possible
at many places throughout the year, and the average growing season
in agricultural areas varies from 150 to more than 200 days. Sum-
mers are dry and moderately warm while winters are mild though wet.
*
The usual absence of ice cover in winter makes navigation and tow-
ing of logs possible at all seasons.
Temperature variation between summer and winter is small on
the valley floor. Average temperatures range from about 40 degrees
F., in January to about 67 degrees in July, while the annual recor-
ded mean varies from 48.9 to 53.1 degrees F. Temperatures below
zero are rare, and seldom is it warmer than 100 degrees F., in the
middle of summer. In the mountains, of course, it is cold enough to
keep some peaks covered with snow throughout the year. The white
I/ See Appendix 9 — Table 5.
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- 22 -
spires of several peaks in the Cascade Range are visible from the
valley.
The period November through February is the rainy season dur-
V . .
ing which about 60 percent of the annual precipitation occurs. Pre-
cipitation varies greatly between mountain and valley regions. It
exceeds 140 inches annually over small areas in the Coast Range, and
is more than 120 inches over parts of the Cascades. The annual aver-
age on the Willamette Valley plain is 4.0 inches, and this "decreases
to 30 inches near the center of tho valley floor." In the mountain
areas above 7,000 feet, three-fourths of tho precipitation falls as
snow, whereas only 2 percent falls as snow on the valley floor and
then melts away very rapidly.
Hydrology—'
During the months of November through April, maximum flows
occur in the Willamette River and its tributaries owing to intermii>-
tent but frequent precipitation and the melting of mountain snow.
Rapid runoff over unfroaen ground makes the water muddy, and damag-
ing floods are not infrequent. Minimum flows occur between July and
October during and follo'^ing prolonged periods of little or no rain-
fall. Suraier temperatures and the seasonal addition of food proces-
sing and other polluting wastes to those discharged uniformly
throughout the year combine with the low flows' to make this the per-
iod of poorest stream condition.
I/ See Appendix 9 — Tables 6-8.
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- 23 -
ECONCMIC DEVELOPMENT
Land Uses and Resources
Economic development in the Willamette Basin has progressed
at a faster rate than elsewhere in the State. Major resources res-
ponsible for this are larga stands of timber, highly fertile:soil
areas, access to cheap hydroelectric power, an excellent sea port,
congenial climate, and scenic areas with abundant fish and wildlife
for recreational use. Continued development of these natural
resources is imperative for the economic growth of the Pacific North-
west and important to the entire nation. .Economic and other advan-
tages have attracted two- thirds of the State's total population to
this relatively small basin.
Flanking the centrally located agricultural lands and con-
tinuing up the mountain .slopes, stands of merchantable timber cover
more than half the basin.-/ Some of the Nation's largest remaining
inventories of old-growth saw timber are in these forests. Most of
it is highly prized Douglas fir. National Forests, which occupy
the greater part of the basin's public lands, spread their 2-1/4
2/
million acres around the rift of the basin.
The main stem of the Willamette flows through agricultural lands
'3/
which extend outward to the. foothills.^' Although these, lands -occupy
I/ See Appendix 9 — Table 9.
2/ See Appendix 9 — Table 10.
2/ See Appendix 9 — Table 11.
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-'24-
loss than one-third of the basrin, or about 2 million acres, their
productivity gives them great economic importance. Farm products
of all kinds raised in 1944 had a market value of more than 100
million dollars—41 percent of the total for-the State. Owing
to the lack of unoccupied and undeveloped agricultural lands,
improved' methods of farming and extension of irrigation practice
are required to meet the needs of expanding agricultural economy.
?/
Population-' :
The population of the Willamette basin is predominatly
ur un with approximately one-half the people living in the cities
of Portland, Salem, and Eugene. Outside these metropolitan cen-
ters, the population is well distributed in smaller cities, towns,
and farms along the river and outward to the edge of the valley
floor.
Since 1900, population growth has been rapid under the
impetus of new economic opportunity in the development of agricul-
tural, forest, and water resources. Feverish activity during the
war years 'in shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing drew man-
power from all parts of the country and raised the population
approximately 48-percent 'since 1940. F.ven the closure of war
plants, and expected readjustments in the booming timber and food
industries after 1945, failed to discourage people coming to seek
I/ See Appendix 9 ~ Table 12.
2/ See Appendix 9 —• Table 13.
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—
employment and a new home in the Willamette Basin. With the growth
of new business enterprises, and the expanding lumber and forest
products industry, population may be expected to grow for some
time in the future. The 1950 population of the basin was about
873,000.
Demands upon the water resources will grow with the popula-
tion. The value and need of clean water for all purposes will
become increasingly important. Plans are now underway for util-
izing the power and excess volume flows of the Willamette system
for the benefit and economic advantage of present and future popu-
lations. Such development may well be partially governed by suc-
cess of the efforts to prevent and control water pollution.
There is a closely-knit dependence of the urban processing
labor force upon the timber, agricultural., and other products
that result from rural labor. The raising and marketing of farm
products and the cutting of timber require the services of 17 per-
cent of all employed workers—14 percent of all employed workers
in agriculture alone. Twenty-two percent of the labor force is
engaged in manufacturing with saw and planing mills, various wood
conversions and food processing having major prominence. The
remainder of the workers are employed in construction, transporta-
tion, trade, communications, utilities, professional, governmental,
and other types of services.
I/ See Appendix 9 — Table
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- 26-
Logging
From the outer fringe of the valley farm lands, and exten-
ding to the ridges of the surrounding mountains, stand the vast
remaining forests. Extending to 3,500 feet above sea level they
are mostly Douglas fir. On higher slopes much of the timber is
western hemlock, balsam fir, and non-commercial varieties. For-
ests cover 62 percent of the basin area—rA.5 million acres with
65 billion board feet of saw timber.-' A little over half of the
area is in National Forests and, therefore,' subject to controlled
cutting.
The timber industry of the Northwest moved into the Wil-
lamette Basin largely since 194-0, arid has made it the major source
of logs for Columbia River mills; During the war period of 1940
to 1944, saw logs were cut at the accelerated rate of 2.5 billion
P/
board feet annually.-^ The urgent'need for lumber and other wood
products in the postwar construction period caused a continued
upward trend in logging'activity. Following a slight drop in 1946,
an all-time cutting high was reached in 1947. These rates of cut
are in excess of the estimated sustained yield of about 1.7 bil-
lion board feet annually.
The availability of these great forest resources had a guid-
ing influence upon the total industrial pattern of the basin. Over
I/ See Appendix 9 ~ Table 15.
2/ See Appendix 9 — Table 16.
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- 27 -
and above the labor force required for the actual logging opera-
tions—as many as 9,000 in 1947—the easy access to huge supplies
of raw material stimulated the establishment of many conversion
plants and the attraction of new workers. These plants are of
wide variety. Sawmills are most common, and extend out from the
agricultural land, and even to the sites of cutting. Nine plywood
plants, 6 pulp and paper mills, and numerous shingle, lumber, and
finishing plants prepare the trees for markets of the world.
Without doubt, the future of the industry will include
restrained cutting of the forests to approach conformity with the
rate of replacement, development of many new products, and still
greater utilization of the parts, of the.tree now lost in the form
of wastes. These developments will have a beneficial effect upon
some of the pollution problems that now stem from the incomplete
utilization of harvested forest .products.
The relation of the timber cutting and conversion industry
to the pollution status of Willamette Basin watercourses is some-
times obscured by the industry's great economic importance. A fur-
ther factor is the fact that undesirable effects of logging on new
streams in widely scattered areas are usually recognized only after
the damage has been done. Pollution control officials are concerned
over the destruction of public water supply watersheds, stream beds
choked with slashings, bottom accumulations of bark, the dumping of
sawdust, and pulp mill liquors.
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- 28 -
Agriculture-/
On the valley floors and lower foothill slopes, lands
suited to agriculture are quite fully occupied. Any marked increase
in agricultural productivity will depend upon more intense use of
the farm land now available rather than development of less desir-
able new lands. More than one-third of the basin area, or about
2.7 million acres, is in farm ownership distributed among some 32
thousand separate farms.
These farms are intensely cultivated small units averaging
84 acres in size but varying within wide extremes. The value of
farm lands and buildings was 366 million dollars in 1945- Their
production is extremely diversified. In the lower Glackamas Gal-
ley near Portland, there are many poultry farms on acreages of
small size. Truck farms lie along the river banks on fertile alluv-
ial soils, and many of"them are irrigated from streams or"ground
water supplies. On the rolling slopes and foothills are located
fruit and nut farms. Owing to the high value of the good farm
land, many specialty crops, such as seeds, are grown. Herds of
dairy cattle are scattered widely throughout the basi'n w-ith a-con-
centration near Portland markets. Some poorly drained lands are
turned to growing hay or small grains.
I/' S'ee Appendix 9 — Tables 11 and 12.
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- 29 -
Manuf ac
The Portland sea port and availability of inexpensive hydro-
electric power from Columbia River plants have brought about a tre-
mendous wartime expansion in manufacturing, particularly in the
lower Willamette area. Although emergence of the basin as the
major manufacturing center of the Columbia Basin was based upon the
processing of forest and agricultural products, the trend since
1940 has been toward greatsr diversification, Much of the expan-
sion has been in metal working, machinery, chemicals and heavy
industry in which the west has long been deficient.
Attraction of new industry to the area is assured as costs
of fuel oil, gas and coal, used by industry in other parts of the
country, continue to mount. It is an important economic fact that
the Pacific Northwest, with only 8 percent of the country's area,
possesses 37 percent of its potential hydroelectric power. Further
economic growth is curbed at the present time by the rate at which
potential power of the Columbia Basin is harnessed and made avail-
able for high energy consuming industries.
Transportation
Economic growth of the basin, even from the early settle-
ment period, was molded around the convenience of shipping through
the tidewater' port of Portland. Not only does: it serve as a ship-
ping center for the Willamette Basin but for the entire Inland
\J See Appendix 9 -- Table 17.
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- 30 -
Empire as well. Foreign-bound cargoes of wheat, lumber, and flour
averaged 1.5 million tons annually in the post-war years, while
inbound cargoes, mostly petroleum products, averaged 5.5 million
tons. Other Willamette River traffic is characterized'by log rafts
and barges that serve the industrial needs of various lumber and
pulp and paper mills from Oregon City to the Columbia River.
The only north-south mainline railroad through the Pacific
Northwest enters the Willamette Valley from Klamath Falls, and
passes through Portland, along Puget Sound, and into British Colum-
bia. An older rail line over the Calapooya and Siskiyou Mountains,
and through the picturesque Rogue River Valley, enters the head of
the valley near Cottage Grove and follows the Coast Fork Willamette
River to a junction with the main line at Eugene.
The well-knit highway pattern of the basin enables the pro-
ducers in agricultural, forest, and manufacturing areas to truck
their goods to metropolitan markets, and to water and rail termin-
als. A principal artery covers the length of the valley and joins
with a number of highways to the seacoast on the west and through
Cascade passes to the east. Most of the popular recreational
areas are easily accessible.
Transcontinental and coast-wise air service connects Port-
land and principal cities of the Willamette River with points out-
side the basin. Expansion of airport facilities at Portland and
other cities is following a growing patronage of this mode of
travel.
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- 31 -
Recreation
The Willamette Basin, like much of the Pacific Northwest,
is an.area of tremendous recreational possibilities. From the
snowfields of the Cascade peaks to ths valley fishing streams, the
variety of outdoor attractions offer diversion and vacation oppor-
tunity to people within and outside the basin. This combination
of recreational appeal and high utilization from the centers of
population has resulted in a growing economic capitalizc.ti.cn of this
favorable relation. Sporting goods stores, boat builders, auto
courts, hotels; manufacturers of fishing tackle, camping equipment,
and other sporting goods]; and resorts, service stations, and many
other types of business profit from recreation. The State of Ore-
gon annually spends about $100,000 in advertising the State's
scenic attractions and recreational facilities, and the resulting
tourist business is now its third largest industry, worth more than
100 million dollars a year.
Fishing, boating, swimming, camping, picnicking, or quietly
enjoying the river scenery are among the more obvious recreational
values of the basin's water. Water is a recreational resource
whose value will grow with the population and the extension of
travel and vacation facilities.
A largo part of the recreations! resources are on lands
that belong to the people and are administered for them by various
governmental agencies. In discharging their obligation of preser-
ving these values for future generations, these agencies have
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- 32 -
developed 22 State Parks, 68 Forest Service Recreation Areas, and
have set asido millions of acres in National Forests. Preserva-
tion of the water resource is equally necessary.
Spoilage of the recreational value of water by pollution
already is underway. Killing of fish, closure of bathing areas,
and the presence of floating wood, oil, rubbish, and garbage are
evidence of unwise water uses by cotamunities and industries alike.
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- 33 -
USES OF -WATER RESOURCES
From the beginning of Willamette River history, rapid basin
development has hinged upon the availability of tremendous water
resources.-' Although at first the river was used mainly as a
path of travel and a source of salmon, dependence upon the water
resources has continuously extended to many other uses. No person
in the basin is now unaffected by either the supply or quality of
available water.
Present uses of the basin's water resources are as fol-
lows:-'
1. Sources of water supply—domestic, industrial, irriga-
tion and livestock.
2. Propagation of fish—game and commercial.
3. Recreation—fishing, hunting, swimming, boating, camp-
ing, and winter sports.
4. Navigation.
5. Hydroelectric power production.
6. Wildlife.
Plans for development of the basin's water resources by the
Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation include construction
I/ See Map #2.
2/ See Map #3.
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- .34 -
projects for the benefit and expansion -of water uses for the above
purposes. These plans include; (l) storage dams on tributary
streams to be constructed primarily for flood control, irrigation,
hydroelectric power, and navigation; (2) channel improvement and
contraction necessary to secure regulation of flow and maintain
minimum depths of 6 feet from Oregon City to the mouth of Santiam
River and 5 feet thence to Albanyj (3) reconstruction and enlarge-
ment of the locks at Oregon Cityj (4) irrigation diversion, ground
water supply, pumping transmission, and distribution facilities^
and (5) facilities for protection and expansion of the fishery
resources. Use of areas in and around reservoirs and along streams
to expand, recreation, and increased minimum stream flows for water
pollution control, are other features included in the basin's
water resources development plans.
A number of the projects included in the plans of these two
Federal agencies have been authorized for construction. Of the
13 storage projects authorized, the Fern Kidge, Cottage Grove,
and Dorena reservoirs have been constructed. Lookout Point and
Detroit Dams are now under construction. Authorizations also
include dams for reregulating purposes below the Lookout Point and
Detroit reservoirs. Construction work is proceeding on some of the
channel improvement and fishery facilities included in the basin
plans. Pollution abatement in the Willamette River Basin will be
necessary to obtain full value from the expenditures of funds for
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- 35 -
much of this construction.!/
Some 81 water systems are used to supply the domestic needs
for 750,000 people living in cities, towns, water districts and
institutions. In addition these 81 systems furnish water to a
large number of industries for use in processing and other plant
operations. The estimated demand on these water systems for clean,
pure water averages 190 million gallons daily during the dry summer
months.
People of Oregon like water that comes from melting mountain
snow. They attach to tho mountain streams an inherent quality of
purity and whole someness unthinkable for the lower Willamette River.
Tributary streams or wells are used by most of the municipalities
for their water supplies, A total of 29 systems serving nearly
690,000 people use surface waters of the Willamette Basin. Only
three of these, Springfield, Adair Village and Gorvallis, use the
Willamette River as a source of supply. All three have installed
complete purification plants to treat this water for domestic use.
Eugene, Albany, Forest Grove, Sweet Home and Wendling, although
using tributary streams as sources of supply, .also have installed
complete purification plants. Lebanon has installed an up- flow
coagulation and sedimentation system. The remaining systems with
one exception provide only chlorination prior to use of water from
- . .( '-
their surface sources. Detroit uses untreated water from Mackey
I/ See Map #4.
2/ See Appendix 9 — Table 18.
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- 36-
Creek. The average daily use of surface waters during the dry
mer months is about 175 million gallons. -••
Fifty-two systems serving about 60,000 people depend upon
ground water supplies. The use of ground" waters during the dry
summer months averages about 15 million gallons daily.
Surface water supplies obtained from sources on'the Cascade
slopes are usually adequate as melting snow and springs maintain
continuous flows in most streams. Of the systems obtaining water
from the Cascades, only Portland depends upon impounded storage to
maintain an adequate year-around supply. Surface water supplies
obtained from streams draining the Coast Range Mountains are almost
entirely dependent upon storage facilities to provide dependable
supplies. Even with storage developments, a number of municipali-
ties have experienced shortages in supply during recent years.
Corvaliis, serving a population of about 17,500 has had to supple-
ment its tributary supplies by resorting to the Willamette River.
Where- waters of the Willamette have bee'n unsatisfactory for
domestic use, many small urban centers have been successful in
obtaining adequate ground water supplies. Others in le;ss fortun-
ate locations, however, can obtain water from ground sources only
at great depth or by the costly operation of a number of shallow
wells. All large municipalities depend upon surface sources for
their water supply. :
Tributary waters are by choice more attractive sources of
supply than the bacterially and chemically contaminated water of
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- 37 -
Willamette River. Growing demands for water and deforestation of
s
unprotected watersheds are gradually rendering some tributary sour-
ces either too silt-laden for use or too limited in volume. Log-
ging operations already have damaged the watersheds supplying the
valley communities of Carlton, Oregon City, West Linn, Dallas,
Molalla, Forest Grove, Silverton, Lebanon, Yamhill, Hillsboro,
Sweet Home and Albany. As long as timber has a market value, cut-
ting of uncontrolled watershed forests will continue. Such sour-
ces of water supply probably will have to be abandoned by the lar«.
ger cities with the prospect of drawing upon the mainstern Willam-
ette River for a source of supply.
Shallow wells in areas of porous deposits are subject to
surface contamination. Frequently such wells have had to be aban-
doned temporarily during floods and disinfected before they could
be placed back in operation. Some of the best aquifers are too
near the surface to provide adequate protection against contamin-
ation. This was forcibly demonstrated in 19-47 in tne vicinity of
Salem where chemical wastes from an experimental aluminum plant
had been dumped into a gravel pit. These wastes, chiefly alum-
inum hydroxide and aluminum sulphate, invaded the ground water
to a distance of about a mile and interrupted the use of many
private wells in the affected area. V/ater which once inspired
the confidence of the consumer brought forth complaints of extreme
hardness, discomfort to adults from internal use and severe gast-
ric and intestinal disorders in infants.
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- 38 -
The foreseeable future holds the possibility of an expan-
ding and increasingly important dependence upon Willamette River
to supply the water needs of additional municipalities. In recog-
nition of the present unsuitability of the river for such use at
many points of damaging pollution, abatement is an urgent need.
The City of Portland-/ obtains its water from the Bull Run
River, which drains the Northwest slopes of Mount Hood and flows
into the Sandy River. This drainage area is located outside the
Willamette River Basin. Storage of 33,000 acre feet is provided
in Lake Ben Morrow with a dependable yield of about 200 million
gallons daily. Pipe lines with capacity of 150 m.g.d. deliver the
water by gravity a distance of about 25 miles to Portland. The
watershed, being located in the Mt. Hood National Forest, is
restricted, and furnishes an excellent quality of clear soft water.
The water is treated with chlorine and ammonia at the supply head-
works. The Portland supply furnishes water for 478,000 people
living in Portland and in areas served by 63 water companies and
water districts which purchase water, wholesale, from the city.
The average daily water consumption is about 56 million gallons
and the maximum daily use about 138 million gallons.
2/
The City of Salem.-' obtains its water supply from the North
Santiam River. The river water is first passed through infiltra-
tion galleries located on Staten Island and then flows by gravity
I/ See Appendix 9, Section 2.
2/ See Appendix 9, Section 3.
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- 39 -
about 18 miles through a 36-inch pipe line'to Salem. The total
capacity of the headworks system is'about 31 m.g.d. The capac-
ity of the supply line is 19 m.g.-d. During certain periods of
the year the river water is turbid and some fine silt passes
through the infiltration gallery. The city has installed 3 wells
on the Island which provide a limited quantity of clearer-water
during these periods. The water is treated with chlorine and
ammonia near the headworks. The Salem supply furnishes water to
48,500 people living in Salem, three water districts, one town
and Fairview Homes located outside the city. The average water
use is about 8.86 m.g.d., and the maximum use about 19.43 m.g.d.
The City of Eugene-' obtains its water supply from the
McKenzie River about 6 miles east and north of the city. This
water is first treated in a modern filtration plant and then
pumped through a 45-inch pipe to the city distribution system.
Raw water pumps have a capacity of 35.5 m.g.d., and the filtra-
tion plant has a capacity of 24 m.g.d. A clear well capacity of
300,000 gallons is provided at the filtration plant. Variable
high service pumps have a capacity of 30 to 40.5-m.g.d. These
deliver water to the distribution system through the 45-inch pipe
line with an estimated capacity of 50 m.g.d. The Eugene supply
furnishes wator to 54,090 people living in•'Eugene and in areas
outside served by nine water districts. The average water use is
I/ See Appendix 9, Section 4.
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- 40 -
about 9.94 m.g.d. and the maximum use about 21.45 m.g.d.
The City of Springfield^ obtains its water from the Moun-
tain States Power Company system. The present supply is taken .
from the Willamette River, treated by plain sand filtration and
chlorination and pumped into reservoirs which supply the dist-
ribution system by gravity. The filtration plant has a .capacity
of.2.5 m.g.d. A new ground water supply capable of delivering
about 8.5 m.g.d. is under construction. The Mountain States
Power Company system furnishes water to 10,760 people living in
Springfield. The average water use is about 2.73 m.g.d. and the
maximum use 5.60 m.g.d.
Industrial Water Supply--'
In addition to the large amounts of water used, by indust-
ries supplied through, municipal sources, there are known to
exist in the basin 63 separate industrial water supplies. Maxi-
mum use of industrial water supplies usually occurs,during the
summer and early fall when canning operations are at their peak.
The average use during this period is estimated at 189 m.g.d.
Surface waters supply the. needs of 17 industrial plants.
The total demand upon surface sources for industrial purposes is
174 m.g.d. About 50 percent of this water is used for cooling
purposes and the remainder for processing. Cooling waters are
I/ See Appendix 9, Section 5.
2/ See Appendix 9, Table 22.
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- 41 -
usually untreated while processing -waters receive varying de-
•t- . ; •
grees of treatment depending upon the industrial process. This
treatment may include any or all of the following; screening,
filtration, softening, or chlorination. The 6 pulp and paper
mills use about 72 percent of the total surface water re'quire;-
ments. Five of these treat a portion of their water by sedimenta-
tion and/or filtration. The remaining plant, which produces
newsprint, provides screening facilities alone.
Ground waters are used by the food processing plants and
most of the smaller industries. Forty-six industrial plants,
utilizing ground water sources alone, have a total demand of 15
m.g.d.
Because of the unsatisfactory sanitary quality and occa-
sional high turbidity of the waters in the Willamette River, many
industries which require waters of high quality prefer to util-
ize ground water rather than to undertake costly treatment of
water from the Willamette River. For these reasons, food proces-
sing plants prefer to use wells. Most other larger industries
along the Willamette River above Portland utilize river water
after treatment by sedimentation, filtration and chlorination.
In Portland Harbor treatment of the river water sufficient for
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• - 42 -
food processing plants would .be.neither advisable nor economical.
Well water, where found.in adequate quantities, may usually be
rendered satisfactory for food processing requirements by chlor-
ination alone,
Agriculture
Although the practice of irrigation is still in its
infancy, the growing vision of great economic benefits points
clearly to an expanding irrigation use of the wate'r resources.
The need for irrigation on the fertile valley lands steins from
the meager summer rairifall of as little as 6 inches, which limits
•the. advantage.-of the long .growing season. Many high value spec-
ialty crops cannot now be grown solely because of limited- avail-
..able water. Increased yields of 50 to 100 percent of better qual-
ity crops clearly demonstrate the value of water in the existing
scattered areas where irrigation is now used.
A very rapid growth in Irrigated acreage has occurred since
1930. It is now estimated .that.'about 130,000 acres of bottom
lands are irrigated. by. pumping directly from Willamette River and
tributaries and by pumping from private wells. Estimated annual
water requirements for this acreage are 260/000 acre feet. A
total of about 1,000,000 acre feet of water vill;be required to
supply the more than 500,000 acres of irrigable land in the
Basin." Competition for water requires that major irrigation
I/ See Appendix 9 — Table 20.
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- 43 -
developments include storage of flood flows for release during
the growing season. Multiple-purpose reservoirs, constructed
and being constructed by the Corps of Engineers, together with
additional proposed reservoirs,, will provide storage to meet
potential requirements for irrigation water.
