PROCEEDINGS
VOLUMES
  THIRD SESSION
  September 8-9,1965
                        OREGON
Conference

In the matter off Pollution of the
Interstate Waters off the
Lower Columbia River and the
Tributaries-Bonneville Dam
to Cathlamet, Washington

U. S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

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                      GENERAL INDEX
Opening remarks by Chairman Stein,
Report of Mr. T. C. Ferris ......................   11
      Complete report ...........................   38

Statement of Mr . David Rockwood .................  133

Statement of Dr. L. Edward Perry ................  137

Remarks by  Mr. Robert Straub ....................  146

Statement of Mr. E. J. Weathersbee ..............  155

Statement of Mr. Hayse Black. ... ................. 174

Statements of Mr. Charles  F.  McDevitt ............  177
                                                  210

Statement of Mr. John D.  Cassidy ................  l8l

Statement of Mr. Frank C. McColloch ......... .....  136

Statement  of Dr. Herman R. Amberg ...............  201

Statement  of Mr. James B. Haas ............ . ......  204

Statement  of Fir.  John G.  Wilson ....... . .........  213

Statement  of Mr.  William Westerholm .............  219

Statement  of Mr.  William Puustinen ..............  229

Statement  of Mr.  George R. K. Moorhead ..........
 Statement of Lower Columbia River Sportsmen's
       Council (Messrs. Chan Schenck and
       Howard E. Nelson) ........................  249

 Statement of Mr. Roy M. Harris ..................  256

 Statement of Mr . Rex Morris .....................  269

 Statement of Mr. W. W. Clarke ................... •  285

 Statement of Mr. J. R. Callahan .................  292

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                                             Index






                 GENERAL INDEX (Cont'd)



Statement of Mr. Donald J. Benson	  295




Statement of Mr. S. H. LeMier	  304




U. S. Weather Bureau Report (Anthony J. Polos)..  307




Statement of Dr. David B. Charlton	  310




Conferees1 conclusions and recommendations	  31^



Reporter's Certificate	  .319

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                                              Index
            INDEX to DHEW complete report on
            pollution of interstate waters of
            the lower Columbia River —
            Bonneyilie Dam to Cathlamet,  Wash.
                    TABLE OF CONTENTS           Transcript
                                                  Page No.
FIGURE I - LOCATION MAP 	      T3

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 	       44

RECOMMENDATIONS 	       53

INTRODUCTION  	       55

AREA  	       59

BACKGROUND  	       61

      REVIEW  OF PAST STUDIES  	       63

      WILLAMETTE RIVER  	       69

WATER USES	       70

      WATER SUPPLY 	       70

      RECREATION	       71
       FISHERY RESOURCES
73
       HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION  	      75

       IRRIGATION 	      75

       NAVIGATION 	      li

 PRESENT WASTE SOURCES 	•      77

       MUNICIPAL 	      77

       INDUSTRIAL	      77

            GRAIN WASHING 	      77

            FOOD PROCESSING 	,	      78

            MALTING AND BREWING 	       78

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                                                Index


                 TABLE OP CONTENTS  (Cont'd)
                                               Transcript
                                                Page No.

           PULP AND PAPER 	      79

      FIGURE II - MAP SHOWING WASTE SOURCES...      85

PROGRESS IN POLLUTION ABATEMENT- SINCE 1958-
      59 CONFERENCE 	      89

      STATE ACTION 	      89

      MUNICIPAL 	      91

      INDUSTRIAL	      92

      COMPARISON OF 1959 and 1964 WASTE LOADINGS   9^

EFFECTS OF WASTES ON WATER QUALITY AND USES ....   96

      RIVER SURVEY 1964	   96

      BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 1964  	   9^

           NATURE OF- SLIME DEPOSITS  	   97

           DISTRIBUTION  OF SUSPENDED SLIMES 	   100

      FISHERMEN1S REPORTS  	   103

      PICTURE  OF FISHERMAN'S NET  	   106

      FIGURE III - MAP OF  COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN'S
           DRIFTS  	   108

REDUCTION  OF FIBER AND BOD LOADINGS 	  109

                       *  *  *  -x-  *

APPENDIX A.   1964  SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND
       PROCEDURES  	   113

APPENDIX B.   1964  SAMPLE ANALYSIS 	   115

APPENDIX  C.   EXPLANATION OF RIVER EVALUATION
       PROCEDURES 	   120

APPENDIX  D.   COLUMBIA RIVER DISCHARGE AT
      BONNEVILLE,  19&3-6il

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                                             Index
                 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)      Transcript
                                                  Page No.
APPENDIX E.  RIVER TEMPERATURE AT BONNEVILLE,
      1963-64	    129

APPENDIX F.  COLUMBIA RIVER COMMERCIAL PISHING
      SEASONS, 1963-64	    130
BIBLIOGRAPHY  	    131

                       *****

                         TABLES

TABLE I    UNTREATED & RECOMMENDED WASTE  LOADINGS   49

TABLE II   MUNICIPAL WASTES  	,	   86

TABLE III  INDUSTRIAL WASTES	   87

TABLE IV   REPORTED PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION,
              LOWER COLUMBIA  RIVER'AND MULTNOMAH
              CHANNEL	   88

                       *****

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                                               Index
                    INDEX OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A                  Roster of attendees  consisting
                              of seven pages.

APPENDIX B                  Photostatic copies of
                            Illustrations Nos. 1 thru 11
APPENDIX C                  "Columbia River Study -- A
                              Progress Report, 1958-1963,"
                              Crown Zellerbach Corp.
                              publication, consisting of
                              47 pages.
                     *****

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                                                         256



               (Thursday, September 9, 1965, the



                    Conference reconvened at 9:40



                    o'clock, A.M., at which time the



                    following further proceedings were



                    had:)








     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  May we reconvene?  At this time,



we will start with the state of Washington's presentation,



and I would like to call on Mr. Roy Harris of Washington.



     Mr. Harris.



     MR. HARRIS:  Mr. Chairman, I think the mike seems to



be a little better.



     Chairman Stein, Mr. Poston, Mr. Spies, ladies and



gentlemen:



     I seem to sort of get in these situations where the



second day I lose an audience, but that's all right.  We



still have the conferees.



     The last time I testified before the Muskie Committee,



I remember Mr. Stein was there on the second day.  The first



day I walked in, I was supposed to follow Governor Rockefeller.



My goodness, there were TV cameras, reporters, and the



place was crowded.  The next day when Murray and I were



there, we were just there as people to testify.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Roy, if we can go off the record for



a moment.

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                                                         257
               (Discussion off the record.)
     MR. HARRIS:  As a preface to our presentation of the
Washington State Pollution Control Commission, I wish to
specifically invite attention to the fact that this third
session of the Lower Columbia River Conference has been
convened by the Secretary of Health, Education, and*Welfare
under provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, and that the state of Washington did not request that
this session be convened.  We are participating in this
session as we have in the past two conferences, and we are
hopeful that some new and fruitful actions may be developed
as a result of the presentations today.  We wish to make
it clear at this point, however, that regardless of this
conference the stream improvement facilities mentioned
later will basically evolve from Commission-Industry
programs already initiated or under discussion.
     The Report on Pollution of Interstate Waters of the
Lower Columbia River, dated August 1965, and released by
the U. S. Public Health Service, supplies the background
information for the presentation made here yesterday by the
Public Health Service conferee.  This report, and the
presentation, focused attention on the pulp mills as the
source of waste materials which are producing objectionable
conditions in the Lower Columbia River.  It is concluded,
therefore, that the U. S. Public Health Service considers

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                                                         258



that the corrections as outlined in the 1958 Action Program



for other industries and municipalities in Washington have



been accomplished to their satisfaction.  While it is true



that the Washington communities have corrected the major



municipal waste deficiencies listed by the 1959 session of



this conference, there will always remain the necessity of



constantly upgrading both treatment and operation.



     When the basic law creating the Pollution Control



Commission was passed by the Washington State Legislature



in  1945, it was not envisioned that its mere passage would



automatically end all the water pollution problems of the



state.   It was, however, a statement of policy and a specific



charge  to the state government to work more intensively



toward  alleviating the ill effects of one by-product of an



ever-expanding civilization.



     In dealing with the matters under discussion today,



we  wish to invite attention to the fact that in the pre-



amble of our 1945 act, and I quote:  "It is declared to be



public  policy of the State of Washington...to...require the



use of  all known available and reasonable methods by indus-



tries and others to prevent and control the pollution of



the waters of the state of Washington..."



     Policies of the Pollution Control Commission during



the years since passage of that law have reflected this




basic obligation.  It has not been easy in the past, and

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                                                         259
it is not expected to be easy in the future, to keep atten-
tion in focus with the specific language of that stated
legislative policy because there are those who would change
the words "known available and reasonable" to the word
"economical."
     While it is incumbent upon a regulatory agency to give
consideration to those methods which would be both econom-
ical and effective in controlling pollution, there inevi-
tably comes a time when effectiveness must be used as the
basic criteria.
     Washington State's pollution control law has much in
common with the suggested State Water Pollution Control Act
developed and distributed by the United States Public
Health Service.  Specific language differences between the
two do not erase the similarity.
     The first Federal Water Pollution Control Act was
passed in Congress three years after the Washington State
law was enacted.  In subsequent years we have made a
considerable amount of progress, and it is heartening to
note that when the Public Health Service recommends a model
law to the states that it bears considerable similarity to
our own.
     The 1958 conference on the same subject we are
addressing today documented numerous prior studies, and
stressed the need for more definitive answers on actual

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                                                         260



river conditions, and the effects of nutrient materials



on slime growth.  This need was translated into an active,



but frequently disappointing search for better scientific



answers to this complex problem.



     In cooperation with the Oregon State Sanitary Authority



and the pulp mills along the river, comprehensive field



investigations were started in mid 1959.  These studies



spanned 109 miles of river from Bonneville Dam to Skamokawa.



The purpose and objective was to obtain broad based data



from which the water quality characteristics of the river



could be discerned and their interacting relationships



defined.



     In contrast to other studies which were limited in



purpose and scope, this joint study established 45 sampling



stations in 11 river cross sections, and included the



measurements of 27 parameters which resulted in the analy-



sis of 20,500 items of data for one year's effort.  I bring



this in to indicate that subsequent to the 1958 session,



which had certain directives regarding investigations, that



we as a pollution control agency, together with our



cooperating neighbors from Oregon and the mills, have not



been inactive insofar as trying to ascertain the true con-



ditions, causes and effects of this very baffling problem.



This investigation was maintained at the same  level until



September of 1961, at which time the sample collection was

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                                                         261



halted in order to evaluate the data which had been collec-



ted.  During this time a contract was let with the Univer-



sity of Washington for the computer analysis of the 1960



data.



     In addition to a complete analysis of these data, a



subsequent report made technical recommendations for the



conduct of a. continued study.  Sampling station adjustments



were made to more closely coincide with the slime measure-



ment locations, and the 1962 and 1963 surveys were con-



ducted to the limit of available funds.  These surveys



coincided with the periods of major interest to the fishery



and data summaries of the results were periodically



reviewed by the survey cooperators.



     On evaluation of the 1962 and 1963 data, it became



apparent that the slime growths were still relatively high,



even with corrective measures which had been incorporated



by the pulp mills.  It was also noted that slime growth



occurred when nutrient levels were below the amounts which



prior research had indicated as being limiting.  The



cooperators then determined that a closer look into the



nutrient regime should be undertaken.



     It became apparent that the required precision for the



nutrient analyses would be difficult to obtain through the



coordination of five different laboratories for these




exacting tests, and it was decided to contract the nutrient

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                                                         262



analyses to the U. S. Geological Survey laboratory.  The



organic analyses were assigned to the Pollution Control



Commission laboratory, and the sample collection and slime



box observations to the individual pulp mills.



     Concurrently with these monitoring programs, a series



of special studies were conducted by the Technical



Coordinating Committee formed as part of the Action Program



developed in connection with the 1959 conference.



     Yearly surveys during the fall have been conducted to



monitor the bacteriological quality of the river in the



Portland-Vancouver area.  Other studies by this group have



been made to evaluate the effectiveness of the intermittent



discharge prior to the acceptance of a proposal for a



similar operation by a second mill.



     Currently in progress by the Technical Coordinating



Committee are-studies designed to document objectively the



locations and  severity of the slime problem as it relates



to fishermen's nets; to  test the thesis of suspended slime



growth as a dominant mechanism in contrast to the concept



of slime sloughing from  areas of attached growth; and to



evaluate the implication of pulped fibers as a factor in



the growth of  slimes and problem severity.



     There seems  to be little disagreement that  the carbo-



hydrates discharged in pulp mill effluents are a prime




source of nutrient material which  sustain  Sphaerotilus

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                                                          263




 growth.  Also, there  seems to be  little,  if any, disagree-



 ment  that  fibrillous  materials in the water contribute



 nuclei for development of slime-like clumps.  The reduction



 to a  satisfactory  level of both nutrients and fibers has



 been  the subject of repeated study, research and discussion



 between our commission staff and  the mills.



      Had it not been  for the fact that the Commission and



 the U. S.  Public Health Service could not reach an agree-



 ment  on conclusions and recommendations in a proposed joint



 report due for release early this year, our Washington



 program for nutrient  removal might be in  a more advanced



 stage.  It was our conclusion then, as now, that fiber



 removal without nutrient removal  would not solve the slime



 problem.  As a result of this lack of agreement, the Public



 Health Service issued its own report in April of this year



 and recommended removal of volatile suspended solids as a



 first step, but made  no definite  recommendations for the



 nutrient reductions to be accomplished in sulphite liquor



 discharges, nor did it emphasize  the importance of this



 requirement.




      We are most pleased to note  that the recommendations



 developed  in the August report, although  developed from the



 same  basic data as the April report, are  directed to the



 necessity  for reductions in BOD loadings  caused by sulphite




liquor discharges,  in  addition to  the recommendation  for

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                                                         264
removal of volatile suspended matter.
     The prior emphasis placed upon removal of suspended
solids by the Public Health Service report placed the
Commission in a somewhat awkward position in our negotia-
tions with the mills.  As mentioned by Mr. McDevitt, the
Commission has recently received from the Boise Cascade
mill at Vancouver an assurance that planning is in progress
to install facilities for elimination of 70 to 75 per cent
of the nutrient materials from the effluent.  This signifi-
cant step might have been taken at an earlier date had it
not been for effective recommendations.  We think, however,
that this is a significant step forward for industry and
for the pollution control program in Washington.  Not only
will this industry remove its settleable solids, but it
will also remove most of the dissolved solids from the
stronger wastes,  thereby relieving the river of the source
of damaging nutrients.
     A realistic  date for completion of construction at
Vancouver is presently under discussion.  Also, it is the
expectation of -the Commission that the remaining sulphite
mill on the Columbia River, not employing a recovery
process, will proceed with construction of facilities to
effect a similar  reduction in nutrient materials.  We have
recently received a commitment from that mill which is now
under study.  Also, in meetings with the mill managers last

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                                                         265




June, it was agreed that they would all proceed with plans



for removal of volatile suspended matter, and at that time



we indicated that our acceptance of these proposals would



not compromise our position regarding the importance of




nutrient removal.



     We regret that this August report by the Public Health



Service does not include recognition of the commitments made



by the mills to install primary treatment, as this informa-



tion was given to the Public Health Service in June,  This



apparently was an oversight.



     We may not agree completely with the Public Health



Service on desirable percentages nor on realistic completion



dates, but we are most gratified that there is a reasonable



agreement on the basic technical considerations involved in



this problem.  The fact remains, however, that we need to



broaden our scientific horizons in this area.



     Our state law requires that the Commission define the



qualities and properties of water which are deleterious.



This concept is also in the "Model Law," and we certainly



agree that such information is necessary for long-range



planning in water quality management.  For example, basic



research and investigation is needed of naturally occurring



nutrient levels above Camas, together with a more adequate



description of the deleterious changes in these levels in




the Camas-Vancouver area and the Longview area of the

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                                                         266



Columbia River.  We were, and are, hopeful that the U. S.



Public Health Service, with its vast scientific and research



resources, can materially contribute to this area of knowl-



edge so that we can better understand both cause and effect.



We believe that this type of scientific contribution will



serve a more useful purpose in the long-range solution of



this complex problem than actions taken under enforcement



provisions of the  Federal law.



     We are not in any fashion attempting to divert atten-



tion from the problems on the Washington side of the



Columbia  River, but we do believe that regardless of positive



or negative conclusions, the effects of the Willamette



River on  the Columbia should have been more completely



studied and documented in the Public Health Service Report.



This conference is concerned with the Lower Columbia River



and its tributaries.  In this respect, I am in no way



taking issue with  Oregon's comments on this river.  I merely



want to call attention to the fact that the conference does



involve the Columbia River and  its tributaries.



     We are in accord with the  recommended time schedule



for the removal of volatile  suspended matter, but question



somewhat  the date  of December 31,  1967 for completion of



facilities  to effect a 70 per cent reduction  in BOD loadings



derived from sulphite waste  liquor discharges.   We do have




some question on the meaning and interpretation or

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                                                         267

recommendation 3-a on page 11 of the report insofar as the

ability of the various pulp mills might be to carry this

recommendation into effect.

     As conferee for the state of Washington I have invited

each of the four Washington pulp and paper mills to make

a presentation which will bring up-to-date their respective

pollution abatement efforts subsequent to the 1959 session.

At that time some of them may wish to comment on these

recommendations.  They will be heard later in this third

session except for the Boise Cascade statement which was

presented yesterday by Mr. McDevitt.   However, if Boise

Cascade has additional comments to make today, they are

again invited to present them.

     In concluding my remarks, I can say that we recognize

quite completely that the installation of facilities for
                                                            i
the adequate treatment of these industrial wastes under dis-

cussion will be costly to the industries.  This is unfor-

tunate, but the cost to others of waste discharges has also

been great.  Many of the costs involved can be measured quite

precisely, but others are difficult to qualify, such as the

impact of the state's morale and the economy of a stream

which is damaged as a source of economic livelihood for

another segment of the population.


     It is obvious to us, however, that in view of the


commitments we have already received, we can now see before

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                                                         268



us the end point of a complex, long-standing pollution



problem in the Columbia River.




     It is also my conviction that the necessary corrective



action in our state will be taken regardless of this session



of the conference.  However, the session today has afforded



the opportunity for many old friends and acquaintances to



get together again and talk about stream pollution.



     Thank you, Mr. Chairman.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Harris.  Are there any



comments or questions?



     MR. POSTON:  I compliment Mr. Harris on a very fine



presentation.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you want to proceed to call people,




Mr. Harris?



     MR. HARRIS:  Yes.  Prior to calling representatives



of the  industry,  I might mention that the State Department



of Health and the State Department of Game and the State



Department of Fisheries were invited to present comments.



