EPA-R2-73-271
June 1973 Environmental Protection Technology Series
Selected Irrigation Return Flow
Quality Abstracts 1970-1971
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
U. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
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EPA-R2-73-271
June 1973
SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW
QUALITY ABSTRACTS 1970-1971
Second Annual Issue
by
Gaylord V. Skogerboe
Wynn R. Walker
Daniel J. Meyer
Ray S. Bennett
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Grant No. R-800426
Project 13030 FVN
Dr. James P. Law, Jr., Project Officer
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
For sale by the Superintendent of Document U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Price $3.20 domestic.postpald or $2T78 QPO Bookstore
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
Research related to the quality of irrigation return flow is being conducted
at numerous institutions throughout the western United States. Related work is
also underway at other institutions in the United States, as well as other
portions of the world. Approximately 100 sources of material have been
searched for articles pertinent to the National Irrigation Return Flow Research
and Development Program. These articles describe water quality problems
resulting from irrigated agriculture, potential technological solutions for
controlling return flows, recent research pertinent to return flow investiga-
tions, and literature associated with institutional constraints in irrigation
return flow quality control.
The first annual issue of SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY ABSTRACTS
covered publications printed in 1968 and 1969, while the second annual issue
lists publications printed in 1970 and 1971. This report was submitted in
fulfillment of Grant Number R-800426 under the sponsorship of the Office of
Research and Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency.
Key Words: Fertilizers, Irrigated Land, Irrigated Systems, Irrigation Water,
Nitrates, Phosphates, Return Flow, Salinity, Water Pollution Effects, Water
Pollution Sources, Water Quality Control.
111
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FOREWORD
The second annual issue of SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY ABSTRACTS
has been compiled from approximately 100 sources of material covering calendar
years 1970 and 1971. This compilation has attempted to include technological
and institutional articles that would be pertinent to action programs regarding
the control of water quality degradation resulting from irrigated agriculture.
The state-of-the-art report, "Characteristics and Pollution Problems of
Irrigation Return Flow" prepared by the Utah State University Foundation
contains a bibliography of articles pertinent to Irrigation Return Flow Quality
Control. The references in this bibliography include articles and reports
prior to 1968. The first annual issue of SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW
QUALITY ABSTRACTS listed publications appearing in calendar years 1968 and 1969.
The second annual issue contains approximately 450 abstracts of documents
published during calendar years 1970 and 1971. The abstracts have been placed
into sections according to the category and subgroup classifications used by
the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) as published in the
report, "Water Resources Thesaurus." The abstracts have been forwarded to
WRSIC for inclusion in their bi-monthly publication, "Selected Water Resources
Abstracts."
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
I NATURE OF WATER - AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS 1
(Group 01B)
II WATER CYCLE - GENERAL (Group 02A) 3
III WATER CYCLE - SNOW, ICE AND FROST (Group 02C) 5
IV WATER CYCLE - EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION (Group 02D) 7
V WATER CYCLE - STREAMFLOW AND RUNOFF (Group 02E) 17
VI WATER CYCLE - GROUNDWATER (Group 02F) 23
VII WATER CYCLE - WATER IN SOILS (Group 02G) 43
VIII WATER CYCLE - LAKES (Group 02H) 77
IX WATER CYCLE - WATER IN PLANTS (Group 021) 79
X WATER CYCLE - EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION (Group 02J) 87
XI WATER CYCLE - CHEMICAL PROCESSES (Group 02K) 89
XII WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION - SALINE WATER
CONVERSION (Group 03A) 105
XIII WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION - WATER YIELD
IMPROVEMENT (Group 03B) 107
XIV WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION - USE OF WATER
IN IMPAIRED QUALITY (Group 03C) 109
XV WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION - CONSERVATION
IN AGRICULTURE (Group 03F) 117
XVI WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL - CONTROL OF WATER
ON THE SURFACE (Group 04A) 141
XVII WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL - GROUNDWATER
MANAGEMENT (Group 04B) 157
XVIII WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL - EFFECTS ON
WATER OF MAN'S NON-WATER ACTIVITIES (Group 04C) 165
XIX WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL - WATERSHED
PROTECTION (Group 04D) 167
XX WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - IDENTIFICATION
OF POLLUTANTS (Group 05A) 169
XXI WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - SOURCES OF
POLLUTION (Group 05B) 175
XXII WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - EFFECTS OF
POLLUTION (Group 05C) 195
XXIII WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - WASTE TREATMENT
PROCESSES ( Group 05D) 201
XXIV WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
OF WASTES (Group 05E) 209
VII
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Section Page
XXV WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - WATER TREATMENT
AND QUALITY ALTERATION (Group 05F) 211
XXVI WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION - WATER QUALITY
CONTROL (Group 05G) 213
XXVII WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - TECHNIQUES OF PLANNING (Group 06A) 219
XXVIII WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - EVALUATION PROCESS (Group 06B) 223
XXIX WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - COST ALLOCATION, COST SHARING,
PRICING/REPAYMENT (Group 06C) 225
XXX WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - WATER DEMAND (Group 06D) 227
XXXI WATER RESOURCES PLANNING - WATER LAW AND INSTITUTIONS
(Group 06E) 229
XXXII RESOURCES DATA - DATA ACQUISITION (Group 07B) 231
XXXIII ENGINEERING WORKS - STRUCTURES (Group 08A) 235
XXXIV ENGINEERING WORKS - HYDRAULICS (Group 08B) 237
XXXV ENGINEERING WORKS - HYDRAULIC MACHINERY (Group 08C) 239
XXXVI ENGINEERING WORKS - SOIL MECHANICS (Group 08D) 241
XXXVII ENGINEERING WORKS - FISHERIES ENGINEERING (Group 081) 243
XXXVIII AUTHOR INDEX 245
XXXIX SUBJECT INDEX 256
XXXX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 285
vili
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Section I
NATURE OF WATER
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS (Group 01B)
70-71:018-001
A RAPID METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSSION COEFFICIENTS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS,
Phillips, R. E., and Ellis, J. H.
Kentucky University, Lexington.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 6, p 421-425, December 1970. 1 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Diffusion, *Ion transport, *Aqueous solutions, Soil moisture,
Water chemistry.
Identifiers: *Diffusion measurement, Capillary tube.
A capillary-tube method of measuring diffusion coefficients of compounds in
aqueous solution is described whereby diffusion coefficients of ions and salts
important in soils which are not usually available in the literature can be
measured in solution with a mean coefficient of variation of approximately 5.1
percent. The coefficient of variation of diffusion coefficient measurements
is larger than with more refined methods; however, the capillary-tube method
is simple enough that it can be measured in any research laboratory and re-
quires no specialized instrumentation other than that found in most soil re-
search laboratories.
70-71:01B-002
SALINITY AND WATER USE,
Talsma, T., and Philip, J. R.
The MacMillan Press, London, England. 1971. 296 p, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Biology, *Social aspects, Water quality, Soil
chemistry, Water chemistry, Economics, Soil physics.
The second National Symposium on Hydrology, organized by the Australian
Academy of Science, offered an up-tp-date review of the scientific, and to some
extent, social backgrounds of natural and man-made salinity. The conference
was held on November 2-4, 1971, at Canberra, Australia. The papers ranged
widely, from the geochemistry, soil physics, hydraulics and biology of salinity,
to legal and administrative aspects. These authoritative reviews by specialists
in many fields constitute an important reference work for Australia and other
countries with similar problems. Contained are the proceedings of the symposium
which included 17 papers under the general headings of: Nature and Origin
of Salinity, Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Physical Processes, Biology and
Salinity, Social Considerations and Perspectives. Also, the references and
list of contributors make it a good source of information.
70-71:01B-003
THERMODYNAMICS OF SALINE WATER,
Lane, J. E., and Mansfield, W. W.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Fishermen's
Bend, Victoria, Australia, Division of Applied Chemistry.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 43-60. 2 fig, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Thermodynamics, *Saline water systems,
Aqueous solutions, Salinity, Heat, Energy transfer, Temperature.
The thermodynamic state of a saline solution is completely specified by the
temperature, pressure and chemical potentials of the components that are pre-
sent. The chemical potential can be defined rigorously in mathematical terms
but in this form often provides difficulty in conception. In order to overcome
this difficulty for solutions, it is useful to relate the chemical potential to
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some ideal reference solution; the deviation between real and ideal solution
is formalized in terms of an activity coefficient, and sometimes in the case
of a solvent by an osmotic coefficient. The activity coefficients can be
obtained from experiment, and are well tabulated. Changes in the chemical
potentials of the components of a saline solution due to variations in tempera-
ture, pressure, environment or the external field can be obtained by the use
of very simple expressions; any additional information required is measurable.
These relationships are applied to desalination by distillation, by freezing
and by reverse osmosis, to Donnan membrane equilibria, to the resting potential
of a nerve fibre, and to surface effects in a porous solid.
70-71:01B-004
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS OF THE INTERACTION OF SALINE AND FRESH WATER,
Wooding, R. A.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra,
Australia, Division of Environmental Mechanics.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 125-139. 55 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical model, *Porous media, *Saline water systems,
Saline water intrusion, Saline water-freshwater interfaces, Mixing, Saline
water barriers.
This paper reviews selected hydrodynamical aspects relevant to flow of saline
groundwater in a non-reacting medium. Topics covered include macroscopic
scales and dimensionless parameters, conditions for stable flow, problems of
stably-stratified flows, stable and unstable mixing layers.
70-71:01B-005
THE TRANSPORT OF SALT IN RIVERS AND ESTUARIES,
Wood, I. R.
New South Wales University, Manly Vale, Australia, Water Research Laboratory.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 141-157. 8 fig, 30 ref.
Descriptors: *Water chemistry, *Salts, Saline water, Salinity, Water quality,
Saltation, Bedload, Estuaries.
In order to follow the transport of salt in rivers, estuaries and lakes,
it is not only necessary to be able to analyse the flows in these systems but
also to understand the diffusion processes in these flows. This paper reviews
the progress in understanding these processes and in analysing cases of
engineering importance. The situations discussed are: 1. Flows where the
variations in salt concentration are so small that the effect on the flow
properties of the system may be neglected. This is called a well mixed flow
and in this case the analysis is based on Taylor's classic papers on disper-
sion. 2. Flows where the salt concentration gradients acted on by the
gravitational field cause internal flows which dominate the transport of salt.
In this case the flow may be analysed as two distinct layers. Where the
above approximations are not reasonable the flow is called a partially mixed
flow and for simple cases, the analysis used is the same as that for a well
mixed flow but with a greatly increased dispersion coefficient.
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Section II
WATER CYCLE
GENERAL (Group 02A)
70-71:02A-001
PREDICTING SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS,
Melvin, S. W., Johnson, H. P., and Beer, C. E.
Iowa State University, Ames, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3, p 505-
510, May-June 1971. 4 fig, 4 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Runoff forecasting, *Computer programs, Surface runoff, Infil-
tration, Agricultural watersheds, Water yield, Excess water (Soils), Precipi-
tation excess, Small watersheds, Routing.
A simple infiltration model predicts runoff from mixed cover agricultural
watersheds in a deep loess soil region. The surface runoff prediction method
is consistent between watershed basins in the study region. The relationship
between predicted and observed runoff varied with time during the growing sea-
son. Little improvement in runoff prediction could be accounted for by revis-
ed multiple regression equations. Runoff predictions are made using FORTRAN
computer program. Input data required for each watershed runoff prediction
included: (a) storm identification, watershed, date; (b) areal distribution
of the three predominate crop cover conditions; (c) precipitation recorded
during each of the seven days preceding the storm; and table of time cumula-
tive precipitation values representing the storm.
70-71:02A-002
A STOCHASTIC MODEL OF LONGITUDINAL DIFFUSION IN POROUS MEDIA,
Todorovic, P.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 211-222, February 1970. 12 p, 11
fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Statistical models, *Diffusion, *Stochastic processes, *Ground-
water movement, *Porous media, Model studies, Mathematical models, Statistical
methods, Diffusivity, Hydraulic models, Dispersion, Tracking techniques,
Tagging, Tracers.
Identifiers: Longitudinal dispersion.
A set of tagged particles carried along by a fluid flow through a porous media
is subject to random dispersion. The total distance from the origin, in the
direction of the main flow traveled by a tagged particle, is a stochastic pro-
cess. To use Lagrangian description of the dispersion, the distribution
function of the traveled distance for every time must be determined. This
distribution is not Gaussian and depends on two parameters which in turn depend
on hydraulic conditions. To apply Eulerian description, the distribution func-
tion of time a tagged particle to travel a given distance x is derived. This
distribution is not Guassian either, and depends on the same two parameters.
The sum of these two distributions is always one. This identity represents
the relationship between Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. According to
experimental results, the theoretical distributions agree reasonably well with
observed distribtuions.
70-71:02A-003
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE GROUNDWATER REGIME AND THE HYDROGEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT,
Toth, J.
Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 164-176, February 1970. 13 p, 1 fig,
9 ref.
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Descriptors: *Hydrogeology, *Model studies, *Equations, *Mathematical models,
Aquifers, Groundwater movement, Hydrologic budget, Regime, Mathematical studies,
Discharge (Water), Climates, Geology, Water chemistry.
Identifiers: Hydrogeologic environment, Groundwater regime.
A conceptual model for the description, explanation, prediction, and control
of hydrogeologic conditions is composed of two systems of physical and chemical
parameters: the Hydrogeologic Environment, and the Groundwater Regime. The
three components of the environment, each comprising a great number of
parameters, are topography, geology, and climate. The necessary and sufficient
parameters of the groundwater regime are: (1) amount of water, (2) geo-
metric distribution of water movement, (3) volume or velocity of the flow,
(4) chemical composition, (5) temperature, and (6) regime variance. The
environment and regime are related quantitatively and each regime parameter
can be expressed mathematically as a function of the environmental components.
This allows the evaluation of the groundwater regime if the environmental
conditions are known, as well as inferences concerning the aquifer from known
properties of the regime. To date few parameters have been evaluated exactly,
and mostly conceptual equations are presented.
70-71:02A-004
SALINITY AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE,
Holmes, J. W.
Flinders University, South Australia. School of Physical Sciences.
Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971. Canberra, Australia, p 25-40. 6 fig, 8 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: *Water resources, *Hydrology, *Hydrologic cycle, *Surface waters,
Water quality, Salinity, Streamflow, Runoff, Erosion, Sedimentation, Water
chemistry, Hydrologic systems.
The hydrologic cycle, as a concept to allow orderly description of the ways in
which precipitation on the land surface is partitioned between evaporation,
run-off and other lesser consumption, usually exists in a natural steady state.
If not, then at least, natural perturbations have a time scale of the order of
thousands of years. The hydrologic cycle transports salts as the solute load
of the various water discharges. The salt cycle also usually exists in a
steady state. Irrigation, and other less drastic changes in land utilization,
which affect the components of the water budget, perturb the hydrologic and
salt cycle with a time scale that may be of the order of tens of years.
Deterioration of water quality in rivers and secondary salinization of soils
are two major consequences of a disruption of the natural regime, initiated by
the needs of civilization.
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Section III
WATER CYCLE
SNOW, ICE, AND FROST (Group 02C)
70-71:02C-001
FROST AND COLD PROTECTION BY SPRINKLERS: NEW ASSESSMENT,
Gray, A. S.
Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing Company, Glenora, California,
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 2, p 12-13, March 1970. 1 fig.
(See 70-71:04A-021)
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Section IV
WATER CYCLE
EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION (Group 02D)
70-71:020-001
ADVECTION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF WIDE-ROW SORGHUM IN THE CENTRAL GREAT
PLAINS,
Hanks, R. J., Allen, L. H., and Gardner, H. R.
Utah State University, Logan, Department of Soils and Meteorology.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 4, p 520-527, 1971. 4 tab, 8 fig, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Evapotranspiration, *Advection, *Grain sorghum, Temperature.
Identifiers: Central Great Plains, Wide-row sorghum, Climate.
This study was conducted to evaluate the importance of advection as a source
of energy for evapotranspiration from grain sorghum planted in 1-m rows with
both irrigated and dryland conditions. Detailed measurements of temperature,
water vapor content, and wind speed were made within and above the canopy at
various times and positions within the field during August 1967. Evapotran-
spiration was also measured by soil moisture sampling. Three types of advec-
tion were observed. Within canopy advection resulted from the large amount of
exposed dry soil between rows, which caused soil temperature between the rows
to be as much as 20 C higher than plant temperature. About 64% of the energy
used to heat up the soil was used for transpiration in the irrigated plot,
whereas only about 21% of the energy was used for transpiration in the
dryland plot. Border advection, manifested by horizontal temperature and water
vapor gradients, occurred over most of the plot irrigated but was most evident
from 0 to 40 m from the upwind edge. This type of advection yielded sufficient
energy to account for about 30% of the energy used for evapotranspiration
from the irrigated plot. Large scale advection, manifested by temperature
inversions, was found to occur during the night and probably yielded very
little energy used for evapotranspiration.
70-71:020-002
EFFECT OF WATER-TABLE LEVELS ON EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CROP YIELD,
Williamson, R. E., and Carreker, John R.
Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, Soil and Water Division.
American Society Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 168-
170, March-April 1970. 3 p, 4 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: *Evapotranspiration, *Model studies, Rainfall, Soils, Water table,
Crops.
Identifiers: *Water-table levels, *Crop yield, Soil tanks.
Crops were grown in soil tanks with different depths to the water table in 1959
to 1964, inclusive. Six tanks were without shelters and subjected to rainfall,
and 48 tanks were protected from rain by rain-controlled, electrically operated
shelters. Surface soils used in these tanks were Norfolk fine sandy loam in
the non-sheltered tanks, fine sandy loam in 20 sheltered tanks, and Bayboro
loam in 28 sheltered tanks. No attempt was made to reconstruct the soil pro-
files. These soils were adjusted initially to pH 6.0 with dolomitic limestone.
Fertilizer and lime were mixed into the top 6 in. each year. Salt content
was monitored and the sheltered tanks were leached as necessary to prevent a
buildup of salts. Water-table levels were established 2 to 3 weeks after
crops were planted. The depths to water were 6, 18, and 30 in. in the non-
sheltered tanks and 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 in. in the sheltered tanks 3 feet
deep. Additional levels of 36 and 40 in. were maintained in sheltered tanks
4 feet deep. Daily rates of evapotranspiration in the sheltered tanks
generally were slightly higher for the 12-in. depth to water table than for the
6-in. depth. The rate then tended to decline as depth increased with most
crops. Tables and curves relating rainfall, water tables, soils, and crops
to evapotranspiration are presented.
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70-71:020-003
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND ENERGY BALANCES OF FOREST AND FIELD,
Tajchman, S. J.
Aberdeen University (Scotland), Department of Botany.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 511-523, June 1971, 13 p, 2 fig,
7 tab, 48 ref.
Descriptors: *Evapotranspiration, *Crops, *Forests, *Energy budget, *Heat
balance, Convection, Heat transfer, Potatoes, Solar radiation, Microclimatol-
ogy, Microraeteorology, Advection, Heat flow, Vegetation effects.
The energy and water balance components of a 70-year-old Norway spruce forest,
a 2-year-old alfalfa field, and a potato field near Munich, Germany, were
computed for the period May-October 1965 by using hourly averages of meteoro-
logic parameters. Turbulent diffusion and energy budget methods were used to
determine evapotranspiration and convective exchange. The two methods yielded
satisfactory agreement for the low crops but not for the forest. The mean
seasonal albedo values for the potatoes and crops but not for the forest. The
mean seasonal albedo values for the potatoes and the alfalfa were 0.18 and
0.22, respectively. The albedo of the forest was obtained for 1 day and aver-
aged 0.05. The shortwave incoming radiation over the forest was 12% less
than that over the fields. The net shortwave radiation over the forest was
2 and 7% greater than that over the potatoes and the alfalfa, respectively,
whereas the long wave emission from the forest was 22 and 15% less than that
from the potatoes and the alfalfa, respectively. The total net radiation
over the forest was 20% greater than that over the alfalfa and 16% greater
than that over the potatoes. Sensible heat flux from the forest was 2.6
and 1.6 times greater than that from the alfalfa and the potatoes, respectively.
Evapotranspiration from the forest was 4% less than that from the alfalfa but
14% greater than that from the potatoes. The exchange coefficient at the top
of the trees was about 100 times as large as that at the top of the crops.
70-71:020-004
EFFECTS OF KAOLINITE AS A REFLECTIVE ANTITRANSPIRANT ON LEAF TEMPERATURE,
TRANSPIRATION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AND WATER-USE EFFICIENCY,
Abou-Khaled, Antoine, Hagen, Robert M., and Davenport, David C.
California University, Davis,
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 280-289, February 1970. 10 p, 11
fig, 32 ref.
Descriptors: *Transpiration control, *Evapotranspiration control, *Kaolinite,
Consumptive use, Water conservation, Light intensity, Soil-water-plant rela-
tionships .
Identifiers: Antitranspirants.
Transpiration and photosynthesis are influenced by the optical properties of
leaves. Application of a uniform white coating of kaolinite to the upper leaf
surface produced significant changes in the spectral curves (reflectivity,
transmissivity, and absorptivity) of Valencia orange leaves. Photosynthetic
light response curves of leaves of orange, lemon, rubber plant (all hypostoma-
tous), and bean (amphibiostomatous) were modified by the reflective material,
which at low light intensities decreased photosynthetic rates and increased
light saturation levels. The white coating cooled the leaves 3-4 deg C and
reduced transpiration 22-28% under conditions of high light intensity,
warm air, low relative humidity, and low wind velocity. However, the rubber
plant under the same conditions showed a smaller reduction in transpiration
(less than 10%) , indicating effective self-regulation of its water loss.
These experiments demonstrated that water-use efficiency of leaves can be
improved, particularly under high light intensities.
70-71:020-005
EVAPORATION OF BRINE: A FIELD STUDY ON THE BONNEVILLE SALT FLATS, UTAH,
L. J.
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Texas University, Austin.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 1209-1215, August 1970. 7 p, 4 fig,
4 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Evaporation, *Brines, Utah, Salinity, Water vapor, Solar radia-
tion, Vapor pressure, Hydrologic budget, Water balance, Evaporation pans.
Identifiers: Bonneville Salt Flats.
Evaporation rates were determined for seven brines of average specific grav-
ities from 1.207 to 1.333. Evaporation of the brines ranged from 70% to
9.5%, respectively, of the freshwater evaporation rate. The field data
agree exceptionally well with differential vapor pressures over Great
Salt Lake brine. Water occasionally condenses on the heavier brines because
of an inverted vapor pressure gradient.
70-71:020-006
A GENERALIZED COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE PENMAN EQUATION FOR
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION,
Chidley, Thomas R. E., and Pike, John G.
Aston University, Birmingham (England).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 10, No. 1, p 75-89, January 1970. 15 p, 1 tab, 6
ref, 5 append.
Descriptors: *Evapotranspiration, Consumptive use, *Solutions, *Computer
programs, *Computer programming, Meteorological data, Hydrology.
Identifiers: *Penman equation, Potential evaporation, ALGOL, Water budget.
A generalized computer program that has a wide application with regard to
location and variety of input data is given for solving the Penman equation
for evapotranspiration. The form of output is designed to provide an immediate
record of potential evaporation rates and a summary of the meteorological data
used. The main elements of the Penman equation are in self-contained blocks,
enabling changes to be made in some of the sections of the program to allow
for more advanced methods. Possible lines of development of this program are:
(1) More sophisticated procedures for computing the saturation vapor pressure
and the slope of the saturation vapor pressure for differing conditions. The
formulas used in the program apply only to conditions over water at normal
pressure. (2) From the point where the program begins to substitute the
time-averaged data into the Penman equation, the whole program, excluding out-
put, could be written as an ALGOL procedure, enabling the formula to be more
readily incorporated within the body of other programs, such as water budget
problems. (3) The aerodynamic term could be modified to include a wind term
based on wind profile theory incorporating surface roughness to give more
reliable estimates for short time periods.
70-71:020-007
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT BY CHLORIDE TRANSLOCATION,
Dylla, A. S., and Stuart, 0. M.
Agricultural Research Service, Reno, Nevada, Soil and Water Conservation
Research Division.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 10, No. 2, p 185-192, February 1970. 8 p, 2 fig,
3 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Evapotranspiration, *Soil chemistry, *Root zone, *Mass transfer,
*Soil water movement, Chlorides, Saline water systems, Leaching, Soil-water-
plant relationships, Water chemistry, Solutes.
Identifiers: Chloride translocation.
Profiles in evapotranspiration tanks were sampled at the start and end of the
1968 growing season to determine chloride ion translocation into the top 90 cm
of the soil by which seasonal evapotranspiration was estimated. Coefficients
of variation between profile totals ranged from 0.11 to 0.21 for the profiles
sampled in April and from 0.39 to 0.45 for profiles sampled in October. The
-------
lower variation in April is attributed to the pre-season leaching. The great-
est increase in chlorides in the vegetated tanks occurred in the top 15 cm;
however, there was significant increase in all sample increments down to 60 cm,
which is about the depth of the meadow grass rooting. Variability of total
chlorides in adjacent soil profiles of vegetated surfaces makes the method of
determining seasonal or long-term evapotranspiration from chloride trans-
location only a rough estimate. To obtain valid mean chloride profiles from
which good evapotranspiration estimates could be expected would require very
extensive soil sampling and nonchanging groundwater quality below the root zone
during the measuring interval or season.
70-71:020-008
WATER BALANCE OF A SEED ONION FIELD,
Goltz, S. M., Tanner, C. B., Millar, A. A., and Lang, A. R. G.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Department of Soil Science.
In: Actual Evapotranspiration as Determined from Soil-Water and Canopy Char-
acteristics and Potential Evapotranspiration, Progress Report p 11-114, August
1971. 4 fig, 4 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water balance, *0nions, *Crop response, *Seeds, *Experimental
forms, Environmental effects, Stomata, Evapotranspiration, Evaporation, Winds,
Soil moisture, Temperature, Projects, Evaluation, Soil-water-plant relation-
ships, Horticultural crops.
Identifiers: *Research projects, *Seed onion field.
Transpiration, evaporation, and drainage from a sparsely populated onion field
were measured separately by a method which should be applicable to many row
crops. Transpiration computed from measured evapotranspiration, potential
evaporation, and stomatal resistances agreed well with values calculated
independently from measured stomatal resistance, air vapor pressure, plant-
temperature and wind. Transpiration was only about 20% of total evapotrans-
piration. When the population was increased threefold to near maximum
commercial density, evapotranspiration increased only about 15% because
as transpiration increased, evaporation decreased. The portion of transpira-
tion accounted for by each plant part was 3% for umbels, 42% for leaves and
55% for scapes. Drainage from the sandy soil exceeded evapotranspiration.
70-71:020-009
A RESISTANCE MODEL OF EVAPORATION DURING SPRINKLING,
Seginer, Ido.
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 6, p 487-497, 1970. 8 fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Water loss, *Sprinkler irrigation, Mathematical model,
Energy balance, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Balance, Energy, Equation, Evaporation, Model, Resistance,
Sprinkling.
A previous resistance model of sprinkler evaporation is expanded by consider-
ing 2 energy balance equations: one for the drops and another for the air
layer where the evaporation takes place. To solve for the various fluxes, only
the boundary conditions and the resistance of the system must be given. A
comparison of calculations with experimental results, indicated good agreement
for the limiting case of a wet surface with no drops in the air. The model
predicts small spray evaporation under normal operating conditions. The
effects of water temperature, fitness of spray and application rate on the
evaporation losses may be significant, if the variation of any of these
parameters is within wide limits.
10
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70-71:020-010
AN EXPERIMENTALLY DERIVED MODEL FOR ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION,
Eagleman, J. R.
Kansas University, Lawrence, Dept of Geography and Meteorology.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 8, No. 4/5, p 385-394, 1971. Illus. 2 tab, 5
fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Potential evapotranspiration, *Soil moisture, Statistical
model, Environmental effects, Water loss.
Identifiers: Model, Moisture, Plant, Soil, Transpiration.
Experimental data from several different climatic regions were used to develop
a statistical model for actual water loss rates from land surfaces. The
actual evapotranspiration rate was considered to be influenced by the amount
of available water in the soil and by meteorological and plant conditions
which determine the potential evapotranspiration rate. Experimental measure-
ments of these 3 variables from various environmental conditions were com-
bined into a single model expressing the composite relationship. Actual
evapotranspiration rates were calculated from this relationship using the
variables soil moisture and potential evapotranspiration. Initial testing
showed that the model gave satisfactory results when used for estimating
moisture changes in the soil.
70-71:020-011
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF PAN EVAPORATION,
Sims, James R., and Jackson, G. D.
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 53, No. 2, p 339-340, 1971. Illus. 1 tab, 2 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Pan evaporation, Instrumentation, Evaporimeter.
Identifiers: *Evaporation, Field, Measurement, Pan.
An inexpensive method for measuring pan evaporation at off-station sites was
developed. Evaporation measured by the new method was significantly correlat-
ed (1% level) with evaporation measured with a standard USA Weather Bureau
class A evaporation pan.
70-71:020-012
MICROCLIMATE MODIFICATION BY MANIPULATION OF NET RADIATION,
Martsolf, J. D., and Decker, W. L.
Missouri University, Columbia, Dept of Atmospheric Science.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 197-216, 1970. 3 tab, 10 fig,
12 ref.
Descriptors: Radiation, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Atmometer, Soybean,
Evaporation control.
Identifiers: Net radiation, Microclimate modification, Vegetative canopy,
Louvers, Radiometer.
An argument assuming the shade to be flush with the canopy and based on the
alteration of albedo, predicts the reduction in net radiation with increasing
shade, both above and below the shade, to be a linear function of the hori-
zontal area shaded. Observations of the effect of a louvered shade on net
radiation by transversing net radiometers beneath the shade, on evaporation by
atmometer sampling, on evapotranspiration by a neutron scattering technique and
on leaf temperature extremes by thermocouples, were made over and within a
soybean canopy. The reduction in net radiation was observed to be directly
proportional to the horizontal area shaded. For the case in which two-thirds
of the area was shaded, the reduction in atmometer evaporation was over three
times as large as the reduction in evapotranspiration and the moderation of
11
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average maximum and minimum leaf temperatures was on the order of 5 deg F.
Graphical representations of the variations of net radiation with time for the
geometrically repeated patterns beneath the louvers suggest a modification of
stomatal activity which might explain the great difference between the effect
of shade on evaporation and evapotranspiration.
70-71:020-013
EFFECTS OF ROW SPACING ON EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND YIELDS OF CORN IN A SEMIARID
ENVIRONMENT,
Fairbourn, M. L., Kemper, W. D., and Gardner, H. R.
Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 6, p 795-797, 1970. 3 tab, 3 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Evapotranspiration, *Yields, Corn, Planting management.
Identifiers: *Row spacing, *Water use efficiency, Microwatershed systems,
Semiarid environment, Corn (Zea mays L.).
A study was made in 1967 and 1968 on a Nunn clay loam soil to determine the
effects of row spacing on evapotranspiration (ET) and yields of corn (Zea mays
L.) in a semiarid environment. Double rows 0.3 m apart flanked on each side
by spaces 1.8 m wide as used in the microwatershed system were compared with
single rows in spacings of 0.9, 1.2, and 1.8 m. ET and yields of the double
rows and the single rows of 0.9 and 1.2 m spacings were very similar. These
results indicate an important degree of freedom is allowed in planning manage-
ment systems such as microwatersheds to increase water use efficiency.
70-71:020-014
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A SNAP BEAN CROP,
Black, T. A., Tanner, C. B., and Gardner, W. R.
British Columbia University, Vancouver, Canada, Dept of Soil Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 66-69, 1970. 1 tab, 4 fig, 21 ref.
Descriptors: *Transpiration, *Evaporation, Water balance, Evapotranspiration,
Consumptive use, Water loss.
Identifiers: Canopy resistance, Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
A model is described in which transpiration from a loosely structured canopy is
calculated from the potential evaporation, the evaporation from the soil,
and the stomatal resistance weighted by the leaf area index of the field.
Estimation of the evaporation from the soil requires the net radiation at the
soil surface and the surface soil water content. A test of the model on snap
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) resulted in a 4 percent overestimation attributed
to the inaccuracy of the estimate of the evaporation from the soil.
70-71:020-015
THE EVAPORATION FROM A SWAMP,
Linacre, E. T., Hicks, B. B., Sainty, G. R., and Grauze, G.
Macquarie University, North Ryde, N.S.W. (Australia), School of Earth Sciences.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 5, p 375-386, 1970. 4 tab, 22 ref.
Descriptors: Evaporation, Measurement, Swamp.
Identifiers: Swamp evaporation, Barren Box Swamp, New South Wales, Reeds.
The evaporation from an Australian swamp of area 3,000 ha has been measured
over several daylight 1/2-h periods during three days in summer, at the same
time as measurements of the evaporation from a lake 16 km away. The swamp
evaporation was determined using an eddy-correlation instrument. This was used
also in preliminary measurements at the lake, to verify the appropriate con-
stant in a "bulk property"-formula for lake evaporation, enabling estimates
to be made of the latter from measurements of wind travel, dry- and wet-bulb
temperatures, and water surface temperature. The results suggest that, except
12
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immediately after rain, the swamp lost water at a rate significantly lower than
the lake. This is attributed to the lower albedo of the clear water surface
of the lake, the shelter given by the reeds in the swamp to the water surface
and the internal resistance to water movement of the reeds themselves.
70-71:020-016
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY ALFALFA IN WESTERN NEBRASKA,
Daigger, L. A., Axthelm, L. S., and Ashburn, C. L.
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Mitchell.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 507-508, 1970. 4 tabs, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-036)
70-71:020-017
WATER STORAGE AND DRAINAGE UNDER A ROW CROP ON A SANDY SOIL,
Black, T. A., Gardner, W. R., and Tanner, C. B.
British Columbia University, Vancouver, Canada, Dept of Soil Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 48-51, 1970. 5 fig, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-030)
70-71:020-018
WATER USE AND SOIL WATER DEPLETION BY DRYLAND WINTER WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION,
Brown, P. L.
Agricultural Research Service, Bozeman, Montana.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 1, p 43-46, 1971. 2 tab, 3 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrogen, *Water use, Fertilization, Wheat, Water uptake.
Identifiers: Water use efficiency, Nitrogen fertilization, Winter wheat (Tri-
ticum aestivum L. 'Winalta'}.
Evapotranspiration, daily water use, and soil water depletion by Feekes scale
(7) growth stages of N-fertilized winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L. 'Winalta1)
were measured under dryland field conditions. Fall-applied N (NHjN03) rates
were 0, 67, and 268 kg/ha (0, 60, and 240 Ib/a). Soil water measurements
were made at weekly intervals with a neutron moisture meter. Soil NO3N to 183
cm (6 ft) in early spring was 21 kg/ha (19 Ib/a). ET for the spring-summer
growth period was 22.1, 27.2, and 31.5 cm (8.7, 10.7, and 12.4 in.) for the
respective N treatments. Daily ET reached maximum values at the headed-to-
flower stage. Soil water extraction was largely limited to the upper 91 cm
(3 ft) with no N. With N, the wheat extracted water to 183 cm. Stored soil
water supplied 6.1, 11.2, and 15.5 cm (2.4, 4.4, and 6.1 in.) of water to the
wheat grown on the three N treatments. This was 30, 55, and 76% of the plant
available water to 183 cm. At maturity, there was 18.0, 13.2, and 9.6 cm
(7.1, 5.2, and 3.8 in.) of plant available water remaining in the soil to a
depth of 183 cm. Grain yields were 1,610, 3,090, and 3,630 kg/ha (24, 46, and
54 bu/a). In addition to increasing ET, N increased water use efficiency by an
average of 56%.
70-71:020-019
MEASUREMENTS OF NON-POTENTAIL EVAPORATION FROM WHEAT,
Denmead, 0. T., and Mcllroy, I. C.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, A.C.T.
(Australia), Division of Plant Industry.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 285-302, 1970. 1 tab, 5 fig, 16 ref,
Descriptors: *Evaporation, Wheat, Measurement, Lysimeter, Hydrologic cycle.
Identifiers: Non-potential evaporation, Energy balance, Canberra Australia,
Evaporation measurement methodology.
13
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The reliability of the energy balance and lysimetric methods for measuring
evaporation has been examined in experiments in a field of wheat. Net radiation
tion, soil heat flux and evaporation, E, were measured, the last by means of a
weighing lysimeter. Sensible heat flux, H, was obtained by difference in the
energy balance equation, and H and E used to construct an experimental estimate
of the Bowen ratio. A total of 210 hourly comparisons were made between lysi-
meter evaporation and calculated evaporation. Differences between E, and E
were generally within +0.1 mm/h. This difference was of the same
magnitude as the estimated experimental error, and it is concluded both that E,
was a reliable estimate of E, and that the lysimeter itself was adequately
representative of its surroundings. The paper also reports studies over 4 1/2
years of seasonal changes in evaporation and soil water storage in an agri-
cultural system typical of land-use in the Canberra area.
70-71:020-020
CONQUEST OF WASTES SHOW PRODUCTIVITY,
Hodge, Carl 0., and Kassander, A. Richard, Jr.
University of Arizona, Tucson, Environmental Research Laboratory.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 57, No. 1, p 14-16, February 1971. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Reclaimed water, *Water desalting, *Desalinization apparatus,
Greenhouses, Growth chambers, Experimental farm, Mexico.
Identifiers: *Hydrophonics, Evapotranspiration control, Research stations,
Sea water irrigation.
Successful food production using waste, water, heat, and land is claimed by a
controlled atmosphere farming experiment located on the University of Sonora
Research Station at Puerto Penasco on the Gulf of California. Waste heat
from diesel-electric generators is used to desalt sea water which is then used
for irrigation. Giant inflated bubbles of 12-mil polyethylene film serve as
the greenhouses. The crops are planted in sterile beach sand and the required
nutrients are supplied by adding them to the irrigation water.' The water is
transpired by the plant and trapped in the sealed greenhouse and recycled,
thereby reducing the plant water requirements by 90 percent.
70-71:020-021
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEXTURE ON EVAPORATIVE LOSS AND AVAILABLE WATER IN SEMI-ARID
CLIMATES,
Alizai, H. U., and Hulbert, L. C.
Kansas State University, Manhattan.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 328-332, November 1970. 2 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Evaporation, *Soil water-plant-relationships, Available water,
Soil moisture, Soil science, Soil texture.
Identifiers: Coarse-textured soil, Fine textured soil.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted on three soils to test the effect of
soil texture on evaporation. Evaporation was 3 times as great from the loams
as from gravelly sand after adding equal amounts of water. Sorghum plants
remained turgid in gravelly sand but wilted and died in loam supplied with
equal amounts of water. This confirms that more water evaporates from fine-
textured than from coarse textured soils.
70-71:020-022
INTRODUCTION: MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PLANTS,
Walker, J. N., and Splinter, W. E.
Kentucky University, Lexington.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 945, May 1971.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Computer models, Plant growth.
14
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The reasons for and the validity of plant modeling are explained. An intro-
duction to the articles that follow in this issue of the Transactions is
presented. The articles and their authors are listed.
15
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Section V
WATER CYCLE
STREAMFLOW AND RUNOFF (Group 02E)
70-71:02E-001
SURFACE RUNOFF FROM GRADED LANDS OF LOW SLOPES,
Laflen, J. M., and Saveson, I. L.
Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 3, p
340-341, 1970. 4 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical studies, *Data collections, *Surface runoff,
Estimating equations, Storms, Louisiana.
Identifiers: *Data analysis, Baton Rough, Louisiana
This paper reports on analysis of surface runoff data collected during 1962,
1963, and 1964 near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The object of the data analysis
was to develop reliable prediction equations for estimating peak rate and total
amount of surface runoff from any storm. The hypothesis tested was that peak
rate and total amount of surface runoff could be expressed as functions of
precipitation, row slope, row length, and antecedent soil moisture. Some
conclusions drawn from the experiment include: (1) the effect of antecedent
soil moisture is independent of precipitation, if the peak rate of runoff is
the dependent variable; (2) the effect of slope and length of surface runoff
is not independent of precipitation; (3) a single, precipitation-intensity
measure is sufficient for expressing the effect of precipitation on peak rate
of surface runoff.
70-71:02E-002
THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT FOR SHALLOW FLOWS OVER A SIMULATED TURF SURFACE,
Phelps, H. O.
University of the West Indies, St. Augustine (Trinidad).
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 1220- 226, August 1970. 7 p, 2 fig,
1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *0verland flow, *Roughness (Hydraulic), *Turf, *Hydraulic models,
Fluid friction, Reynolds number, Energy losses, Discharge (Water), Flow resis-
tance, Hydraulics, Porous media, Flumes, Mathematical models, Laminar flow,
Turbulent flow.
Identifiers: Overland flow over turf.
The friction coefficient of rough surfaces must be known for the application
of the basic momentum and continuity equations to the modeling of overland
flow. Flume experiments on steady, uniform flows in the laminar and transi-
tional regions over a simulated turf surface provide the data required to
investigate the general hydraulic roughness properties of natural turf, and
the particular parameters that are likely to influence the friction coeffi-
cient. Because boundary geometry depends on flow depth, this factor must be
considered in calculating the relationship between friction coefficient and
Reynolds number. By maintaining constant depths while varying the Reynolds
number, the separate effects of boundary geometry and Reynolds number on the
friction coefficient are demonstrated. The results, which are presented in
the form of a friction coefficient chart, may be rationally explained if the
simulated turf is considered to be a complex porous medium in which the
boundary geometry is variable.
70-71:02E-003
RUNOFF ANALYSIS BY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF -WATER,
Nakamura, R.
Tokyo University (Japan), Laboratory of Irrigation and Drainage.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, p 197-212, December 1971. 9 fig, 2
tab, 11 ref.
17
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Descriptors: *Discharge measurement, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Water
quality, *Electrical conductance, Model studies, Simulation analysis, water
chemistry. Stream gages, Base flow.
By continuous measurement of conductance and discharge, the surface flow
component could be separated from other components in the recession phase of
hydrographs. The conductance-time curve and the hydrograph were both simul-
taneously simulated by a series of model reservoirs. The parameters of the
model were adjusted by a trial-and-error method. The conductance factor used
in this analysis made it possible to adjust rationally some of the runoff
parameters. The portion of the zone wetted by runoff water within or on the
surface of the soil expands according to the precipitation magnitude. Water
storage which is consumed in a long period of dry weather does not yield run-
off water during storms.
70-71:02E-004
PREDICTING IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CROPS,
David, W. P., and Hiler, E. A.
Iowa St^.ue University, Ames, Agricultural Engineering Department.
Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Vol. 96, No. IRS, Proc. Paper 7507, p 241-255, 1970. 3 tab,
10 fig, 2 append, 20 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-038)
70-71:02E-005
NOTES: HALF-MINUTE COUNTS FOR NEUTRON PROBES,
Rogerson, T. L.
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Harrison, Arkansas.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 359-360, November 1970. 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil moisture, *Nuclear moisture meters, Groundwater, Soil
physics.
Identifiers: *Neutron probe.
A study was performed of how well the values of moisture content compared
between one minute and one-half minute intervals using late model neutron
probing equipment. Two holes six feet deep were compared for four weeks.