The relationship between irrigation and pollution is suf-
ficient to warrant planned considerations. Pollution already
has affected water used for irrigation in certain parts of the
mains,tern and some tributaries. How serious this aspect of the
pollution problem will become, is not known and requires investi-
gation. It is expected that new pollution problems will arise
as a result of expanded agricultural activity. There will be
competition between use of water for irrigation and that required
to stabilize the basin's growing stream of pollutions! wastes.
Soil and farm drainage will be swept, into the streams in greater
amounts. Problems in cannery waste disposal will follow the
harvesting of increased yields of many kinds of crops.
Surface waters are used by poultry and livestock in many
parts of the basin. In 1944 t*iere were luore tnan 4,000 dairy
farms, 3,000 poultry farms and almost 2,000 livestock farms in
the basin that placed on the market products worth about 43 mil-
lion dollars.
Fishery
Migratory fish such as salmon and steelhead trout,
together with resident rainbows and cutthroats, form the nucleus
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- 44 -
of an important fishery resource. The migratory fish, after a
1 to 5 year feeding sojourn in the Pacific Ocean, pass through
the Willamette to the spawning grounds in the far reaches of the
tributaries. The young produced here in turn repeat the round
trip journey of their parents, ending again at the spawning
areas. Twice in each lifetime the Willamette River becomes a
connecting link between the ocean and the gravel beds where the
eggs are laid. Until the young fish reach the ocean, their food
supply must come from the array of small animal life produced in
the watercourses. It is thus apparent that fulfillment of the
hopes of many people for restoration of the fishery to its for-
mer abundance requires, among other things, clean water in all
parts of the drainage system.
Angling for salmon and trout is extremely popular and has
increased tremendously with the wartime and postwar population
growth. Sport fishing only is permitted in the basin, but
Willamette-bound salmon and steelheads are intercepted by fish-
ermen's nets in the lower Columbia, and many basin-reared fish
are taken by trolling on the ocean. The 1947 retail value of
this commercial catch was about $885,000. =/' Much of the sport
fishing, other than for salmon, is for rainbow and cutthroat
trout of which about 4 million are released in the streams annu-
ally. Even the spiny-rayed fish of the sloughs and slower water,
I/ Estimate of Oregon Fish Commission.
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- 45 -
that are looked upon with disdain by the dyed-in-the-wool trout
fisherman, are familiar and welcome to newcomers from beyond the
Rockies. Their rising popularity will relieve to some degree
the growing situation of too many fishermen for too little trout
water. The attraction of these fish and the basin's fishing
waters induced the 1948 anglers to part with more than 12 mil-
lion dollars in financing their sport. =f
In reference to the fishery, there is a. two-fold impor-
tance in the water resources: they.mu.st provide fishing for
the fisherman and must hold up with- all their .fi^h-raising poten-
tial the once fabulous but declining salmon fishery of the Colum-
bia River. The• far-flung spawning areas, once scattered, over
90,000 square miles of drainage area, are becoming smaller and
•smaller. Future-development of the Columbia's great water
resources will place- a greater salmon-raising burden upon the
lower tributaries. The Willamette is an important one still.
partially accessible. Its great potential powers for raising
fish are not being fully used and only now are being, systemat-
ically explored.
Under present conditions in the Willamette., spring runs
of salmon tend to grow smaller and smaller, .fall runs are. vir-
tually gone, and returns are poor from the heavy angling for
resident fish in spite of hatchery rearing and frequent plantings.
I/ Estimate of Oregon Game Commission.
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- 46-
Many factors are responsible for this .dismal fishery pictures
overfishing, poor land and water uses., logging, obstructions .of
many kinds, pollution and other -competitive uses of the water
resources. Full expansion of the fishery will be governed by
the extent to which these factors are corrected. Pollution
abatement alone is an important need in the mainstern and lower
reaches of certain tributaries. •
Rehabilitation .of fall-migrating salmon awaits permanent
improvement'of water.quality in the Lower Willamette where
oxygen-demanding industrial and community wastes make the river
seasonably impassable to fish. In many reaches the river and
tributaries must be improved for the safe downstream passage of
fingerlings. Occasional fish kills must be prevented by proper
disposal of industrial wastes. Protection of fish from pollu-
tion is a popular movementj the ..future of the fishery will be
governed largely by its success.
•Recreation
The Willamette River, although once a recreational asset
of great importance, now carries along in its lower reaches
slicks of dirty oil and various kinds of debris. Pleasure boats
avoid the dirty lower river with its many floating obstructions
and use less •• convenient moorages on the Columbia River. .The
river is unfit for swimming or any other use that requires clean
water. As a result of pollution,, the x^aters close to the popu-
lation centers have lost their recreational value and scenic
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- 47 -
appeal. They are avoided more and more as weekend:vacationists
follow highways, country1 roads -and forest trails to waters
unspoiled or less affected by pollution.
The remaining clean waters Ibf the basin1 are. a resource of
great value. They are the motivating force behind sales of pic-
nic and camping equipment, fishing tackle, boats and sporting
goods of many kinds, clothing, and a maze of other items. The
basin's residents purchased a large share of the State's 1948
issue of 270,000 anglers' licenses worth more than a million
dollars. These waters bring visitors from other areas—^mil-
lions for the State in 1949. They are a starting point for the
State's 110 million dollar tourist business which is second only
to lumber and agriculture.
Navigation
Many geographic features of the Portland area have con-
tributed to its rapid development as a growing metropolitan cen-
ter. Not the least of these is the Willametto River- serving as
a connecting thoroughfare through the'Lower Columbia with the
high seas and world ports. The Port of Portland has docks for
general cargo, grain, lumber, and oil; as well as shipbuilding
and repair facilities to serve the domestic and foreign ships
that come for wheat, lumber, and flour, and unload their cargoes
of oil and freight. Almost 1.5 million short tons per year of
the Columbia Basin's production are shipped out through this
port while 5.5 million tons of oil and other freight are imported
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- 48 -
for distribution throughout the area.
Barge traffic between Portland and Oregon City connects
the riverside .industrial plants with the downstream shipping
facilitj.es. By this means, pulp and paper are carried down-
stream in return for oil and other needs of industry. During
the 5 years ending in 194-6, more than 22-4,000 tons of cargo and
1.7 million tons of logs were moved through the Willamette Locks
each year,
The major item of commerce on the Willamette above Port-
land is the seemingly endless fleet of log rafts passing along from
the forests to the many wood-conversion plants scattered down-
stream.
Hdroelectric
Growing demands for power exceed the basin's hydroelec-
tric generating resources' with installed capacity of about
99,000 kilowatts. &' These developments, which vary -considerably
in size, are well- scattered in the 'basin along the malms-tern and
tributaries. In addition to the hydroelectric power developed
in the- basin, there is approximately 15:8, 000 kilowatts of steam.
plant capacity.
Power demands in the Willamette River Basin are far in
excess of the present installed capacity. Industrial develop-
ment in the Portland are-a and the continually increasing demands
I/ See Appendix 9 — Table 21.
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- 49 -
for power throughout the basin are dependent to a large extent
on existing and future power developments on the Columbia River.
Industrial expansion already has been discouraged by power
shortages, and brown-outs during the 1949 peakload period empha-
size the urgent need for more power.
The potential power resources of the Willamette River
Basin total approximately one million kilowatts of prime power.
Complete development of the basin's power resources would require
an installed capacity of about 2 million kilowatts. Presently
authorized Federal projects and additional projects recommended
in the "Columbia River and Tributaries, Review Report" prepared
by the Corps of Engineers in 19-48, would provide for 387,000
kilowatts of installed capacity. The authorized and proposed
projects can most effectively supplement Columbia River plants
by supplying at least a part of the peak load requirements of
the basin. Also, these plants would be available to supply
baseload demands during periods of low flows on Columbia River.
Wildlife
Many species of upland game, birds, migratory waterfowl,
and deer use the water resources of the Willamette Basin. The
original ringneck pheasant, which was imported to the United
States from China, was first planted in the Willamette River
Basin in 1887. Native and blue grouse are other species of
upland game birds found in the area. Large numbers of migratory
ducks and geese use the basin as a flyway and a. portion nest in
the area. Black Tail deer inhabit the forested mountain areas.
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- 50 -
POLLUTION CONTRIBUTED TO WATER RESOURCES
Pollutional damages to the Willamette's water resources
are caused by a great variety of foreign substances traceable
mainly to industry and municipalities. From Cottage Grove down-
stream, and on the tributaries, many cities and industries have
sewer outfalls to drain their wastes to the river system.
Public spirited citizens are becoming aware of the kinds
and effects of polluting wastes that are discharged to basin ;
waters. Best known, perhaps, are domestic sewage and the many
kinds of trade wastes. Silt, oil, grease, sawdust, bark, and
slashings also belong in this group of agents that help to
destroy the utility of the water.
The dumping of raw sewage, which has been a practice of
long standing at Eugene, Corvallis, Albany, Salem, and Portland,
subjects the downstream water user to potential danger of typhoid,
the dysenteries,and other waterborne infections. Where the water
user is a community that depends upon the river for its public
water supply, it is obliged by considerations of health raid com-
mon decency to subject the water to a costly treatment process.
i
The siEilar effect of sewage and many industrial wastes in
removing oxygen from receiving waters makes it possible to com-
pare rulativo strengths of these wastes and to evaluate them in
a siirple system of terminology. For example, the wastes from
the processing of 200 pounds of sulphite pulp, or 90 cases of
canned pears, would remove from the receiving waters about as
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- 51 -
much oxygen as the untreated sewage from 300 persons. As stated
in the usual way, each of these quantities of wastes has a pop-
ulation equivalent of 300.-' In following this same system of
evaluation, some of the basin's larger sulphite pulp mills dis-
charge wastes with a population equivalent in excess of 800,000.
Waterborne particles of matter, such as sewage solids,
sawdust, bark, chips, wood fiber, fragments of fruits and vege-
tables and silt are additional components of the pollutions!
load. They settle in quiescent stretches and form malodorous
sludge banks. Moreover, there may also be toxic substances from
industrial wastes, compounds causing tastes and odors, coloring
•matter, grease, and oil. In various combinations and quanti-
ties, these many substances affect adversely the various qual-
ities and uses of the water resources.
All too frequently in the past, development of sewerage
systems as a necessary convenience of modern urban life was not
coordinated with the simultaneous building of sewage treatment
facilities. Watercourses were near at hand, and, as long as
they carried the discharged sewage away from the community, no
further obligation in sewage disposal was recognized. But, as
the population grew, so also did the volume of sewage. The
resulting pollution of the Willamette system already endangers
public health and limits the utility of the water.
I/ Usually expressed as B.O.D., population equivalent; this is
a daily-discharged quantity of waste with a 5-day, 20° C.,
B.O.D., requirement of 0.167 pounds.
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- 52 -
i
Known sources of pollution in the Willamette Basin
include the wastes from 52 sewered municipalities and 83 indust-
rial establishments.-' More, complete surveys now underway
should disclose additional sources of both municipal and indust-
rial pollution as well as the sources of all other pollutional
substances now entering the basin's watercourses. The organic
pollutional load contributed from about 80 percent of the known
sources is estimated to have a population equivalent of about
2/
4,000,000, or nearly 5 times the basin's present population.*'
Of the 52 sewered municipalities serving a total popula-
tion of 4.88,450, 19 discharge the raw sewage of 4-41,050 people
o/
into the Willamette and its tributaries.-" Draining to the
main stem alone, are Springfield with 10,000 people, Eugene
with 35,000, Corvallis with 15,000, Albany with 9,000, Salem
with 40,000, Portland^/ with 294,000 and 6 others of smaller
size. The drainage of the Yamhill, Santiam, Clackamas, Molalla,
and other tributaries carries the raw sewage from 7 additional
municipalities into the main stem. The remaining 33 municipali-
ties serving a population of 47,400 treat their sewage prior to
di scharge.
I/ See Maps 5 and 6 for locations.
2/ See ^late 1.
2/ See Appendix 9 — Table 1.
tj The part of Portland's population lying within the Willam-
ette Basin.
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WHERE POLLUTIONAL DISCHARGES ORIGINATE
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
FROM THE
SEWERED
POPULATION
FROM INDUSTRIES
CONNECTED TO
MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS
•Mi
FROM INDUSTRIES
WITH SEPERATE
OUTLETS
EACH SYMBOL REPRESENTS EQUIVALENT B. 0. D. WASTES FROM 200000 PERSONS
PLATE NO. 1
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- 53 -
Because industrial establishments are frequently connec-
ted to city sewerage systems, the average load, expressed as
population equivalent is usually-greater than the sewered popu-
lation. '''For this reason, the population equivalent of the mixed
wastes from all municipalities is more than 900,000 in spite of
limited treatment, while the sewered population ip only 488,450.
Therefore, on the basis of oxygen demand, in the receiving waters,
the industrial wastes comprise at least 45 percent of the total
pollutional load discharged to the Willamette River System by
municipalities.
About'• 83--stre'Etmside industrial plants have their own
facilities fbr disposing of process wastes. In some cases,
they consist of no more than simple sewers discharging into the
• river. The majority of these 83 plants are ones that process ;
agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat and
milk, or make pulp and paper from the area's timber. Informa-
tion on waste character and quantity is partially known for 60
plants. Of these, 20 discharge wastes with a total population
equivalent of 3,028,150j while present information indicates
the remaining 40 probably are not discharging wastes of a pollu-
tional character. When compared with the presently known dis-
charges from all sources, which aggregate nearly 4 million
population equivalent, these 20 plants have a grave responsi-
bility 'for their contribution to the present condition of the
Willamette River.
I/ Sec Appendix 9 -- Table 2.
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- 54-
Private citizens and spokesmen for various civic groups
have frequently criticized industry in the Willamette Valley
for its alleged inactivity in preventing water pollution.
Although a number of seasonally-operated fruit arid vegetable
canneries-have received specific attention, the most serious
criticisms. have been-leveled against the 5. sulphite pulp-manu-
facturers, at Salfemy Lebanon, Newberg, Oregon City and West
Linn. During.1949 the wastes from these Industries,had a pop-
ulation: equivalent of: 2,851,000=/—about 6 times the sewered
population and several times as great as the polluting' wastes
•?/
•from all other sources in the basin.- .;. The following table
shows the. relationship between the population-equivalent of
wastes'from the sewered communities with their 150.connected
Industrial plants and the known industries not connected,to
municipal systems. This emphasizes the preponderance of pollu-
tional effect of the 6 pulp mills.
I/ Derived from actual data cooperatively submitted to Oregon
State Sanitary Authority by plants of the pulp and paper
industry.
2/ See Plate 1.
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- 55 -
Population
Sources of Polluting Substances Equivalent
From 52 sewered communities with 150
connected industrial plants 920,04.0
From industrial plants not connected
to community se\irers:
6 pulp mills .. . 2,901,000-)
14 other industrial plants 127,150 ) 3,028,150
40 othar industrial plants 0
23 other industrial plants Unknown
TOTAL 3., 948.., 190.
A summary of the data on sources of pollution is contained
in Tables A and B as follows;
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- 56-
TABLE A — SOURCES OF POLLUTION — MUNICIPAL
Sources of Amount of Pollution
Pollution (in Discharged to Water-
Number of Population Served course. Population
Municipalities* Municipalities)* by Sewerage System Equivalent.**
Having Data on
pollution load
discharged to
watercourse, 52 488,450 920,040
Having popula-
tion data avail-
able (Data on
pollution load
to watercourse
incomplete or
not available)
TOTAL 52 488,-450 920^040-
* Includes incorporated or unincorporated municipalities; other legal
bodies as sanitary districts, counties, towns$ significant insti-
tutions, resorts, recreational centers or other population centers.
** Includes industrial wastes discharged into municipal sewerage sys-
tems.
TABLE B — SOURCES OF POLLUTION -- INDUSTRIAL
Amount of pollution discharged
Sources of Pollution to watercourse (in terms of
Industries* (In number of plants) Population Equivalent)
Producing Organic
Wastes 60 3,028,150
Producing Organic
Wastes 17 Undetermined
Producing Inorganic
Wastes 3 Undetermined
Producing Wastes of
Undetermined Type 3 ^ Undetermined
TOTAL 83 —
* Industries having separate outlets discharging wastes directly to
watercourse.
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- 57 -
Because little information is available for one-fourth
of the industrial plants that handle their own wastes, evalua-
tion of the overall situation of pollution is limited. A simi-
lar situation applies to industrial plants which are connected
to municipal sewers. If such information could be obtained
through surveys in sev?ered municipalities, and at outlying indus-
trial plants, it would be a valuable guide to current and future
efforts toward pollution control.
A less objectionable part of the basin's pollution load
consists of silt from agricultural and other lands. Such soil
losses to the drainage system result in increased turbidities during
the rainy season. During February of 1949, hard rains on thawing
soils caused erosional effects upon 97,000 acres of agricultural
land.-' Estimates of the Soil Conservation Service indicate that
about 1,150,000 tons of soil were washed down the Willamette
drainage system during this month. Most of this is believed to
have been swept on into the Columbia River. The continued deposit
of a small p.art of the silt in Portland Harbor is sufficient to
require dredging of the navigational channels every 4 or 5 years.
The principal and best known polluting agents discharged
to the basin's waterways arej (l) sewage or pathogenic bacteriaj
and (2) substances which react either chemically or biochemically
I/ See Plate 2.
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- 58 -
with the aid of bacteria to affect adversely the oxygen resour-
ces of the streams. Other kinds of polluting substances, such
as toxic wastes, silt from gravel washing, and sawdust and
drainage from log ponds of sawmills, aro also important, but
little information is available as to the extent or effect. The
latter also is true of increase of turbidity and clogging of
salnon streams by slashings as an aftermath, of logging operations
on many tributary watersheds.
-------
Token from o map prepoed by U.S.
Department of Agriculture Region 7,
Sail Conservation Service
LEGEND
AREAS IN WHICH SOME SLIGHT
EROSION NAS OCCURRED.
AREAS IN WHICH SOME MODERATE
EROSION HAS OCCURRED.
AREAS IN WHICH SOME SEVERE
EROSION HAS OCCURRED.
SOIL EROSION ON CULTIVATED LANDS IN THE
WILLAMETTE BASIN
FEBRUARY 1949
PLATE NO, 2
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- 59 -
DAMAGES TO WATER RESOURCES FROM POLLUTION
Surveys and investigations have not been needed to show
the Willamette Valley people that their \-jaterways have been
damaged by pollution. They already are aware of the many chan-
ges that have come about gradually during this first half of
the 20th Century. Damaging pollution became an accomplished
fact as the growing cities built their sewers, industrial plants
grew larger and more numerous, and unwise water uses became more
common.
At the turn of the Century the Portland waterfront and
many areas upstream were popular places for recreation. At that
time there were attractive picnic places, boat landings, flour-
ishing bathhouses, and beaches where the water now is persist-
ently dirty or visibly mixed with sewage. Such visual changes
in the river system and the decreased use of thfe river are fam-
iliar damages near many of the Valley cities.
Intensity of pollution effects vary considerably with the
season. During much of the year, dilution by large quantities
of cold water from basin runoff prevents the serious conditions
that occur during late summer and early fall when flows are low,
temperature high, and pollution's! discharges at a seasonal peak.
Damages to the water resources during this period ar
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- 60 -
Occasional surveys^/ have been valuable in establishing the
extent of pollution damages, identifying the offenders, and sug-
gesting a logical course of corrective action. Widespread pollu-
tion has altered the physical, chemical and biological properties
of the waterways so that there are now potential hazards to health
of people, interference with normal water uses, and continuing
destruction of resources that require clean water.
Epidemics of waterborne diseases, such as typhoid and the
dysenteries, frequently are cited as classical examples of the
damages and dangers of sewage— polluted water. The Oregon State
Board of Health came into being in 1903 after an outbreak of
typhoid fever in cities using the Willamette for water supply —
particularly Salem, Oregon City and Portland.
I/ Reference following reports published by Engineering Experi-
ment Station, Oregon State Agricultural College, Corvallis,
Oregon:
"Preliminary Report on the Control of Stream Pollution in
Oregon." Langton, C. V. and H. S. Rogers. Bulletin Serjjss.
No. 1, 1929. ' '
"A Sanitary Survey of the Willamette Valley." Rogers, H. S.
and C. A1." Mockmore and C. D. Adams. Bulletin Series^T No. 2,
1930, .
"A" Sanitary 'Survey of the Willamette 'River from Sellwood Bridge
to the Columbia River." Gleeson, G.W., BuljLetin_Series, No. 6
1936.
"Industrial and Domestic Wastes of the Willamette Valley."
Gleeoon, G.W. and F. Merryfield. lullet.fe.Serie^SjKo. 7*, 1936.
"1945, Pr.pgre.ss Report on Pollution of Oregon Streams." Merry-
field, Fred "and VI. G. Wilmot. Bulletin _3erj.es? No. 19, 1945.
"The Fishes of the Willamette River System in Relation to Pol-
lution V" Dim'ick, R.E. and Fred Merryfield. Bulletin Series
No. 20, 1945. . ~" "'
"Industrial and City Wastes." Merryfield, Fred and W. 8, Bol-
len and F. G. Kachelhoffer. Bulletin_Series, No. 22, 1947.
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- 61 -
Kost communities have gone to unpolluted tributaries for1 their
water supplies; and there is much less intensive use of the
Willamette for bathing. Isolated effects'upon individuals are-
more difficult to trace and, therefore, the total damage to the
health of persons is not well known.
Health officials of the State of Orogon have pointed out
repeatedly that the sewage-pollutei waters of the Valley are''a
constant threat to public health'. Their stand is based upon
simple facts that are apparent to anyone. Large quantities of
raw Sewage -enter • surf ace waters from most of the valley coiaciani—
ties.'- Surveys have shown excessive' contamination of surface
waters'by sewage bacteria. It is'possible that bacteria froir:
diseased persons-may'be present '«nd affect'-people who, in--their
work or recreation, have intimate 'contact withi:these waters.
The simple logic of this anti~pollution';;;siand was iroll
borne out by -a serious outbreak -'of gastro-ente'ritis"'" among workers
at a Portland shipyard in October of 1943. During e. period of-
two'Weeks following October 22, there-were li?9 visits at the
yard dispensary for treatment of abdominal cramps, voraiting and
diarrhea. Absentee rates varied firdiri 10rto 15 percent, and- it
was estimated that c..t least 2,000 employees 'were affected.
Investigation showed that the water' supply of the shipyard had
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- 62-
somehow fcecome contaminated and that the usual sanitary bar-.
riers against contamination had broken down. In tracing out
all of the possible sources of contamination, the dirty water
of the Willamette River, emerged as the most likely suspect... Not
only did the river receive the raw sewage from 17 communities up
the river, but along the bank 500 fe'et upstream a 60-inch sewer
discharged sewage from the City of Portland. By following this
lead it was found that a cross connection in the hull of a par-
tially finished, ship caused river water to be pumped into the
water system. Connection between the sewage-polluted Willam-
ette and the outbreak of waterborne disease was clearly shown.
This shipyard story completely supports- the-view that
health hazards of the Willamette remain potential ones only so
long as vigilant and effective barriers against contamination
remain in operation. Once those barriers are lowered through
carelessness or .ignorance, the dangers of the Willamette become
very real.
When the health of many people is affected at one time,
the public is aroused and steps are taken immediately to deter-
mine ;the cause of the outbreak.. How frequently isolated indiv-
iduals are similarly, affected by intimate contact with sewage-
polluted waters and go their way uncounted cannot be determined.
It must be remembered that many people are bound to these sur-
face waters in making a living. There are boatmen engaged in
river traffic, shingle and sawmill employees who handle water-
soaked logs, and farmers who pump these waters to irrigate
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- 63 -
their fields. Small children give no thought to pollution as
they splash and play in the water or fish from the banks. There
are many others who will per.-jist in using these waters in many "
ways regardless of their condition.
In the Willamette Basin the health aspects of pollution
are important.-- Below cities that lack sewage treatment facil-
ities surface water is a constant threat to'health, and no one .
can predict wheri circumstances will permit the outbreak of an
epidemic. 'The effect'upon the health of people already char-
geable to water pollution may be great. Examples of damage
are known, but the extent of this damage is difficult to deter-?
mine. :Money values can be attached to sick days lost from work
or to the fees for medical care, but no one can put a price tag
on health itself or the threat to health.