The State Department  of Fisheries representative was here



yesterday.   I do  not  see him in the audience this morning.



Is Mr.  LeMier here?   If he comes in later, Mr. Chairman,




I should like to  call on him.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That will be perfectly all right.



     MR. HARRIS:  As  lead-off for the pulp and paper




industry, I  guess we  will  take the upriver mill ahd work

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                                                         269




down; and, therefore, we will call on Mr. Rex Morris of



the Crown Zellerbach mill at Camas.



     Mr. Morris.



     MR. MORRIS:  Mr. Chairman, conferees, -ladies and



gentlemen:  My name is Rex Morris.  I live in Camas,



Washington, where I am resident manager of the Crown



Zellerbach Corporation pulp and paper mill.



     The pulp and paper mill at Camas has been in operation



for about 80 years.  From a rather modest beginning, the



operation has grown to where its products are shipped all



over the United States and into world markets.  We presently



employ approximately 2800 employees who receive an annual



payroll of $20 million.  Purchases of raw material, equip-



ment, and supplies for our operation last year totaled about



$37.5 million of which $11.6 million represented expendi-



tures for wood and sawmill residues.  The Camas mill pays



over $900,000 annually in state and local taxes for the



support of schools, roads and so forth.  In addition, the



mill's Federal taxes during 1964 were approximately $1.8



million.



     Mr. Harris, director of the Washington State Pollution



Control Commission, invited me to attend this conference



to report on the progress of the water quality control pro-



gram at our mill since the adjournment of the 1959 Columbia



River Conference.  I would like to briefly summarize the

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                                                         270



progress we have made since 1959 and present plans for



additional improvements.



     Based upon an extensive research and development



program we constructed an installation for collecting and



impounding our spent sulfite liquor to help control the



growth of Sphaerotilus.  This project was outlined at the



1959 conference and undertaken with the agreement of the



Washington State Pollution Control Commission.  This instal-



lation, which was completed in 1960 at a cost of $750,000,



permits collection of the cooking liquor and wash waters



from the sulfite pulping process and impoundment of these



for six days followed by discharge on the seventh day.  An



alternate method of operation used successfully in the



spring of 1965 involves the collection and impoundment



of the concentrated spent sulfite liquor for extended



periods during critical river conditions.



     Since the completion of the installation, comprehen-



sive studies have been conducted to measure the effective-



ness of this program.  The results of these studies were



submitted in a progress report to the Washington State



Pollution Control Commission in November 1963.  I have here



a copy of that progress report.  I believe the conferees



and chairman have that copy.  I would like it entered into



the record if I might.




     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.  Without objection, that will  be

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                                                         271

so done.  How big is the report?

     MR. MORRIS:  (Indicating)

     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  How many pages?  I want to see if we

could use some of that taxpayers'  money you spent to print

it in the record.

     MR. MORRIS:  47 pages.

     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  All right.  That will be included

in the record without objection.

                (The document referred to, entitled

                    "Columbia River Study — A Progress

                    Report, 1958-1963," consisting of 47

                    pages, is marked as Appendix C, and

                    is attached hereto and made a part

                    hereof.)

     MR. MORRIS:  The studies show that the water quality

below our outfalls has been improved and controlled.  Data

collected to date indicates that intermittent discharge or

impounding have been effective in controlling water quality.

Both systems have been successfully used during the past

five years.

     Recent research and field studies in the Lower Columbia

have shown that drifting slimes originate on suspended

organic substrates.  It appears that these attachment
                                                            i
surfaces are essential for the development of slime growths


in the lower river.  In a letter to Mr. Harris of the

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                                                         272



Washington State Pollution Control Commission dated June



24, 1965, we outlined a plan to construct a plant to



collect and treat the fiber bearing effluents from the mill



for the removal of wood fibers.  The estimated cost of this



treatment plant is about  $2.0 million and will be completed



in 1967.  We believe this step will result in further



improvements in water quality.



     We have also reported to Mr. Harris that the Camas



mill is now equipped to impound and reduce spent sulfite



liquor by 70 per cent during periods when flow is less than



220,000 cubic  feet per second at Mayger and water tempera-



ture is 10 to  15° C,  In  other words, we will be in a



position upon  completion  of our treatment plant to comply



with the intent of the recommendations presented in the



U. S. Public Health Service report of August 1965.



     We have had a positive water quality control program



underway as reflected by  our capital expenditures.  With



the proposed treatment plant our total capital investment



in equipment designed specifically to improve water quality




will be $3.4 million.



     Thank you.



     CHAIRMAN  STEIN;  Thank you.  Are there any comments




or questions?



     MR. POSTON:   I might ask a question:  You have  stated




that your studies have shown that water quality below your

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                                                         273



outfalls has been improved and controlled.



     Would you care to speak to how far downstream this



control has extended?



     MR. MORRIS:  We have checked the Columbia extensively



down to the Interstate Bridge and beyond that during times



of intermittent discharge.  I note in the April report by



the U. S. Public Health Service a comment was made on the



improvement in the river condition in that stretch.



     In the August report, however, it was mentioned that



the fishermen stopped fishing during the time we were dis-



charging our intermittent discharge.



     We have done a lot of checking in that area.  We would



not agree with that statement of net lifting — at least



our investigations have not shown that to be the case.



     MR. POSTON:  Well, I also, as one of the original



conferees, want to compliment Crown Zellerbach, and you have



made mention here of your plans in 1959 to put in treatment.



You were the only mill at that time that came up with plans,



and I want to compliment you today on having plans in the



works to comply with-our recommendations.  I compliment you



on that.




     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  As far as I understand your situation



you would be in a position to comply with the recommendation



of the Federal Report as far as the 70 per cent reduction




of sulfite liquor within the time^ schedules indicated in

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                                                         274
the report.  However, you indicate that you would prefer
not to run that all year, just during the time when there
is a certain flow in the river and temperature.  Is that a
fair interpretation of what you say?
     MR. MORRIS:  Yes, sir.  Our intent would be to pond
the 70 per cent and discharge under conditions of high
river flow and/or low temperature, at the time when
Sphaerotilus growth did not appear to be a problem.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You would have the equipment in to
be able to do that when appropriate?
     MR. MORRIS:  Yes, that's correct.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Within the time specified?
     MR. MORRIS:  In fact, most of that we have at present.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you.
     MR. MORRIS:  May I ask a question?
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.
     MR. MORRIS:  Mr. Harris mentioned in his presentation
the table in the Public Health Service Report, and also
raised the question on 11, 3(a) and (b), the recommendations
that appear in the report.  As I interpret Recommendation
3(a), "Waste loadings, as shown in the last column of
Table I... should not be exceeded."  Is that correct?  In
Table I, there is a 15 per cent reduction claim for
primary treatment.  The information I have from our
technical people — this 15 per cent reduction would be

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                                                         275




questionable, and this means, then, if we use the last



column of Table I, we would be including in a figure of 15



per cent BOD reduction with primary treatment that may not



happen.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Is there any comment on that?  I think



this is a good point.  Let's see if we can get this clari-



fied.  Can you comment on that?



     MR. POSTON:  I would prefer to call on Mr. Ralph Scott,



the industrial waste consultant.  Would you grant us time,



Roy, for him to come up?



     MR0 HARRIS:  Yes.



     MR. POSTON:  Come and discuss this.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, I think the best way to get



these things resolved, settle an issue, is to get the



experts up and have a colloquy and see what the point is.



     MR. MORRIS:  May I ask, raise one more point?  It



isn't in my prepared statement.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.



     MR. MORRIS:  The (b) section on page 11.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Pardon me.  I think the purpose of



this is to try to have a coherent record when we are through,



and if it's appropriate, we try to hit one at a time,



because I find sometimes we get confused when we try to do



too much, particularly when someone reads the written




record.

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                                                         276
     Mr. Scott.
     MR. SCOTT:  Our position in developing the use of a
15 per cent reduction, 15 per cent reduction credited to
primary treatment, was based upon considerable literature
review which indicates that other pulp and paper mills who
have employed primary treatment do obtain the added advan-
tage of a reduction in the BOD load contained in the
effluent discharge facilities.
     There is no lack of information of this type in the
literature, in Tappi publication, in Pulp And Paper, in
Purdue  Industrial Waste Conference Proceedings, and Sewage
Works Journal.  Perhaps the best source of information is
Bulletin No. 178 by the National Council which both gives
efficiencies in solid separation and BOD reductions for
55 mills in the southeast section of the country; and I
think if that information is used, we might conclude that
our 15  per cent is lower than might be expected and, there-
fore, the mills will actually enjoy an advantage in BOD
reduction that will accrue due to primary treatment.  I
would look at it the other way rather than that you are not
going to obtain 15 per cent, if we are to believe this
information in the National Council Bulletin.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you want to have one of your
technical people respond to this?
     MR. MORRIS:  I would like to respond.

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                                                         277



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I think, as I look at this, and we



check -- this is a new point for me -- but I think this is



something that we may be able to resolve.  I think you are



agreed on the 70 per cent BOD removal, and I think there is




no disagreement on that.



     There may be some disagreement whether a properly



operated reduction by primary treatment will reduce the 15



per cent.



     Now, if there is a problem on that and there is conflict



in judgment on what may be attained, can we leave that to



see if the primary treatment of the reduction is going to



be accomplished anyway, to see which one proves out?



     Now, in looking at these figures, either it does or it



doesn't, and I think what we are talking about is settling



on a 70 per cent reduction in BOD.  Once we do that, if



Mr. Scott's contention is correct, we are going to have a



15 per cent reduction.  If there is some doubt about it



and this doesn't work, then we will have 15 per cent more.



I don't know that this is going to necessarily, as I look



at it for the conferees and for the mills, that this should



be a sticking point, because from an operation point of



view, you are going to put in certain facilities* hopefully



we will get the lower results, but if you don't, I think



the problem will not be due to the fact that the mills




didn't put in the work but that some of the assumptions or

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                                                         278
calculations may have been a little awry, and I don't know
that the mills have to necessarily be held responsible for
that.
     I don't look at this as a sticking point.  Do the
conferees see any problem with that?
     MR. HARRIS:  I, frankly, do not at the moment on this.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  But I think your point is well taken
that there  is — I think we recognize that there is a dif-
ference in  opinion on the reduction in BOD which will be
effectuated by primary treatment, and I think here, again,
only time will tell; but it seems to me in looking again
at these figures, that if we get the 15 per cent reduction,
well and good; and if we don't, I don't think there are
going to be earth-shaking consequences.
     Do you want to say anything more, Mr. Scott?
     MR. SCOTT:  Well, I would emphasize again, I will
stand by the 15 per cent, and I assume we will get 15 per
cent.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Scott, no one is disputing you.
If what you say is so, and we do get the 15 per cent, the
program that is going to be considered will produce it.
But I certainly hope, for the industry and for the river's
sake, that  we do get the optimistic figure on reduction,
because that will give us that much more of a margin to
play with in development for the river and development to

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                                                         279



the industry.  I hope we get it.  But I don't think, in



view of this controversy and about this, that that last



column or meeting the last column should be a rigid



requirement.



     I think the requirement was met with the primary treat-



ment and the 70 per cent BOD removal, and hopefully we



will get the added 15 per cent, both.



     Do you have another question, Mr. Morris?



     MR. MORRIS:  Well, I'm sure Mr. Scott has given this



a great deal of study.  I raised the question, because the



tables are shown as a goal, and they assume the 15 per



cent.  Certainly, we are very much aware of our responsi-



bility in maintaining water quality as we install a primary



treatment plant which we have committed ourselves to do.



We will operate it to the best of our ability and get



everything we can out of it.



     May I ask and comment on one additional item, the



item on page 11, paragraph 3, subtitle (b)?  This again



refers to the last column in Table I, as I interpret it:



"Additional wastes due to industrial expansion should be



accompanied by provision for solids reduction, and a com-



pensating degree of biological treatment, or other disposal



means, to prevent exceeding the above recommended waste



loadings."  Again, a reference to the last column of the




table.

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                                                         280



     One of the things that makes possible a competition



of pulp and paper industry with other parts of the country



is our ability to expand production, our need to maintain



an expanding mill, increase our customers.




     As I interpret this, this means, then, that we have



committed ourselves to install primary treatment.  After



this is done and we expand mill production 20 per cent,



then it's not enough to install primary treatment capacity



for that addition, because we are pegged to this column in



Table I, and once we have removed the solids in primary



sedimentation — not being a technical expert in this field



--it seems to me that further solids reduction is going



to be a rather difficult thing.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you want to comment on that?



     MR0 POSTON:  Well, as I explained yesterday, our



purpose of putting in this recommendation is that we feel



that someplace we have got to start drawing a line beyond




which pollution must stop.



     We think that the place to stop it is now, and we do



not feel that we can continue, just because indu&try



expands, to permit them to discharge wastes at the old rate.



Already we see many of our rivers loaded to the point where



they're all going septic, and the purpose in putting in




this was to establish that floor.



     Now, we feel and we know that in other parts of the

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                                                         281



country they do go to a higher degree of treatment; and we



would like to recommend that as you increase your produc-



tion you increase the degree of treatment so that your



total load is not increased; otherwise, we are fighting a



losing game here in controlling pollution.  This is the




philosophy back of this.



     We think that our technical people working with yours



could work out something.



     These pounds, as Mr. Stein has indicated, are not



sacred.  If we get a 15 per cent reduction -- we hope to



get that; you may get more.  So I think that these things



can be worked out, but this is the establishment of a policy



that we are going to reduce pollution and not let it grow.



This is what we are trying to do.



     MR. MORRIS:  We are certainly in accord with that



philosophy, but we have to be realistic.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I do think so, but let's see if we



can, and I hope we are not far apart on that.  As I look



at the total pounds here of BOD removal -- and I don't know



that this table relates to solids, because I do think you



can remove substantially your settleable solids even with



expansion — I really am not sure that with your present



program that your solid discharge is going to really



present a material problem unless the expansion is tremen-




dous, because I think you can, as far as I have ever been

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                                                         282



led to believe, remove substantially all your settleable



solids, but the BOD removal will be 39 per cent below what



it is now with that 70 per cent.




     For example, at 778,000 pounds now, it will remove down



to 478,000 pounds — that's page 6, the total amount.



Well, I think if we are down around 475,000 pounds or with



that extra 15 per cent, from 406,000, but if, hopefully,



we are down about 475 or 450,000 pounds, we have to think



in terms of what the river will take, because conceivably



if your industry expands and you keep on removing just 70



per cent, we can crawl up, creep up to the 778,000 pounds,



and if that is causing the slime growths, we will be back



where we are.



     Now, that's why I say I hope we will get the extra



15 per cent, because we will have more leeway.



     I think the intent here is to keep the liquid wastes



out, coming from the paper mills, so reduced, so treated,



that it will not cause the objectionable slime growth.



     I do think, too, that you do have a lot of leeway,



as far as I see 'it, for expansion, and given the existing



treatment facilities; and I don't know how industry will



take this, but what you're dealing with here is primary



treatment.  And other places — I don't want to push this



too hard, and I'm not posing this for the Columbia — you




have the industries that have demonstrated that they can go

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                                                         283




way beyond that as the new Kimberly-Clark mill in California



demonstrated with salmon coming right up.  You have second-



ary treatment to go into; you have evaporation, burning,



and you have other methods; but I think the Report is sug-



gesting that we strike some balance on BOD loading removal.



We hope that that balance will prevent slimes to come in.



If this works, we will know we have the slime problem



licked.  I hope it does work and we don't have to come back.



Once we have this licked, any future expansion of the pulp



and paper industry — goodness knows, we are all *f or expan-



sion — I think the expansion is inevitable.  And I say to



the fishermen in the audience, too, that we have to learn



to live with an expanded pulp and paper industry here, and,



hopefully, good fishing.  But any expansion of that indus-



try should not create conditions where we are going to



have slime growths again*



     I think the states in issuing permits for the new mills



will certainly have that in mind.



     Again, what I'm saying, Mr. Morris, is that I think



we are trying to strike a very, very fair balance, and not



asking you at this time to spend any more money or do any-



thing which will be a futile gesture and something just



for the motion, putting up a monument to treat the facili-



ties.  We are not looking for that.  We are trying to get




something lined up which will prevent slime growth, and

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                                                         284
this is our sole point.
     I would like to just  take one second, because this
deals with your Crown Zellerbach problem in your inter-
mittent discharge, and that system developed by Dr. Amberg.
At the time, I remember when Dr. Amberg came up with that
suggestion; a lot of people told us that our job was to
keep it out of the river and not let that waste go out,
and I think the notion that I put forth then, at least the
theory -- I haven't changed my mind — keep it out of the
river for what?  The only  reason we keep something out of
the river is that it causes some damage to a water use,
and if there was a way of  discharging it as we thought at
the time, then this wouldn't interfere with the water use.
     We don't have any hard and fast rule; that is, our
notion here is to devise some type of program which will
prevent slime growth.
     I am completely confident that once we have the slime
growths licked, that we are going to be able to develop a
program — and I hope you  and the states will, because I
am not sure, once we have  this licked, that there is any
need for a Federal role; that you and the states will be
able to develop the program which will permit expansion
of the industry and yet the production of a waste which
will not create the slime  problem again.
     Are there any further comments or questions?   If not,

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                                                         285




thank you very much, Mr. Morris.



     MR. MORRIS:  Thank you.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Harris.



     MR0 HARRIS:  Proceeding down the river, I would like



to again ask if Boise Cascade would have any further com-



ments other than those yesterday.



     MR. McDEVITT:  Not at this time.



     MR. HARRIS:  Next, we would like to call on Mr. Clarke



of Longview Fibre.



     MR. CLARKE:  Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and



gentlemen:  My name is W. W. Clarke.  I am Vice President-



Production and Mill Manager of the Longview Fibre Company,



Longview, Washington, testifying at the invitation of Mr.



Roy M. Harris, official conferee for the Washington State



Pollution Control Commission.



     As noted in the USPHS report of August, 1965, Longview



Fibre Company is operating under a valid waste discharge



permit expiring February 14, 1969, which does not require



sedimentation facilities but which is subject to upgrading



of requirements^  Recently, in cooperation with the



Washington Commission, we have agreed to develop a program



for installing sedimentation equipment and have filed a



timetable and begun the necessary technical work to permit



design and installation.  We have done this in spite of




the fact that wood fibre is not the primary cause of slime

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                                                         286



and that the wood fibre which has recently been shown to



make Sphaerotilus more tenacious is  in all probability only



in a small part coming out  of paper  mill outfalls.  While



the economic wisdom of installing sedimentation facilities



is doubtful and it  is not even clear that we could be law-



fully compelled to  do this, we are willing to undertake this



very substantial expenditure so that as far as we are con-



cerned, we can feel that no stone has been left unturned



in the effort to safeguard  the quality of the receiving



waters for beneficial multiple use.