The average absolute difference between the counting intervals was 0.017
inches of moisture or 0.28 percent of volume. The standard deviation was 0.27
percent. The study indicates that one-half minute counts are likely to be
adequate for most purposes when late model probe systems are used.
70-71:02E-006
AGRICULTURALLY-POLLUTED IRRIGATION WATER AS A SOURCE OF PLANT PARASITIC
NEMATODE INFESTATION,
Faulkner, L. R., Bolander, W. J.
Washington State University, Prosser, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Ex-
tension Center.
Journal of Nematology, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 368-374, October 1970. 2 fig, 3 tab,
5 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-026)
70-71:02E-007
SEDIMENT,
Robinson, A. R.
United States- Department of Agriculture Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford,
Mississippi.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 61-62, March-April
1971. 8 ref.
(See 70-71:056-031)
18
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70-71:02E-008
A PRIMER ON AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION,
Wadleigh, C. H.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,
Beltsville, Maryland, Office of the Administrator.
In: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, A Primer on Agricultural Pollu-
tion, Individual Papers, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 44-65, March-April 1971.
(See 70-71:053-033)
70-71:02E-009
PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS,
Williams J. R., Hiler, E. A., Baird, R. W.
United States Department of Agriculture, Riesel, Texas.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1157-1162, June 1971. 5 fig, 5 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Erosion, *Sediments, Soil conservation, Surface waters, Pol-
lutants, Mathematical models.
Identifiers: *Watersheds, Pollution sources.
A procedure for predicting sediment yields from small watersheds has been
developed. The results should be a better understanding of the factors that
cause sediment yield and the development of sediment prediction equations for
each physiographic area. Procedures for calculating sediment yields were pre-
sented. Several conclusions can be made as a result of this investigation.
It is feasible to develop a procedure for predicting sediment yield from small
watersheds based on climatic factors, watershed characteristics, and land use
and treatment factors.
70-71:02E-010
OPERATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OUTSIDE THE GROWING SEASON,
Voropayev, G. V.
Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, No. 1, p 80-88, 1970. 6 fig, 4 tab.
(See 70-71:03F-060)
70-71:02E-011
QUALITY OF SURFACE IRRIGATION RUNOFF WATER,
Bondurant, J. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,
Kimberly, Idaho.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No.
6, p 1001-1003, June 1971. 1 tab, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:056-040)
70-71:02E-012
THE INFERENCE OF INTAKE AND HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS FROM PLOT RUNOFF
USING KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY,
Burman, R. D., Black, R. D.
Wyoming University, Laramie.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 479-481, April 1970. 5 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrology, *Computer models, *Surface runoff, Watersheds,
Mathematical models.
Identifiers: *Hydrologic model, Intake rate, Hydraulic roughness.
Surface runoff from rainfall is strongly influenced by infiltration and
hydraulic roughness. This study attempted to evaluate infiltration and
hydraulic roughness on small plots by determining the values necessary to
19
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make a mathematical model fit experimental plot data. The model incorporates
a finite difference approximation for the kinematic-wave equations. Infiltra-
tion in the model is characterized by Horton's equation, and the surface
roughness and the unknowns in Horton's equation are derived by parameter
optimization.
70-71:02E-013
LAND GRADING FOR IMPROVED SURFACE DRAINAGE,
Sewell, J. I.
Tennessee University, Knoxville.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 817-819, June 1970. 2 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Land management, *Land forming, Surface drainage, Furrow
drainage.
Identifiers: Land grading.
In 1962 a 123.4 acre plot of bottomland on the West Tennessee Experiment
Station was graded. Rather extensive cutting and filling showed no significant
adverse effects on corn silage yield during the first 3 years after land grad-
ing. However, these are deep alluvial soils with little profile development.
The land could.not have been improved sufficiently for mechanized operations
without taking similar measures. Graded lands must be tilled in such a manner
that back furrows or ridges are not created.
70-71:02E-014
SILT TRANSPORT BY THIN FILM FLOW,
Podmore, T. H., Merva, G. E.
Queensland Institute of Technology, Toowoomba, Australia.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1065-1072, June 1971. 6 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Erosion, *Soil conservation, Water pollution sources, Sheet
erosion, Silts.
The study was made to obtain information on intermediate stages of the erosion
process involving the transport of eroded materials by thin film flow. The use
of Stokes Law as a model for the sedimentation process leading to deposition
of suspended material was inadequate. A "Critical Distance" was defined as
the distance from the point of insertion of sediment in the flowing film to the
point at which a maximum amount of material is deposited for a predetermined
particle size range. A Coulter Counter was used to analyze small amounts of
suspended material. It was concluded that: (1) Critical Distance is general-
ly independent of particle size. (2) Critical Distance decreases with in-
creasing surface roughness. (3) Critical Distance generally increases with
increasing slope. (4) Stokes Law does not yield a satisfactory model of the
sediment transport mechanism. (5) The Coulter Counter can be utilized for
particle size anlaysis of small amounts of suspended silt.
70-71:02E-015
MOVEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS AND ORGANIC INSECTICIDES IN SURFACE RUNOFF,
Sievers, D. M., Lentz, G. L., Beasley, R. P.
Missouri University, Columbia.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 323-325, March 1970. 6 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-049)
70-71:02E-016
SALINITY AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE,
Holmes, J. W.
20
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Flinders University, South Australia. School of Physical Sciences.
Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971. Canberra, Australia, p 25-40. 6 fig, 8 tab, 21 ref.
(See 70-71:02A-004)
70-71:02E-017
THE TRANSPORT OF SALT IN RIVERS AND ESTUARIES,
Wood, I. R.
New South Wales University, Manly Vale, Australia, Water Research Laboratory.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 141-157. 8 fig, 30 ref.
(See 70-71:01B-005)
70-71:02E-018
EFFECT OF VEGETAL LENGTH AND SPATIALLY VARIED FLOW ON VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS,
McCool, D. K.
United States Department of Agriculture, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 603-607, May, 1970. 9 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
(See 70-71:08A-003)
21
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SECTION VI
WATER CYCLE
GROUNDWATER (Group 02F)
70-71:02F-001
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE,
Matlock, W. G.
Arizona University, Tucson, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 785-787, 791, 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater recharge, *Mathematical model, *Ephemeral streams,
*Arizona, Groundwater movement, Aquifer characteristics, Natural recharge,
Hydrogeology, Hydrology, Water level fluctuations, Snowmelt.
Identifiers: *Rillito Creek Basin (Arizona).
The rise of groundwater levels caused by recharge from Rillito Creek in Arizona
is described by a mathematical model. Rillito Creek is an ephemeral stream
with a total drainage area of 918 square miles in the semiarid part of southern
Arizona. The system is unique because of the dual nature of the flows it
carries. Of the total drainage area, 183 square miles are mountainous, 40
square miles of which are above 6,000 feet. At this elevation appreciable
snowfall occurs each winter in all but the driest years. Consequently, con-
siderable runoff from snow melt reaches Rillito Creek. The clear flow from
snow melt infiltrates rapidly, seldom leaving the drainage area. On the other
hand, summer floods following intense thunderstorms are more violent and of
shorter duration.
70-71:02F-002
PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN HYDROLOGY: THE STATE OF THE ART,
Jackson, Donald R., and Aron, Gert.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Dept of Civil Engineering.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol.7, No. 3, p 457-472, June 1971. 16 p, 1 fig, 47
ref.
Descriptors: *Aquifer characteristics, *Mathematical models, *Analog models,
*Transmissivity, *Storage coefficient, Estimating, Permeability, Water levels,
Water yield, Drawdown, Groundwater movement, Hydrogeology.
Identifiers: *Aquifer evaluation, Pumping tests.
A detailed review of current methods and criteria used in parameter estimation
in hydrology is presented. The effect of errors in the data set and the
effect of interactions between methods of analysis, criteria, data set
errors, and modeling assumptions are reviewed and discussed briefly. It is
concluded that study techniques criteria, data set errors, and particularly
interactions between these, is essential to further progress in hydrologic
modeling.
70-71:02F-003
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR AQUIFER EVALUATION,
Sternberg, Yaron M.
Maryland University, College Park, Dept of Civil Engineering.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol.7, No.3, p 447-456, June 1971. 10 p, 2 tab,
47 ref.
Descriptors: *Aquifer characteristics, *Mathematical models, *Analog models,
*Transmissivity, *Storage coefficient, Estimating, Permeability, Water levels,
Water yield, Drawdown, Groundwater movement, Hydrogeology.
Identifiers: *Aquifer evaluation, Pumping tests.
23
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The various tools and techniques available for evaluation of aquifers are
reviewed. Data for evaluation studies can be obtained from laboratory ex-
periments, geological maps, well logs and field studies. Such data can be
used in analytic or electric analog models to determine the sustained yield of
the aquifer under various operating conditions. Geologic maps provide data
on the type of formation and its make up. Well logs give detailed information
on the lithology at a particular location. Data from a number of well logs
of the aquifer can delineate the dimensions of the aquifer. The aquifer
characteristics can be determined from field pumping tests or obtained
indirectly from laboratory experiments. Pumping tests can also indicate the
presence of a geologic boundary such as an impermeable boundary. For aquifers
with relatively simple geometric boundaries and aquifer characteristics, a
mathematical model is generally adequate for estimating the water yield. For
more complex aquifers where for example salt water intrusion may pose a problem,
more detailed information can be obtained by using an electric analog model.
Thus the accuracy of the desired information must determine the type of model
to use and the quantity of the basic data required.
70-71:02F-004
DRAINAGE OF GROUNDWATER RESTING ON A SLOPING BED,
Childs, E. C.
Cambridge University (England), Dept of Agricultural Science; and Dept of
Applied Biology.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 5, p 1256-1263, October 1971. 5 fig, 1 tab,
11 ref.
Descriptors: *Dupuit-Forchheimer theory, *Aquicludes, *Slopes, Drainage,
Groundwater movement, Hydraulic gradient, Water levels, Mathematical studies.
The Dupuit-Forchheimer convention for horizontal impermeable beds states that
the gradient of hydraulic potential is synonymous with the absolute slope of
the water table. When the impermeable bed is sloping, however, the gradient
is normally better approximately by dZ/dl, where 1 is the distance measured
along the bed and Z is the height of the intersection with the water table of
the perpendicular through 1. Thus, the solution of the resulting flow equa-
tion for drainage to a transverse ditch in the absence of surface recharge
provides a family of branched curves for different slopes, instead of the single
branched curve currently accepted.
70-71:02F-005
APPLICATION OF A LOCAL SIMILARITY CONCEPT IN SOLVING THE VERTICAL SUBSURFACE
FLOW PROBLEM,
Drake, R. L., and Peterson, C. P.
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 5, p 1241-1255, October 1971. 18 fig,
1 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical studies, Continuity equation, Equations, Ground-
water movement, Infiltration, Approximation method, Numerical analysis,
Estimating, Mathematical models.
Identifiers: Continuum mechanics.
Similarity transformations may be used even when all the requirements for
the application of such transformations are satisfied. The transformed equa-
tions usually involve a stray time variable that is interpreted as a system
parameter. When this parameter is properly interpreted, the solutions of
the transformed systems are very good numerical approximations for the solu-
tions of the original systems. The advantages of considering the transformed
systems are usually two-fold: numerical solutions can be obtained with less
computer time, and qualitative analysis of the transformed systems is usually
easier than that of the original systems. A local similarity concept may be
used in solving evolution-type problems in continuum mechanics, including the
Fokker-Planck equation of vertical subsurface flow.
24
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70-71:02F-006
COMMENTS ON THE STABLE ISOTOPE METHOD IN REGIONAL GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS,
Gat, J. R.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria).
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 980-993, August 1971. 4 fig, 43
ref.
Descriptors: *Stable isotopes, *0xygen, *Deuterium, *Groundwater movement,
Groundwater basins, Tracers, Tracking techniques, Surveys, Reviews, Mixing,
Water chemistry, Hydrogeology, Provenance, Statistics, Regional analysis.
Identifiers: Isotope hydrogeology.
Comparison of natural variations of oxygen 18 and deuterium abundances in
groundwaters to those of the local precipitation may be used as a hydrologic
tool. The residual scatter in time and space of the isotope content of
groundwater sources is a measure of the homogeneity of these systems rather
than of their age or size. The concept of a regional slope of evaporation
lines on deuterium versus 0-18 diagrams, has only limited validity. Isotope
criteria are suggested for distinguishing rainfall from past climatic periods,
As a result of the unsteady nature of the mechanisms affecting the isotope
composition of groundwaters, their most reliable use under the limitations
of our present quantitative knowledge on the causes of this scatter is as
classifying parameters in regional investigations.
70-71:02F-007
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL GROUNDWATER VELOCITY FROM TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN WELLS.
Sorey, M. L.
Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, Water Resources Division.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 963-970, August 1971. 8 fig, 14 ref,
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Geothermal studies, *Temperature, *Bore-
hole geophysics, * Instrumentation, Colorado, New Mexico, Velocity, Observation
wells, Heat flow.
Identifiers: Vertical groundwater movement.
Vertically moving groundwater transports heat by convection and causes curva-
ture in the earth's thermal profile. Dimensionless plots of the temperature
distribution in wells can be matched with published type curves to obtain
solutions for vertical groundwater velocity, if the thermal conductivity of
the solid-fluid complex is known or can be estimated. Rates of upward move-
ment through semiconfining beds determined from temperature studies in the
San Luis valley of Colorado and the Roswell basin of New Mexico were in good
agreement with rates computed from pumping tests and water budget methods.
Limitations of the method result from instability in borehole fluids, measure-
ment detail required, and magnitudes of flow that can be detected.
70-71:02F-008
OPTIMAL IDENTIFICATION OF AQUIFER DIFFUSIVITY USING QUASILINEARIZATION,
Yeh, W. W-G., and Tauxe, G. W.
California University, Los Angeles.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 955-962, August 1971. 6 fig, 4 tab,
12 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Diffusivity, *Surface-groundwater rela-
tionships, Numerical analysis, Parametric hydrology, Mathematical models,
Mathematical studies, Dupuit-Forchheimer theory, Linear programming, Optimi-
zation, Hydrographs, Stage-discharge relations.
Identifiers: *Parameter identification.
An analytical procedure is presented to solve the problem of identifying
aquifer diffusivity in an unconfined aquifer and stream interaction system
using the fluctuation of the aquifer head in response to a flood wave as data.
The governing nonlinear partial differential equation is replaced by a system
of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to which the technique of
25
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quasilinearization is applied. The procedure is straightforward and converges
quadratically. it requires neither graphical matching nor trial and error
manipulations. Numerical experiments are presented and compared with published
experimental data.
70-71:02F-009
SEEPAGE THROUGH UNCONFINED AQUIFERS WITH LOWER BOUNDARIES OF ANY SHAPE,
Youngs, E. G.
Agricultural Research Council, Cambridge (England), Unit of Soil Physics.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 3, p 624-631, June 1971. 8 p, 8 fig, 8 ref,
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Seepage, *Underseepage, *Aquicludes,
Dams, Canals, Canal seepage, Soil water movement, Saturated flow, Unsaturated
flow, Equations, Porous media, Hydraulic conductivity, Water table, Saline
water intrusion, Boundary processes, Dupuit-Forchheimer theory, Stratified
flow.
Identifiers: Unconfined aquifers.
Seepage through unconfined aquifers with lower boundaries of any shape is
analyzed. The differential equation describing the flow includes a term that
involves the pressure distribution on the lower boundary. Although in many
problems all the required pressure distribution that enable the seepage prob-
lem to be solved are not known exactly, inspection of a given problem gives
extreme values of any unknown terms with a final result of known precision.
The application of the analysis, checked by electric analog experiments, is
illustrated by two examples of seepage problems: first, the seepage over an
inclined plane between two parallel ditches; and second, the seaward flow of
freshwater fed by a freshwater reservoir or by rainfall and supported on
saline water from the sea.
70-71:02F-010
THREE-DIMENSIONAL, TRANSIENT, SATURATED-UNSATURATED FLOW IN A GROUNDWATER
BASIN,
Freeze, R. Allan
Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No.2, p 347-366, April 1971. 20 p, 11 fig,
34 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater basins, *Hydrogeology, *Mathematical models, *Sim-
ulation analysis, *Numerical analysis, Groundwater movement, *Aquifers, Sur-
face-groundwater relationships, Saturated flow, Rainfall-runoff relationships,
Water yield, Safe yield, Computer programs, Water levels, Hydraulic gradient,
Unsteady flow, Base flow, Water balance.
Identifiers: Transient flow.
A three-dimensional finite difference model was developed for the treatment of
saturated-unsaturated transient flow in small nonhomogeneous, anisotropic geo-
logic basins. The model includes the unsaturated zone in a basin-wide model
that can also handle both confined and unconfined saturated aquifers, under
both natural and developed conditions. The integrated equation of flow is
solved by the line successive overrelaxation technique. The model allows any
generalized region shape and any configuration of time variant boundary condi-
tions. When applied to natural flow systems, the model provides quantitative
hydrographs of surface infiltration, groundwater recharge, water table depth,
and base flow. Results of simulations for hypothetical basins provide insight
into the mechanisms involved in the development of perched water tables. The
unsaturated basin response is the controlling factor in determining the nature
of the base flow hydrograph. Application of the model to developed basins
allows simulation of the manner in which groundwater withdrawals are trans-
mitted through the aquifers and the changes in the rates of groundwater recharge
and discharge induced by the withdrawals. For any proposed pumping pattern, it
is possible to predict the maximum basin yield that can be sustained by a flow
system in equilibrium with the recharge-discharge characteristics of the basin.
26
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70-71:02F-011
EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE HYSTERESIS ON THE WATER TABLE PROFILE AROUND A GRAVITY
WELL,
Guitjens, J. C., and Luthin, James N.
Nevada University, Reno. Plant, Soil, and Water Science Division and
California University, Davis, Dept of Water Science and Engineering.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 2, p 334-346, April 1971. 13 p, 8 fig, 2
tab, 21 ref, 3 append.
Descriptors: *Hysteresis, *Soil water movement, *Drawdown, *Water table,
*Water level fluctuations, Withdrawal, Surface-groundwater relationships,
Infiltration, Seepage, Recharge, Soil moisture, Specific capacity, Time lag,
Aquifer characteristics, Groundwater movement.
Identifiers: *Soil moisture-groundwater relations, *Gravity wells.
Gravity wells, pumped intermittently, can have different degrees of drainage
in the unsaturated zone at the onset of water table recovery. Each part of
the aquifer profile follows a specific curve of rewetting. Measured hysteresis
of fine sand and hydraulic conductivity as a function of moisture content are
incorporated in the partial differential equations for steady and unsteady
radial flow to solve for the soil moisture pressure distribution of water
table drawdown and three different kinds of recovery. The method of independ-
ent domains describes hysteresis and accounts for a gradual release and uptake
of water rather than constant changes based on the concept of specific yield.
Small differences between the computed values of the three water table recov-
eries, each one starting at a different degree of drainage in the zone above
the water table, are probably due to the relatively small unsaturated portion
of the aquifer profile.
70-71:02F-012 ^
PERTURBATION SOLUTIONS OF THE DISPERSION EQUATION IN POROUS MEDIUMS,
Dagan, Gedeon.
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 1, p 135-142, February 1971. 8 p, 3 fig,
18 ref.
Descriptors: *Dispersion, *Porous media, *Groundwater movement, Equations,
Hydrogeology, Darcys law, Mathematical studies, Boundary layers, Flow nets,
Flow, Velocity, Percolation, Steady flow, Tracers.
Identifiers: Dispersion equations.
The solution of the dispersion equation for porous media is difficult because
of the dependence of the dispersion tensor on the velocity. Approximate
solutions of dispersion in nonuniform two-dimensional flows are sought by
perturbation expansions. An inner boundary layer solution for the transition
zone between two fluids in steady and unsteady conditions is derived. Two
examples of dispersion, radial flow and coastal aquifers, are solved approxi-
mately.
70-71:02F-013
SPACING OF DRAINAGE WELLS IN A LAYERED AQUIFER,
Khan, Muhammed Yunus, and Kirkham, Don.
Iowa State University, Ames, Dept of Agronomy.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No.1, p 166-183, February 1971. 18 p, 5 fig,
2 tab, 10 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Aquifers, *Withdrawal, *Hydrogeology,
*Drainage wells, Equations, Mathematical studies, Permeability, Isotopy,
Drawdown, Recharge, Drainage systems, Pumping, Subsurface drainage, Water
table, Saturated flow, Computer programs, Steady flow, Uniform flow.
Identifiers: Groundwater-soil water relationships.
A theory is presented to determine spacing of identical drainage wells that,
27
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by discharging groundwater simultaneously from a layered aquifer, will lower
a water table to a preassigned level and maintain it. The theory has been
developed by solving a mathematical boundary value problem. The wells are
located on a certain regular grid, and the aquifer receives a uniform vertical
recharge from rainfall or excess irrigation. The theory shows that the spacing
depends on the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of each permeable layer
tapped by the wells, the maximum allowable drawdown, the uniform vertical
recharge, the radius of the wells, and the well grid geometry. A table of
values of a function, useful for determining spacing of wells to be tapped in
an aquifer that may consist of any number of permeable layers, is given.
70-71:02F-014
FIELD AND LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF THE HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY OF A CONFINING
BED,
Wolff, Roger G.
Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No.1, p 194-203, February 1970. 10 p, 12 fig,
1 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrogeology, *Groundwater movement, *Aquitards, *Diffusivity,
On-site tests, Laboratory tests, Hydraulic conductivity, Storage coefficient,
Observation wells, Piezometers, Model studies, Mathematical models.
Identifiers: Aquifer testing, Hydraulic diffusivity.
Field and laboratory evaluations of the hydraulic diffusivity of a confining
bed are presented. The field approach consisted of measuring the head in the
confining layer by placing piezometers equipped with differential pressure
transducers at different depths in the confining layer. Pumping from the
overlying aquifer resulted in an observed head change at the aquifer confining
bed interface which for long periods of time could be approximated by a step
drawdown. The best fit of observed data to the set of theoretical type curves
for the step drawdown solution yields a hydraulic diffusivity 0.029 sq cm/sec.
Hydraulic diffusivity values for the natural effective load, as obtained in
the laboratory using consolidation techniques, are in general agreement with
this result. Hydraulic conductivity values as determined in the laboratory
by consolidation and constant flow methods are generally similar for the same
sample. Particle size distribution and the clay mineralogy are also given
for each sample.
70-71:02F-015
THE MECHANISM OF NATURAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE: 2. LABORATORY
COLUMN EXPERIMENTS AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS,
Freeze, R. Allan, and Banner, James.
Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources, Calgary (Alberta), Inland Water
Branch.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No.1, p 138-155, February 1970. 18 p,
10 fig, 3 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Recharge, *Discharge (Water), *Groundwater movement, *Infiltra-
tion, Laboratory tests, Model studies, On-site tests, Surveys, Investigations,
Observation wells, Grasslands, Mathematical models, Snowmelt, Precipitation
(Atmospheric), Saturated flow, Unsaturated flow, Evaporation, Sands, Hydrologic
budget, Water balance.
Identifiers: Canada.
A mathematical model was used to simulate one-dimensional, vertical, unsteady,
unsaturated flow above a recharging groundwater flow system. Results from
this model were correlated with the results from a laboratory column experi-
ment using a tensiometer-transducer system. On the Canadian prairies, cases
of recharge-sustaining infiltration to the water table are isolated in time
and space. Only spring snowmelt, and on occasion heavy summer rains, are
effective. A large percentage of the snowmelt, however, is at the surface
prior to the thawing of the frost wedge and therefore does not infiltrate.
28
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Effective infiltration is largely in depressions, and some groundwater recharge
areas may never receive direct infiltration to the water table. Observation
well hydrographs of water-table fluctuations alone are not sufficient to moni-
tor recharge phenomena; measurements of the hydraulic gradient above and below
the water table are necessary. It is erroneous to map a sand or gravel plain
as an effective recharge area without first investigating the influence of
the unsaturated hydrologic properties of the soil.
70-71:02F-016
HYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITY OF MISCIBLE FLUIDS IN A VERTICAL POROUS COLUMN,
Bachmat, Y. and Elrick, D. E.
Guelph University (Ontario).
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 156-171, February 1970. 16 p, 9 fig,
3 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Saline water intrusion, *Porous media, *Groundwater movement,
Dispersion, Diffusion, Hydrodynamics, Model studies, Hydraulic models, Solutes,
Mixing, Aqueous solutions, Mathematical models, Tracers, Dye releases, Hydrau-
lic conductivity, Mathematical studies.
Identifiers: Hydrodynamic instability.
A series of experiments have been conducted at a constant temperature on the
intrusion of salt from a reservoir containing a fixed volume of solution into
an underlying long vertical column of porous material, initially saturated
with pure water and sealed at the bottom. The variation with time of the salt
concentration in the reservoir was measured for different types of porous
materials, different initial concentrations, and different mechanical treat-
ments of the solutions. The experimental results, substantiated by the
theoretical analyses, indicate that the main contributor to the influx of
salt into the porous material is the convective dispersion arising from the on-
set of horizontal variations of the salt concentration and of the vertical
velocity component. Approximate expressions have been derived for the rate
of decrease of the salt concentration in the reservoir, for the influx of
salt into the porous material, and for the advances of the salt front within it.
70-71;02F-017
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISPERSION EXPERIMENTS IN A POROUS MEDIUM,
Bruch, John C., Jr.
California University, Santa Barbara.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, p 791-800, June 1970. 10 p, 7 fig,
1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Dispersion, *Porous media, *Groundwater movement, Convection,
Seepage, Mixing, Flow, Density, Viscosity, Model studies, Hydraulic models,
Laboratory tests.
Identifiers: Two-dimensional dispersion.
A series of two-dimensional dispersion experiments were performed in a one-and-
two-layered porous medium. The experimental results were compared with a
theoretical and a numerical solution both of which describe the two-dimensional
dispersion of a miscible, second fluid through a unidirectional seepage flow.
The combined effect of longitudinal and lateral dispersion was considered in
all cases. The experimental results and their comparisons with the numerical
values clearly demonstrate the need to consider the combined effect of longi-
tudinal and lateral dispersion in the analysis of the propagation of a miscible
fluid in groundwater flow. If lateral dispersion were not considered, there
would be no salt concentration at the position discussed. These, as well as
the other results presented, also verify the use of the theoretical solution
and the numerical scheme as accurate models for the two-dimensional dispersion
phenomenon.
29
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70-71:02F-018
FINGER IMBIBITION IN ARTIFICIAL REPLENISHMENT OF GROUNDWATER THROUGH CRACKED
POROUS MEDIUM,
Verma, A. P.
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (India) .
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, p 906-911, June 1970. 6 p, 3 fig,
20 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Injection wells, *Mathematical models,
*Mixing, Saline water intrusion, Porous media, Fractures (Geology), Permeabil-
ity, Immiscibility, Viscosity, Water properties, Wettability, Wetting.
Identifiers: Imbibition (Groundwater).
A theoretical model of groundwater replenishment in a cracked porous medium
considers simultaneous occurrence of the phenomena of fingering and imbibition.
Injection of water into other water bodies is initiated by imbibition, and
the injected and native water form two immiscible liquid phases of different
salinities with small viscosity difference. For the average behavior of fin-
gering, the nonlinear differential equation is solved by a perturbation
technique. An expression for the average cross-sectional area occupied by
fingers was obtained.
70-71:02F-019
EMPIRICAL RELATIONS IN PROPERTIES OF UNCONSOLIDATED QUARTZ SANDS AND SILTS
PERTAINING TO WATER FLOW,
Wiebenga, William A., Ellis, W. R., and Kevi, L.
Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra (Australia);
and Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment, Lucas Heights.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 1154-1161, August 1970. 8 p, 6 fig,
2 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Dupuit-Forchheimer theory, *Tracers,
Hydrogeology, Particle size, Porosity, Radioisotopes, Permeability, Velocity,
Flow, Specific yield, Sediments, Aquifers, Laboratory tests, Hydraulic
conductivity.
Identifiers: Sorting coefficient.
During a laboratory investigation using radiotracers, empirical formulas were
developed to replace the ambiguous or incorrect Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption
used in relationships governing the flow of water through porous, unconsoli-
dated materials ranging from clay to coarse sands or fine gravels. The Dupuit-
Forchheimer assumption states that the ratio of specific flow rate to average
flow velocity is equal to porosity, but it is not specified whether true
porosity or void ratio or specific yield, also called effective porosity, is
meant. The hydraulic conductivity shows a good correlation with the maximum
10 percent grain size, and the ratio of specific flow rate to average flow
velocity shows good correlation with functions of specific yield and percentile
sorting coefficient. From field measurements of specific flow rate and
average flow velocity the specific yield can be computed.
70-71:02F-020
THE USE OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR ESTIMATING GEOHYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF
GROUNDWATER BASINS,
Kleinecke, David.
General Electric Company, Santa Barbara, California, Center for Advanced
Studies.
Available from National Technical Information Service as PB-195 668, $3.00 in
paper copy, $0.95 in microfiche. TEMP Report 70TMP-43, July 1970. 31 p, 1 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: *Aquifer characteristics, *Computer models, Data collections,
Groundwater movement, *Groundwater basins, *Hydrogeology, *Linear programming,
*Mathematical models, Model studies, *Simulation analysis.
30
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Simulation models of groundwater basins require estimates of geohydrological
parameters such as permeability and storage capacity. In present practice
these parameters are initially guessed at and later adjusted by trial and error
to improve the model's ability to simulate some known portion of the water
history. It has been suggested that this process might be reversed to deduce
geohydrology directly from the historical record. This suggestion was tested
against a basin studied earlier by the California State Depertment of Water
Resources. The fitting criteria used gave rise to linear programming formula-
tions which were solved from the basin data. The approach shows promise in
that about one-third of the basin parameters were evaluated, but further devel-
opment is required. It is believed that historical records, although apparently
overdetermining the system of equations, actually underdetermine the system
because of redundancy effects. The approach appears to offer the best known
method for estimating the effective aquifer depth.
70-71:02F-021
ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW TO DEEP WELLS IN AREAS WITH A NON-LINEAR FUNCTION
FOR THE SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE,
Ernst, L. F.
Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Wageningen (Netherlands).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.14, No. 2, p 158-180, November 1971. 11 fig, 23 ref.
Descriptors: *Drawdown, *Water level fluctuations, *Infiltration, *Groundwater
movement, *Withdrawal, Water wells, Water yield, Transmissivity, Flow, Aquifer
characteristics, Water level fluctuations, Water table.
Quantitative analysis of groundwater flow to deep wells in areas where the
excess precipitation is discharged largely by surface infiltration requires
information about the system of surface drainage. The nonlinear relation
between the discharge and the phreatic level can be explained by the fact that
the length of the drains varies in the same sense as the discharge and the
phreatic level. There is some evidence that the amplitude of the seasonal
fluctuations of the phreatic surface will not be influenced very much when
there is a constant pumping of water from deep wells. When the relation
between hydraulic head and discharge by drains is linearized, the basic differ-
ential equation is reduced to a Bessel equation of zero order.
70-71:02F-022
ESTIMATING INFILTRATION AND/OR THE PARAMETERS OF UNCONFINED AQUIFERS FROM
GROUNDWATER LEVEL OBSERVATIONS,
Venetis, C.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 12, No.2, p 161-169, January 1971, 9 p, 2 fig, 2 tab,
3 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, * Infiltration, *Water level fluctuations,
Hydraulic gradient, Permeability, Transmissivity, Water balance, Storage coeffi-
cient, Aquifers, Water table, Water levels.
Identifiers: Unconfined aquifers.
The mechanism of the interplay between groundwater recharge and depletion is
examined and simple practical methods are developed for the estimation of
infiltration from groundwater level observations. Estimates of the aquifer
parameters may also be obtained when a long term water balance is possible.
The relationship between infiltration and groundwater levels is analyzed through
the linear differential equation of the groundwater flow. The theoretical
results are simplified by approximation, and the parameters involved are
lumped into three constants which depend only on the relative position of the
point of observation. These can be directly estimated from the recession of
recorded groundwater levels and a longterm water balance.
31
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70-71:02F-023
A PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF UNCONFINED AQUIFER PARAMETERS,
Yeh, William W-G., and Tauxe, George W.
California University, Los Angeles.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.12, No. 2, p 117-128, January 1971. 12 p, 2 fig,
2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Linear programming, *Parametric hydrology, *Groundwater move-
ment, *Computer programs, *Mathematical models, Systems analysis, Numerical
analysis, Aquifers, Least squares method, Equations, Mathematical studies,
Unsteady flow.
Identifiers: Quasilinearization.
The technique of quasilinearization is applied to the problem of identifying
the parameters in an unconfined aquifer system. This new technique is shown
to be a very effective way of converting field observations based upon pumping
tests into the desired aquifer parameters. The procedure is straightforward
as it requires neither curve plotting nor graphical matching. The parameters
to be identified are the hydraulic conductivity and specific storage in an
extensive unconfined aquifer system. Results and numerical experiments are
presented.
70-71:02F-024
BLOTTING PAPER MODELS SIMULATING GROUNDWATER FLOW,
Sevenhuysen, R. J.
Agricultural University, Wageningen (Netherlands).
Journal of Hydrology, VoL 10, No.3, p 276-281, April 1970. 6 p, 5 fig.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Hydraulic models, Model studies, Soil
water movement, Infiltration, Saturated flow, Leaching.
Identifiers: Blotting paper models.
To demonstrate water flow in a cross-sectional model, use can be made of a
heavy blotting paper. This material is easily cut into any shape, lines can
be drawn on it, and samples can be taken out. The sheets of blotting paper,
forming the model, are hung vertically, the flow is introduced by saturated
sheets placed vertically or horizontally as required. Simulation of infiltra-
tion, saturated flow and leaching is described.
70-71:02F-025
THE POISEUILLE ANALOGUE FOR FLOW OF WATER IN WYOMING BENTONITE,
Blackmore, A. V.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Griffith
(Australia). Division of Soils.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.11, No. 1, p 59-68, July 1970. 10 p, 2 fig, 1 tab,
22 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Bentonite, *Hydraulic gradient, Darcy's
law, Hydrostatic pressure, Porosity, Ion transport, Clays, Porous media, Ion
exchange, Membrane-processes, Viscosity, Osmosis.
Identifiers: Poiseuille flow.
Water movement, parallel to the plane of orientation, is measured in a Wyoming
bentonite as a function of hydrostatic pressure gradient and interparticle
spacing; a simple system and technique are used so that some of the difficulties
normally associated with the movement of water through reactive materials
are avoided. The data are interpreted with the object of establishing a
mathematical model based on the silt analogue of the Poiseuille equation,
modified for electro-osmosis and anomalous viscosity, as suggested by Kemper.
Pore velocity, at constant spacing, is very nearly proportional to pressure
gradient (Darcy's law) while at constant pressure gradient it is linearly re-
lated to the square of the spacing. When the implications of these results are
applied to the analogue an expression is obtained that describes the flow in
a satisfactory manner. This expression is compared with one developed
32
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for flow in inert materials both within and beyond the limits of the present
experiment.
70-71:02F-026
NUMERICAL MODELING OF UNSATURATED GROUNDWATER FLOW AND COMPARISON OF THE MODEL
TO A FIELD EXPERIMENT,
Green, Don W., Dabiri, Hassan, Weinaug, Charles F., and Prill, Robert.
Kansas University, Lawrence, and Geological Survey, Garden City, Kansas.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No.3, p 862-874, June 1970. 13 p, 13 fig,
2 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Soil water movement, *Surface-groundwater
relationships, *Unsaturated flow, *Mathematical models, Computer models,
On-site tests, Wetting, Drying, Pit recharge, Ponds, Recharge, Percolation,
Numerical analysis, Porous media.
Identifiers: 2-phase flow (Soil water).
A mathematical model describing isothermal, two-phase flow in porous media
consists of differential equations, using algorithms for their numerical
solution. It was applied to the problem of vertical groundwater movement in
unsaturated soils in the absence of evaporation and transpiration. The equa-
tions describing water-air flow through porous media are second order, nonlin-
ear partial differential equations. These equations were converted to finite
difference form and were solved with the aid of a digital computer using an
iterative implicit procedure. The model includes effective permeabilities
of each phase and capillary pressure as functions of liquid saturation. The
properties of the porous media may be varied in the model as functions of
position. A comparison was made between computed results and experimental
field data on moisture movement beneath a shallow surface pond. Water was
added to the pond at controlled rates to maintain an approximately constant
head for a set time period. Following this wetting period the pond was kept
dry, but covered to reduce evaporation. The experiment was simulated with the
computer model and excellent agreement between calculated results and the data
was obtained.
70-71:02F-027
ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM PUMPING TESTS IN UNCONFINED ANISOTROPIC AQUIFERS,
Boulton, Norman S.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.19, No. 4, p 369-378, June 1970. 10 p, 2 fig, 2 tab,
6 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Transmissivity, *Data processing,
Hydrologic data, Permeability, Steady flow, Unsteady flow, Drawdown, Water
levels, Water table, Water storage, Storage coefficient, Aquifers, Water level
fluctuations, Water yield.
Identifiers: Pumping tests, Aquifer tests.
The error involved in finding the coefficients of transmissibility and storage
using pumping-test data are briefly discussed. Distance-drawdown data
are advocated as generally most suitable for finding the transmissibility.
Procedures are based on distance-drawdown analysis with constant storage
coefficient and time-drawdown analysis with delayed yield from storage.
Anomalies which result from well-known methods of analysis are illustrated
by pumping test data. The methods described assume a fully-penetrating
pumped well and shallow observation wells, except in the case of a very deep
aquifer. A computer is not required. An exact equation, allowing for the
vertical velocity-component of the flow and delayed yield from storage, is
given.
33
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70-71:02F-028
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LEAKY AQUIFER,
Bibby, R., and Sunada, D. K.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IRS, Proc. Paper 8350, p 387-395, 1971. 1 tab, 5 fig,
9 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Aquifers, *Leakage, *Mathematical model, Drainage, Groundwater
irrigation, Numerical analysis.
Identifiers: Kiowa-Bijou basin of Colorado.
A description is given for a technique to determine the direction and volume
of leakage between a confined aquifer and an overlying unconfined aquifer.
The technique involves the numerical modeling of only the unconfined aquifer,
so that data are required on only this aquifer. The predicted values of water
table elevation obtained from the numerical model are compared to known values,
From discrepancies between these values, inferences -can be made on the direc-
tion and volume of leakage. The results of the application of the technique
in the Kiowa-Bijou basin of Colorado are given. Even with poor input data to
the model the results obtained on the direction of leakage are good, but the
accuracy of the estimate of the volume of leakage depends more on the accuracy
of the input data.
70-71:02F-029
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FREE SURFACE SEEPAGE PROBLEMS,
France, P. W., Parekh, C. J., and Taylor, C.
Wales University, Swansea, Wales.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR1, p 165-179, 1971. 12 fig, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Aquifer, Computer, Drainage, Hydrology, Seepage, Wells, Soil
mechanics.
Identifiers: Time dependence, Finite element.
The finite element numerical technique is used to effect a solution to linear
seepage problems. Particular reference is made to the time dependent movement
of a phreatic surface. The flow domain is represented by subdomains composed
of isoparametric elements, which permit a close approximation to curved
boundaries. The ease of application to seepage through inhomogeneous media is
demonstrated during the development of the finite element discretization tech-
nique. It is shown that relatively few of the sophisticated isoparametric
elements yield solutions to particular flow situations which compare favorably
with other numerical and experimental methods for both steady state and time
dependent problems. The generality of approach is shown by particular examples,
such as flow towards wells and through an earth dam which amplify the ver-
satility of the particular numerical technique used.
70-71:02F-030
WATER STORAGE AND DRAINAGE UNDER A ROW CROP ON A SANDY SOIL,
Black, T. A., Gardner, W. R., and Tanner, C. B.
British Columbia University, Vancouver, Canada, Department of Soil Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 48-51, 1970. 5 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Evaporation, *Evapotranspiration, Darcy's Law,
Root zone.
Identifiers: Soil-water storage, Snap beans, Soil water characteristics.
Drainage from the root zone of snap beans grown on a sandy soil was measured
by a lysimeter, and calculated from Darcy's law, and by a hydrologic balance
equation. At the end of a 60 day period the Darcy's law calculation gave a 11%
higher estimate of the cumulative drainage than the other two methods. Of
the 32 cm of precipitation and decrease of 3 cm in water storage from emergence
34
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to harvest, evapotranspiration accounted for 17 cm, and drainage for 18 cm.
A useful estimate of the drainage from the root zone in sandy soil was obtained
from the space averaged capillary conductivity of the soil in which rooting
occurred.
70-71:02F-031
ONE-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION INTO LAYERED SOILS,
Fok, Yu-Si.
Texas Water Rights Commission, Austin, Texas, Technical Services Division,
Basin Hydrology Section.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR2, Proc. Paper 7343, p 121-129, 1970. 2 tab, 1 fig,
2 append, 4 ref.
(See 70-71:020-057)
70-71:02F-032
NEED FOR ENVELOPE MATERIAL ABOVE DRAINTILE,
Saulmon, R. W.
United States Department of Agriculture, Sidney, Montana.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR4, p 661-663, 1971. 1 fig, 1 append, 3 ref.
Descriptors: Drainage, Tile, Filtration, Filter.
Identifiers: Envelope material.
The fitter or envelope material often placed around draintile lines can serve
any or all of three purposes: (1) To provide proper bedding of the tile
sections; (2) to act as a filter to prevent the movement of fine sand and silt
into the drain; and (3) to provide a medium of increased permeability next to
the tile line to increase the rate of flow into the drain. The effect of
removal of half of the envelope on the performance of a draintile installation
will vary with each drainage situation. Analysis herein is limited to a drain-
age situation in which the tile line flows less than half full and the upper
portion of the envelope remains unsaturated. During a laboratory study, a com-
parison was obtained of the performance of a draintile installed with a com-
plete envelope to that of one installed with only half of the envelope. The
results of this test indicated that elimination of the upper portion of a
draintile envelope, which is commonly unsaturated, can cause a decrease in
flow rate to the tile.
70-71:02F-033
IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS IN OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND: VII. GROUND WATER AND SOIL
SALINITY IN THE KUROW-DUNTROON DISTRICT,
Cossens, G. G., and Rickard, D. S.
Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Mosgiel, Field Research Section, Dept of
Agriculture, Private Bag.
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 218-224, 1970.
2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Ground water, Soil, Irrigation, Chemical analysis.
Identifiers: Kurow-Duntroon district (Otago, New Zealand).
The surface waters of the Kurow-Duntroon irrigation area are of low salinity.
Except for a very restricted area the ground water is also of low salinity and
is at too great a depth to cause soil salinisation problems as a result of
irrigation. Leaching of the few saline areas should be possible with control-
led irrigation.
35
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70-71:02F-034
NOTES: HALF-MINUTE COUNTS FOR NEUTRON PROBES,
Rogerson, T. L.
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Harrison, Arkansas.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 359-360, November 1970. 2 tab, 4 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-005)
70-71:02F-035
AIR PUMP FOR SMALL-DIAMETER PIEZOMETERS,
Trescott, P. C., and Finder, G. F.