Public Water Supply
Because sewage pollution makes parts of the Willamette
and tributaries potentially dangerous to public health, it would
be unthinkable to use these waters for public supply if other
sources could'be developed. ,At many points where it would be ;
convenient and economical to draw upon river.waterj the bac-
-,/
terial content^ was found-to be greater than can be treated
with confidence by the most modern methods. This is the situa-
tion below Eugene, Salem, Newberg, and Oregon City. During the
I/ See Plate 3.
-------
summer and .fall, at least, the water below Cottage Grove,, .
Gorvallis, and Albany is not safe to use unless subjected to
filtration and chlorination. -Conditions are .similar on parts of
Rickreall Creek, South Yamhill, South Santiam, Pudding, and
Tualatin Rivers.
. •; • Stream surveys made in 1929 and 1944 show that bacterial
pollution has become more pronounced. Many parts of the waterway
system that were suitable for public water supply with disinfection
alone have become so changed by increased sewage and industrial
waste pollution, that eve,n the thoughts, of using-;such water,..are
disagreeable.
The City of-Salem obtained water from the Willamette
River until 1937, at which time .the system no longer--could meet
the growing demands for 'service. Where it became apparent that
a new supply system must be developed, the City was^faeed- with
two alternatives. A modern complete waiter treatment plant could
be constructed to .convert Willamette River .water to- a potable-
product,-^or water from. the. North Santiam could be given fairly,
simple treatment, piped to the City, .and turned into: the •.
distribution .system. Salem sel-eated the North Santiam. even--
though the construction cost was one-half million dollars'more
than using the Willamette.. •
Before the turn of>the.Century,-when Portland was
emerging as a growing city of importance near the mouth, of., the.
-------
11
^. a:
o Ui
o OL
o
~ 8
en 2
^ e>
I 2
o uj
5 «5
o I
o
o
m
BACTERIAL POLLUTION OF
WILLAMETTE RIVER
30
20
10
25
75 100 125
MILES BELOW COTTAGE GROVE
ISO
175
Source O.S.C.
20O
-------
_ - 65 -
Willamette, river water was .acceptable for public water supply.
Again the..threat of increased pollution caused the city to
look elsewhere for :clean water—in this case 30 miles away on
the northwest slopes of Mount Hood.
The problem of getting enough clean water is shared by
all cities of the Willamette Valley. Some cities are more
fortunately located than others, and have some degree of choice
in. selecting a source of supply. That is no longer true of Cor-
vallis, although many years ago that city selected the Mary's
River watershed for its supply in preference to the Willamette.
After having developed and tapped every other feasible source
of water, and not meeting adequately the needs of the rapidly
growing population, Corvallis now has turned to the Willamette
i '
River. A treatment plant,that converts the polluted water of
the Willamette River to an acceptable product, has cost the
16,.QOO people of Corvallis, $443,500. They have come under
the damaging impact of Willamette pollution because no other
source of water is available. A good part of the construction
and operational cost of the plant is a chargeable damage of
pollution.
In its.present condition of pollution, the Willamette
cannot be relied upon as a sole source of domestic water
supply. In the event of treatment plant breakdown, emergency
chlorinatiou alone, is not sufficient to make the water depend-
ably safe for human consumption. The Willamette poses other
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- 66 -
water supply problems also. Objectional tastes and odors,-tur-
bidity, and moderately high temperatures make production of a
water acceptable to the consumer difficult and expensive.
The usual pollution from communities and industries is
not the only cause of water supply problems. As pointed out
elsewhere, logging and gravel washing have caused considerable
damage on some watersheds. Although Cottage Grove, Lebanon, Sil-
verton, Forest Grove, Hillsboro, Sweet Home, Albany, Oregon City,
West Linn, Carlton, Yamhill, and Molalla have been exposed to
such damages, the City of Dallas may be taken as a typical exam-
ple.
This small community of some 4-,700 people, lying 15 miles
to the west of Oregon's capital city, depends upon the area
drained by Rickreall, Applegate, and Canyon Creeks for its sapply
of water. Because the city has no control over these areas,
liquidation logging by private corporations goes on unimpeded.
Logging is finished on the watershed of Applegate Creek and its
utility as a source of water is largely gone. Half the Canyon
Creek watershed has been cut, and operations will continue until
no usable trees are left standing. Cutting of timber is also
going on along parts of Rickreall Creek. Damages to the water
supply already have appeared in the form of decreased yield,
increased turbidity, and development of taste and odor-producing
organisms. These conditions have necessitated pumping additional
water from another source at an annual cost of $4,000, use of the
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- 67 -
existing reservoirs as settling basins, .and construction of a new
3 million gallon reservoir at a cost of $125,000. In spite of
these expenditures, the water quality is poor. Filtration may
be needed in the near future. -
In 1948 the domestic water supply of Sweet Home was troub-
led by pollution with sawdust from a sawmill located above the
water intake on the South Sahtiam River. Through, prompt action
by the State Sanitary Authority, this pollution-was immediately
abated before extensive damage to the water supply was incurred.
Fishery - • .
Damages to the Willamette fishery resources have been ones
that destroy fish directly or affect adversely the ability .of the
water-system to propagate fish and aquatic life.:
. Outright destruction of fish by pollution has been observed
on the main stem.or tributaries .during almost every year, since
1940"; "Late summer and early, fall is the danger period for this
.impact upon the fishery, because at,this season water temperature
is high, stream flows are low, and wastes from.seasonal proces-
sing are added to all the other usual wastes. The combination of
these factors leads to periodic fish kills from poisoning or suf-
focation. The most recent fish kill occurred on the Tualatin
' River in September of 1949. Waste discharges from two fruit and
vegetable canneries at Forest Grove had so overloaded the obso-
lete .municipal sewage treatment plant that the river could not
absorb the pollutional load withput damage. At Hillsboro, also,
-------
- 68 -
cannery wastes entered the, river. The dead fish, including rain-
bow and cutthroat troutj were pictured and described'in'the press,
/.and; the public was kept informed pf each new-development. Angry
protests of such preventable fish destruction'came from-many
fishermen and conservation-minded people. ;
Although many persons are made aware-of-pollution .damages
by the occurrence of isolated fish kills and consequently demand
immediate correction, gradual and continuing, changes over large
parts of the waterway system are more detrimental to the total
fishery resources. Continuously, or frequently, unfavorable
.oxygen conditions have developed below a number of points where
excessive pollutional discharges occur. Linear-.zones of this
type extend, along the Willamette, Pudding, Yamhill, South San-
ti.am, and Santiami.Rivers; and Rickreall, Cedar and other creeks.
These areas are unfit and often dangerous to local fish, .and bar
the' movement of other fish to their spawning or feeding grounds.
At most of these places,, as well as. on the; Long Tprn and Cala-
pooya Rivers,:pollution has destroyed or disrupted the supply
of minute fish food organisms. : .
Along with these damaging' changes, many -other unwise water
and';land uses akin to pollution gradually .change the -fish habitat.
Log jams .and slashings have made valuable, streams unusable for
I/ Reference: "The Fishes of the Willamette River.System in
Relation to Pollution." Dimick, R. E. and Fred Merryfield.
BuJJ.eJanJ3eries No- 20> 1945. Engineering Experiment Sta-
tion, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.
-------
- 69-
fish.;, Sawdust and drainage from log ponds are causing trouble
intsome places. Silt from logging operations, gravel washing,
and..^rosion have spoiled .certain streams for both spawning and
fishing.
Tremendous quantities of pollutions! wastes come down
the Willamette from all parts of the basin, and move through
the lower river and Portland Harbor on their way to the.Colum-
bia. -At no time-during the year are conditions in the harbor
favorable•• for fish, but during periods of low flow, this situ-
ation is the most serious obstacle to full development of the
basin's potential fishery. As shown in Plates 5 and 6, the
oxygen content that starts dropping seriously at Salem is some-
times entirely eliminated in Portland Harbor .during late summer
and early fall. For this reason, fall-migrating salmon, that
were once of considerable importance, have practically disap-
peared. If a sizeable run still existed, it could not, pass
through the pollution barrier that stands between the fish and
their spa.wni.ng tributaries,-' Although spring-migrating .salmon
are still exposed, to other effects pf pollution in this region,
oxygen conditions during high spring flows permit upstream
migration.
Voluntary .efforts to abate pollution in order to improve
the fishery have been extremely limited. Cbcygen Conditions are
I/ See Plate 4.
-------
- 70 -
growing progressively worse so that, since 1934, the pollutidnal
barrier has increased at"least 30 miles in upstream length.
Reestablishment of the fall salmon runs is urgently
i
needed in the Willamette River to support the maintenance of a
Columbia River salmon fishery. State and Federal action now is
coordinated in removing physical migration barriers, improving
',
spawning areas, and accelerating the hatchery program. Removal
•'
of pollution damages is needed at many places at,the, same time.
Projected fishery plans for rehabilitation of a fall run of
salmon cannot be put into effect until the pollutional barrier
>
in the lower river is dependably corrected.
During 1941 and 1942, sport fishermen took an annual
average of 20,000 spring chinook salmon valued conservatively at
$300,000.-' This represents an income of 4'percent on a natural
resource worth 7.5 million dollars. The 1947 commercial catch
•of Willamette spring salmon had a retail value of $885,000^'—
a 4 percent return from 22 millions. That means that the total
spring chinook fishery of the Willamette system is worth in the
neighborhood of 25 to 30 million dollars. If the potential
value of a fall run that could be developed is only one-fourth
as great, the watercourse damages from pollution, by preventing
this development, are costing the basin people the income from a
5 to 7 million dollar resource.
i/ ZiSli and Wildlife Scientific Report No. 33, 1946.
2/ Estimate of Oregon Fish Commission.
-------
G
CORVALLIS
£
COTTAGE
GROVE
To Sp^
1929 Survey
To The
A ret
'Pacific Ocean
5
1
120
130
140
150
160
I7O
IBO
190
20O
210
220
CITY OR TOWN DISCHARGING WASTES OF
PRIMARILY DOMESTIC ORIGIN
MAJOR INDUSTRY DISCHARGING LARGE
OF OXYGEN CONSUMING WASTES
QUANTITIES
SOURCE: DATA
IDEA
Steve
FEDERAL SECURITY A6ENCT
US. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
-------
- 71 -
Navigation
Deposits of silt and .sand originating from erosion of the
basin's lands cause continuing damage in Portland Harbor, and
make dredging necessary at 4 to 5 year intervals.. Dredging was
done most recently during 1949 at a cost of about $400,000.
Recreation
Destruction of bathing areas by pollution has continually
confronted the basin people with thre.e Alternatives. They can
ignore the warnings of public health officials and continue to
use the rivarsi or, for a safer course .of action, they can stop
swimming; or finance and construct artificial community pools.
In common with the history of the Portland area and Wil-
lamette River upstream, parts of Fern Ridge Reservoir, the old
swim/ling hole near Lebanon, bathing places on the McKenzie and
Willamette near Eugene, and many other isolated places have
passed out of the recreational bathing picture. As a counter-
measure, a $100,000 pool was built by the City.of Eugene. Cor-
vallis, Albany, Forest Grove,. Salem, and 10 other communities
also have constructed pools in substitute for the favorite
waters lost to pollution.
The pact expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars
for 24 publicly-owned pools made necessary, in part at least,
by the damages and health hazards of pollution, have not begun
to meet the recreational needs of the people.. The modern pool
at Eugene is so popular and crowded that many people must be
-------
- 72 -
turned away. The City of Springfield is drawing up a financial
program to permit the construction of a pool. Additional pools
are sorely needed in other cities.'
Although the health danger from continued use of outdoor
beaches stems from heavy sewage pollution, industrial wastes
have caused considerable damage in some places. Claims that
some industrial wastes do not injure people do not make pol-
luted water more attractive for swimming. The loss of natural
bathing places, made useless by pollution, can never be fully
compensated for by artificial pools. The added charm of swim-
ming in natural waters will still attract many people, and chil-
dren will go on swimming in natural waters if pool facilities
are limited.
Damages to pleasure boating on the Willamette are those
theft injure- or interfere- with operation1 of•'- the!'c'raft: orlpre'verit
enjoyment by'£he; occupants,,; •••Dirty oil arid danger:from'collision
with;floating logs,;"blocks 'and: bark, that seem to drift in end-
less procession oh 'the' lower'- river';-discourage; use of';the1 Willam-
ettev - Most': boats'' -in'- the Portland -'area -have'1 beeh! moved to''•"the
Columbia River. There1is:little inducement for cruising" past the
•mouths of slice®ssive sewe'rs on; water that' looks and smells like
-sewage'.' As -far back: as-1939 the'City'-of'Salem was-;the target'of
b'itter complaints from- 'the local yacht- club of the: stench !J'that
reaches' to high -heaven"1 n'ear' thei -Willamette : sewers':'''• Like; other
recreational uses ofrwater-) boating^ tooj is' being:-driven^from ••
the :Willamette:.
-------
- 73 -
Near sizeable cities, such as Portland, Oregon City, Salem,
and Eugene, the loss of picnic areas along the rivers due to pol-
lution has been serious. At Independence a recreational park had
to be closed because of sowage coming down from Monmouth through
Ash Creek. Many of these areas still have potential value, and
could be reclaimed and developed as part of a successful cleanup
program.
Property
The pollution of the Willamette River has depreciated
values of waterfront property at Salem, Oregon City, and Portland.
Many excellent sites for homes, boat moorages, and other types of
buildings remain undeveloped because of floating solids, scums,
and odor nuisances. Downstream from Lebanon, similar river con-
ditions and odors have decreased the value of property.
-------
- 74. -
BENEFITS RESULTING FRCM POLLUTION PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT
Although benefits from pollution abatement of far-reaching
importance are not as yet an accomplished fact, people eagerly
await increased future benefits that will result from the coor-
dinated programs now getting underway. The programs are moti-
vated by a public desire for extended and more attractive uses of
the water resources, and municipal programs and coordinated
industrial action will do much to make this possible.
Of all the programs now underway by State and Federal
agencies which are leading toward improved water quality in the
Willamette River and its tributaries, the pollution control prog-
ram of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority is probably the most
important. The forestry programs of State and Federal agencies
on public lands are placing special emphasis on the protection
of public water supply watersheds, and are working toward reduc-
ing to a minimum silt, logs, bark, and other debris that now are,
or in the future might be, washed into streams. The cooperative
District and Federal soil conservation program works toward the
reduction of soil losses from both privately and publicly-owned
lands. Fishery agencies, both State and Federal, are removing
obstacles from streams and improving bottom conditions for
upstream migration and spawning. The Willamette River flood
control program of the Corps of Engineers will improve water
quality through reduction of peak flows during floods and
-------
- 75 -
regulated releases from water storage.
All of these efforts will be of tremendous value in improv-
ing conditions in the Willamette River and tributariesj however,
full use of the basin's water resources for domestic and indust-
rial supply, recreation and propagation of fish will not be real-
ized until the sewage and waste treatment program of the Oregon
State Sanitary Authority becomes effective.
Storage of flood waters in reservoirs which will be
released, primarily for irrigation, navigation and power produc-
tion, will also have some of feet upon pollution. Although pre-
sent plans of the Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation
are based on the maintenance of a minimum flow of at least 6000
cubic foot per second at Salem during noriaal water years, there
will be a number of months during low water years when this, flow
can not be maintained. Based on a study of past flow records
for a 23-year period, it is indicated that even with all pro-
posed reservoirs in operation monthly flows of as little as 4500
1 V '
cubic feet per second at Salem will occur during extreme low
water years. This same study indicates that, during about 25
percent of the July-October months, the f}.ow will be less than
6000 cubic feet per second..
In order to determine the value of increased flows due
to river regulation, oxygen sag curves have been plotted for
flows of 2500 and 4500 second feet at Salem. Plate 5 includes
calculated oxygen sag curves for the Willamette River below
-------
- 76 -
Salem with a flow of 2500 second feet at Salem and the follow-
ing pollutional loads: Curve A, present municipal and indust-
rial wastes; Curve B, effluents from present treatment plants
plus effluents from primary treatment plants for all other muni-
cipalities and industries} Curve C, effluents from present treat-
ment plants plus effluents from municipal primary treatment plants
and industrial intermediate treatment plants', and Curve D, efflu-
ents from secondary treatment plants at all municipal and indust-
rial locations. The sewage and industrial wastes contributed at
Portland have been excluded from these calculations because they
will' be treated and discharged into the Columbia River upon com-
pletion of Portland's sewage works program. Plate 6 includes
oxygen sag curves for the Willamette river below Salem with a
flow: of 4500 'second feet at Salem, and identical pollutional
loads as used in Plate 5, with the exception that Curve A repre-
sents the actual measured dissolved oxygon content of the river
on August 23, 24- arid 25, 1950, at which time Portland's sewage
and industrial wastes were being discharged to Willamette River.
The river flow at Salem was 4500 cubic feet per second on Aug-
ust 23 when the survey was started.
Flows of 2500 and 4-500 cubic feet per second represent
minimum monthly flows that might be expected, first without and
second with river regulation. Therefore, a visual inspection of
the curves for similar pollutional load conditions indicates the
value of river regulation. In order to maintain a minimum of 5
-------
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WILLAMETTE RIVER
WITH FLOW OF 2500 cfs AT SALEM
-\
m
O
o
O
CM
Z
O
£t
U)
QL
IT
<
a.
z
UJ
o
>•
X
o
o
to
CO
9.1.7
D.O. OF SATURATION AT 20°C
(with present pollution load)
jJL
CURVE e Calculated D.O. in River (with
primary treatment of municipal
sewage 8 industrial wastes)
CURVE
-------
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WILLAMETTE RIVER
WITH REGULATED MINIMUM FLOW OF 4500 cfs AT SALEM
O
o
O
CM
or
UJ
o.
ce
<
QL
UJ
o
>•
X
o
a
IU
-o O
£ <°
> en
p
0>
D.O. OF SATURATION AT 2O° C
MINIMUM 0.0. FOR DESIGN PURPOSES
5.0
"CURVE A = Measured D.O. in River Aug. 23,248 25,195O
(Flow at Salem 4500 cfs on Aug. 23}
CURVE 8s Calculated D.O. in River (with primary
treatment of municipal sewage and industrial wastes)
CURVE c = Calculated D.O. in River (with primary treatment of municipal
sewage and intermediate treatment of industrial wastes)
CURVE D = Calculated D.O. in River (with secondary treatment of
municipal sewage and industrial wastes)
Excluding Portlands sewage and industrial wastes
10
30 40 50
MILES BELOW SALEM, OREGON
60
70
80
65
-------
- 77 -
parts per million of dissolved oxygen in the river, intermediate
treatment of all municipal and industrial wastes would be a min-
imum requirement with flows of 2500 cubic feet per second to be
expected. With regulated,flows, primary treatment of municipal
sewage and intermediate treatment of industrial wastes would be
the minimum requirement. Regulated flows also will permit a
considerable population growth and industrial expansion prior V>
the need of a higher degree of treatment.
• • In additionvto satisfactory oxygen conditions, pollution
abatement will bring about many other improvements in water qual-
ity, most important of which is the bacterial quality.;; The
elimination of raw sewage will permit the use of the river for
development of public water .supplies, industrial supplies., and
recreational purposes without endangering the health of the
people. The elimination of sludge banks, unsightly s-cums, oils,
grease and obnoxious materials will be other expected improve-
ments, and will undoubtedly increase the property values of-real
estate adjacent to the'"stream.
-------
- 78 -
POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES IN EFFECT
The control of water pollution in the Willamette River
Basin has had public support for a number of years. An excel-
lent example of this public feeling is the passage in 1938, by
an overwhelming majority, of an initiative measure creating the
State Sanitary Authority and investing it with powers to o.cwtrol
water pollution. Unfortunately, World War II 'started about the
time this agency was ready to function, and it was necessary,
because' -of-matsrial, equipment, and labor shortages, to delay an
action program of treatment plant construction.
Many of the abatement measures in effect in the''Willamette
Valley are a direct result of the educational and persuasive
efforts of'-the Sanitary Authority. During the war period, cities
were urged to prepare engineering plans and financing programs.
Where- this advice'was followed,-compliance with State pollution
control laws has moved toward accomplishment•with a minimum of
civic hardship* ; ;
Financing of municipal sewage treatment facilities is
fostered by appropriate State legislation passed in recent years.
By a simple majority, residents of appropriate areas may estab-
lish sanitary districts with power to provide sewerage systems.
These may be financed by general obligation bonds up to 25 per-
cent of property value, and in addition by revenue bonds up to
15 percent. Municipalities have no statutory limit on indebted-
ness for general, limited obligation, or revenue bonds used to
-------
- 79 -
finance works that abate pollution.
Some of the smaller communities in need of sewerage, sys-
tems have not been able to sell their bonds in the past, and
t . !!
1 .. i .-•
accordingly1 "were"unable to provide sewage treatment. Since'the
spring' of 1949, ..the Oregon State Bond Comm.is.siQn. has .be.en auth-
orized by statute to purchase the bonds of municipalities with
populations of not more than 2,500 should they fail to sell on
the public market.
Th^ activities of all these cities are effective measures
toward abatement of pollution. If civic plans for sewage treat-
i
ment facilities now complete, or in the drafting stage,-were, to
be placed in operation within...the..next 5'years, sewage pollution
of the Willamette system from municipal sources would be greatly
reduced.
Existing municipal treatment facilities consist of 32 treat-
ment plants serving 33 communities. They vary in complexity
» •.'.~
from primary sedimentation plants to those with trickling fil-
ters or activated sludge equipment.•£/ A summary of the existing
plants is included in Table C.
I/ See Plate 7.
2j ' Appendix 9 — Table 1, and Map 5.
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- 80 -
TABLE C — EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES — MUNICIPAL
Degree of Number of
Treatment :"; .'^Municipalities*
Provided Served
Primary**
Secondary
No Treatment
TOTAL
19
14
19
52
Number of
Treatment
Plants
18
14
0
32
Population Served
25,150
22,250
441,050
488,450
' ..* Includes incorporated or unincorporated municipalities; other
legal bodies as sanitary districts, counties, townsj signif-
i; icant institutions, resorts, recreational centers or other
population centers.
#% Includes 10 minor treatment plants, such as sep'tic tanks.
Specific information on pollution prevention efforts by
industry is known for most of the industrial plants. Although
some others undoubtedly have incorporated waste prevention meth-
ods in their processing procedures, full-scale waste treatment
plants have not been built.
A total of 233 industries located in the basin have liquid
wastes which they dispose of in some manner. One hundred fifty
discharge through city sewers and 83 discharge through indust-
rially owned facilities. Treatment of some kind is provided for
wastes from about 33 percent of the industrial plants. Twenty-
three percent of the industrial plants use industry-owned treat-
ment facilities, whereas 10 percent use municipal treatment
-------
600
SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR URBAN POPULATIONS
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
ESTIMATED SEWERED POPULATION 1950-1960
URBAN POPULATION 1910-1950
ESTIMATED POPULATION THAT WILL
\ BE SERVED BY SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS NOW UNDER CONSTRUCTION
AND IN PLANNING STAGE
POPULATION SERVED BY
EXISTING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-^
1910
1920
1930
1940
I960
1952
1954
1956
1958
I960
-------
- 81 -
works. Fifty-five percent of the industrial plants discharge
to sewerage systems in municipalities that lack, treatment plants;
9 percent are known to discharge directly to streams without
treatment; and the disposal methods of 3 percent are unknown
and need investigation.-'
Of the 83 industries discharging wastes through indust-
2/
rially owned facilities," 54 provide treatment prior to discharge,
22 provide no treatment, and the remaining 7 have undetermined
facilities. The existing industrial treatment facilities are
summarized in Table D.
I/ See Plate 8.
2j See Map 6 and Appendix 9 — Table 2.
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- 82 -
TABLE D — EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES ~ INDUSTRIAL*
No. of Industrial Plants Having;
No. of Treatment
Type of Industry Plants Facilities
Food and Kindred Products:
Meat Products
Dairy Products
Canning and Preserving
Distillery
Textile Mill Products:
Flax Mills
Textile Mills
Paper and Allied Products:
Pulp and Paper Products
Paperboard & Other Products
Chemical and Allied Products
Products of Petroleum & Coal
Leather and Leather Products
Miscellaneous
TOTAL
26
5
21
1
9
5
6
2
4
1
2
1
83
23
1
IB
0
8
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
54
No Treat.
Facilities
2
4
2
0
1
3
6
1
2
0
0
1
22
Undeterm.
Facilities
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
7
* Industries having separate outlets discharging wastes..directly
to watercourse.
-------
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
V
DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS BY METHOD
OF WASTE DISPOSAL USED.
100% » 233 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.
QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES REACHING
WATERCOURSES BY VARIOUS METHODS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT SHOWN IN THOUSANDS.