     We believe that with the exception of a sedimentation



system to reduce Total Suspended Matter that we have done



everything that is  expected or necessary to minimize the



deleterious effects of our  effluent  including, of course,



the recovery of kraft mill  spent cooking liquor.  Since the



details have been covered on pages 33 and 34 of the USPHS



report, it would not be useful to repeat them.  However, I



would like to point out that since 1959 we have spent over



$300,000 on approximately 25 separate projects to remove



various materials from the  mill effluent streams before



discharging into the river. Of this amount, over half was



expended to improve existing conditions and was not part



of any new production system.  Among these projects were



several for the purpose of  removing  fibres and small wood




particles from various streams throughout the mill and

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                                                         287




dewaterlng for land disposal or burning.  Other projects



were for changes in process to increase reuse of water and



thus reduce the amount of material discharged to the river.



In most cases, the disposal of the material removed was



done at a cost for which there was no offsetting return.



     We have been conscientious in using means and methods



available to us to make reductions in fibre losses to the



river from a mill which in 1959 already had relatively low




losses.



     We keep a full-time technical man working on our



overall in-plant improvement program.  His job is to



determine whether existing equipment is being operated



properly and to search for ways and means of improvement.



     There is one more point that I wish to stress.  Our



mill, which has grown since 1959 and which is continuing to



grow, operates almost 100 per cent on waste materials from



sawmills, plywood plants and woods operations.  These wastes,



including wood logs, chips, sawdust and shavings, would be



burned with an attendant air pollution problem if not



utilized for pulp and paper.  We and others in the industry



have made recent dramatic progress in the utilization of



sawdust and shavings for pulping.  Extensive use of these



smaller sized particles was not considered possible a few



years ago.  This development will make a major contribution




to the elimination of the beehive waste burners, which

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                                                         288
presently often create smog and will also make a major
contribution towards conserving our forest resources.
     Now, I have a few things I'd like to say that were not
on my formal presentation, if you don't mind.
     CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Yes.  Do you want to entertain ques-
tions first or do you want to say these first?
     MR. CLARKE:  Well, the comments that I had that are not
on the record, Mr. Stein, relate to the subject that was
brought up by  Boise Cascade on the Recommendation No. 3
yesterday afternoon.
     I have had a chance to do some thinking about this, and
I have had like feelings, as Rex Morris expressed, that as
far as we are  concerned and the experience we have in our
mill, we question very seriously the fairness and the
validity of Table I when taken together with the Recommenda-
tion No. 3.
     This puts a premium and a very severe penalty, let's
say, on those  of us who have tried to be good performers
in the past and who already have done a good job short of
sedimentation, and gives us a percentage reduction to live
up to which can be very difficult.
     And I think, from that standpoint, I know that this
Table I — some numbers had to go down — I mean, there are
things that have to be set forth, some goals, but it seems
that it has put a terrible penalty on us, as'we feel in our

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                                                         289



mill we have been fairly well closed up and have done,



with the available equipment, a good job.



     Now, the case in point on this is the reduction of



BOD.  We have in our mill — and I believe it shows in the



August report — that we are using contaminating conden-




sates back in our process, and we have done this in an



effort to reduce BOD loadings, because this is one of the



streams that we could do something about.



     Now, here, again, to get a 15 per cent reduction of



our total BOD, we could be in trouble.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You are talking in terms of the last



table, and I thought -- I would agree with you there,



Mr. Clarke, at least looking at your problem back in



Washington and discussing it with the people here and



reading the report -- I always thought the opposite and



thought you fellows were practically home free because of



your kraft mill process rather than an undue reduction,



because if we talk in terms of the BOD reduction of 70



per cent removal, your reported discharge is 80,000 pounds



and you would still.have 80,000 pounds.  In other words



because of your process and what you have done — you have



done this -- you are just faced with your sedimentation



problem.




     As I understand the problem -- and perhaps I don't —




what the main thrust of this recommendation is, to put the

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                                                         290



sulphite mills on an equal basis with the kraft mill and




the mill such as yours, and a good deal of the requirements



here that are faced by some of the sulphite mills, you are



already accomplishing because of your process.



     MR. CLARKE:  Isn't there an implication that we are



to reduce our BOD loadings by 15 per cent?



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Here's the point:  Let me make this



clear again.  I think you have indicated that you are going



to put in sedimentation.



     MR. CLARKE:  Yes, sir.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  The point is, I think we can all make



a judgment  — your company, the state people and us — and



I don't think there is going to be any disagreement on this



judgment, whether you have an adequately constructive and



operative sedimentation facility.



     There  is a notion — at least Mr. Scott puts forward



as his opinion and his firm opinion — that this will reduce



your BOD loading 15 per cent.  There are some doubts raised



by some people whether this will actually happen.



     I think the requirement is that, and I think you have



agreed with this, as I read the statement, that you are



going to put in the sedimentation facility.



     MR. CLARKE:  We are.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Once that is in and is operating, I




think we will look at that on the evaluation, and to my mind

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                                                         291




-- and, of course, the conferees will have to see this in



view of the doubt -- I would not think that that issue is



going to be a critical one.  The last — the poundage on



the last column of the table, now, hopefully, you will have



a 15 per cent reduction.  If you don't and you put that in,



the fibres will be removed, and I think we will have



accomplished the push.



     While we are on this, I'd like to ask you a question.



     MR. CLARKE:  Yes, sir.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Would you care to indicate .the kind



of timetable you have filed -- you said you filed -- what



the timetable is?



     MR. CLARKE:  I believe that the timetable that we had



called for completion in mid-1958.



     MR. HARRIS:  '68.



     MR. CLARKE:  '68.  I'm sorry.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  '68.



     MR. CLARKE:  Thank you.




     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, fine.  Does that answer the



question?




     MR. CLARKE:  Yes, sir.  I'm glad to hear you say that.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I think this will obtain.  We will



have to ask the conferees.  I didn't hear anything from



the other conferees.  I assume we are in agreement on this,




that this seems to be a crucial point, that I can understand

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                                                         292
the views of the pulp and paper industry on this; and I
think your point is very well taken, sir.
     MR. CLARKE:  If you read this literally, this is what
you come up with.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I think that's a very good point, and
I think this is one of the advantages of the conference
technique and the way we do business.
     Mr. Harris.
     MR. HARRIS:  Mr. Chairman, I would like to make a com-
ment with regard to the date of 1968 mentioned by Mr.
Clarke, the completion of primary sedimentation, that this
was their proposal and the Washington State Pollution
Control Commission has asked them to restudy this proposal
to see if this could be accomplished in 1967.  I believe
this is under study at the moment.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Right.  Thank you.
     Are there any further comments or questions?  If not,
thank you very much.
     MR. CLARKE:  All right.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Harris.
     MR. HARRIS:  Next, we would like to call on Mr.
Callahan, representing Weyerhaeuser Timber Company at
Longview.
     MR. CALLAHAN:  Mr. Chairman, conferees, and ladies
and gentlemen:  My name is J. R. Callahan.  I am a branch

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                                                         293




manager of Weyerhaeuser Company's pulp and paperboard mill



located in Longview.



     I want first to express our appreciation to the



Washington Pollution Control Commission for the invitation



to appear here and enter a statement into the record of




these proceedings.



     Weyerhaeuser Company shares with all interested persons



a concern about the quality of our streams and rivers.  Our



employees share this concern as is shown by their interest



in helping us to maintain a consistently progressive pro-



gram of water quality improvement.



     Our Company's support of corrective programs is evi-



denced by our extensive and productive efforts in both



research and practical operational procedures.  The most



outstanding example is the long and costly research work



which resulted in perfection of the magnesium base pulping



and recovery system for sulphite pulping.  The installation



of this system at Longview was the world's first practical



solution to the problem of effective recovery of spent



sulphite liquors.  In the Longview plant alone, we have



expended over $5,000,000 in new facilities which include



water quality improvement as one of the resultant benefits.



In this mill we have installed facilities for the recovery



of chemicals which are (1) used in pulp cooking, and (2)




contained in spent liquor.

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                                                         294
     A prime example of the effects of our in-plant control
program is shown in the reduction of suspended combustible
solids discharged per ton of pulp produced.  From 1962 to
date, such reduction was 36 per cent, even though pulp pro-
duction increased by 26 per cent during this period, indi-
cating more efficient in-plant controls.
     The  staff of the Washington Pollution Control Commis-
sion has  followed a program of regular and periodic review
with us of our mill discharges.  On June 25, 1965, we
advised the Commission that Weyerhaeuser Company would
proceed with the design and construction of sedimentation
facilities.  The installation of these facilities will be
completed by mid-1967, at a cost of $1,500,000.  Thereafter,
the Company will incur substantial costs annually to operate
the facilities.
     Expenditures of substantial sums for these items
inevitably have an adverse effect on profits and return on
investment.  To alleviate this economic burden, we strongly
urge a special investment tax credit for such facilities.
     Weyerhaeuser Company will continue its research program
in order  to add to its knowledge about the waters of the
Columbia  River.   We expect to make use of all available
and economically feasible means of preventing material
impairment of the Columbia River for other uses normally
made of its waters.

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                                                         295



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, sir.  Are there any



comments or questions?  Thank you very much, sir.  Your



proposal of tax credits, as you know, has been taken up in



the Congress from time to time, but it doesn't seem to get



very far.



     MR. CALLAHAN:  Yes, sir.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Harris.



     MR. HARRIS:  Mr. Chairman, I have also issued an



invitation to Mr. Don Benson, representing the Northwest



Pulp & Paper Association.



    . Mr. Benson, would you like to make a statement?



     MR. BENSON:  Chairman Stein, conferees, and ladies



and gentlemen:  I am Donald J. Benson, Executive Secretary



of the Northwest Pulp & Paper Association.



     The Association is one of the technical and research



arms of the pulp and paper industry in the states of Oregon



and Washington.  This statement was prepared in cooperation



with the pulp mills involved in this Columbia River



Conference and with the National Council for Stream Improve -I



ment, the pulp and paper industry's national technical and



research organization, through their regional engineer, Mr.



Russell Blosser.



     As demonstrated by previous statements, the Columbia



River presents a complex and unique problem to those charged




with its management.  This is true, not only for pollution

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                                                         296
abatement but for power production, navigation, recreation,
irrigation, fisheries and flood control.
     All of these functions relate in  some degree to the
perplexing problem under discussion here today.
     Before demonstrating this, let me briefly note that
the water quality of the Columbia River -- even in its
industrialized  section here in the lower reaches, is of high
quality by many standards.  The dissolved oxygen content
is excellent, in fact, super  saturated much of the year,
the dissolved solid content is low, the coliform content
has been reduced substantially by the  efforts of municipal-
ities and trace elements such as phosphates and nitrate and
its cool temperature compares favorably to other large rivers
across the nation.  Indeed this lower  section is used for
the high quality needs of both industrial and domestic
water supply and anadromous fish passage.  Let me emphasize
here that the pulp mill wastes do not  contain the bacteria
or virus injurious to health.
     May I also note that there is no  question of fish
passage on the  Lower Columbia.  Our problem may. involve
the fisherman,  but not the fish.
     We may ask then if the water quality is so good why
is there a problem?  The answer in part may be because of
this high water quality.  The culprit  in this dilemma,
Sphaerptilus natans the slime organism, sometimes forms in

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                                                         297




reported nuisance proportions at certain combinations of



flow, temperature, trace elements and nutrient carbohydrates




from effluent discharges.  Note that none of these water



quality constituents alone are at high enough levels to



normally be the subject of pollution abatement.  Nor does



the problem always occur when expected.  For instance, this



spring a usual time for severe conditions, there was no dis-



cernible problem of organism growths.



     Now to relate how the many services to which the Columbia



is put bear on our problem of today.  Again, no single or



simple combination of these constituent uses can be identi-



fied as paramount, but each of these legitimate water



services adds a confounding element to an already complex



picture.



     The nearly complete impoundment of the river on its



main stem and main tributaries for power production and



flood control add to the temperature and cut down the



beneficial flushing action of freshets which could remove



both man-caused and natural detritus from the lower tidal



reaches.



     The return irrigation waters east of the Cascades add



to any natural levels of phosphate and nitrate which are



suspect trace elements necessary in the production of



Sphaerotilus.  They also can periodically trigger algal




blooms on upper river tributaries which may eventually add

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                                                         298
to the background carbohydrate content of the lower river.
The great river is also used  to cool the nuclear reactors
at Hanford, again with a  tax  on its temperature resource.
     These upstream uses  each contribute in a small but
discernible degree to the combination of ingredients thought
necessary for  slime growth  and add to the difficulty of
solution.
     Attesting to this difficulty are the many years of field
study and more than fourteen  public reports submitted by
both industry  and agencies  since 1943 in an effort to
untangle the technical web.
     Less than six months ago the first of two reports
compiled by the U.  S. Public  Health Service from recent
Federal and state data, developed a completely new theory
on  the mechanism and manifestation of the nuisance bacteria.
The new theory, the third hypothesis since 1943, which has
necessarily been subjected  to only minimal field confirma-
tion because of its recent  origin and lack of discernible
nuisance conditions in  the  river this spring, relates to
the slime-fiber relationship  adequately described earlier
in  this meeting.
     This concept has been  accepted as a possible contribu-
tory cause.
     This is witnessed  by the fact that the pulp manufactur-
ers have responded with positive plans for removal of

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                                                         299



settleable solids to the official state agencies.  This



is another in a series of positive steps taken by the



industry whenever new and reasonable information regarding



this problem has been developed.



     These steps do not imply that the previous hypotheses



have been invalidated, but perhaps the character of the



problem has been changed due in point either to the steps



taken by the mills heretofore, or perhaps yet unrecognized



changes occurring on the river.  It would appear that we



have some aspects of a totally different problem than



witnessed 20 years ago or perhaps even in 1958.



     The earlier reports referred to the problem almost



entirely in the upper river near the Camas-Vancouver area,



and described the nuisance in terms of Sphaerotilus natans



only.  Now, the complaints center largely on the lower



tidal reaches, and the composition of the material causing



the complaints has changed significantly.



     The August 1965 report emphasizes that substances



collected on fishermen's nets include many materials other



than fiber or Sphaerotilus natans.




     Particular reference is made to the section in the



August 1965 report entitled "Effects of Wastes on Water



Quality Uses and Appendix B."  Here it can be noted that



much of the material caught on nets is not of pulp mill




origin and consists of plant debris, algae, diatoms and

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                                                         300
slimes, principally other than S. natans.

     The sedimentation facilities proposed will add an

estimated 6 million dollars to the 2 million spent to date

by the pulp industry in solving this problem.  These capi-

tal costs are for liquid waste control facilities only.

They add no new production nor do they increase the effi-

ciency of operations.  In addition operation and maintenance

costs will run an estimated half million dollars annually.

     No firm cost estimates are available for the 70 per

cent BOD control of spent sulfite liquor solids, but this

item alone will easily surpass the amounts spent and com-

mitted thus far.

     The mills of the Columbia River who are here today

employ over 7,000 people and pay annual wages of 52 million

dollars.  In addition they pay to state and local govern-

ments $5.3 million each year in taxes; seventy per cent of

their raw wood source is in the form of chips which adds

25.7 million dollars annually to our related wood products

industry revenues and efficiently utilizes a resource once

wasted.  The total dollar value purchased in the. form of

labor, wood and other goods and services in Northwest

communities exceeded $187 million in 1964.

     We commend the states of Oregon and Washington and the

U. S. Public Health Service for their persistent efforts  --

along with those of the pulp industry — to 'untangle this

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                                                          301




 highly involved and complex technical problem.



      Through the cooperation of the pulp industry and the



 agencies involved solutions are being approached, both to



 the knowledge of the nuisance mechanism along with the



 installation of such effluent treatment facilities and con-



 trols as are feasible and are found necessary by sound data



 and scientific interpretation.



      CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Benson.   Are there



 any comments or questions?



      MR. POSTON:  A good statement, Don.



      MR. BENSON:  Thank you.



      CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Benson is one of the best sales-



 men you have, and we deal with a lot of trade association



 executives in our business.  I think he does  very well for



 you people.  As far as I can see, he is one of the most



 effective, certainly, in dealing with the Federal Government.



      MR. BENSON:  I assume this was on the record.



      CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, it is on the record.



      MR. BENSON:  Thank you.  (Laughter)



      CHAIRMAN STEIN:- I am not trying to — don't run on. I



am not trying to set you up here.




      MR. SPIES:  Still on the record, I'd like to point



 out that Don was well trained.




      CHAIRMAN STEIN:  One thing you dealt with — I guess




 it's fair -- dealing with Hanford as a heat source.

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                                                         302
Sometimes I think — although we are charged, and I
specifically am charged with abating pollution from Federal
installations — that those poor guys don't have a lobby
speaking for them, and everyone clobbers them by fair shoot-
ing; but we did look into the Hanford heat situation.  As
far as we can see, the heat put in by Hanford dissipates
within a few miles below — at least from what I get from
our scientists — and that has no effect on the heat
problem or contributes to the heat problem down in this
area of the river.
     Now, if we are incorrect on that, we will look at that,
but with the new steam reactors and so forth, I think the
Hanford heat problem is being reduced, and I do — 1 really
do think it's minimal.
     I, again — and the reason 1 say this is I think we
are -- possibly you heard some question of thermal pollu-
tion on the Lower Columbia River, and it may be you are
going to hear a lot of talk; you have your own industry.
Anyone who puts the stuff in, including the pulp and paper
industry, is going to be implicated in this.
     I think we have to be very, very careful if we are
dealing with a thermal pollution problem, because this
very well may be the next issue in the river, and being
careful to delineate where the heat comes from, and I would
be the last to say that as far as I see it, I see no evidence

-------
                                                         303



yet that the pulp and paper industry is contributing sub-



stantially to this problem, but I am not sure that Hanford




is either.



     MR. BENSON:  I didn't intend to bring this up as another



pollution problem but just as a complexity.



     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Right.



     Now, I have one point, and it may be you may not want



to answer this question.  I am not asking this as a question,



but in your statement on the Sphaerotilus problem you say,



"Nor does the problem always occur when expected.". And if



we go back to a statement given just a little bit ago by



Mr. Morris of Crown Zellerbach, he talks about operating



the plant to remove, reduce the BOD by 70 per cent during



periods when flow is less than 220,000 cfs at Mayger, and



water temperature is 10 to 15 degrees centigrade.  Now, the



question that occurs to me is the reconciliation of those



points of view.  If the problem doesn't always occur when



it's expected, how can we, with particularity, talk about



just operating the reduction of BOD when certain conditions



occur at a particular point on the river?