Nova Scotia Department of Mines, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Groundwater Hydrology, Vol. 8, No. 3, p 10-15, May-June 1970. 8 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Piezometers, *Water sampling, Aquifer testing, Groundwater.
Identifiers: Air pump, Air compressor.
The engine of a field vehicle can easily be used as an air pump by inserting a
commercially manufactured check valve into a spark-plug socket. Small-diameter
piezometers can be pumped with compressed air from this source. With suffi-
cient air-line submergence, the air lift method can be used to pump 1-inch
diameter piezometers where the pumping lift is less than 70 feet and 1.25-inch
diameter piezometers where the pumping lift is less than 50 feet. The maximum
pumping lift is a function of the rate at which pressure in the piezometer is
increased and the rate at which water flows into the formation with increasing
head in the piezometer.
70-71:02F-036
SUMMARY OF PANEL ON CARBON ISOTOPES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY AND THE ROLE OF
PALEOCLIMATES IN THEIR INTERPRETATION,
Bradley, E., Scientific Secretary
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 439-441, April 1970.
Descriptors: *Hydrology, *Subsurface waters, *Paleoclimatology, Carbon radio-
isotopes, Groundwater, Groundwater movement.
Identifiers: *Groundwater mapping, *Carbon dating.
A Panel on "Carbon Isotopes in Subsurface Hydrology and the Role of Paleo-
climates in their Interpretation" was held from the 16th to the 20th of March,
1970, in Vienna, Austria. Under certain conditions and considered in conjunc-
tion with geochemical, stable isotope and related paleoclimatic information,
radiocarbon data from water samples are very useful in hydrologic interpreta-
tions. They may, for example help distinguish water of different origins.
Furthermore, determining an approximate apparent "age" by the carbon-14 method
makes it possible to find the rate of groundwater flow between wells along
flow lines (or between a definite recharge zone and sampling points some dis-
tance down gradient).
70-71:02F-037
NON-LINEAR THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL-WATER-HEAT SYSTEMS,
Pal, R., and Gupta, M. P.
Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (Haryana) India.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 313-315, March 1970. 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrology, *Soil physics, *Soil water, *Thermodydamics, Soil
temperature, Heat transfer.
Identifiers: Soil-water-heat systems.
Evaluation of the second order phenomenological coefficients in soil-water-heat
system as suggested by Srivastava and Abrol is examined and discrepancy there-in
reported.
36
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70-71:02F-038
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE STUDIES OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN SOILS,
Lopez, P. L., and Graham, E. R.
Missouri University, Columbia.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 24-30, July, 1970. 4 tab,
(See 70-71:02K-025)
16 ref.
70-71:02F-039
THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF SOME SPRING WATERS IN CARBONATE ROCKS,
Jacobson, R. L., and Langmuir, D.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Department of Geochemistry and
Mineralogy.
Groundwater Hydrology, Vol. 8, No. 3, p 5-9, May-June 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab,
9 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Spring waters, *Carbonates, Water pollution
sources, Salinity, Mineral water, Groundwater movement.
Identifiers: *Residence time.
Insights into the chemical and hydrogeologic history of spring waters in
carbonate rocks was gained from a study of the chemical quality of such waters
and of the waters which feed the springs. Most of the dissolved solids were
added to spring waters during groundwater flow. Dye tracing of groundwater
feeding springs in two drainage basins gave residence times of from 2-6 days
for subsurface flows of 4000 feet. Specific conductances ranged from 180 to
476 micromhos, with a mean of 347 micromhos.
70-71:02F-040
DETERMINATION OF A WATER TABLE IN A SOIL PROFILE USING THE PLATINUM OXYGEN
CATHODE,
West, D. W., and Black, J. D. F.
Horticulture Department of Agriculture, Ferntree Gully, Victoria, Australia.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 119-123, August 1970. 3 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water table, *Groundwater, Soil water, Saturated soil, Soil
gases.
Identifiers: Water table determination, Platinum cathode, Oxygen flux.
The techniques of measuring soil oxygen flux with the platinum cathode have
been applied to the determination of oxygen deficient, water saturated zones
in soil profiles. Measurements were taken at depth intervals through the pro-
file to locate the large change in flux which occurs on moving the electrode
from the unsaturated into the saturated soil zone. For most satisfactory use
of the technique the transition zone should occur over a narrow depth interval.
As the purpose of the technique does not require measurement of the precise
oxygen flux, modification of the usual procedure for measuring equilibrium
soil oxygen flux is suggested to increase the sensitivity of the determination.
70-71:02F-041
SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND BULK VOLUME CHANGES DURING CYCLIC CALCIUM-
SODIUM EXCHANGE,
Waldron, L. J., and Constantin, G. K.
California University, Berkeley.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 81-85, August 1970. 3 fig, 3 tab, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-027)
70-71:02F-042
RAPID MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY CHANGES IN SLOWLY PERMEABLE SOILS,
Nightingale, H. I., and Bianchi, W. C.
37
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United States Department of Agriculture, Fresno, California, Agricultural Re-
search Service.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 4, p 221-228, October 1970. 5 fig, 4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic conductivity, *Saturated flow, Groundwater movement,
Permeability, Porus media.
Identifiers: *Hydraulic conductivity measurement, *Slowly permeable soils,
Laboratory method.
The strain gage permeameter was described which, along with supporting equip-
ment, provides a laboratory measurement of low saturated conductivity of a con-
fined soil layer. Hydraulic conductivities in the range from above 10~2 to
10 5 cm/day can be determined in about 2 to 50 minutes, respectively. Values
less than 10~2 cm/day should be determined with a strip chart millivolt re-
corder to resolve the falling head-time relationship with acceptable accuracy.
The support equipment was designed primarily to study the affect of water qual-
ity on the time rate of change in hydraulic conductivity of slowly permeable
soil material under a loaded condition.
70-71:02F-043
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF CERTAIN
TEXAS SOILS,
Naghshineh-Pour, B., Kunze, G. W., and Carson, C. D.
Ahwaz Agricultural College, Ahwaz, Iran.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 124-127, August 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-028)
70-71:02F-044
THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL-WATER SYSTEM,
Pal, R., and Gupta, M. P.
Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, Haryana, India.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 13, No. 3, p 278-280, September 1971. 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrology, *Soil physics, *Soil water, *Thermodynamics, Soil
temperature, Heat transfer.
Identifiers: Soil-water-heat systems.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory as applied to soil-water-heat system by
Taylor and Gary is examined and discrepancy therein reported.
70-71:02F-045
THE CONCENTRATION OF K, CA, AND MG IN THE SATURATION EXTRACT IN RELATION TO
EXCHANGEABLE K, CA, AND MG,
Nemeth, K., Mengel, K., and Grimme, H.
Landwirtschaftliche Forschungsanstalt, Buntehof, Hannover.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 179-185, March 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-029)
70-71:02F-046
ANION EXCLUSION EFFECTS ON CHLORIDE MOVEMENT IN SOILS,
Thomas, G. W., and Swoboda, A. B.
Kentucky University, Lexington. ,,_,_„ c
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 3, p 163-166, September 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref,
(See 70-71:02K-030)
DISSOLUTION OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN RELATION TO IRON OXIDE CONTENT OF ACID
SOILS,
38
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Sree Ramulu, U. S., and Pratt, P. F.
Agricultural College, Coimbatore, Madras, India.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 1, p 35-39, January 1970. 2 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-031)
70-71:02P-048
INFILTRATION INDUCED SOIL INSTABILITIES,
Adrian, D. D.
Massachusetts University, Amherst, Civil Engineering Department.
Groundwater Hydrology, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 29-36, January-February 1970. 6 fig,
7 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-068)
70-71:02F-049
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON THE DISSOLUTION OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN
SOILS,
Sree Ramulu, U. S., Pratt, P. F.
California University, Riverside.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 186-189, March 1970. 2 tab, 16 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-032)
70-71:02F-050
FERTILIZERS,
Viets, F. G., Jr.
United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Agricultural
Research Service, Northern Plains Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research
Division.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 51-53, March-April
1971. 1 tab, 18 ref.
(See 70-71:056-032)
70-71:02F-051
A STUDY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION,
Fok, Yu-Si.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Dept of Civil Engineering and Water Resource,
Research Center.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 15,
p 676-681, May 1970. 2 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Infiltration, *Porous media, Permeability,
Soil physics, Soil properties.
Identifiers: Two-dimensional infiltration.
Laboratory studies have been made to correlate the observed two-dimensional
infiltration with the observed horizontal and vertical soil moisture movements.
The exponents of the infiltration equation may be expressed as the sum of the
exponents of the horizontal and vertical soil moisture movement equations. The
significance of the infiltration geometry has also been studied. The exponent
of the infiltration equation varies with the width and depth of the ditch and
the ultimate value of the exponent equals the exponent of the vertical downward
soil moisture movement equation.
70-71:02F-052
A MODEL STUDY OF DRAIN ENVELOPES IN A COARSE-SILT BASE MATERIAL,
Lembke, W. D., and Bucks, D. A.
Illinois University, Urbana, Agricultural Engineering Department; and Soil and
Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona.
39
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American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 15,
p 669-675, May 1970. 7 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Drainage engineering, *Subsurface drainage, *Tile drainage,
Drainage systems, Drainage, Filters.
Identifiers: *Gravel envelopes.
The resistance-network analogue study of a ponded-surface box model of a tile-
drain envelope and surrounding soil showed that the model would need to be
extremely large in order to develop a stream pattern in the vicinity of the
envelope similar to that which would occur in a field situation. The flow
system around the drain was modeled by using source tubes to impose an equi-
potential surface. The model was observed in testing two thicknesses of
envelope material. The top corners of the gravel envelope were found to be
particularly subject to intrusion by fine particles.
70-71:02F-053
DITCH DRAINAGE OF ANISOTROPIC NONHOMOGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA: A MODEL STUDY,
Rochester, E. W., Jr., and Kriz, G. J.
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5, p
626-628, May 1970. 8 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Porous media, *Saturated flow, *Drainage, Model study,
Anisotropy.
Identifiers: *Impermeable boundary, Nonhomogenous.
The critical depth of an impermeable layer below equally spaced parallel drains
was determined for a homogeneous .and a two-layered isotropic soil. The results
were then mapped mathematically to the anisotropic case. The effect of the im-
permeable layer was determined by observing the rate of fall of the fluid
free surface at the midpoint of a Hele-Shaw model. It was found that for a
homogeneous isotropic soil the critical depth to the impermeable layer is one-
ninth spacing. Conclusions for the two layered system are also presented.
70-71:02F-054
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY SAMPLING FOR CONFIDENCE,
Dylla, A. S., and Guitjens, J. C.
United States Department of Agriculture, Reno, Nevada, Agricultural Research
Service, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 485-488, April 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater, *Hydraulic conductivity, *Permeability, Darcy's
Law, Porous media, Saturated flow, Percolating water, Drainage.
Identifiers: Probability method.
Analyses of hydraulic conductivity measurements in a highly variable soil in-
dicate that hydraulic conductivity sampling should be spatially distributed
over the field. A probability method, based on an initial sample, for deter-
mining the final sample size required to assure that both the sample mean and
the population mean fall within specified confidence length or limits is pre-
sented. A nomograph is also presented to facilitate solution of the trail-and-
error procedure for determining the required sample size.
70-71:02F-055
THEORY OF CHEMICAL TRANSPORT WITH SIMULTANEOUS SORPTION IN A WATER SATURATED
POROUS MEDIUM,
Lindstrom, F. T., and Boersma, L.
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Dept of Agricultural Chemistry and Soils.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 1-7, July 1970. 7 tab, 16 ref.
40
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Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Porous media, *Flow, Flow system, Chemi-
cals, Saturated.
Identifiers: Chemical transport.
Three models for a general transport problem of chemical in a water saturated
porous medium have been presented. It is difficult to assign experimentally
verified values to all the parameters involved. It is, therefore, not pos-
sible to suggest which model is the most correct one to describe the movement
of chemicals in a water saturated porous medium. The experimental evidence
available seems to indicate that the Freudlich type isotherm is sufficient for
most transport-adsorption experiments. But we have shown that it is also pos-
sible to adequately describe the sink effect with two other, mathematically
completely different models.
70-71:02F-056
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS,
Williams, J. D. H., Syers, J. K., Walker, T. W., and Rex, R. W.
Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand; and California University, Riverside.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 13-17, July 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-034)
70-71:02F-057
MOVEMENT OF SALT AND WATER NEAR CRYSTALLINE SALT IN RELATIVELY DRY SOIL,
Scotter, D. R., and Raats, P. A. C.
Wisconsin University, Madison; and United States Department of Agriculture.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 170-178, March 1970. 9 fig, 17 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-035)
70-71:02F-058
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY ABOVE A WATER TABLE WITH AIR-ENTRY
PERMEAMETER,
Aldabagh, A. S. Y., and Beer, C. E.
Iowa State University, Ames, Agricultural Engineering Department.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 29-31, January 1971. 3 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil physics, *Hydraulic conductivity, *Darcey's Law, Ground-
water movement, Porous media, Permeability, Infiltration, Drainage.
Identifiers: Air-entry permeameter.
The air-entry permeameter consists of an infiltration cylinder with an air
tight lid. A water source and a vacuum gage are connected to the lid. After
a wet front has been established, the soil suction is measured. Several pieces
of data were obtained and an equation developed from which the hydraulic con-
ductivity can be calculated. The results obtained compared favorably with
laboratory data for the same soil. Advantages of the method include: The
method is relatively fast, portability of the equipment, hydraulic conductivity
is measured in situ, and the presence of a water table is not required.
70-71:02F-059
SALINITY AND WATER USE,
Talsma, T., and Philip, J. R.
The MacMillan Press, London, England. 1971. 296 p, 2 append.
(See 70-71:01B-002)
70-71:02F-060
THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF UNDERGROUND WATER,
Swaine, D. J., and Schneider, J. L.
41
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Division of Mineralogy, Sydney, Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November
2-4, 1971. Canberra, Australia, p 3-23. 7 fig, 2 tab, 45 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater, *Geochemistry, *Water quality, Water chemistry,
Soil chemistry, Soil water, Groundwater resources, Soil analysis, Geophysics.
This paper discusses various geochemical aspects of underground waters, start-
ing with the origin of the waters and effects occurring during diagenesis and
compaction. Other important factors, dealt with in detail, are the composition
of water and the nature of the aquifer, the modification of composition by
membrane filtration effects, evaporation, sulphate reduction and ion exchange.
The means of studying changes in chemical composition are also outlined. The
results of investigations in Chad, Cap Vert Peninsula, North Cameroon and the
Gironde Estuary are discussed. The importance of correct use of data is
stressed. In particular, hydrogeochemical maps are most helpful in the assess-
ment of water use and in monitoring of pollution. Reference is made to the
relevance of hydrogeochemical investigations to other fields, such as ore
genesis.
70-71:02F-061
TRANSPORT OF SALTS IN UNSATURATED AND SATURATED SOILS,
Peck, A. J.
Division of Soils, Wembley, Western Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 109-123. 1 fig, 67 ref.
Descriptors: *Porous media, *Flow, *Groundwater, Salinity, Saturated flow,
Unsaturated flow, Diffusion, Convection, Soil chemistry, Mathematical models.
At very slow rates of solution flow, molecular diffusion is the dominant
transport mechanism, but diffusion in solution is a very slow process. The
presence of the solid and gaseous phases in soils, and exchange or adsorption
of solutes result in even lower diffusion coefficients in soils than in bulk
solution. In the vicinity of plant roots, molecular diffusion may be the
dominant transport process at somewhat greater rates of convection due to the
possible association of a relatively high concentration gradient and low nut-
rient concentration. In general, molecular diffusion interacts with the convec-
tion of solutions and each process contributes to the dispersion of solutes.
Thus inert solutes are mostly transported at the average velocity of the solu-
tion, but there is a superimposed dispersion of solutes about the mean posi-
tion at any instant. Mathematically this dispersion may be treated as a diffu-
sion-like process. Solutes which experience adsorption or exchange on soil
surfaces travel at less than the average pore velocity. Ion exchange theories
can be useful in interpreting the transport in these conditions, but there
is at present, no generally satisfactory theory.
70-71:02F-062
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS OF THE INTERACTION OF SALINE AND FRESH WATER,
Wooding, R. A.
Division of Environmental Mechanics, Canberra, Australia, Commonwealth Scienti-
fic and Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 125-139. 55 ref.
(See 70-71:013-004)
42
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SECTION VII
WATER CYCLE
WATER IN SOILS (Group 02G)
70-71:020-001
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION WATER TEMPERATURE ON SOIL TEMPERATURE,
Wierenga, P. J., Hagan, Robert M., and Gregory, E. J.
New Mexico State University, University Park, Dept of Agronomy.
Agronomy Journal, Vol.63, No. 1, p 33-36, 1971. 3 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil temperature, *Water cooling, Irrigation, Evaporation,
Conduction.
Identifiers: Cooling, Heat, Probe, Thermocouple, Water.
Soil temperatures were measured in fields irrigated with normal and cold water
and in unirrigated soil. Temperatures were measured with probes made of
thermocouple wire enclosed in 3 mm O.D. stainless-steel tubing. Errors in
temperature measurement were on the order of 0.1°c or less. The effects of
irrigation water temperature on soil temperature were small and of short
duration. Differences in soil temperature resulting from irrigation with
water of 27°C and 14 C lasted for less than 24 hours at 5 cm and 10 cm and for
60 hours at 30 cm. Irrigated soil temperatures were significantly reduced by
evaporative cooling from the soil surface after irrigation in mid-April, though
not in mid-February.
70-71:02G-002
APPLICATION OF AN EXTRACTION-TERM MODEL TO THE STUDY OF MOISTURE FLOW TO
PLANT ROOTS,
Molz, F. J., and Remson, Irwin.
Auburn University, Alabama, Dept of Civil Engineering.
Agronomy Journal, Vol.63, No. 1, p 72-77, 1971. 16 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Extraction, *Soil-water-plant relationship, *Model study, Root
system, Flow system, Transpiration.
Identifiers: Depth, Moisture, Plant root, Roots, Extraction-term model,
Douglas-Jones predictor-corrector method, Darcian flow.
A one-dimensional extraction-term model is used to simulate the moisture flow
and removal process in the vicinity of plant roots. The dependence of model
results on root depth and soil type are investigated. Moisture contents,
root moisture absorption rates and soil-moisture fluxes are computed and dis-
cussed for several hypothetical root systems in a sandy soil and in a clay
soils. The model is solved numerically with a procedure based on the Douglas-
Jones predictor-corrector method. Moisture extraction by the roots from soil
in their immediate vicinity is the dominant process, with Darcian flow in the
root zone playing a smaller but often significant role. Extraction-term
models are versatile and seem able to describe many of the phenomena associated
with moisture removal by the roots of transpiring plants.
70-71:02G-003
INFLUENCE OF NO-TILLAGE ON SOIL MOISTURE,
Blevins, R. L., Cook, Doyle, Phillips, S. H., and Phillips, R. E.
Kentucky University, Lexington, Dept of Agronomy.
Agronomy Journal, Vol.63, No. 4, p 593-596, 1971. 5 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture content, *Tillage, *Corn, Crop Response, Soil.
43
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Identifiers: Corn-M, Moisture, Soil, Storage, Tillage, Yield, Zea-Mays-M.
Field studies were conducted to compare the effect of non-tillage versus con-
ventional tillage corn (Zea mays L.) production on soil moisutre. The studies
were made on a Donerail silt loam in 1968 and 1969 and on a Maury silt loam
in 1970. Soil moisture was measured periodically at various depths in the
soil profile during the growing seasons. No tillage treatments had higher
volumetric moisture contents to a depth of 60 cm during most of the growing
season. The greatest differences occurred in the upper 0 to 8-cm depth.
Beyond a depth of 60 cm, systems of tillage had little influence on soil
moisture during the growing seasons. Soil moisture curves indicate different
water withdrawal patterns under the 2 contrasting methods of tillage. The
decrease in evaporation and the greater ability to store moisture under no-
tillage produces a greater water reserve. This can often carry the crop
through periods of short-term drought and avoid the development of detrimental
moisture stresses in the plant. The more efficient use of soil moisture by
no-tillage is reflected in higher corn yields. This study further substan-
tiates the effectiveness of no-tillage systems of corn production on well
to moo;rately well drained silt loam soils in Kentucky and other regions
with s^nilar climatic regimes.
70-71:020-004
SOIL SALINITY EFFECTS ON ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS BY COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS
Langdale, G. W., and Thomas, J. R.
Agricultural Research Service, Weslaco, Texas, Soil and Water Conservation
Research Division.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 708-711, 1971. 4 fig, 1 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Absorption, *Nitrogen, *Phosphorus, Fertilizer,
Soil.
Identifiers: Bermuda, Coastal, Cynodon-Dactylon-M, Grass-M, Synthesis, Soil
Salinity, Protein synthesis.
The interaction of artificially salinized soil and N-P fertilization on dry-
matter production and protein synthesis of coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon
dactylon (L) Pers.) was studied in a greenhouse environment. Saline solutions
were prepared in concentration multiples with the same ionic ratios as the
available irrigation water to develop four treatments with electrical conduc-
tivities (EC) of 0, 4.8, 9.6, and 14.4 mmhos/cm. After saline-water equil-
ibration of a Brennan fine sandy loam soil (Typic Haplustalif), fertilizer
treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement with N rates of 0, 67,
133, and 200 mg/kg of soil and P rates of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg of soil.
No response was obtained from P fertilization. Significant interactions
occurred for both dry-matter and protein-N yields with soil salinity and N
supply treatments. Soil salinities of 5.3 and 6.6 mmhos/cm yielded the most
dry matter and protein N, respectively, in the presence of N fertilizer.
Reduction in soluble N (nonprotein) occurred at the most efficient levels
of protein-N synthesis. Although N requirements decreased as soil salinity
increased, N fertilization offset effects of salinity up to 9.6 mmhos/cm.
Dry-matter and protein syntheses were seriously restricted at the 14.4 mmhos/
cm salinity level; however, salinity levels did not restrict N absorption by
coastal bermudagrass.
70-71:02G-005
SPRINKLER INTENSITY AND SOIL TILTH,
Keller, Jack.
Utah State University, Logan, Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering Dept,
and Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, VoL 13, No. 1, p 118-
125, January-February 1970. 10 fig, 4 tab, 16 ref.
44
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Descriptors: *Sprinkler irrigation, *Rates of application, *Soil structure,
*Soil mechanics, *Soil texture, Soil strength, Settlement (Structural), Bulk
density, Mohr envelope, Time, Drainage, Soil water movement, Soil moisture,
Moisture tension, Wetting, Drops (Fluids), Equations, Aggregates, Soil aggre-
gates .
Identifiers: *Tilth, *Soil tilth.
Rate and duration of irrigation application have a definite effect on tilth
of medium- and fine-textured soils. When combined with long duration and/or
poor soil drainage, high application rates can destroy soil tilth. Experi-
mental results showed that the total amount of surface settling of each soil
was a function of rate of application and initial bulk density of the sample.
It was also found that amount of settling for a given sample and initial
density was inversely proportional to minimum soil moisture tension during
irrigation. A soil strength theory was proposed in which strength of loosely
packed unstable soil to withstand consolidation forces is related to soil
moisture tension during irrigation.
70-71:020-006
AUGER-HOLE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: FIRST VERSUS SECOND TEST,
Dylla, A. S., and Michener, D. W.
Agricultural Research Service, Reno, Nevada, Soil and Water Conservation
Research Division.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol.14, No.3, p 582-
583, May-June 1971. 2 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic conductivity, *Transmissivity, *Aguifer testing,
*Boreholes, *Pumping, Water yield, Calibrations, Soil water movement, Water
table, Drawdown, *Nevada.
Identifiers: *Reno(Nevada).
Hydraulic conductivity measurements were made from over 300 auger holes on a
Truckee series soil at the University of Nevada Agricultural Experiment
Station Main Farm at Reno. At least two tests were made from each auger hole.
With paired hydraulic conductivity measurements (first and second) for each
auger hole, the statistical Students t-test for the paired data was used to
determine if there was any real difference between the means of the first and
second measurements. There was no significant difference between the first
and second hydraulic conductivity measurements of an auger hole. Observed
or apparent individual difference between measurements at a hole was the
result of some random physical occurrence that caused a change in the hydraulic
conductivity measured. About half the time, the first measurement was larger.
This indicated that it should not be necessary to pump or bail the hole a
few times before conductivity measurements to allow it to 'cleanse.'
70-71:020-007
AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR DEFINING THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY-PRESSURE POTENTIAL
RELATIONSHIP FOR SOILS,
Skaggs, R. W., Monke, E. J., and Huggins, L. F.
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol.14, No.1, p ISO-
IBS, 1971. 8 fig, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Mathematical studies, *Hydraulic conduc-
tivity, *Soil properties, *Methodology, Infiltration, Flow rates, Pressure
head, Equations.
Identifiers: Unsaturated soils.
Quantification of infiltration of water into soil is one of a broader class of
problems involving the movement of water in unsaturated soil. The relationship
between the hydraulic conductivity, K, and the pressure head, h, or the water
content, is necessary for solving the governing equation. Conventional tech-
niques for measuring K(h) are both difficult and time consuming. An approxi-
mate method for defining the conductivity functions of unsaturated soil shows
45
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that the measurements required in the proposed method can be made a relatively
short time and, unlike conventional techniques, there is a good possibility
that this method can be adapted for in-place, field determination of K(h).
An evaluation of the method utilizing soil property data from the literature
for four separate soils is presented and discussed.
70-71:020-008
ESTIMATING SOIL PERMEABILITY RATES,
Horn, M. E.
Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Illinois, Land Resources Division.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and
Drainage Division, Vol.97, No.L R-2, Paper 8169, p 263-274, June 1971. 3 fig,
6 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Permeability, *Soil water movement, *Seepage, *Estimating,
*Particle size, Clays, Silts, Sands, Hydraulic conductivity, Soil chemical
properties, Soil texture, Sampling, Soil mechanics.
Identifiers: Permeability estimation.
A guide for estimating soil permeability rates was developed based on mean soil
particle diameters. The method takes into account the wide ranges within
commonly used soil textural classes and the influence of soil chemical proper-
ties, clay mineralogy, and other related factors affecting soil permeability.
Curves plotted on a log-log graph of soil texture versus permeability establish
graphically the general limits of permeability rates for natural soils. Con-
siderations in selecting working curves that relate soil texture and permeabil-
ity rates for local conditions are also discussed. Permeability rates are
estimated in planning and designing irrigation and drainage systems when ob-
taining actual field measurements is difficult and impractical, or the data
available are scant and misleading.
70-71-.02G-009
STEADY DRAINAGE OF LAYERED SOILS: II, NOMOGRAPHS,
Toksoz, Sadik, and Kirkham, Don.
Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames. Water Resources
Research Institute.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and
Drainage Division, Vol.97, No.IR-1, Paper 7986, p 19-37, March 1971. 19 p,
17 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Subsurface drainage, *Groundwater, *Steady
flow, Agricultural engineering, Flow nets, Seepage, Soils, Soil water, Water
table, Mathematical studies, Equations.
Identifiers; *Underground drains, Layered soils, Nomographs.
The drain spacing equations for the two-layered and three-layered soils are
given. A set of 16 figures containing 29 nomographs may be used for easy cal-
culation of drain spacings in two-layered soils. Drain spacings calculated by
using Dagan's equation for the two-layered soils agree with the spacings
calculated from the nomographs.
70-71:02G-010
STEADY DRAINAGE OF LAYERED SOILS: I, THEORY,
Toksoz, Sadik, and Kirkham, Don.
Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames. Water Resources
Research Institute.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and
Drainage Division, VoL97, No.IR-1, Paper 7985, p 1-18, March 1971. 18 p, 4 fig,
5 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Subsurface drainage, *Groundwater, *Steady
flow, *Agricultural engineering, Flow nets, Seepage, Soils, Soil water,
46
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Theoretical analysis, Mathematical studies, Water table.
Identifiers: Underground drains, Layered soils.
The stream and potential functions for the steady drainage of two-layered and
three-layered soils were derived. Two sets of flow nets are given for each
case. From the derivations for the two-layered and three-layered soils,
steady drainage problems for soils with more than three layers may be solved.
70-71:02G-011
MOVEMENT OP SALTS IN PONDED ANISOTROPIC SOILS,
Ortiz, Jaime, and Luthin, James N.
California University, Davis. Dept of Water Science and Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and
Drainage Division, Vol.96, NO.IR3, Paper 7530, p 257-264, September 1970.
8 fig, 5 fig, 6 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Leaching, *Saline soils, *Saline water-freshwater interfaces,
*Tile drainage, Soil water movement, Groundwater movement, Ion transport,
Mass transfer, Drainage engineering, Subsurface drainage, Tile drains, Com-
puter programs.
Identifiers: *Ponded anisotropic soils.
A method of determining the displacement front of an interface between saline
and fresh water to subsurface drains under ponded conditions is extended to
anisotropic soils. A computer program written in FORTRAN IV allows determina-
tion of the position of the displacement front at different times when point
values of .the stream and potential function are available. The results pre-
sented can be applied to any other system geometrically similar to the system
considered. Leaching in the region halfway between drains will be better for
an anisotropic soil than for an isotropic one.
70-71:020-012
INFILTRATION EQUATIONS FROM RATE-OF-ADVANCE DATA,
Norum, Donald I., and Gray, Don M.
Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irriga-
tion Drainage Division, Vol.96, No. IR2, p 111-119, June 1970. 9 p, 2 fig, 13
ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: * Infiltration, Irrigation, *Infiltrometers, Groundwater movement,
Permeability, Seepage, Coefficients, *Border irrigation, Irrigation water,
*Equations, Canal seepage.
Identifiers: *Infiltration rate, *Irrigation advance, Flow depth.
A method was developed for determining infiltration equations from rate-of-
advance data using solutions of the Lewis-Milne border irrigation equation,
plotted in dimensionless form on logarithmic paper. Rate-of-advance data were
superimposed on the solutions and the coefficients determined from the match-
ing factors for the best fit curve. The basic assumption was that the depth
of flow on the surface is constant. If sufficient data are available, the
technique can be extended to determine the average depth of flow on the surface.
70-71:02G-013
ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF TWO-PHASE INFILTRATION,
Brustkern, Richard L., and Morel-Seytoux, Hubert J.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Dept of Civil Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics
Division, Vol.96, No. HY12, Paper 7743, p 2535-2548, December 1970. 14 p, 10
fig, 8 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Unsaturated flow, *Computer programs, *Numerical analysis,
*Infiltration, Soil moisture movement, Porous media, "Capillary action.
47
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Identifiers: *Multiphase flow.
An approximate analytical treatment for the problem of one-dimensional infiltra-
tion into a homogeneous porous medium is presented. Movement of both the air
phase and the water phase is considered. The procedure assumes that capillary
pressure can be neglected in the saturation equation, whereas it is retained
in an integral equation for the unknown total flow. The two equations are
solved in a step-wise manner to yield the saturation profile, and the infiltra-
tion rate at any time. Infiltration rate curves are obtained for a number of
situations involving different boundary or initial conditions or both. Infil-
tration rate predictions are in good agreement with those predicted by a finite
difference solution. This is quite promising in view of the fact that the
computer costs are an order of magnitude less than by the finite difference
technique.
70-71:020-014
OVERLAND FLOW ON AN INFILTRATING SURFACE,
Smith, R. E., and Woolhiser, D. A.
Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, Arizona, Southwest Watershed Research
Center.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No.4, p 899-913, August 1971. 13 fig, 18 ref,
append.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Mathematical models, *0verland
flow, *Infiltration, *Numerical analysis, Runoff, Parametric hydrology,
Hydrograph analysis, Recession curves, Unsteady flow, Runoff forecasting,
Hydraulic models.
Identifiers: Hastings (Nebraska).
The partial differential equation for vertical, one-phase, unsaturated moisture
flow in soils is employed as a mathematical model for infiltration rate.
Solution of this equation for the rainfall-ponding upper boundary condition
is proposed as a sensitive means to describe infiltration rate as a dependent
upper boundary condition. A nonlinear Crank-Nicholson implicit finite differ-
ence scheme is used to develop a solution to this equation that predicts
infiltration under realistic upper boundary and soil matrix conditions. The
kinematic wave approximation to the equations of unsteady overland flow on
cascaded planes is solved by a second order explicit difference scheme. The
difference equations of infiltration and overland flow are then combined into
a model for a simple watershed that employs computational logic so that
boundary conditions match at the soil surface. The mathematical model is tested
by comparison with data from a 40-foot laboratory soil flume fitted with a
rainfall simulator and with data from the USDA Agricultural Research Service
experimental watershed at Hastings, Nebraska. Good agreement is obtained
between measured and predicted hydrographs, although there are some differences
in recession lengths. The results indicate that a theoretically based model
can be used to describe simple watershed response when appropriate physical
parameters can be obtained.
70-71:020-015
RESONANCE - CAPACITANCE SOIL MOISTURE METER,
Kuraz, V., Kutilek, M., and Kaspar, I.
Technical University of Prague (Czechoslovakia).
Soil Science, Vol.110, No. 4, p 278-279, 1970. 2 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil moisture meter, *Moisture content, Soil water, Measurement,
Meter, Soil.
Identifiers: Capacitance, Resonance, Moisture.
The resonance frequency, f, of a LC circuit, f — (l/(2 II)) (sq. rt of (1/LC))
is used in the construction of a resonance-capacitance soil moisture meter;
48
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L is the inductance of a constant value, C the capacitance. The dielectric
of the capacitor is formed by the glass of the tube and by the soil inserted
in the tube. For measuring, a grid deep meter is used. The passive L-C
circuit is freely inductionally bound with the active circuit of the grid deep
meter. If the passive circuit is in resonance with the oscillator of the grid
deep meter, the maximum decrease of energy will occur in the oscillator
circuit. The passive circuit is not influenced by the measuring circuit as
happens for the other capacitance methods. The moisture content in loess
and silty sand was measured without disturbing the soil body. The calibration
curves of the dependence of the soil moisture upon the resonance frequency are
represented either by a straight line or by a curve of a very low curvature.
The sensitivity is roughly the same in all the range of the moisture content
and the maximum error is about 1.5 percent of moisture.
70-71:02G-016
HYSTERESIS OF PORE WATER IN GRANULAR POROUS BODIES,
Poulovassilis, A.
Agricultural Research Council, Cambridge (England)-
Soil Sciences, Vol.109, No.l, p 5-12, January 1970. 8 p, 10 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Hysteresis, *Porous materials, *Porous media, Wetting, *Granular
materials, Sands, Hydraulic conductivity, Moisture content, Drying, Soil sci-
ence, Soil engineering, Forecasting, Laboratory tests.
Identifiers: Suction, *Pore water, Soil columns, Soil suction.
Experimental results concerning the hysteresis behavior of granular porous
bodies are compared with the predictions of the independent domain concept.
A dynamic method is described for the direct determination of the relation-
ships between moisture content and suction and moisture content and hydraulic
conductivity on long vertical columns. Some experimental results concerning
the hysteresis of the hydraulic conductivity are reported. To achieve the
desired results, it was necessary to devise a method of stabilizing the geom-
etry of a granular porous body, over long periods and over many reversals of
wetting and drying, more generally applicable than in sintering. The method
adopted was to work with deep columns of material and to stablize the geometry
by overburden pressure.
70-71:026-017
SOIL TEMPERATURE PROFILES DURING INFILTRATION AND REDISTRIBUTION OF COOL AND
WARM IRRIGATION WATER,
Wierenga, P. J., Hagan, R. M., and Nielsen, D. R.
California University, Davis.
Water Resources Research, VoL 6, No.l, p 230-238, February 1970. 9 p, 6 fig,
2 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil temperature, *Infiltration, *Irrigation water, Mass trans-
fer, Percolation, Heat transfer, Conduction, Convection, Evaporation, Soil-
water-plant relationships.
Identifiers: Warm water irrigation.
Soil temperatures were measured in field profiles irrigated with cool and warm
water and also measured in nonirrigated soil. Differences in soil temperature
between plots after irrigation with cool (4.1 deg C) and warm (21.6 deg C)
water, persisted longer at the lower soil depths. The time required after an
irrigation for these differences to decline to less than 1 deg C was 14 hours
at the 1-cm depth, 36 hours at the 10-cm depth, and 42 hours at the 20-cm
depth. A numerical procedure developed for predicting changes in soil tempera-
ture through the soil profile after irrigation with cool and warm water gave
good agreement between observed and calculated values in the sub-soil but not
in the surface soil. During infiltration heat transfer occurred mainly by
mass movement, whereas after 10 hours soil heat transfer below 10 cm occurred
mainly by conduction.
49
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70-71:020-018
A FUNCTIONAL ITERATION TECHNIQUE FOR SOLVING THE RICHARDS EQUATION APPLIED TO
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION PROBLEMS,
Brutsaert, W. F.
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, Department of
Geoscience.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No.6, p 1583-1596, December 1971. 6 fig, 3
tab, 17 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Mathematical studies, *Infiltration, *Groundwater movement,
*Mathematical models, *Computer programs, Simulation analysis, Numerical
analysis, Soil water movement, Unsaturated flow, Hydraulic conductivity.
In a solution of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations, such as
the Richards equation, classical implicit schemes often oscillate and fail to
converge. A fully implicit scheme was developed along with a functional itera-
tion method for solving the system of nonlinear difference equations. Newton's
iteration technique is mathematically the best of all functional iteration
methods because of its quadratic convergence. The Richards equation, Newton-
linearized with respect to relative permeability and saturation as functions
of capillary pressure, is particularly aided by this new approach for problems
in which saturations vary rapidly with time (infiltration fronts, cone of
depression near a well bore, and so forth). Although the computing time is
almost twice as long for a time step with Newton's iteration scheme, the
smaller time truncation than that of classical implicit schemes and the
stability in cases in which classical schemes are unstable permit the use of
much larger steps. To demonstrate the method, heterogeneous (layered) soil
systems are used to simulate sharp infiltration fronts caused by ponding at
the soil surface.
70-71:02G-019
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF VERTICAL INFILTRATION INTO UNSATURATED SOILS,
Bhuiyan, S. I., Hiler, E. A., van Bavel, C. H. M., and Aston, A. R.
Texas A and M University, College Station, Department of Agricultural
Engineering.
Available from the National Technical Information Service as PB-204 709, $3.00
in paper copy, $0.95 in microfiche. Water Resources Institute Research Report
(1971). 23 p, 8 fig, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Infiltration, *Unsaturated flow, *Soil
properties, *Computer models, Darcy's law, Systems analysis, Mathematical
models, Numerical analysis, Transmissivity, Diffusivity, Porous media, Input-
output analysis.
Identifiers: *Unsaturated soils, Vertical infiltration.
A dynamic simulation language .(S/360CSMP) was used to develop a computer model
which simulated vertical infiltration of water into unsaturated soil. The
modeling concept consisted primarily of dividing the soil into a large number
of layers of equal thickness. The net flux of water through each layer at
any particular time was established using the principles of conservation of
mass and Darcy's law. The ensuing water content was then calculated by inte-
grating the net flux utilizing the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with suit-
able error criteria. The cumulative infiltration was calculated from the
instantaneous infiltration rates using the same integration technique. Water
content profiles with time were obtained for three different soils: Yolo
light clay, Adelanto loam and Pachappa loam. The infiltration rate and cumu-
lative amount were also calculated with time giving a complete picture of the
water intake characteristics of the soil.
70-71:020-020
APPLICATION OF THERMOCOUPLE PSYCHROMETERS TO SOIL WATER TRANSPORT,
Enfield, C. G., and Hsieh, J. J. C.
Battelle Memorial Institution, Richland, Washington, Pacific Northwest Labs.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 5, p 1349-1353, October 1971. 4 fig, 1 tab,
9 ref.
50
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Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Soil moisture meters, *Water temperature,
*Hydraulic conductivity, *Hydraulic gradient, Instrumentation, Infiltration,
Groundwater recharge, Evapotranspiration.
Identifiers: Termocouple psychrometer.
The energy status (potential) of water can be used to calculate water flux.
Thus, field measurement of water potential is superior to conventional gravi-
metric soil moisture content measurements for dynamic soil water studies and
is useful for steady state analysis of soil water transport. Soil thermocouple
psychrometers give sufficiently sensitive, in situ measurements of water po-
tential to apply energy concepts to dynamic soil water movement. Thus the
soil thermocouple psychtometer can be used to obtain soil water potential in-
formation needed to determine the direction of water flow and the magnitude
of the driving force. This technique is not limited to studies of the
penetration of rainfall in the arid region but also has application in evapo-
transpiration studies, and might be adaptable to such studies as groundwater
hazards of sanitary land fills.
70-71:02G-021
PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF INFILTRATION EQUATIONS,
Lin, W., and Gray, D. M.
Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon, Division of Hydrology.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No. 5, p 1234-1240, October 1971. 5 fig, 1 tab,
13 ref.
Descriptors: *Infiltration, *Mathematical models, *Hydraulic models, *Soil
water movement, *Percolation, Numerical analysis, Porosity, Fluid mechanics,
Laminar flow, Hydraulic conductivity, Capillary action, Simulation analysis.
Laminar (capillary) flow method may be used for synthesizing the infiltration
process on physical hydrologic models. The equations defining laminar flow
in capillary tubes and between parallel plates were derived for several differ-
ent geometric configurations representing horizontal, vertically downward,
vertically upward, and radial flow. The theoretical equations for the differ-
ent configurations are analogous in functional form to the theoretical and
empirical infiltration equations used to define the time variation in the
infiltration rate of a soil. The results from several tests conducted on
capillary tubes were in close agreement with those obtained from the theoreti-
cal equations.
70-71:02G-022
SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTE AND WATER TRANSFER FOR AN UNSATURATED SOIL,
Warrick, A. W., Biggar, J. W., and Nielsen, D. R.
Arizona University, Tucson, Dept of Agricultural Chemistry and Soils.
Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No.5, p 1216-1225, October 1971. 11 fig, 13
ref.
Descriptors: *Unsaturated flow, *Soil water movement, *Ion transport, *Aqueous
solutions, *Water chemistry, Path of pollutants, Sorption, Absorption, Mathe-
matical models, Numerical analysis, Salts, Infiltration, Percolation, Mass
transfer, Chlorides.
Identifiers: Solute transfer.
The simultaneous transfer of solute and water during infiltration was studied
both in the field and numerically. An apparent diffusion coefficient of
about 0.07 sq cm/min provided maximum solute concentration values over a
17-hour period. The advance of a solute front with irrigation water is nearly
independent of the initial soil moisture content but highly dependent on the
moisture content maintained at the soil surface during infiltration.
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70-71:020-023
SOIL-WATER HYSTERESIS: THE DOMAIN THEORY EXTENDED TO PORE INTERACTION
CONSITIONS,
Topp, G. C.
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa (Ontario). Soil Research Institute.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol.35, No.2, p 219-225, March-
April 1971. 7 p, 10 fig, 13 ref.
Descriptors: *Wetting, *Soil water movement, *Hysteresis, Porous media,
Infiltration, Percolation.
Identifiers: Independent domain theory.