PLATE NO. 8
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..- 83 -
Overall reductions in waste discharges resulting from
these anti-pollution measures in effect cannot be stated in
specific values at this time. Local watercourse improvement,
protection of fish and prevention of nuisances and losses in
property values are the clearest evidence that a part of industry
at least has joined the movement for clean streams. Until strong
oxygen-consuming wastes of the pulp and paper industry are dis-
posed of without river damage, improvements in other industries
can be felt only .in localized areas.
Serious pollution problems have arisen from the basin's
large fruit and vegetable processing industry. Most of the
plants are located within municipalities and discharge wastes
into city sewers. Salem, alone, has 12 plants of this type.
Municipal treatment plants are being designed, or are under con-
struction, to provide treatment for such wastes.
The city of Hillsboro has had in effect since 1946 spec-
ific pollution prevention measures for the cannery wastes of the
Birds-Eye-Snider Division of the General Foods Corporation. All
liquid wastes from this full-line fruit and vegetable canning
and freezing plant are piped to a 110-acre farm for use. in irri-
gation. The operation is not only effective in preventing ser-
ious pollution, but is almost self-supporting.
The city of Forest Grove has just recently installed a
similar method for disposal of wastes from two large canneries,
after limited treatment in the municipal plant.
-------
- 8-4 -
In order to abate pollution, 10 flax-retting plants have
constructed lagoons to receive and hold their wastes. Wastes
from this important industry were a serious problem .in the past.
All pulp and paper mills have installed equipment to
reduce losses of wood fiber. In this way a valuable product has
been saved, and damages in the form of sludge deposits and
increased turbidity have been reduced. Pollution from waste sul-
phite liqiior remains the most serious problem in the Willamette
drainage system. Industrial efforts expended so .far have not
, .begun to correct conditions resulting from sulphite pulping
wastes.
At, the Weyerhaeuser Kraft Mill at Springfield, heat and
chemical recovery is an inherent part of the pulping process.
Even though economical operation requires this production .step,
freedom from threat of pollution is no less important.
The fact that municipalities and industries have treat-
ment plants, or employ waste prevention or recovery measures,
does not necessarily mean that their pollution problems have
been solved. Some of the older municipal plants can no longer
function effectively. In other communities, increased popula-
tion, plant obsolescence, or industrial overloading make ade-
quate sewage treatment impossible. Of the 32 treatment plants
now in operation, 22 are adequate for the needs of the present
.populations they serve. Three of the remaining 10 require
I/ One treatment plant serves 2 municipalities.
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- 85 -
enlargements or additions and the other 7 require complete
replacements.
Like muniftip?il,,.plants, some of the industrial treatment
facilities have becoffiG-'obsoletej however, at a number of plants
..i'axsiiiti.es.rpro.vided are large enough, to treat only a.^mall por-
tion of the total wastes or recover only the readily, marketable
products contained in the wastes. Of the 54 industrial treat-
ment facilities now in operation, 39 are adequate for present
loads. Thirteen of the remaining 15 can be made adequate by
suitable additions, enlargements or replacements, but surveys
are needed to determine the adequacy of facilities at 2 plants.
The adequacies of existing municipal and industrial treat-
ment facilities are summarized in- fables E and F.
TABLE E — ADEQUACY OF EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES—MUNICIPAL
Number of
Municipal *
Treatment
Facilities
32
Adequacy with Relation to;
Capacity
Satisf. Unsatisf.
22 10
Operation
Unde-
term. Satisf. Unsatisf.
0 23 8
Unde-
term.
1
Includes incorporated or unincorporated umnicipali'ties) other
legal bodies as sanitary districts, counties, townsj signifi-
cant institutions, resorts, recreational centers or-other
population centers.
-------
- 86 -
TABLE F — ADEQUACY OF EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES — INDUSTRIAL
Number of Adequacy with Relation to:
Industrial* '••
Treatment Capacity Operation
Facilities Unde- Unde-
Satisf . Unsatisf . ierm ati sf. Unsatisf . temu
54 39 13 2 40 11
* Indiis'tries having separate outlets discharging wastes directly
to watercourse.
Interceptors and treatment facilities estimated to cost
•'.'•'. > •"
17 million dollars are under construction in the City of Port-
land. When completed (estimated completion date, 1952), the raw
sewage of 294,000•persons-' as well as connected industry will be
•removed from-the-Willamette River. The Effluent from a 1-1/2 mil-
lion' dollar primary treatment plant serving the entire city will
be discharged to the Columbia River. •- •
"•• '"•"' Following" the example, se.t by Portland, other municipali-
ties and industries are actively making plans for sewage and
waste treatment, and a number have completed their construction
projects. Since 1945, pollution abatement facilities have been
constructed by 14 municipalities and 7 industries. Four addi-
tional municipal treatment plants, now under construction, will
be completed during 1951 and early 1952,
I/ That portion of Portland's population located in the Wil-
lamette River Basin.
-------
- 87 —
TABLE G
PROGRESS IN CONSTRUCTION OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILITIES
Municipal
Year
1946
1947
19-48
1949
1950
Under
Sewage
Treatment
Plants
Completed
0
2
' 6
5
1
Const. 4
Design
Population.
0
1,500
12,250
19,600
6,000
578,000
Industrial
Waste
Treatment
Plants
Completed
1
0
1
3
2
0
Amount of Waste
Treated
(P. E.)
35,000
0
2,000
92,000
78,000
0
Although the primary 'aim of soil conservation practices
is to save soil, these effective measures also reduce turbidity
in surface waters. At the present time, more than 200,000 acres
are in 3 soil conservation districts where many kinds of conser-
vation work are going on. Included are such activities as con-
tour farming,' cover-cropping, seeding of range and pasture,
tree planting, and terracing. These are valuable efforts in
water as well as soil conservation.
The people of Oregon are in agreement with the general
policy to correct pollution. In recognition of the dangers and
damages to valuable resources, the public policy, which is to
-------
- 88 -
preserve the natural purity of the State's waters was clearly
stated in an initiative petition that became law in 1938. It
passed by a.vote of 247,685 to 75,295.
• ' Measures toward abatement of.pollution that have come into
effect since establishment of the State Sanitary Authority are
, tangible.resuits of the public policy. In its operation, the
Authority has represented the interests of the public in formu-
lating and translating into action under State laws a program of
water resource protection from effects of pollution. Actions
in this direction have extended into the fields of investiga-
tion, education, planning, persuasion, and legal proceedings.
Excellent cooperative working relations have been developed
with the Oregon Fish Commission, Oregon Game Commission, Ore-
gon State College, 'and other agencies.
As would be expected in any area as populous as the
Willamette Basin, necessary municipal and industrial efforts
toward .pollution abatement are not always accomplished by coop-
eration alone. Occasionally it has been necessary for the Auth-
ority to exercise its legal powers in protecting the water
resources, and the public health and welfare. On a number of
o'ccasions the officials of cities have been summoned before the
Authority for the purpose of accelerating action in their lag-
ging abatement programs. During the past 3 years a firm stand
by the Authority, .and the prospect of legal abatement orders,
has led to specific plans and programs at a number of these
-------
.- 89.-
municipalities. The stream improvement outlook as it relates
to community sewage is favorable.
In the industrial field, enforcement action has sometimes
been necessary to correct or prevent destructive pollution.
' Initiation of court proceedings against the Hudson-Duncan
Company of Dundee in 1948 was effective in stimulating the
provision of necessary facilities for proper disposal of
cherry bleach and prune-drying wastes. At Gresham, where the
Berry Growers1 Association was unable to provide proper treat-
ment for sweet corn processing wastes, an order to cease oper-
ation had to be issued in 1948. Although it prevented accep-
tance of a locally-grown crop worth $150,000, this was the only
way in which Johnson Creek could be protected, from extremely
objectionable pollution.
-------
- 90 -
POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES REQUIRED
Specific actions needed in the pollution control .prog-
ram of the Willamette and its tributaries are adequate sewage
disposal facilities for all sewered communities, treatment or
other satisfactory disposal of industrial wastes, and protec-
tion of watershed areas from actions that destroy the water
resources.
• Surveys now are .being conducted by the State Sanitary
Authority to obtain information that is now lacking, and for
the purposes of evaluating the pollutional discharges from indiv-
idual industrial plants .and estimating the effectiveness of
treatment facilities where they exist. Data gathered in these
surveys will fill many of the gaps in the present pollution pic-
ture and are necessary for complete inclusion and cooperation of
industry in the pollution abatement program. By such means,
information will be obtained from the industrial plants for which
the treatment status is now unknown. It is evident from survey
work already done that many unknown polluting industrial plants
will be discovered as such work continues.
Production of pulp, paper, and allied products proceeds
at a fairly uniform rate throughout the year. Organic wastes
with a population equivalent of 2,933,800 are discharged by this
industry into the Willamette River System. During high flow
periods pollutional effects from this source, as well as all
-------
- 91 -
others in the valley, are less objectionable than during summer
and fall when there is too little water for dilution. Pulp
mill wastes alone would be sufficient to affect some uses of the
water at this time. Addition of strong wastes from harvest sea-
son industries to the pollution caused by sewage.and pulping
wastes produces river conditions that are serious and particu-
larly objectionable during the low flow period.
Construction of municipal treatment plants will remove
existing hazards to public health and allow for greater freedom
in local uses of the water resources. Because wastes from this
source are only about 25 percent of the basin total, .such abate-
ment measures will not by themselves be sufficient to prevent
oxygen depressions in the lower river or make the watercourse
system suitable for full expansion of the fishery resources.
This can be accomplished only through adequate treatment or
other acceptable disposal of all damaging wastes, not discharged
to city sewers in addition to the municipal wastes.
In the City of Portland, practically all industries now
discharging directly to the river will be required to connect
to the city system upon completion of the latter.. Intercepting
sevrers will not be constructed along the waterfront industrial
area immediately below the city so that •petroleum, plants and
various others located there will continue to dispose of their
wastes separately. A gas and coke plant in.this group now has
limited waste treatment. Because the treatment plant effluent
-------
- 92 -
will drain to the Columbia River, industrial and domestic
wastes originating in this city will no longer affect the Wil-
lamette River except during periods when storm water overflows
will reach the river.
Responsibility for pollution control in Portland Harbor
is shared by the Sanitary Authority! Corps of Engineers, Depart-
ment of the Army; and the City of Portland through its Harbor
• Patrol. Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers under Section
13 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899 is limited to-protection
of the public right of navigation, and under Section 3 of the
Oil Pollution Act of 1924 to prevention of pollution resulting
from discharge of oil from ships. The Harbor Patrol maintains
3 boats used for patrolling the harbor area, but ^these. are
insufficient for the large job to be done. ' After' pollutional
conditions in the river above Portland Harbor have been cor-
rected, greater effort will be needed to prevent discharges and
spills of oil, chemical wastes, and other substances that are
now partially responsible for the unsightly harbor appearance.
The Pollution Control agency must be continually on the
alert to prevent new sources of pollution caused by gravel min-
ing, and logging operations. Corrective measures are required
for several existing operations of this nature, located on trib-
utaries of the Willamette.
Present requirements for pollution abatement in the Wil-
lamette River Basin include' the construction, enlargement, or
-------
- 93 -
replacement of 42 municipal and 29 industrial waste treatment
plants. The estimated cost of constructing the municipal plants
is 123,500,000 and that of the industrial plants is $9,000,000,
a combined total of 132,500,000.
Municipal responsibility includes the construction of 32
new. treatment plants. Nineteen of these are required to treat
the sewage from 441,050 people and wastes from 129 industries
now being discharged to the streams without treatment, and 13
are required to serve a population of 24,600 now living in
unsewered communities. In addition to the construction-of new
plants, 3 existing plants must be enlarged and 7 replaced with
modern type facilities.^ A summary showing 'the waste treat*
TABLE H — WASTE, TREATMENT NEEDS — MUNICIPAL*
Needs
New Plant**
Enlargement or Addition
to Existing Plant
Replace Existing. Plant
No Project -Required
Undetermined
Number
32
3
7
-22 --..
.0
Population
Served By
Facilities
465,650
9,600
13AQO
24,300
0
* Includes incorporated or unincorporated municipalities!
other legal bodies as sanitary districts, counties, towns^
significant institutions, resorts, recreational centers or
other population centers.
** Includes 13 unsewered municipalities which will serve a pop-
ul*tion of 2^.600. (not included in Bagfco- Table l-« See-Table
. « — M, page 1021
I/ See Map 7.
-------
- 94-
Present industrial requirementsi/ include the construction
of new treatment facilities or suitable methods of disposal at
1-4 industrial establishments, the enlargement or addition of
facilities at 6 locations, and the replacement of existing facil~
ities at 7 locations. In addition, two industries must connect to
municipal systems. The requirements of 15 other industries
are undetermined. Table I gives a summary of the industrial
waste pollution abatement needs.
TABLE I — INDUSTRIAL* WASTE POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
Needs JJumber
New Treatment Plant
or other Pollution 14
Control Measures
Enlargement or Additions
to Existing Plant- -••-" • -6
Replace Existing Plant 7
Connection to Municipal
Sewer System 2
"•-1 - '' ' ' . . ' . ' •,"• ""' ""•"• "' " "•"•'""jjin '", ,.""" " '•'• '»" "' "" •
No project Required • 39
Undetermined 15
* Industries having separate outlets discharging
wastes directly to watercourse.
Considerable progress has been made since the war toward
the eventual construction of treatment facilities by both
I/ See Map 8.
-------
- 95 -
municipalities and industries. Undoubtedly more projects could
have been completed during this 5-year period had the Sanitary
Authority desired to place an earlier deadline date for the abate-
ment of pollution in the Willamette River Basin. The Sanitary
Authority realized, however, that until Portland could eliminate
its sewage from the-lower Willamette River the desired stream
conditions would not be obtained. Accordingly, and wisely so,
it has warned the upstream municipal and industrial .offenders to
have their treatment plants in operation by 1952, the expected
date when Portland woiild be removing, its sewage from the river.
This has permitted the municipalities timo to prepare plans and
arrange for financing their projects, and industries time to
study methods for removal of their wastes..
Of the 42 municipalities requiring treatment projects, 4
have plants under construction, 7 have final construction plans
approved, 21 are actively planning new construction, and 10 are
inactive. A number of the latter have been cited to appear
before the Sanitary Authority and show cause why no progress has
been made. Court action will probably be instituted during 1951
against any municipality which does not take action toward con-
struction of its treatment plant. The current status of munic-
ipal action on pollution abatement needs is summarized in Table
J, and further illustrated on a sewered population basis in
Plate 9.
-------
- 96-
TABLE J
CURRENT STATUS OF MUNICIPAL ACTION ON
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
Number of
Status of Action Municipalities*
Inactive 10
Active Planning 21
Final Plans Approved 7
Under Construction 4
Includes incorporated or unincorporated munici-
pal itiesj other legal bodies as sanitary dist-
ricts, counties, towns; significant institutions,
resorts, recreational centers or other popula-
tion centers.
Of the 29 industries requiring treatment facilities, 9 are
actively planning new construction, 18 are inactive and the status
of 2 is undetermined. The current status of industrial action on
pollution abatement needs is summarized in Table K.
-------
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PROGRAM
BASED ON SEWERED POULATIONS
(Excluding Unsewered Communities)
INACTIVE I.I
FINAL
CONSTRUCTION
PLANS APPROVED
PLANTS UNDER
CONSTRUCTION 70.4%
PLATE NO. 9
-------
- 97 -
TABLE K
CURRENT STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL ACTION ON
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
Status of Action
Inactive
Active Planning
Final Plans Approved
Under Construction
Undetermined
* Industries having separate outlets
wastes directly to watercourse.
Number" of
Industries* .
IB
9
0
0
2 ......
discharging
Orders to abate pollution during the low stream flow per-
'iod have been issued by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority to 5
sulphite pulp mills. These 5 mills are now actively'planning to
construct adequate facilities for the disposal of waste sulphite
liquor before Kay 1, 1952, the deadline set by the Authority. ,
At the Lebanon Mill, the Crown Willamette Pulp and Paper
Company has changed recently from calcium base,to ammonia base
sulphite pulp production and is now conducting research in a
full-size 'pilot plant to determine the feasibility of concentra-
ting and burning the waste sulphite liquor for recovery of heat
and chemicals. Results of these studies are most encouraging.
They indicate that this typo of operation may provide an economical
solution to the waste disposal problem of the smaller pulp mills.
-------
- 98 -
It appears that the magnesium base process now in operation in
the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company pulp mill at Longview, Washing-
ton, will be economical only for the larger size mills.
A list of municipalities and industries needing improve-
ments for abatement of pollution are included in Tables L and M.
TABLE L
MUNICIPALITIES AND INDUSTRIES NEEDING
IMPROVEMENTS. FOR ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION
DSC. 1950
Name and Location
Population Improvements
SPT*VP>H» MeortftH
Remarks
OBECrON.
Albany
Albany Foods, Inc.
Borden Co.
Ne berg-all Meat Co.
Steen Bros. Meat Co.
Banks
Bodle Co.
Kelly Farquhar Co.
Brownsville
Brownsville Mills
Carlton
w
Cedar Mill Park
24,000
100
1,000
5,600
1,450
New Plant
Replace Existing
Plant
Connect to
TT -M-^ I
New Plant
Replace Existing
Plant
Unknown
Unknown
500
Unknown
830
New plant
Replace Existing
Plant
New Plant
New Plant
Replace Exis
ting
Canning £ pre-
serving
Dairy Products
Plant in
operation
Canning & Pre-
serving
Canning & Pre-
serving
Textile Mill
Plant
1,600 Enlarge-Existing
Plant
-------
- 99 -
TABLE L (CONTINUED)
Municipalities and Industries Needing
Improvements for Abatement of Pollution
Name -an^- Location .
'Corvallis
ttottage Grove
'Dallas
Population Improvements
Served!/ Needed
^0,000 New Plant
3,500 New Plant
6,100 Replace Existing
Remarks
— — —
— . -_ __
Eugene
Plant
110,000 New Plant
Eugene Chemical Co. Unknown
Irish McBroom Meat Co, 1,680
"Mayberry Chapman
Meat Co, 1,680
Ore. Turkey Growers • - 3,600
New Plant Rendering
Enlarge Existing
Plant
Enlarge Existing
Plant •— •
..Enlarge Existing
Plant
Forest Grove
30,000
Replace Existing
Plant
Gaston — —- -
Forest Fibre Products 30,000
Plant in
tic
Gladstone
Gresham
2,000
12,000
Hsrrisburg 80°
•Hillsboro 7,500
• "H. N. Kumner Meat Co. 2,100
Lebanon 10,000
"Crown Willamette Co. 109,000
operation
Replace Existing Paperboard &
Plant Other Prod.
New Plant — — —
Enlarge Existing
Plant
New Plant
Enlarge Existing
Plant
Replace Existing
Plant •—• — —
New Plant
New Plant
Pulp & Paper
Products
McMinnville
8,500
New Plant
-------
- 100 -
TABLE L (CONTINUED)
Municipalities and Industries Needing
Improvements for Abatement of Pollution
Nameand Loc ati on
Population Improvements
Served^/ Needed
Remarks
Milwaukie
M & S Cannery
MBlalleT
Monroe
'Beritbn 'County Flax
Growers
5,000 New Plant
570 Replace .Existing
Plant
1,000 New Plant
300
Unknown
Mt. Angel 3,500
Mt. Angel Flax Growers 6,000
Newberg
'Spaulding Pulp &
Paper Co.
Oswego
Portland '4.03,000
Pacific Roofing Co. 2,800
Volney Felt Mills,
Inc. 6,000
Portland Gas & Coke
' Co. Unknown
Salom - 250,000
Reid Murdock Co. 32,500
Oregon Pulp & Paper
,..Co. 860,000
Sheridan 1,000
Springfield 11,500
McKenzie Meat Co. 4-60
New Plant
Enlarge Ebci sting
Plant
Replace Existing
Plant
New Plant
495,000 New Plant
Plant in
operation
Oregon City 8,000 New Plant
Publishers Paper Co. 556,000 New Plant
3,000 New Plant
New Plant
New Plant
Roofing Paper
New Plant ~ — -
Replace Existing Scrubber
Plant
Wastes
New Plant — — -—
Connect to City Canning & Pre-
Sewer serving
New Plant
New Plant — •
New -lant —
Additions to
Existing Plant
-------
- 101 -
TApLE L (CONTINUED)
Municipalities and Industries Needing
Improvements for Abatement of Pollution
Name and Location
Population Improvements
Served^ Needed
Remarks
Vermont Hills 350
Alpenrose Dairy Unknown
-.Fulton Park Dairy Unknown
West Linn 2,500
Crown Willamette Co. 831,000
Woodburn 2,000
General Foods, Inc. 50,000
Woocftmrn School 500
Replace Existing
Plant '
New Plant
New Plant
New Plant
New
Milk Products
Milk Products
Pulp £ Paper
Products
Enlarge Existing Canning & Pre«
Plant serving
Replace Existing
Plant ~~
Replace Existing
TOTAL
I/ For industries the organic waste load is expressed as popula-
tion equivalent as measured by B.O.D. For municipalities
the industrial waste population equivalent has been added to
the population.
-------
- 102 -
TABLE M
MUNICIPALITIES NEEDING BOTH SEWERS AND
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Municipality
Canby
Cornelius
Dayton
Dunthorpe
Mill City
Oak Grove
Oakridge
Philomath
Sandy*
Stayton
Tignrd
Willamina
Yamhill
TOTAL
Population
To Be
Served
2,000
2,000
1,4-00
1,000
1,500
5,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
3,000
1,000
2,000
700
2
-------
- 103 -
Various references^/ have been made to pollution benefits
that would result from flow regulation through summer and fall
releases of stored water from Federally-constructed and-'proposed
reservoirs. Such releases undoubtedly will result in localized
improvements in water quality. Their effect upon the water qual-
ity in the main stem of the Willamette River, however, would not
be sufficient to eliminate the necessity for construction of
municipal arid industrial treatment facilities. They must be
considered a supplement to, and not a substitute for, municipal
sewage and industrial waste treatment.
As pointed out elsewhere, logging operations already have
destroyed or damaged several public water supplies, and action
is needed to keep such destruction at a minimum. On Federal1,
State and municipal lands administrative policies can and are
being developed to prevent these conditions, but this is not
true of privately-owned land. Road construction in connection
with logging operations should be ''more carefully planned 'and
I/ "Review Report on Columbia River and Tributaries, Appendix J,
Willamette River Basin." Part II - Speci_al Studies. Vol-
ume II, Corps of Engineers, 1948.
"Willamette Valley Project, A Regional Plan." Oregon State
Planning Board. December 21, 1936.
"An Investigation of Fish-Maintenance Problems in Relation
to the Willamette Valley Project." Craig, J. A. and
Townsend, L. D. Fish and Wildlife Service, Social Sci-
entific Report Noj. 22. 1946.
"Willamette Valley Project, Oregon, Preliminary ^valuation
Report on Fish and Wildlife Resources." Fish and Wild-
life Service, Portland, Oregon, 1948.
-------
- 104 -
•limited as much as possible. Seeding the roads to grass and
leaving strips of brush or timber between logged areas will help
prevent erosional pollution, but studies are needed to determine
other suitable methods, whore grass seeding or' leaving strips are
not, possible.
Bacterial pollution can be prevented by strict supervis-
ion over logging crews, and, where possible, by restricting :
access to municipal supply watersheds. -Burning of brush and
slashings only :when necessary will materially reduce ash pollu-
tion.
Particular effort is needed to prevent.rejected logs and
logging debris- from accumulating in stream beds .and clogging
streams. Many miles of. fish.rearing streams have been made
inaccessible in this way and require governmental clearing at
high public cost. ,,
In small financially distressed communities, excessive per
capita, costs for constructing sewerage facilities to; serve lim-
ited populations prevent active participation in the pollution
.abatement program. Although State legislation provides for
assistance in"disposing of construction bonds, financial assist-
ance in'the form of loans at low interest rates, or,grants, would
• ' . ' .' . •
accelerate pollution-abatement progress-by these small communi-
ties.' Watercourse improvement allows greater beneficial usage by
all people of the basin, as well as by other people living in the
State. The cost of these improvements under present conditions
-------
- 105 -
is borne by the sewered population alone, which comprises only
60 percent of the total basin population, while the benefits go
far beyond the populations paying for them. Expenditures of pub-
-1
lie funds for this type of construction are worthy of considera-
tion.