     MR. BENSON:  Unfortunately, we have a positive aspect



of this.  The reference I mentioned was when the slime did



not occur when we expected it, and I don't think it's ever



occurred from the opposite 	




     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  In other words, you mean sometimes it

-------
                                                         304
doesn't happen?
     MR. BENSON:  Sometimes it doesn't happen when we think
it might, and this is  -- this did not happen.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Right.  Well, thanks.
                (Discussion off the record.)
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Are there any further comments or
questions?  Mr. Harris, do you want to continue?
     MR. HARRIS:  I have no further questions from Mr.
Benson.
     CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Do you have anyone else to call?
     MR. HARRIS:  We have one other member of the Washington
State Department of Fisheries I see is here at the moment,
I called on previously — probably had a flat tire on the
way down.  Mr.  LeMier, would you like to present a state-
ment on behalf  of Director Tollefson of the Washington
Department of Fisheries?
     MRo LeMIER:  Thank you, Mr. Harris, and I apologize
for being late.
     Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and gentlemen:  First
of all I would  like to extend some greetings from Director
Tollefson who could not attend because of some other
matters, and want to thank the Chairman and the other
Conferees, and  especially Mr. Harris, for the invitation
to participate  in this third session.
     The statement is  fairly brief.  We feel that a good

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                                                         305




deal of this material has been reviewed in the earlier




sessions; and some of it, to avoid being completely redun-




dant, we have cut our statement quite short.




     The magnitude of bacterial contamination from untreated




or inadequately treated sewage and slime-forming industrial




discharges in the Lower Columbia River was spelled out at




joing state-Federal conferences held in September of 1958




and 1959.  Following the first session, an action program




was inaugurated by the states of Washington and Oregon




through their respective pollution control agencies.  The




second session established specific dates for compliance to




curb pollution and to ascertain progress of the program.




     Despite the efforts of the action program the filamen-




tous slime growth, Sphaerotilus species, has continued to




plague commercial and sport fishing operations in the




Columbia River.  In almost all years subsequent to the




second session of the Conference on Pollution, commercial




and sport fishermen have complained of the effect of slime




(Sphaerotilus) on their operations.  During test fishing




operations conducted by the Oregon Fish Commission to




determine the timing and size of the spring chinook salmon




run in 1964, the fouling of the test fishing gear by slime




was so great as to make analysis of the data useless.




Washington test fishing for spring chinook salmon occurred




upstream from the major industrial discharge sites and was

-------
                                                         306
not affected by this problem.
     The obligation of  the' Washington  Department of Fisheries
to maintain an orderly  fishery  requires  that the overall
action program, instituted in 1958-1959, be expedited in
order to eliminate  slime-producing and toxic discharges
into the lower Columbia or its  tributaries at an early date.
     That's all I have, Mr.  Harris and Mr. Chairman.
     CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Thank  you,  Mr. LeMier.  Are there any
comments or questions?   If not, thank  you very much.
     Mr. Harris.
     MR. HARRIS:  Mr. Chairman, an invitation was sent to
the president  of  the Washington State  Sportmen's Council
to designate a representative to present a statement at
this meeting.
     At the  time  I  left my office, I had not received a
response,  and  I would like to ask if such a representative
is present this morning.
                (Discussion off  the record.)
     MR. HARRIS:  To go back on the record, apparently there
is no representative from the Washington State Sportmen's
Council.   And  the Pollution  Control Commission of Washington
has now concluded its presentation.
     CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Are there any further comments or
questions?  If not  	
     MR. POSTON:  Mr. Chairman, yesterday the Weather

-------
                                                         307

Bureau had indicated that they wished to make a presenta-

tion.  They appeared in the afternoon.  There was no time

to put them on.  I wonder if they are here this morning.

They told me that if they were not, they would have a state-

ment which they wish to include in the record, and I would

like to request that when the statement is received that it

be placed in the record.

     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, I hope we will get the statement

within the next day or so.  We will keep the record open

to the end of this week.

     MR. BOSTON:  It was supposed to have been here this

morning.

     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  But we do have to proceed with an

orderly closing of the record, and the reporter has to get

his payment.  We can't keep it open.  We have to go toward

printing; so the record will be open if they get it in by

the end of the week.

     MR. BOSTON:  Will you hold it open until 4:00 o'clock?

After that, it's a dead issue.

               (The U. S. Weather Bureau Report referred

                    to, is as follows:)

"Statement of the U. S. Weather Bureau River Forecast Center

                        Presented to

The Third Session of the Conference on Pollution of Inter-
state Waters of the Lower Columbia River - Bonneville Dam to
Cathlamet, Washington.  September 8, 1965, Portland, Oregon.

-------
                                                         308
     "The purpose of this  statemant  is  to  insure that all
people concerned with the  level  of flow in the lower
Columbia River are aware that  forecasts are being routinely
prepared and issued by  the River Forecast  Center.
     "Two types of forecasts are available.  The first is
a short range, operational forecast  issued each day, Monday
through Friday, for 3 days in  advance.   It incorporates the
anticipated effect of rainfall and scheduled regulation
by the several power reservoirs  in the  basin.  Flows are
predicted at principal  reservoirs including Bonneville.
     "The second type of forecast is a  longer range outlook
or planning forecast issued twice weekly (Tuesday and
Friday) for 30 days in  advance.  This is a cooperative
effort with the Corps of Engineers,  North  Pacific Division,
utilizing their computer facility.   It  might be termed a
probability forecast since it  is built  up  from the most
probable flows in each  of  the  major  tributaries to the
Columbia.  These have been determined for  all periods of
the year by computer analysis  of long period flow records.
Until accurate long range  weather forecasts become available,
this method of extending flows is probably the most useful.
Also incorporated are long range reservoir regulation
schedules.  Forecasts are  available  for most points in the
Columbia Basin, down to the Willamette  confluence,
     "If you desire this forecast service, please contact

-------
                                                         309




the River Forecast Center, 320 Custom House, phone 223-5273.



Anthony J. Polos, Hydrologist in Charge."




     CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any further comments or




questions?




     MR. SPIES:  Yesterday afternoon before adjournment,




I didn't get an opportunity to thank all those from the




state of Oregon who made statements, and I may have set it




off a little too quickly.




     I wonder if Dr. Charlton wanted to make any statement




on behalf of the Izaak Walton League.




     DR. CHARLTON:  I haven't prepared a statement, Ken,




so I don't think I will attempt to make one.  I have testi-



fied at previous hearings.  The position of the Izaak




Walton League is well known.  If Mr. Stein thinks that a



statement should be submitted, I can prepare one, but we




are on record on previous conferences.  I have been listen-




ing to the proceedings with a good deal of interest today.




     MR, SPIES:  Thank you, Dr. Charlton.  Thanks again to



all those who participated.




     CHAIRMAN'STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Charlton, too, because




we do know that the Izaak Walton League through the country



has been one of the most vigorous supporters of pollution




control, one of the most vigorous supporters of our program




and our legislation, and also, I might say, one of the most




vigorous watchdogs to see that we are on the job and doing

-------
                                                         310

It.

                (At the conclusion  of  the hearing, a state-

                    ment was  submitted by Mr. Charlton in

                    behalf of the  Izaak Walton League of

                    America,  which appears as follows:)

"A Statement  submitted by David  B. Charlton, Member, Clean

Waters Committee  - Izaak Walton  League of America

     CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE
     WATERS OF  THE LOWER COLUMBIA  RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
     FROM BONNEVILLE DAM TO CATHLAMET, WASHINGTON,
              SEPT. 8 AND 9,  1965.

     "The abatement of water  pollution in the Willamette

River has been  a  concern of mine over the past 30 years.  I

have served continuously since 1935 on chapter, division

and/or national committees of the  Izaak Walton League having

clean waters  as our objective.

     "The policies and action programs of the League are

well known.   Our  members were active  in supporting legisla-

tion that established the Oregon State Sanitary Authority

in 1939 and Federal Waters Pollution  Control law in 1948.

The League is already on record  at previous sessions of this

Conference in support of the  action program that has been

initiated.

     "The pollution problems  in  the lower Columbia and the

Willamette Rivers are similar in that sewage contamination

threatens recreational use of important sections of the

-------
                                                         311



rivers and both have a serious bacterial slime problem due



to Sphaerotilus.  However, the low dissolved oxygen condi-



tion during the summer and early fall months exists in the



Willamette River only.  It has been destructive to summer



and fall runs of salmon and steelhead (perhaps also to



downstream migrants of other runs), at least since 1926.



Improvement in this situation has been slight, - in the



August-September period of 1934, the dissolved oxygen con-



tent ranged from 0 to 2.0 parts per million in the Portland



harbor section of the River, while in recent years the



range is roughly 1.8 to 3.5.  This is still well below the



desired minimum of 4 to 5.



    "Why does the river continue to be in a critically



polluted condition?  The answer is simply that steps taken



to reduce the industrial wasteload have been inadequate.



A recent report states that the untreated organic wasteload



amounts to 6 million population equivalents with over 90



per cent being contributed by industrial activity.  It



should be noted that there has been only one major pollution



abatement measure affecting the wastes of the pulp and paper



industry on the Willamette River.  This came about only



after much prodding by the Sanitary Authority.  That was



back in 1952 and it consisted of lagooning the strong sul-



fite digester liquors during the low water period for




release to the stream during high water flows,.  One mill

-------
                                                         312
found it more feasible to collect  the  liquors, barge them
to the Columbia River and release  them there.
     "At last action is being  taken by the  Sanitary Authority
that should result in a significant reduction of this huge
industrial wasteload.  The pulp mills  on the Willamette
River have received orders to  achieve  an overall reduction
of not less than 85% in the  biochemical oxygen demand load-
ing of the effluents from the  entire mill and to install
primary treatment for the removal  of settleable solids.  It
is hoped that the slime problem will be greatly reduced or
eliminated through a reduction in  the  substances that stim-
ulate the growth of the bacteria and in the wood fibers
which provide attachment surfaces  with resulting 'mass
growths' which are so objectionable.
     "Percentage goals may be  inadequate.   If pulp production
continues to increase then the untreated 15% of the total
waste becomes more significant.  The quantity of water in
the river and the dissolved  oxygen content of it are limited
and are known.  Perhaps allocations should be made on a
pounds of oxygen basis so that any increase in production
would require increased efficiency in  waste treatment.
Utilization of the wood sugars present in sulfite waste
liquors, with resulting reduction  of the organic load going
to the river, in the production of yeast and alcohol is made
at some pulp mills on this continent and in Europe.  There

-------
                                                         313




is one such plant at Bellingham, Washington, in operation




since about 1945.  We wish there were more of them.  The




comment heard is that it is not yet economical to make such




installations and if all the sulfite mills made these prod-




ucts the market would be glutted.  However, as costs of




waste treatment go up, utilization of wastes for the produc-




tion of by-products may become more feasible.




     "Progress in the abatement of sewage pollution in



Oregon has been slow but significant.  Recently orders have



been issued by the Authority requiring cities situated on




the Willamette River to install secondary sewage treatment



facilities.  This is an important step in getting a clean



river and it will receive public approval and support.



     "Water requirements of our expanding industry, of our



increased population with greater per capita use and of




agriculture along with a tremendous increase in water-based




recreation, have made everyone aware of the water supply




and water quality problem.  Cooperative efforts in pollution




abatement by State and Federal agencies such as are taking




place in this Conference are most desirable.  There is an




evident determination to stop further pollution of the




Columbia and Willamette Rivers and to enforce measures that




will reduce existing pollution.  Interstate action promotes




uniformity and fairness with respect to waste treatment




costs to be met by the many plants within a particular

-------
                                                         314
industry.  Cost of waste  treatment  is an essential cost of
production.  The dumping  of untreated waste into streams
must come to an end.   It  now  appears that we are really on
our way to that objective, not  only in this area but
throughout the country."

     CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Are there any other comments from
the conferees at this  time?
     If not, I think that the conferees would like to have
an executive session at this  point, and we hope to have an
announcement in about  an  hour,  which will make it 12:15
to 12:30, and we will  reconvene in  this room to make the
announcement.
     With that, we will stand recessed until about 12:30*
Thank  you.
                (Whereupon at  11:20  o'clock, A.M., of this
                    day,  Thursday,  September 9, 1965, a
                    recess was  taken until 1:45 o'clock,
                    P.M., of  this day, at which time the
                    following further proceedings were
                    had:)
     CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   May we  reconvene?
     I am happy to report that  the  conclusions and recommen-
dations  of  the conferees  are  unanimous.
     The conclusions and  recommendations of  the conferees

-------
                                                         315




of the Third Session of the Lower Columbia River Conference




are as follows:



     1.  Cognizance is taken of the successful programs



of the Oregon and Washington State Water Pollution Control



Agencies and municipalities and industries covered in the



first two sessions of this conference to abate pollution



and improve the quality of the waters of the Lower Columbia



River.  The conferees believe that as a result of this



action, waste discharges no longer endanger health so as



to be subject to abatement under the Federal Water, Pollu-



tion Control Act.



     2.  Despite conscientious efforts by the Federal and



State Water Pollution Control Agencies and the industries



concerned, slime growths still remain a pollution problem



in the Lower Columbia River.  Wastes from the pulp and



paper industry are in large measure responsible for this



problem.



     3.  The delays in dealing with the slime growth problem



in the Lower Columbia River have been due to the technical



complexities of evaluating the causes of the slime growth



and of the appropriate measures to be taken for its correc-



tion.




     4.  All pulp and paper mills discharging wastes to the



Lower Columbia River shall design and construct primary




treatment facilities for removal of settleable solids.  Such

-------
                                                         316
facilities shall accomplish at  least  a  70 per cent reduc-
tion in volatile suspended matter  discharged to receiving
waters.  Adequate  facilities for the  disposal of recovered
solids or sludge shall  also be  provided.  These facilities
shall be placed in operation no later than December 31,
1967.
     5.  The  Crown Zellerbach Corporation mill at Camas
and the Boise Cascade Corporation  mill  a,t Vancouver shall
accomplish a  70 per cent  reduction in BOD loadings derived
from sulphite liquor discharged into  receiving waters.
These facilities shall  be placed in operation no later than
December 31,  1969.  The Publishers1 Paper Company mill at
Oregon City  shall  by December 31,  1969, discontinue barging
and discharging liquor  solids in the  Columbia River.
     6.  Following the  installation of  the above -recommended!
facilities,  an evaluation of their effectiveness in control1
ling objectionable slime  growths in the Lower Columbia
River will be made. If this waste reduction program is not
successful,  further recommendations will  be necessary.
     7.  All discharges into the Lower  Columbia" River
resulting from new or expanded  pulp and paper mill opera-
tions shall  conform to  the foregoing  requirements.  Addi-
tional measures may be  required for existing as well as new
or expanded  installations as may be necessary to prevent
the recurrence or  intensification  of  the  slime growth

-------
                                                         317



problem.



     8.  The technical coordinating committee established



by the second session of this conference shall advise the



conferees on matters concerning compliance with these con-




clusions and recommendations*



     This concludes the conclusions and recommendations,



but the conferees could not resist the following,  and that



is, recognition by the conferees is given to the willingness



expressed by the several mills at this conference  substan-



tially to comply with the above recommendations.



     Are there any comments or qualifications by the



conferees?  If not, I really do think that we have achieved



a substantial breakthrough in the program to control pollu-



tion of the Lower Columbia River.



     I think the attitude expressed by the mills,  the state



agencies, and the Federal Government represent a consensus



and represents years of wrestling with a very difficult



problem indeed.



     I do think that we are going to be able to look for-



ward to a cleaner Columbia River.




     I do think, too, that we have experienced the equitable



handling of one of the most complicated problems we have



had on a major river.



     I think that all parties are to be commended, and I




am sure if we will work forward with this program, we can

-------
                                                         318
restore the Columbia River to a water quality which will
be suitable for  the maximum number of water uses, and we
can preserve that  quality.
     I want to thank all of you for the opportunity of
working with you,  and  I want to assure you that  the Federal
Government will  continue to cooperate with the state agen-
cies in seeing that the Columbia River is  kept clean and
can be used for  the growth and development of this area.
     I would  like  to  thank all of you for  participating in
the conference and staying with us through the technical
reports to  the bitter end.
     Thank  you very much, indeed; and with that, if the
conferees do  not have anything more, the Conference is
adj ourned.
                (Whereupon at 1:50 o'clock, P.M., of this
                     day, Thursday, September  9,  1965,
                     the Conference on Pollution  of Inter-
                     State Waters of the Lower Columbia
                     River was adjourned.)

-------
                              Reporter's Certificate     319
     This is to certify that the attached proceedings in

the matter of Conference on Pollution of Interstate Waters

of the Lower Columbia River held at the auditorium of the

Interior Building, Portland, Oregon, on September 8-9,

1965, was held as therein appears, and that this is the

original transcript thereof.
                       DOUGLA&/G. ALEX
                       Official Reporter.