Some inadequacies of the independent domain theory of hysteresis were overcome
by modifying an extension to the theory to include two types of pore inter-
actions . In the independent domain theory only the shapes of the pores
determined the draining and filling characteristics of each pore. In this
extension to the theory, the draining and filling of each pore depends on the
state of neighboring pores as well as the pore geometry. The ratios of changes
in water content of the soil during drying and rewetting over a given pressure
head range were used to determine the importance of pore interactions and to
separate the two types of pore blockage. Primary scanning curve data for porous
materials ranging from glass beads to clay loam soil showed that pore blockage
against air-entry during drying of a soil near saturation and pore blockage
against water-entry during rewetting of a relatively dry soil were the two
major types of pore interactions. The degree of pore blockage appeared to be
dependent only on the water content of the soil.
70-71:02G-024
HYSTERESIS DURING INFILTRATION AND REDISTRIBUTION IN A SOIL COLUMN AT DIFFERENT
INITIAL WATER CONTENTS,
Vachaud, Georges, Thony, Jean-Louis.
Grenoble University, (France). Dept of Hydrology.
Grant 69-01-666 from General Delegation of Scientific and Technical Research,
Paris. Water Resources Research, Vol.7, No.l, p 111-127, February 1971. 17 p,
15 fig, 34 ref.
Descriptors: *Hysteresis, *Infiltration, *Evaporation, *Percolation, *Soil
water movement, Unsaturated flow, Hydraulic conductivity, Soil physical prop-
erties, Saturated flow, Permeameters, Recharge, Soil moisture meters,
Nuclear moisture meters, Tensiometers, Gamma rays, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Soil water redistribution.
Experimental results dealing with flow processes involving hysteresis effects
in the suction-water content relatio. hip were obtained on a vertical column
of soil submitted to the following successive controlled flow conditions:
(1) redistribution of water fol-lowing a constant head infiltration in an
initially air-dried column, (2) constant head infiltration followed by redis-
tribution, and (3) constant flux infiltration followed by control evaporation
and redistribution. Water contents were measured by using gamma ray attenua-
tion, and water suctions were obtained simultaneously from 10 pressure trans-
ducers distributed along the soil column, each one being connected to a
tensiometer. All the data were punched on tape and treated with a computer.
Examination of the changes of water content and water suction at a given
depth yielded precise information on hysteretic behavior. The scanning curves
for a single reversal can be defined uniquely with reference to the transi-
tion water content, the independent domain theory appears to be inadequate for
describing soil water hysteresis completely, and hydraulic conductivity can be
considered practically unique.
70-71:02G-025
A MODEL OF SURFACE CRUSTING AND INFILTRATION OF BARE SOILS,
Seginer, Ido, and Morin, Joseph.
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Ministry of Agriculture.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No. 2, p 629-633, April 1970. 5 p, 6 ref.
52
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Descriptors: *Infiltration, *Impact (Rainfall), *Soil compaction, *Permeabil-
ity, *Mathematical models, Soil structure, Soil moisture, Soil water movement,
Soil surfaces, Surface sealing.
Identifiers: Soil surface crusting.
An infiltration equation was derived on the assumption that a drop upon impact
with the soil compacts a small area. The size of this area is characteristic
of the drop and the soil properties. Extensions of this model can treat
spectrums of drops and variations of rainfall characteristics with time. The
model applies to initially saturated homogeneous soil columns and leads to
the conclusion that the reduction of infiltration capacity is not directly
related to time but rather to the number of drops that hit the surface. The
effect of the depth of the soil column on the final infiltration capacity is
such that the deeper it is, the higher the final infiltration capacity,
approaching a limit, which depends on the properties of the crust, not of the
subsoil. It is suggested that comparisons between infiltration experiments in
columns be made on the basis of the intrinsic value of the limiting infiltra-
tion capacity.
70-71:020-026
COMPARISON OF SOLUTIONS OF A NONLINEAR DIFFUSION EQUATION,
Brutsaert, Wilfried, and Weisman, Richard N.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No.2, p 642-644, April 1970. 3 p, 1 fig,
1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Diffusion, *Equations, *Mathematical studies, Mathematical
models, Infiltration, Percolation, Numerical analysis.
Identifiers: Nonlinear diffusion.
Four solutions of a general nonlinear diffusion equation are given. A numeri-
cal analysis serves as reference for one series solution and for two more
simple approximate solutions. The accuracy of the methods is discussed and
presented graphically; the results of the numerical analysis are given in
tabular form. It was found that the usefulness of the two approximate solu-
tions lies in their mathematical simplicity and the accuracy with which they
describe infiltration.
70-71:020-027
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RUNOFF PRODUCTION IN PERMEABLE SOILS,
Dunne, Thomas, and Black, Richard D.
McGill University, Montreal (Quebec).
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No. 2, p 478-490, April 1970. 13 p, 10 fig,
4 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *0n-site tests, *Model studies,
*Subsurface runoff, *0verland flow, Infiltration, Groundwater movement,
Soil water movement, Simulated rainfall, Antecedent precipitation.
Identifiers: Experimental watersheds.
In an area of low intensity rainfall and permeable soils, three hillside plots
were instrumented for a study of runoff-producing mechanisms. Runoff from the
plots was measured at the ground surface, the base of the root zone, and in
the zone of perennial groundwater seepage. Data on soil moisture, water-table
elevation, and piezometric head wer^ collected during both natural and artifi-
cial storms. When the infiltration capacity of the soil exceeded the rainfall
intensities, overland flow did not occur. Although soils and topography were
those generally thought to be conducive to subsurface stormflow, the runoff
produced by this mechanism was too small, too late, and too insensitive to
fluctuations of rainfall intensity to add significantly to stormflow in the
channel at the base of the hillside. When the water table rose to the surface
of the ground, overland flow was generated on small areas of the hillside.
Only when this overland flow occurred were significant amounts of stormflow
contributed to the channel by the hillside. The return periods of storms
53
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that would produce such overland flow were found to be very large.
70-71:02G-028
A MOVING-BOUNDARY MODEL OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL SATURATED-UNSATURATED, TRANSIENT
POROUS-FLOW SYSTEM,
Hornberger, George M., and Remson, Irwin.
Stanford University, California.
Typescript, 1969. 23 p, 9 fig, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Flow, *Porous media, *Saturated flow,
*Unsaturated flow, Drainage, Water.
Identifiers: *Taylor series method, Finite-difference method.
A moving-boundary model was proposed for one-dimensional transient flow of
water through a porous media of which part was saturated and part unsaturated.
The model was based upon a theory which implies a discontinuous propagation of
pore pressure at the saturated-unsaturated interface. The moving-boundary
model was used to study a gravity drainage problem. Two numerical procedures
were developed to solve the problem, an approximate Taylor series method and
a finite-difference method. The validity of the methods was appraised by
comparing the results with experimental data given by Watson. The Taylor
series method was limited in applicability because of a need for accurate
determination of derivations of hydraulic conductivity and of moisture content
with respect to pressure head. The finite-difference solution was very effi-
cient because only changes in the unsaturated region were computed and the
need for iteration was obviated.
70-71:02G-029
A MOVING BOUNDARY MODEL OF A ONE-DIMENSIONAL SATURATED-UNSATURATED, TRANSIENT
POROUS FLOW SYSTEM,
Hornberger, George M., and Remson, Irwin.
Stanford University, California.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No. 3, p 898-905, June 1970. 8 p, 9 fig,
15 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Soil water movement, *Saturated flow,
*Unsaturated flow, *Mathematical models, Unsteady flow, Porous media, Digital
computers, Water level fluctuations, Infiltration, Recharge.
Identifiers: Finite difference analysis.
A moving boundary model is proposed for one-dimensional transient flow of
water through a porous medium of which part is saturated and part is unsatu-
rated. The model is based upon a theory that implies a discontinous propaga-
tion of pore pressure at the saturated-unsaturated interface. The moving
boundary model is used to study a gravity drainage problem. Two numerical
procedures are developed to solve the problem, an approximate Taylor series
method and a finite difference method. The validity of the methods was
appraised by comparing the results with experimental data. The Taylor series
method is limited in applicability because of a need for accurate determina-
tion of derivatives of hydraulic conductivity and of moisture content res-
pecting pressure head. The finite difference solution is very efficient
because only changes in the unsaturated region are computed and the need for
iteration is obviated.
70-71:02G-030
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF ANALYZING STEADY SEEPAGE WITH A FREE SURFACE,
Neuman, Shlomo P., and Witherspoon, Paul A.
California University, Berkeley.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No. 3, p 889-897, June 1970. 9 p, 8 fig,
25 ref.
Descriptors: *Seepage, *Groundwater movement, *Free surfaces, *Dams,
54
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*Mathematical models, Digital computers, Aquifers, Water table, Leakage, Per-
colation, Anisotropy, Porous media.
Identifiers: Finite element analysis.
A new iterative approach to steady seepage of groundwater with a free surface
was developed using the finite element method. This approach eliminates a
number of difficulties that were inherent in the iterative procedures previous-
ly used to solve this problem, and rapid convergence is now assured in all
cases. The method is applicable to heterogeneous porous media with complex
geometric boundaries and arbitrary degrees of anisotropy. It can handle
problems where the free surface is discontinuous and where portions of the free
surface are vertical or near vertical. In addition, infiltration or evapo-
transpiration at the free surface can be handled with ease. Several examples
are included to demonstrate the power of this new approach and to show how
it can apply to a wider variety of free surface problems than has been possible
before.
70-71:020-031
POST-IRRIGATION MOVEMENT OF SOIL WATER: 1. REDISTRIBUTION,
Gardner, W. R., Hillel, D., and Benyamini, Y.
Wisconsin University, Madison.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No.3, p 851-861, June 1970. 11 p, 7 fig,
19 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Irrigation water, Percolation, Unsaturated
flow, Hysteresis, Equations, Laboratory tests, Wetting, Nuclear moisture meters,
Permeameters, Instrumentation.
Identifiers: Soil water redistribution.
Water content measurements by gamma-ray attenuation in soil columns were made
during redistribution following irrigation. Approximate solutions of the un-
saturated flow equation are derived that describe the water content above the
initial wetting front as a function of time. For times sufficiently large,
these solutions reduce to a frequently used empirical expression, using con-
stants related to the capillary conductivity and soil water diffusivity.
70-71:020-032
POST-IRRIGATION MOVEMENT OF SOIL WATER: 2. SIMULTANEOUS REDISTRIBUTION AND
EVAPORATION,
Gardner, W. R., Hillel, D., and Benyamini, Y.
Wisconsin University, Madison.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No.4, p 1148-1153, August 1970. 6 p, 6 fig,
9 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Evaporation, *Percolation, *Irrigation
water, *Evaporation control, Water conservation, Nuclear moisture meters, Soil
moisture meters, Laboratory tests, Evapotranspiration.
Identifiers: Soil water redistribution.
Water content measurements by gamma-ray attenuation were made on soil columns
during simultaneous redistribution and evaporation following irrigation. Re-
distribution is shown to reduce evaporation, in some cases appreciably. For a
deep irrigation the redistribution proceeds at a rate that is relatively inde-
pendent of the evaporation process, as has been predicted from numerical solu-
tions of the flow equation. Expressions are derived for obtaining an estimate
of amount of reduction in evaporation due to redistribution when the redistribu-
tion rate is known.
70-71:020-033
DETERMINATION OF SOIL DENSITY AND WATER CONTENT BY FAST NEUTRONS AND GAMMA RAYS,
Corey, J. c., Boulogne, A. R., and Horton, J. H.
Du Pont de Nemours (E. I.) and Company, Aiken, South Carolina.
55
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Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No. 1, p 223-229, February 1970. 7 p, 6 fig,
5 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Nuclear moisture meters, *Gamma rays, *Soil moisture meters,
*Instrumentation, Soil water, Bulk density, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Gamma attenuation meters, Neutron attenuation meters.
Sequential measurements of gamma and fast neutron attenuation were used for
nondestructive determination of both soil density and water content of soil
samples. Soils containing known amounts of water were packed into 22.5-cm
diameter cylinders to a depth of 9 cm. Measurements were made of attenuation
of fast neutrons and attenuation of gamma rays in a collimated beam. The
attenuation was used to calculate the soil density and water content of these
samples. The mean difference between the calculated and known water contents
was 0.006,g/cc with a standard deviation of 0.010 g/cc; the mean difference
for soil density was 0.010 g/cc with a standard deviation of 0.017 g/cc.
Calculations based only on counting statistics show that an attenuation
method using a combination of gamma and fast neutrons is better than a
method using 2 gamma energies.
70-71:020-034
SOME EFFECTS OF SURFACE COVER GEOMETRY ON INFILTRATION RATE,
Koon, J. L., Hendrick, J. G., and Hermanson, R. E.
Auburn University, Alabama.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No.1, p 246-253, February 1970. 8 p, 9 fig,
11 ref.
Descriptors: *Infiltration, *Permeability, *Laboratory tests, *Simulated rain-
fall, Model studies, Puddling, Ponding, Hydraulic models, Vegetation effects,
Surface-groundwater relationships, Rainfall disposition, Impact (Rainfall).
Identifiers: Surface permeability, Soil cover effects.
Infiltration into the soil is regulated in part by sealing of the soil surface
by raindrop impact. Soil surfaces protected from such impact maintained high-
er rates of infiltration than exposed soil surfaces. It was hypothesized
that the cover particles protected the covered portion of the soil and pre-
vented the reaction of raindrop impact on the soil state. The soil under
the cover particles remained in the original state in which infiltration
could occur. However, since the cover particles in this study were impervious,
infiltration could not occur on the covered area but would occur along the
available perimeter of the cover particles. Water would then move in both
vertical and lateral directions. The effective lateral distance that the
water moved after entry was defined as the effective width. To evaluate the
effects of soil surface cover on the infiltration rate of soils exposed to
raindrop impact, simulated rainfall was applied at a constant rate to one
soil type in small plots with free drainage, and square and rectangular cover
particles of varying sizes and percentages were used as surface cover.
70-71:02G-035
NUMERICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR VERTICAL DRAINAGE FROM A SOIL COLUMN,
Kastanek, F.
Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Wageningen (Netherlands).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.14, No.3/4, p 213-232, December 1971. 18 fig, 2 tab,
4 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Infiltration, *Simulation analysis, *Nu-
merical analysis, *Computer programs, Hydraulic conductivity, Percolation,
Mathematical models, Unsaturated flow, Saturated flow, Unsteady flow, Capillary
conductivity.
A numerical method for simulating the time-dependent drainage from a vertical
soil column offers the possibility of computing the discharge as well as the
56
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hydraulic gradient for any desired time, if the capillary conductivity and
the moisture content of the soil are given as functions of suction. The soil
column is modeled by thin layers, each having different capillary conductiv-
ity and water content. The number of layers, their individual thickness and
their position is time dependent and their determination is inherent in the
calculation procedure. For each layer a water balance is made for small time
intervals. The required calculation procedure is programmed in FORTRAN-Subset
for IBM 1130.
70-71:020-036
SOME PROPERTIES OF FLOWS IN UNSATURATED SOILS WITH AN EXPONENTIAL DEPENDENCE
OF THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY UPON THE PRESSURE HEAD,
Raats, P. A. C.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.14, No.2, p 129-138, November 1971. 1 fig, 21 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Unsaturated flow, *Hydraulic conductivity,
*Pressure head, Darcy's law, Hydraulic models, Percolation, Mathematical studies,
A systematic development of the consequences of an exponential dependence of
the hydraulic conductivity upon the pressure head is presented. Alternative
expressions for the flux are discussed in detail. For steady flows, partial
differential equations in terms of the matric flux potential, the pressure
head, and the total head are derived. For steady, plane and axially symmetric
flows, partial differential equations for the stream function are given. A
theoretical basis for the construction of viscous flow analogs for steady,
plane and axially symmetric flows is also presented.
70-71:020-037
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING VERTICAL DRAINAGE AND INFILTRATION FOR
SOILS,
Whisler, Frank D., and Bouwer, Herman.
Agricultural Research Service, Phoenix, Arizona.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.10, No.l, p 1-19, January 1970. 19 p, 13 fig, 1 tab,
20 ref.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Infiltration, *Soils, Capillary conductivity, Soil
water movement, Numerical analysis, Numerical method, Methodology, Equations,
Porous media, Capillary tubes, Groundwater flow, Unsaturated flow, Hydraulic
conductivity, Saturated flow, Bibliographies, Drainage engineering, Moisture
uptake, Theoretical analysis.
Identifiers: *Comparative studies, Infiltration rate, Soil columns, Water
absorption tests, Permeability tests.
The Youngs, Gardner, Ligon, and numerical analysis techniques for calculating
the amounts of one-dimensional, vertical drainage from soil are discussed and
compared with each other and with observed data. The same was done with the
Green and Ampt, Philip, and numerical analysis methods for calculating the
amounts of infiltration into soil profiles. The numerical analysis methods
gave the best agreement with the observations, but required considerable input
data, and the calculation procedure was not simple. The Youngs drainage
equation and the Green and Ampt infiltration equation were the easiest to
use, giving reasonably accurate results that are probably sufficient for most
field problems.
70-71:02G-038
THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD OF SOIL MOISTURE DETERMINATION, PART I - A STUDY OF
EQUIPMENT, AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS,
Reynolds, S. G.
South Pacific Regional College of Tropical Agriculture/ Alafua (Western Samoa)
57
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Journal of Hydrology, Vol.11, No.3, p 258-273, September 1970. 16 p, 1 fig,
6 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: *Gravimetry, *Soil moisture, *Sampling, laboratory tests, Gravi-
metric analysis, Soil moisture meters, Moisture content, On-site tests,
Analytical techniques, Cores, Soil analysis, Test procedures.
Identifiers: Soil moisture analysis.
The type of sampling device, whether a screw or coring auger, is shown to in-
fluence soil moisture determinations. Moisture losses after storage of
samples in glass tubes or aluminum foil for periods up to 7 days are shown to
be negligible. Aluminum foil is recommended as a very inexpensive and effi-
cient container. As the rate and length of drying needed for different soils
is quite variable, preliminary investigations should be undertaken to estab-
lish the times after which negligible losses occur for further periods of
drying. In most field studies samples of 50-100 q of -soil are adequate;
larger samples of 500 q require much longer periods of drying but give similar
results. Methodological problems discussed include the site destruction
caused by the gravimetric method and the fact that the method itself accounts
for some of the variability found in soil moisture distribution, and possibly
for supposedly significant changes in soil moisture content in time and space.
70-71:02G-039
THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD OF SOIL MOISTURE DETERMINATION, PART II - TYPICAL
REQUIRED SAMPLE SIZES AND METHODS OF REDUCING VARIABILITY,
Reynolds, S. G.
South Pacific Regional College of Tropical Agriculture, Alafua (Western Saoma).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.11, No. 3, p 274-287, September 1970. 14 p, 1 fig,
5 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: *Gravimetry, *Sampling, *Soil moisture, Laboratory tests, Gravi-
metric analysis, Soil moisture meters, Moisture content, Analytical techniques,
Cores, Soil analysis, Test procedures.
Identifiers: Soil moisture analysis.
The variability of soil moisture in the 0-8 cm horizon was studied over a range
of soil types. Typical sample sizes required to estimate the true mean within
variability limits of 10%, 5%, and 2% are discussed. The magnitude of varia-
bility is shown to vary greatly from area to area, depending in particular
upon the stoniness and nature of the soil, and the type and extent of the
vegetation cover. Three methods which might reduce sample size are the use
of the gravimetric volume basis method instead of the weight basis method,
removal of surface vegetation, and removal of stones and rhizomes from samples.
70-71:020-040
THE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD OF SOIL MOISTURE DETERMINATION, PART III - AN EXAMINA-
TION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING SOIL MOISTURE VARIABILITY,
Reynolds, S. G.
South Pacific Regional College of Tropical Agriculture, Alafua (Western Samoa).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.11, No. 3, p 288-300, September 1970.
4 tab.
13 p, 4 fig,
Descriptors: *Soil moisture, *Vegetation effects, *Variability, Sampling, Rain-
fall, Solar radiation, On-site tests, Climates, Seasonal, Heat budget, Evapo-
transpiration. Moisture content, Retention, Root zone, Slopes, Rainfall,
Weather, Soil physical properties.
Identifiers: Soil moisture variability.
The influence of various environmental factors on soil moisture variability in
the 0-8 cm horizon is examined. The investigation of the influence of vege-
tation types revealed at least three tentative variability groups (in order of
increasing variability) corresponding to areas of recent cultivation, areas
of permanent or ley grass, and predominantly uncultivated moor or heathland
58
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areas. The dynamic nature of seasonal variability changes are illustrated and
correlations established with the amounts of rainfall and insolation in the
week preceding sample collection, and the degree of moisture saturation at the
time of sampling. Required sample size was directly related to mean moisture
content, or the degree of moisture saturation, and the amount of insolation.
It is suggested therefore that a decrease in soil moisture content is associat-
ed with a decrease in the variance of sample means, and an increase in mois-
ture content is associated with an increase in variance.
70-71:020-041
SOIL-WATER SAMPLING USING PAN AND DEEP PRESSURE-VACUUM LYSIMETERS,
Parizek, Richard R., and Lane, Burke E.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Mineral Conservation Section;
and Water and Air Resources Commission, Dover, Delaware.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol 11, No 1, p 1-21, July 1970. 21 p, 8 fig, 1 tab,
14 ref.
Descriptors: *Lysimeters, *Soil water, *Sampling, Monitoring, Irrigation
water, Soil water movement, Percolation, Infiltration, Water balance, Pennsyl-
vania, Instrumentation, Leaching, Path of pollutants, Landfills, Water quality.
Identifiers: Suction lysimeters.
Two soil-water sampling devices and success achieved in obtaining soil water
on a routine basis at depths of 1 to 36 feet below land surface are described.
In one facility, metal pans with copper spounts are driven into the wall of
an open trench to intercept gravitational water to a depth of 17 feet. From
4 to 6 inches of water are irrigated adjacent to the trench on a weekly basis.
The deep trench lysimeter provides gravitational water samples on a routine
basis when waters are artificially applied to the site but failed to yield
samples during the growing season in the absence of irrigation under Pennsyl-
vania's climate. A modified version of a commercially available lysimeter
can extract soil water under tension from depths in excess of 50 feet. This
improved soil-water sampler has been named a pressure-vacuum lysimeter or 'suc-
tion lysimeter1. One or more lysimeters may be installed in a 6-inch diameter
drill hole. The ceramic tip is embedded in a pulverized silica deposit to
insure hydraulic continuity with the soil-water reservoir. When sufficient
soil-moisture is available 500 to 970 mis of water may be obtained on a weekly
basis. During prolonged dry periods, no samples can be collected when soil
water has been depleted around the ceramic point. This may be 4 to 8 weeks
after pan lysimeters fail to yield water samples.
70-71:020-042
RELIABILITY OF SALINITY SENSORS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL SALINITY,
Oster, J. D., and Willardson, L. S.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California, Soil and Water
Conservation Research Division.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 695-698, 1971. 5 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity meters, *Instrumentation, *Sensors, *Reliability,
Salinity, Soil management, Performance.
Identifiers: California, Conductivity, Electrical, Infiltration, Irrigation,
Management, Soil, Surface, Topography.
Laboratory-constructed and commercial salinity sensors were evaluated for sta-
bility of calibration and accuracy of measurement of soil salinity. Of the
commercial sensors 85% were stable and performed satisfactorily for at least
1.5 yr with an estimated accuracy of PLUS OR MINUS 0.6 mmho cm-1. Laboratory-
constructed sensors were accurate to PLUS OR MINUS 1 mmho cm-1. Commercial
sensors were used to monitor soil salinity in a field in the Imperial Valley,
California, demonstrating their value for salinity control. The salinity data
revealed differences in water infiltration caused by surface topography and the
disturbance of soil during the installation of tie se sor.
59
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70-71:020-043
ESTIMATING SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION FROM CLIMATE, CROP AND SOIL DATA,
Jensen, M. E., Wright, J. L-, and Pratt, B. J.
Agricultural Research Service, Kimberly, Idaho, Snake River Research Center.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5, p 954-
959, September-October 1971. 2 fig, 33 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation programs, *Computer programs, *Soil moisture, Ir-
rigation efficiency, *Water requirements, Soil-water-plant relationships, Water
management (Applied), Evapotranspiration.
Identifiers: Irrigation scheduling.
One of the greatest potential applications of evapotranspiration technology
is in the management of irrigation farms. User-oriented methodology was devel-
oped to provide additional information to the irrigation farm manager. The
procedure is based on estimating soil moisture depletion from climate, soil
and crop data. Estimates of soil moisture depletion are provided for each
field for each day of the growing season. Estimates of daily depletions of
soil moisture within 10 percent or possibly 15 percent, which usually results
in better accuracy over 10- to 20-day periods, are adequate. As a result,
the timing of an irrigation will be within 1 day with 10-day frequencies or 2
to 3 days for 20- to 30-day frequencies.
70-71:02G-044
COMPARISON OF EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PRESSURE HEAD AND HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY AND SOME OBSERVATIONS ON RADIALLY SYMMETRIC FLOW,
Raats, P. A. C., and Gradner, W. R.
Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 921-928, August 1971. 6 fig, 1 tab,
20 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Hydraulic conductivity, *Pressure head,
*Steady flow, Mathematical studies, Darcys law, Unsaturated flow, Soil physical
properties, Saturated flow.
Identifiers: *Matric flux potential, *Partially saturated flow.
It is shown that the critical pressure head used by Bouwer is equal to the
difference in matrie flux potential at pressure heads zero and minus infinity,
divided by the hydraulic conductivity at pressure head zero. The critical
pressure head and the saturated hydraulic conductivity are used to define
dimensionless pressure head, hydraulic conductivity, and matric flux potential.
For six empirical relationships between pressure head and hydraulic conductiv-
ity, the associated matric flux potential and critical pressure head are
evaluated. The plots of the dimensionless hydraulic conductivity and matric
flux potential versus pressure head provide a clear basis for comparing the
six models. A discussion of steady radially symmetric flow illustrates matric
flux potential and the critical pressure head in flow problems. Expressions
are obtained for the steady flux, the maximum steady flux, and the change in
steady flux as a function of changes in pressure head at two points. One-
dimensional, cylindrically symmetric, and radially symmetric flows are dis-
cussed as special cases. The results for the radially symmetric case suggest
a new method for in situ determination of the hydraulic conductivity as a
function of the pressure head.
70-71:02G-045
WATERSHED PHYSICS: MODEL OF THE SOIL MOISTURE CHARACTERISTIC,
Rogowski, A. S.
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 6, p 1575-1582, December 1971. 5 fig,
2 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Infiltration, Soil moisture, Hydraulic
conductivity, Estimating, Soil physics.
Identifiers: Watershed physics.
60
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Reasonable estimates of the soil moisture characteristic can be obtained when
a. reliable curve is not available. Moisture content and pressure at air entry
and at 15 bars constitute the required input parameters. The parameters are
easily determined or can be readily obtained from published data. Applicabil-
ity of the model is tested on graded sand and eight soils.
70-71:02G-046
INFLUENCE OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL ON PRE-GERMINATION WATER ABSORPTION
BY RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS),
Shaykewich, C. F., and Williams, John.
Manitoba University, Winnipeg, Department of Soil Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, p 454-457, 1971. 3 fig, 4 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors:
Identifiers:
*Absorption, *Seeds, Hydraulic conductivity, Germination.
Adsorption, Brassica-Napus-D, Hydraulic, Pre, Rape-D, Soil.
In all seed densities and geometries, water absorption rate was reduced with
each decrease in water potential. Hydraulic conductivity had an important
influence on the water adsorption process. Soil water potential at which soil
hydraulic conductivity became important was dependent upon seed density and
geometry and was associated with hydraulic conductivity-water content relation
of the seed.
70-71:020-047
RELEASE OF NITROGEN FROM SULFUR-COATED UREA IN FLOODED SOIL,
Giordana, P. M., and Mortvedt, J. J.
National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama, Soils and
Fertilizer Research Branch.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 5, p 612-614, 1970. 1 tab, 4 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrogen, *Biological uptake, Soil moisture, Rice.
Identifiers: Soil pH, Nitrogen release, Phosphorus placement, Slow-release N
fertilizer, Urea, Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the release
of N in Mountview soil from sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and the subsequent uptake
of N by rice (Oryza sativa L. var. 'Nato'). The rate of N release was much
greater in moist than in flooded soil. Granules of SCU became coated with FeS
after 2 weeks in flooded soil. When the flooded soil was dried to about field
capacity, oxidation of the FeS coatings appeared to seal the granules so that
very little N was released. In general, the release of N was slightly greater
from SCU applied to limited soils fertilized with P. Dry matter production and
uptake of N by rice from SCU was similar to that from uncoated urea when both
N sources were incubated in moist soil for at least 2 weeks prior to planting
and flooding. Urea applied to the soil immediately before flooding was also
effective, but SCU was not.
70-71:020-048
DRAINAGE OF SOIL PROFILES,
Brooks, R. H., Ng, Benedict, Corey, G. L., and Corey, A. T.
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Agricultural Engineering Department.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 8389, p 455-467, 1971. 9 fig, 13 ref,
2 append.
Descriptors: *Capillary pressure, *Similitude, *Water content, Discharge, Soil
properties, Drainage, Field capacity.
Identifiers: Brooks-Corey approximation, Diffusion theory, Finite difference
theory.
The scaled approximations of Brooks and Corey for water content versus capil-
lary pressure and capillary conductivity versus water content were used to
61
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obtain a scaled diffusion function that was dependent only upon the pore-size
distribution index, X. A predictor-corrector finite difference scheme was
used to obtain numerical solutions for the scaled differential equation for
drainage from vertical soil columns. Results of several numerical solutions
were presented for two soil profiles and for two greatly different pore-size
distributions. The effects of soil hydraulic properties upon drainage were
discussed and used to interpret the term field capacity. Experimental data ob-
tained by several independent investigators were compared with theoretical
solutions of discharge as a function of time using the Brooks-Corey approxi-
mations. The comparisons between experiment and theory were reasonable and
some explanations for lack of agreement were presented.
70-71:02G-049
PHYSICS OF DESATURATION IN POROUS MATERIALS,
White, N. F. , Duke, H. R., Sunada, D. K., and Corey, A. T.
Texaco Research Laboratories, Bellaire, Texas.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR2, Proc. Paper 7376, p 165-191, 1970. 2 tab, 17 fig,
15 ref, 3 append.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Pore pressures, *Porous media, Irrigation, Labora-
tory tests, Saturation.
Identifiers: Desaturation.
Previous investigations of the hydraulic properties of porous materials have
been primarily empirical, i.e., correlations have been based upon experimental
data. A physical description of the desaturation process in porous media is
developed by analyzing both discrete and continuous desaturation mechanisms.
The desaturation process is characterized by three distinct phases: the bound-
ary-effect zone, the transition zone (primary and secondary), and the residual
desaturation zone. Mathematical relationships are developed to relate satura-
tion to capillary pressure which corresponds to a characteristic dimension of
the medium.
70-71:02G-050
IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS IN OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND VI. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
SOILS OF THE KUROW DISTRICT,
Cossens, G. G., and Rickard, D. S.
Field Research Section, Mosgiel, New Zealand, Department of Agriculture, Inver-
may Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag.
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 209-217,
1970. 5 tab, 1 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil moisture, *Soil properties, Climate, Geology, Topography.
Identifiers: Kurow district (Otago, New Zealand).
The yellow-grey earths of the Kurow-Duntroon area have a higher percentage of
fine particles and organic carbon and are deeper than soils of the same group
in the Ida Valley, the Arrow Basin, the Upper Clutha Valley, and the Maniototo
Plains. Because of the high 15-bar retention value, the available moisture
(2.55 in) in the top 12 in of the Kurow-Duntroon soils is not particularly
high. Over the soil profile, however, the greater depth of soil means that
the total available moisutre is higher than that found in previous studies on
soils of similar groups. Low macroporosities indicate that over-irrigation
may lead to waterlogging of some soils.
70-71--02G-051
SOIL WATER REGIME OF AN ARID GRASSLAND (ERAGROSTIS OPODA BENTH.) COMMUNITY
IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA,
Winkworth, R. E.
Rangelands Research Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization, Canberra, A.C.T. (Australia).
62
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Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 5, p 387-399, 1970. 2 tab, 4 fig,
10 ref.
Descriptors: Soil moisture, Soil profile, Evapotranspiration, Models.
Identifiers: Central Australia, Arid vegetation, Soil water regime.
Precipitation and soil moisture contents through the profile of a red earth
soil supporting an arid tussock grassland were recorded for two years near
Alice Springs, N.T., Australia. There were six significant periods of soil
water recharge, followed by renewed growth of the grassland and withdrawal
of soil moisture from the whole profile to very low contents equivalent to an
average soil water potential of -120 bar. The low minimum water contents were
relatively stable through all dry periods. Water stored in the whole soil pro-
file at contents exceeding the minimum values was calculated and progressive
changes in storage during the drying cycles were used to calculate evapotrans-
piration rates. Average rates ranged from 2.1 mm/day to 0.8 mm/day. The
water balance of this community showed that over the whole period about 52% of
rainfall entered soil storage, ca. 28% was lost to run-off and 20% was directly
evaporated. Plant growth was not measured and hence, the observed variation
in peak evapotranspiration rates cannot be explained adequately. The lack of
information on the relationship of evapotranspiration rates to plant cover
in the arid zone is a serious handicap to the development of computerized
water balance models which have important practical significance for estimat-
ing forage production on the broad expanses of Australian rangelands.
70-71:02G-052
VARIABLES AFFECTING A-VALUES AS A MEASURE OF SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY,
Broadbent, F. E.
California University, Davis.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 19-23, July 1970. 3 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *lriorganic compounds, *Nitrogen, Nitrification,
Radio isotopes.
Identifiers: *Soil fertility, *Nitrogen availability, *Isotopic tracers,
Soil nitrogen, Applied nitrogen, Priming effect.
Tests were performed to determine the accuracy with which A-values predict
nitrogen availability. The A-value is defined as the quantity of a given plant
nutrient in the soil which is equivalent in availability to that of the same
nutrient added as fertilizer. It was noted that values for ammonium nitrogen
were higher than for nitrate at corresponding levels of application. Also,
the magnitude of the A-value measured in a particular soil will be influenced
by rate of nitrification. Data, presented by other authors, was also analysed.
70-71:020-053
CHARACTERIZING SOIL AERATION UNDER CHANGING SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS FOR BEAN
GROWTH,
Dasberg, S., and Bakker, J. W.
Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Det-Dagan, Israel.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 6, p 689-692, 1970. 2 tab, 4 fig, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Aeration, *Soil moisture, Beans, Yield, Irrigation effects,
Root development.
Identifiers: Air porosity, Oxygen concentration of soil air, Oxygen diffusion
rate, Redox potential.
An attempt was made to evaluate different soil aeration indices as related to
plant growth during fluctuations in soil moisture content. Beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris var. 'Dubbele Witte') were grown in soil at different aeration con-
ditions obtained by changing bulk density (1.30 and 1.33 g cm~3)/ irrigation
frequencies (3 to 11 days between irrigations), and On concentrations at the
soil surface (11% vs 21%). Frequent measurements were taken of 02 and CO2 con-
centrations of the soil air, oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), and redox potential
63
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and a continuous record was kept of soil air content by pot weighings. Vege-
tative growth and dry matter production were affected strongly by bulk density
and irrigation frequency (yields ranged 4 to 16 g dry matter per plant).
Total root production was hardly influenced, but the depth of root penetra-
tion was affected strongly by these aeration treatments. Lowering the Qz
concentration at the soil surface from 21% to 11% had no significant effect on
plant growth. Comparing the measured aeration indices (02 concentration, ODR,
and air content), the mean daily air content gave the best correlation with
plant growth (r = 0.82). A continuous record of soil air content seems a
good index for evaluating aeration under changing soil moisture conditions.
70-71:020-054
YIELD OF GRAIN LEGUMES AS AFFECTED BY IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER REGIMES,
Horner, G. M., and Mojtehedi, M.
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture; and
Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, College of Agriculture.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 449-450, 1970. 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Fertilizer, *Yield, *Moisture stress, Irrigation soil moisture,
Legumes, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Chickpeas, cowpeas, and dry beans were grown under different soil moisture
levels with split plot treatments of no fertilizer, N, P, and NP. Irrigations
were given when 1/3, 2/3, and approximately all of the available water in the
root zone was depleted. These moisture stresses were applied during different
stages of plant growth. High moisture stress reduced grain yields 18 to 2'6%
below the maximum values. This yield depression was most pronounced when the
moisture stress occurred during bloom and early maturity. Yields for the
medium and high moisture levels were statistically equal. Response to phos-
phorus fertilization varied with the field sites. Where phosphorus resulted
in sizeable yield increases, high soil moisture increased the response to
phosphorus and vice versa. The effect of nitrogen fertilization was not
significant.
70-71:020-055
INFLUENCE OF SOIL SALINITY ON PRODUCTION OF DRY MATTER AND UPTAKE AND DISTRI-
BUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN BARLEY AND CORN: I. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.),
Hassan, N. A. K., Drew, J. V., Knudsen, D. and Olson, R. A.
Agricultural Experiment Station, Abu-Ghraib, Iraq, Soils Department.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 43-45, 1970. 2 tab, 1 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:05C-007)
70-71:020-056
GROWTH AND WATER POTENTIAL OF ROOT CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY SALINITY AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY,
Hoffman, G. J., and Rawlins, S. L.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California, U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 877-880, 1971. 4 tab, 4 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Relative humidity, Environment, Growth.
Identifiers: *Root crop, Leaf water potential, Osmotic potential.
The interaction of relative humidity and salinity on garden beet, onion, and
radish was studied in sunlit climate chambers at temperatures cycling daily
between 26 and 10 C. Average daytime relative humidity (RH) was controlled
at 45 and 90%. The root medium of each crop was maintained at four different
osmotic potentials, the range depending on the crop's salt tolerance. With a
nonsaline root medium, increasing RH from 45 to 90% increased the yield of
beet by 50% and radish by 15%, but did not enhance the yield of onion. In
saline root media, high RH significantly raised the salinity level at which the
64
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yield was reduced to 50% of the nonsaline yield for onion and radish, but
did not affect this level for beet. Linear relationships between leaf water
(iL) and osmotic (TTL) potentials and the osmotic potential of the root medium
(W ) were found for all three crops. Except at low values of ir (high salin-
ity) , ^L and TTL were lower at 45% RH than at 90% RH. Leaf turgor potential
was not affected by salinity in beet and onion but was reduced in radish. The
relationship between crop yield and ty, was linear. The difference in ipT
for plants between full yield and almost no yield was only 13 bars for Beet,
6 bars for radish, and 4 bars for onion.
70-71:020-057
ONE-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION INTO LAYERED SOILS,
Fok, Yu-Si.
Texas Water Rights Commission, Austin, Texas, Technical Services Division,
Basin Hydrology Section.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR2, Proc. Paper 7343, p 121-129, 1970. 2 tab, 1 fig,
2 append, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrology, *Infiltration, *Permeability, *Soil physics, *Water
flow, Irrigation, Water, Porosity.
Identifiers: One-dimensional infiltration.
An equation in algebraic form has been developed to describe one-dimensional
infiltration into layered soils. The effect of soil properties upon the in-
filtration process is readily observable in this equation. This equation can
be reduced to an equation describing infiltration into homogeneous soil by con-
sidering the soil profile as being one layer. The validity of this developed
equation has been shown by the study of two cases of two-layered soils. Good
agreement between published and computed infiltration data is obtained.
70-71:020-058
SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN,
Fok, Yu-Si, and Willardson, L. S.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Department of Civil Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, p 449-454, 1971. 1 fig, 2 append, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Subsurface irrigation, *Irrigation system, *Soil water movement,
Irrigation design, Infiltration, Water flow, Permeability.
Identifiers: Two-dimensional flow.
By considering the phenomenon of subsurface irrigation as a case of two-di-
mensional infiltration, a method is developed for analyzing the water distribu-
tion pattern in the soil profile from a subirrigation pipe placed on a barrier.
Equations of soil-water movement were used to establish the design criteria
of the discharge, the burial depth and the spacing of the subsurface irrigation
system. A numerical example is given to show the procedures of the proposed
method for subsurface irrigation system analysis and design.
70-71:020-059
NEED FOR ENVELOPE MATERIAL ABOVE DRAINTILE,
Saulmon, R. W.
United States Department of Agriculture, Sidney, Montana.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR4, p 661-663, 1971. 1 fig, 1 append, 3 ref.
(See 70-71i02F-032)
70-71:020-060
IRRIGATION INVESTIGATIONS IN OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND: VII. GROUND WATER AND SOIL
SALINITY IN THE KUROW-DUNTROON DISTRICT,
65
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Cossens, G. G., and Rickard, D. S.
Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Mosgiel, Field Research Section, Dept of
Agriculture, Private Bag.
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 218-224, 1970.
2 tab, 4 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-033)
70-71:026-061
THE MEASUREMENT AND MECHANISM OF ION DIFFUSION IN SOILS VI. THE EFFECT OF
CONCENTRATION AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE COUNTER-DIFFUSION OF SOIL PHOSPHATE
AGAINST CHLORIDE ION,
Farr, E., Vaidyanathan, L. V., and Nye, P. H.
Oxford University, Aberdeen, School of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Soil Science Laboratory.
The Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 21, No. 1, p 15-27, 1970. 4 tab, 3 fig,
14 ref.
Descriptors: Phosphate, Diffusion, Soil, Ion uptake.
Identifiers: Resin paper, Desorption, Flux.
The observed flux of phosphate to the resin paper can be accounted for, not by
the phosphate-adsorption properties of the soils, but by the phosphate dif-
fusion in the resin-paper and the desorption relationship of the soil cor-
responding to the depletion of the labile phosphate in a constant indifferent-
anion environment. In uptake by plant roots, if and when alternations of
this desorption relationship by the roots' presence are unimportant, the supply
of phosphate by diffusion in the soil would be determined by the desorption
property of the labile phosphate in the presence of an indifferent anion.
The resin-paper method does not provide an accurate enough measure of the
diffusion coefficient to be of any practical use. For the present it seems
best to calculate the diffusion coefficients using the desorption relationship,
which is different for each phosphate level in the same soil, with known values
of the impedance factor, until more efficient direct methods are evolved.
70-71:02G-062
TRANSIENT INFILTRATION INTO CRUST-TOPPED PROFILES,
Hillel, D., and Gardner, W. R.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Soil Sciences, Vol. 109, No. 2, p 69-76, February 1970. 4 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Infiltration rates, *Soil water movement, Soil physical proper-
ties, Soil management, Soil surfaces.
Identifiers: *Crust-topped profiles, Soil water relations.
A theory is presented which describes transient infiltration into both uniform
and crust-capped profiles of initially dry soil. Application of the Green and
Ampt assumptions are discussed. Experimental data are shown which indicate
that the cumulative infiltration curves of crusted profiles scale as the square
root to their transmission-zone diffusivities. Thus, infiltration into a
crusted profile can be described by the approximation that water enters into
the subcrust soil at a nearly constant suction, the magnitude of which is
determined by the crust resistance and the hydraulic characteristics of the
soil.
70-71:02G-063
A COMPUTER ANALYSIS ON THE LEACHING OF BORON FROM STRATIFIED SOIL COLUMNS,
Tanji, K. K.