";' :" ' I'-.'"' X
The State's comprehensive program for pollution abatement
in the Willamette Basin was evolved about 10 years ago from con-
ditions of watercourse damage, population, and water uses exist-
ing at that time. During the past 10 years, population has
increased 48 percent, and city sewage loads have increased accord-
•O :,' . -:
ingly. Industry and its wastes have expanded also. Greater
demands are made upon the watercourses for water supply, recre-
ation, irrigation, and other uses because the water resources
must be shared by more people. There are demands for new kinds
<"-'! j ' r • -
of water uses and expansion of old ones. A growing fleet of
• ;• " - :-<
pleasure craft, owned by Willamette Basin residents, is
t '-_-*(••...-..
moored on the Columbia River where the boats were driven by pol-
* -'. . '• >
lution. They will come back to the Willamette whenever it is
fit to use. Existing clean waters above sources of pollution
will not continue to supply enough areas for recreation; and
others must be made suitable for use near population centers.
The fishery resources must be expanded to compensate for
loss of salmon producing areas elsewhere, and' because the number
. •• ; ",-.••
of sport fishermen increases faster than the population.
-------
- 106 -
These developments mean that the pattern of the abatement
program cannot be static, but must be conditioned by the ratio
between costs and the benefits to be derived. Many of the basin
cities are now engaged in plans or construction of primary treat-
•.o
ment plants that are expected to improve water conditions to the
extent needed for normal water uses that can be foreseen. Water-
course improvement may lead to resumption and tremendous expan-
sion of recreational or other uses so that further sewage treat>-
ment may become justified. It is inevitable that some time in
,.!M ;••:.;. ;. i.
the future, as economic growth progresses, secondary treatment
• --1 \
•. .
units must be added to maintain the river improvements obtained
by the present abatement program.
With respect to progress of the present pollution abate-
ment program, in most cases corrective measures are installed as
• '.
rapidly as municipal finances will permit. When pollution from
all major sources has been suitably corrected, new legislation
will be needed to facilitate control over new potential sources of
pollutional discharges. This could be accomplished by legal pro-
vision of specific penalties for resource damages so that pollu-
tion will be forestalled or corrected rapidly. Each day of violation
should be defined as a separate offense subject to cumulative
penalty.
Legislation requiring possession of a permit issued by the
Sanitary Authority as a preliminary to any discharge to a
-------
- 107 -
watercourse will stimulate closer cooperative relationships with
communities and industry and will provide current knowledge of
pollution and corrective measures needed. As applied to estab-
lishment of new industry, application for permit prior to con-
struction of the industrial plant should be legally required.
Such permits should cover a limited period of time, require for-
mal renewal and should specify the quantity and character of the
discharge concerned.
-------
WiktAMETTE RIVER BASIN
LOCATION HAP
STATE PARK
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
GENERAL REFERENCE MAP
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
Public Health Seffict
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP Ma I
-------
R'Vt*
LOCATtON MAP
«ik MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
t^J MUNtCiPAL WATER S'JPFUV (GROUNOi
HEStRvoiR UNDER CONSTRUCTION
( HTDRO£L£'JTP1C PROJECT
f HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT UNDE9 CONSTRUCTION
PPESCNT rRRI&ATED AREAS
FISH KfiTCHFRY
HVO«0£L£CTRIC C£N£RATI«-3 PLANTS"
iw» 1 »
N*»c
««»»
:T»TIOW < pet
t.*C*«.»'.L*»rfT« «»£«CO
Wn bAOvC
CUJiQC'3
*1V£* «:Li.
Rtl.hf- h-W
I 3D
4 *0
1 30
MCOO
'JIM
»9M
>)C*ATIIIC ri_«iHT* OVtK ICOO KtLOWAITt
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTS
FEDERAL SECURITY AOENCY
Public Health Service
DIVISION OF WATCfi FOllUTION CONTROL
MAP No 2
-------
WILLAMCTTC AlVER >ASIN
LOCATION MAP
l~S DOMESTIC *AT£R SUPPtT
, - ^ INDUSTRI4L WATER SUPPLY
(^ LIVESTOCK
GAME FISKIHG
COMMERCIAL FISHING (PROPAGATION!
84TMING
OTHER RECREATION
NWIGATIOtt
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
EXISTING PRIMARY WATER USES
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
Public Keaith Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP No. 3
-------
•>x\
. j I
" V :.J~"~"" «"T".T ~~'i
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
LOCATION MiP
SATISFACTORY1 FOR ALL EXISTJWG H'ATER USE
UNDESIRABLE FOR SOME CXISTINC WATER USE
UNOESIRA81.E FOR ALL EXISTING WATER USE
NUISANCE EXISTS
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
PRESENT STREAM STATUS
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
Public HfolfH Serviu
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. 4
-------
W1LLAMCTTE RIVER- BAS'N 0
LOCATION MAP
SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION
POPULATION EQUIVALENT (aaD.) OF WASTES DISCHARGED TO STREAM
d I.OOO AND UNDER
rf 1,000 - 10,000
Cj IftOOO -100,000
C3 100,000 AND OVER
EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
I 1 MUNICIPALITIES WITH TREATMENT FACILITIES
C—J MUNICIPALITIES WITH NO TREATMENT FACILITIES
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION
AND
EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
FEDERAL SECURITY AOENCY
Pufaiic Health Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP No. S
-------
WtLLAWETTE RIVER BASIN
LOCATION WAP
r~~l ihOUSTPiCS WfTM TREATMENT FACILITIES
CS3 INDUSTBIES WITH TREATMENT FACILITIES UNDETERMINED
B&Sl (NOUSTRICS WITH NO TRCATMEN1 FACtLlTtES
Hore-
appearing 6f irmbdt tn&icvfe wot aumter of tngystnet
of pollution in ffif ij'ta in tAf category yftrf-taffcf
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
AND
EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
Public Meolfn S«r»tee
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP NO. 6
-------
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
LOCATION MAP
a
NO TREATMENT NEEDS
TREATMENT NEEDED
TREATMENT NEEOS INDICATED HI LETTERS APPEARING BELOW
TREATMENT NEEDED' SYMBOLS, AS FOLLOWS:
A NEW PLANT
B ENLARGEMENTS OR ADDITIONS TO EXISTING PLANT
C REPLACE EXISTING PLANT
KOTC-
Numbtrs fifff fc Sfm^aft of fltirt to caff tetttrt nprrse-tl
number ot trearmeAf ntfds if Hie eeteggry detignorej
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT NEEDS
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
PuDlic Heollh Service
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP Ma 7
-------
WILLAMETTE RIVER
LOCATION MAP
NO POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS UNDETERMINED
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NfEOED
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS INDICATED BY LETTERS APPEASING BELOW
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDED1 SYMBOLS, AS FOLLOWS-'
A NiV,' TREATMENT PLANT OR OTHER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
S ENLARGEMENTS OS ADD.T'ONS TO EXISTING PLANT
C REPLACE EXISTING PLANT
S CONNECTION TO MUNICIPAL SEWER SYSTEM
A'&iw.'w nttt to symbols of ftext fp code ttf.'f.'j rtprrsfnf
aumfier af pe'tut"---' ibortmtM rvtjs m f/>t
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION ABATEMENT NEEDS
FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY
Public HtaHh &e«*ice
DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MAP No. 8
-------
APPENDIX — 9
SPECIAL STUDIES AND TABLES
-------
- 1 -
APPENDIX 9 — SECTION 1
SUMMARY OF OREGON STATE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL LEGISLATION
General Statement
Sees., 116-1118 to 116-1129, O.C.L.A., set up a Sanitary
Authority and declare it to bo the policy of the State to pre-
serve the natural purity of its waters. The Water Code con-
tains numerous provisions stating that the placing of polluting,
deleterious, or other offensive substances in or near streams,
etc., constitutes a misdemeanor. (116-1101 to 116-1112). Cities
and towns are given jurisdiction over property owned and occupied
for waterworks, reservoirs, etc., and the maintenance of any
plant or industry which pollutes such water supply is declared
to be a nuisance, maintenance of which may be enjoined on peti-
tion of city or appropriate official, thereof. (116-1113 to
116-1117). Particular areas in the State are subject to partic-
ular provisions as to use of property adjacent to watercourses.
•'^-116-1130 to 116-1143). Chapter 378, Laws of 19-49, authorizes
the formation of local- sanitary districts.
Adminis trative Organization
The Sanitary Authority is established as a division-of-the
State Board of Health;.it is composed of three members appointed
by the Governor^ and of the State Health Officer, the State
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-- 2 - APPENDIX
Engineer, and the Chairman of the State Fish Commission, who
serve ex-officio (116-1120 and 116-1121). The State Sanitary
Engineer, who is employed by the State Board of Health, serves
as secretary and chief engineer of the State Sanitary Authority
(116-1123).
Tho Sanitary Authority is authorized to encourage volun-
tary cooperation of individuals, corporations, etc., in pre-
serving the purity of the waters of the State;'to formulate
rules arid regulations pertaining to control of pollution; to
establish standards of purity for waters in tho Statej to con-
duct studies, prepare programs, etc., individually and in coop-
eration' vi'th'; others, .all to the end of reducing pollution of
waters; to receive' complaints as to pollution and to investigate
'and take action thereon; to conduct public hearings in regard to
any municipality, etc., whose sewage or waste disposal is
brought to the attention of the Sanitary Authority5 to enforce
compliance with the laws of the State concerniap; the pollution
'of waters'(116-1122), and to examine and pass on-all plans'and
specifications for new and altered sewer systems or sewage or'
waste treatment works (116-1124)•
Powers and Duties
(1) Sec. 116-1122(c) specifically authorizes the Sani-
tary Authority to conduct studies independently or in coopera-
tion with others, and to prepare a program or programs relating
to the purity of waters of the State or to the treatment and
-------
- 3 - APPENDIX
disposal of sewage and other wastes. Sec. 116-1125: authorizes
the Sanitary Authority to represent Oregon in interstate plans
and; programs for the control of water pollution. Sec. Il6-1122(b)
authorizes the Sanitary Authority to establish standards of pur-
ity of the various waters of the State. Pursuant to this auth-
orization, Regulation 1 has been adopted establishing standards
of purity which serve as a guide for determining the degree of
sewage or waste treatment required in specific cases.
(2) Issuance of permits, etc. — all plans and specifi-
cations for the construction of new sewer systems, sewage, treat-
ment plants, waste treatment or reduction plants, either in con-
nection 'with existing municipal sewers', industrial waste sewers
or treatment or reduction plants established at the time this
Act was approved, ,or in connection with sewers .or plants built
after the .passage of the Act, or major modifications: of or addi-
tions to existing systems or ,plants, must be submitted.-to-the.
Sanitary Authority and approved by it before construction is. •
begun (116-1124). No specific mention is made of .new .sources
of pollution. •'•''•
(3) Enforcement — The Sanitary authority is authorized
by Sec. 116-1122(d), (e), and (f) to receive complaints, peti-
tions, or remonstrances from individual citizens, groups .of cit-
izens, .organizations, etc., relative to any condition or situa-
. tion which is alleged to involve the pollution of the.waters of
the State, and to investigate and take action thereon; to hold
-------
. 4 . APPENDIX
public hearings and publish findings and recommendations as the
result of such hearingsj and to take appropriate action for the
enforcement of the rules, regulations, and orders issued as the
result of such hearings, and to enforce compliance with the State
law in regard to water pollution. Under Sec. 116-1126 the State
of Oregon on relation of the Sanitary Authority, the Attorney
General, or the District or City Attorney of a county or city
affected by the pollution, may sue in law or equity to abate an
"alleged publi;e nuisanco created by pollution of the waters of
the' State,
Sec. 11-6-1128 gives to any person, corporation1, e^tc.,- '
•which deems itself aggrieved by any order of the Sanitary Auth-
ority, the right to appeal1 from such; order to thfe- Circuit Court
of the county in which the affected property is'-situated. The
statute provides for1a summary hearing, to be determined as--a
suit in equity:, at which the aggrieved person and-the Authority
may present evidence and are entitled to coT.T->ulsory attendance
of witnesses arid the production of books and papersj the order
of the Sanitary Authority is suspended during such appeal (116-
'1128).
(4) Conduct of studies, investigations and research -,-
The 'State Sanitary Authority is empowered to-conduct studies,';
ma'ke investigations and perform research relating to the :purity
of:the waters of the State of Oregon or the treatment and dis-
posal of sewage or other wastes, (116-1122(c)).
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- 5 - APPENDIX
Under Sec. 116-1123 the Sanitary Authority• ia;empower^
to cooperate with the United States and with other departments
of the State of'Oregon and with industry in the study and con-
trol of municipal sewage or industrial waste treatment or water
pollution.
(5) Cooperation with other public and private agencies —
The Sanitary Authority may cooperate with and receive funds from
the I7ederal Government and from other State departments for the
study and control of municipal sewage or industrial waste treat-
ment or water pollution (116-1123). Under Sec. 116-1125 the
Sanitary Authority is empowered to represent the State of Oregon
in any proceedings and matters pertaining to plans, procedure
and/or interstate compacts in relation to control .of .pollution
of waters of Oregon and adjacent States.
(6) Administrative powers — The Sanitary Authority can
hold hearings and summon witnesses. (116-1122(c)). The Author-
ity has investigatory powers and has general authority to enforce
compliance with the laws of the State concerning water pollution
and can issue orders after public hearing (ll6-1122(e) and (f)).
There is no permit procedure established except that approval of
plans and specifications is required before construction of new
or enlarged sewer or treatment plants can be undertaken (116-1124).
Rules and regulations may be adopted by the Authority (116-1122(e)).
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- - 6 - APPENDIX
Exemptions from^Qperation of^Act
There is no specific exemption from the operation of this
Act, but Sec. 116-1127 recognizes that hardship may result from
an order of the Sanitary Authority, and this section, therefore,
authorizes the Sanitary Authority in cases of undue hardship to
delay enforcement of the order upon the entry of written stipu-
lation of the concerned parties.
Preservation of ejecting jrights and remedies
'••'•-' :'-"';N6 specific statutory provision.
Statement of Policy, etc.
••• -l'-:Secs. 116-1118 and 116-1119 state the public policy of
the State to preserve the purity of the waters in the interest
:of pxiblic welfare, for the protection of public health, recrea-
tion, etc.
Sec. 116-1129 provides that in case this statute is in
c-onflict with any other statutes this statute shall prevail. The
statute contains no severability clause.
'' iriterstate Agencies
Although the Sanitary Authority is authorized to repre-
sent the State of Oregon in interstate compacts by Sec. 116-1125,
:it has not as yet entered into any such interstate agreements.
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- 7 -
APPENDIX.9 — SECTION 2
. - CITY OF-PORTLAND — WATERWORKS
Description
Portland obtains its water from the Bull Run River, a
tributary to the Sandy River which empties into the Columbia
River. Water flows by gravity from the headworks through three
steel pipe lines, approximately 25 miles to the city. The supply
watershed lies in the uninhabited Bull Run Forest Reserve and
the major source of the river is Bull Run Lake. The water
supply is very soft find free from human contamination.
Are a_Sunpl igd
The Portland Waterworks supplies the entire city of Port-
land and furnishes water Tor 63 water companies and water dist-
ricts which are located in the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas,
and Washington,
Water, Requireiaents
Water is supplied directly to 102,000 domestic consumers,
845-indiistries, and 63.water companies and water districts. Popu-
lation served in the city and directly outside of the city is
•i
379,000, and the population served through water companies and
water districts is 99,000. Present water demands are listed
belows
(a) Average daily 56.37 m.g.d.
(b) Maximum daily 138.00 m.g.d.
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- 8 - APPENDIX
(c) Maximum hourly ........ . . 243.00 m.g.d.
(d) Average daily (Peak month — July) .. 104.20 m.g.d.
Water_Rates
Within the city monthly meter rates are: 110 per 100
cu. ft. for first 20,000 cu. ft.j 80 per 100 cu. ft. for next
100,000 cu. ft.; and 5$ per 100 cu. ft. for all over 120,000
cu. ft. Monthly rates outside the city vary from 80 to 150 per
100 cu. ft. for gravity flow to about three times city rates
for pumped water.
Water__Qaality._and _Treatment
The following is a chemical analysis of a tap sample of
Portland city water, taken on September 19, 1947.
Parts per Grains per
Million _ Gallon _.
Color 15
Turbidity less than 1
Total solids (Residue on
Evaporation 30.4 1.78
Volatile solids (Loss on
. Ignition) 6.4 0.37
• Fixed Solids (Residue after -\ •
Ignition) 24.0 1.41
Alkalinity (as
Carbonate 0.0 0.00
Bicarbonate 12.5 0.73
Hardness (as CaCOa) 8.8 0.52
Silica (Si02) 7.2 0.42
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- 9 -
APPENDIX
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Iron (Fe)
Aluminum (Al)
Manganese (Mn)
Bicarbonate (HCOo)
Chloride (Cl)
Sulfate (SO^)
Nitrate (NO^)
Phosphate (PO^)
Fluoride (F)
Ammonia (NH/)
Dissolved Oxygen (02)
Freo Carbon Dioxide (COg)
Free Chlorine (Cl)
pH Value (Reaction) 7.0
Parts per
Million
2.3
0.7
2.1
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.00
15.2
2.4
0.9
0.3
trace
0.0
0.7
9.9
0.7
0.10
Grains per
Gallon
0.13
0.04
o'.12
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.000
0.89
0.14
0.05
\
0.02
trace
0.00
0.04
0.58
0.04
0.006
The Portland City Water Engineer states that there .is .
very little difference between the chemical content of raw and
tap water. The only treatment is the addition of chlorine and
ammonia at the headworks. A residual of 0.1 .p.p.m. chlorine is
maintained in the city reservoirs. The treatment equipment
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- 10 - APPENDIX
•consists of three Wallace and Tiernan Chlorinators, type MGV,
each with a capacity of 300 Ibs. per 24 hours and two Ammonia-
\
tors, each with a capacity of 200 Ibs. per 24 hours.
Supply Facilities
Bull Run River, which has an average flow of 500 m.g.d.
at the point of diversion, has as its main source Bull Run Lake,
which has a storage capacity of three billion gallons. The water-
shed area is 102 sq. miles. The Bull Run Storage Project, five
miles above the headworks, provides 11 billion gallons storage
capacity. Although the safe yield is 200 m.g.d. with present
storage facilities, it could be developed to 350 m.g.d. by the
\
creation of additional storage facilities. Pipe lines with a
total capacity of 150 m.g.d. transmit the water to the city and
are listed as follows;
No. 1 — 42", 35", 33" riveted — Length 24.3 mi.
Capacity 25 m.g.d.
No. 2 — 52", 44" Lock Bar — Length 24.76 mi.
Capacity 50 m.g.d.
No. 3 -- 58", 50" Lock Bar — Length 25.10 mi.
Capacity 75 m.g.d.
'Distribution Facilities
The distribution system contains 6 large open reservoirs
and many smaller elevated tanks and standpipes. In general the
mains are not les-s: than 8" in residential and 12" in business
areas. :However, as an exception to this, two inch lines are
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- 11 - APPENDIX
installed in the development of new areas, since city law does
not permit the installation of permanent mains until yearly
revenue from the area equals 6 percent of the cost of permanent
•mains. Most of the city is supplied by gravity flow and only
about 10 percent of the total water used is pumped. During the
summer, restrictions are necessary on residential lawn sprink-
ling and garden irrigation. The six main distribution storage
reservoirs, which are listed below, are the open ground typo.
Res. No. 1. Mt. Tabor, Cap 12.0 m.g.
Res, No. 2. Mt. Tabor, Cap 20.5 m.g.
Res. No. 3. City Park, Cap. . 16.4. m.g.
Res. No. 4-. City Park, Cap 17.6 m.g.
Res. No. 5. Mt. Tabor, Grip. . 49.0 m.g.
Res. No. 6. Mt. Tabor, Cap 75.0 m.g.
TOTAL CAPACITY . . . . 190.5 m.g.
The six standpipes are as follows;
Burlingame Standpipe No. 1, Cap 114.,800 Gal.
Burlingame Standpipe No. 2, Cap. . . . . 380,000 Gal.
Council Crest Standpipe No. 1, Cap. ... 60,000 Gal.
Council Crest Standpipe No. 2, Cap. . . . 500,000 Gal.
St. Johns Standpipe, Cap 360,000 Gal.
Marquam Hill Standpipe, Gap. __287,000 Gal..
TOTAL CAPACITY. . . 1,701,800 Gal.
There are 25 other tanks, listed as follows;
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- 12 - APPENDIX
1. Vernon Tank, Cap 1.000 m.g.
2. St. Johns Tank, Cap 1.000 m.g.
3. Kings Heights, Cap 0.'200 m'.g.
4. Mt. Tabor, Cap 0.200 m.g.
5. Portland Heights, Cap. 0.600 m.g.
6. Portland Heights No. 2, Cap. 0.500 m.g.
7.' Willamette Heights, Cap . 0.060 m.g.
8. South Portland, Cap . 0.060 m.g.
9. ' Upper Linhton, Cap. ..... 0.130 m.g.
10. Lower Linnton, Cap 0.130 m.g.
11. Upper Whitwood, Cap. 0.130 m.g.
12. Lower' Whitwood, Cap 0.065 m.g.
13. Upper Willbridge, Cap. (Not in use) . . 0,065 m«g.
14. Lower Willbridge, Cap 0.130 m.g.
15. Willalatin Park, Cap. (Not in use) . . . 0.130 m.g.
16. Sellwood Tank, Cap 0.500 m.g.
17. Bertha District, Cap. 0.200 m.g.
1'8. -Bertha District, Cap 0.050 m.g.
19. Arlington Heights, Cap 0.500 m.g.
20. SW Texas St. and 31st Ave., Cap 0.615 m.g.
21. SW Nevada St. and.31st Ave., Cap. . . . 0.615 E.g.
22; :SW Nevada St. and 32nd Ave., Cap. . . . 0.200 m.g.
23. SW Nevada and 27th Ave., Cap 0.617 m.g.
24. SW Canby St. and 19th Ave., Cap 0.350 m.g.
25. SW Canby St. and 19th Ave., Cap. . . . _._ Q.10Q m.g.
TOTAL CAPACITY ... 8.147 m.r.
GRAND TOTAL CAPACITY . . . 200.35 m.g.
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- 13 - APPENDIX
0onstrue ti on Underway
The major project is the installation of a 20" steel main,
11,000 feet long at a cost of $125,000 for improvement of the
distribution system.
Construction.Planned
Improvements of the distribution system planned for''the
fiscal year, 1951-52, are as follows: (l) Installation of
1,560 tons of cast iron pipe and fittings at a material cost of
|180,000 for miscellaneous projects; (2) installation of a 380,000
gallon steel tank at a material cost of $35,000j and (3) laying
a 20" pipe line at a material cost of $135,000. A new 100 m.g.d.
conduit is planned for construction in the near future. It is
estimated that this supply conduit, which will extend from the
headworks to the city, will consist of 10 miles of 66" steel
pipe and 15 miles of 56" steel pipe and will cost from 5'to 6
million dollars. This new conduit is planned mainly to increase
the available supply as well as to provide for future ihactiva-
tion of the old 25 m.g.d. pipeline.
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- 14-
APPENDIX 9 — SECTION 3 .'••..
CITY OF SALEM WATERWORKS
Description
The Salem City Water Department obtains its water supply
from the North Santiam River at a point approximately 18 miles
southeast of Salem. The river water, somewhat polluted with silt
and human contamination, passes through the natural gravel of
Staten Island to infiltration galleries located in the center of
the Island. It then flows by gravity through a 36-inch diameter
steel pipe to Salem1s distribution system. Three pump-operated
wells, each capable of delivering 2 m.g.d. to the gravity pipe
line, are also located on the island. These wells produce a
clearer water than the infiltration galleries when the river is
: '. " ' .
carrying a high sediment load, and are then used to improve the
quality of the water. The total capacity of the headworks sys-
tem, while somewhat indefinite, has been estimated at 31 m.g.d.
The watershed of the North Santiam River above Staten
Island contains an estimated population of approximately 5000
people. The lower areas are devoted to agriculture with some
irrigation, but the bulk of the watershed is mountainous and
forest-covered. Towns along the valley contain a population of
3,500, but there is no direct evidence of human pollution of the
stream from this source. At present, Detroit Dam is under con-
struction on the watershed and has contributed some fine rock
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- 15 - APPENDIX
dust to the stream which passed through the infiltration galler-
ies to the Salem water supply. This situation is now being cor-
rected by impounding the gravel wash water at the damsite. Rec-
reational, agricultural, and commercial activities in the water-
shed area contribute some human pollution to the river in addi-
tion to the silt load.
Area-Supplied
The Salem City Water Department supplies all the area
inside Salem City Limits with the exception of the small Capitola
district which is soon to be supplied by the city. , The. system-
•also supplies 3 water districts to the south of the city, the
Town of Turner located 9 miles southeast of the city along the
main supply pipeline, and Fairview Home.