-------
APPENDIX

-------
                               ROSTER
James L. AGEE
Supv. San. Engr., DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

H. Maurice AHLQUIST
Director, Dept. of Conservation
State of Washington
335 General Administration Bldg,
Olympia, Washington  98501

M. 0. ALLUM
Biologist, DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

Herman  R. AMBERG
Manager, Chemical &  Biological
  Research
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Camas,  Washington

Eric 0. ANDERSON
State Representative
State of Washington
 627 Grand Avenue
Hoquiam, Washington

James P. BEHLKE
Chief,  Division of Engineering
Washington State Pollution
  Control Commission
 409 Public Health Bldg.
 Olympia, Washington  9850'i

 Donald  J. BENSON
 Executive Secretary
 Northwest Pulp & Paper Assoc.
 2633 East lake Avenue E.
 Seattle, Washington  98102

 John A. BIGGS
 Director
 Washington S<«lte Game Dept.
 600 N.  Capital Way
 Olympia, Vkahington  98502
Hayse H. BLACK
Industrial Wastes Consultant, DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
R. A, Taft Sanitary Engineering
  Center
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226

R. 0. BLOSSER
Regional Engineer
National Council for Stream
  Improvement
Engineering Experiment Station
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97330

Russell BRISTOW
President
Columbia River Fishermen's Union
Rt. 2, Box 89
Clatskanie, Oregon

Jack R. BROWN
N.W. Public Relations Manager
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
1100 Public Service Building
Portland, Oregon

Frank BRAVAIER
Representing the Speaker of the
  House - dragon State Legislature
2131 N.E. I17th
Portland, Oregon

Hans BRUNE
Resident Manager
Boise-Cascade Corporation
P.O. Box 690
Vancouver, Washington

Theodore T. BUGAS
Executive Secretary
Columbia River Salmon & Tuna
  Packers Assn.
P.O. Box 60
Astoria, Oregon

-------
                                   - 2 -
J. R. CALLAHAN
Branch Manager
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Longview, Washington

C. J. CAMPBELL
Chief of Fisheries
Oregon Game Commission
Box 3503
Portland, Oregon

R. 0. CARLSON
Weyerhaeuser Co.
1000 S.W. Vista Avenue
Portland, Oregon

John D. CASSIDY
Plant Manager
Kaiser Gypsum Co.
St. Helens, Oregon

David B. CHA<OH
Charlton Laboratories
P.O. Box 1048
Portland, Oregon

Kent E. CIARK
Public Relations
Crown Zeflerbach Corporation
1100 Public Service Building
Portland, Oregon

William W. CLARKE
Vice President - Production &
  Mill Manager
Longview ?jbre Co
P.O. Box 637
Longview, Washington

Robert COUGHLUN
Economist, DhSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittcck Block
Portland, Or=gorv 97205

Patrick D. CURRAN
Assoc. Sanitary Engineer
Oregon St-ite Sanitary Authority
140C S.W. 5th
Portland, Oregon
John H. DAVIDSON
Chief Planning Engineer, DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

Thomas C. DONACA
Counsel
Associated Oregon Industries
2.188 S.W. Park Place
Portland, Oregon 97205

Norman R, DRULARD
City Engineer
City of Portland
City Hall
Portland, Oregon

W. R. BURLAND
S uperintendent
Shell Chemical Co.
P.O. Box 427
St. Helens, Oregon

George J. EICHER
Chief Aquatic Biologist
Portland General Electric Co.
621 S.W, Alder '
?orelattd, 0regon

Warren E. ELDRIDGE
Chief, Construction Agency Studies,
  DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

Eckiey S. ELLISON
Meteorologist in Charge
Dept. of Commerce
5420 N.E. Marine Drive
Portland, Oregon

T.C. FERRIS
Chief, Enforcement Activities, DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

John D.  FINDLAY
Associate Regional Director
Bureau of Sport Fisheries ft Wildlife
U.S. Department of Interior
Interior Building
Portland, Oregon

-------
                                  - 3 -
Keith GRIM
Attorney
Puget Sound Division - Georgia-Pacific Corp,
1700 Washington Building
Seattle, Washington

James B. HAAS
Water Resources Analyst
Fish Commission of Oregon
307 State Office Building
Portland, Oregon

J. A. R. HAMILTON
Fishery Biologist
Pacific Power & Light Co.
Public Service Building
Portland, Oregon

Beulah HAND
State Legislator
Clackamas County
 2515 - 10th Avenue
Milwaukiej Oregon

George H. HANSEN
Chief, Survey & Research Division
Washington State Pollution
   Control Ctorwiission
409 Publi; Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501

Jerry L. HARPER
District Engineer
Washington State Pollution
   Control Commission
 409 Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501

 Roy M. HARRIS   (conferee)
 Director
Washington State Pollution
   Control Commission
 409  PublXC tfe«ith Building
 Olympia, Washington 98501

 Dwi fcht S. HAWLEY
 Washington State Representative
 Fisheries Interim Committee
 33W N.W  Sflth
 Seattle, Washington
Lew HOLCOMB
Administrative Assistant
Washington State Pollution
  Control Commission
409 Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501

Emil C. JENSEN
Chief Sanitary Engineer
Washington State Department of Health
Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501

Bryan JOHNSON
Assoc. Sanitary Engineer
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
1400 S.W. 5t£\
Portland, Oregon

J. 0. JULSON
Production Manager
Weyerhaeuser Co-
Tacoma, Washington
Earl
        KARI
Director, Washington State Enforcement
  Project, DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pitiock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

David T. KIRKLAND
Administrative Assistant
Washington Legislative Irterim
  Committee on Water Resources
Legislative Building
Olympia, Washington

R. C. KOLMER
4734 N.E. 30th Avenue
Portland, Oregon

Al LAAKSU
Administrative Assistant
Willamette Tug fi Barge
Foot of N. Portsmouth
Portland, Oregon

E. H. LE MIER
Senior Biologist
Washington Department  of Fisheries
Room 115 general Administration Bldg.
Olympiaj Washington

-------
                                  - 4  -
W. W. LOCKE
Attorney
Crown ZeLlerbach Corporation
Portland, Oregon

Kenneth M. MACKENTHUN
Aquatic Biologist, DWSPC, USPHS
R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226

Oliver MALM
Attorney
Weyerhaeuser Co.
P.O. Box 1645
Tacoma, Washington

Frank C. MC CDLLOCH
Counsel
Publishers P^per Co.
8th Floor, P^.^fic Building
Portland, Oregon

Charles F. MC DEVITT
General Counsel
Boise-Cascade Corporation
Box 200 .
Boise, laahc

Robert MC Rl3K
Aquatic Ifolrgist
Oregon Str,-t8 Board of Health
P.O. Box 251
Portland, Oregon 92707

C. E. MOHLER
Bonneville r'->vv»r Administration
Interior Bui ..ding
Portland, Oregon

Mrs. George R. K. MOORHEAD
Education Chairman of Oregon
  Wildlife Federation
589 Locust St. N.E.
SaliW, Oregon

George R. 1C. MOORHEAD
Oregon Wildlife Federation
5S3 Locusc St. N.E.
Salem, Oregon
Donald J. MOREY
Economist
Bonneville Power Administration
Interior Building
Portland^ Oregon

Rex R. MORRIS
Resident Manager
Crown Zellerbach Corp.
Camas, Washington

Alfred T. NEALE
Assistant Director
Washington State Pollution
  Control Commission
409 Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501

Robert W. O'DELL
Representative, 17th District
Washington Legislature
605 N.E. 5th Avenue
Camas, Washington

Kenneth 0. OLSEN
Agent
Alaska Fishermen's Unior*
1418 Commercial St.
Astoria, Oregon

Erling J. ORDAL
Professor jf Microbiology
University of Washington 3&o3
3883 - 44th Avenue N.E.
Seattle, Washington

Phil PARKER
Pacific Coast Oyster Growers Assn.
512 Custer Way
Olympia, Washington

L. Edward PERRY
Director, Columbia River Program
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Box 4332
Portland, Oregon

Mark J. PIKE
Recreation Planner
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
U.S. Courthouse
Seattle, Washington

-------
                                   - 5 -
Roland E. PINE
Biologist II
Washington State Pollution
  Control Commission
409 Public Health Building
Olympia, Washington 98501

Lehi PITCHFORTH
Chemist
Dow Chemical
Kalama, Washington

A. J. POLOS
Hydro legist
River Forecas-t Canter
Custom House
Portland, Oregon

R. F. POSTON   (conferee)
Officer-in-Charge
Water Supply  & Pollution Control, PNW
U.S. Public Health Service
 570 Pittock Block
Portland  Oregon 97205

Richard T. ?RESSEY
Biologist
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
U.S.  Department  of che Interior
 811 N.E.  Oregon St.
 Portland, Oregon

 W. W.  PUUSTINEN
 Chairman^ Legislative &
   Conservation Committee
 Columbia River Fishermen's  Protective
   Union
 Rt.  1, BCJC 68
 Springfield,  Oregon
 D. H,
 Reg. Supervisor, Division of Fisheries
   Services
 Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife
 P.O. Box 3737
 Portland, Oregon

 Carl M. RICE
 Range Conservationist
 Bureau of Land Management
 910 N.E. Union
 Portland, Oregon
David M. ROCKWOOD
Hydraulic Engineer
U.S. Corps of Engineers
210 Custom House
Portland, Oregon

Charles B. ROE
Assistant Attorney General
State of Washingcon
Temple of Justice
Olympia, Washington

C. C. SCHENCK
Secretary
Interstate Pollution Abatement Comm.
700 N.E. Broadway
Portland, Oregon 97232

Vail SCHERMERHORN
Hydrologist
River Forecast Center
U.S. Weather Bureau
320 Custom House
Portland, Oregon 97209

P. W. SCHNEIDER
Director
Oregon Game Commission
P.O. Box 3503
Portland, Oregon

Peter SCKNELL
Director, Public Relac ions
Publishers Paper Co.
Box 551
Oregon Ci-ty, Oregon

Ralph H. SCOTT
Industrial Wastes Engineer, 3WSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

Rodger 0. SMITH
Assistant Mill Manager
Publishers Paper Co.
Box 551
Oregon City, Oregon

Kenneth H. SPIES  (conferee)
Secretary & Chief Engineer
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
P.O. Box 231
Portland, Oregon 97207

-------
                                 - 6 -
Frank STANTON
Wildlife Biologist
Bureau of Land Management
910 N.E. Union
Portland, Oregon

J. E. STEIN
Research Supervisor
Rayonier, Inc.
Shelton, Washington

Murray STEIN  (conferee)
Chief
Enforcement Branch
Division of Water Suppiy & Pollution
  Control, PHS
HEW Building South, Room 4219
Washington, D.C. 20201

Clint STOCKLEY
Manag. Biologist
Washington Department of Fisheries
1408 Franklin
Vancouver, Washington

Robert W. STRAtJB
State Treasurer
State Capitol
Salem, Oregon

Cecil TAYLOR
7965 S.W. Fairway Drive
Portland, Oregon

Chet THOMAS
Administrative Assistant
Boise-Cascade Corporation
P.O. Box 51
Yakima, Washington

Donald H. TILSON
Industrial Consultant
Port of Vancouver
804 Columbia St.
Vancouver, Washington

Roger TOLLEFSON
Box 548
Toledo, Oregon
W. W. TOWNE
Project Director, DWSPC
U.S. Public Health Service
570 Pittock Block
Portland, Oregon 97205

Sherman A. WASHBURN
Information Representative
Oregon State Board of Health
Portland, Oregon

E. J. WEATHERSBEE
Deputy State Sanitary Engineer
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
State Office Building
1400 S.W. 5th Ave.
Portland, Oregon

Stanley WEBER
Information Officer
Department of the Interior
1002 N.E. Holladay
Portland, Oregon

Harold F. WENDEL
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
c/o Lipman Wolfe & Co.
Portland, Oregon

Adah WERKEMA
Vancouver Wildlife League
101 E. 38th St.
Vancouver, Washington

William WESTERHOLM
Secretary
Columbia River Fishermen's Protective
  Union
322 - 10th
Astoria, Oregon

Warren C. WESTGARTH
Director, Sanitation & Engineering
  Laboratories
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
1400 S.W. 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon

Gale B. WHITE
Sanitary Engineer
U.S. Navy, N.W. Division, Bureau
  of Yards and Docks
W. Lawton Way
Seattle, Washington

-------
                                  - 7 -
James A. WILSON
Vice President & Mill Manager
Publishers Paper Co.
Oregon City, Oregon

John G. WILSON
Secretary
Columbia River Sportsman's Council
2346 N.W. Glisan, Apt. 52
Portland, Oregon 97210

John J. WINN, Jr.
Consultant
The Port of Portland
 1949 S.W. Edgewood Road
Portland, Oregon

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APPENDIX

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   LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER- Bonneville Dam to Cathlamet Wash

        ESTIMATED POUNDS  BOD  PER DAY
    MUNICIPAL
    52,925 POUNDS
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL
 SOURCES
   27,140
     POUNDS
    PULP a PAPER
    INDUSTRY
    613,000 POUNDS
        88%
        1959

  TOTAL:693,065 POUNDS
Population  Equivalent 4,077,000
MUNICIPAL
50,985 POUNDS
                  OTHER
                  INDUSTRIAL
                   SOURCES
                                                            POUNDS
     PULP a PAPER
     INDUSTRY >.
     778,275 POUNDS

        90%
         1964

  TOTAL  864,460 POUNDS
Population  Equivalent 5,085,000
                                                         Illustration I

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 LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER* Bonneville Dam to Cathlamet Wash.
     ESTIMATED POUNDS  VS M  PER DAY
1964
                   MUNICIPAL
                   42,585 POUNDS
OTHER
 INDUSTRIAL
   SOURCES
     3,800  POUNDS
                        PULP a PAPER
                        INDUSTRY
                         252,375 POUNDS
                           84%
                      TOTAL.. 7298,7,60 POUNDS
                                                        I//usfrafion

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LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER
 PULP MILL PRODUCTION
       1959 and 1964
                                   \ TONS/DAY
   Total PULP Production
        ST. HELENS
LONGVIEW
OREGON C VANCOUVER  CAMAS
                                Illustrations

-------

  2000-

  1800-

  1600-

  1400-

Q 1200-
o:
CL 1000-

§ 800-
h-
  600-

  400-

  200-

    0
    LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER

    PAPER MILL PRODUCTION
          1959 and 1964
Total PAPER Production:
    LONGVIEW
1959=2,675
1964= 3,302
                        i
                        kj
                        Q
                        s
                        o^
                        3
TONS/DAY
ELENS VANCOUVER  CAMAS
                                           I//usfrafion4

-------
     (JOi-,UJVlHIA K1VKR-PUL.P & PAPER INPTJSTRV
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND LOADINGS
160-
140-
^ 120-
Q
§ 100-
o
Q.
o 80"
CO
"o
8 60
1
Q 40
20
0

i j j j aiiu I^UT
V



•d
>.
>^0
Total B.O.D, Loadings: '959-61 3,0001 LBS/DAY
me /i -r TTR nnnl


WFYFRHAEUSER TIMBER CO,


:O^*1
i&sdil

LONGVIEW FIBRE CO.
LONGV



i!iiii!!i!;i
Q:
§
i §
5 § £
^ ^ i
^ 1 5 !
0> ?- Or i
i t^ to ii iii:
^ kj ^11 111 i
CO to Jv! ^ «; :
^ 	 -^ QD m myv ;
Q foifessft i;;;!;;;;;;;; ^ ^ M ;liS ;
EW SI HELENS OREG(
E PAPER CORP.
BO/SE-CASCADi

i IIP i
260-
!!!!!!=!;=!
iiiiiiiiiiiii
)NC, VANCOUVEF
CROWN ZELLERBACH CORP.
tf 'iMilili' MiMk'ili
:y>>>;X;XvX;X:
:X;': •:-:•:•;•••'••••:-:
•''•''•$•'£'£•''•''•''•

1 	 -T
;:;•:::::::::;
!•:!!::!:•;•:
\ CAMAS
                                       Illustration 5

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LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER• PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY


  VOLATILE SUSPENDED MATTER LOADINGS

                 1959 and  1964
 80-
>70


Q



g 60





o 50
Q_

H-
O

cn 40

"o

o


- 30i
  0-
  0-
             TO TA L

          V.S.M, Loadings;
                  1
                  5

                  Uj
                  Q

                  5
                  

                  5
959

964
    8


    I
        LONGVIEW
 ST, HELENS
                                    COUVER   CAMAS
                                           f//n c /rsr f is* n

-------
500  LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER- Bonneville Dam to Cathlamet Wash.

                                1963
450  THOUSANDS
     OF
4QQ  CUBIC
     FEET
     PER
350  SECOND
                                       COLUMBIA
                                       RIVER
                                       DISCHARGE
                                                  TEMPERATURE °
                                                 SLIME
  15 25
MAY
                   15 25
                  APR
  15 25
JAN
               COMMERCIAL    FISHING   SEASONS
  '5 25
DEC
                                                               Illustration 7

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LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER- Bonncville Dam toCathlamet Wash
         THOUSANDS  OF
         CUBIC FEET .
         PER       :
         SECOND
                                       COLUMBIA
                                       RIVER
                                       DISCHARGE
                                            TEMPERATURE
                 * ,'52'5 4 ^ i i
APR MAY  JUN  JUL  AU6  SEP  OCT
JAN  FEB MAR
                                                    NOV  DEC
          COMMERCIAL
                              FISHING
                        SEA SON S

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LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER- Bonneville Dam toCathlamet Wash
                           1965
  500-
  450-
   400-
   350-
   300-
   250-
COLUMBIA  RIVER
     DISCHARGE
   200-
   150-
   100-
    0-
 °C
-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

-0
                                                  15 25
       JAN  FEB  MAR  APR  MAY  JUN  JUL  AUG
                COMMERCIAL   FISHING   SEASONS
                                               Illustration 9

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LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER* PULP & PAPER INDUSTRY
  VOLATILE SUSPENDED MATTER LOADINGS
            Reported & Recommended
80-
>70-
Q
\
22 60-
Q
^
^_
Z)
o 50-
f\
LL
M-
o
J t \ VJ
«^ ^^1 f *
^n
Q
Co
Q:
5
^
s
kj
vy>ooo fi ^
8 §
8 ^
m
>&x$&
£ $
Z $ x
i
ki
1
^
!s
i
tr\
>O
^
iB ^
H
^^o*
VO ~^-
^ kj
> Q
«sj ^^
i 2

Co ^
£ i
^ 5

^^
m
^^^ 580083
\ LONGVIEW ST.HELENS V/
s















\\































^&?
y$$£
COUV
















:R



D*
1
Co
CO
QQ
Ijj
H
hv
|

^











i i


^^^
'%&
'j&X
yjjk
•////$
' XvXX
' ^:'^
CAMAS
                                         I//us/raf/or)

-------
        Reported & Recommended    325-^—


         ,    ...       Reported 778,0001 LBS/DAY  I
TotalB.O.D. Loadings: Recommended 407,000j
                             OREGON C.I VANCOUVER   CAMAS
0
                                               Illustration II

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APPENDIX

-------
              WASHINGTON
             LONGVIEW
        ST. HELENS
                 VANCOI
                    CAMA!
                       OREGON
COLUMBIA  RIVER   STUDY
      A  progress  report
           1958 - 1963

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            COLUMBIA   RIVER   STUDY




                          1958  -  1963




                        A Progress Report
                         Published by




Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Catnas Mill Division, November, 1963

-------
SKAMOKAWA
                                    WASHINGTON
                      IQNG^lEW
              ST. HELENS:!
                                 ^VANCOUVER
                                                CAMAS
                              PORTLAND
               SCALE
0           10           20
I I I  I I I I I I LJ	L
30
J
            OREGON
       FIGURE 1.  Map of Lower Columbia River shows area of study.

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                               TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                    Page  No.