California University, Davis.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 44-51, July 1970. 3 fig, 3 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Leaching, *Computer models, *Boron, Ion transport, Drainage,
Percolation, Salt balance, Soil management.
Identifiers: *Stratified soil column.
66
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A computer method was developed to predict desorption and movement of boron
from laboratory columns. The Fortran program considers the Langmuir adsorp-
tion isotherm for the sorption-desorption process and a chromatographic equa-
tion for the displacement of soluble boron. Substantial computer predictions
were obtained on the leaching of native soil boron from three 68.6 cm. columns
stratified with respect to soluble and adsorbed boron, Langmuir constants,
and water content. These predictions included boron content in the effluent
and changes in profile distribution with varied amounts of leaching.
70-71:026-064
THE EFFECT OF THE ENTRAPPED AIR ON THE HYSTERESIS CURVES OF A POROUS BODY AND
ON ITS HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY,
Poulovassilis, A.
Agricultural Research Council, Cambridge, England, Soil Physics.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 154-162, March 1970. 8 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Hysteresis, *Groundwater movement, *Porous media, Hydraulic
conductivity, Soil moisture, Timelag, Viscosity.
Identifiers: *Entrapped air.
Due to the entrapped air, a family of drying curves occurs between the
saturation and the ultimate boundary drying curves for a porous body. This
makes it possible to obtain a family of primary wetting curves for which
the starting point for each is defined by the same suction but lies on one of
various drying curves, as well as to measure the hydraulic conductivity along
numerous drying curves. Results are reported and explained.
70-71:02G-065
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEXTURE ON EVAPORATIVE LOSS AND AVAILABLE WATER IN SEMI-ARID
CLIMATES,
Alizai, H. U., and Hulbert, L. C.
Kansas State University, Manhattan.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 328-332, November 1970. 2 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
(See 70-71:020-021)
70-71:020-066
AIR PERMEABILITY AS RELATED TO PARTICLE SIZE AND BULK DENSITY IN SAND SYSTEM,
Elgabaly, M. M., and Elghamry, W. M.
Alexandria University, United Arab Republic.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 10-13, July 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab, 16 ref.
(See 70-71:07B-006)
70-71:02G-067
MEASUREMENT OF UNSATURATED CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY BY INFILTRATION THROUGH
AN IMPEDING LAYER,
Hillel, D., and Gardner, W. R.
Wisconsin University, Madison.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 149-153, March 1970. 2 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:078-007)
70-71:02G-068
INFILTRATION INDUCED SOIL INSTABILITIES,
Adrian, D. D.
Massachusetts University, Amherst, Civil Engineering Department.
Groundwater Hydrology, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 29-36, January-February 1970. 6 fig,
7 ref.
67
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Descriptors: *Infiltration rates, *Permeability, Pore pressure, Soil water,
Irrigation.
Identifiers: *Impermeable barriex, Wetting front, Capillary force.
This article confirms that strong capillary forces can hinder instead of
help promote infiltration into soils. Infiltration into an unsaturated soil
overlying an impermeable barrier displaces the air from the soil. Unable to
escape downward, the air may escape upward in bubbles traveling through large
pores, or if the pores are small the air is compressed between the wetting
front and the barrier. This reduces the infiltration rate and may result in an
almost stable wetting front. Observations have shown that when the air was
allowed to escape the wetting front moved 3 inches in less than one minutes;
when the air was not allowed to escape, it took 2 weeks for the front to move
the same distance. This phenomenon should emphasize precautions to be fol-
lowed in applying laboratory results to field conditions.
70-71:020-069
MODEL THEORY FOR PREDICTING PROCESS OF LEACHING,
Alfaro, J. F., Keller, J.
Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 263-268, March 1970. 7 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil science, *Soil chemistry, *Leaching, Model studies,
Salinity, Irrigation practices.
Identifiers: *Pollution sources, Salt loading, Salinization.
A theory for using physical scaled models to predict the leaching process is
developed and tested. This theory is based on the fact that when the function
that governs a process is the same for two or more physical systems, obser-
vations made on one system predict the performance of the other. The theory
was tested on uniform and layered soil profiles constructed of artifically
salinized samples of Bear River sand and nibley silty clay loam soil, while
the layered profiles consisted of the nibley soil only. Findings suggest that
the effluent concentration curve can be predicted from the results obtained by
leaching a scaled model.
70-71:02G-070
RELATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT TO FAILURE STRENGTHS OF SEVEN AGRICULTURAL SOILS,
Chancellor, W. J., and Vomocil, J. A.
California University, Davis.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 1,
p 9-17, January 1970. 9 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:080-005)
70-71:026-071
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE SOIL NITROGEN BY CHEMICAL
METHODS: I. COMPARISON OF EXTRACTABLE WITH MINERALIZED NITROGEN,
Verstraeten, L. M. J., Vlassak, K., and Livens, J.
Louvain University, Belgium.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 299-305, November 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Nitrogen compounds, Inorganic compounds, Soil
gases.
Identifiers: *Soil extract, *Soil fertility.
Several water soluble nitrogen fractions are correlated with the mineralized
nitrogen after 32 days of incubation at 30°C. Highest correlation was found
for cold water extracts. Analysis of the results prove that cultivated and
forest soils must be separated prior to calculating regression lines. Sandy
soils do not behave the same as loamy or clayey soils. It can be concluded that
both vegetation and soil texture exert their influence on the nitrogen index.
68
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70-71:020-072
ALLOCATION OF CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY TO SOIL FRACTIONS IN SEVEN SURFACE
SOILS FROM PANAMA,
Martini, J. A.
Institute Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la OEA, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 5, p 324-331, May 1970. 1 fig, 6 tab, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Soil classification, Soil engineering, Soil
groups, Soil investigations, Soil management, Cation exchange capacity, Soil
science, Soils.
The cation exchange capacity and mineralogy of tropical soils is most variable
due to the diversity in ecosystems and great soil groups encountered. In some
soils the CEC could not be fully accounted for by either allophane, clay
minerals or organic matter. It is believed that this is due to higher CEC
values obtained at pH 7.0 rather than at the native soil pH (16) and to other
analytical errors such as retention of acetate when using the ammonium
acetate method. It was of particular interest to note that relatively high
contribution of the silt fraction to the soil cation exchange properties, par-
ticularly in the alluvial and lateritic soils. A weathering index (Iw) or
cation exchange factor (CEF) was obtained by dividing the clay activity
(meq./lOO g. clay) by the percent clay (per cent of active material). This
index was applied to the soil data to place the soils in a certain weathering
sequence.
70-71:02G-073
MOLYBDENUM REQUIREMENT OF CROPS GROWN ON A SANDY CLAY LOAM SOIL IN THE
GREENHOUSE,
Gupta, U. C.
Canada Department of Agriculture, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Research Station,
Research Branch.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 4, p 280-282, October 1970. 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Molybdenum, *Podzols, Alfalfa, Clovers.
Identifiers: *Micronutrients, Brussel sprouts, Red clover, Spinach, Timothy.
The results suggest that the optimum tissue levels of molybdenum in various
crops were: alfalfa, 0.12 to 0.46; red clover, 0.46 to 1.08; timothy, 0.41 to
0.71; brussel sprouts, 0.11 to 0.22; and spinach, 0.15 to 0.24 ppm. Since
there has been little work done on the molybdenum content of crops grown on
podzol soils, these results should be of great value in choosing soil molyb-
denum levels to determine tissue levels of molybdenum for optimum growth of
crops under field conditions.
70-71:02G-074
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF TILE SYSTEMS,
Bird, N. A., and McCorquodale, J. A.
Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food, Stratford, Canada, and Windsor
University, Windsor, Canada, Dept of Civil Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 175-178, January 1971. 7 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil physics, *Irrigation engineering, *Tile drainage, Soil
moisture, Sprinkler irrigation, Computer models, Mathematical models, Drainage,
The object of this study was to develop a mathematical water balance model
that would predict the performance of a tile system by predicting the tile
runoff hydrographs. The model included an existing available soil moisture
model and an empirical model. The accurate performance of the model was
limited by the accuracy of the soil moisture model. An improved available
moisture model would permit the prediction of water cable heights and tile
runoff rates. The feasibility of sprinkler irrigation could also be studied,
using the model.
69
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70-71:020-075
CONTROL OF SOIL MOISTURE DURING SPRINKLER IRRIGATION,
Keller, J.
Utah State University, Logan, Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 885-890, June 1970. 6 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil physics, *Irrigation practices, *Irrigation engineering,
Sprinkler irrigation, Infiltration rates, Drainage.
Identifiers: *Soil-water relationships, Application rate.
A laboratory experiment was carried out on 6-in. by 20-in. long columns of
four different soils and a sand. The soils tested were a loamy sand, a
silty clay loam, and two similar silt loams. Water was uniformly applied
to the soil columns which were supplied with controlled drainage and the tests
were conducted on several columns of each soil packed at various initial bulk
densities. From the information presented the basic infiltration rate and the
degree of saturation associated with various application rates can be estimated
for the soil at any bulk density.
70-71:02G-076
CROP RESIDUE DISPOSAL-TILAGE-PLANTING RELATIONSHIPS,
Colwick, R. F., Jones, J. W., and Fulgham, F. E.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, State
College, Mississippi.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 114-120, January 1971. 15 fig, 7 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Crop production, *Planting management.
Identifiers: Crop residue, Tillage.
Cotton plant residue is a waste product that must be managed so that it causes
a minimum amount of interference with the cultural operations for the suc-
ceeding crop. This study was designed to determine the relationship of residue
size, plant part, soil type and depth of soil incorporation to the strength
of decomposed residue at planting and to determine the influence of residue
size on planter performance. Decomposition was measured by the decrease in
peak force and energy required to break sample pieces that had been weather-
ing at several depths through the winter months. Residue left on the soil
surface decayed the least, and was significantly stronger than residue placed
at other depths. There was a tendency for better decomposition at the 4-in.
depth of burial than at 2-in. and 6-in., but there were no differences in de-
cayed strength due to length of pieces or soil type.
70-71:026-077
A STUDY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL INFILTRATION,
Fok, Yu-Si.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Dept of Civil Engineering and Water Resource,
Research Center.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 15,
p 676-681, May 1970. 2 fig, 2 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-051)
70-71:02G-078
A MODEL STUDY OF DRAIN ENVELOPES IN A COARSE-SILT BASE MATERIAL,
Lembke, W. D., and Bucks, D. A.
Illinois University, Urbana, Agricultural Engineering Department; and Soil and
Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 15,
p 669-675, May 1970. 7 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-052)
70
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70-71:020-079
UNLINED MOLE LINES FOR IRRIGATION,
Norum, D. I., and Gray, D. M. %
Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon, Canada.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5, p 661-
668, May 1970. 3 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Irrigation practices, *Subsurface irrigation, *Irrigation sys-
tems, Water spreading, Irrigation.
Identifiers: Mole lines.
A study was conducted in several alluvial soils in the Canadian Prairies to
investigate the feasibility of the use of unlined mole lines for irrigation.
The findings provide useful practical information which can be applied in
construction and design. Findings were as follows: Mole lines used for ir-
rigation should be placed on the contour; Moisture movement outward from mole
lines occurs as a wet front; and the rate of advance and the shape of the wet
front is affected greatly by soil anistropy.
70-71:02G-080
VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED REMOTE-SENSING OF SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS,
Sewell, J. I., Allen, W. H., and Pile, R. S.
Tennessee University, Knoxville.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1163-1166, June 1971. 5 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil moisture, *Remote sensing, Infrared radiation, Instru-
mentation, Measurements, Mapping.
Infrared sensing techniques similar to those employed in plant species deter-
mination and in detecting plant diseases were used. These included laboratory
and field experiments designed to evaluate field soil-moisture levels through
analysis of optical densities of images produced from color and black-and-white
infrared films and infrared scanner outputs on film. The results show con-
clusively that detecting differences between surface soil moisture levels of
fallow soils is technically possible. Best results were obtained using color
infrared film and Wratten No. 15 or No. 15 plus SOB film filters. Situations
to be avoided are: varying cloud cover, different sun angles, different film
lots, and different processing runs. Evaluating soil moisture levels of soils
having heavy vegetal cover will probably be different.
70-71:02G-081
A DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMIC SOIL MOISTURE STATUS,
Jones, J. W., and Verma, B. P.
Mississippi State University, State College, United States Department of Agri-
culture, Agricultural Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 660-664, April 1971. 6 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Model studies, *Soil moisture, *Computer models, Soil physics,
Mathematical models, Diffusion, Moisture availability.
A soil moisture model was designed and tested for simulating soil moisture
values for soils exposed to natural weather. For 43 days the predicted values
were usually within ten percent of the actual data. The model is considered
adequate for use in some studies involving a crop production model where en-
vironmental inputs are necessary. The model is sensitive to the choice of
saturated soil moisture and insensitive to the choice of air dry value. The
relationship between diffusivity and soil moisture is a primary factor in
determining the accuracy of the model.
71
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70-71:020-082
STRESS DAY INDEX TO CHARACTERIZE EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS ON CROP YIELDS,
Hiler, E. A., and Clark, R. N.
Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. '
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 757-761, April 1971. 2 fig, 2 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil-water-plant relationships, *Soil moisture, *Plant growth,
Soil water, Soil physics, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: *Crop yields, *Stress day index, Irrigation scheduling.
This paper concerns quantitative characterization of water stress in crops
with stress day index (SDI) and its effect on crop yields. The SDI is deter-
mined from a stress day (SD) factor and a crop susceptibility factor (CS).
The SD factor is a measure of the degree and duration of plant water deficit.
The CS factor indicates the plant's susceptibility to water deficit at various
growth stages. Alternative approaches to determination of SD and CS are given.
Relationships between SDI and yield are determined from results of grain
sorghum and peanut irrigation experiments. Various applications of the SDI
concept are discussed briefly.
70-71:020-083
NITROGEN FIXATION BY NONSYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS IN SOME CALIFORNIA SOILS,
Steyn, P. L. , Delwiche, C. C.
California University, Davis.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 12, p 1122-1128, December
1970. 2 fig, 5 tab, 32 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compounds, *Nitrogen compounds,
Nitrification, Water pollution sources, Nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen cycle,
Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Microorganisms, Microbiology.
The rate of nitrogen fixation by soil samples from various California environ-
ments was determined at monthly intervals for a period of one year by comparing
direct isotopic observations of fixation rates with rates determined by the
acetylene-ethylene method. Annual fixation rates of approximately 5 kilograms
nitrogen per hectare per year were observed in the most favorable environ-
ment examined, and rates as low as 2 kilograms per year were observed on a more
arid site with native vegetation. Observations made by direct isotopic methods
compared reasonably well with those obtained with use of the acetylene-ethylene
method, but some variability between the two occurred. Limiting factors in
the fixation reaction are reported and the significance of observed rates is
discussed.
70-71:02G-084
A MODIFIED INFLOW-OUTFLOW METHOD OF MEASURING INFILTRATION IN FURROW IRRIGATION,
Nance, L. A., Jr., and Lambert, J. R.
United States Department of Agriculture, Columbia, South Carolina, Soil
Conservation Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 792-798, June 1970. 9 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Infiltration, *Percolation, Permeability,
Hydraulic conductivity, Furrow irrigation.
Identifiers: Intake rates.
A modified inflow-outflow method for calculating infiltration is described.
Five tests of the method were made. Three were made simultaneously with the
modified Bondurant method. All of the tests were made within a 0.3-acre
plot of ground with most of the test sites adjoining one another. The method
was found feasible for measuring infiltration rates for furrow irrigation.
It approximated the furrow irrigation process, was easy to control in the field,
required preparation of only three 15-foot furrows and yielded satisfactory
data. The system was capable of operating over a large range of flow rates.
72
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70-71:02G-085
SALINITY AND WATER USE,
Talsma, T., and Philip, J. R.
The MacMillan Press, London, England. 1971. 296 p, 2 append.
(See 70-71:01B-002)
70-71:020-086
CHEMISTRY OF SALINE SOILS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,
Quirk, ,J. P.
University of Western Australia, institute of Agriculture, Dept of Soil Science
and Plant Nutrition.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 79-91. 2 fig, 1 tab, 32 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Saline soils, *Soil water, *Dispersion, Soil
density, Salinity, Soil structure, Soil physics, Soil management, Soil
dispersants.
An outline of the forces involved in clay particle interaction (swelling and
dispersion) is given as a background for the interpretation of the physical
behavior of sodic soils, especially in relation to electrolyte levels.
The electrolyte concentration below which appreciable decreases in soil per-
meability are encountered has been termed the threshold concentration and this
concentration increases with the degree of sodium saturation of the soil
colloids. The application of the threshold concentration concept to the manage-
ment and reclamation of sodic soil is discussed.
70-71:02G-087
HYDROLOGY OF SWELLING SOILS,
Philip, J. R.
Division of Environmental Mechanics, Canberra, Australia, Commonwealth Scienti-
fic and Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 95-107. 7 fig, 23 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrology, *Soil chemistry, *Soil water, *Soil density,
Dispersion, Salinity, Soil structure, Soil physics, Soil management, Soil
dispersants.
Identifiers: Soil swelling.
Not all saline soils swell, and not all swelling soils are subject to salinity
problems; but hydrologic difficulties often arise in connexion with the drain-
age and reclamation of swelling clays in flat landscapes. The paper reviews
recent progress in the theory of water equilibrium and movement in swelling
soils, and emphasizes that neglect of the fact of swelling may lead to serious
errors of interpretation. The point of departure is the well-established
theory of water equilibrium and movement in nonswelling soils. The generaliza-
tion to swelling soils is described. It is stressed that, in swelling soils,
the total potential includes an additional component, the overburden potential.
Classical concepts of groundwater hydrology, tacitly based on the behaviour
of nonswelling soils, fail in many important ways for swelling ones. Aspects
which differ profoundly from those of nonswelling soils include the following:
equilibrium moisture profiles, the distribution of hydraulic conductivity re-
lative to the water table, the effect of topography on moisture distribution,
the variation of specific yield with water table elevation and stratum
thickness, and the character of steady and unsteady vertical flows.
70-71:020-088
OVERLAND FLOW HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE INFILTRATION FUNCTION,
Wu, I. P.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Agricultural Engineering Department.
73
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American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 2,
p 294-300, February 1971. 11 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Infiltration, *Mathematical models,
Percolation, Permeability, Hydraulic conductivity.
Identifiers: Overland flow.
A method is presented to determine the infiltration function. The flow pattern
of surface irrigation is nonuniform, unsteady, and spatially varied. Result-
ing from a combination of the effects of surface flow, surface roughness, and
infiltration. This flow is expressed as one set of partial differential
equations of the hyperbolic type: a continuity equation and an equation of
motion. The method proposed uses the concept of overland-flow hydrograph.
The analysis of the hydrograph provided an approximation of the infiltration
expressed as a function of distance of run and time. The hydrographs also
clearly showed conditions of surface flow for which mathematical equations
of infiltration were derived.
70-71:02G-089
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE RADICAL SUBSURFACE FLOW PROBLEM
Drake, Ronald L., and Ellingson, Michael B.
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, Atmospheric
Science Laboratory.
Groundwater, Vol. 8, No. 6, p 39-47, November-December 1970. 9 p, 6 fig,
2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water movement, *Numerical analysis, *Unsteady flow,
*Unsaturated flow, *Diffusivity, Mathematical studies, Percolation, Subsurface
flow.
Identifiers: *Racial subsurface flow.
Two stable finite difference schemes are presented for the numerical solution
of the nonlinear partial differential equation describing the radial flow of
soil moisture. The nonlinearily exists because soil moisture diffusivity is
a nonconstant function of the nondimensional soil moisture. Numerical solu-
tions are given for 21 different moisture-dependent diffusivities. From these
numerical solutions quantitative results are obtained for the following:
(1) the boundedness and monotonicity of the moisture distribution;
(2) the continuous dependence of the moisture distribution on the system's
parameter, namely, the diffusivity; (3) the rate at which the wetting
front approaches the steady state solution, (4) the evolution of the moisture
front with time and with the formulation of the diffusivity; and (5) the
time evolution of the rate of inflow or outflow at the wall of the source or
sink.
70-71:02G-090
PREDICTING IRRIGATIONS FROM CLIMATIC DATA AND SOIL PARAMETERS,
Franzoy, C. E., Tankersley, E. L.
Salt River Project, Phoenix, Arizona.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 814-816, June 1970. 4 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Irrigation efficiency, Irrigation
engineering, Irrigation programs, Crop growth, Computer models.
Identifiers: *Irrigation scheduling, Irrigation timing, Irrigation amounts.
The Jensen program for irrigation scheduling was rewritten for the computer at
the Salt River Project and was tested on 2162 acres located on 19 farms in the
Salt River Valley. Procedure and results of that application are reported.
The conclusions drawn from this study are: (1) The use of climatic data and
soil parameters for scheduling irrigations provides control of the soil moisture
reservoir essential for optimum yields. (2) Scheduling irrigations is an
excellent supplement too, but not a replacement for regular field visits, and
(3) On the basis of the results to date, the Jensen predictive method offers
74
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a sound basis for predicting irrigation timing based on climatic data. The
study will be continued with some modifications.
75
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SECTION VIII
WATER CYCLE
LAKES (Group 02H)
70-71:02H-001
PALYNOLOGICAL TRACING OF SALINE WATER SOURCES IN LAKE KINNERET REGION,(ISRAEL) ,
Horowitz, A.
Hebrew University, Jerusalem (Israel), Dept of Geology.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol.10, No. 2, p 177-184, February 1970. 8 p, 1 fig,
2 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Saline water systems, *Springs, *Lakes, *Tracking techniques,
*Palynology, Brines, Discharge (Water), Groundwater movement, Tracers, Water
chemistry, Water quality, Mixing, Water sources, Provenance.
Identifiers: Lake Kinneret (Israel).
Palynological spectra of water samples representing four groups of saline
sources are compared with a freshwater spectrum in Lake Kinneret region. The
palynological spectra indicate that the saline waters are a mixture of recent
water with active aquifers from an intake area in the mountains west of the
lake that dilute in various proportions concentrated saline solutions of
Upper Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene age.
77
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SECTION IX
WATER CYCLE
WATER IN PLANTS (Group 021)
70-71:021-001
CORN YIELDS, SOIL TEMPERATURE, AND WATER USE WITH FOUR TILLAGE METHODS IN THE
WESTERN CORN BELT,
Olson, Tamlin C., and Schoeberl, La Vern S.
Agricultural Research Service, Brookings, South Dakota, Corn Belt Branch; and
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Brookings.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2, p 229-232, March-April 1970. 1 fig, 5 tab,
11 ref.
Descriptors: *Crop production, *Corn, *Water utilization, *Corn belt, Cul-
tivation, Semiarid climates, South Dakota, Soil temperature, Plant growth,
Rainfall, Erosion, Soil erosion, Runoff, Water loss, Water conservation, Soil
water, Soil moisture, Planting management.
Identifiers: *Plowing, *Listing, *Till planting, *Wheeltrack planting.
Corn yield and growth characteristics were compared for 4 tillage systems dur-
ing crop years 1965, 1966, 1967, and 1968. The 4 methods under study were
conventional plowing, wheeltrack planting, till planting, and listing. Although
the difference was not significant between the four systems, the three reduced-
tillage methods tended to have higher average grain yields. Rainfall during
the four test years was below normal, so that the runoff-conserving characteris-
tics of the reduced-tillage systems had little influence on the amount of water
available to growing corn. Nonetheless, the experimental results show that the
reduced-tillage methods can be used in the Corn Belt without sacrificing grain
yield. These systems are also more economical and better able to protect
against soil erosion and runoff.
70-71:021-002
EXTRACTION TERM MODELS OF SOIL MOISTURE USE BY TRANSPIRING PLANTS,
Molz, F. J., and Remson, Irwin.
Stanford University, California.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, p 1346-1356, October 1970. 11 p,
6 fig, 1 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil-water-plant relationships, *Transpiration, *Soil water move-
ment, *Moisture uptake, *Root systems, Velocity, Unsaturated flow, Mathematical
models, Respiration, Translocation, Soil moisture, Flow, Hydraulic conductivity,
Moisture content, Moisture availability, Water utilization, Root zone.
Identifiers: Soil water extraction.
A mathematical model is developed describing moisture removal from soil by the
roots of transpiring plants. The model uses a macroscopic extraction term
in the one-dimensional soil moisture flow equation. It describes both mois-
ture removal by the plant and induced moisture movement through the soil. A
numerical procedure based on the Douglas-Jones predictor-corrector method is
used to solve the model, and solutions are compared with experimental data.
The results indicate that extraction term models are computationally and
physically feasible and give insight into the mechanics of the overall moisture
extraction process.
70-71:021-003
EFFECT OF MULCHES AND BED CONFIGURATION. II. SOIL TEMPERATURE AND GROWTH AND
YIELD RESPONSES OF GRAIN SORGHUM AND CORN,
Adams, J. E.
Agricultural Research Service, Temple, Texas.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 6, p 785-790, 1970. J. tab, 7 fig, 17 ref.
79
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Descriptors: *Mulch, *Soil temperature, *Plant growth, Grain sorghum, Corn,
Yield, Evaporation control.
Identifiers: *Plastic mulch, *Petroleum mulch, Seedbed configuration, Morpho-
logical development, Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), Corn
(Zea mays (L.)).
Clear plastic film and petroleum mulch were used on Austin clay and Houston
Black clay to evaluate their effects on soil temperature and on the growth,
development, and yield responses of corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Three bed configurations also were used in
conjunction with the mulches with grain sorghum. Mulches had a highly signifi-
cant effect on average soil temperature at 7.6 cm belcw the surface. Soil
temperature under clear plastic film 3 weeks after planting had increased
2.6, 2.2, and 1.8C at depths of 30, 61, and 91 cm, respectively. Mulches
increased the rate of growth of both corn and grain sorghum significantly
(5 percent level) and also affected morphological development, with clear
plastic having the most effect. Bed configuration had a significant effect on
sorghum growth when used with mulches. Clear plastic mulch accelerated growth
and morphological development sufficiently to cause 50 percent bloom to occur
8 to 10 days earlier for both corn and grain sorghum. Clear plastic mulch
increased grain sorghum yield significantly, but mulches had no significant
effect on corn yield. Bed configuration caused a significant increase in grain
sorghum yield in 1964 but had no important effect on yield in 1963.
70-71:021-004
WATER DEFICIT EFFECTS ON CORN. I. VEGETATIVE COMPONENTS,
Claassen, M. M., and Shaw, R. H.
Iowa State University, Ames, Agronomy Department.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 5, p 649-652, 1970. 2 tab, 2 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture stress, *Moisture deficit, *Wilting, *Yields, Corn,
Fertility, Soil moisture.
Identifiers: Corn growth stages, Corn (Zea mays L.).
Corn was grown in large buried containers and stressed nonrepetitively by
cessation of irrigation at nine different times during the season. Each
stress treatment consisted of 4 days on which the uppermost, fully-"expanded
leaves were wilted. Water status of the yield plants was estimated in terms
of the relative turgidity (RT) of like-treated plants, soil moisture and other
environmental factors. Vegetative component yields were determined in two
experiments, the first including the additional factor of limiting soil fer-
tility. Each component was significantly influenced by one or more of the
stress periods. Maximum reductions in total vegetative dry matter production
of 15 to 17 percent resulted from water deficits approximately 3 weeks before
75 percent silking. Significant increases in stalk weight occurred as a result
of stress at late silking and very early ear stages.
70-71:021-005
WATER DEFICIT EFFECTS ON CORN. II. GRAIN COMPONENTS,
Claassen, M. M. and Shaw, R. H.
Iowa State University, Ames, Agronomy Department.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 5, p 652-655, 1970. 1 tab, 8 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture stress, *Moisture deficit, *Yields, Corn, Fertility,
Soil moisture.
Identifiers: Corn growth stages, Kernel weight corn (Zea mays L.).
Under controlled irrigation, corn plants grown in large containers were subject-
ed to water deficits in one of nine periods during each of two growing seasons.
The first experiment (1965) differed from the second (1966) by somewhat different
timing of treatments and by limiting soil fertility conditions. A signifi-
cant grain yield reduction (12 to 15 percent) was observed after stress during
the vegetative period at early ear shoot and ovule development in 1966. A
53 percent grain yield reduction was associated with stress at 75 percent
80
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silking in 1965. In the 3-week period after silking, water deficits consis-
tently reduced yields approximately 30 percent in both years, significant
reductions in kernel numbers were associated with yield reductions from stress
before or during silking and pollination. Kernel weights were significantly
reduced by stress during or after silking. Trends in the percentage of
developed kernels in each of three ear sections indicated that the ability of
kernels to compete for products of photosynthesis correlated with the com-
parative age of the ovule or kernel at the time of water deficit.
70-71:021-006
LIMITATION TO WATER FLUX FROM SOILS TO PLANTS,
Lang, A. R. G., and Gardner, W. R.
Division of Irrigation Research, Griffith, N.S.W., Australia, Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 6, p 693-695, 1970. 1 tab, 2 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture uptake, Cotton, Biological uptake, Soil moisture.
Identifiers: Water potential, Flux density.
From theoretical considerations it can be shown that there is an upper limit
to the rate at which water can be taken up from the soil by plant roots. This
occurs when the unsaturated permeability of the soil adjacent to the roots
decreases more rapidly than the increase in the water potential gradient.
Flux and water potential measurements obtained experimentally on cotton plants
are consistent with this conclusion.
70-71:021-007
RESPONSE OF LOWLAND RICE TO VARYING LEVELS OF SOIL, WATER, AND FERTILITY
MANAGEMENT IN DIFFERENT SEASONS,
Pande, H. K., and Mittra, B. N.
Agricultural Engineering Department, I.I.T. Kharagpur, India.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2, p 197-200, 1970. 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: Rice, Submergence, Chemical properties, Fertilization.
Identifiers: Soil manipulation, Atmospheric evaporative demand.
Performance of rice on lateritic soil was studied under three levels each of
soil submergence, soil fertilization, and soil manipulation in the two rice
growing seasons, aus and boro. In both seasons the grain yield was better
under submergence than under saturation.. The crop under shallow submergence
(5 ± 3 cm) yielded as much as under deeper submergence (10 ±3 cm). The
crop growth under soil bulk density of 1.68 g/cc or above, obtained through
puddling or compaction, performed equally well. With the increasing level of
submergence, the P, Fe, and Si contents of grains increased, but, Mn content
decreased in the two seasons.
70-71:021-008
DIURNAL CHANGES IN COTTON LEAF AND PETIOLE MOISTURE CONTENT AS RELATED TO
ENVIRONMENTAL MOISTURE STRESS,
Longenecker, D. E., and Lyerly, P. J.
Texas A & M University Agricultural Research Station, El Paso, Texas.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 885-886, 1971. 1 tab, 1 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture stress, *Moisture content, Irrigation, Soil-plant-water
relationship, Cotton, Diurnal distribution.
Identifiers: Plant moisture, Petiole moisture, Leaf moisture content.
Continuation of gravimetric moisture content studies of topmost mature upland
(Gossypium hirsutum L.) and American Pima (Gossypium barbadense L.) cotton
leaves and petioles is reported. Diurnal moisture percentages of four
varieties at 3 hours (7 to 8 a.m., 1 to 2 p.m. and 6 to 7 p.m.) during the day,
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and at 4, 11, 18, 25, and 32 days after irrigation are given. Results indi-
cate that diurnal fluctuations in petiole moisture are less than those of
leaves. Petiole moisture appears strongly related to the internal moisture
stress conditions of the plant, both diurnally and with increasing environ-
mental moisture stress. Ranges of moisture variation for leaves and petioles
are shown to be similar. Previous findings that fresh weight petiole moisture
percentages were continuously higher than those of attached leaves are
substantiated.
70-71:021-009
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY ALFALFA IN WESTERN NEBRASKA,
Daigger, L. A., Axthelm, L. S., and Ashburn, C. L.
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Mitchell, Nebraska.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 507-508, 1970. 4 tabs, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-036)
70-71:021-010
INFLUENCE OF ROW SPACING, IRRIGATION, AND WEEDS ON DRYLAND FLAX YIELD, QUALITY,
AND WATER USE,
Alessi, J., and Power, J. F.
Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, North Dakota.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 5, p 635-637, 2 tab, 2 fig, 14 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-037)
70-71:021-011
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE GREENHOUSE,
Takakura, T., Jordan, K. A., and Boyd, L. L.
Minnesota University, St. Paul.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 964-971, May 1971. 8 fig, 1 tab, 20 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Plant growth, *Computer models, Greenhouses, Automation.
The effects of environmental conditions on the plant leaf within a greenhouse
have been simulated by hybrid techniques on the digital computer. The
simulation model developed in the present study provides better analysis of
the relationship between plant leaf temperature and the environment as the
complexity of the model increases. Expanding this model the prediction of the
plant photosynthesis in the greenhouse and computer control of greenhouses
will be able to be achieved based upon plant leaf temperature which has a more
significant effect on plants than air temperature.
70-71:021-012
EFFECT OF CONSTANT SALINITY LEVELS ON WATER-USE EFFICIENCY OF BEAN AND COTTON,
Hoffman, G. J., and Phene, C. J.
United States Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1103-1106, June 1971. 4 fig, 3 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Crop response, *Salt tolerance, Plant growth,
Growth rates, Metabolism, Soil-water-plant relationships, Environmental effects,
Growth chambers, Saline soils.
Hourly measurements of net photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration were
made on bean and cotton at three salinity levels in a microchamber where ambient
temperature, dewpoint temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, photoperiod,
light intensity, and air velocity are controlled precisely. Water and osmotic
potential measurements on detached leaves were also made. On a per unit leaf
area basis, increases of salinity in bean and cotton decreased net photo-
synthesis and transpiration and increased respiration. Hourly respiration
82
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rates were essentially constant during the night, but hourly net photosynthesis
rates decreased toward the end of the day. Hourly transpiration rates followed
a diurnal cycle.
70-71:021-013
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF PLANT GROWTH—PART II. INCORPORATION OF ACTUAL DAILY
WEATHER AND PARTITIONING OF NET PHOTOSYNTHATE,
Curry, R. B., and Chen, L. H.
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1170-1174, June 1971. 6 fig, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Plant growth, *Computer models, *Dynamic programming, Growth
rates, Mathematic models, Irrigation effects.
The dynamic simulation model of plant growth has been developed for corn to
the point it will simulate reasonably close the growth and development of the
corn plant. The simulator will respond to variable weather data. Moisture
stress was shown to have an effect on simulated growth. The concept of com-
petition was demonstrated. The model can be used to test various plant growth
parameters both physiological and environmental to determine which ones might
be key factors in increasing efficiency of production. These then could be
studied in a growth chamber or in the field. The modifications suggested by
simulation might be ones that needs genetic research or ones that would respond
to a change in environmental management.
70-71:021-014
MODELING SUBSYSTEMS FOR COTTON—THE COTTON PLANT SIMULATION,
Stapleton, H. N., and Meyers, R. P.
Arizona University, Tucson.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 950-953, May 1971. 11 fig, 1 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Computer models, *Plant growth, *Cotton, Mathematical models,
Fiber crops.
The methodology for a simulation for the cotton plant's dynamic development as
shown, should provide a basis for simple input/output models, and for models
permitting complex distributive analysis of subsystems and parallel systems
in the ecology. The practical applications permit the development of informa-
tion which can be used as input to decision in managing the Cotton Production
System.
70-71:021-015
AIR AS A SOURCE OF LEAD IN EDIBLE CROPS,
Ter Haar, G.
Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratory, Ferndale, Michigan.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, p 226-230, March 1970.
1 fig, 5 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Crop production, *Pollution sources, *Pollution effects, Lead,
Air pollution.
Identifiers: Airborne lead, Soil lead.
The effect of airborne lead on the lead concentration of the edible and non-
edible portions of several important types of food crops was studied by growing
crops in greenhouses supplied with filtered and ambient air, and in plots
planted in long rows perpendicular to a busy highway. Of the ten crops
studied—wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet corn, carrots, cabbage, oats, rice,
leaf lettuce, and snap beans—eight were not affected by the concentration
of lead in air. In both sets of tests, inedible portions of the plants
(bean leaves, corn husks, soybean husks, and oat, wheat, and rice chaff) showed
83
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a two- to three-fold increase in lead concentration when grown near the road
or in the greenhouse with unfiltered air. The conclusions are reached that
lead occurring naturally in the soil is the main source of lead in the edible
portion of the crops studied, and that airborne lead, based on the crops
studied, contributes 0.5 to 1.5% of the lead content of the U.S. diet.
70-71:021-016
RELATIONSHIP OF AUTOMOTIVE LEAD PARTICLES TO CERTAIN CONSUMER CROPS,
Schuck, E. A., and Locke, J. K.
California University, Riverside.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, p 324-330, April 1970.
4 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Crop production, *Pollution sources, Pollution effects, Lead,
Air pollution.
Identifiers: Airborne lead, Soil lead.
Five crops were anlayzed for their lead content—cauliflower, tomatoes, cab-
bage, strawberries, and Valencia oranges. In addition, the soil, water, and
air in contact with these crops were analyzed for lead. The combined findings
from the edible portion of four of these five crops strongly suggest that
automotive lead particulates are not absorbed. They exist rather as a topical
dust coating of which at least 50% can be removed by simple water washing.
Neither did these crops show any inclination to absorb lead via their root
systems. Similar conclusions relative to the fifth crop, i.e., strawberries,
cannot be drawn except by analogy to the other crops. In spite of growing
near heavily traveled highways, i.e., up to 50,000 vehicles per day, the amount
of lead associated with the five crops in an untreated state was never greater
than 1 microgram of Pb per gram of fresh weight. The average Pb concentration
for the entire crop areas studied was one or two orders of magnitude less
than 1 microgram of Pb per gram of fresh weight.
70-71:021-017
CONTAMINATION OF ROADSIDE SOIL AND VEGETATION WITH CADMIUM, NICKEL, LEAD, AND
ZINC,
Lagerwerff, J. V., and Specht, A. W.
United States Soils Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 7, p 583-586, July 1970.
2 tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: *Crop production, *Po."! 1 ution sources, Pollution effects, Lead,
Zinc, Nickel, Cadmium, Air pollutior
Identifiers: Soil pollution.
Concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn in roadside soil and grass samples from
several locations decrease with distance from traffic. These concentrations
also decrease with depth in the soil profile. The contamination has been
related to the composition of gasoline, motor oil, and car tires, and to
roadside deposition of the residues of these materials.
70-71:021-018
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF SOME AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN WESTERN CANADA,
John, M. K.
Canada Department of Agriculture, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 12, p 1199-1203, December
1971. 1 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compounds, *Lead, Toxicity, Pollu-
tants, Water pollution sources, Pollution (soil). Soil analysis.
Nitric acid soluble lead in 700 samples mostly from agricultural soils in
British Columbia was related to proximity to industrial and population centers,
84
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The soluble lead was found to be immobilized in surface horizons. Soils taken
near a battery smelter were found to be highly contaminated with lead and
the extent of contamination decreased with distance from the smelter.
70-71:021-019
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SALINITY REGIMES ON GROWTH, LEAF EXPANSION AND TRANSPIRATION
OF BEAN PLANTS,
Meiri, A., and Mayber, A. P.
Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Israel.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 1, p 26-34, January 1970. 5 fig, 5 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Salinity, *Plant growth, Beans, Inorganic
compounds, Saline soils, Soil environment, Transpiration.
Bean plants were grown under various fluctuating regimes of salinity in an at-
tempt to simulate the field conditions prevailing in salinity-affected areas.
In all experiments growth was retarded, the retardation being dependent on
the rate of salinization, the ultimate level of salinity and the duration of
exposure to the saline conditions. Transpiration was reduced by, and in pro-
portion to, salinity. Transfer of plants from a saline to non-saline medium
resulted in a transient burst of growth and in an increase of transpiration
rate, but not to the level of the non-salinized control plants. It is
concluded that the fluctuating nature of the salinity regime under normal
field conditions, can be expected to affect growth and transpiration in a
manner similar to, but less severe than that found in experiments carried out
under conditions of constant salinity levels. The degree of retardation of
growth and transpiration of plants exposed to conditions of changing salinity
will be modified by the rate of salinization and the direction of the fluctua-
tions in the salinity level of the soil.
70-71:021-020
CROP PRODUCTION SYSTEM SIMULATION,
Stapleton, H. N.
Arizona University, Tucson.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 1,
p 110-113, January 1970. 11 fig, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Computer models, Crop production, cotton.
Identifiers: Growth simulation.
A model and the computer program for the crop subsystem is described. Attempt
was made to develop a model which could be forced to provide numerical values
for system effects prior to end of season yield. This information aids in
the planning and decision making processes necessary to operate the farming
operation. A discussion of the needed input along with the flow charts of
the program is presented. In its present state the program is designed to
work only with cotton.
70-71:021-021
DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS WITHIN PLANT CANOPIES,
Duncan, W. G., and Barfield, B. J.
Kentucky University, Lexington.
American Society of Agricultural EnTineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 960-963, May 1971. 6 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Computer models, *Crop growth, *Photosynthesis, Energy conver-
sion, Light, Plant physiology, Transpiration.
A summary of various methods used to measure photosynthesis of growing crops
in the field was presented. A review of what photosynthesis is and anologies
to other man made systems were made. A model for describing and determining
the rate of photosynthesis was developed. Factors affecting the process are
85
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discussed. The model can be likened to a series of snapshots taken of the pro-
cesses present at a given instant. When these are all put together, a good
picture of the overall process is presented. No attempt was made to simulate
growth.
70-71:021-022
DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF PLANT GROWTH—PART I. DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL,
Curry, R. B.
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 946-959, May 1971. 6 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Computer models, *Plant growth,
Evapotranspiration.
A computer model for plant growth was developed. Objectives of the work were;
(1) To develop a model that is a dynamic simulation of plant growth.
(2) To account for the total energy of the system. (3) The program should
be developed in individual parts so that as methods are improved, it can be
easily updated. The model and data presented are first approximations of a
possible dynamic modeling approach to the plant growth system. The program
is written in continuous system modeling program language which was found
quite adequate. The assumptions required were many and they should all be
critically reviewed in the laboratory and field to validate them.
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SECTION X
WATER CYCLE
EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION (Group 02J)
70-71:02J-001
SOIL ERODIBILITY AS AFFECTED BY SOIL SURFACE PROPERTIES,
Epstein, E., and Grant, W. J.
Agricultural Research Service, Orono, Maine, Soil and Water Conservation
Research Division.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 14, No.4, p 647-
648, 655, July-August 1971. 7 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil erosion, *Simulated rainfall, *Surface runoff, *Impact
(Rainfall), *Soil surfaces, Soil compaction, Surface sealing, Hydraulic
models, Laboratory tests.
Identifiers: *Soil crusts.
Erodibility of soils is related to the changes in soil surface properties
resulting from rainfall. After 10 minutes of applied artificial rainfall,
the soil loss at different kinetic energies remained constant at a rate of
625 g per joule per sq cm. This is caused by shearing of a thin layer,
accompanied by the continual formation of a consolidated seal. The seal and
underlying crust are mainly due to the physical impact of raindrops. There
were no discernible changes in soil texture below the 0.5-mm region of the
crust.
70-71:02J-002
PLANT COVER, RUNOFF, AND SEDIMENT YIELD RELATIONSHIPS ON MANGOS SHALE IN
WESTERN COLORADO.