Water^Rgguirements
Inside the city limits water is supplied directly to
11,685 consumers representing a population of 43$064 and approx-
imately 200 industries. Outside the city, 3 water districts,
the Town of Turner, and Fairview Home are supplied by the City
Water Department. In all, 48}500 people are served through
12,730 services, all of which are metered. The following are the
quantities of water used, during the year 1950, in the entire
systems
(a) Average daily 8.86 m.g.d.
(b) Maximum Day 19.43 m.g.
(c) •Maximum Hour 26.00 m.g.
(d) Average Day Maximum Month (August) . 15.739 m.g.
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- 16 - APPENDIX
Water Rates
City Water Department rates to metered services are as
follows:
Inside City Outside City
First 200 cu. ft. 400 100 cu. ft. 5Q0 100 cu. ft.
Next 300 cu. ft. 25$ » " » 310 " « "
Next 1,500 cu. ft. 150 n " " 19# " " "
Next. 14,000 cu. ft. 120 " " " 150 " " "
Next 20,000 cu. ft. 7^0 " " " 90 " " "
fll over 36,000 cu. ft. 50 " " « 60 » » "
Irrigation water is supplied to domestic residential
users, inside the city only, at the following rates;
First 200 cu. ft. 400 100 cu. ft.
Next 300 cu. ft. 250 " " "
All over 500 cu. ft. 50 w " "
Water Quality and Treatment
The Salem water supply receives some moderately effec-
tive natural filtration at the headworks as it flows through
the gravel beds of Staten Island to the infiltration galleries-,
but otherwise the only treatment is chlorination using the
Chlorine Ammonia process.
The following are analyses of the city water, as deliv-
ered to the consumers
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- 17
APPENDIX
Date
Silica (SiO)
Iron (Fe) ,
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
• Sodium (Na) & Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)
SuJLfate
Carbonate (CO }
Bicarbonate (ECO,,)
Alkalinity (CaCCL)
Hardness (CaCO~)
H Ion Cone. pH 6.8
Total Dissolved Solids
Parts per Million
October 28, 1948
15.0
.06
4.2
1.4
3.1
1.5
1.4
0.0
29-0
28.0
16.0
43.0
Parts per Millio
January 1950
1S.O _
.04
9.8,
4.7
5.6
1.0
1.8
- 0.0
35.0
29.0
26.0
52.0
Although no analysis of the raw Worth Santiam River water
is available, it should not differ from the above analyses ,••
except in its suspended solids content which is partially
removed by infiltration.
Susply JFacilitieg
With an estimated headworks capacity of 31 m.g.d., the
. *•
limiting feature of the supply system is the 19 m.g.d. capacity
'.-',•;
of the 18-mile long, 36 inch diameter, steel, gravity pipeline.
Present rights to North Santiam River are for 22 sec. ft. Neg-
otiations are under way with the Oregon Pulp & Paper Co. for a
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- 18 - APPENDIX
Tight to a further supply, but the quantify is as yet undeter-
mined.
Distribution Facilities
The distribution system with steel and cast-iron mains
varying from 4 to 30 inches in diameter has proved to be ade-
quate for both domestic and fire purposes, and no restrictions
on the use of water have been required. Storage in use is shown
in the following table s .
• -Name
..'-• Fairmont
. 'CJandalaria
West Salem
* Downs
* Superior St.
* West Salem Tower
Type,,
dflMBBfllpl^B «•
Concrete
w
ir
n
Steel
Steel
TOTAL
Capacity m.g.
10.00
.50
.30 .
.25 :
.10
.10
11.25
* Auxiliary pumps are used to lift the water to the last
three reservoirs which are high level.
Construction Underway
1. A 2 mile 16 inch diameter link in North Salem to
improve distribution and provide for future growth. This pro-
ject is estimated to cost $90,000 and to be completed by Novem-
ber 1951.
2. Normal additions to the distribution system for which
the following list of 1950 requirements is considered represen-
tative of the immediate future requirements.
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- 19 - APPENDIX
2 inch diam., cast-iron pipe . . . 10,000 ft.
6 " " " " "... 9,000 ft.
8 " " " » «... 8,500 ft.
12 " » " « "... 4,500 ft.
24 " " " « '" ... 10,000 ft.
3. A new 100 m.g. reservoir on the main 36-inch supply-
line, 1/2 mile northeast of Turner. This will be an asphalt-
lined open reservoir, and is scheduled for completion during the
year 1952, at a cost of $400,000.
Planned_Gonstruction (to Year I960)
1. A new 20 m.g. reservoir to be completed during the
next 3 years if material and labor are available.
2. 3 miles of new 24 inch steel pipeline to connect the
planned 20 m.g. reservoir (1. above), to the distribution sys-
tem. About one mile of this pipeline must be installed almost
•C- :".,'
immediately to replace an existing pipe supplying the west side
.. * 'i
of Salem where it crosses a bridge which is to be destroyed.
3. 9 miles of new 48 inch diameter pipeline from the new
100 m.g. reservoir near Turner to the city.
4. Possible development of a new source of supply from
the Willamette River by means of a new pumping and filtration
plant on the west side. This will deliver water to the proposed
20 m.g. reservoir. (See 1. above).
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- 20 -
• APPENDIX 9 —-SECTION 4
CITY OF EUGENE — WATERWORKS
Description
Eugene obtains its water supply from the McKenzie River
at Hayden Bridge 6 miles east northeast of the city. The water-
shed is covered mainly with virgin forest undergoing various
degrees of exploitation, with a small area of agricultural land
along the stream immediately above Hayden Bridge. However, due
to commercial and recreational activities on the watershed,
there is some human pollution of the water as well as some
slight silt load which makes filtration desirable. At Hayden
Bridge the water is pumped from the river to the filtration
: :" -
plant where it is pre-chlorinated before undergoing sedimenta-
tion and filtration through rapid sand filters. After filtra-
tion the water is pumped from the clear well through 6 miles of
4-5 inch diameter steel tar-lined pipe to the city distribution
system.
Area Supplied
The Eugene Waterworks supplies all of the City of Eugene,
together with 9 water districts which comprise most of the metro-
politan area of Eugene with the exception of Springfield.
Water Requirements
:•••, • •••• • <
Water is supplied by the Eugene Water Board directly to
35,700 people and to 9 water districts serving an additional
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- 21 - APPENDIX
population of 13,390, for a total population of 5-4,090. Indust-
rial water use accounts for approximately 55 percent of all water
used. Present water demands are as follows:
"(a)" •Average Daily 9.94 m.g.d.
(b) Maximum Daily 21.45 m.g.d.
(c) Average Day Maximum Month
(August) 18.21 m.g.d.
Water Rates
Eugene's water rates are based upon a minimum charge
according to the size of meter installed, a primary charge and
a secondary charge which vary according to the type of user,
and separate rates for users inside and outside the city limits.
Monthly demand charges vary from $1.15 for 5/8 inch diameter
meters to $18.00 for 8 inch diameter meters. For city residen-
tial users the primary rate is as follows:
First 400 cu. ft. or less per month at minimum charge.
Over 400 cu. ft. to 1,600 cu. ft. per month at 140 per
1QO cu. ft.
The secondary rate is 6.50 per 100 cu. ft. for all water
used over 1,600 cu. ft. per month.
The average effective rate for all water supplied is
100 per 100 cu. ft.
Water SujilitZ-1 Jid_Treatment
An analysis of the water as delivered from the new filtra-
tion plant is not available at present; however, an analysis of
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- 22 - APPENDIX
the same river water as delivered by the old filtration plant is
shown below.
Parts
Per Million
\
Silica (Si02) 14.
Iron (Fe) ' .02
Calcium (Ca) 4.6
Magnesium (Mg) 1.5
Sodium (Na) 2.3
•Potassium (K) .8
Carbonate (CO ) .0
Bicarbonate (HCO, ) . 10.0
Sulphate (SO^) 13.
Chloride (Cl) 1.2
Nitrate (NO^) • .10
Total Dissolved Solids 44.
Total Hardness as Calculated 18.
The new filtration plant has a capacity of 24 m.g.d.,
with provisions for increasing the capacity to 72 m.g.d. Prin-
cipal features of the treatment process are as follows;
Pre-treatment — Chlorine
Lime and Alum
Sedimentation — 2 rectangular units
Total capacity 25 m.g.d.
Filtration — 6 units, Total Capacity 24 m.g.d.
Clear Well Storage — Capacity 300,000 gallons
Post treatment — None
-------
- 23 - APPENDIX
Supply Facilities
The McKenzie River at Hayden Bridge lias a minimum flow of
f ... «t •
from 1,300 to 1,400 cu. ft. per second. Eugene Water Board has
one right to 27 sec. ft., and another right on the basis of a
new extended metropolitan area of 90 sec. ft., making a total
right to 117 sec. ft. of McKenzie Paver water.
The new 45 inch diameter, steel, tar-lined main f-»om the
filtration plant to the city has a maximum estimated practical
capacity of 50 m.g.d. The present pimping installation will ;
deliver 30 m.g.d, at low speed and 40.5 m.g.d. at high spe'e'd.
The present capacity of the raw water pumps, which pump from the
river to the filtration plant, is 35.5 m.g.d. with space; for one
more 6 m.g.d. pump for future use.
The old 30 inch steel pipeline which delivered unfiltered
water from a point a half mile above the-present intake td~the
city is still in existence. At present this line is used inter-
mittently for pumping irrigation water to the Chase Gardens area
and the entire installation is maintained in running order.
This line can be used to supply unfiltered but chlorinated water
to Eugene in an emergency and is maintained mainly with this end
in view. This pipeline is capable of delivering 8 m.g/d, to
Eugene.
-------
-r 24'-
APPENDIX
Distribution Facilities -
The distribution system contains 8 reservoirs,. with a total
... v- .,; -; 5.,;; < .« •
capacity of 22.64 m.g. Capacities, the type of construction^ and
level of these reservoirs are as followss
Reservoir Name
-College- Hill' #2
College Hill #1 '
College Hill Elevated Tank
i •
Fairmont
Fairmont High Level #1
Skinner Butte
Crest High Level-'
'•• ; , '•• .:- :.- " .;.. . .
Fairmont High Level '#2=L/'
Construction
Concrete
Concrete
Steel
Concrete
Concrete
"Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Level
Low
Low
'' 'High
' Low
High
Low
High- '
High:
TOTAL'"''"
: Capacity
m.e;.
15.00
2.50
' '.
' ''.50
;-!H
'3.00
.70
.70
; 22.64
I/, Under Construction.
Booster Pumps are used to lift tKe "water'to the high level reser-
voirs.
A total of 111 miles of distribution mains varying from
4 indhSs to 24 inches diameter serve the area adequately, and no
restrictions on water use have ever been necessary.
Construction Underway
1. Two new reservoirs with capacities of 0.7 m.g. each
are being built at estimated costs of $50,000 and $60,000.
-------
- 25 - APPENDIX
2. Two water districts, East McKenzie and Oakway, which
have only recently been organized, are installing their service
mains at .on estimated cost of $300,000 each. The pipe for these
projects is now on delivery.
3. Normal additions to the city system are covered by an
annual appropriation of $100,000, all of which is normally used.
The water districts are expected to use approximately |75,000 on
normal extension of their systems this year (1951).
j t . . .
Construction Planned
1. Chula Vista Reservoir, with a capacity of 5.0 m.g.
This will probably be of concrete construction.
2. Kincaid Park Reservoir with a capacity of 0.7 m.g.
This will also probably be of concrete construction.
-------
- 26 -
APPENDIX 9 — SECTION 5
CITY OF SPRINGFIELD — WATERWORKS
Description
Springfield obtains its water from the Mountain States
Power Company on the basis of a yearly franchise under which the
company returns 5 percent of the gross revenue to the city.
The present supply is taken from the Willamette River
through a mill pond diversion canal at the city boundary and
flows by gravity through approximately 2 miles of wood stave
pipe to a filtration plant with a capacity of 2-1/2 m.g.d.
From the filtration plant the water is pumped to reservoirs for
distribution by gravity. The watershed above the junction of
the mill pond diversion canal with the Willamette River is largely
forest-covered and is undergoing various degrees of exploitation
by the lumber industry. Moderate agricultural development, and
considerable recreational use of the watershed, together with
lumber industry activities oause some human pollution and sedi-
ment loads in the raw Willamette River water.
For reasons mainly of economy in operation, the Mountain
States Power Company is now in the process of developing a new
water source from wells 2,000 ft. south of the southeast corner
of the city area. This water appears to be from an underground
branch of the North Fork of the Willamette River. Six wells have
been drilled to an average depth of 33 feet and pumps are to be
-------
- 27 -
APPENDIX
installed on each. The wells will deliver water to a new .20 inch
steel main, which is almost complete, and which will tie the new
system into the existing distribution mains and storage. The
new wells have beep tested and found to deliver a fairly soft
clear supply showing no sign of human pollution.
The Mountain States Power Company supplies water to the
entire area of Springfield.
Water Requirements
Water is supplied through 3,073 services to a total popu-
lation of 10,760 people, and approximately 70 industrial con-
sumers.
The total water requirements are as follows:
(a) Average daily 2.73 m.g.d.
(b) Maximum Day (August 22) 5.60 m.g.d.
(c) Maximum Hourly . . 8.65 m.g.d.
(d) Average Day Maximum Month (August) . 3.94 m.g.d.
Water fiates
The water rates are based upon a minimum charge of fO.75
per month, and, as most of the city is not mete red, a schedule
of rates is based on fixtures, frontages, and public water uses.
For example, the first fixture costs $1.00 per month; each fau-
cet costs $1.00 per month; one toilet and one bath cost $1.30
per month. Lawn sprinkling is charged for on a frontage basis
at $2.50 for the first 25 feet and 4# for each additional foot
-------
- 28 - APPENDIX
per season. Water is at present metered to 50 or 60 commercial
users. The rates for metered water vary from 250 for the first
600 cu. ft. to a flat rate of 50 per 100 cu. ft. per month for
over 10,000 cu. ft. A minimum charge of from $1.00 for a 1/2
inch meter to $19.00 for a 4 inch meter, per month, is also made
on metered services.
The average rate amounts to $1.50 per month per customer.
Water Quality and Treatment
No analysis of the Willamette River water, or the present
filtered supply is available. However, an analysis of the new
well water is shown below.
Parts
Per Million
Silica (Si) 10.60
Iron (Fe) and Aluminum Oxides (AlOp) 1.30
Calcium (Ca) 11.22
Magnesium (Mg) 2.32
Sodium (Na) 3.89
Chlorides (Cl) 4.43
Nitrates (^3) .89
Sulfates (SO,) 2.47
fy
Carbonates (CO,) 32.06
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide (C0~) 9.00
Total Hardness Calculated to CaCoo 37.55
pH Value 7.1
-------
- 29 -
APPENDIX
No treatment of the new well water is considered neces-
sary other than chlorination.
The present supply is filtered in rapid sand filters.. :•
t
with a capacity of 2-1/2 m.g.d. The filter plant will be Itjft
intact for the most part when it goes out of use early, in-1951.
•The present supply is chlorinated after filtration.
Supply Facilities
The present system includes a 2 mile, 16 inch diameter
wood stave gravity pipeline from the mill pond diversion canal
to the filtration plant. Both the supply line and the filter
plant capacity of 2-1/2 m.g.d. fall somewhat short of present
requirements.
The new system will includes
(a) 3 - 1,500 g.p.m. pumps
(b) 3 - 500 g.p.m. pumps
(c) 6,000 feet of pressure steel pipeline, 20 inches in
diameter, to deliver the pumped water to the distribution system.
The capacity of the new system is expected to be approx-
imately 8.5 m.g.d., and the potential capacity of the new ground
water source is estimated at from 17.0 m.g.d. to 21.5 m.g.d.
Distribution Facilities
The new supply main will pump water directly into the
distribution system which includes one 1.5 m.g. concrete reser-
voir and one 50,000 gallon steel tank. Mains vary from 4 inch
diameter to 12 inch diameter, and have proved to give adequate
service, including fire protection.
-------
- 30 - APPENDIX
Construction Underway
1. The new well supply is approximately 90 percent com-
plete. The new 20 inch diameter pipeline is 90 percent complete.
The wells have been drilled, cased, and capped, and are now
ready for placement of the pumps, which are already on hand.
It is estimated that the total cost of this new well source of
supply will be $115,000 complete.
Construction Planned
1. Normal additions to the distribution system are
expected to cost $150,000 for the year 1951.
2. Metering of the new supply.
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 1 — BASIC, DATA ON SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL* POLLUTION
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
Name and Location
(1)
OREGON
WILLAMETTE RIVER
Cottage Grove
Springfield
Eugene
Junction City
Harrisburg
Corvallis
Miles
Above
Mouth :
. (2)
207
185
182
165
163
132
Sewered
Population
. (3)
3,000
10,000
35,000
1,400
750
15,000
Treat-
'Untreated ment
Waste—' Provi-
(P.E.) dedi/
(4) (5)
3,500 N
11,500 N
110,000 N
3,200 P
800 N
40,000 N
Adequacy of
• Treatment . Pollution
Facilities^/ to Water- Treat-
• — — . -. C OUTER roent
Cap'y Opr. (P.E.) Needs^/ Project Status
(65 (7) (8) (9) (10)
— '- -
3,500 NP Active Planning
11,500 NP Active Planning
110,000 -NP Active Planning
S S 2,4-00
— ooo NP Inactive
40,000 NP Active Planning
* Includes -incorporate^--©]?- Bainoor-poFatsd rDiunicipalities; other, .legal, bodies as. sanitary districts,
•* • -counties,—towHSj-«s4.gB-i-fican.i:institutions,--J:esorts, .reer.eatidnal,..cen£ers or_eJbhex.,_pQpulakiQn.ae.iiter.s.
I/ Includes industrial wastes discharged into municipal sewerage systems.
2/ N = None; M = Minor; P = Primary;^ =: Secondary.;- • '• _• ' - •"/:
^/ S = Satisfactory; Uns s Unsatisfactory^ • Un -"Undetermined.
U NP = New ^lant; E - Enlargement; A = Addition; R = Replacement; Un = Undetermined; s No project
required.
vo
i
-------
'APPENDIX. 9 — fABLE
••-*. BASIC DATA ON SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION
. WILLAMETTE RIVER -BASIN- Page 2
(1)
WILLAMETTE RIVER
Adair Village
Albany
Monmouth
Independence
Salem
Manbrin Garden s -
Newberg ••
West Linn — -
„.,.,. — , ..... . . .
Oregon ' City ;
Oswego
Milwaukie
Portland
ROW RIVER
(2)
(Cont. )
128
120
100
100
85
82
50
26
26
21
19
10
(3) •
500
9,000
1,500
1,500
40,000
750
3,600
•2,500
8,000
3,000
5,000
294,000
•••'•• • (4)
;
500
24,000
1,500
1,500
250,000
750
3,800
2,500
8,000
3,000
5 ,000
403,000
(5) (6) (7) .."I- <8) (9)
• - . *-
P S S 350 —
K 24,000 NP
)
) P S S 2,100
)
N 250,000 NP
P S S 500
P S S 2,500
N 2,500 - - NP
' • ;'
r «uJi „•"„„,,.,,» - . . • - „ v '
N __r 8,000 ,r---NP
N — - ;--*v.. ,; 3,000- ' NP
N • -— 5,000 NP
N 403,000 NP
.. .: -.-.(10)
Active Planning
Joint Plant
Under Construction
Active Planning ..
Final Plans Approved
Final Plans Approved
Under Construction
Under Construction
Dorena Dam
300
300
0
-------
APPENDIX 9'-- TABLE
— BASIC DATA ON SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION-— Page 3
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
iil
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
.1121
MIDDLE FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER
Lowell
MC KENZIE RIVER
Weyerhaeuser Co. Town 12
LONG TOM RIVER
Monroe
CALAPOOYA RIVER
Brownsville
SANTIAM RIVER
Sweet Home
Lebanon
THOMAS CREEK
Scio
NORTH"SAWTLSM' RIVER ""
18 800
600
14 300
32 500
800 S S S
600 P
300 N
500 N
42 2,000 2,000
26 5,000 10,000
100 100 M S S
120
420
300 NP Inactive
500 NP Active Planning
S S S 300
N 10,000 WP Active Planning
O.
.
T)
Detroit Dam
56 • .350'. ••> - ' .350 S- S -
50 -—
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 1 — BASIC DATA ON SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION ~ Page 4
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1)
RICKREALL CREEK
Dallas
YAMHILL RIVER
Grand Ronde
Sheridan
Yamhill Labor Camp
McMinnville
NORTH FORK YAMHILL
Carlton
MOLALLA RIVER
Molalla
PUDDING RIVER
Silverton
•Mt. Angel
Woodburn
(2)
12
57
40
15
12.5
RIVER
5
13.5
42
'26 '
U;
(3)
4,500
500
1,000
1,000
6,000
650
1,000
3,000
1,500
.: 2,000 •
(4) (5) (6) (7)
6,100 M Uns Uns
500 M S S
1,000 N
1,000 S S S
8,500 N
850 M Uns Uns
1,000 N
8,000 S S S
3,500 M Uns Uns
2,000 M Uns Uns
(8) (9)
5,500 R
400
1,000 NP
150
8,500 NP
750 R
1,000 NP
2,000 -—
3,200 R
1,500 R
(10)
Under Construction
_. M lfll
Active Planning
i
Final Plans Approved *-
Active Planning
Inactive
""""•- 15
Active Planning $
G
Final Flans Approved £!
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 1 — BASIC DATA ON SOURCES OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION—Page 5
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1)
PUDDING RIVER (Cont. }
Woodburn School
Hubbard
TUALATIN RIVER
Gaston
Forest Grove **
Hillsboro
DAIRY GREEK
Banks
BEAVERTON CREEK
Broadmoor
Cedar Hills
Beaverton
"7
Cedar Hill 'Park ~
(2)
12
10
55
49
30
10
13
10
9
,-* -' \*
" -8 -
(3)
500
300
300
4,000
5,000
300
400
1,500
2,500
lyficxr
(4)
500
300
300
30,000
7,500
300
400
1,500
4,500
......._ Iy600
(5)
M
M
M
P
S
S
s
s
s
s
(6)
Uns
S
S
Uns
Uns
S
S
S
S
' Uns
(7)
Uns
S
S
Uns
S
S
S
S
S
s
(8) (9)
400 R
200
250 —
0 R
3,500 E
100 •
80
250
900
'400 ' "S ~"
(10)
Inactive
Active Planning
Active Planning
_ —
. Active "Planning'
i
U3
I
Wastes presently being used for irrigation.
Xv^
s
-------
APPENDIX-9 TABLE -1 BAS-JG-DATA ON SOURCES -OF-MUNICIPAL-POLLUTION--Page 6"
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1)
FANNO CREEK
Vermont Hills
-CEDAR CREEK .
Sherwood
CLACKAMAS RIVER
Estacada
Gladstone
JOHNSON GREEK
-Gresham. — .
TOTALS
(2)
10
9
24
1
14
(3) (3)
350
.500
. 600
2,000
3,000
488,450
(4) (5) (.6) (7)
350 M Uns Uns
3,700 S S Un
600 P S S
2,000 N
12.000 S Uns Uns
985,500
(8) ..(9)
100 R
600 -—
420
2,000 NP
6^00 E
920,040
(10)
Active Planning
Active Planning
Inactive
Tt
13
tfl
i
-------
APPENDIX 9 ~ TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL* POLLUTION
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
Type
of
Miles Waste
Above " T>ro"i>
Name and Location Mouth Type Industry duced**
(1) (2) (3V. (4)
WILLAMETTE RIVER
Culver Slaughter House 207 Meat Products 0
Cottage Grove
Bartels Slaughter House .» n « 0
Cottage Grove
Gates Market " » . " 0
Cottage Grove
McKenzie Meat Co. 185 " " 0
Springfield
Oregon Fibre & Flax . ._* Flax^Mill 0
Springfield . . „ -
•Treatiaafit or
Other Pollution
Control jSfiagure.^ .
Adequacy^/
Deg- .
ree*" Cap'y*. Cpr.
(5) (6) (7):
S S S
S S S
S S S
P Uns Uns
S S S
P.E.
(B.O.D.)
Dis-
charged
- • -to
Water-
course
(8)
0
0
0
250
0
"•
Pollu- Current
tion Status
Abate- Indust-
«»nt. / rial
Need*'' Action
(9) (10)
N
N —
N
~
A Inactive
N ---
"— - — --
Industries having separate outlets and discharging wastes directly to watercourse". "
i/ 0 - Organic; Ino » Inorganic; S = Sanitary Sewage Only; Un = Undetermined.