INTRODUCTION .................. 	      i


NATURE OF SPHAEROTILUS ............ 	      4


RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHASE. ...... 	      6

      Stream Survey	      6
      Laboratory Studies  	 ...... 	      8


ABATEMENT MEASURES STUDIED  ....... 	     14

      Evaporation and Burning Processes. ........ 	     14
      Heat Hydrolysis  ..............  	     14
      Biological Treatment Methods ................     14
      Conclusions on Abatement Measures  .	     15


INTERMITTENT DISCHARGE SYSTEM  ............. 	     16

      Laboratory Evaluation  .......... 	     16
      Pilot Plant Evaluation ........ 	     17
      Large-Scale Installation ........ 	     19

             Liquor Collection System  ......  	  ...     20
             Storage Pond.  , ...........  	     23
             Underwater Outfall   ........ 	  ....     24


RESULTS OF INTERMITTENT DISCHARGE SYSTEM ....... 	     27

      Slime Growth ...............<>•• 	     27
      Time of Passage of  Discharges. ........  	     28
      Waste Concentration.  ........... 	     32
      Dissolved Oxygen ...............  	     35
      Conclusions  ........«..•««««»  	     37


PRESENT TESTING PROCEDURES  .......•».• 	     40


RESEARCH OUTLOOK ..........••«« 	     44

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                           LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


Figure                                                                 Page

  1          General map of Columbia River Study area 	   Forward

  2          Lady Island storage pond .	      3

  3          Sphaerotilus floe. „ .	.	      5

  4          Photomicrograph of Sphaerotilus. . 	      5

  4-A        Columbia River hydrograph for a 15-year period ....      7

  4-B        Columbia River temperature  data, 1956-1963 	      7

  5          Effect of phosphate upon slime growth 	 . .      9

  6          Rate of Sphaerotilus growth at low sulfite
             solids concentration ....... .  	     12

  7          Effect of velocity upon slime growth	".     13

  8          Theoretical multiplication  of bacteria under
             continuous and intermittent feeding	     IS

  9          Effect of intermittent  discharge upon
             Sphaerotilus during test period. .... 	     18

  10         Log rafts used as natural pilot plant
             installations. ..„*..<>......	     21

  11         Columbia River in the vicinity of Camas* .......     21

  12         Schematic drawing of spent  sulfite liquor
             disposal system at Camas .,.«..... 	 .     22

  13         Distribution of dye marker  after discharge
             from new outfall ....................     26

  14         Comparison of slime growth  at sampling stations
             above and below mill outfall after start of
             intermittent discharge  system. » . .  .	     31

  15         Sampling profile during passage of an intermittent
             discharge at St. Helens, Sept. 14-16, 1961 ,	     31

  16         Map of sampling locations.	 .     34
                                                            (Continued)

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Figure                                                                  page

  17          Profile  of Skamokawa biochemical oxygen
              demand study,  August, 1963 ..........  	    36

  18          Dissolved oxygen profiles in lower Columbia River
              before and during passage of an intermittent
              discharge, Sept. 13-18, 1961 . . '»	    39

   19          Present  river testing. ...... 	    39

   20          Present river testing. .................    42

   21          Testing of Columbia River water samples at Crown
              ZeHerbach's Central Research division laboratory
              in Camas	>	«    42

   22         Chemical  products derived from wood-pulping
              process by Crown .Zellerbach scientists	•  •    45

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                                                                         1.





                                  INTRODUCTION






      In 1955 the Washington State  Pollution Control Commission asked



Crown Zellerbach Corporation to  propose  possible  solutions  to  the  long-



standing problem of growth  of a  slime  bacterium called  Sphaerotilus in



the lower Columbia River,




      Sphaerotilus is  one of a group of  water bacteria  common  to most



streams and which are  responsible for  the  destruction of foreign organic



materials in the watercourses.   They are not harmful to health and do not



cause diseases.




      However, the Sphaerotilus  growth sometimes  presented a problem by



becoming enmeshed in the gill nets  commercial fishermen set for salmon



and steelhead.



      The late J. D, Zellerbach,  then  president of the Corporation, noting



company officials were "ever mindful of  their responsibilities to the



public interest," suggested on behalf  of the Board of Directors that the



Pollution Commission retain an outstanding biologist of its own choosing



to conduct studies to  determine  the precise  causes of the slime.   The



Corporation volunteered to  pay the  costs of  the survey which would be



under the cole and complete direction  of the Commission.



      "We are of the opinion," Mr.  Zellerbach stated in his letter, "that



there is urgent need for more intensive  research, to guarantee that the



substantial expenditures called  for will achieve  the desired results.  It



would be a mistake to  proceed with  a project only to discover that elements



not now known or understood continue to  generate  slime growth downriver,"

-------
                                                                          2,
      The Commission accepted the Crown Zellevbach proposal   Later  that




year it named Dr,  E = J, Urdal, tricrobiologist on the faculty of the.  Uni-




versity of Washington School of l-icdicino, to seirve as senior ijcientific




advisor for the study.  The company assigned two men to the project  and




made the facilities of its Central Research Laboratory at Camas available,




A biologist and other personnel from the State Pollution Control Commission




were assigned to the project.




      The cooperative study began early in 1956 with the commencement of




limnological and laboratory studies.  In the succeeding two years the pro-




ject team gathered and analyzed large amounts of data on the 14-mile section




of the Columbia River between Washougal and Vancouver,   The team's work pro-




duced information on the characteristics of the river which will continue




to be of value to all other agencies concerned with the river.




      This study also produced valuable data on the characteristics and




growth patterns of Sphaerotilus, information vital to any program for con-




trolling the slime.  During this period laboratory experiments were made on




various methods which might produce a satisfactory solution to the problem.




      Results of this work were reported in the COLUMBIA RIVER STUDY, 1956-




1958, Progress Report, which was published in May of 1958.  This second




progress report covers the period from 1958 to the present, with emphasis




on development of the intermittent discharge system at the Camas mill (see




Figure 2) and the outlook for use of waste sulfite liquor by converting it




to saleable by-products.

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FIGURE 2.      Key to Crown Zellerbach's Camas mill disposal system is 46-acre  pond  for spent sulfite liquor storage.

-------
                                                                        4.
                            NATURE OF SPHAEROTILUS


      Scientists determined that the organism primarily responsible for

slime growth in the Columbia River is Sphaerotilus natans.  It is a fila-

mentous bacterium which consists of chains of single cells encased in a

sheath, and it is believed that the organism may exist in either the single

cell form or the filamentous form (Figures 3 and 4).  It is generally agreed

that reproduction may occur by fragmentation of the filaments or by forma-
                                                                      f
tion of motile conidiao

      Sphaerotilus is widespread, with growths having been reported

throughout Europe and the United States in streams receiving pulping wastes,

food processing wastes, distillery and brewery wastes, beet sugar wastes,

milk wastes, domestic sewage, packing plant wastes, and other organic wastes.

      Complicating the problem is the fact that growths often occur in

streams and rivers, such as the Columbia, which receive low concentrations

of organic matter and are considered in excellent condition with respect

to ordinary sanitary standards.  Sphaerotilus growth also may occur during

periods of low water temperature.

      In its natural environment, the organism usually grows attached to

stones, logs, branches, gravel and even sand in the flowing stream.  The

slime floes periodically "slough" and flow downstream.  While not consti-

tuting a public health problem, the slime poses an occasional difficulty

when a freshet occurs during the spring fishing season and the flushing

velocity of the water tears the slime loose, permitting it to drift free

downstream.

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                                                                            5.
 FIGURE 3.  Typical SLIME  FLOCK obtained from the Columbia River.
FIGURE 4.    Photo micrograph of SPHAEROTILUS NATANS
             sausage-like individual cells.

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                                                                         6.
                        RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHASE




      The cooperative study begun in 1956 was divided into two major cate-


gories:  (1) a limnological study of the Columbia River from Washougal to


Vancouver; (2) laboratory studies for evaluation and abatement measures.


Briefly, the major findings of these studies were:




STREAM SURVEY


      The flow of the Columbia River varies considerably during the year


with  the volume increasing gradually during March.and April, increasing


abruptly during May and June, and decreasing again in July (see Figure 4-A).
                                                      :•     '       i

The flow normally remains low during the fall and winter months, although


high  water can occur in the lower river during the winter months,


      Velocity, closely related to flow, also varies seasonally and there


may be variations in any traverse across the river or in traverses between


surface and bottom velocities.


      Before 1960, when the Camas mill was discharging wastes continuously,
                                                               "''  " ;'   •

flow  was one of the major factors which had a decided effect upon slime
                                                                  ', *

conditions in the lower river.   In general, excessive velocities encountered


during flood stage caused "sloughing" of attached growth and prevented new


growth from becoming established until the velocity again dropped below


the critical value.


      The Columbia River studies showed the temperature of the river in-


creases gradually in March and reaches a maximum in July and August before


beginning to drop off again in September (see Figure 4-B).  Optimum slime


growth occurs at a temperature range of about 10° to 15° C,   However,


Sphaerotilus growth may occur at temperatures below 10° C., providing that


the growing period is sufficiently long.  When the temperature drops below


4° C«, growth ceases but does not die, and growth again occurs as the

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                                  THOUSANDS OF CUBIC FEET PER SECOND
                                                                            410.0
                                                                                442.01
                                                          'From U. S. Geological Survey Data.
FIGURE 4-A Columbia River average flow at The Dalles for a 15-year period.
   30
   25
        ' TEMPERATURE ° C.
FIGURE  4-B  Columbia River  water temperature  average in vicinity of Camas,  1956-
             1963, showing temperature range conducive to Sphaerotilus growth.

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                                                                        8.
temperature increases above 4° C.




      Heavy slime growth normally was not found during the maximum tempera-




ture period,




      Tests on dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and biochemical oxygen demand (B<0
-------
i	> 2000
             10 PPM
 10 PPM SSS    10 PPM SSS
+1PPMP04   +0.3% SEWAGE
           FIGURE 5. Effect of phosphate upon slime growth.

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                                                                       10.
phosphate, slime growth was more than doubled.




      The oxidation of domestic sewage leaves an excess of nitrogen and




phosphorus on which Sphaerotilus feeds.  In the Columbia Basin, both




phosphorus and nitrogen, in ever-increasing quantities, are supplied by




agricultural runoff and irrigation return water.




      Minimum Waste Concentration.   In 1941 and 1942 the states of Wash-




ington and Oregon conducted a limnological research study of the Columbia




River between Bonneville Dam and Longview.  Under the direction of two




highly qualified scientists, J. H. Lincoln and R. F. Foster, the study



developed much data about the river.  This was contained in the "Report




on Investigation of Pollution in the Lower Columbia River,"  Washington




State Pollution Control Commission and the Oregon Sanitary Authority,




1943.



      The study indicated that Sphaerotilus growth could be minimized by



reducing the concentration of S.S.S. below 5 ppm.




      Based in part on this early study, Crown Zellerbach installed a




deep water diffuser line at the Camas mill in 1950.  It discharged the




sulfite pulp mill effluents in the main channel of the Columbia at a depth




of about 45 feet.  The initial cost of the installation was $270,000, with




maintenance costs since then totaling more than $350,000.




      Although this was the most accurate information available up to that




time, subsequent experience showed that the deep water diffuser line had




not solved the Sphaerotilus problem.  While the underwater diffuser was




effective in reducing waste concentrations, slime growth was not suffi-




ciently reduced to eliminate the problem entirely.  Surveys conducted




after the diffuser outfall was installed showed slime growth in areas

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                                                                       11.





where the S.S.S. concentration was well below 5 ppm.




      Stream  studies  started in 1956 showed growth at concentrations as



low as  1 to 2 ppm.  Growth curves for Sphaerotilus at S.S.S.  concentrations



of 2 and 5 ppm  are  shown in Figure 6.  For all practical purposes,  it appears



to be extremely difficult to reduce the waste concentration to  levels which



will not support some slime growth.



      To insure an adequate and a continuously replenished food supply for



 the  Sphaerotilus,  the food must be brought past the growth by means of



 stream  velocity.  Figure 7 shows that at a feed concentration of 10 ppm,



 slime growth was increased from 1,000 mg. to 5,500 mg. by increasing the



 velocity from 0.001 to 0.58 feet per second (fps).   These tests showed



 there, is a minimum velocity below which Sphaerotilus will not grow  and,



 of course, there must also be a maximum velocity at which Sphaerotilus



 cannot  remain attached.

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                                                                            12
       6
 1     5
CD
S     4
       3
       2
       0
                     2
6         8         10        12
                                  TIME  IN  DAYS
          FIGURE 6.  Rate of slime growth at low sulfite solids concentration.

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                                                                       13.
                                  O VELOCITY  — O.58 FPS
                                     VELOCITY  — O.OO1  FPS
2
0
                    20        30       40       50
                    SPENT SULFITE SOLIDS - PPM
70
  FIGURE 7.  Effect of waste concentration upon slime growth at two different  water velocities
           as shown by laboratory studies.

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                                                                         14.
                            ABATEMENT MEASURES STUDIED






      In Crown Zellerbach's Central Research division laboratory, evalua-




tion was made of possible abatement measures which might be utilized.




      Evaporation and Burning Processes.   There are a number of pulping




processes which permit the evaporation and burning of the waste liquor.




Heat is recovered from the burning of the organic material, and chemicals




are also recovered.  Although the B.O.D. reductions accomplished by the




recovery processes are relatively high, a substantial B.O.D. load is still




discharged, and this load in conjunction with the other pulping effluents




is of sufficient magnitude to support heavy slime growth.




      Hea.t Hydrolysis.   In this process the digester strength liquor is




heated at temperatures of 250° C. and at high pressures.  During the high




temperature treatment the lignin is precipitated as a ligno-carbon and




the sugars are converted to volatile acids or completely broken down to




carbon dioxide and water.  However, the results of bioassays showed that




the slime reduction which might be expected by this method would only be




about 50 per cent.




      Biological Treatment Methods.   The first process of this type




studied was the Torula yeast fermentation, a process in which the steam




stripped waste is aerated in the fermentor in the presence of yeast which




utilize both the six and five carbon sugars.  The yeast cells are separated




by means of a centrifuge, and the desugared lignin solution is discharged




to the stream.  Conclusions on this method were that the maximum slime




reduction which might be expected would be about 70 per cent.




      Alcohol fermentation also was tried but was found to be not completely




effective in controlling slime.  B.O.D. reduction after fermentation was a

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                                                                       15.






maximum of SO per cent and  slime  reductions  were about  the same.



      Conclusions on Abatement Measures.   There would  still be two sources



of slime-supporting effluents from evaporation and burning of spent sulfite



liquors,  these  being weak wash waters and the evaporator  condensate.



      The various conventional fermentation  processes studied for the



reduction of wood  sugars were found to be effective in  reducing slime



growth  but none of  the methods tried would eliminate the  problem entirely.

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                                                                        16,
                              INTERMITTENT DISCHARGE SYSTEM






      Among the solutions considered was intermittent or regulated dis-




charge of the waste.  In this system the waste would be stored a specified




length of time and then discharged over another specified, but much shorter,




span of time.   It was based on the facts bacteria feed continuously and




require a continuous source of food; consequently, elimination of food




during the growth phase should substantially reduce the bacterial numbers.




      This theory is best explained by the table presented in Figure 8.




This table presents the theoretical multiplication of Sphaerotilus under




continuous and intermittent feeding based upon the assumption that one




Sphaerotilus divides every 12 hours.  The intermittent schedule is based




upon 24 hours discharge every five days.  The tremendous difference between



numbers can readily be seen at the end of 21 days under both feeding



schedules, the reduction in numbers being in excess of 99 per cent.






LABORATORY EVALUATION




      In the initial phase of the study of an intermittent discharge system,



the investigators repeated a study by the National Council for Stream Im-




provement, but using different equipment.  Their results coincided with




those of the earlier study, namely that a two-hour discharge followed by




a waste storage period ot 22 hours was effective in eliminating slime




growth.  As the feeding interval was increased, the effectiveness of the




method decreased, and at a discharge interval of 12 hours per day, very




little benefit was accomplished by intermittent feeding.  For optimum




results, a feeding schedule of two hours followed by the 22-hour storage



period was recommended.




      However, there were two major objections to this method of slime




control:  (1) a discharge interval of 2 hours followed by 22 hours of

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                                                                         17,

storage would result  in a  twelve-fold increase in waste  concentration, and
(2) the short interval  between discharges (22 hours)  would  decrease upon
downstream movement and ultimate merging of discharges would  occur.
      To overcome  the two  objections, both the discharge period and the
storage period were  increased.  For example, a waste  discharge period of
one day followed by  a six-day storage period would only  increase waste
concentration sevenfold, and the six-day storage period  would prevent
merging of discharges.   The effectiveness of this modified  program is
shown in Figure  9.
      The simulated  stream receiving the continuous feed was  harvested
after 19 days because of excessive growth, whereas the intermittent
streams were fed for a period of 40 days before being harvested.  (It
should also  be noted that  the growths obtained under  the intermittent
programs shown  in Figure 9 were not corrected for pre-growth  developed
under continuous feeding prior to the start of intermittent discharge.
It was found that  slime growth could not be established  unless the simu-
lated streams had  a  visible pre-growth,  which was established by feeding
5.0 ppm of spent  sulfite solids continuously for four  days before the
start of the intermittent  discharge program.)
      A  24-hour  discharge  followed by 24 hours of storage was ineffective
in controlling  slime growth.  A discharge period of 24 hours  followed by
a  storage period of  two to six days was  very effective in controlling
growth.

PILOT PLANT  EVALUATION
      With  intermittent discharge having proved successful  in the labora-
tory, a  pilot plant  study  was undertaken.  The experiment was started in
December, 1958,  and  was terminated at the end of April,  1959.

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                                                                                         18
                                                                       Bacterial
                                                                   Numbers Under
                                                                      Intermittent
ONE  BACTERIUM  DIVIDES  EVERY 12 HOURS
          Bacterial Numbers Under
                                v-on nuoub i  eaing
                                         16
                                        64
                                        296
                                        1024
                                       4096
                                       16.384
                                       65.536
                                      262,144
                                      1.048.576
                                      4.194.304
                                     16.777.216
                                     67,108.664
                                    268,435.456
                                    ,073,741,824
                                   4,294,967.296
                                   17.179. 869,184
                                   68.719,476.736
                                  274.877.906.944
                                  1,099,511.627.776
                                  4.398. 046.511, 104
     FIGURE 8.  How different feedings affect bacterial growth.
                                 - 40 DAY GROWTH  PERIOD AT 20° C
10
 0
   CONTINUOUS
    FEEDING  19
       DAYS
   1 Day Storage
2 Day Storage    4 Day Storage
Followed by 24-Hours Discharge
   Intermittent Discharge
6 Day Storage
   FIGURE 9.  Effect of intermittent discharge upon Sphaerotilus growth at 20° C. and  40-day
              test period.

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                                                                       19.

      To simulate natural  conditions,  the experiment was  conducted in the
Columbia River, using  five groups of four 10-foot»long logs  as attachment
surfaces as shown in Figure 10.   The rafts were secured about 200 feet
from shore where the stream velocity during the run was about 0.5 fps.
      To simulate downstream conditions, all the log rafts received low
background concentrations  of spent sulfite liquor continuously in addition
to the  intermittent load.   Spent sulfite liquor was fed through diffusers
to the  logs, and slime growth was estimated by observation of the logs and
measurement of  growth  on ceramic tile surfaces.
      The log surfaces were subjected to the following feeding schedules:
(1) control, with no spent sulfite solids; (2) intermittent  feeding sched-
ule started without the development of a primary slime film; (3) inter-
mittent feeding started after slime growth was under way; (4) continuous
feeding of spent sulfite solids, and (5) continuous feeding  of extremely
low concentrations  of  spent sulfite solids.
      Examination  of the logs at the end of the experiment showed some
growth  to be present on the control raft, slightly more on the intermittently
fed logs, slightly more again on the low continuously fed logs, and very much
more  on the  logs which were fed continuously at a higher  rate.  Intermittent
discharge eliminated most of the growth and little effect due to pre-growth
was observed.   The  field studies were in agreement with previous laboratory
experiments.