Branson, F. A., and Owen, J. B.
Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.
Water Resources Research, Vol.6, No. 3, p 783-790, June 1970. 8 p, 6 fig, 1
tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil-water-plant relationships, *Rainfall-runoff relationships,
*Sediment yield, Geomorphology, Topography, Correlation analysis, Drainage
patterns (Geologic), Drainage density, Runoff forecasting, Hydrograph analysis,
Streamflow forecasting, Colorado.
Identifiers: Plant cover-runoff-sediment yield relations, Grand Junction
(Colorado).
Relationships between vegetation and hydrologic measurements for 17 watersheds
near Grand Junction, Colorado, were subjected to correlation analyses. Six
years of vegetation measurements, four vegetation measurement methods, and
fifteen years of hydrologic records were used in the analyses. Highly signi-
ficant correlation coefficients were found for percent bare soil and runoff,
but the relationships between bare soil and sediment yields were not statis-
tically significant. Geomorphic parameters such as angle of junction,
mean slope, drainage density, relief ratio, length-width ratio, and watershed
area were more highly correlated with sediment yields than with runoff. Cor-
relation coefficients for spring vegetation measurements and runoff were
higher than for autumn measurements. First contact methods and step point
vegetation measurement methods were superior to the loop method and the all
contacts point method. Curves for the relationship of runoff to bare soil
were strikingly different for three sets of watersheds from different preci-
pitation zones. Bare soil measurements may provide rapid and inexpensive
estimates of runoff for watersheds similar to the ones studied.
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70-71:02J-003
IOWA PASSES EROSION-CONTROL LAW,
Moon, W. T.
Soil Conservation Service, Des Moines, Iowa.
Soil Conservation, Vol. 36, No. 12, p 272-273, 1971.
Descriptors: Soil erosion, Land management, Erosion control, Soil management
legislation.
Identifiers: Iowa.
A new law - described as the most far-reaching soil conservation law in the
country - went into effect on July 1. The law is called a conservancy district
law. It sets up six conservancy districts, which take in the entire state, on
a watershed basis to coordinate efforts of drainage districts and soil conser-
vation districts and to help put into effect the comprehensive statewide
water-resources plan. It requires that landowners, urban and rural, whose
soil loss exceeds certain limits employ erosion-control measures. Landowners
are to be given time to reduce erosion to an acceptable level. The objective
of the law is to stop erosion by any means.
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SECTION XI
WATER CYCLE
CHEMICAL PROCESSES (Group 02K)
70-71:02K-001
GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS,
Back, W,, and Hanshaw, B. B.
Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 5, p 1008-1016, October 1971. 5 fig,
12 ref.
Descriptors: *Geochemistry, *Hydrogeology, *Reviews, Groundwater movement,
Saline water intrusion, Path of pollutants, Drawdown, Water levels, Aquifer
characteristics, Water quality, Water yield, Thermodynamics, Carbonate rocks.
Identifiers: Groundwater flow systems.
This brief review describes several of the chemical and isotopic techniques
which are being applied to groundwater flow systems. Geochemical techniques
used to facilitate the understanding of a groundwater system range from extreme-
ly simple to those requiring sophisticated theories, equipment, and procedures.
An interpretation of the trilinear diagram for samples collected from the
Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico provided evidence that the fresh-water body was
only a few tens of meters thick and was underlain everywhere by an extensive
body of salt water. A geochemical technique to identify the source of salt
water in coastal aquifers is measurement of the carbon-14 concentration.
Carbon-14 may be used in carbonate aquifers to determine the velocity of
groundwater movement, rates of chemical reactions, and distribution of hydrau-
lic conductivity. The principles of irreversible thermodynamics applied to
groundwater systems provide a basis for prediction of changes in head dis-
tribution and chemical character of the water resulting from imposed stresses
on the system. Proper application of irreversible thermodynamics combines
potential theory with principles of reversible chemical thermodynamics to
explain chemical reactions and processes of groundwater systems.
70-71:02K-002
A WATER QUALITY MODEL OF CHLORIDES IN GREAT LAKES,
O'Connor, Donald J., and Mueller, John A.
Manhattan College, Bronx, New York, Department of Civil Engineering.
ASCE Proceedings, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Vol. 96, No.
SA4, Paper 7470, p 955-975, August 1970. 14 fig, 6 tab, 23 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Great Lakes, *Chlorides, *Salt balance, *Mathe-
matical models, Water balance, Streamflow, Hydrologic budget.
Identifiers: Water quality models.
The increase in the concentration of conservative substances in the Great
Lakes is described by a simple time variable equation. The concentration of
chlorides is related to the fresh water flow, the volumes of the lakes and
the various sources—municipal, industrial, natural background and road de-
icing. The increase in concentration since 1900 is presented and projections
are made of anticipated concentrations based on various assumptions of control,
70-71:02K-003
DISPERSION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING IONS IN GROUNDWATER FROM VARIOUS ROCK TYPES
IN A PORTION OF THE SAN PEDRO RIVER BASIN, ARIZONA,
Wallace, D. E., and Cooper, L. R.
Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, Arizona, Southwest Watershed Research
Center.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 391-405, June 1970. 15 p, 9 fig,
1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Water chemistry, *bispersion, *Tracers,
*Arizona, Solutes, Alluvium, Recharge, Discharge (Water), Flow nets, Leaching,
Mixing, Ion transport, Ions.
Identifiers: San Pedro River basin (Arizona).
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The groundwater in an alluvial basin in southern Arizona was analyzed for con-
centrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl ions. The variety of rock types in the
area, plus the undisturbed state of the groundwater basin, made comparative
rock mineralization-groundwater ionization interpretations possible. Ionic
dispersion in groundwater emanating from source areas composed of differing
rock types is plotted as isogram maps. These isolated areas of differing
mineral composition each exhibit a unique ionic contribution to groundwater.
The ion concentration in groundwater were then used as naturally occurring
tracers to determine source areas of recharge and to delineate subsurface
barriers to the normal basin flow net. Ion dispersion plots reveal the car-
bonates of the Dragoon Mountains to be a major contributor of Ca and Mg to
the deep alluvial portion of the basin. Cl dispersion patterns show the
granitic intrusives of the Tombstone Hills produce a barrier effect in the
normal flow pattern of the basin as well as being a contributor of Cl to
groundwater.
70-71:02K-004
DISSOLVED SOLIDS-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS: 1. MIXING MODELS,
Hall, Francis R.
New Hampshire University, Durham.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, p 845-850, June 1970. 6 p, 1 fig, 7
ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Streamflow, *Dissolved solids, *Mathematical
models, Aqueous solutions, Solutes, Mixing, Leaching, Dispersion, Diffusion,
Discharge (Water).
Identifiers: Discharge-dissolved solids relationships, Mixing models.
A reasonable basis is needed for the selection of models to aid in analyzing
the relationships between dissolved constituents and discharge in streams. A
series of simple mixing models based on mass balance calculations is presented
along with derivations and solutions for assumptions about the mixing volumes
and the storage volume-discharge relationship. If concentration and discharge
data show a hysteresis or loop relationship with time, then the commonly as-
sumed direct relationship between total volume of water in the stream channel
and stream discharge is probably not valid. The relationship of the constants
in the derived equations to physical or chemical factors is masked at the
present time by the nature of the initial assumptions and the method of
derivation.
70-71:02K-005
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN IRRIGATED COTTON (GOSSYPIUM
HIRSUTUM),
Bassett, D. M. , Anderson, W. D., and Werkhoven, C. H. E.
California University, Davis. Department of Agronomy and Range Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2, p 299-303, 1970. 4 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Nutrient removal, *Chemical analysis, *Distribution, Cotton,
Irrigation, Crop production.
Identifiers: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), San Joaquin Valley of California,
Seasonal uptake.
Dry-matter production of cotton (Gossypium hirsulum L.) plants in the irrigated
San Joaquin Valley of California was slow for 40 to 80 days following seeding,
with only 2 to 4 percent of the total season aerial dry matter present at time
of first square, and 7 to 10 percent at time of first flower (one-fourth to
one-tenth of the percentages reported elsewhere for these stages). One-third
of the total seasonal dry matter was produced in a 2-week period in August.
Total dry matter ranged from 6,900 to 8,900 kg/ha, distributed in mature
plants as stems, 23.1 percent; leaves, 17.4 percent; burs, 16.3 percent; seed,
25.3 percent; and lint, 17.9 percent. The proportion of lint was at least 50
percent higher than reported from early research in other areas. Amounts of
N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na accumulated in the aboveground parts at first flower
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were less than 15 percent of the final amounts. Of total seasonal uptake,
45 percent of N and P occurred in July and 67 percent of K in the 6 weeks be-
ginning July 1. During these peak absorption periods, daily uptake per hec-
tare was 1.5 to 2.0 kg N, 0.17 to 0.34 kg P, and 2.1 to 3.4 kg K. Mature
plants contained 142 kg N, 19 kg P, and 127 kg K per hectare. About 70 kg N,
11 kg P, and 21 kg K per hectare were contained in the seed. The amount of
dry matter needed to produce 100 units lint contained 10 units N, 1.5 P, and
9 K. More than half of the N and P was in seed, and more than one-third of the
K was in the bur.
70-71:02K-006
PREDICTION OF THE NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS OF FIELD CROPS. PART I. THEORETICAL
MODELS OF NITROGEN RELEASE,
Reuss, J. 0., and Geist, J. M.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Department of Agronomy.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 381-384, 1970. 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Model, *Nitrogen, Soil testing, Fertilizer.
Identifiers: Multiple regression, Nitrogen release.
Theoretical models for the prediction of the total supply of mineral nitrogen
available for crop production have been developed. These models are based on
the assumption that the supply of available N is determined by fertilizer N,
native soil mineral N, and N released from organic matter. Model No. (1)
is of the form Y = bo + biXi + buXi2 + b2X2 + b22X22 + bi2XiX2, where:
Y = yield or other parameter dependent on N supply, Xi = fertilizer N plus
available soil mineral N, X2 = any index of organic N release, and bi, b2,
b . . . are coefficients determined by regression techniques. Model No. (2)
is of the form Y = Bo + Bi(Xi + aX2) + B2(Xi + aX2)2, where: a represents a
release coefficient appropriate to a given X2; Bo, Bi, B2 are regression co-
efficients; and Y, Xi, and X2 are the same as in Model (1). The release co-
efficient a can be evaluated by ratios of slopes from Model (1), or by a re-
iterative procedure. More sophisticated models based on Model (2), but
assuming nonlinear release of organic N, have also been developed along with
methods for evaluating the constants involved.
70-71:02K-007
PREDICTION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF FIELD CROPS. II. APPLICA-
TION OF THEORETICAL MODELS TO MALTING BARLEY,
Geist, J. M., Reuss, J. O., and Johnson, D. D.
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, La Grande, Oregon.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 385-389, 1970. 3 tab, 3 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrogen, *Model, Soil testing, Fertilizer, Barley.
Identifiers: Prediction model, Moravian barley, Nitrogen availability,
Moravian barley (Hordeum distichum L. emend. Lam.).
Five indices of soil organic nitrogen availability and mineral plus fertilizer
nitrogen were used in the prediction of grain yield, grain protein content,
and grain protein nitrogen of Moravian barley. Three mathematical models were
employed, one of which included only soil mineral plus fertilizer N for predic-
tion of crop parameters. The remaining two models, which included both organic
and mineral plus fertilizer N showed improved predictability of crop parameters.
No organic nitrogen measure showed superiority to others, however, one equation
model was advantageous in studying the relative contribution of soil organic
N to crop production.
70-71:02K-008
EFFECT OF A PLASTIC BARRIER UNDER THE NITRATE BAND ON NITROGEN UPTAKE BY
PLANTS,
Parks, C. L. , White, A. W., and Boswell, F. C.
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Agricultural Research Service, Watkinsville, Georgia.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 437-439, 1970. 5 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrogen, Barrier, Fertilizer, Soil management.
Identifiers: *Nitrogen uptake, *Plastic barrier, Nitrogen application,
Corn (Zea mays L.), Rye (Secale cereale).
Field experiments were conducted on a Cecil sandy loam (Typic Hapludults) to
test the effectiveness of a physical barrier (plastic trough) placed immediate-
ly beneath a band of nitrate fertilizer in preventing loss of fertilizer N from
the root zone by leaching, as measured by plant growth and N uptake. Rye
(Secale cereale) and corn (Zea mays) were used as test plants to evaluate the
effect of the physical barriers upon fall and spring applied N. A split plot
design was used for each experiment. Rye was harvested in December, March,
and when the grain was in the dough stage. Eight corn plants were harvested
from each plot 30, 37, 44, 52, 65, and 88 days after plant emergence. The
total N content of plant samples taken at each harvest date was determined.
The applied N recovered in the rye forage was 76, 63, and 47 percent for the 45,
90, and 180 kg/ha rates of N, respectively. The applied N recovered in the
corn grain was 33, 25, and 20 percent for the 68, 136, and 272 kg/ha rates of
N, respectively. Placing a physical barrier immediately beneath the fertilizer
band did not significantly (P<0.05) increase the uptake of N by the plants or
the plants' recovery of the fertilizer N.
70-71:02K-009
NITROGEN MOVEMENT COMPARISONS IN CROPPED VERSUS FALLOWED SOILS,
Boswell, F. C. and Anderson, 0. E.
Georgia University, Agriculture Experiment Stations, Georgia Station, Experi-
ment, Georgia.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 499-503, 1970. 3 tab, 4 fig, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrogen, *Soil properties, Leaching, Fallowing, Soil
management.
Identifiers: Nitrogen movement, Nitrogen recovery, Nitrogen accumulation.
The movement and accumulation patterns of N, applied as KNOs to cropped and
fallowed plots, were studied on two widely different soils, Marlboro and
Davidson. Generally, the movement and accumulation patterns indicated movement
of N to a greater depth and extent on the cropped than on fallowed plots.
Nitrogen movement in the Marlboro surface and subsoil was considerably greater
than in Davidson soil. Even with excessive rainfall, most of the N recovered
11 to 12 months after application was concentrated between the 46- to 122-cm
depths with the largest accumulation occurring in the 61- to 91-cm layer.
After 10 weeks and 29 cm of rainfall, 78 percent of the applied N was recovered
on the fallowed Davidson soil while after 50 weeks and 154 cm of rainfall
53 percent was recovered. Comparable recoveries for the cropped plots were
39 and 49 percent respectively. After 5 weeks and 12 cm rainfall, the recovery
on the fallowed plots of the Marlboro soil was 109 percent but had decreased
to 33 percent after 46 weeks and 124 cm of accumulated rainfall. Data for
cropped plots indicated 119 and 25 percent recovery for the respective sampling
periods. Recovery increased approximately 5 to 10 percent on the cropped
plots when the plant N uptake values were included.
70-71:02K-010
OXYGEN DIFFUSION IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM. IV. OXYGEN CONCENTRATION PROFILES,
RESPIRATION RATES, AND RADIAL OXYGEN LOSSES PREDICTED FOR RICE ROOTS,
Luxmoore, R. J. , Stolzy, L. H., and Letey, J.
California University, Riverside, Dept of Soils and Plant Nutrition.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 329-332, 1970. 3 tab, 6 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Respiration, *Oxygen, Rice, Root system.
Identifiers: Oxygen concentration profiles, Respiration rate, Radial loss,
Oxygen diffusion, Rice root model, Root radius, Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
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Oxygen concentration profiles, mean respiration rates, and the percent radial
oxygen losses (proportion of the oxygen diffusing into the top of the root that
is lost radially from the root) were obtained from an analysis of steady state
oxygen diffusion in rice (Oryza sativa L.) root models under simulated paddy
field conditions. An increase in root radius and water layer thickness re-
sults in an increase in the oxygen concentration within the root and at the
root wall at all positions along the root. These higher oxygen concentrations
resulted in higher mean respiration rates, however, the percent radial oxygen
loss (PRL) was reduced. The mean respiration rate and PRL were both decreased
with increase in root length. Under paddy conditions it seems that oxygen
concentration is a factor limiting respiration rate since the mean respiration
rate is much less than the maximum rate for mature root tissue. A 20-cm root
with a 0.05-cm radius is predicted to radially lose about 5 to 7 percent
of the oxygen diffusing into the top of the root. This has considerable
ecological significance for roots growing in an anaerobic medium.
70-71:02K-011
OXYGEN DIFFUSION IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM. II. RESPIRATION RATE, PERMEABILITY,
AND POROSITY OF CONSECUTIVE EXCISED SEGMENTS OF MAIZE AND RICE ROOTS,
Luxmoore, R. J., Stolzy, L. H., and Letey, J.
California University, Riverside, Dept of Soils and Plant Nutrition.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 322-324, 1970. 2 tab, 3 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Respiration, *Root system, *0xygen, *Diffusion, Permeability,
Porosity.
Identifiers: Maize (Zea mays L.), Rice (Oriza sativa L.), Oxygen concentra-
tion, Pycnomometer method, Root respiration.
Respiration rates were determined at 4.4, 20.8, and 80 percent oxygen con-
centration for consecutive excised segments of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice
(Oriza sativa L.) roots. From these data, the maximum respiration rate, the
oxygen concentration at which respiration was half of the maximum rate, and the
root permeability to oxygen were derived for each position along the root,
up to 10 cm from the root tip for maize and 6 cm for rice. The gas-filled
porosity of these segments was measured by the pycnometer method. The root
tip segment is characterized by the highest maximum respiration rate,
highest permeability, and lowest porosity. Both respiration rate and
permeability decrease with distance from the root tip, whereas porosity in-
creases to a maximum of 10 percent for maize and 33 percent for rice. The
oxygen concentration at which respiration is half of the maximum rate is about
8 percent for maize and about 16 percent for rice at each position along the
root.
70-71:02K-012
OXYGEN DIFFUSION IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM. I. A MODEL,
Luxmoore, R. J., Stolzyr L. H., and Letey, J.
California University, Riverside. Dept of Soils and Plant Nutrition.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 317-322, 1970. 4 fig, 10 ref, 1 append.
Descriptors: *Aeration, *Respiration, *Diffusion, Computer analysis, Model,
Oxygen.
Identifiers: Plant aeration, Soil aeration, Root respiration, Steady state
model, Oxygen diffusion.
A model for steady state, isothermal oxygen diffusion into a cylindrical root
surrounded by a water film of uniform thickness is proposed. Equations are
developed which account for longitudinal oxygen flux through the intercellular
gas spaces, radial flux through the water film, and a respiratory oxygen sink
which is defined as a function oxygen concentration. A method of computer
analysis is outlined whereby the law of continuity is applied sequentially to
small sections of root, such that the amount of oxygen diffusing into a sec-
tion is equated with the oxygen diffusing out plus -the respiratory consumption.
The solution for the model defines a series of oxygen concentrations along the
root length. From these data the amount of oxygen consumed in respiration
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which diffuses into the top of the root (plant aeration) and the amount dif-
fusing radially from the soil (soil aeration) may be calculated, and effect of
soil and plant characteristics examined.
70-71:02K-013
EFFECTS OF SHORT PERIODS OF ANAEROBIC AND NEAR-ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS ON WATER
UPTAKE BY TOBACCO ROOTS,
Willey, C. R.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, Dept of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2, p 224-229, 1970. 2 tab, 9 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Aeration, *Absorption, Drainage, Biological uptake roots,
Tobacco.
Identifiers: Root respiration, Anaerobic treatment, Tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum L.).
Intact tobacco roots growing in nutrient solution spray in a sealed chamber
were treated with mixtures of 02, N2, and CO2 gases. Oxygen and water uptake
by roots and plant stem diameter were recorded. Anaerobic treatments produced
by flushing roots with N2 or N2 plus 21 percent C02 gases for 6 hours decreased
water uptake 50 percent or more, but restoration of air to roots caused a rapid
recovery of water uptake. Root injury was caused by both treatments as evi-
denced by reduced oxygen uptake following each treatment. Gases with 1 percent
or more oxygen had little or no effect on water uptake. Treatment gases con-
taining up to 21% CO2 had the same effect on water uptake as treatment gases
without CO2. Oxygen deficiency appears to be the primary cause of the initial
decrease in water uptake and wilting of tobacco subjected to poor root aeration.
70-71:02K-014
SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOURCE OF NITROGEN IN RELATION TO NITRIFICATION IN SODDED
AND CULTIVATED SOILS,
Anderson, 0. E., Jones, L. S., and Boswell, F. C.
Georgia University, Experiment, College of Agriculture, Experiment Stations,
Georgia Station.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2, p 206-211, 1970. 2 tab, 6 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: Nitrification, Incubation, Soil temperature, Rotation.
Identifiers: Nitrogen recovery, Nitrogen inhibition.
Sods of coastal bermudagrass and fescue in permanent pastures or in sod-based
rotations did not greatly inhibit nitrification of applied N at 32 deg C.
Nitrification was strongly inhibited by sods in the finer textured soils at
6 deg C, especially those high in silt content. Though there were differences
in nitrification rates among several sources of N, they were not strongly
related to cropping practices. There were wide differences among the various
N sources in the percent recovery of applied N. The percent recovery at 32
deg C was always higher in sodded than in cultivated soils, irrespective of
source, but at 6 deg C the effect of cropping practice was inconsistent.
70-71:02K-015
RESPONSE OF COTTON TO BORON,
Murphy, B. C., and Lancaster, J. D.
Mississippi Agricultural Experimental Station, Dept of Agronomy.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 4, p 539-540, 1971. 3 tab, 1 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Boron, *Crop response, Cotton, Foliar application, Application
method.
Identifiers: Soil content, Plant content, Critical boron level.
Field experiments were conducted with rates and methods of application of B
to cotton. Broadcast was as effective as drilled, foliar application was as
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good as soil application, and there was no advantage to a combination of soil
and foliar application. A highly soluble source of B was superior to a more
slowly soluble one. Young leaves, the third or fourth node from the growing
point, were found to have a critical level of about 15 ppm B. Mature leaves
occurring at the fifth and sixth nodes from the growing point had a B content
of 5 to 10 ppm higher. The critical level of hot-water soluble B in the top
15 cm of soil was in the range of 0.10 to 0.16 ppm.
70-71:02K-016
NITROGEN RELEASE FROM SULFUR-COATED UREA, AS AFFECTED BY COATING WEIGHT,
PLACEMENT AND TEMPERATURE,
Allen, S. E., Hunt, C. M., and Terman, G. L.
National Fertilizer Development Center, TVA, Muscle Shoals, Alabama.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 4, p 529-533, 1971. 1 tab, 6 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrogen, Incubation, Temperature.
Identifiers: Nitrogen release, Bermudagrass (Cynadon dactylon), Sulfur-coated
urea.
Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to measure the factors con-
trolling release of N from sulfur-coated urea (SCU). Results of two greenhouse
pot experiments with common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and a third with
uncropped soil in controlled environment regimes showed that the rate of dis-
solution of SCU increased greatly with higher temperatures of cropping or in-
cubation. Dissolution rates of SCU granules were decreased by heavier coating
with S, by inclusion of 0.5 percent coal tar oil microbicide in the coating,
and by surface application, as compared to mixing with the soil. Satisfactorily
coated urea (SCU) or split applications of uncoated ammonium nitrate (AN) or
urea both resulted in more uniform distribution of forage production and N
uptake than did a single application of urea of AN at time of seeding. Greater
yields of forage were obtained from single applications of some SCU products
than from urea or AN. Apparent volatilization losses of surface-applied urea
were severe, particularly at higher growth, or incubation temperatures. Losses
of N were reduced, but not entirely eliminated by S-coating.
70-71:02K-017
A BIOLOGICAL METHOD FOR EVALUATING SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY AND FORECASTING
NITROGEN FERTILIZER NEEDS OF WHEAT,
Amir, J., and Ephrat, J.
Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Bet Dagan, Israel, Dept of Agronomy.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, p 385-388, 1971. 2 tab, 3 fig, 23 ref.
Descriptors: Fertilizer, Wheat, Nitrogen, Absorption.
Identifiers: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Nitrogen uptake, Nitrogen fertili-
zation, Wheat fertilization, Soil nitrogen availability.
A biological method for evaluating N availability and forecasting N fertilizer
needs of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is proposed. Spring wheat plants were
grown in containers with 8 kg of soil from the field under consideration.
Total N uptake, as determined 60 days after sowing (at the beginning of
heading), indicated the potential response of the wheat crop in the field.
The test of the method's suitability for practical use was based on the re-
sponse of the wheat crop to N application in the field. The total N (in
milligrams) taken up by the test plants was designated as the nitrogen index
of the soil (NI). On the mineral loess soils of the semi-arid Israeli Negev,
wheat responded significantly to N fertilization only in fields with NI lower
than 100.
70-71:02K-018
THE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRIFYING BACTERIA IN SOIL AGGREGATES,
Nishio, M. and Furusaka, C.
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Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Institute for Agricultural Research.
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 16, No. 1, p 24-29, 1970. 5 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Bacteria, *Percolation, Soil aggregates, Distribution.
Identifiers: Sonic vibration method, Washing method, Nitrifying bacteria.
The distribution of nitrifying bacteria in soil aggregates, which were per-
colated with ammonium or nitrate, was studied using the "washing and sonic
vibration method." In air-dried aggregates most of nitrifying bacteria were
observed to be present in the inner-fraction. Treated with percolation,
nitrifying bacteria in the outer-fraction increased more vigorously than those
in the inner-one. When the percolated aggregates were desiccated over PzOs or
treated with HgCla solution, the bacteria in the outer-fraction were killed
more easily than those in the inner-fraction. These results are well explained
as in the case of heterotrophic bacteria by the concept that an aggregate as
a habitat of bacteria can be divided into 2 distinct sites, i.e., the inner and
the outer-site.
70-71:02K-019
SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM AREAS OF BARLEY GRASS (HORDEUM MURINUM
L.) INFESTATION,
Metson, A. J., Saunders, W. M. H., and Nott, J. H.
Soil Bureau, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, Dept of Scientific and Industrial
Research.
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 14, No. 2, p 334-351,
1971. 7 tab, 33 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Soil analysis, Chemical analysis, Nutrients.
Identifiers: Hawke's Bay district, Barley grass, Soluable salt content.
Chemical analyses of soils (0-1 in) under pastures in the Hawke's Bay district
showing heavy (H), moderate (M), or light (L) infestations of barley grass
(Hordeum murinum L.) showed values for Truog P. organic C, total N, and ex-
changeable Ca, Mg, K, and HHi, in the order H>M>L. Concentrations of total
soluble salts were also in the order H>M>L, and the order of abundance of
individual ions was: for cations, K+>Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+; for anions, HC03~>NOa~
>Cl~>SOit2. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that invasion of
pastures by barley grass is favored by the development of saline areas and
urine at sites where stock congregate. -It is suggested that with continued
camping of stock, sites in low-rainfall Sistricts at present heavily infested
with barley grass may eventually be superseded by bare ground because of in-
creasing soil salinity. Seed counts on soils (sampled in March) give Hordeum
counts in the order H>M>L. Germination tests on the same soils showed seedling
emergence for different species as follows: Hordeum marinum, H>M>L; other
grasses, HL>M.
70-71:02K-020
THE MEASUREMENT AND MECHANISM OF ION DIFFUSION IN SOILS V. DIFFUSION OF HYDRO-
GEN ION IN SOILS,
Farr, E., Vaidyanathan, L. V., and Nye, P. H.
Oxford University, Aberdeen, School of Agriculture, Dept of Chemistry and
Biochemistry.
The Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 21, No. 1, p 1-14, 1970. 2 tab, 8 fig,
2 append, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Diffusion, *Cation exchange, Ions, Hydrogen, Calcium.
Identifiers: Flux, Buffer.
The linear diffusion of H ion from a series of soil blocks, containing essen-
tially H and Ca only as exchangeable cations, into a sink solution maintained
at pH 5.2 has been studied. In three separate series of experiments, first the
total concentration of diffusible H, then the amount of diffusible H in the
pore solution, and finally the amount of exchangeable H associated with the
solid phase have been successively varied. The effect of the resulting flux
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and diffusion coefficients of the ion has been related to the H buffer power
of the soil. The impedance factor of the ion through the liquid pathway is
slightly lower than that for other cations determined in soil. The diffu-
sive flux of H occurs through the liquid pathway, and the contribution of
solid-associated H is small, except possible at low H ion solution
concentrations.
70-71:02K-021
A MODEL OF A GROWING PASTURE,
Paltridge, G. W.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Aspendale, Vic-
toria, Australia, Division of Meteorological Physics.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 7, No. 2, p 93-130, 1970. 4 tab, 12 fig,
1 append, 25 ref.
Descriptors: Model, Growth, Vegetation, Pasture.
An attempt is made to model a developing pasture in a manner requiring an
experimental data on dependent variables. The term "pasture" here includes all
forms of uniform vegetation which can be characterized primarily by leaves and
roots. The model is based on the concept of limiting values. At any time at
a particular level in the canopy, growth is determined by one of three para-
meters (radiation available, carbon dioxide available, or the capacity of
individual leaves to carry out the photosynthetic conversion) which are calcul-
able from the defined above-crop external conditions and the parameters of the
plant which have been selected as independent. Because the model does not
rely on field data, it is possible to use simple evolutionary constraints to
enable the pasture to generate its own architecture as the photo-synthesized
material becomes available. Soil water status is included, so that the effect
of water deficit on the growth pattern of both leaves and roots can be in-
vestigated. The most obviously useful agrometeorological concepts have been
incorporated, so that for a particular simulation attempt it is only necessary
to devise suitable physical descriptions of leaf shape and orientation. Il-
lustrative trials of the model compare well (in those aspects where comparison
is possible without direct simulation) with real pastures, and reveal behavior-
patterns which may help to direct experimental research in the field.
70-71:02K-022
OXYGEN DIFFUSION IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM III. OXYGEN CONCENTRATION PRO-
FILES, RESPIRATION RATES, AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANT AERATION PREDICTED FOR
MAIZE ROOTS,
Luxmoore, R. J., Stolzy, L. H., and Letey, J.
California University, Riverside, Dept of Soils and Plant Nutrition.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 325-329, 1970. 3 tab, 7 fig, 16 ref.
Descriptors: Oxygen, Diffusion, Respiration, Root system, Aeration.
Identifiers: Maize (Zea mays L.), Maize root model.
Oxygen concentration profiles, mean respiration rates, and the percent plant
aeration estimates (proportion of respired oxygen diffusing from the atmos-
phere via gas spaces in the plant) were obtained from an analysis of steady
state oxygen diffusion in maize (Zea mays L.) root models under simulated
field conditions. An increase in root radius and in water film thickness as
occurs after rainfall or irrigation induced a decrease in oxygen concentration
within the root, a decrease in mean respiration rate, and an increase in per-
cent plant aeration (PPA). An increase in root length reduced both mean re-
spiration rate and PPA. Plant aeration is predicted to be a significant factor
in the oxygen relations of maize roots. For a given root system, the gas-fil-
led porosity and the thickness of the water film around the root have the
greatest influence on this process. Soil aeration is important in the oxygen
supply to the lower root and root tip regions and this has a critical effect
on continuing plant growth and development.
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70-71:02K-023
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF RICE VARIETIES TO TIMING OF MID-SEASON NITROGEN
APPLICATIONS,
Wells, B. R., and Johnston, T. H.
Arkansas University, Stuttgart, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Dept of Agriculture; and Arkansas Agricultural Experiment
Station,
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 5, p 608-611, 1970. 8 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrogen, *Application rate, *Crop response, Rice.
Identifiers: Plant type, Lodging, Rice yield, Grain weight, Rice (Oryza
Sativa L.)
Field studies were conducted with rice (Oryza sativa L.) on Crowley silt loam
soil using the important commercial cultivars 'Bluebell,' 'Nova 66,' and
1Starbonnet.' Studied were the effects of rate and timing of mid-season N
applications on grain yield, plant height, lodging, headrice yield, and grain
weight (g/M) of varieties (cultivars) differing in maturity and plant type.
Maximum grain yields were associated with N applied at median internode lengths
averaging 21.0, 58.5, and 5.0 mm for Bluebelle, Nova 66, and Starbonnet,
respectively. Delaying mid-season N applications until these respective
stages of plant development, resulted in shorter plants and less lodging,
accompanied by increased grain weight and head-rice yields. Variations in the
median internode length at N fertilization, timed for a combination of maximum
grain yield and minimum plant height and lodging, were closely associated with
plant type. Starbonnet and Bluebelle, which have short, stiff straw and erect
leaves, responded better to N applied at a shorter internode length than
Nova 66, a taller, broader-leaved variety. When N was applied too early,
Nova 66 produced considerably more excessive vegetation than did Bluebelle
and Starbonnet. Both Starbonnet and Bluebelle have plant types which approach
the one currently favored by many plant breeders.
70-71:02K-024
THE MEASUREMENT AND MECHANISM OF ION DIFFUSION IN SOILS VI. THE EFFECT OF
CONCENTRATION AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE COUNTER-DIFFUSION OF SOIL PHOSPHATE
AGAINST CHLORIDE ION,
Farr, E., Vaidyanathan, L. V., and Nye, P. H.
Oxford University, Aberdeen, School of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Soil Science Laboratory.
The Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 21, No. 1, p 15-27, 1970. 4 tab, 3 fig,
14 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-061)
70-71:02K-025
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE STUDIES OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN SOILS,
Lopez, P. L., and Graham, E. R.
Missouri University, Columbia.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 24-30, July, 1970. 4 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, * Inorganic compounds, *Soil management, Soil
structure, Groundwater.
Identifiers: *Micronutrients, *Soil fertility.
Three soil samples of Mexico silt loam with pH of 5.0, 6.6, 7.4 were used.
The equilibrium concentration in solution and the reserve amounts in the solid
phase of Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu were determined by isotopic exchange. The labile
pool of each element was calculated from these values. Factors affecting the
determination, such as pH of the soil and the extractant, drying treatments,
composition of extraction solutions, and equilibration time to reach a steady
state were included.
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70-71:02K-026
CALCULATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY FROM SOLUTION COMPOSITION DATA AS AN AID
TO IN-SITU ESTIMATION OF SOIL SALINITY,
McNeal, B. L., Oster, J. D., and Hatcher, J. T.
United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, Agricultural
Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, United States
Salinity Laboratory.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 6, p 405-414, December 1970. 2 fig, 6 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Electrical conductance, *Soil chemical properties, Salinity,
Saline soils.
Identifiers: Electrical conductivity calculation, Salinity sensors, Saturation
extract.
Several methods for calculating the electrical conductivity (EC) of mixed salt
solutions have been developed and tested on saturation extract data from 193
soils. Most methods were based on the additivity of values for individual-ion
EC in both single-salt and mixed-salt solutions. Calculated and measured EC
commonly agreed to within ±0.2 mmhos/cm. Up to 15-40 mmhos/cm., depending upon
the method used. A single third-order polynomial for each ion proved satis-
factory for predicting the EC of most single salt solutions containing the ion
and a counter-ion. Correction factors had to be applied when using these
equations for mixed-salt solutions.
70-71:02K-027
SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND BULK VOLUME CHANGES DURING CYCLIC CALCIUM-
SODIUM EXCHANGE,
Waldron, L. J., and Constantin, G. K.
California University, Berkeley.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 81-85, August 1970. 3 fig, 3 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, * Inorganic compounds, *Soil management, Soil
structure, Groundwater, Hydraulic conductivity.
Identifiers: *Sodium content, *Calcium content, SAR, ESP.
Differences in physico-chemical interaction of CaCl2 and NaCl with six soil
types were not suppressed by using concentrated solution of equal ionic
strength. In alternating permeation with 0.3 M NaCl2 and 0.9 M NaCl, whenever
NaCl replaced CaCl2 the hydraulic conductivity in all soil types decreased.
When CaCl was reintroduced following NaCl permeation, hydraulic conductivity
increased in two of six soils, in each case with decreasing bulk volume. Under
the experimental condition, salts apparently exerted their effect on hydraulic
conductivity through their influence on aggregate stability. Soil pretreat-
ment with strong NaCl solutions, exerts a large irreversible effect on soil
permeability.
70-71:02K-028
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF CERTAIN
TEXAS SOILS,
Naghshineh-Pour, B., Kunze, G. W., and Carson, C. D.
Ahwaz Agricultural College, Ahwaz, Iran.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 124-127, August 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, * Inorganic compounds, *Soil management, Soil
structure, Groundwater, Hydraulic conductivity.
Identifiers: *Sodium content, *Calcium content, SAR, ESP.
Four well characterized soils,—Houston Black clay, Beaumont clay, Katy fine
sandy loam, and the Nacogdoches fine sandy loam—were studied. It is evident
that such things as SAR, ESP, electrolyte concentration, clay content, free
iron oxides, and clay mineral species are all important.factors involved in
the hydraulic conductivity of the soils of this study. The most important
single factor for the contrasting soils reported is soil mineralogy. The
results point out the importance of excluding sodium from the soil system and
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maintaining a calcium-saturated exchange complex for the soil with high mont-
morillonite content.
70-71:02K-029
THE CONCENTRATION OF K, CA, AND MG IN THE SATURATION EXTRACT IN RELATION TO
EXCHANGEABLE K, CA, AND MG,
Nemeth, K., Mengel, K., and Grimme, H.
Landwirtschaftliche Forschungsanstalt, Buntehof, Hannover.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 179-185, March 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compounds, Soil management, Calcium,
Magnesium, Potassium, Soil structure.
Identifiers: *Saturated extract, Exchangeable.
In 72 soil samples of various texture, the concentration K, Ca, and Mg in the
soil solution was studied in relation to other soil properties. The Ca and Mg
concentration increased with increasing quantities of exchangeable Ca and Mg
regardless of the soil texture. A correlation between the exchangeable K and
the K concentration of the soil solution exists only if the soils are classifi-
ed according to their content of clay and silt. As the percentage K saturation
comprises the intensity and the capacity of K supply as well as the buffer
capacity, it should characterize the K availability better than exchangeable K
alone.
70-71:02K-030
ANION EXCLUSION EFFECTS ON CHLORIDE MOVEMENT IN SOILS,
Thomas, G. W., Swoboda, A. R.
Kentucky University, Lexington; and Texas A & M University, College Station.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 3, p 163-166, September 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compound, *Chlorides, Cation exchange,
Anion exchange, Leaching, Groundwater, Soil moisture.
Identifiers: *Anion exclusion, Salt movement.
The effect of anion exclusion on the, rate of chloride movement through soils
was studied. It was found that in Houston Black Clay the efficiency of
chloride movement relative to total water movement was 137 percent at 0.01 N,
119 percent at 0.1 N, 112 percent at 1.0 N concentration. Results of this
study suggest that anion exclusion plays an important part in increasing the
movement of salt through soils with high cation-exchange capacities.
70-71:02K-031
DISSOLUTION OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN RELATION TO IRON OXIDE CONTENT OF ACID
SOILS,
Sree Ramulu, U. S., Pratt, P. F.
Agricultural College, Coimbatore, Madras, India.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 1, p 35-39, January 1970. 2 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compounds, *Iron oxides, Soil
management, Soil science.
Identifiers: *Dissolution, Dicalcium phosphate.
Incubation studies on the persistance or dissolution of dicalcium phosphate
dihydrate (DCPD) in 12 soils were conducted over a period of 18 months. The
results showed that the time of dissolution of DCPD in soil samples varied
inversely with the free iron oxide content of the samples. In samples low in
free iron oxides, the points moved toward lower phosphoric acid potential
whereas in samples higher in iron oxides, the points corresponding to the solu-
tion compositions moved toward the singular point for otacalcium phosphate-
strengite.
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70-71:02K-032
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON THE DISSOLUTION OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN
SOILS,
Sree Ramulu, U. S., and Pratt, P. F.
California University, Riverside, Dept of Soils and Plant Nutrition.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 186-189, March 1970. 2 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, * Inorganic compounds, Organic matter, Soil
management, Soil Science, Anaerobic conditions.
Identifiers: *Dissolution, Dicalcium phosphate, Preheating.
The effects of preheating wetting and drying and of anaerobic conditions with
and without addition of organic matter on the dissolution of Dicalcium phos-
phate dihydrate (DCPD) in three soils, were studied using phase equilibria.
Preheating and/or addition of organic matter to anaerobic samples increased
the rate of dissolution of DCPD added to soils whereas wetting and drying
treatments increased the rate only to a limited extent. Anaerobic conditions
with no organic matter had no measurable effect.
70-71-.02K-033
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE SOIL NITROGEN BY CHEMICAL
METHODS: I. COMPARISON OF EXTRACTABLE WITH MINERALIZED NITROGEN,
Verstraeten, L. M. J., Vlassak, K., and Livens, J.
Louvain University, Belgium.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 299-305, November 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-071)
70-71:02K-034
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS,
Williams, J. D. H., Syers, J. K., Walker, T. W., and Rex, R. W.
Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand, Dept of Soil Science; and California
University, Riverside, Dept of Geological Sciences.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 13-17, July 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors:
Identifiers:
*Soil chemistry, Organic compounds, Phosphorus.
*Determination methods, New'Zealand.
Total organic phosphorous contents of thirteen soil and rock materials were
determined using four procedures which involve contrasting analytical approach-
es. The procedures were the Mehta-Anderson, difference, high temperature
ignition, and low temperature ashing. Of the four methods investigated, the
Mehta-Anderson procedure was the most satisfactory because it gave the most
consistant results over the whole range of phosphorous contents.
70-71:02K-035
MOVEMENT OF SALT AND WATER NEAR CRYSTALLINE SALT IN RELATIVELY DRY SOIL,
Scotter, D. R., Raats, P. A. C.
Wisconsin University, Madison.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 170-178, March 1970. 9 fig, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compounds, Saline soils, Soil water,
Soil management.
Identifiers: *Salt movement, Water movement, Salt dissolution.
Columns of soil with a layer of salt at one end were set up. After a period
of time they were sectioned and the water and salt content profiles determined.
Columns sampled at different times showed both the profiles to be functions of
the distance from the soil-salt interface divided by the square root of the
time the experiment was run. A simple physical-mathematical model was develop-
ed that described the water movement to the salt and the dissolution of the
salt.
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70-71:02K-036
COMPONENTS OF pH DEPENDENT CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY,
Sawhney, B. L., Frink, C. R. , and Hill, D. E.
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 5, p 272-278, May 1970. 2 fig, 4 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil chemistry, *Inorganic compounds, Organic acids, Cation
exchange.
Identifiers: *Cation exchange capacity, pH, Natural salt.
The pH dependent cation exchange capacity (CEC) of some acid soils was deter-
mined and separated into two different components: weakly dissociated organic
acid groups and Al- or Fe-interlayers and coatings. To determine the pH de-
pendent CEC, soils on which natural salt CEC had been determined were treated
with NaOAc of pH 8.2, and the CEC redetermined. The difference between the
CEC after treatment and the initial CEC gave the pH dependent CEC.
70-71.-02K-037
MOVEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS AND ORGANIC INSECTICIDES IN SURFACE
RUNOFF,
Sievers, D. M., Lentz, G. L., and Beasley, R. P.
Missouri University, Columbia.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 323-325, March 1970. 6 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-049)
70-71:02K-038
THERMODYNAMICS OF SALINE WATER,
Lane, J. E., and Mansfield, W. W.