2/ N = None; M * Minor; P ~ Primary or equivalent; S « Secondary or equivalent; tin * Undetermined.
2/ S » Satisfactory; Uns = Unsatisfactory; Un = Undetermined.
^/ NP = New Plant; E « Enlargement; A * Addition; R * Replacement; C = Connection to municipal system;
N - None; Un s Undetermined.
l-l
-------
APPENDIX ,9-—., TABLE' 2 — BASIC .-DATA FOR .SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION—Page 2
'--.',. ..WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN " ' ....
(1)
WILLAMETTE RIVER (Cont. )
Willamette Wood Chem-
icals, Springfield
R. :H: Bauer
Eugene
Brunners Dryer
Eugene
Oregon Turkey Growers
..Eugene., _ _
l',ayberry Chapman Meat
. Co. j^ Eugene
Eugene Chemical
Eugene
Irish McBroom Meat Co.
Eugene
A -r irn 4 ._, 4.
A. J. Flint
Junction City
Junction City Creamery
(2) (3) U)
185 Chemicals' & 0
Allied Products
182 Canning & 0
Preserving
H Canning & 0
Preserving
" Meat Products 0
n n n Q
..• . - ,. •' ;
n Meat Products 0
n 11 n ,Q
-j £.c ii n r\
-i.O^) U
" Dairy Products 0
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
N — Un Un Undetermined
S S S 0 N —
S S S 0 N ---.
i
P Uns Uns 3600 E Inactive u>
00
i
S. . .. Uns Uns 0 E Inactive
. - *--- •
N _-.~ .r-.- Un "^P Inactive
S Uns S 300 E Inactive
-
oo O N — —
>
S S S 0 N ^
Junction City
§
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION—Page 3
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
. u;
WILLAMETTE .RIVER (Cont. )
Anderson & Son
• Hariri sburg
Monroe St. Cash. Market
Corvallis
Sanitary. Me at .Market
Corvallis
Albany Foods, Inc.
Albany
Steen Bros.
Albany
Borden Co.
Albany
Nebergall Meat Co.
Albany
City Meat Market
Independence -- •
Wade Meat Co.
(2)
163
132
n
120
n
n
it
100
n
(3)
Meat Products
'« »
n it
Canning.. &
Preserving
Mea.t Products
Dairy Products
Meat Products
it n
n n
UJ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
JL- ~
" o :•> '•
(57 Ifc) 17 J W"
S S S 0
S '"'S' S 0
S S S 6
:P Uns Uns 0
P Uns" Uns 1500
N --:- 1000
N 5600
„_ S,_ &-r ^-r HB^-
---.-. .:s.:- ^-.s: ''%- ...o
(9) ..-(10)
-,
N
N
'ja
R Inactive
R Inactive
C Active
Planning
(City Se
-------
APPENDIX 9--.~ TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION--Page 4
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1) (2)
WILLAMETTE RIVER (Cont. )
Honeywood Distillers 85
Salem
Aufranc Custom Cannery "
Salem
Ried Murdock Co. "
Salem
United Growers, Inc. "
Salem
West Foods, Inc. n
Salem
Oregon Pulp & Paper Co. "
Salem •-••••'•-•
Consolidated Chemicals "
Salem-
J...G.--MeKillip..Co., 57
(3) .
Distillery
Canning &
Preserving
n n
n n
ft n
Pulp & Paper
Products
Chemicals &
Allied Products
Meat Products
(/V
0
0
0
0
0
0
Un
0
(5) (6} (7) (8)
Un Un Un Un
S S S 0
N 32500
S S S 0
s" s s o
N 860000
Un Un Un Un
••••— g- •--» s s o
(9)
Un
N
C
N
N
HP
Un
" ' N
(10)
Undetermined
Active Planni:
(To City Sewe
—
Active Planni
(Lagoon)
""""
Undetermined
—
St. Paul
St. Paul Flax Growers
St. Paul
" Flax~Mill
Un Un
Un
Un Undetermined
-------
APPENDIX 9 -- TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION—Page 5
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
CO (p]
TJILL^KETTE RIVER (Cent.)
Hudson Duncan Cannery 55
•Dundee'--..-" '
Spaulding Pulp & Paper Co. 50
Newbefg
Crown Willamette Co. 26
West Linn
Publishers Paper Co. "
Oregon City
M & S Canning Co. 19
Milwaukie
General Paint Co. 10
Portland
Portland Woolen Mills .. "
Portland
(1}
Canning &
Preserving
Pulp & Paper
Products
n n
n ii
Canning &
Preserving
Chemicals &
Allied Products
Textile Mill
(4}
0
0
0
P
0
Ino
Un
('M (^ (7} {*'\ f'o/> ' HO)
S -S S 0 N
II 495000 HP Active Planning
N -. — 831000 HP " "
N 556000 NP « » £
i
S Uns Uns Un R Inactive
Un Un Un Un Un Undetermined
Un Un Un Un Un "
Pacific Roofing Co.
Portland
Paperboard & 0
Other Products
N — 2800
NP
t)
t—:
-------
APPENDIX ,9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION--Page 6
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1) (2)
WILLAMETTE RIVER (Cont.)
Volney Felt Mills Inc. 10
Portland
Portland Gas & Coke Co. 10
Portland .,.
Pennsylvania SMt Mfg. Co. $
Portland
Oregon Shipyards 1
Portland
McKENZIE RIVER
Weyerhaeuser Pulp Mill-.. 12
Weyerhaeuser Co. Town
LONG TCM RIVER
Ben ton County Flax Growers 12
Monroe
CALAPOOYA RIVER
(3) (4.) (5) ' -(6) (7) (8)
Textile Mill 0 N,.... -— 6000
Products of Pet- Ino P Uns- Uns Un
roleum & Coal
Chemical & Ino N — - Un
Allied Products
Miscellaneous S N 600
Pulp & Paper 0 N 50000
Products
"Flax Mill 0. ' S Uns • -Un- Un
m L • n _ T.rf.2 T T r\ M _ TTvi
(9) (10)
NP Undetermined
R Inactive
Un Undetermined
Un Undetermined '
fc
Un Undetermined
E Inactive
---
Tl
T)
1\TT3 T 4- * L*J
Brovnsville Mills
Brovmsville
x
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION--Page 7
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(l) (2)
SANTIAM RIVSR
Crown Willamette Co. 26
Lebanon
Sahtiam Flax Growers 6
Scio
NORTH SANTIAM RIVER
Western Bolt & Bedding Co. 26
Stayton
Paris Woolen Mills "
Stayton
Stayton Cannery n
Stayton
RICKKEALL CREEK
Ediger Dehydrating Co. 12
Dallas
(?) (/,) (5) (6) (7) (S) (9) (10)
Pulp & Paper 0 N 109000 UP Active Planning
Products
Flax Mill 0 S S S 0 N ---
Textile Mill 0 Un Un Un Un Un Undetermined
" " Un N . Un Un w
Canning & 0 M S S' 0 N
Preserving
Canning & 0 S S S 0 N
Preserving
Carl Gerlinger Co.
Dallas
n n
0
N
id
n
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION--Page 8
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1)
RICKREALL .GREEK. (Cont.)
Minty Dehydrator Co.
Dallas
Muil & McDonald Tannery
Dallas
YAMHILL RIVER
Kings Market
McMinnville
McMinnville Meat Co.
McMinnville
Alderman Farms
Dayton
Dayton Flax Growers
Dayton
MOLALLA RIVER
(2) (3) U) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
12 Canning & 0 & S S 0 N
Preserving
11 Leather &
Leather Products 0 SSS 0 N
12.5 Meat Products 0 SSS 0 N
n»n 0 SSS 0 N
6 Canning & 0 SSS 0 N
Preserving
". Flax Mill 0 SSS Un N
Molalla .Flax Growers 18 Flax .Mill 0 S S - S - 0 - N
Molalla
§
H
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION—Page
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
;"•: ) (?) (1) (^ (V) (61 C7l (A)
MOLLALA RIVER (Coat.)
Clackamas Flax Growers 4 Flax Mill 0 S S S 0
Canby
Oregon Turkey Growers '" Meat Products 0 S S S 0
Canby
PUDDIMG RIVER
Silverton Flax Company 42 Flax Mill 0 S S S 0
Silverton
Mt. Angel Meat Company 26 Meat Products 0 S • S S 0
Mt. Angel
Mt. Angel "Flax Growers " Flax Mill 0 N 6000
Mt. Angel
General Foods 5 Inc. 14 Canning & 0 P Uns Uns 35000
Woodburn Preserving
TUALATIN RIVER,
Forest Fibre Products 55 Paperboard..& Q, ... P .Uns Uns 30000
Gas ton Other Products
(9) do]
N
?\T «•«,«.
•
i
fc
___ j
NP Inactive
E Inactive
R Active Planning
T)
fcd
S3
tt
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION—Page 10
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
(1)
TUALATIN RIVER (Cont. )
Arrow Meat Co.
Cornelius
Jacobs Mullen Co.
Cornelius
Cornelius Custom Cannery
Cornelius
Hillsboro Meat Co.
Hillsboro
Chandler & Co.
Tigard
Kraft Food Co.
Tigard
Tualatin Canning Co.
Tigard
Westward Packing Co.
(2) (3)
36 Meat Products
II (I 1!
" Canning &
Preserving
30 Meat Products
10 Canning &
Preserving
11 Dairy Products
9 Canning &
Preserving
n n it
U) (5) (6) (7) (8)
0 S S S 0
0 S S S 0
0 S S S 0
0 Un Un Un Un
0 Un Un Un Un
0 N Un
0 S Un Un Un
0 S S S 0
(9) (10)
N
N
N
Un Undetermined
Un «
Un »
Un n
N
Tigard
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 2 — BASIC DATA FOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION—Page 11
WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN
DAIRYJJREM
Kelly Farquhar Co.
Banks
Bodle Co.
Banks
H. N. Kumner Meat Co.
Hillsboro
FANNO . CREEK
Alpenrose Dairy
Vermont Hills
Ftilton Park Dairy
Vermont Hills
GLACKAMAS RIVER
Sunnyside Tannery
Estacada
Clackamas Meat Co.
Estacada
10 Canning &
Preserving
" Meat Products
0
12 Dairy Products 0
13 " " 0
24. Leather & 0
Leather Products
" Meat Products 0
15] (6) (7)
18)
N
N
Uns Uns Un
Un
Uns Uns 2000
s s
s s
Un
Un
0
(9)
(10)
R Inactive
NP »
R "
NP Inactive
NP ' "
N
N
TOTAL
3,028,150
-------
- 48 -
APPENDIX 9 - TABLE 3
Physical Characteristics of Willamette River
Location on Stream
Mouth of Willamette River
Os we go
Below Willamette Falls
Above Willamette Falls
Mouth of Yamhill River
Corvallis
Two Miles above Mouth of
Long Tom River
Harrisburg
Three Miles above Mouth
of McKenzie River
Eugene
Two Miles above Eugene
Mouth of Middle Fork
Willamette River
Miles
from
Mouth
0.0
20.1
26.2
26.6
54.9
131.8
152.0
163.0
180.0
182.2
184.2
188.3
Low-Water
Elevation
Feet. M.s.l.
1.10
1.89
2.45
49-90
53.85
191.80
248.70
292.70
390.30
396.50
422.10
434.50
Slope (ft.)
Per Mile
0.04
•
©.10
''
Falls
0.14
•
1.80
t
2.83
4.40
5.74
2.82
12.30
3.03
Source: Adapted from Table in Corps of Engineers
Columbia River and Tributaries Review Report.
-------
- 49 -
APPENDIX 9 - TABLE 4
Physical Characteristics of Main Tributaries
River
Mouth
(River Miles)
Length^/
(Miles)
Drainage Area
(Sq. Miles)
Approximate
AVg. Slope
Ft. oer Mi.
East Side
Middle Fk. Willamette ¥-188
McKenzie
Calapooya
Santiam
South Santiam
North Santiam
Molalla
Pudding
Clackamas
Coast Fk. Willamette
Row
Long Tom
Marys ;
Luckiamute
Rickreall Creek
South Yamhill ;
North Yamhill :
Tualatin
W-188
W-176
W-120
W-109
S- 12
S- 12
W- 36
M- 1
W- 25
West Side
78
87
70
12
66
82
42
60
77
W-188 ' 37
CFW- 19
W-150
W-132
W-108
W- 89
W- 55
SY- 11
20
47
47
49
22
64
27
W- '28 '86
1,360 36
1,326 : 31
362 20
1,820 • 5
Included Above 23
Included Above 40
890S/ : ' 60
—i '• 12.
93d' 43
•6702/ i 1-4
— i 25
410 = 6.
300 , •; 32
310 . • • 47
106 24
770 ' 7,
Included Above 34
710 ' 33
Source: Adapted from Corps of Engineers '';•;.. j
Columbia River and Tributaries Review Report.;
I/ Lengths shown are profile lengths shown on plates included
in Corps of Engineers report on Columbia River and Tributaries
and are not necessarily the total length of the stream.
2/ Includes Drainage Area of Pudding River.
]j/ Includes Drainage Area of Row River.
-------
APPENDIX 9 - TABLE 5
Ciimat'alogical Data (through 194-5)
Ele v . Precipitation in
in Average
Station Feet Annual Max.
Albany
Corvallis
Cottage Grove
Dallas
Detroit
Eugene
Forest Grove
Hillsboro
McKenzie Bridge
McMinville
Newberg
Oakridge
Portland
Salem
212
266
650
325
1452
4-50
220
203
1372
150
400
1313
30
164
41
39
43
46
70
38
46
34
68
43
49
38
42:
38
59.6
58.1
62.2 :
69.6
91.0
55.2
61.5
51.1
86.1
57.8
63.1
51.7
67.2
63.5
Average
Annual
Inches Snow-
Min.
24.3
23.0
29.0
30.1
43.5
24.0
26.1
25.0
43.4
24.5
33.. 5.
28.4
26.1
24.6
Temperature °F
fall Mean
Inches Annual
7.3
7.1
5.6
10.9
55.2
5.6
14.3
9.0
14.1.
10.1
7.8
14.8
12.9
7.6
52.8
52.4
51.8
51.4
48.9
52.5
51.7
52.0
50.1
52.3
52.0
53.0
53.1
52.7
Max.
104
107
105
105
104
104
108
105
108
110
103
112
107
108
Min.
-15
-14
- 8
17
- 2
- 4
-15
- 2
- 3
-24
2
0
- 2
- 6
Average
Length
Growing
Season
210* '
210*
195* •
210*
120*
205
210*
210*
120*
210*
210*
180*
263
213
vn
O
Source; Corps of Engineers Columbia River and Tributaries Review Report except for growing
seasons marked by (*). These values were obtained from the Economic Atlas of the
Pacific Northwest, 2d Ed., of the Northwest Regional Council.
-------
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
Avg.
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 6
CRITIQAL MONTHS' STREAM FLOW
' Cu. Ft./ Sec.
- 51 -
Willamette River at Eugene Willamette River at Albany
Drainage Area; 2,030. Sq.Hi. Drainage Area; 4,840 Sq.Mi.
Water Mean Mean
Year Aug. Sept. Oct. Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Annual
1926 758 890 1,400 3,457
1927 865 1,420 2,990 6,346
1928 979 792 900 5,837
1929 902 686 663 3,678
1930 682 684 880 3,485
1931 603 621 1,280 2,786
1932 966 752 981 5,783
1933 1,110 1,150 1,046 6,121
1934 636 614 1,807 3,087
1935 764 682 935 5,608
1936 863 831 659 4,782
1937 1,027 927 1,672 4,925
1938 809 749 871 6,646
788 736 1,058 4,165
547 811 985 3,409
887 1,342 1,380 3,050
934 735 792 4,941
1,259 1,134 2,420 7,961
751 997 912 3,322
869 1,163 898 ,4,621
2,320 2,480 3,500 9,558
3,110 3,960 8.030 16,988
2,600 2,490 2,840 15,008
2,970 2,390 2,460 10,333
2,450 2,280 2,630 9,365
2,300 2,150 3,720 7,993
3,200 2,730 3,080 15,473
4,000 3,740 3,697 16,035
2,467 2,238 4,637 9,819
2,820 2,664 3,063 14,500
3,010 2,758 2,313 12,776
3,619 3,128 4,309 13,130
2,878 2,737 2,924 17,965
2,645 2,503 2,932 10,881
2,034 2,352 2,785 9,731
2,589 3,698 3,295 8,164
3,147 2,820 2,629 12,635
4,115 3,421 6,275 20,200
2,485 2,623 2,840 8,691
_2.823 3,189 '3,567 12?335
850 886 1,226 4,700 2,879 2,817 3,576' 12,579
Sources Corps of Engineers
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 7 - 52 -
CRITICAL MONTHS' STREAM FLOW
Cu. Ft,/ Sec.
Willamette River at Salem Willamette R. at Oregon City
Drainage Area: 7.,280 Sq^Mi. Drainage Area; 10,098 Sq.Mi.
Water " ; ' ' Mean- — '•• Mean
Year Aug. Sept. Oct. Annual Aug. Sept. Oct. Annual
1926' "3,000 "3",'400 5,200 15,450 3,370 "4,890' -7,440 19,089
1927 4,500 6,100 14,600 26,267 4,540 8,100 17,780 34,186
1928 3,650 3,590 4,210 24,478 3,960 3,860 4,920 30,632
1929 3,810 3,390 3,290 16,661 4,170 3,640 3,620 20,068
1930 3,050 3,030 3,970 15,293 3,360 3,300 4,420 18,486
1931 2,950 2,680 5,120 13,696 3,190 2,960 6,020 17,075
1932 4,310 3,330 4,830 24,624 4,670 3,560 5,370 31,330
1933 5,100 5,960 5,888 25,974 5,530 6,780 7,160 32,524
1934 3,209 2,947 8,624 17,700 3,500 3,260 10,390 23,535
t . •'• •• •'
1935 3,706 3,397 4,403 23,726 4,010 3,690 4,970 30,323
1936 3,899 3,708 3,214 20,779 4,260 4,060 3,520 25,327
1937 4,792 4,133 6,836 21,278 5,290 4,680 7,870 26,012
1938 3,632 3,461 3,756 29,539 3,960 3,790 4,290 37,177
1939 3,311 3,300 4,447 17,370 3,530 3,572 4,940 20,899
1940 2,653 3,137 4,296 16,865 2,870 3,450 5,100 24,025
1941 3,445 6,190 6,835 13,676 3,740 7,130 8,070 16,885
1942 4,071 3,490 3,365 20,535 4,670 3,820 3,710 25,255
1943 5,455 4,585 10,760 32,115 5,860 4,890 12,930 39,746
1944 3,194 3,347 3,609 14,552 3,430 3,630 3,950 17,724
1945 3,466 4,152 4,463 20,368 3,760 4,810 6,250 24,679
Avg. 3,760 3,866 5,586 20,547 4>084 4,394
Source:'' Corps of Engineers
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 8
STREAM FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Streams
Willamette Willamette Willamette Willamette Long Tom Molalla Pudding Tualatin
Location;
Eugene
Albany
Salem Oregon City Monroe Canby
Aurora
Period Considered? 1926-4-5 1926-4-5 1926-4-5
2,030 4,840 7,280
Drainage Area
(Sq. Miles):
1926-45 1928-47 '1929-46 1929-46
10,098 391 323 493
Percent of Total
Stream Drainage;
18
43
90
96
36
Near Wil-
lamette '
1929-46
710'
100
Critical Months
(CuoFt. per Sec.):Aug.-Oct. Aug.-Oct. Aug.-Oct. July-Sept. July-Sept. July-Sept. July-Sept. July-Sept.
Daily Minimum:
Single Month Min.;
Minimum 3 Months
(Average)s
3 Months Mean:
500
547
749
986
1,840
2,034
2,390
3,091
2,470
2,653
3,025
4,400
2,870
3,670
5,038
7
12
14
55
.38
50
75
130
37
50
61
105
38
42
64
107
Sources Corps of Engineers and U.S.G.S,
-------
- 54-
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 9
LAND DISTRIBUTION BY USE
1940
Agricultural Land
Forest Land
Miscellaneous and Other Uses
Total Land in Basin . .
2,112,330 Acres
4,589,130 Acres
4.66,540 Acres
7,168,000 Acres
Adapted from Corps of Engineers Columbia River and Tributaries
Review Report •
APPENDIX 9 -- TABLE 10
PUBLIC LANDS AND RESERVATIONS
1948 •
National Forests . . . .
Public Domain
State Parks
Municipal Areas
Total Land in Basin
2,250,000 Acres
750,000 Acres
2,998 Acres
10,000 Acres
3,012,998 Acres
Adapted from Corps of Engineers Columbia River and Tributaries
Review Report. ~ ~~
-------
- 55 -
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 11
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
1945
Number of Farms 32,133
Average Size of Farms, Acres 84
Land in Farms;
Total Acres 2,680,728
Percent of Land in Area 37$
Cropland, *icres 1,325,863
^11 Other Uses, Acres 1,354,865
Value of Land and Buildings:
Per acre, Dollars $ 118
Total ($1,000) $ 316,574
Source: Adapted from table in Corps of Engineers Columbia River
and Tributaries Review Report.
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 12
GROSS FARM IMCCME
1944
Livestock and Livestock Products Sold i 43,289,000
Crops Sold I 51,574,000
Forest Products Sold I 984,000
Farm Products Used by Farm Households |_8^6261OQO
Total Gross Income $104,473,000
Source: Adapted from table in Corps of Engineers Columbia River
and Tributaries Review Report.
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 13
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND TRENDS
Percfc
Percent of .of 19
t County Area Popula
Countyi/ in Basin .in Ba
OREGON
Benton
Clackamas
Lane
Linn
Marion
Multnomah
Polk
Washington
86
81
78
100
100
17
86
85
Yamhill 91
Basin Total
96
98
92
100
100
74
100
100
100
I/ Small populations of Polk,
population for Counties.
2/ Including communities of 2
nt
!40 Population
tion
.sin 1920
12,218
37,698
34,548
24,550
47,187
204,168
14,181
26,376
20,529
421,455
Washington
,500 persons
1930
15,870
46,205
52,552
24,700
60,541
250,301
16,858
30,275
22,036
519,338
1940
17,858
55,976
63,829
30,485
75,246
261,569
19,989
39,194
26,336
590,482
1950
30,263
84,800
115,000
53,622
100,379
368,500
26,184
61,221
33,410
873,379
and Yamhill Counties lying
or less.
Percent Increase
1930
30-
22
52
—
28
22
19
15
7
23
outside
1930-
1940
13
21
21
23
24
5
19-
29
20
14
1950 Population
1940-
1950 Urban
70
52
80
76
33
41
31
56
27
48
of subbasin
16,173
19,118
49,964
19,525
45,530
275,000
7,791
11,958
10,527
455,226
Rural^/
14,090
65,682
65,036
34,097 f
54,849 £
i
' 93,500
18,393
49,263
22,883
417,793
included in total w.
- R
Source: U. S. Census.
-------
- 57 -
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 14
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS
1940
Industry
Extractive Industries;
Agriculture
Logging
Forestry
Mining
Total Extractive Industries
Processing Industries;
Saw & Planing Mills
Other Wood Products
Food & Kindred Products
Textiles
Nonferrous Metals
Iron & Steel
Stone & Clay Products
Printing £ Publishing
Machinery & Transportation Equipment
Other Manufacturing
Total Processing Industries
Service Industries:
Construction
Tran spor tat ion
Wholesale & Retail Trade
Professional •& Government
Communication & Utilities
Miscellaneous Services .
Total Service Industries
Industries Not Classified
Total Employed
Number
Employed
33,208
7,488
626
.. 573
41,895
11,198
6,377
6,995
2,326
616
2,729
602
4,059
2,800
17,895
55,597
13,323
15,722
52,707 •
32,055
6,211
25.^189
145,207
4,553
247,252
Percent of
Total
14
3
*
17
5
3
3
*
*
1
*
2
1
_2
22
5
6
22
13
3
10
59
2
100
* Less than 1 percent.
Source; Table in Corps of Engineers Columbia River and Tributaries
Review Report.
-------
.. - 58 -
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 15
UNRESERVED SAW TIMBER, JAN. 1, 1945
Million Board Feet, Log Scale, Scribner Rule
Privately Owned ,... 24,942
National Forests 34,346
Other Publicly Owned and Managed . 6^076
Total 65,364
Source: Adapted from table in Corps of Engineers Columbia River
3S.4 Tributaries Review Report. ' '. • •
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 16
LUMBER PRODUCTION, 1941~4&i/
Thousands of
Year Board Feet
1941 & 2,459,179
1942 2/ 2,609,225
1943 & 2,542,712
1944 2/ 2,526,027
1945 -/ 2,054,232
1946 2/ .' 2,493,940
1947 2/ 3,385,882
1948 2/ ....... 3,250,187
I/ Includes all lumber produced in the 9 counties which lie wholly
.or principally within subbasin.