LARGE-SCALE  INSTALLATION
      With the  comprehensive and successful laboratory and pilot plant
studies completed,  Crown Zellerbach proceeded with designing an intermittent
discharge program  for  the Camas mill.(see Figure 11).  The  installation was

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                                                                         20.
constructed at a cost of $750S000.  In addition, some $600,000 has ue_




spent in construction and upkeep on the original deepwater diffuser outfall




constructed in 1950, making a total expenditure of $1.35 million for slime




control at the Camas mill.



      The stream improvement system developed was designed to handle either




dilute or concentrated wastes from the Camas sulfite mill.  During normal




flow periods dilute waste has been collected for six days and discharged




upon the seventh day-  This schedule can be changed to give any sequence




up  to a storage period of seven days followed by one day of discharge.  The




strong digester liquor can be stored for 60 days and then released during




high water.  Calculations showed that a pond capacity of 150 million




gallons would allow collection of at least eight days of total effluent




or  60 days of concentrated waste.  The only feasible location for a pond




of  this size was on the company-owned Lady Island in the Columbia River,




offshore from the Camas mill.




      The abatement system can be divided into three parts:  (1) liquor




collection, (2) ponding, and (3) deep water outfall.  A schematic drawing



of  the combined system is shown in Figure 12.




      Liquor Collection System.   Although nearly 20,000 gallons of efflu-




ent are produced from each ton of sulfite pulp, the first 4,000 gallons




contain about 80 per cent of the solids, and extensive studies have shown




that the temperature of the draining liquor can be correlated to the solids




content.  The collection system is designed to collect the total wastes




(20,000 gallons per ton) or the more concentrated liquor of about 4,000




gallons per ton.




      For collection of the strong wastes with minimum dilution, care must




be taken in the pulp washing cycle.  At Camas, the bottom of the blow pit




is "padded" (covered with about 3 feet of spent liquor) before the pulp is

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                                                                                           21.
       CONTINUOUS
       5 P.P.M.
                                                                          CONTROL
                                                                          NO SPENT
                                                                          SULFITE SOLIDS
                                                     NT If  INTERMITTENT
                                             ^PRE-GROWTHf  NO PRE-GROWTH
                      CONTINUOUS
                      LOW CONCENTRATION
FIGURE 10.  Log rafts were used as natural pilot plant installations.
     TOP OF  DIKE EL 32'
  r
NEW OUTFALL
OLD OUTFALL
 I
     2,000,000 SQ.  FT.   OP. DEPTH-10'
                                                            COLUMBIA   RIVER
FIGURE 11.   Columbia River in the vicinity of Gc      bowing the Crown   Zellerbach mill,
             outfalls and storage pond/                   •

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                                                                                                   22,
                                                    PADDING & LEVELING SYSTEM
   60,000 GAL. STORAGE
          TANK
                                                                     DIGESTERS
                                                              TEMP. CONTROL VALVES
                                                                      COLUMBIA  RIVER:
                                                                      '.^—«-~~_^-^_HK^_^~'~-'fc~-~*-—•—^^^-^-H^-^—~—^-^^	
                                                                      '^.^-^^	"~-—-	K^--—-—^^^^^-^^^^^-^^^^^^^

FIGURE  12.  Schematic diagram of spent sulfite liquor disposal system,   Camas division of Crown

             Zellerbach.

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                                                                         23.




blown into It.  As  the  pulp is blowing into the pit, spent liquor is  injected



at a high velocity  across  the stream of pulp to level the pile and allow even



drainage.  Padding  and  leveling is accomplished by automatic,  time-controlled



valves.  At  the completion of the blow the operator activates  the drainage



and wash water controls.   The hot padding liquor plus the new  hot spent



liquor drains through a temperature-controlled valve to a 10,000-galIon,



fiberglass-lined  storage  tank.  Another pump takes the liquor  from the tank



and pumps it either to  the pits for padding and leveling, or to the pond



one mile away.    All of the piping, pumps, and valves are of stainless steel,



including the mile  of 10-inch pipe to the pond.  The drainage  at  the pit



continues until  the liquor temperature drops to about 120° F.,  indicating


that 80 per  cent  of the solids have been collected.



      The temperature-controlled valve to the sump then closes  and a similar


valve to the old  system opens, sending the remaining 20 per cent  of the


solids through a  30-inch  line under the Camas slough to the ditch across


Lady Island, and  from the ditch through a 30-inch outfall into  the main


channel of the river.  When it is desired to collect the total  effluent


for six days, the "old  system" ditch is diverted to the pond.   The pond


was constructed  close to  the ditch, thus permitting a valve-controlled,



short diversion  ditch.
.

      Storage Pond.  Land clearing was necessary before investigations



were initiated for  construction of the 46-acre pond on Lady Island.  Follow-



ing this, a  complete topographic study of the island was made,  followed by



a  complete soils  study  by soil consultants.


      The pond was  then designed and constructed, using a naturally occurr-



ing clay layer as the bottom membrane.  The periphery of the pond is a dike



with an 8 to 12  foot wide clay core keyed into the clay membrane.  The core

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                                                                         24.






extends from the membrane to the top of the dike completely around the pond.




In certain locations the dike is 120 feet thick at the base and 18 feet




high.  The pond has an average working depth of 12 feet.  Approximately




110,000 cubic yards of material were moved in construction of the dike and




its core.



      Grass was planted on the dike to prevent erosion and trees were planted




outside the dike.



      Underwater Outfall.   Dye studies, including aerial photographs, and




velocity studies were made to pinpoint the location of the single point



discharge in the main flow of the Columbia River for maximum downriver




dilution and optimum distribution for pond discharges (see Figure 13),




      Test piling was driven along the south shore of Lady Island to find




the best bottom for locating the outfall.  River elevations for the past




10 years were plotted.  Outfall pipe size was calculated using river and




pond elevation data and anticipated flow' from the pond.




      After extensive testing, the line selected was a 54-inch diameter,




12-gauge corrugated pipe, asphalt-dipped, with the internal corrugations




filled with asphalt to give smooth bore-flow characteristics.  The 24-foot




lengths are joined with two-foot-wide bands.




      A 10-foot ditch was dug in the bottom of the river from the pond




1100 feet to the point of optimum dispersion.  The pipe was joined in




96-foot lengths and lowered into the ditch and joined by divers.  After




joining, the line was covered with six feet of sand and topped with a




blanket of 200 to 800-pound rocks to keep it from washing or being moved




by the currents.




      The line under the dike is a 1/2-inch wall fiberglass line contain-




ing a 48-inch Venturi section for metering, and terminates outside the

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                                                                       25.





dike with « 54-inch stainless  steel  gate* valve.  The valve  is housed in



a 10-foot diameter, 24-foot high fiberglass-lined  combination valve pit,



vent, and junction box where the corrugated  steel  outfall starts.  The



valve pit is  topped with a house for the valve operator  and flow instruments.

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FIGURE  13.  Distribution of dye marker discharge from outfall approximates the present pattern ofcspent sulfite discharged from
             the Camas  mill.

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                                                                        27.

                RESULTS Of  INTERMITTENT DISCHARGE  SYSTEM

      The intermittent discharge  system at the  Camas mill went into opera-
tion on a regular basis on  February 1,  1961.  On that date  impounding of
the total sulfite mill effluent (strong waste plus weak  wash water) began.
It was decided to use a 24-hour discharge  period following  a six-day
storage period.  The first  intermittent discharge was conducted on
February 8, 1961.
      Tests begun with the  start  of the system  showed the following results:

SLIME GROWTH
      Following the start of  the  intermittent discharge  system, a tile box
sampler was placed in the main channel  of  the Columbia River 2.3 miles
below the outfall and at a  distance of  2,000 feet from the Washington
shore.  This tile box was located to receive maximum concentrations of
spent sulfite liquor during discharge of the pond.  A control station was
located at Washougal, about 3 miles above  the Camas mill outfall.
      The test location below the outfall  (at Hassale Rock) had always
shown slime growth during continuous discharge.  The slime growth obtained
at the Washougal control station  and the Hassalo Rock station during inter-
mittent discharge is shown  in Figure 14.   It can be seen that growth at
the Hassalo Rock station was  equivalent to the background growth obtained
at Washougal.  It is also of  interest to note that the Hassalo Rock sampler
was located about 2,000 feet  from the Oregon shore and received the highest
concentration of spent sulfite liquor during intermittent discharge.
      This slime growth data  showed that areas receiving only the inter-
mittent discharges did not  support slime growth.  It also indicated that
if an interval of five to six days is maintained between discharges in

-------
                                                                       28.



downstream movement, slime will not become established at locations in the

lower river.

      Observations made on the commercial fishing drifts above the Inter-

state Bridge near Vancouver during the 1961 spring and fall fishing seasons

showed the midchannel and Oregon shores to be free of slime growths.  This
                  ,                                                     *
area previously contained heavy growth during continuous discharge of spent

sulfite liquor through the underwater outfall.

      Previous laboratory experiments showed that kraft mill effluents also

supported slime growth.  Growth was obtained on evaporator condensate and

the weak wash waters from the kraft mill.  Although only a very narrow band

of growth had been noted along the Washington shore, it was believed that

removal of some of the kraft mill effluents from the Camas slough and inclu-

sion of these effluents into the intermittent discharge program would

accomplish an additional reduction of growth along the Washington shore.

      Changes were made in the mill collection system to direct the follow-
                    *
ing effluents to the main channel of the Columbia River:  (1) blow gas con-

densates from the kraft mill, and (2) evaporator condensates from the kraft

mill.  This diversion involves a flow of 2.1 million gallons per day which

were previously discharged into the Camas slough.  These changes were

completed in July of 1961.


TIME OF PASSAGE OF DISCHARGES

      Time of passage data for the lower Columbia River were not available

until installation of the intermittent discharge system, which, for the

first time, made possible the accurate determination of time of passage

over a wide range of river flows.  A continuous automatic sampler was used

for these studies which permitted the collection of a Sample every half hour.

-------
                                                                       29.

      The time of passage  of  discharges at selected downstream testing
stations varied with  the amount of flow and the velocity of  the river.  At
a low flow at Camas of  about  90,000 to 100,000 cu.  ft.  per sec.,  the  time
of passage to the Interstate  Bridge, 12.8 miles below the outfall, was 10
hours and approximately 29 hours were required to reach St.  Helens, 32
miles below  the mill  outfall.  Time of passage to Longview and Skamokawa
during the low critical flow  period was 49 and 100 hours respectively.
The average  velocity  of the major flow from the Camas outfall  to  Skamokawa,
a distance of 84  statute miles, was 1.23 fps during the low  flow  fall period.
      Data collected  during a spring flow of about 184,000 cu.  ft. per sec.
indicated that the  time of passage to Longview was 29 hours.  Extrapolation
of this  time of passage data  showed that approximately 55 hours were  required
for the  Camas discharge to reach Skamokawa.  During this flow  regime, the
average  velocity  of the major flow throughout the lower 84 miles  was  2.24
fps.
      There  was concern there could be some merging of  discharges based
on the  theory that  instead of maintaining a starvation  interval of six
days, the interval  could decrease to five or even four  days  upon  downstream
movement.  Continuous sampling during the spring of 1961 showed conclusively
that no  significant merging of discharges occurred.  At a Camas flow  of
about 190,000 cu.  ft. per  sec.s very little difficulty was encountered in
merging  of discharges and  a starvation interval of six days  was maintained
between  the  discharges over the 52 miles between Camas  and the Longview
Bridge.
      Behavior of intermittent discharges during the fall low  flow period
was found to be somewhat different than during the spring median  flow in

-------
                                                                       30.
a comprehensive survey conducted September 13-18, 1961.  Dilute spent




sulfite liquor was discharged during a 23-3/4-hour period beginning on




September 13.



      The discharge required 12.8 hours to reach the automatic sampler at




the Interstate Bridge and arrived with very little "tailing" occurring.




The discharge took 25 hours to traverse the section.  The maximum concen-




tration of 27.4 ppm was considered quite satisfactory since it represented




the spent sulfite solids concentration resulting from a rate of liquor




discharge close to 90 per cent of the maximum possible from the pond.




      The situation at St. Helens, 32 miles below the outfall, was somewhat




different (see Figure 15).  As at the Interstate Bridge, the initial rise




in spent sulfite liquor concentration was abrupt, but the initial values




did not reflect the high initial rate of pond discharge observed at the




Interstate Bridge.  After 24 hours, a gradual decrease in spent sulfite




liquor was observed and the time for the discharge to pass the sampling




point completely was about 35 hours.  However, Figure 15 shows that about




90 per cent of the total discharge passed this station in 24 hours.  The




maximum concentration of spent sulfite solids at this station was 8.2 ppm




and the average concentration over the 35-hour period was about 5.2 ppm.




      At the third sampling point, 52 miles below the outfall at the Long-



view Bridge, the general picture was similar to that observed at St. Helens.




The initial rise in concentration was less steep and the tailing was greater.



At this station some 43 hours were required for complete passage of the




discharge, but again the major portion passed this station in about 28 hours.




The background concentration of spent sulfite solids at this station before




the arrival of the discharge was 1.5 ppm, and it was 2.0 ppm afterward.

-------
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-------
                                                                        32.




This slight increase was not thought to be due to tailing, since once the


2,0 ppm level was reached, it remained at that value and did not fluctuate.


The maximum concentration during the discharge was 6.2 ppm and the calcu-


lated average level of spent sulfite solids during the discharge was 4.6
      Laboratory studies have shown conclusively that even with the slight


tailing which occurred at downstream points an interval of at least five


days was maintained betwee.n the intermittent discharges.



WASTE CONCENTRATIONS DURING STORAGE AND DISCHARGE


      Waste concentrations under an intermittent discharge program are


extremely important since the stream utilized must have sufficient flow to
  /

handle the loadings.  In planning the system for the Camas mill, close


attention was paid to a report by the Washington State Department of Fish-


eries on the effects of spent sulfite liquor on salmon under experimental


conditions.  Long-term experiments on Chinook, pink, and silver salmon of


varying ages showed that the most susceptible species of those concerned,


Chinook salmon, has a threshold index of 56 ppm of spent sulfite solids *


      This was considered the maximum concentration that could be tolerated


in planning the intermittent discharge program.   Intensive research work


prior to the installation of the program indicated that these concentra-


tions would not be reached.


      Tests showed that during periods of storage the spent sulfite solids


and B.O.D. concentrations in the major flow of the river are essentially


the same as those found above the mill outfall.  The normal background


spent sulfite solids -concentrations will range from 0.2 to 1.0 ppm, and


B»0?D, values range from 0,2 to 1.0 ppm,

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                                                                        33.


      A number of cross-sectional samplings have been conducted below the

mill during periods  of  intermittent discharge to determine the  spent  sulfite

solids and B.O.D. concentrations.  Average spent sulfite solids concentra-

tion at the Interstate  Bridge was about 10.0 ppm during median  flow condi-

tions experienced during the winter and spring fishing season.   During  low

flow encountered in  September and October, the spent sulfite  solids concen-

tration at the Interstate Bridge will be about 14,0 to 16.0 ppm.

      The maximum spent sulfite solids concentration at the Longview Bridge

(see Figure 16) was  6,7 ppm at a Longview flow of about 200,000 cu. ft. per

sec.   At the St. Helens station, 32 miles below the outfall, the maximum

spent sulfite solids concentration was 8.2 ppm during low flow.
        f
      From August 12 to 19, 1963, an extensive survey was  made  at Steamboat

Slough near Skamokawa on spent sulfite wastes and B.O.D.  in relation to the

intermittent discharge  system at the Camas mill.   The location  is 84 miles

below the mill outfall  and 36 miles from the jetties at the mouth of the

Columbia.  Average  flow of the river during the testing period  was 142,000

cu. ft. per sec. with the temperature varying from 20.8 to 21.8° C.

Samples were collected  by Crown Zellerbach personnel using an automatic

sampling device constructed at Crown Zellerbach's Central  Research division,

and, in addition, traverses were run twice daily in order  to determine the

distribution of spent sulfite wastes throughout the river  cross  section.

      The Lady Island lagoon was emptied beginning at 10 a.m. on August 12,

The first increase  in liquor concentration at the Skamokawa testing point

was detected 77.5 hours later on August 15.

      Examination of Figure 17 shows there was no increase in B.O.D. as

the liquor passed Skamokawa, showing the B.O.D,. of the liquor had been

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                                            RIVER
                                           LONGVtiW
                           LQNGVIEW
                                    ST. HftENS
                                                    Sf. HELENS
                                                         RIVtR
                                                                 INTERSTATE BRIDGE f^ 13)
                                                          VANCOUVER        GAMAS (MP-0)
               SCALE-MILfS
                                                                  HSAIO
WILLAMETTE RIVER
FIGURE 16.  Lower Columbia River survey area showing sampling locations.
                                                                                         BON&EVItlE


-------
satisfied during  the  passage from Camas.   The most likely explanation is
that free floating bacteria in the water  had utilized the sugars.    B.O.D,
tests in which  test water is incubated at 20° C. in special bottles  for a
period of five  days have shown that while there is no agitation such as
occurs in a river, the free floating organisms are able to assimilate the
food source quite completely.  Additional evidence that the B.O.D. reduc-
tion was not  due  to  the growth of Sphaerotilus was the absence  of floes
of this organism  in  the river at the testing location.
      For the most part the liquor was spread quite evenly throughout the
entire cross-section tested and values were similar to those obtained at
the sampler.
      Although  it took about 40 hours for the discharge to pass  the
Skamokawa testing point, this could not have produced Sphaerotilus growth
as the B.O.D. tests  showed all organic matter had been destroyed.  Conse-
quently, there  were  no wood sugars left which could be utilized  as food
by Sphaerotilus.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
      The dissolved  oxygen (D.O.) concentrations in the lower Columbia
River usually vary from 8 to 12 ppm depending upon the season.   During the
first spring  trial of intermittent discharge, no significant drop in D.O.
could be detected in the lower river.  This was expected, since  the  flow
was fairly  high (about 180,000 cu. ft. per sec,) and water temperature
was low.
      The D.O.  profiles for the lower river during the low flow period of
September 13  through September 18, 1961,  when the flow at Camas  was  about

-------
Q
z

I
o

i  s
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in
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3  3
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a.
M

u-  7
O

z
o
                                                  SPENT SULFITE SOLIDS
                                                                         BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN


                                                                               DEMAND
     1963
                      AUG. IS
                                                          AUG. 16
                                                                                               AUG. 17
FIGURE 17.  Continuous sampling profile showing biochemical oxygen demand during passage of an intermittent discharge


             near Skamokawa, August 1963.