Division of Applied Chemistry, Fishermen's Bend, Victoria, Australia, Common-
wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 43-60. 2 fig, 18 ref.
(See 70-71:016-0035
70-71:02K-039
TRANSPORT OF SALTS IN UNSATURATED AND SATURATED SOILS,
Peck, A. J.
Division of Soils, Wembley, Western Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971. Canberra, Australia, p 109-123. 1 fig, 67 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-061)
70-71:02K-040
SALINITY AND THE WHOLE ANIMAL,
Macfarlane, W. V.
Adelaide University, South Australia, Waite Agricultural Research Institute.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 161-178. 2 fig, 4 tab, 62 ref.
Descriptors: *Water chemistry, *Salinity, *Biology, Animal growth, Metabolism,
Animal pathology, Environmental effects, Animal Metabolism, Biochemistry,
Moisture stress.
Identifiers: Animal cells.
Land mammals have neuroendocrine controls and cellular pumping mechanisms to
maintain electrolyte concentrations. In the arid hot areas the salinity of
water reaches four or more times that of body fluids. Either such water is not
consumed or kidneys are developed to excrete the excess salts. Salt tolerances
102
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of different animals are listed. There are species limits to the salinity
of water that can be tolerated without strain. Some species have high in-
trinsic tolerances to salinity but most animals require weeks of gradual
exposure, before an equilibrium is reached. The degree to which growth,
fertility, and efficiency are reduced by saline waters is determined by
species or breed of animal; and the effects are modulated by food, air tempera-
ture, age and lactation.
70-71:02K-041
SALINITY AND ANIMAL CELLS,
Gage, P. W.
South Wales University, Kensington, Australia, School of Physiology
and Pharmacology.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 179-191. 4 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Water chemistry, *Salinity, *Biology, Animal growth, Metabolism,
Animal pathology, Environmental effects, Animal metabolism, Biochemistry,
Moisture stress, Sodium.
Identifiers: Animal cells.
Biological cells exist in a saline environment which differs in ionic composi-
tion from the intracellular solution. Potassium is more concentrated inside,
whereas sodium is more concentrated outside, cells. In the resting state,
cell membranes are more permeable to potassium than to sodium ions and this
results in an electrical potential across the membrane, negative inside. The
transmission of electrical signals, communication between cells, and the con-
version of environmental energy to electrical signals, all depend on an inflow
of sodium ions into cells as a result of an increase in the sodium permeability
of the cell membrane. The intracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium
ions are regulated by metabolically "fuelled" ionic pumps. Because membrane
potentials are essentially ionic diffusion potentials, the concentration
gradients of sodium and potassium ions are of fundamental importance in the
generation of electrical signals which are hence very sensitive to the con-
centration of these ions in the extracellular saline.
70-71:02K-042
SALINITY AND THE WHOLE PLANT,
Robinson, J. B.
University of Adelaide, South Australia, Dept of Agriculture.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 193-206. 1 fig, 3 tab, 42 ref.
Descriptors: *Water chemistry, *Salinity, *Biology, Plant growth, Plant
pathology, Plant physiology, Environmental effects, Biochemistry, Moisture
stress.
Identifiers: Plant cells.
The deficiencies in present knowledge concerning the behavior of ionic species
within the plant are discussed, with particular reference to the leaf; and a
possible experimental approach to these problems is developed. Briefly,
a distinction must be made between ions entering plant tissue and subsequent
partition of ions between extracellular and cellular compartments. With
techniques at present available the dynamic state of the extracellular com-
partment with respect to any particular ion can be determined. Using tissue
slices, and duplicating the native state of the leaf cell, information on the
ionic and water relations of the leaf cell could be obtained. Extrapolation
of such data to the native state may enable distinction to be drawn between the
'osmotic' and 'specific ion toxicity1 theories of salt damage.
70-71:02K-043
SALINITY AND PLANT CELLS,
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Campbell, L. C., and Pitman, M. G.
Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia, School of Biological Sciences.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 207-224. 6 fig, 3 tab, 45 ref.
Descriptors: *Water chemistry, *Salinity, *Biology, Plant growth, Plant
pathology. Plant physiology, Environmental effects, Biochemistry, Moisture
stress.
Identifiers: Plant cells.
This paper discusses regulation of ionic content by plant cells and possible
ways salinity may disrupt cell function and development. Selective uptake of
K relative to Na has some importance but in general, plants seem less de-
pendent on ionic balance than do animal cells. The effect of salinity and
osmotic pressure on the activity of mitochondria and chloroplasts is discussed
in relation to electron transport processes. It is suggested that some of the
effects of salinity on cell activity can be explained in terms of membrane
structure.
70-71:02K-044
IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENT STATE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE FOR TECHNICAL
MANAGEMENT,
England, H. N.
Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 257-273. 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Management, *Technology, Water utilization, Water
quality, Hydrology, Soil chemistry, Water chemistry.
Salinity, from a management viewpoint, is discussed under the headings of
hydrology, use of saline waters and control of soil and stream salinity, with
incidental reference to other Symposium papers. The main theme is the conflict
between control of soil salinity under irrigation and downstream river
salinity, with the conclusion that the high quality of Australian surface
waters should be preserved at the expense of minor loss of land to salt in
the semi-arid floodplain environment, where most irrigation development and
potential are situated.
70-71:02K-045
SALINITY AND WATER USE: FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS,
Martin, A. E.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Saint Lucia,
Queensland, Australia, Soils Division, Cunningham Laboratory.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 275-284. 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Water utilization, *Management, *Technology, Research
priorities, Water quality, Water chemistry.
Identifiers: *Research needs.
Future research directions in salinity at the molecular level are already pre-
determined, and will probably concern the details of ion pumping in cell
membranes, the development of new antibiotics, the emergence of salt-tolerant
plants and the like. The real problems lie in the catchments and will need the
application of terrestrial field research for their solution. A brief analysis
of the status of field research is presented and some reasons for its un-
popularity are suggested. It is concluded that new research should concentrate
on the location of saline soils, sediments and groundwaters more intensively
than hitherto, on the origin of terrestrial salt, on the factors responsible
for secondary salinity in soils, water supplies and irrigation areas, and on
their reclamation. There is acute need for research on the social consequences
of a contracting population in irrigation enterprises that suffer partial
failure.
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SECTION XII
WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION
SALINE WATER CONVERSION (Group 03A)
70-71:03A-001
DESALTING TECHNOLOGY IN POLLUTION-CONTROL PROBLEMS,
Young, K. G.
Reading and Bates Offshore Drilling Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 63, No. 1, p 21-24,
January 1971. 5 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, *Semipermeable membranes, *Desalination
processes, Flash distillation, Vapor compression distillation, Reverse osmosis,
Electrodialysis, Scaling, Economic feasibility, Desalination, Osmosis.
Identifiers: Multi-stage flash distillation, Multiple effect distillation.
As natural sources of fresh water are depleted and as the volume of liquid
wastes and their disposal problems increase, the economic and resource conser-
vation benefits related to the complete recovery of pure water from saline or
contaminated sources become increasingly favorable. Three proposed procedures
to desolve pollution problems are outlined with emphasis placed on economic
considerations. These same economic standards are applied to desalting
methods which in recent years have improved their feasibility, and thus their
utility. Several desalting methods currently in commercial use or being
developed are briefly reviewed. Four principle methods are: distillation,
deionization by membranes, salt separation by freezing, and chemical deioniza-
tion; however, since the latter two methods have definite performance limita-
tions in pollution control application, broader descriptions of distillation
and deionization by membranes are presented. The Multi-stage flash, Multiple
effect, and Vapor compression distillation processes, all of which employ some
type of regenerative thermal cycle and reverse osmosis and electrodialysis
(membrane methods) are dealt with in greater detail. Desalting techniques
described seem certain to play an ever-increasing part in providing practical
and economical solutions to pollution-control problems involving waste water.
70-71:03A-002
CONQUEST OF WASTES SHOW PRODUCTIVITY,
Hodge, Carl 0., and Kassander, A. Richard, Jr.
University of Arizona, Tucson, Environmental Research Laboratory.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 57, No. 1, p 14-16, February 1971. 3 fig.
(See 70-71:020-020)
70-71:03A-003
THERMODYNAMICS OF SALINE WATER,
Lane, J. E., and Mansfield, W. W.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Fishermen's Bend,
Victoria, Australia, Division of Applied Chemistry.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 43-60. 2 fig, 18 ref.
(See 70-71:018-003)
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SECTION XIII
WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION
WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT (Group 03B)
70-71:03B-001
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS OF THE INTERACTION OF SALINE AND FRESH WATER,
Wooding, R. A.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra,
Australia, Division of Environmental Mechanics.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 125-139. 55 ref.
(See 70-71:016-004)
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SECTION XIV
WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION
USE OF WATER OF IMPAIRED QUALITY (Group 03C)
70-71:030001
WATER RELATIONS AND GROWTH OF COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY SALINITY AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY,
Hoffman, G. J., Rawlins, S. L., Garber, M. J. and Cullen, E. M.
Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California, Soil and Water Conserva-
tion Research Division; and California University, Riverside, Department
of Statistics.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 822-826, November-December 1971. 4 fig,
4 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Cotton, *Salt tolerance, *Leaves, *Transpiration, *Plant growth,
Plant root systems, Pollen, Laboratory tests, Temperature, Humidity, Crop
production, Soil-water-plant relationships, Osmotic pressure, Water balance.
Identifiers: *Plant water potential, *Relative humidity.
Previous research has indicated interactive effects between soil salinity and
relative humidity (RH) in bean plant growth. This interaction was studied in
growing cotton plants in 4 sunlit climate chambers. The chambers were control-
led at 25, 40, 65 and 90% RH. Plant root media were maintained at osmotic po-
tentials of -0,4, -5, -10, and -15 bars in the climate chambers. Shoot
growth increased by 40% in the 90% RH atmosphere and was unaffected at other
RHs. High RHs caused at least a doubling of the root/shoot ratio. Seed cot-
ton yields were at field yield levels only in the 40 and 65% climates because
the flowers did not undergo another dehiscence at the extreme RHs. Transpira-
tion per unit leaf area ratio increased about 80% at all salinity levels as
the RH decreased from 90%. With humidity a constant, it decreased slightly
with salinity increase. Plant age was also a factor in transpiration levels,
causing decreases with increasing age. Since the yields of dry matter as a
function of salinity did not vary with RH, it appeared that there was no
interaction between salinity and RH. This was reinforced by the same results
with leaf area as a function of salinity at different reactive humidities.
70-71:030002
DRIP IRRIGATION - A METHOD USED UNDER ARID AND DESERT CONDITIONS OF HIGH WATER
AND SOIL SALINITY,
Goldberg, D., and Shmueli, M.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 1, p 38-
41, January-February 1970. 10 fig, 3 tab, no ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation effects, *Irrigation design, *Arid lands, *Saline
soils, *Saline water, Salinity, Deserts, Soil texture, Crop production, Irriga-
tion systems, Nozzles, Irrigation water, Irrigation engineering, Irrigation
efficiency, Furrow irrigation, Fertilizers, Equipment.
Identifiers: *Drip irrigation, *Israel.
Drip irrigation has many advantages over other forms of irrigation when used
in arid regions characterized by saline soil, saline irrigation water, and
high evapotranspiration rates. It shortens growing seasons, produces earlier
crops, increases crop yield, and makes it possible to grow crops which would
normally be salt-damaged. A summary of experimental results is presented
which support these conclusions. Also a technical description of the system
is included and certain soil problems as they relate to the drip irrigation
method are discussed.
70-71:030003
INCREASING THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF SALINE WATER BY MEANS.'OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION,
109
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Goldberg, D., Gornat, B., Shmueli, M., Ben-Asher, I., and Rinot, M.
Hebrew University, Rehovoth (Israel), Dept of Irrigation.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 802-809, August 1971. 5 fig, 6 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: Irrigation systems, Irrigation efficiency, *Crop response,
*Saline water, Soil-water-plant relationships, Water quality, Arid lands.
Identifiers: *Trickle irrigation.
A study was conducted in two arid zones in Israel to determine the effect of
saline water applied to various crops growing in coarse-textured soil, using
trickle irrigation. The test crops responded favorably in terms of plant
development and yield. The method provides the possibility of raising the
permissible salinity level of irrigation water and thus to increase the water
reserves suitable for agricultural use in the world. The experiments were
conducted in two arid regions with saline water sources. The first is the
Arava near the Gulf of Aquaba, and the second is the El-Arish district in the
northern part of the Sinai desert. In general, the Arava soils are finer
textured and more saline than those at El-Arish. The water contains more sul-
phates, and the climate is very hot and dry. In the El-Arish district, the
soil is very sandy, and its salinity is low. However, the water is highly
saline, and the chlorine content is also high. The yield from trickling in
the Arava was double that obtained by sprinkling, and at El-Arish it was 70%
greater. For tomatoes in the Arava, the yield by trickling was 66% greater
than that achieved by sprinkling, and at El-Arish it was 161% greater.
70-71:030-004
DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION—A CASE STUDY—COACHELLA AREA,
Krous, E. S.
Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City, Nevada.
Paper 6th American Water Resources Conferences Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada,
October, 1970. 19 p, 8 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Demineralization, *Saline water, *Agriculture, Salinity, *Ir-
rigation water, Membrane processes, Desalination processes, Water costs, Distil-
lation, Benefit-cost ratios, Investment, Crop production, Bibliographies,
Brine disposal, Consumptive use (Water), Multistage flash distillation, Oper-
ating costs, Water sources, Costs, *Desalination.
Identifiers? *Saline agriculture, Coachella Valley (California).
A study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline
water for agriculture using 2 distillation and 2 membrane processes. The in-
vestigation determined costs and benefits associated with desalting saline
water at concentrations of 1500, 900, 400, 200 and 50 ppm. Benefits from de-
salting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for
drainage, and reduced fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality
water. Costs are based on project features such as desalting plants, raw water
diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems,
brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic
studies determined crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, de-
salted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of
facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing
desalting water using a combination of 14 schemes. Benefit-cost ratios range
from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm
water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900.
Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert
condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.
70-71:03C-005
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION WITH STREAM WATER CONTAMINATED BY ACID MINE, DRAINAGE,
Terkeltoub, Richard W.
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Agricultural Research Service, University Park, Pennsylvania, Northeast
Watershed Research Center.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 704-708, June 1971. 5 p, 2 fig,
1 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Acid mine water, *Irrigation water, *Pennsylvania, Water pol-
lution control, Iron, Hydrogen ion concentration, Water utilization, Flooding,
Water chemistry, Soil-water-plant relationships, Water quality, Sampling,
Impaired water quality.
Many streams in the Appalachian coal producing region, which could furnish
supplemental irrigation water, are polluted with acid mine drainage. They
consequently contain much greater trace concentrations and have lower pH than
do nearby streams that carry only agricultural drainage. Nevertheless, sup-
plemental irrigation of barley plants grown in a greenhouse with acid mine
water was as beneficial to plant growth as supplemental irrigation with de-
ionized water. The capacity of the soil to buffer pH and adsorb trace metals
apparently counteracts the properties of acid mine water, which are detri-
mental to plant growth. Furthermore, the agricultural quality of a field
often flooded with acid mine water has been maintained by adding lime to
offset the reduced pH. Thus under certain soil conditions and management
practices, acid mine water can be used for supplemental irrigation.
70-71:030-006
SALINE ARTESIAN WATER AS A SUPPLEMENT,
Meyer, Frederick W.
Geological Survey, Miami, Florida.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 65-71,
February 1971. 7 p, 10 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Water resources development, *National parks, *Florida, *Saline
water, *Artesian wells, Confined water, Water quality, Salinity, Water chem-
istry, Hydrogeology, Water sources, Groundwater movement, Aquifer
characteristics.
Identifiers: *Everglades National Park (Florida).
Large quantities of moderately saline water (less than 5,000 mg/liter dissolv-
ed solids) can be obtained from artesian water-bearing zones in the Avon Park
Limestone of Eocene age--top of which occurs at a depth of about 1,200 ft in
southern Florida. Small quantities of less saline water can be obtained
from artesian water-bearing zones in the Hawthorn, Tampa, and Suwannee Forma-
tions between 300 and 1,100 ft in depth. Artesian water could be used for
small desalting plants in the Florida Keys and ,the Coastal Lowlands area at
considerable savings over using sea water. The use of raw artesian water
from below 1,300 ft for dry-weather biologic survival ponds in the Everglades,
such as in the Everglades National Park, is infeasible because the salinity
is too high for some species of plants and animals. Generally, piezometric
levels, salinities, and flows increase with depth in southern Florida.
70-71:030-007
INFLUENCE OF SOIL SALINITY ON PRODUCTION OF DRY MATTER AND UPTAKE AND DISTRI-
BUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN BARLEY AND CORN: I. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.),
Hassan, N. A. K., Drew, J. V., Knudsen, D., and Olson, R. A.
Agricultural Experiment Station, Abu-Ghraib, Iraq, Soils Department.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 43-45, 1970. 2 tab, 1 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:05C-007)
70-71:03C-008
GROWTH AND WATER POTENTIAL OF ROOT CROPS AS INFLUENCED BY SALINITY AND RELATIVE
HUMIDITY,
Hoffman, G. J., and Rawlins, S. L.
Ill
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Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California, U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 877-880, 1971. 4 tab, 4 fig, 12 ref.
(See 70-71:026-056)
70-71:03C-009
STARTING WITH TRICKLE IRRIGATION,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 4, p 15-17, November 1370.
Descriptors: *Irrigation systems, *Application methods, *Water conservation,
Sprinkler irrigation, Irrigation engineering, Water pollution, Groundwater,
Crop production, Lemons, Tomatoes, Melons, Sweet corn.
Identifiers: *Trickle irrigation, *Irrigation research, Peppers, Cucumbers.
Trickle irrigation has been receiving much publicity and attention throughout
the world. This article shows that several workers, independent of each other,
are reporting phenomenol water savings and sizable yield increases. Studies
in Israel show yield increases of 50 to 100 percent with trickle irrigation as
compared to sprinkler or furrow irrigation for tomatoes, cucumbers, melons,
peppers, and sweet corn. Trickle irrigation was used on a 10 acre plot of
lemons near Yuma, Arizona, with the following results. Water use was l/9th,
irrigation labor cost was l/16th. Cultivation was reduced by 60 percent;
fertilizer use was 20 percent, and yield was more than double. Another
benefit of trickle irrigation is that poorer quality water can be used with no
apparent damage to the area.
A MORE EFFICIENT MEANS OF WATER MANAGEMENT,
70-71:03C-010
TRICKLE IRRIGATION. .
Lyons, C. G., Jr.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Welasco, Texas.
Texas Agricultural Progress, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 3-4, Winter, 1972.
5 fig.
Descriptors: *Irrigation systems, *Application methods, *Water conservation,
Irrigation engineering, Water pollution, Groundwater, Crop production.
Identifiers: *Trickle irrigation, *Drip irrigation, *Daily flow, Irrigation
research.
The sudden increase in the use of trickle irrigation is attributed to the
availability of low cost plastic pipe and the shortage of water in some areas.
Trickle irrigation is the application of water, on a regular basis, directly
to the plants' root zone. A trickle system consists of a water source, pump,
filter, time clock, pressure regulator, mainline, laterals, and emitters.
Costs for the system vary from $150 to $500 per acre. Advantages of the
method include water and labor savings, increased yield, and ability to use
lower quality water. Disadvantages include system malfunction, salt accumula-
tion, disease factors, and cost.
70-71:03C-011
CALIFORNIA DRIP-IRRIGATION TESTS MAY PROVE METHOD SIGNIFICANT,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 12-13, March-April 1971.
Descriptors: *Irrigation systems, *Application methods, Water Conservation,
Sprinkler irrigation, Irrigation Engineering, Water pollution, Ground water,
Crop production.
Identifiers: *Drip-irrigation, *Irrigation research, Avocados.
112
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The drip-irrigation method of watering plants is now being tested on a 5-acre
plot near Bonsall, California. The experiment is designed to evaluate the
differences between drip-irrigation and the standard sprinkler type. The
crop consists of avocado trees. Watering is for 4 hours daily with a flow
rate of 12-15 gallons weekley. There are 3 drippers to a tree, one at the
trunk and 2 at 2 feet from the trunk. The main objectives are to save water,
reduce labor and "Americanize" the system.
70-71:03C-012
NEW FINDINGS ON THE USE OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES,
AUSTRALIA & ISRAEL,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 6, p 14-16, December 1970. 4 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Irrigation systems, *Application methods, *Water conservation,
Sprinkler irrigation, Irrigation engineering, Water pollution, Groundwater,
Crop production, Lemons, Tomatoes, Melons, Sweet corn.
Identifiers: *Trickle irrigation, * Irrigation research, Peppers, Cucumbers.
Trickle irrigation has been receiving much publicity and attention throughout
the world. This article shows that several workers, independent of each other,
are reporting phenomenol water savings and sizable yield increases. Studies
in Israel show increases of 50 to 100 percent with Trickle Irrigation as com-
pared to sprinkler or furrow irrigation for tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, pep-
pers, and sweet corn. Trickle Irrigation was used on a 10-acre plot of lemons
near Yuma, Arizona, with the following results. Water use was l/19th irriga-
tion labor cost was l/16th. Cultivation was reduced by 60 percent; fertilizer
use was 20 percent, and yield was more than double. Another benefit of Trickle
Irrigation is that poorer quality water can be used with no apparent damage to
the area.
70-71:03C-013
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SALINITY REGIMES ON GROWTH, LEAF EXPANSION AND TRANSPIRATION
OF BEAN PLANTS,
Meiri, A., and Mayber, A. P.
Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Israel.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 1, p 26-34, January 1970. 5 fig, 5 tab, 20 ref.
(See 70-71:021-019)
70-71:03C-014
SALINITY AND ANIMAL CELLS,
Gage, P. W.
South Wales University, Kensington, Australia, School of Physiology and
Pharmacology.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 179-191. 4 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-041)
70-71:03C-015
SALINITY AND THE WHOLE PLANT,
Robinson, J. B.
University of Adelaide, South Australia, Dept of Agriculture.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 193-206. 1 fig, 3 tab, 42 ref,
(See 70-71:02K-042)
11:
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70-71:030-016
SALINITY AND PLANT CELLS,
Campbell, L. C., and Pitman, M. G.
Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia, School of Biological Sciences.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 207-224. 6 fig, 3 tab, 45 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-043)
70-71:030-017
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SALINE WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT,
Callinan, B. J., and Webster, R. G.
Gutteridge, Haskins, and Davey; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 227-242. 4 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Management, *Economics, Economic impact, Social
aspects, Social impact, Social participation, Water pollution affects.
Salinity problems resulting from high salinities in streams and in shallow
watertables arise frequently from the clearing of forests and from irrigation.
The evaluation of the consequences of salinity problems must commence with
clear knowledge and understanding of the economic and social bases upon which
the region functions. The evaluations are difficult due to: (i) The absence
of bases upon which to commence. (ii) Losses being frequently caused more to
those downstream than to those whose lands create the problems. (iii) The
wide areas of adaptabilities of processes to conditions and salinities.
Salinity control measures are essentially long-term and their economic evalua-
tion is best made with discount rates which are reduced for long-term costs
and benefits. The social consequences, whilst difficult to evaluate, must
be given due weight in the light of deteriorating conditions in the metropolis-
es. The effects of high salinities can be lessened in areas already affected,
and avoided in areas about to be developed, by the application of lessons now
available to proposed investigations, planning and control. Planning legisla-
tion can be used to exercise essential controls.
70-71:03C-018
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF SALINE WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT,
Clark, S. D., and Meacham, I.
Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 243-254.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Management, *Legal aspects, Legislation, Water
utilization, Water law, Water policy, Water pollution, Water quality.
The Senate Select Committee on Water Pollution reporting in 1970, pointed to
the lack of effective control, at that time, over the dangers of water pollu-
tion throughout Australia. One possible form of Administrative structure at
the State level, to combat these dangers, is exemplified by the central admin-
istration set up by the Environment Protection Act, passed by the Victorian
Parliament late in 1970, to cover all aspects of environmental pollution.
At the inter-State and Commonwealth-State levels there are special legal and
administrative problems to be faced. Control of salinity on the River Murray
will depend on a practicable solution to these problems being found. A
satisfactory administrative structure to operate at these levels could be
built on the experience and advice of central pollution-control administrations,
established within the separate States.
70-71:030019
IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENT STATE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE FOR TECHNICAL
MANAGEMENT,
England, H. N.
114
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Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 257-273. 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-044)
70-71:030020
SALINITY AND WATER USE: FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS,
Martin, A. E.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Saint Lucia,
Queensland, Australia, Soils Division, Cunningham Laboratory.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 275-284. 2 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-045)
115
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SECTION XV
WATER SUPPLY AUGMENTATION AND CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION IN AGRICULTURE (Group 03F)
70-71:03F-001
SOME EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM
L. EM THELL.),
Day, A. D., and Intalap, Suhbawatr.
Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Tucson.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 27-29, January-February 1970. 3 tab, 14
ref.
Descriptors: *Wheat, *Soil moisture, *Moisture stress, *Plant growth, *Crop
response, Crop production, Seeds, Grains (Crops), Growth stages, Flowering,
Arid lands, Arizona, Water requirements, Water utilization, Soil water, Ir-
rigation, Irrigation effects, Environmental effects, Cereal crops, Particle
size, Soil-water-plant relationships.
Identifiers: *Spring wheat, Jointing, Dough, Grain weight.
The effects of soil-moisture stress on growth and grain yield of spring wheat
were studied in Arizona in 1966 and 1967. The wheat was planted in December
and stressed at three different stages of development: jointing, flowering,
and dough. The critical period for moisture was the jointing stage.
Moisture stress at jointing resulted in earlier maturity, shorter plants,
increased lodging, fewer seeds per head, fewer heads per unit area, lower
grain volume-weight, and lower grain yield. Stress at any growth stage
hastened maturity and decreased grain yield. However, when wheat was stressed
at jointing grain yield reduction was due to fewer seeds per head and fewer
heads per unit area, while lower yields in wheat stressed at flowering or
dough resulted from lighter seed-weight. In order to achieve maximum grain
yield, optimum irrigation must be provided throughout the entire growing
season, not just during the critical jointing stage.
70-71:03F-002
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY AND GROWTH DURATION ON GRAIN SORGHUM YIELD UNDER
LIMITED WATER SUPPLY,
Blum, A.
National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovoth (Israel). Volcani
Institute of Agriculture Research.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 3, p 333-336, May-June 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 13
ref.
Descriptors: *Sorghum, *Crop production, *Limiting factors, *Density, *Water
supply, Environmental effects, Arid lands, Semiarid climates, Soil moisture,
Soil water, Moisture stress, Vegetation effects, Plant populations, Plant
growth, Growth stages, Mature growth stage, Growth rates, Time, Competition,
Grains (Crops).
Identifiers: *Israel, *Water-use efficiency, *Plant density, Hybrid sorghum.
Hybrid grain sorghum grown entirely by stored soil moisture was studied in
two experiments in Israel. In one experiment, sorghum hybrids were planted in
12 densities ranging from 2.9 to 27.9 plants per square meter and grown with
302 mm available soil water. Grain yield of an early maturing hybrid was
highest under high plant density and yield of the late maturing hybrid was
highest under low density. These relationships were also consistent regard-
ing yield per plant, number of heads per plant, and number of grains per
panicle. The highest yield for the entire experiment was from the earliest
maturing hybrid planted at the densest population. Grain yield components
were suppressed by increased competition and the early maturing hybrid at
highest density attained its superiority by maintaining larger grain size in
spite of increased interplant competition for water. A .second experiment
found that water use increased with increasing plant density. An early matur-
ing hybrid used less water at all stages of growth than a later maturing
hybrid.
117
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70-71:03F-003
EFFECT OF GYPSUM AND DROUGHT STRESSES ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.): II. CONSUMP-
TIVE USE OF WATER,
Downey, Lloyd A.
Dept of Agriculture of New South Wales, Leeton (Australia). Agricultural
Research Station.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 4, p 597-600, 1971. 5 fig, 4 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture stress, *Gypsum, *Consumptive use (water), Corn,
Drought.
Identifiers: Consumptive, Evapo, Maize-M, Stress, Transpiration, Turgidity,
Water Zea-Mays-M.
The effect of 3 defined periods of drought stress on the consumptive use of
water by field grown maize (Zea mays L.) was measured using a complete water
balance approach. Water status within the crop was defined by noon measure-
ments of relative turgidity (RT). The treatments were set out in a randomized
block design with a further comparison between the untreated (sodic) soil
and the same soil treated with gypsum at 22.4 m tons ha-1. The components of
the water balance—soil stored moisture, rain, and applied irrigation—were
measured directly, and deep drainage was calculated from chloride redistribu-
tion. The no-stress treatment (RT at noon maintained > 90%) used 59 cm in
evapotranspiration during the growing period. Drought stress (RT at noon <
90%) for a period of 20 days during male meiosis (early stress) reduced this
total evapotranspiration to 44 cm, while drought stress during grain filling
(late stress) reduced it to 51 cm. The application of gypsum had no signifi-
cant effect on water use nor on water entry at irrigation. Application
efficiency (total evapotranspiration/total applied water) was 86%, 79%, and
85% on the no-stress, early-stress, and late-stress treatments respectively.
The balance (15 to 20%) of applied water was lost as deep drainage, indicating
that results on more permeable soils would be inaccurate if this component
were ignored. Maximum water use of 0.9 cm day-1 (or 0.8 of class 'A' pan) oc-
curred during anthesis. This period was delayed 10 days by early stress.
Water use efficiency was highest for the early stress-87 Kg dry grain/cm
water/ha and lowest for the late stress-26 kg.
70-71:03F-004
PROFILE MODIFICATION AND ROOT YIELD, DISTRIBUTION, AND ACTIVITY,
Eck, H. V., and Davis, R. G.
Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 934-937, November-December 1971. 2 fig,
2 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Plant root systems, *Crop response, *Productivity, *Root develop-
ment, *Root distribution, Soil moisture, Soil profiles, Sodium, Carbonates,
Strontium radioisotopes, Agronomic crops.
Drastically altering a soil profile with a root-impeding layer may alter root
yield and distribution with depth. The effects of deep plowing or profile
modification on root distribution have been little studied. Characterization
of root systems and root penetration measurements are difficult. In this
study, deep plowing and Na carbonate application for reducing radiostrontium
uptake were compared by sampling from 4 crops with the objective of deter-
mining treatment effects on root yield and distribution and of examining
relationships between root yields and root activity as indicated by the top-
root ratios and Sr-35 uptake. Deep plowing decreased root yields of sudangrass,
sugar beets and soybeans but had little effect on cabbage roots. Yields de-
creased with depth on soil rototilled to 20 cm but tended to be evenly distri-
buted throughout the 90 cm profile when 22,400 kg/ha of sodium carbonate was
applied at a 90 cm plow depth. Root activity was definitely enhanced by
profile modification. Sr-35 activity indicated that roots in the 70-90 cm
root zone were as active as roots in the 10-20 cm zone.
118
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70-71:03F-005
EFFECT OF SEEDBED CONFIGURATION AND COTTON BUR MULCH ON LINT COTTON YIELD,
SOIL WATER, AND WATER USE,
Koshi, P. T., and Fryrear, D. W.
Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division,
Big Spring, Texas.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p. 817-821, November-December 1971. 4 fig,
7 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Cotton, *Dry farming, *Mulching, *Water conservation, Cultiva-
tion, Furrows, Semiarid climates, Texas, Great Plains, Rainfall, Water storage,
Soil moisture, On-site investigations.
Identifiers: *Seedbed configurations.
Dryland agriculture in the Southern High Plains depends on the most efficient
use of available water. Droughts are frequent and the low humidity, high
temperatures and wind velocity result in high evapotranspiration. Approxi-
mately 30% of the harvested cotton accumulates at the cotton gin as cotton
burs or gin trash and may be returned to the cotton fields for mulch. This
study was designed to determine the influences of 3 seedbed configurations
(flat, ridge and furrow) and 3 mulch rates (5.6, 11.2 and 22.4 tons/ha) on
soil water accretion and depletion under cotton on a moderately sandy soil
in a semiarid climate. Preseason soil water storage, as measured by neutron
scattering, was directly proportional to amount of bur mulch, as were pre-
cipitation storage efficiencies. Furrow plots had the highest accretion, and
ridge plots, generally, the lowest. All results held true for 2 crop years,
1968 and 1969. Yields were highest and similar for the 11.2 and 22.4 tons/ha
plots, but were also significantly greater for the 5.6 ton/ha plots as com-
pared to the plots with no mulch.
70-71:03F-006
SOIL WATER POTENTIAL AND WATER CONTENT PROFILES WITH WHEAT UNDER LOW SPRING AND
SUMMER RAINFALL,
Papendick, R. I., Cochran, V. L., and Woody, W. M.
Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington, Soil and Water Conservation
Research Division.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 731-734, 1971. 4 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil water, *Moisture tension, *Rainfall, Moisture availability,
Wheat.
Identifiers: Northwest, Pacific, Penetration, Potential, Profiles, Psychro-
metry, Root, Soil, Spring, Summer, Thermocouple, Triticum-Aestivum-M, Wheat-M.
Soil water potentials and water contents in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
root zone of several soils were measured (by thermocouple psychrometry) late
in the growing season under Pacific Northwest, USA conditions of low spring
and summer rainfall. All profiles exhibited low potentials in the surface
1 to 1.5 m of soil, followed by a region of steep potential gradient over a
depth increment of 30 cm or more. Below this region the energy values were
relatively constant with depth. In the dry zone the soil water potential in
some cases reached -45 bars at the 60- or 90-cm depth, and in one case, -40
bars at the 150-cm depth. With coarser-textured soils the potential gradient
across the moist to dry zone was steeper as compared with a finer-textured
soil. Depth of root penetration appeared to coincide with the base of the
steep water-potential gradient. Plant wilting was absent or not pronounced
when potentials below the steep gradient zone were -2 bars or higher; per-
manent or severe wilting occurred when the potential was -10 to -8 bars. Soil
water potentials in the surface 1.5 m of soil were 8 to 10 bars lower with 110
and 220 kg N/ha applications on wheat than with no N. In most cases the water
content profiles of the root zone bore little resemblance to the corresponding
potential profiles. These results indicate that in the field the lower limit
of water extraction by wheat may reach -40 bars or lower. However, the
mobility of water in the root zone or adjacent layers underlying the root
zone of the field soil is probably more important to the.concept of water
availability for plants than the actual energy status per se.
119
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70-71:03F-007
EFFICIENT BORDER IRRIGATION DESIGN AND OPERATION,
Howe, 0. W., and Heermann, D. F.
Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, Northern Plains Branch.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 1,
p 126-130, January-February 1970. 10 fig, 5 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: Irrigation design, *Irrigation efficiency, Irrigation operation
and maintenance, *Border irrigation, *Design criteria, Irrigation engineering,
Irrigation systems, Uniformity coefficient, Runoff, Soil texture, Slopes,
Turnouts, Loam, Infiltration.
Identifiers: *Cutoff time, Stream size, Advance-regression curves.
Experiments were conducted on medium-and fine-textured loam soils in order to
study the concept of optimum efficiency resulting from uniform intake oppor-
tunity times. The information was used to determine design and operation
criteria for minimum runoff and maximum 'uniformity coefficient. The results
indicated that for border irrigation under similar conditions uniformity co-
efficient is independent of input stream size within the 0.03 to 0.12 cfs
per ft of border width range. The coefficient is also independent of slope in
the low gradient range and for steeper slopes with close growing crops.
3 to 4 inches during the first 2 hours appears to be the minimum application
depth for border irrigation that can be applied with high uniformity and
minimum runoff. High uniformity was easier to obtain on the low gradients.
Cutoff time was found to be the most crucial variable for efficient irrigation.
Automatic turnout controls would be necessary if adaptation of border irriga-
tion practice is accepted.
70-71:03F-008
RESPONSE OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO FLOODING, DEPTH-OF-WATER TABLE AND SOIL
GASEOUS COMPOSITION,
Williamson, R. E., and Kritz, George J.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, Dept of Soil Science
American Society Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 216-
220, March-April 1970. 5 p, 1 fig, 3 tab, 49 ref.
Descriptors: *Crops, *Agriculture, *Saturated soils, *Soil gases, Water
table, Plants, Root development, Aeration.
Agricultural crops vary genetically and physiologically and thus require dif-
ferent soil water regimes for optimum production. To specify an optimum
water-table depth, it is necessary to know at least the crop species, soil
characteristics and watering procedure. Generally, grasses tolerate high
water tables very well during cool seasons when the plants are dormant. Some
crops such as strawberries are adversely affected by large fluctuations in
the yearly water table (high in winter, low in summer). When a water table
rises above some of the root system during a growing season and remains at
a higher than normal level for more than one or two days, severe root pruning
results. Experiments relating root function and plant performance to duration
and extent of root system inundation should provide useful information for
drainage design. Laboratory work has shown the root and shoot response of
several plant species to various root zone gaseous compositions under varying
conditions of temperature and radiant energy. Both in field and laboratory
studies, relative to the problem of excess water and crop production, the air
and water regime in relation to root function and total plant performance
throughout its production cycle is the basic consideration. To restrict
attention to the problem of excess water removal from a land area or to the
specification of optimum water-table depths tends to abscure the real
dimensions of the problem. Tables and curves relating data of the study are
included.
70-71:03F-009
ESTIMATION AND USE OF WATER PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS IN CROPS,
120
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Yaron, Dan.
Hebrew University, Rehovoth, Faculty of Agriculture.
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. IR2, Proc
Paper 8208, p 291-303, June 1971. 13 p, 2 fig, 4 tab, 19 ref, 1 append.
Descriptors: *Crop response, *Plants, *Water consumption, *Water supply,
Agronomy, Irrigation, Planning, Irrigation efficiency.
Identifiers: Crop yield, Empirical estimation.
By comparing two major theories regarding plant response to water supply and
different soil moisture levels (Veihmeyer and Hendrickson; and Furr and Taylor,
Hagan et al.), problems of empirical estimation of water production functions
in crops were reviewed and the importance of the estimates was illustrated by
several examples. The major problem of empirical estimation of such functions
was their specification and in particular the choice of the independent
variables, the dependent one being the crop yield per land unit. The paper
concluded that while production functions with fixed intraseasonal water dis-
tribution could be estimated by regression methods, difficulties were involved
in the regression approach in the estimation of dated production functions.
An attempt to conceptualize the plant growth in the framework of process
analysis, aimed at the derivation of growth rules was suggested.
70-71:03F-010
SCHEDULING IRRIGATIONS USING CLIMATE-CROP-SOIL DATA,
Jensen, Marvin E., Robb, David C. N., and Franzoy, C. Eugene.
Agricultural Research Service, Kimberly, Idaho, Snake River Research Center;
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado; and Salt River Valley Water Users'
Association, Phoenix, Arizona.
ASCE Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Vol. 96,
No. IR1, Paper 7131, p 25-38, March 1970. 1 fig, 3 tab, 30 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Irrigation efficiency, *Irrigation engineering, *Irrigation
practices, *Irrigation design, *Timing, Irrigation systems, Digital computers,
Water management (Applied), Water utilization, Soil-water-plant relationships,
Water distribution (Applied), Evapotranspiration.
Identifiers: Irrigation scheduling.
The most important factor affecting irrigation efficiencies and crop yields is
scheduling irrigations in time and amount. Overirrigation may result in
waterlogged soils, a condition which reduces yields and generally results in
increased costs for water, fertilizer, and drainage. Water use is at a
minimum when the amount of water applied is just equal to the consumptive
use and the leaching requirement. To achieve higher irrigation efficiencies,
present irrigation scheduling practices must be improved. Irrigation schedul-
ing using climate-crop-soil data, computers to facilitate the tedious com-
putations, and field observations by experienced personnel is a service that
appears to be very attractive to the modern irrigation farm manager. This
service has the potential of increasing the management skills of the farmer and
his net return at a reasonable cost. It supplements the art of irrigation or
experienced judgement with the results of recent advances in irrigation
science.
70-71:03F-011
SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION EASILY AUTOMATED,
Davis, Sterling, Nelson, Sheldon D.
California University, Riverside, Agricultural Research Service.
ASCE Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Vol. 96, No.
IR1, Paper 7135, p 47-51, March 1970. 4 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Automation, * Irrigation design, * Subsurface irrigation, Irriga-
tion engineering, Pipes, Automatic control, Mechanical control, Distribution
systems.
Identifiers: Automated irrigation.
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Subsurface irrigation applies water directly into the root zone of the crop
and may easily be automated. Two subsurface irrigation systems are described:
an automatic float-operated device to supply water needed to a tree or plants;
and a plastic hose with inserts, planted with the potato seed and picked up
with the mature potatoes.
70-71:03F-012
CLIMATIC ESTIMATES OF AVERAGE AND PROBABLE IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS AND OF
SEASONAL DRAINAGE IN CANADA,
Baier, W., and Robertson, George W.
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa (Ontario). Plant Research Institute.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 10, No. 1, p 20-37, January 1970. 18 p, 7 fig,
7 tab, 21 ref.
Descriptors: *Water demand, *Water requirements, * Irrigation water, *Hydro-
logic budget, Water balance, Climatology, Evapotranspiration, Precipitation
(Atmospheric), Rainfall, Water allocation (Policy), Water management (Applied),
Water distribution (Applied).
Identifiers: *Canada.
The use of published information to calculate average and probable irrigation
requirements by means of a meteorological budgeting technique from 30-year
daily climatic records is presented. This information, available for 59
stations across Canada, is useful for planning irrigation systems and inter-
pretations of climate in terms of agricultural water needs and surplus. A
seasonal drainage estimator model requiring as input only monthly values of
precipitation and potential evapotranspiration was developed from the data for
42 stations and verified on the data for another 17 stations. An irrigation
water balance is presented for 11 selected stations across Canada.
70-71:03F-013
EFFECTS OF WATER TABLE HEIGHT ON SOIL AERATION AND CROP RESPONSE,
Hiler, E. A., Clark, R. N., and Glass, L. J.
Texas A and M University, College Station, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5, p 879-
882, September-October 1971. 8 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil-water-plant relationships, *Water table, *Lysimeters,
Aeration, Drainage, Drainage effects, Crop response.
Identifiers: *Soil oxygen.
The first step for agricultural drainage design is determination of the drain-
age requirements of crops. Grain sorghum was grown in field lysimeters in
which the water table was regulated automatically. Undisturbed soil cores
which were one meter in diameter and two meters deep made up the lysimeters.
Rainfall was kept off the lysimeters with a shelter system. Drastic reductions
both in quantity and quality of grain sorghum yield occurred when water tables
were maintained at 30 and 60 cm as compared to the 90- and 120-cm treatments.
Reduced growth of grain sorghum occurred in general with the shallower water
tables. Considerable crop oxygen stress occurred in the 30-cm treatment in
which oxygen diffusion rates never exceeded 0.2 millionths of a g per sq cm
per min in the root zone during the growing season; detrimental oxygen stress
also occurred in the 60-cm treatment where oxygen diffusion rates in the crop
root zone ranged from 0.4 to 0.9 millionths of a g per sq cm per min during
the growing season. Leaf temperature and leaf diffusion resistance were not
appreciably affected by oxygen deficiencies in the crop root zone.