2/ Table Corps of Engineers Columbia River and Tributaries Review
Report.
J/ Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
-------
- 59 -
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 17
MANUFACTURING
1947
Establishments 1,703
Wage Earners (Average) 57,844
Wages . , $ 171,530,000
Value added by Manufacturing $ 356,210,000
Source: Census of Manufacturers, 1947 — U. S. Department of
- Commerce.
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 18
MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS^/
Estimated Water
Consumption m.g.d.
Population
Name
(1)
Surface Water
Portland
Eugene
SalemSy
Corvallis
Oregon City —
West Linn
Springfield
Albany
Hillsboro2/
McMinnville
Dallas
Lebanon
Served
(2)
478,000
54,090
48,520
17,500
11,360
10,760
10,000
10,000
6,600
6,300
5,800
Source of Supply
(3)
Bull Run River
McKenzie River
North Santiam River
Willamette River and
Tributaries
Memaloose Creek & South
Fork Clackamas River
Willamette River
South Santiam River
Seine & Scotland Creeks-
Tualatin River
Hoskins Creek
Rickreall, Canyon and
iipplegate Creeks
South Santiam River
Ave . Daily
(4)
56.38
9.94
8.86
3.06
2.55
2.73
2.29
1.50
1.78
0.41
2.50
Summer Month
Ave.. Daily
(5)
104.20
13.21
15.73
5.42
3.00
3.94
3.75
3.50
2.96
0.61
3.63
Treatment
(6)
Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Inf. Gal. Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Coamil t'
Sedimentation ;
Chlorination
_L/ J_Ai^_l_ UXAWKJ WtA V^J. WV/J. J.\.\J »-»W.^-'J-'-JwJf -»-J.i^j f*,^*-** *^J. *Ji^-.
2/ Has Supplemental Well or Spring Supply.
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE' 18 - MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS — Page 2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Surface Water (Cont.)
Silverton^/ 5,000
Cottage Grove 4,400
Forest Grove 4,400
Sweet Home 3,600
Sheridan^/ 2,640
Monmouth2/ 1,940
Mill City 1,800
Willamina 1,660
Carlton 1/600
Oakridge 1,550
Falls City 1,200
Estacada 1,140
Yamhill 800
Wendling 720
Adair Village • 500
Grand Ronde 300
Detroit 250
Colton 200
Total Surface 693,630
Abiqua Creek
Dinner, Prather &
Laying Creeks
Gales & Tyler Creeks
South Santiam River
Baltimore Creek
Thiel Creek
North Santiam River
Lady & Willamina Creeks
Panther Creek
Salmon Creek
Thiel Creek
North Fork Clackamas River
Turner Creek
Wolf Creek
Willamette River
Rock Crsek
Mackey Creek
Canyon Creek
1.00
1.00
1..88
1.67
1.90
0.70
0.42
0.48
0.45
0.42
0.40
0.39
0.30
Chlorination
Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Filt. & Chlorination
Chlorination
None
Chlorination
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 18 ~ MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS — Page 3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ground Water
Newberg '8,000
Milwaukie 5,250
Salem State Inst'ns. 4,000
Woodburn 3,600
Oswego 3,310
Inde pendenc e 2,600
Beaverton 2,500
Junction City 1,800
Canby 1,670
Mt. Angel 1,630
Lake Grove 1,620
Tigard 1,600
Stayton 1,520
Molalla 1,490
Broimsville 1,470
Russelville W.D. 1,220
Dayton 1,200
Harri sburg 1,010
Amity 1,000
Oreswell 1,000
Lafayette 850
Sherwood 800
Park Place 800
Coburg 690
Springs & Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Springs & Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Inf. Gal.
Wells
Wells
Wells
Spring & Well
Spring & Well
Spring & Well
Well
Springs
Wells
Springs
Well
1.20
0.41
0.47
0.54
0.60
0.39
0.25
0.27
0.16
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.18
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.22
0.12 ....
0.10
2.00
1.05
1.10
0.90
1.20
0.65
0.42
0.45
0.26
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.21
• 0.36
0.20
0.17
Chlorination
None
None
None
None
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
None
None
None
None
Chlorination
Chlorination
None
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
None
None
Chlorination
None
ro
i
M
X
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 18 — MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS — Page 4
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ground Water (Cont,)
Jefferson 630
Manbrin Gardens 630
Marcola 600
Multnomah County Farm 600
Westfir 600
Hubbard 540
Scio 540
Chemawa Indian School 500
Aurora 460
Gervais 450
Salem Cottage Farm 400
Tualatin 400
Halsey 390
Banks 380
Capitola 380
Mulino 380
Sublimity - 370
Monroe 360
North Plains 360
Cherry Grove 310
Dundee 310
Pemaskey ... 300
Scotts Mills 260
Orenao 250
Saint Paul 240
Wells
Wells
Well
Springs & Well
Wells
Wells
Wells
Well
Wells
Wells
Well
Wen
Well
Springs
Wells
Springs & Well
Well
Springs
Well
Spring
Springs
Wells
Springs
Well
Wells
o.io
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
O.OA
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
.0.04
0.04
0.16
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.1C
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.06 .
0.07
.. .0...06
0.06
Chlorination
Chlorination
None
JNone
Chlorination
None
None
None
Ivone
None
None
None
Chlorination
None
Chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination
None
None
Chlorination
None
Chlorination
Chlorination
.. None
None
VO
I
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 18 — MUNICIPAL WATERWORKS — Page 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ground Water_(Cont.)
Sunnyview 230
Carlhavea 210
Corvallis W.C.T.U. 200
Total Ground
Water 61,910
GRAND TOTAL 754,540
Wells
Wells
Well
0.02
0.02
0.03
8.63
106.20
0.04
0.04
_O.Q5
15.39
190.35
Chlorination
Chlorination
None
§
H
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 19
INDUSTRIAL WATERWORKS
Type & Name of
Industry Location
(1) (2)
SURFACE WATER OREGON
Food & Kindred _ Products
Borden Co. Albany
Subtotal
Textile Mill Products
Portland Woolen Mils Portland
Clackamas Flax Growers Canby
Subtotal
Lumber & Wood Products
Part of
Total Treatment
Max. Daily Used As
Water Cooling
Source of Requirement Water Capacity
Supply m.g.d. in.g.d. Type in.g.d.
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Willamette River .820 .820 Undetermined Undetermined
.820 .820
Willamette River 1.150 None None None
Molalla River .120 None None None
1.270 0.00
Roseboro Lumber Co.
Springfield
Middle Fork Div., 2.880
Willamette River
2.88
None
None
§
-------
(1)
SURFACE WATER (CQNT.)
Lumber & Wood Products
Springfield Plywood Co.
Forest Fibre Products
Subtotal
Paper & Allied Products
Crown Willamette Co.
Weyerhaueser Pulp &
Paper Mill
Oregon Pulp & Paper Co.
Publishers Paper Co.
Spaulding Pulp & Paper
Crown Willamette Co.
Subtotal
APPENDIX 9, -
(2)
(Cont. ) .-.
Springfield
Gaston
West Linn
Springfield
. . Salem.
Oregon City
Co. Newberg
Lebanon
- TABLE 19 — INDUSTRIAL WATERWORKS — Page 2
(3)
Middle Fork Div. ,
Willamette River
Tualatin River
Willamette River
McKenzie River
North Santiam
River Diversion
Willamette River
Willamette River
Canal
(4)
2.880
.500
6.260
40.800
28.800
28.000
20.000
4.320
_2^5J30
125.420
(5)
- •-
2.88
Undeter.
5.76
2.00
28.800
2.800
10.000
.720
--^30
44.750
(6)
None
(7)
None
Undetermined Undetermined
Filtration —
Chlorination
Chemical Sed-
imentation
Sand Filtra-
tion — Chlor-
ination
None
Sand Filtra-
tion
Settling Basin
12.0
10.6
14.0
____
4.5. '.-•-
1.5
•x)
K
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 19 — INDUSTRIAL WATERWORKS — Page 3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(7)
SURFACE WATER (CONT.)
Chemic als _&_^Allied. Produc ts
Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Co. Portland
Consolidated Chemicals Salem
Subtotal
Products of Petroleum &._Coal
Portland Gas & Coke Co. Portland
Subtotal
Stone Clay and Glass Products
Walling Sand & Gravel Saleia
Subtotal
Electrical Machinery.
SaiiilSiSS b__& Slipgli.es
Mountain States Power Co. Springfield
Subtotal
TOTAL SURFACE WATER
Willamette River
Willamette River
Willamette River
17.300
4.320
Willamette River 12.960
12.960
.39
.39
Willamette River, 5.03
North Fork Div.
17.300
4.320
21.620 21.620
12.960
12.960
0.00
5.03
^^^tf^V«M^^»
None
None
None
None
None
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 19 ,— INDUSTRIAL .WATERWORKS ~ Page
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(7)
GROUND WATER
Food& Kindred Products
Libby McNeill & Libby Co.
California Packing Co.
Gresham Berry Growers
Damascus Milk Co.
General Foods Inc.
West Poods Inc.
Alderman Farms
United Growers
Stayton Canning Corp.
Reid Murdock Co.
Dairy Coop. Ass'n.
Producers Packing Co.
Valley Packing Co.
Nebergall Meat Co.
Mt. Angel Coop. Creamery
Western Ore. Packing Co.
M & S Cannery
Deluxe Ice Cream Co.
Curley's Dairy
Crater Products
Pictsweet Foods Inc.
Mayberry Chapman Co,
Salem Nut Growers
Aufranc Cannery
Albany Foods, Inc.
Portland
Salem
Gresham
Portland
Woodburn
Salem
Dayton
Salem
Stayton
Salem
Salem
Salem
Salem
Albany
Mt. Angel
Corvallis
Milwaukie
Salem
Salem
Eugene
Albany
Eugene
Salem
Salem
Albany
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
Wells
2.-020
.870
.770
.600
2.250
1.670
1;50
.690
.720
.480
.250
.120
____
- — _
— .__
— __
.____
____
.060
.240
,430
.250
— .__
Undetermined
.190
.ISO
.180
.160
.080
.080
.100
.100
.030
.040"
.030
.030
.020
.060
.080
.100
11
it
w
n
n
11
n
n
n
n
n
None
None
"Undetermined
Undetermined
n
n
n
n
i
-------
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 19 — INDUSTRIAI/ 'WATERWORKS — Page 5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
GROUND WATER ( C ONT . )
Food & Kindred Products
TCont. )
Irish McBroom Meat .Co..
Steen Bros. Slaughterh'se
City Ice Works"
Alpenrose Dairy
Pulton Park Dairy
R. C . Cannon Slaughterh ' se
Yoder Bros. Slaughterh'se
Wade Meat Co.
Anderson & 'Son Slaughter
Kings Market
Amity Meat Market
Laurel Farms
McKenzie Meat Co.
Dukes Custom Killing
Plant
Junction City Creamery
Monroe St. Cash Market
Tualatin Packing Co.
Eugene Wells
Salem Wells
Salem Wells
Vermont Hills Wells
Vermont Hills Wells
Salem Wells
Hubbard Wells
Independence Wells
Harri sburg We11s
McMinnville Wells
Amity Wells
Portland Wells
Springfield Wells
Eugene Wells
Junction City Wells
Corvallis Wells
Hillsboro Wells
.016
.016
.015
.013
.015
.012
.010
.010
.004
.003
.003
.003
.002
.002
.002
.002
.001
——- Undetermined ——
it
n
it
it
11
n
it
n
n
n
n
H
ft
n
n
it
Subtotal
13.289
1.270
-------
APPENDIX 9 -- TABLE 19 — INDUSTRIAL WATERWORKS ~ Page 6
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
GROUND WATER (CONT.)
Textile Mill Products
Molalla Flax Growers Canby Well
Subtotal
Paper & Allied Products
Pacific Roofing Co. Portland Well
Subtotal
Chemicals &_Allied Products
Union Carbide & Carbon Co. Portland Well
Subtotal
Miscellaneous
Oregon Shipyards Portland Wells
Subtotal
TOTAL GROUND WATER
GRAND TOTAL — ALL WATER
.180
.180 0.00
.180
0.00
2.270
0
None
__ .720 --.-— Undetermined
.720 0.00
...1.159 1,00 Undetermined
1.150 1.00
o
i
Chlorinated
-------
- 71 -
APPEHDIX 9 — TABLE 20
IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY^/
Projects
Annual
Estimated Water
Irrigable Requirement
Acreage Acre-Feet
Source of
Water Supply
Proects
Cottage Grove
Pleasant Hill
Eugene
Springfield
Coburg
East Long Tom
West Long Tom
Albany
Scio
Stayton
Salem
Willamette Flood Plain
Brownsville
Calapooya
Independence
Yamhill
Molalla
Canby
Clackamas
Tualatin
Marys River
Total
' ?/
ExistinsProiects*'
Total
6,600
1,300
10,700
8,800
35,000
10,500
6,300
25,000
19,500
H,000
113,000
75,000
-4,300
15,400
10,400
65,800
40,900
3,270
2,700
68,600
4.4QO
65,000
130,060
13,200
2,600
21,400
17,600
70,000
21,000
12,600
50,000
39,000
28,000
226,000
150,000
8,600
30,800
20,800
131,600
81,800
6,540
5,400
137,200
8^800
541,470 1,082,940
130,000
120,000
260,000
I/ Data supplied by Bureau of Reclamation.
2/ Included in Proposed Projects Totals.
Coast Fk. Willamette
Middle Fk. «
Willamette
McKenzie
McKenzie
Long Tom
Long Tom
South Santiam
South Santiam
North Santiam
North Santiam
Willamette
Calapooya
Calapooya
Luckiamute
Yamhill
Molalla
Molalla
Clackamas
Tualatin
Marys River
Surface waters
Ground waters
-------
- 72 -
APPENDIX 9 — TABLE 21
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PROJECTS-
1948
Name ' " Owner
Leaburg
City of Eugene
Walterville City of Eugene
Station
—__
_ _—
Station
Station
Station
Source:
• -
"B" Portland General
Electric Co.
Crown- Willamette •
Paper Co.
Publishers Pulp
& Paper Co.
«P" Portland General •
Electric Co.
11 G" Portland General
Electric Co.
"M" Portland General
Electric Co.
Name pi ate
Location Rating (KW)
McKenzie River 6,000
McKenzie River 2,630
Willamette Falls 4,890
Willamette Falls • 3,600
Willamette Falls 1,740
Clackamas River 51,000
Clackamas River 15,250
Clackamas River ••' 14,050
L___
TOTAL 99,160
Corps of Engineers Columbia River and Tributaries Review
Report.
I/ Includes only projects over 1,000 kilowatts capacity.
-------
- 73 - APPENDIX
(COPY) (COPY)
MEMBERS OF THE AUTHORITY CURTISS M. EVERTS, JR.
HAROLD. WENDEL, Chairman, Portland Chief Sanitary Engineer
BLAliJE HALLOCK, Baker Secretary
DRifHAROLD M. ERICKSON, Portland
•CHAS-; E. STRICKLIN, Salem
•JOHN C. VEATCH, Portland (SEAL)
S.'A. MC PHILLIPS, McMinnville
OREGON STATE SANITARY AUTHORITY
1022 S. W. llth Avenue
Telephone ATwater 9233
PORTLAND 5, OREGON
December 8, 1950
R. R. Harris, Officer in Charge PHS REs WPC-5-34
Division of Water Pollution Control Willamette River
Swan Island Building 24
.Portland 18, Oregon
.Dear Mr. Harris:
We.,were pleased to have the opportunity to review in detail the
report prepared by your office on Water Pollution Control Pacific
Northwest Drainage Basins, Sub-Basin J, Willamette River Basin.
The. only changes or corrections which we thought desirable to, .
suggest were minor in nature. They were discussed recently on the
occasion of our conference with Mr. David Howells and, therefore,
need not be enumerated in this letter.
1
This report is undoubtedly the most comprehensive one that has .
ever been prepared on the subject of pollution control in the Willam-
ette River basiru • In our opinion it has been very well written.
We are confident that the data and information contained in it will
be of considerable value to-the program in the future.
Very truly yours,
/s/.Curtiss M. Everts Jr.
CURT.ISS M. EVERTS', JR.
KHS*GL Secretary and Chief Engineer
(COPY)
-------
- 74- - APPENDIX
(COPY) (COPY)
.Address Only The Regional Director ''Region 1
Fish and Wildlife Service .,., :.
-And Refer To UNITED STATES Washington
1-RB DEPARTMENT OF..THE INTERIOR ;• Oregon
FISH AND WIIJJLIFE SERVICE California
,._ 4 Nevada
OFFICE OF REGIONAL DIRECTOR ' Idaho
Swan Island ' Montana
PORTLAND, OREGON RB-Coop.
(18) P.H.S.
May 19, 1950
Officer in Charge, Public Health Service
Division of Water Pollution Control
Swan Island Building 24
Portland 18, Oregon
i—
Dear Sirs
The copy of your report entitled Water Pollution Control
for the Willamette Basin, submitted to us for comment with Mr.
McGrath's covering letter of ^pril 27, has been reviewed by my staff
and is herewith, returned. We have been most favorably impressed by
the report and wish to commend those responsible for its preparation.
Aside from a number of suggested minor editorial changes,
which are noted throughout the report,, our wildlife specialists be-
lieve that a few more comments on this important resource should be
added to the report- in • disc'USB ing the economy of the region. It is
realized that the fishery problems are of much greater concern in
pollution control, but when such industries :as farming and agriculture
are discussed, it appears that the wildlife values should also be
brought into the picture.
Wildlife resources are. particularly Valuable.in this,.basin,
which supports two-thirds of Oregon's population.. The principal
mammals involved are deer, beavers, minks, muskrats, and martens.
Game birds include ring-necked pheasants, band-tailed pigeons, and
various species of quail, grouse, ducks, and geese.
More detailed information on wildlife of the Willamette
Basin, along with data on license sales may be found in the Fish and
Wildlife Service report on the Willamette Valley Project of the Corps
of Engineers. A copy of this report will be furnished your office if
so desired.
(COPY) (COPY)
-------
- 75 - APPENDIX
(COPY) (COPY)
The opportunity to review and comment on your report
is greatly appreciated.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Leo L. Laythe
Leo L. Laythe
Eogional Director
Enclosure
(COPY)
(COPY)
-------
_ 76 - APPENDIX
(copy) (COPY)
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
Regional Office, Region 1
Box 937
Boise, Idaho
Officer in Charge
Public Health Service
Division of Water Pollution Control
Swan Island Building 24
Portland 18, Oregon
Dear Sir:
Enclosed are my comments on the three following Public Health
Service subbasin reports:
(1) Subbasin E, Yakima River Basin.
(2) Spokane River Basin - Subbasin D.
(3) Willamette River Basin - Subbasin J.
My comments on your Basin Report have been made the subject of a
separate letter which was dispatched to your office on October 17, 1950.
I understand that additional reports are to be made for each of
the subbasins covered in your Basin Report. I shall appreciate the oppor-
tunity of reviewing each of them as they become available.
I take this opportunity to thank you for your prompt response to
my request that a member of your staff meet with us here in Boise to dis-
cuss the subbasin reports we have at hand. As a result of the meeting with
Mr. McGrath, we have eliminated a number of comments which we would have
otherwise be&n compelled to include here.
With Mr. McGrath's permission, we have retained the preliminary
draft of the above reports in our files.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Lyle Cunningham
Assistant Regional Director
Enclosures 3
(COPY) (COPY)
-------
- 77 - APPENDIX
(COPY) : (COPY)
Enclosure No. 3. •
Comments on Willamette River Basin - Subbasin J".
The report does not evaluate the effects the present Army
construction (flood control) program may have in the Willamette
Basin relative to the problem of pollution. The construction program
is one of considerable size, affecting the stream flows in many parts
of the basin. Releases for power, irrigation, downstream users and
evacuation of storage space for flood control purposes may have con-
siderable influence on the pollution problems of the basin.
The above comment is submitted solely for the purpose of
focusing your attention on this point in the very unlikely event it
was overlooked in making the study.
/s/ J. Lyle Cunningham
Assistant Regional Director
(COPY)
-------
- 78 - APPENDIX
(COPY) DEPARTMENT OP THE ARMY (COPY)
Address Reply to CORPS OF ENGINEERS
The Division Engineer OFFICE OF THE DIVISION ENGINEER
Not to Individuals NORTH PACIFIC DIVISION
NPD VG 500 Pittock Block
Refer to File PORTLAND 5, OREGON
N°' NPD 800.224(Willamette Riv.)
Portland Diet. - 1.2C June 15, 1950
Officer in Charge, PHS
Div. of Water Pollution Control
Swan Island Building 24-
Portland 18, Oregon
Dear Sirs
Reference is made to your letter dated April 27, 1950, pertaining
to your report on Water Pollution Control for the Willamette Basin and
my partial reply dated May 5, 1950.
There is inclosed a letter advising you that no exception is
taken to the report findings which may be included in the report as
requested.
A number of minor comments have been noted in the returned copy
of the report. Other additional- minor comments are tabulated on In-
closure 2 herewith. The referenced comments are believed worthy and
it is suggested they be given appropriate consideration.
Release of stored water from reservoirs presently constructed,
under construction, and authorized for construction in connection with
the comprehensive plan for the development of the water resources of
Willamette River by the Corps of Engineers would increase the low-water
flow at Salem to approximately 260 percent of the present minimum
discharge. While dilution from increased flows is recognized as being
only a supplement to the treatment of sewage and industrial waste,
increased flows of the magnitude possible under the authorized plan of
development will undoubtedly permit substantial savings in the cost of
construction and operation of sewage and waste treatment plants as far
downstream as Oregon City. The beneficial effect of the use of stored
water from the dams now completed has already become noticeable and
with two additional storage dams under construction and the remainder
authorized, the advantages of the dilution from higher low-water flows
should become increasingly evident.
Very truly yours,
3 Incls.
Incl. 1, Report /s/ 0. E. Walsh
Incl. 2, Comments 0. E. WALSH
Incl. 3, Cy Itr, NPD Colonel, Corps of Engineers
15 June 50 Division Engineer
(COPY) (COPY)
-------
- 79 - APPENDIX
(COPY) (COPY)
Address Reply To • DEPARTMENT OF THE AEMY
The Division Engineer CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Not to Individuals OFFICE OF THE DIVISION ENGINEER
NORTH PACIFIC DIVISION
500 Pittock Block
NPDVG PORTLAND 5, OREGON
Refer to File
No.
NPD 800.224(Willamette Riv.)
Portland Dist. - 1.3C June 15, 1950
Officer in Charge, PHS
Div. of Water Pollution Control
Swan Island Building 24
Portland 18, Oregon
Dear Sir;
Review of your report on Water Pollution Control for the
Willamette Basin submitted by. your letter dated April 27, 1950,
has been-completed by Colonel'D. S. Burns, Portland District
Engineer and by this office.
No exception is taken to the report findings.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ 0. E. Walsh
0. E. WALSH
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Division Engineer
(COPY)
(COPY)
-------
- 80 - APPENDIX
.(COPY) (COPY)
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Soil Conservation Service
Pacific Region
Portland, Oregon
August 8, 1951
Mr. Robert R. Harris
Senior Sanitary Engineer
Officer in Charge
Public Health Service
Division of Water Pollution Control
Swan Island, Building 24
Portland 18, Oregon
Subject: Report on Water Pollution Control,
Pacific Northwest Drainage Basiris-
Subbasin 9, Willamette River Basin
Dear Mr. Harris:
This office has reviewed the report transmitted with your letter
of July 19, 1951. It is a well-prepared report on a problem of
much concern and only a minor revision is suggested. ...::.
On page 57, paragraph 2, it is stated that "these (Willamette)
lands are resistant to erosion". Some of the soils in' this
watershed are quite erodible and it is rather a combination of
normally low intensity rainfall and quick recovery by vegetation
which makes for less erosion or its evidence.
Although Plate No. 2 "Soil Erosion on Cultivated Lands in the
Willamette Basin" is dated February 1949 and is discussed in the
text on page 57, it is not clear that the erosion mapped occurred
only during the February 1949 storms. It is suggested that a
more specific reference between the erosion shown and the date of
its occurrence be made.
Yours very truly,
/s/ R. C. Fury
R. C. Fury
Acting Regional Director
(COPY) (COPY)
------- |