-------
                                                                       37.

80,000 cu. ft. per  sec.  are shown in Figure 18.   The D.O.  concentrations
during periods of spent  liquor storage dropped slightly in  moving down-
stream, from 8,9 to 8.5  ppm.    The average D.O. drop in the 84 miles of
river under consideration was 0.4 ppm prior to intermittent discharge and
0.9 ppm during the  passage of the intermittent discharge.   The minimum D.O.
recorded during this sampling period was 7.3 ppm some 84 miles below the
outfall, which corresponds to a saturation value of  77.6 per cent.
      The  conditions during the fall survey represent the extremes of flow
and water  temperature under which intermittent discharge will.be used.  The
water temperature during this period was 18° C« and  the river flow at Camas
was about  80,000 cu. ft. per sec.   Figure 18 shows  that the oxygen re-
sources of the  lower Columbia River will not be seriously affected by
intermittent discharge of the Camas spent sulfite liquor during periods
of low flow and relatively high water temperatures.

CONCLUSIONS
      Full-scale operation of the intermittent discharge system at the
Camas mill has  produced the following conclusions:
      1.    A seven-day schedule consisting of six days'  storage followed
by a 24-hour discharge period has been effective in  controlling Sphaerotilus
growth.
      2.    Sphaerotilus  growth has been virtually eliminated in the area
between the Camas mill and the Interstate Bridge receiving  spent sulfite
liquor on  an intermittent basis.
      3.    Spent sulfite solids concentrations during periods of discharge
have been  substantially below the concentration inimical to aquatic life
and the dissolved oxygen assets of the lower river have not been adversely
affected.

-------
                                                                        38.






      4,   Merging of spent sulfite liquor discharge in the lower river has




not been a problem and the interval between discharges  has been sufficiently




long to prevent Sphaerotilus growth development as  the  discharge moves




downstream.

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                                                                                        39.
                   10
CL
Q.


z
LU

O


o


Q
        O
        en

        —
        O
                   8
                                WATER TEMP. 18°C

                                SAMPLING PERIOD- SEPT. 13-18, 1961
                                AVERAGE D.O. PRIOR TO DISCHARGE


                             X  AVERAGE D.O. DURING DISCHARGE


                                MINIMUM D.O. DURING DISCHARGE
                                                                    MILES

                                                                    BELOW

                                                                   OUTFALL
FIGURE  18.  Dissolved oxygen profiles  in the lower Columbia River prior to and during

            passage of an intermittent discharge for September 13 through 18, 1961.
    '
                                                    :** &-£P   ; -'

                                               *BBT\#^;S     <    VA
                                                 •f-  a
                                                 Mte;
FIGURE  19.   Tile sampler boxes are checked for slime growth every two weeks.

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                                                                        40.
                             PRESENT TESTING PROCEDURES





      Crown Zellerbach sclent1st* carry on a continual testing program in



the Columbia River between Washougal and the Interstate Bridge at Vancouver



to maintain a close check on possible slime growth and water conditions in



the river.  Special studies are made as far down river as Skamokawa, 84



miles below the mill outfalls.



      The company's Central Research division maintains a regularly sched-



uled testing program which provides data for its own research projects, the



Washington State Pollution Control Commission, and the Camas mill division.



Some of this work is part of the program of the Lower Columbia River Coopera-



tors, an organisation of firms and public agencies concerned with water



quality control from Bonneville Dam to the mouth of the Columbia.



      To keep a constant check on possible slime growth, the company main-



tains five tile sampler boxes in the river between Washougal and the Inter-



state Bridge at Vancouver.  The tile plates in the sampling boxes are



checked every two weeks for slime growth (see Figure 19).  Reports are



filed with the Washington State Pollution Control Commission.



      In conjunction with the sampling boxes, water tests also are made



every two weeks.  This phase of water testing is carried out at four loca-



tions:  Washougal, west end of Sand Island, Ellsworth, and the Interstate



Bridge.



      A total of 24 samples are taken.  Three are taken in a traverse at



the Washougal station.  At the Sand Island site three samples are taken



from the main channel of the river between Sand and Government Islands,



and seven in a traverse between Sand Island and the Washington shore.



Five samples are obtained between Ellsworth on the Washington shore and

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                                                                        41.

Government  Island.   At the fourth testing, location, the Interstate Bridge,
six samples are  taken between the Washington shore and Hayden Island, again
spanning the main channel.
      All samples are taken at a uniform depth of three feet, with the  water
being tested for D.O., B.O.D., S.S.S., phosphate, nitrate,  ammonia, pH,
temperature, alkalinity and turbidity (see Figures 20 and 21). Results of
these tests are  sent to the Washington State Pollution Control Commission.
      Water tests required by the Washington State Pollution Control
Commission  for  the  Camas mill are obtained from six locations starting
with a  control  location at the east end of Lady Island above the outfalls.
The remaining  test  locations for the mill are (2) south side of Lady Island
below the outfalls; (3) Hassalo Rock; (4) Fisher; (5) one-half mile west of
Ellsworth,  and  (6)  Leiser Point, just east of Vancouver.  At each  of the
last five locations three samples are taken at various distances from shore.
      The water  obtained in these samples is checked for  temperature, pH,
spent sulfite  liquor concentration and, at some locations,  dissolved oxygen.
The results are  submitted to the Washington State Pollution Control Commission
in a bi-weekly report.
      The Central Research division laboratory also regularly runs tests
for the U.  S. Public Health Service on water samples taken  at Bonneville
Dam.  Along with tests on dissolved oxygen, B.O.D., turbidity, S.S.S.,
phosphate,  ammonia, pH, and nitrate, the samples are tested for chloride
and sulfate content, bacteria count, chemical oxygen demand, chlorine
demand, hardness, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and  color.
      Supplementing the regular testing program are periodic projects which
extend  down river as far as Cathlamet and Skamokawa.  These are studies

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FIGURE 20.
 Some tests are made in the boat as soon as the water samples are taken
 from the river.
FIGURE 21.
Water samples are <   efully measured for each test at Crown Zellerbach's
Central Research division atCamas.

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                                                                        43,





similar to the one  carried out over an eight-day period at Skamokawa  in



August of 1963, which was  described in an earlier section of  this report.




      The company also  maintains contact with commercial fishermen in the



lower Columbia River area.  During the commercial fishing season Crown



Zellerbach scientists periodically accompany fishermen in order to inspect



their nets for possible slime growth picked up in the  river.  The company



also performs  its own  tests with a 400-foot-long commercial fishing net



during  the closed season or when it is not possible to accompany a. commer-



cial fisherman during  the season.  Special permits from the states of



Washington and Oregon  allow the company to use the net on a year-around



basis for scientific purposes.  (The net is of too small a mesh to catch



salmon  and  steelhead.   Any other species caught are returned  to the river.)



      Following  the same drifts used by commercial fishermen, it is possible



to keep a check  throughout the year for slime or other foreign substances



which might become  enmeshed in the netting.

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                                                                        44,
                                 RESEARCH OUTLOOK






      Research holds the key to the ultimate answer of the water quality




control question.  The final goal of such research is not only devising




waste control and treatment systems, but eventual development of programs




and techniques for economic utilization of waste materials.




      Cellulose fibres from which paper is made, constitute about half of




the tree.  The remainder is principally lignin, which binds the cellulose




fibres together, plus wood sugars.  Historically, in papermaking, this




"other half of the tree" has been discarded as waste, or burned.




      Crown ZeHerbach is committed to a program of recovering this other




half of the tree.  To date, the company has spent millions of dollars on




research aimed at the development of saleable chemical products from the




lignin and wood sugars in spent sulfite liquor alone.  It is currently




spending large sums each year in this area of research.




      Already, laboratory and pilot-study work carried on in Camas at the




company's Central Research and Chemical Products divisions has led to the




development of an impressive list of chemicals which have been put into




commercial production for industry and agriculture (see Figure 22).




      Five chemical plants have been established at four Crown Zellerbach




locations in the United States.  These include a lignin sulfonate plant




at Lebanon, Ore.; a turpentine production facility and a plant for making




levulinic acid at Port Townsend, Wash.; a specialty organic chemical plant




at Camas, and facilities for producing dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sul-




foxide, tall oil and turpentine at Bogalusa, La.




      Today, Crown Zellerbach's line of chemicals is widely sold through-




out the United States and the world.

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                     ^natatua   if fnauiiita
                                                                                       45.
                                                                           i
                                                              (   T
FIGURE 22.  Chemical products derived from wood-pulping process at Crown  Zellerbach's
            Camas research lab are displayed  by Chemical Products division general
             manager  E. H. Nunn and assistant  general manager R. B. Bailey.

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                                                                       46.






      At the specialty organic chemicals plant at Caaas, research and




development, plus pilot plant tests of new chemicals, are carried out by




the Chemical Products division.




      As a result of the varied research work under way in the Central




Research and Chemical Products divisions' laboratories in Camas, as many




as ten products may be ready for test runs on pilot plant scale at any




one time—only one or two of them may prove to be profitable.  Scientists




in the laboratories come up with one or two developments monthly that




qualify for patents.



      Current projects include study on a process for the hydrogenation




of lignin from woodpulp spent liquors.  The company obtained an option on




the process from the Noguchi Institute of Tokyo-, which developed it.  A




specially designed building for such research under high pressures, with




walls one foot thick has been built at Camas for study of the process.  In




the process, lignin can be converted into a number of compounds which have



a considerable potential utility as raw materials for the synthetic organic



chemical industry.




      The process can utilize lignin from either the sulfite or kraft pulp-




ing processes as well as lignin left after the hydrolysis of wood to pro-



duce sugars.




      Economics are a determining factor in the development of products




from lignin.  At present, the. market is not adequate to absorb all of the




chemical products which could be produced by Crown Zellerbach's mills.




Realization of the hope of total utilization of "the other half of the




tree" and a corresponding final answer to water quality control problems




at pulp and paper mills depend on a variety of factors.  Among these are

-------
                                                                       47.
continued research for new products;  development of markets for these



chemical products; new methods  for  obtaining  pure chemicals from lignin



and other wastes  so  they can compete  economically with other processes,



and economic  growth, particularly in  the use  of chemical products.

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                 APPENDIX D




                ADDENDUM TO




POLLUTION REPORT ON LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER

-------
        BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER









     Annual bacteriological surveys have been conducted on a sixteen-mile




reach of the  Lower  Columbia River from the Port land-Vancouver area  to just




upstream of St. Helens  (See Figure 1) during the fall,  or critical  season,




of the years  1960,  1962,  1963 and 1964.  Results obtained as a  result  of




these cooperative surveys by the Oregon State Sanitary  Authority, the




Washington Pollution Control Commission and the Public  Health Service are




summarized in this  report (See Table 1).   The purpose of  the study is to




assess progress in  bacterial pollution abatement  by the cities of Portland



and Vancouver.




     Results  indicate the cities have generally made steady progress in




improving the bacteriological quality of  the  Columbia River over the past




four years.   If conditions continue  to improve  at the same pace, the 1965




survey should indicate  some portions  of the Lower Columbia to be safe for




recreational  purposes including water contact sports.  Past improvement




is considered to be the result of the concern of both the cities and the




two State regulatory agencies which  resulted in increased efficiency in




waste interception  and  treatment plant  operation.



     The City of Portland has continuously operated effluent chlorination




facilities at the Columbia Boulevard  treatment plant since June  1962.




The Columbia  Boulevard  treatment plant  discharges directly to the




Columbia River above the  mouth of the Willamette River.   A major step in




the cleanup of wastes discharged from Portland  into the Willamette River




was achieved  with  the  dedication of  the  Tryon Creek treatment facility




on July 12, 1965.   The  plant  provides  secondary treatment, including




effluent chlorination of  wastes  from  the  southwest section of Portland,

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Lewis & Clark College, and the City of Lake Oswego.  An additional inter-

ceptor to the plant will collect waste from the Dunthorpe-Riverdale area

to further reduce the bacterial load on the Willamette River.

     Additional waste interception and treatment is planned by the City

of Portland for the northwest part of the city, the industrial areas, and

the harbor area.  These projects will all reduce bacterial pollution of

the Columbia as well as the Willamette River.  The last Oregon Legislature

passed a  law to provide the necessary legal backing for control of

marine pollution from house boats and pleasure crafts.  It is the stated

policy of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority to eliminate the discharge

of all untreated wastes in the area at an early date.

      The  City of Vancouver likewise has made considerable progress in

the abatement of pollution in the Lower Columbia River.  In 1959 there

were  five major outfalls discharging raw sewage directly to the river.

An interceptor program was initiated and is now completed so that all

wastes receive primary treatment and effluent chlorination.  These pro-

jects and completion dates are listed as follows:

          1.  18th Street interceptor completed 1961;
          2.  Jantzen interceptor completed 1962;
          3.  Portco interceptor completed 1963;
          4.  Fruit Valley interceptor completed 1964;
          5.  Port Industrial interceptor completed 1964.

     Additional planning is under way by the city to minimize the in-

fluence of storm water overflows, modify and improve the existing treat-

ment plant, and construct an additional plant to serve the residential

and industrial areas west of the city.

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                                                                        3

Survey Methods

     During each  of  the surveys samples were collected from each  station

at six-hour intervals  by two sampling crews using outboard motor  boats.

Each of the surveys  covered a period of three days except  for  the 1962

survey which was  terminated after two days because of the  Columbus Day

storm,  At each station the samples were taken at one foot depth  from

three to  five  cross-sectional points.  The samples representative of

shore conditions  were  collected within 100 feet from shore.  Additional

intermediate  samples were collected at all stations to represent mid-

stream  conditions as follows:

                      Station 1 - one point
                      Stations 2 and 3 - three points
                      Stations 4 and 5 - two points

     All  samples  were iced immediately after collection and delivered

after each run to the  Public Health Service Portland Laboratory for

analysis. Bacteriological determinations were conducted in accordance

with procedures  described in Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Sewage.  In the 1960 survey the most probable number (MPN)

technique was employed.  The 1962 and 1963 studies were run using the

MPN technique for all samples with duplicate tests being performed on

selected  samples  using the membrane filter (MF) technique  for comparative

purposes. As a  result of these comparative tests, it was  concluded that

the MF  technique  gave  valid results for these waters.  The 1964 survey

was conducted using only the MF technique.  It is planned  to again

employ  the MF procedure in the 1965 survey.

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                                                                      4




Survey Results




     A summary of the results obtained during the four surveys is pre-




sented in Table 1.  Coliform densities at all stations below the




Portland-Vancouver area have shown a general decline since 1960 at mid-




stream locations and near the Oregon shore.  Counts near the Washington




shore at the lower stations reached a peak during the 1963 survey re-




flecting the influence of sewage by-passing during interceptor




constructions at Vancouver.  Although counts near the Washington shore




were consistently lower during the 1964 survey, they were still gener-




ally higher than counts found at the same time at midstream locations or




near the Oregon shore*  This was apparently due to storm runoff and some




sewage by-passing still taking place at Vancouver.




     Although significant reduction in coliform bacteria has occurred




during the period 1960-1964 at all downstream stations,  average concen-




trations along the shores are still above that recommended by the State




Health Departments for water contact recreation (240 per 100 ml).  Aver-




age concentrations in the midstream sector of Stations 2 and 3 were,




however, found to be within this limit for the first time in 1964.  If




comparable improvement is demonstrated by the results of the 1965 survey




to be conducted later this month, some portions of the Columbia shore




downstream from Portland and Vancouver may be satisfactory for water




contact recreation.

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                        TABLE 1



SUMMARY OF RESULTS LOWER COLUMBIA BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY



              Coliform Bacteria per 100 ml
Year Dates
1960 9/19. 20 & 21
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
1962 10/9 & 11
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
Interstate Br.
Station 1
460
15
150
225
240
23
43
93
1,100
93
240
756
24,000
91
5,025
5,387
9,300
430
2,300
3,591
4,300
390
4,300
3,273
Mathews Point Hewlett Point
Station 2 Station 3
Oregon Shore
46,000 110,000
930 9,300
11,000 46,000
16,975 46,275
Midstream
> 110, 000 >110,000
{"30 150
11,000 4,600
37,641 19,026
Washington Shore
>11,000 110,000
430 2,300
>ll,00p 9,300
8,335 20,700
Oregon Shore
46,000 23,000
< 30 930
9,300 2,300
657 5,278
Midstream
46,000 46,000
150 230
4,300 4,300
7,873 12,605
Washington Shore
110,000 46,000
9,300 4,300
24,000 17,000
32,362 18,737
Reeders Beach
Station 4
>110,000
24,000
110,000
77,677
>110,000
230
11,000
22,773
>110,000
910
9,300
18 , 634
8,000
390
4,300
8,415
43,000
930
5,150
9,268
93,000
4,300
15 , 150
23,400
Henrici Landing
Station 5
110,000
9,300
46,000
34,358
46,000
2,400
15,500
17,225
> 11, 000
930
11,000
9,085
9,300
2,300
5,150
5,912
43,000
150
5,150
9,134
15,000
4,300
9,300
7,975

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  TABLE 1
(Continued)

Year Dates
1363 9/16. 18 & 20
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average

Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average

Maximum
Minimum
Median
Avera ge
1964 9/14, 16 & 18
Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average

Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average

Maximum
Minimum
Median
Average
Interstate Br.
Station 1

4,300
150
680
1,016

4,300
150
430
1,125

4,300
150
1,615
1,930

160
70
80
92

100
46
75
76

1,800
300
570
856
Mathews Point Hewlitt Point
Station 2

23,000
430
1,615
4,015

43,000
91
930
3,752

93,000
9,300
33,000
43,787

7,600
60
390
1,363

290
60
90
122

15,000
2,300
4,200
5,344
Station 3
Oregon Shore
23,000
430
5,150
10,953
Midstream
150,000
230
2,300
14,744
Washington Shore
240,000
21,000
68,000
102,000
Oregon Shore
2,000"
200
710
892
Midstream
520
120
160
233
Washington Shore
43,000
430
4,900
10,192
Reeders Beach
Station 4

23,000
210
3,300
5,776

93,000
200
5,900
16,997

240,000
21,000
84,000
78,875

2,700
170
510
902

1,400
100
220
390

31,000
310
6,200
9,214
Henrici Landing
Station 5

43,000
930
23,000
22,790

43,000
2,300
9,300
16,071

93,000
4,300
43,000
35,800

2,000
160
475
767

2,100
140
820
888

7,100
1,500
3,050
>
3,462

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<<  Beaver Army
    Terminal
                                                      5-Henrici Landing
                                                      4-Reeders Beach
                                                      3-Hewlett Point
                                                      2-Mathews Point
                                                      1-Interstate Bridge

-------