70-71:03F-014
OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF WATER TO IRRIGATION CANALS,
Muspratt, M. A.
McGill University, Montreal (Quebec).
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Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 14, No. 1, p 19-28, October 1971. 3 fig, 10 ref,
2 append.
Descriptors: *0ptimization, Distribution systems, Irrigation canals, Stochastic
processes, Water, Histograms, Water utilization, Optimum use, Irrigation
systems, *Water distribution (Applied), Nonlinear systems, Mathematical studies,
Systems analysis, Monte Carlo method, Irrigation efficiency, Irrigation
practices.
Identifiers: *Deterministic model, Canada.
One of the principal problems of the irrigation planru r is to determine the
most efficient assignment of water to an irrigation canal network. Systems
optimization based on mathematical programming is described for water assign-
ment to irrigation canal networks with capacity constraints. Stochastic
optimization is achieved by coupling deterministic linear programming with
Monte Carlo simulation, including serial and cross correlations. In addition,
posterior information may be considered by invoking Bayes' theorem. Nonlinear
systems are also described.
70-71:03F-015
RESPONSE OF PLANT WATER POTENTIAL TO THE IRRIGATED ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTHRERN
IDAHO,
Gary, J. W., and Wright, J. L.
Agricultural Research Service, Kimberly, Idaho. Snake River Research Center.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 691-695,
3 fig, 2 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: *Moisture tension, *Environmental effects, Irrigation, Moisture,
Crops.
Identifiers: Beta-Vulgaris-D, Climate, Environment, Hordeum-Vulgaris-M, Ir-
rigated, Medicago-Sativa-D, Micro, Moisture, Phaseolus-Vulgaris-D, Pisum-
Sativum-D, Plant, Potential, Soil, Solanum-Tuberosum-D, Temperature, Transpira-
tion, Triticum-Aestivum-M, Zea-Mays-M, Plant water potential, Southern Idaho.
Laboratory studies have shown that plant water potential affects a number of
key processes involved in growth, but there has been almost no information on
what levels of water potential occur under irrigated conditions in the field.
Plant water potential in irrigated crops of Zea mays, Triticum aestivum,
Hordeum vulgare, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Solanum tuberosum, Beta
vulgaris, and Medicago sative, L. was measured throughout the growing season
in southern Idaho. Soil moisture conditions and potential evapotranspiration
were monitored. Daily changes in plant water potential varied from less than
5 bars to more than 20 bars, while random sampling of supposedly homogeneous
sets of plants showed an average variation of about 2 bars. Changes due to
differences in soil moisture were also detected, even though the soil moisture
potential was kept high enough for near-optimum crop production. Though the
crops differed widely in their response to changes in environment, the plant
water potential was strongly affected by microclimatic conditions. Day-to-day
changes in plant water potential generally correlated more closely with changes
in potential evapotranspiration than with changes in soil moisture content.
Many of the daily changes observed in the plants remain unexplained, however.
In general, the average water potential levels of all the field-grown plants
were lower than levels reported from growth chamber studies. Potentials
seldom rose above -8 bars and were never observed above -5 bars.
70-71:03F-016
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CALCULATED RISK OF SCHEDULING SUPPLEMENTAL
IRRIGATION: I. CONCEPTS,
Allen, W. H., and Lambert, J. R.
Tennessee University, Knoxville, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 8, No. 3, p 193-201, 1971. 4 fig, 8 ref.
123
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Descriptors: Irrigation, *Scheduling, *Optimization, Risks, Model, Weather.
Identifiers: Calculated, Crop, Moisture, Principle, Production, Soil,
Supplemental.
The concepts associated with applying the principle of calculated risk to ir-
rigation scheduling are discussed. The basis for a general model for making
daily decisions is formed by combining information relating crop production
and available soil moisture with economic data and weather forecast data within
a probability framework. The required inputs for such a model are discussed
with respect to origin and form necessary to make the model operational. The
resulting model makes each irrigation scheduling decision an attempt toward
partial optimization of resource use and resulting economic gains or losses.
70-71:03F-017
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CALCULATED RISK TO SCHEDULING OF SUPPLEMENTAL
IRRIGATION. II. USE ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO,
Allen, W. H., and Lambert, J. R.
Tennessee University, Knoxville, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 8, No. 4/5, p 325-340, 1971. 6 fig, 8 tab,
5 ref.
Descriptors: *Scheduling, Irrigation, *Risks, Model, Tobacco, Decision mak-
ing, Environmental effects.
Identifiers: Daylength, Flue, *Model studies, Moisture, Precipitation, Simula-
tion, Soil, Temperature, Transpiration.
A simulation model was constructed to test the application of an irrigation-
scheduling decision model which incorporated the basic concepts of calculated
risk. Inputs for the model included: the official probability precipitation
forecasts for the periods today, tonight, and tomorrow; initial soil moisture
content; daily precipitation; daily mean temperatures; daily potential evapo-
transpiration and daylength values; functions relating existing soil moisture
content and stage of growth to the corresponding damage done to the crop;
and cost of irrigation. The loss functions were developed specifically for
flue-cured tobacco. Two methods were used for calculating the cost of the
irrigation. The decision criterion was applied by maans of the simulation
model to data from 3 growing seasons,. The results were compared to the results
as arrived at by irrigating at a 50% available moisture depletion level. It
was found that the new criterion (using either method for calculating the
cost of irrigation) yielded less total cost plus loss and achieved a better
utilization of the available water than did the 50% criterion. While the
state of the art does not allow extremely well-based development of the input
variables and parameters, available data have shown the concepts of the model
to yield adequate results. Much future development of the approach remains,
however.
70-71:03F-018
MODEL OF SOIL WATER USE BY TEA,
Willatt, S. T.
La Trobe University, Bundoora (Australia). School of Agriculture.
Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 8, No. 4/5, p 341-351, 1971. 7 fig, 1 tab,
9 ref.
Descriptors: *Model, *Moisture deficit, Consumptive use (water), Evaporation.
Identifiers: Deficit, Irrigation, Malawi, Moisture, Nyasaland, Soil, Tea-D,
Yield.
The rate of water used by non-irrigated unpruned tea in Malawi depends on the
soil water deficit although this rate was modified when the tea was pruned.
Irrigated tea used water at a fairly constant rate of 0.9 Eo (open water sur-
face evaporation) although some modification occurred due to weather factors.
The results of sampling for water use were employed to produce a model for
predicting water status of tea soils. Yield in September, October, and November
were well correlated with water deficit at the beginning of each month.
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70-71:03F-019
RELATIONS BETWEEN FE IN IRRIGATION WATER AND LEAF QUALITY OF CIGAR WRAPPER
TOBACCO,
Rhoads, F. M.
Agricultural Research and Educational Center, Quincy, Florida.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 938-940, 1971. 3 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation effects, *Leaves, Tobacco, Iron, Manganese.
Identifiers: Algae, Cigars, *Irrigation, *Crop production, Nicotiana tabacum D,
Relations, Tensile strength.
Damage, appearing to result from irrigation water, reduced the value of cigar
wrapper tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in 1969. Dark leaf tips and dark spots
over the entire leaf rendered damaged leaves unfit for wrapper use. Leaf
analysis indicated that Fe and Mn were associated with the dark coloration.
A study was made in 1970 to determine the effect of Fe in irrigation water on
quality of cured wrapper tobacco leaves and to find a potential source of Fe
contamination of irrigation ponds. Two forms of Fe were added to irrigation
water applied to field plots, and Fe content of leaves, leaf quality, and leaf
tensile strength were used to evaluate the effects. Soil and organic material
were collected from a shallow area of a 'problem' pond, after it had been
drained, for use in laboratory studies. Damaged tobacco, similar to that ob-
served in commercial fields, was produced in field plots in 1970 when Fe was
added to the irrigation water. Laboratory incubation studies showed that pond
sediments were a potential source of Fe buildup in irrigation water. Leaf
strength decreased with increasing content of Fe in the tissue. A visible
coating was produced on green leaves in the greenhouse when 5 and 10 ppm Fe
in water were sprayed on the plants.
70-71:03F-020
EFFECT OF TWO GROWTH-REGULATING CHEMICALS ON YIELD AND WATER USE OF THREE
PERENNIAL GRASSES,
Mathias, E. L., Bennett, 0. L., Jung, G. A., and Lundberg, P. E.
Agricultural Research Service, Morgantown, West Virginia.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, p 480-483, 1971. 8 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Yield, *Retardant, *Crop response, Chemical compounds, Grasses,
Growth rate.
Identifiers: Bromus-Inermis-M, Cycocel, Damage, Etiolation, Festuca-Elatior-M,
Foliar, N, Perennial, Poa-Pratensis-M, Pyrrolidino, Regulating, Succinamic-Acid.
Growth responses of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), Kentucky-31 tall
fescue (Festuca elatior L.), and common Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)
to the growth-regulating chemicals F-529 (N-pyrrolidinosuccinamic acid) and
Cycocel (2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride) were studied. Growth of
grasses was reduced to near zero when Cycocel was applied at a concentration of
0.584 M, with at least some retardation occurring up to 100 days after applica-
tion. F-529 was less effective than Cycocel in retarding grass growth.
Maximum reduction occurred at the 0.45 M concentration where growth was
reduced to 35% of the control, and at 70 days following application there was
no reduction. Recovery from both chemicals was generally followed by a period
of stimulated growth. Water use, in general, was highly correlated with amount
of top growth. Food reserves of plants as determined by etiolated growth were
significantly reduced only at the 0.292 M and 0.584 M concentration of Cycocel,
where severe foliar damage had occurred.
70-71-.03F-021
RESPONSE OF ALFALFA VARIETIES TO DIFFERENT WATER TABLE DEPTHS AT VARIOUS STAGES
OF GROWTH,
Rai, S. D., Miller, S. A., and Kittle, C. N.
Illinois University, Urbana, Dept of Agronomy.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 331-333, 1971. 2 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
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Descriptors:
Identifiers:
*Growth stages, *Water level, Alfalfa, Moisture content.
Depths, Medicago-Sativa-D.
Two cultivars of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., 'Kentucky Syn. Z sub I1 and
'Narragansett' were grown in glazed tiles 90 cm deep with water tables of 15,
30, and 45 cm from the surface. When the water tables were raised immediately
after the harvest, the d£y matter yield was drastically reduced in both varie-
ties. No significant yield difference was found when the treatments were ap-
plied 14 or 28 days after harvest. The highest yield was obtained when water
table was held 45 cm from the surface and when applied 14 or 28 days after
harvest.
70-71:03F-022
SOIL WATER EXTRACTION BY N-FERTILIZED SPRING WHEAT,
Bond, J. J., Power, J. F., and Willis, W. 0.
Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, North Dakota. Soil and Water Conserva-
tion Research Division.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 280-283, 1971. 2 fig, 2 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Absorption, *Nitrogen, *Consumptive use (water), Wheat, Fertiliz-
er, Soil water, Soil.
Identifiers: Extraction, Spring.
Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of applied N on water
use by continuously cropped spring wheat. Applied N increased vegetative
growth and soil water extraction prior to heading. In 2 of the 3 sample years,
this extraction of the soil water reserve resulted in less soil water extraction
after heading by the N-fertilized crop than by nonfertilized crop. Applied
N did not increase depth of soil water extraction. Overwinter recharge of soil
water was inversely related to soil water content at harvest.
70-71:03F-023
RAPID FIELD MEASUREMENT OF LEAF WATER POTENTIAL IN SOYBEAN,
Boyer, J. S., and Ghorashy, S. R.
Pahlavi University, Shiraz (Iran). Dept of Crop Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 344-345, 1971. 2 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors:
Identifiers:
*Moisture tension, *Measurement, Soybeans, Leaves.
Bean-D, Field, Glycine-Max-D, Potential, Soy, Leaf water potential,
Leaf water potentials of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) were compared by 2
methods, the pressure chamber and the thermocouple psychrometer. A correlation
coefficient of 0.957 was found for the 2 methods at leaf water potentials
ranging from -3 to -25 bars. The pressure chamber method was used to measure
the leaf water potential of several hundred soybean plants in different
cultural studies in 1969 at Urbana, Illinois and found to be a rapid, efficient
method.
70-71:03F-024
PERENNIAL IRRIGATED PASTURES: I. PLANT, SOIL WATER, AND ANIMAL RESPONSES
UNDER ROTATIONAL AND CONTINUOUS GRAZING,
Raguse, C. A., Henderson, D. W., and Hull, J. L.
California University, Davis. Dept of Water Science.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 306-308. 1971. 2 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: Irrigation, *Pasture, *Crop response, *Grazing, Rotation grazing,
Continuous grazing.
Identifiers: Animal, Clover-D, Dactylis-Glomerata-M, Grass-M, Ladino, Lolium-
Perenne-M, Orchard, Perennial, Plant, Rye, Soil, Strawberry, Trifolium-
Fragiferum-D, Trifolium-Repens-D.
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Continuous grazing favored strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L. 'Salina'),
and rotational grazing (5-field; 1-wk grazing, 4-wk recovery) favored Ladino
clover (T. repens L.) in a sward containing Ladino clover, 'Salina1 strawberry
clover, orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata L.),and perennial ryegrass (Lolium
perenne L.)- A 2-field rotation (1-wk, 1-wk) favored strawberry clover but
had less influence on botanical composition than either 5-field rotation or
continuous grazing. Continuous grazing resulted in a higher percentage of
plant cover than did 5-field rotational grazing. Yields of beef per unit area
were similar under the 3 systems. Water infiltration increased progressively
during the 4 yr of the experiment, and final infiltration rates were 2-3 cm/hr
in both continuous and rotationally grazed pastures.
70-71:03F-025
DISTRIBUTION OF P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn, AND Zn IN PEANUT LINES NEAR MATURITY,
Hallock, D. L., Martens, D. C., and Alexander, M. W.
Tidewater Research Station, Holland, Virginia.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 251-256, 1971. 2 tab, 2 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Nutrients, Chemical properties, Peanuts.
Identifiers: Nutrient distribution, Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.).
The nutrient contents of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown under nutrient-
sufficient conditions were determined in relation to yields of lines derived
from 15 cultivars. Four plant portions of the lines, each a single seed
selection, representing four market types were analyzed for contents of eight
nutrients. In general, the fruit was highest in P and Zn contents and lowest
of the four portions in K, Ca, Mg, B, Mn, and Cu contents. The upper central
stem leaves were highest in Ca, Mg, Mn, and B contents and intermediate in P,
K, Zn, and Cu contents. The first lateral branch leaves were highest in K
content, intermediate in P, Ca, Mg, B, and Cu contents and lower in Zn con-
tent than the above portions. Copper content was highest and P content lowest
in the hypocotyl whereas the other nutrient contents in this portion were
generally higher than in the fruit portion only. Lines of the large-seeded
Virginia type were generally highest in K, Ca, and B contents, intermediate in
Mg content, and lowest in P content of the four types. The small-seeded
Virginia type lines were highest in Mg content, equivalent in Cu and Mn con-
tent to the large-seeded lines, and intermediate in P and K contents. The
Spanish and Valencia lines were highest in-P content, lowest in Cu content,
but equivalent in the small-seeded Virginia'lines in K, Ca, B, and Mn contents.
70-71:03F-026
CROP RESPONSE TO EXCESSIVE ZINC FERTILIZATION OF ALKALINE SOIL,
Boawn, L. C., and Rasmussen, P. E.
Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, Washington.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 874-876, 1971. 4 tab, 1 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Crop response, *Saline soil, Zinc.
Identifiers: Zinc fertilization, Zinc toxicity.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the tolerance of economic plant
species to excessive levels of available Zn in the soil. Fifteen field crop
and three vegetable crop species were grown under uniform conditions in a growth
chamber in alkaline soil treated with 10, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm Zn.
Response was evaluated in terms of dry matter yield decrease (YD) and Zn con-
centration in tops. Grass species were most sensitive and had maximum YD's
greater than 40%. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Alaska pea (Pisum sativum L.),
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), spinach
(Spinacia aleracea), and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) had YD's between 20 and
40%. Field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), snap bean, russet potato (Solanum
tuberosum L.), white potato, clover (Trifolium repens L.), and Perfection pea
(Pisum sativum L.) did not undergo a significant YD. Zinc concentrations in
tops associated with a 20% YD ranged from 240 ppm for field bean to 740 ppm
for sugarbeet, with most crops falling in a 400 to 600 ppm range. The most
sensitive species tolerated Zn additions of 200 to 300 ppm before undergoing a
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significant YD. Crops that underwent a significant YD because of excess Zn
were stunted but showed no discoloration, malformation, or necrosis indicative
of a direct metal toxicity.
70-71:03F-027
YIELD COMPONENTS AND WATER USE BY SILAGE CORN WITH IRRIGATION, PLASTIC MULCH,
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION, AND PLANT SPACING,
Doss, B. D., King, D. C., and Patterson, R. M.
Agricultural Research Service, Thorsby, Alabama.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 541-543, 1970. 5 tab, 1 fig, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Mulch, *Plant population, *Yield, Corn, Fertilizer, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: *Row width, *Water use efficiency, Plastic mulch, Nitrogen rate,
Corn (Zea mays L.).
Corn was grown on a Lucedale fine sandy loam soil to determine the effects of
irrigation, plastic mulch, N rate, row width, and plant population on yield
components and water use by corn. Irrigation, plastic mulch, and higher plant
population increased the dry matter yields of all plant parts. Closer row
width increased dry matter yields of stalks and leaves but slightly decrease
ear yields. Nitrogen rate had little or no effect on dry matter yields of
any plant part. Stalks comprised an average of 45 percent of the total plant
dry weight; ears, 36 percent; and leaves, 19 percent. Plastic mulch decreased
average daily water use rates during the early part of the growing season but
had little effect during the latter part of the season. Row width, plant
population level, and N rate had little or no effect on water use rates. Daily
water use rates during the season for unirrigated corn averaged 0.29 cm for
plastic-covered plots and 0.31 cm for uncovered plots. Average rates for irri-
gated corn were 0.34 cm for plastic-covered and 0.47 cm per day for uncovered
plots.
70-71:03F-028
SUMMER FALLOW SOIL WATER LOSSES ON INTERMOUNTAIN DRYLAND AND ITS EFFECT ON
CROPPING WINTER WHEAT,
Massee, T. W., and Siddoway, F. H.
Snake River Conservation Research Center, Kimberly, Idaho.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 6, p 722-725, 1970. 2 tab, 4 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Tillage, *Water loss, Wheat, Germination, Root zone.
Intermountain drylands lose water from the root zone during the summer of
fallow even though they receive a monthly average of 3.1 cm of precipitation.
Soil water content in the 7.5- to 15-cm seed zone at the end of summer fallow
was related to soil water content at the time tillage was initiated in the
spring. Fall soil water content was not appreciably affected by variations in
summer rainfall. Adequate soil water for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.
em Thell) emergence was best assured by initiating summer fallow tillage when
the water content in the 7.5- to 15-cm layer was relatively high, rather than
depending on summer rain to rewet this layer.
70-71:03F-029
PREDICTING IRRIGATIONS FROM CLIMATIC DATA AND SOIL PARAMETERS,
Franzoy, C. E., and Tankersley, E. L.
Salt River Project, Phoenix, Arizona.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 814-816, 1971. 4 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Climatic data, *Scheduling, ""Consumptive use, Irrigation
efficiency, Irrigation, Soil.
Identifiers: Citrus-D, Climatic, Cotton-D, Forage, Grain, Irrigations, Oil,
Parameters, Predicting, Radiation, Soil, Solar, Temperature, Vegetable.
The use of climatic data and soil parameters for scheduling irrigations provides
control of the soil moisture reservoir essential for optimum yields. Need for
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efficient use of water is emphasized when water is scarce and costs are high
or when soils exhibit poor water movement characteristics which drastically
influence yields. Scheduling irrigations with a computer is an excellent
supplement to, but not a replacement for, regular field visits. Frequent
monitoring at moisture disappearance and replenishment through field observa-
tions by experienced personnel is an essential process for detecting variations
in actual evapotranspiration and maintaining accurate predictions. On the
basis of the results to date, the Jensen predictive approach offers a sound
basis for predicting irrigation timing based on climatic data.
70-71:03F-030
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR TOMATOES AS INFLUENCED BY PLACEMENT,
Hipp, B. W.
Texas A & M University, Weslaco, Texas, Agricultural Research and Extension
Center.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 203-206, 1970. 3 tab, 5 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Tomatoes, Phosphorus.
Identifiers: Tomato nutrition, Phosphorus application, Phosphorus requirement,
Seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum).
Field evaluations were made to determine the effectiveness of broadcast P
versus P placed in a band for direct seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)
on three soils common to South Texas and Northern Mexico. Broadcast P was
ineffective in producing high yields when soil P levels were low enough that
a P response was obtained. Phosphorus concentrations in young tomato plants
were much higher with band P than broadcast P. Lateral distance of P place-
ment from the seed row was critical in obtaining maximum early tomato growth.
Depth of P placement was very important on clay soil but less so on sandy
clay loam soil.
70-71:03F-031
TILLAGE AND CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT DURING SEEDBED PREPARATION FOR CONTINUOUS
SPRING WHEAT,
Bond, J. J. , Power, J. F., and Willis, W. 0.
Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, North Dakota.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 784-792, 1971. 2 tab, 7 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil management, *Fertilization, *Tillage, Wheat, Land manage-
ment, Planting management.
Identifiers: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Seedbed preparation, Nitrogen
fertilization.
Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of four tillage and
crop residue management methods of seedbed preparation on continuous spring
wheat {Triticum aestivum L.) receiving four rates of applied N. Effects of
tillage and surface-crop residues were separated by seedbed treatments of (a)
conventional moldboard tillage, (b) conventional stubble mulch tillage,
(c) moldboard tillage with part of the surface residue removed before and
replaced after tillage. Treatments were evaluated relative to grain yields,
yield components, dry-matter production, N uptake, soil nitrate content, soil
temperature, plant water use and weed populations. For 3 of 4 years average
grain yields (for all N rates) were 1,380, 1,060, 1,380, and 1,330 kg/ha for
treatments a, b, c, and d, respectively. Yield reduction with stubble mulch
tillage was related to poor weed control (primarily green foxtail) and not to
the effects of surface residue per se. Use of fertilizer N failed to overcome
yield reduction associated with stubble mulch tillage.
70-71:03F-032
FORAGE YIELD OF SWITCHGRASS (PANICUM VIRGATUM L.) IN PENNSYLVANIA,
Berg, C. C.
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U.S. Regional Pasture Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 785-786, 1971. 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: Switchgrass, Yield, Varieties.
Identifiers: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Pennsylvania, Warm-season grass,
Cool-season grass, Forage yield.
The production of forage by a warm-season grass species (switchgrass, Panicum
virgatum L.) was compared with cool-season grasses in the cool, humid north-
eastern United States. Dry-matter yields were obtained from two varieties of
tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata
L.) and three varieties of switchgrass in 1969. Two other varieties of
switchgrass failed to become established and another two did not survive
the first winter. Plots were harvested at approximately monthly intervals from
May 15 to September 15, 1969. Orchardgrass and tall fescue began growing much
earlier in the spring, continued to grow later in the fall, and produced 3,200
to 5,000 kg/ha more dry forage over the entire season than switchgrass. During
midsummer the switchgrass varieties produced as much or more dry matter than
the cool-season grasses; however, a high value must be placed on the production
of forage at this time of year to justify considering switchgrass as a forage
species in the cool humid northeastern United States. Yield data were limited
to one harvest year (1969) because the switchgrass did not survive the follow-
ing winter.
70-71:03F-033
GROWING BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) ON BEDS IN SALINE SOIL,
Day, A. D., Turner, F. Jr., and Kirkpatrick, R. M.
Arizona University, Tucson.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 5, p 768-769, 1971. 3 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Saline soil, *Application method, *Application rate, Barley,
Yield, Salinity, Weeds, Growth rate.
Identifiers: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Barley culture.
Studies were conducted over a 2-year period at Safford, Arizona, to compare
two methods (conventional drilling and two rows per bed) and two rates (28
and 56 kg/ha) of planting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on elevated beds
in saline soil. Beds were oriented in two directions: north to south and east
to west. Conventional drilling on beds resulted in both higher grain yields
and grain volume-weights than did the two-row method of planting. Planting
56 kg/ha resulted in higher grain yields and volume weights than did planting
28 kg/ha. Grain yields were higher from barley grown on east-west beds than
from barley grown on north-south beds. The two-row method of planting on beds
resulted in more weeds than did the drilled method of planting. The research
indicated that when barley was grown in saline soil, highest yields of quality
grain were obtained when the crop was drilled at 56 kg/ha on east-west beds.
70-71:03F-034
GRAPHIC RELATION OF INTAKE, LENGTH-OF-RUN AND TIME,
Wu, I-pai, and Bishop, A. A.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Agricultural Engineering Department.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 7506, p 233-240. 5 fig, 8 ref,
2 append.
Descriptors: *Graphical methods, *Infiltration, Irrigation efficiency, *Sur-
face irrigation, Irrigation, Irrigation practices.
The total amount of infiltration of surface irrigation expressed as a function
of length of run and time is controlled by the advance function of stream
inside the furrow (or border) and the infiltration characteristics of soils.
Both the advance function and the infiltration intensity function can be ex-
pressed as a power function. There is a linear relationship between the time
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of advance and the opportunity time of infiltration with the total irrigation
time as parameters. A simple graphic solution can be developed and used for
estimating infiltration along the furrow (or border) at any given time during
irrigation including the recession time. The technique is simple and requires
no mathematical computation and can be used as a preliminary estimation of in-
filtration pattern or evaluation of an irrigation system. The shape of the
infiltration pattern along the run can be used to determine the distribution
efficiency and the application efficiency of surface irrigation.
70-71:03F-035
YIELD OF GRAIN LEGUMES AS AFFECTED BY IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER REGIMES,
Horner, G. M., and Mojtehedi, M.
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture; and
Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, College of Agriculture.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 449-450, 1970. 4 ref.
(See 70-71:026-054)
70-71:03F-036
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY ALFALFA IN WESTERN NEBRASKA,
Daigger, L. A., Axthelm, L. S., and Ashburn, C. L.
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Mitchell, Nebraska.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, p 507-508, 1970. 4 tabs, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Alfalfa, *Consumptive use, *Moisture uptake, *Soil moisture,
Water, Evapotranspiration, Water requirement.
Identifiers: Western Nebraska, Evapotranspiration ratio.
Consumptive use of water by alfalfa grown under two phosphorus fertility levels
was measured in a 3-year study at the University of Nebraska Scotts Bluff
Station, located in western Nebraska. Soil moisture to a depth of 230 cm
was measured with a neutron moisture meter at the start of the growing season,
after each cutting, and after the last harvest. Irrigation water was deliver-
ed to the benches through an underground pipe and measured before flood irriga-
tion. Alfalfa used 11.4 cm water per metric ton (4.95 in/T) of 88% dry
matter hay. Alfalfa used water more efficiently in early May and June than
July and August. Average water use per day was 4.1 mm (0.16 in) for the first
harvest, 5.6 mm (0.22 in) for the second harvest, and 5.9 mm (0.23 in) for
the third harvest. Average evapotranspiration ratios for the 3-year period
were 540 for the first cuttings, 630 for the second cuttings, and 860 for the
third cuttings. The average evapotranspiration ratio for the three harvests
over the 3-year period was 680. Two levels of phosphorus applied to the soil
did not alter water use nor total yields of hay.
70-71:03F-037
INFLUENCE OF ROW SPACING, IRRIGATION, AND WEEDS ON DRYLAND FLAX YIELD, QUALITY,
AND WATER USE,
Alessi, J., and Power, J. F.
Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, North Dakota.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 5, p 635-637. 2 tab, 2 fig, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Supplemental irrigation, Irrigation, Yield, Weed control.
Identifiers: Seasonal water use, Flaxseed quality, Row spacing, Flax (Linum
usitatissinum L.).
Field experiments were conducted during 1966 and 1967 at Mandan, North Dakota,
to evaluate the effects of row spacing (7.5, 15, and 30 cm), irrigation water
at fruiting, and weed competition (primarily from Setaria virilis) on water
use by flax (Linum usitatissinum L.). An irrigation of 50 mm at the fruiting
stage increased flaxseed yields only when weeds were controlled, particularly
in the dry year of 1967. Flaxseed yields increased at row spacing narrowed
from 30 to 7.5 cm only on unweeded plots. Weed growth reduced flaxseed yields
for the 2-year period from 26 to 53%, with the least reduction from 7.5-cm row
131
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spacing. Midsummer rains or supplemental water at fruiting was less effective
in increasing flaxseed production when weeds were present, but some degree of
weed control was achieved with narrower row spacing. Oil content of flaxseed
was not affected by treatments, but iodine number was slightly higher for the
wider spacing (30 cm) in 1966. Total water use was not affected by row
spacing or weed treatment, but water use efficiency was increased by narrow
row spacing and by weed control. Water use patterns indicated deeper root
penetration during the drier year.
70-71:03F-038
PREDICTING IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CROPS,
David, W. P., and Hiler, E. A.
Iowa State University, Ames, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 7507, p 241-255", 1970. 3 tab, 10 fig,
2 append, 20 ref.
Descriptors: *Model, *Soil moisture, *Rainfall, Cotton, Grain sorghum,
Irrigation, Irrigation practices.
Identifiers: Probability theory.
A continuous soil moisture accounting model based on soil moisture depletion
equations was developed. The model was adapted to an 18.6-acre experimental
watershed and was used to estimate the monthly and seasonal irrigation require-
ments of both crops as based on a 30-yr sample were found to be normal. Weekly
rainfall probabilities for the watershed were calculated from a 30-yr sample
using the incomplete gamma density function. The use of weekly rainfall pro-
babilities in irrigation planning is shown.
70-71:03F-039
FURROW IRRIGATION WITH DECREASING INFLOW RATE,
Lai, R., and Pandya, A. C.
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, Dept of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR4, Proc. Paper 7748, p 451-460, 1970. 1 tab, 3 fig,
3 append, 11 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-011)
70-71:03F-040
AUTOMATIC CUTBACK FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN,
Nicolaescu, I., and Kruse, E. G.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 8358, p 343-353, 1971. 2 tab, 6 fig,
2 append, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-012)
70-71:03F-041
MODEL FOR FARM IRRIGATION IN HUMID AREAS,
Windsor, J. S., and Chow, Ven Te.
Illinois University, Urbana.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 8355, p 369-385, 1971. 2 tab, 4 fig,
2 append, 14 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-013)
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70-71:03F-042
IRRIGATORS SHAPE THEIR LAND FOR WATER CONTROL,
Garner, B. J.
Soil Conservation Service, Harlingen, Texas.
Soil Conservation, Vol. 36, No. 7, p 149-150, 1971.
Descriptors:
Identifiers:
Land, Irrigation, Water control.
Land leveling, Lower Rio Grande Valley.
Landowners shape their land for irrigation in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of
Texas for better control of water. This means lower cost of labor for irrigat-
ing. It also means holding losses of water to a minimum. Leveling of fields
makes possible the even distribution of irrigation water and rainfall, re-
sulting in uniform crop growth. Land leveling must be designed in accordance
with variations in soils, the crops to be grown, the water supply, and the
method of irrigation in each case. The irrigators in this area have found
that land leveling, plus good water management, has paid big dividends in
conservation of irrigation water, retention of needed rainfall, lower costs,
and more uniform and better crops.
70-71:03F-043
IRRIGATION SURVEY,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5, p 10-17, September-October, 1971. 45 ref.
Descriptors: * Irrigation systems, * Irrigation practices, *Distribution systems,
Identifiers: *United States.
This article is a compilation of statistics on irrigation, state by state,
through 1970 including sprinkler and gravity methods, types of power equipment,
and the various types of pipes used in irrigation lines.
70-71:03F-044
SOIL - WATER RELATIONSHIP,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5,
3 tab.
p 6-9, September-October, 1971. 2 fig,
Descriptors: * Irrigation practices, *Crop production, Irrigated efficiency,
Soil moisture, Available water, Excess water, Infiltration, Leaching, Moisture
tension, Soil moisture meters, Soil-water-plant relationships, Tensiometers.
Identifiers: *Irrigation scheduling, *Irrigation research, Soil moisture
measurements.
The use of water in irrigation, as in all walks of life, is receiving re-eval-
uation as emphasis on the total amount of water available for all uses becomes
a more pressing problem. A few years ago, guesswork was the most common
method of determining the need for additional water. Today, however, the
question of when and how much to irrigate is getting the technical attention
it deserves. This very general summary was presented to show that useful data
are available throughout the country - data that should be used in the design
and operation of irrigation systems.
70-71:03F-045
BOLD NEW DEVELOPMENT FOR IRRIGATION,
Bureau of Reclamation.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 1, p 15-18, February, 1970. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Irrigation programs, Irrigation ef-
ficiency, Water conservation, Crop production, Groundwater.
Identifiers: *Irrigation scheduling, * Irrigation research, United States
Bureau of Reclamation.
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Irrigation scientists generally agree in existance of the paradox that: Ir-
rigators are perennially concerned with too-short supplies of water yet too
much water is applied to the fields under current watering practices. The
result is a complex melange of wasted water, increased costs, reduced pro-
duction, and lower farm efficiency. To strike at this contradiction, the
Bureau of Reclamation has started a pilot program of scheduling irrigation wa
water deliveries. Bureau personnel take soil moisture samples and deliver an
irrigation schedule to the farmer. The results have been a 20 percent increase
in crop yield with a 30 percent reduction in water use. Annual costs of 1
dollar per acre have produced benefits of $35 per acre.
70-71:03F-046
STARTING WITH TRICKLE IRRIGATION,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 4, p 15-17, November 1970.
(See 70-71:03C-009)
70-71:03F-047
IRRIGATION GUESSWORK - GOODBYE,
Cassai, N.
United States Bureau of Reclamation, Region 7, Denver, Colorado, Information
Officer.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 2, p 16-18, May 1970. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Irrigation programs, *Irrigation ef-
ficiency, Water conservation, Crop production, Groundwater, Wyoming, Nebraska.
Identifiers: *Irrigation scheduling, *Irrigation research, United States
Bureau of Reclamation.
Studies in using the computer to predict when and how much to irrigate are be-
ing conducted by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. The tests, con-
ducted during 1969, were on 363 acres near McCook, Nebraska and 260 acres near
Torrington, Wyoming. The principal crops in the test areas were: corn,
sugarbeets, beans, alfalfa and small grains. Due to diseases the previous
year direct correlation of yields was impossible. However, there was a
significant increase shown. The cost of the services, on a commercial basis,
is estimated at between $1.50 and $4.00 per acre per year, depending on how
much of the data is collected by the farmer. Water savings of from 10 to 15
percent were observed. Other benefits are: reduced labor costs, reduced
fertilizer requirements, increased net returns, and fewer drainage problems.
70-71:03F-048
TRICKLE IRRIGATION. . . A MORE EFFICIENT MEANS OF WATER MANAGEMENT,
Lyons, C. G. , Jr.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Welasco, Texas.
Texas Agricultural Progress, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 3-4, Winter, 1972. 5 fig.
(See 70-71.-03C-010)
70-71:03F-049
MOISTURE SENSOR PLACEMENT FOR REGULATION OF FURROW-IRRIGATION SYSTEMS,
Myers, R. G., and Edwards, D. M.
Valmont Industries, Valley, Nebraska.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 303-306, March 1970. 5 fig, 16 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-019)
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70-71:03F-050
AUTOMATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH FLUIDIC DIVERTERS,
Kruse, E. G., Freeman, P. A., and Haise, H. R.
United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Agricultural
Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 357-361, March 1970. 11 fig, 6 ref.
(See 70-71:08A-002)
70-71:03F-051
PRACTICALITY ESTABLISHED FOR TRAVELING SPRINKLER SYSTEMS,
Sisson, D. R.
L. R. Nelson Manufacturing Company, Incorporated, Illinois.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 2, p 15-16, March 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab.
(See 70-71:04A-022)
70-71:03F-052
CALIFORNIA DRIP-IRRIGATION TESTS MAY PROVE METHOD SIGNIFICANT,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 12-13, March-April 1971.
(See 70-71:03C-011)
70-71:03F-053
NEW FINDINGS ON THE USE OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES,
AUSTRALIA & ISRAEL,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 6, p 14-16, December 1970. 4 fig, 1 tab.
(See 70-71:03C-012)
70-71:03F-054
HOW TO RECYCLE RUNOFF,
Coleman, C.
World Irrigation, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 20-24, April 1970.
2 fig.
Descriptors: *Water reuse, *Irrigation practice, *Irrigation efficiency,
*Water conservation, Waste water, Water control, Water loss, Water pollution
control, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: *Pump back systems, Irrigation automation.
The reuse of water is getting much attention in the United States today. One
area that seems to show promise is that of recycling tailwater runoff in
irrigated areas. By installing a collection pond and a pump back system it
seems that irrigation efficiencies of 80 percent or greater are entirely pos-
sible. By not allowing water to waste off the end of the field the problem
of silt and nutrient pollution in the streams could be greatly reduced. Also,
in areas where urban development borders on agricultural land the legal prob-
lems associated with waste water could be eliminated.
70-71:03F-055
UNLINED MOLE LINES FOR IRRIGATION,
Norum, D. I., and Gray, D. M.
Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon, Canada.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 661-668, May 1970. 3 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-079)
135
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70-71:03F-056
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A CENTER-PIVOT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM,
Kincaid, D. C., and Heermann, D. F.
United States Department of Agriculture, Mitchell, Nebraska.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 556-558, May 1970. 3 fig, 5 tab, 5 ref;
(See 70-71:04A-030)
70-71:03F-057
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND DRAINAGE FROM THE ROOT ZONE OF IRRIGATED COASTAL
BERMUDAGRASS ON COASTAL PLAINS SOILS,
Doss, B. D., and Taylor, H. M.
United States Department of Agriculture, Thorsby, Alabama.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 426-429, April 1970. 5 fig, 4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil-water-plant relationships, *Evapotranspiration, *Water
conservation, Consumptive use, Evaporation, Transpiration, Drainage, Soil
physics, Bermudagrass.
Identifiers: Water use.
Water contents as a function of time and depth were measured with a neutron
meter on plastic-covered and on bermudagrass-vegetated Lucedale soil. Rela-
tions between drainage rates and water contents were developed for eight
depth increments of the plastic covered profile. These were used to separate
evapotranspiration from deep drainage losses. Evapotranspiration of Coastal
bermudagrass at Thorsby, Alabama, was 0.8 cm per day for the second day after
irrigation and decreased to 0.06 cm per day, 28 days after irrigation. The
fraction of evapotranspiration from the upper 15 cm of soil decreased with
time, but the fraction was constant or increased in all other horizons.
70-71:03F-058
CROP RESPONSE TO MIST IRRIGATION,
Howell, T. A., Hiler, E. A., and van Bavel, C. H. M.
Texas A & M University, College Station.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 906-910, May 1971. 8 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-031)
70-71:03F-059
STRESS DAY INDEX TO CHARACTERIZE EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS ON CROP YIELDS,
Hiler, E. A., and Clark, R. N.
Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 757-761, April 1971. 2 fig, 2 tab, 28 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-082)
70-71:03F-060
OPERATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OUTSIDE THE GROWING SEASON,
Voropayev, G. V.
Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, No. 1, p 80-88, 1970. 6 fig, 4 tab.
Descriptors: *Irrigation systems, *Irrigation operation and management,
*Surface irrigation, Irrigation practices, Water management, Distribution
systems.
Identifiers: *Winter operation, Leaching.
A study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of operating an irrigation
system under severe winter conditions. The area selected was in the Soviet
Union
136
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Union with winter temperatures below -10°. The purpose was to see if it was
desirable to add additional irrigation and leaching water during the winter
months. It was found that this method worked satisfactorily if the irrigation
method used was equally efficient at adding water to the soil or forming sur-
face ice layers.
70-71:03F-061
SQUARE-MATIC LATERALLY . . . NEW CONCEPT IN SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ACHIEVES
GOALS LONG SOUGHT BY FARMERS,
R. M. Wade & Company, Portland, Oregon.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 10-11, March-April 1971. 1 fig.
(See 70-71:04A-047)
70-71:03F-062
SEASONAL VARIATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON SURFACE
IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY,
Linderman, C. L., and Stegman, E. C.
United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska, Agricultural
Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 914-923, May 1971. 10 fig, 4 tab, 11 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-035)
70-71:03F-063
ELECTRIC CONTROLS FOR AUTOMATIC SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WITH REUSE SYSTEM,
Fischbach, P. E. , Thompson, T. L., and Stetson, L. E.
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 286-288, March 1970. 10 fig, 3 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-038)
70-71:03F-064
THE HYDRAULICS OF AN AUTOMATED FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH RECTANGULAR SIDE
WEIR OUTLETS,
Sweeten, J. M., and Garton, J. E.
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 746-751, June 1970. 12 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
(See 70-71-.04A-039)
70-71:03F-065
GET DOUBLE USE OUT OF IRRIGATION WATER,
Bondurant, J. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, Idaho. Agricult- al Re-
search Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center.
Idaho Farmer, Vol. 88, No. 6, p 24-27, March 1970.
Descriptors: *Water reuse, * Irrigation practices, Irrigation efficiency.
Water conservation, Waste water, Water control, Water loss, Water pollution
control, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: *Pump back systems, Irrigation automation.
The reuse of water is getting much attention in the United States today. One
area that seems to show promise is that of recycling tailwater runoff in ir-
rigated areas. By installing a collection pond and a pump back system it seems
that irrigation efficiencies of 80 percent or greater are entirely possible.
By not allowing water to waste off the end of the field, the problem of silt
137
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and nutrient pollution in the streams could be greatly reduced. Also, in
areas where urban development borders on agricultural land the legal problems
associated with waste water could be eliminated.
70-71:03F-066
EFFICIENCIES OF AN AUTOMATED SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT A
RUNOFF RE-USE SYSTEM,
Fischbach, p. E., and Somerhalder, B. R.
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 717-719, April 1971. 4 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-045)
70-71:03F-067
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO DESIGN OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION,
Liang, T., and Wu, I. P.
Hawaii University, Honolulu.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 618-621, May 1970. 11 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Sprinkler irrigation, Design criteria,
Computer programs, Optimization.
A method of designing a solid set sprinkler system while optimizing the economy
has been developed. The procedure is in the form of a digital computer pro-
gram. The program is presented along with the procedure used in its develop-
ment and method limitations. The program was tried on an actual design
problem and the results presented. ,
70-71:03F-068
GRAIN SORGHUM RESPONSE TO NUMBER, TIMING, AND SIZE OF IRRIGATIONS IN THE
SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS,
Musick, J. T., and Dusek, D. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Bushland, Texas.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 401-404, March 1971. 2 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Supplemental irrigation, Irrigation
effects, Irrigation efficiency.
Identifiers: Irrigation timing.
A limited irrigation approach to irrigating grain sorghum in the Southern
High Plains involving reducing (a) number of irrigations applied in relation
to stage of plant development, and (b) size of irrigation was studied. The
study consisted of a 3-year detailed plot study and a 3-year graded furrow
field test. The most efficient use of one 4-in. seasonal irrigation resulted
from applying water at the heading stage. Plant moisture stress during vegeta-
tive development had less effect on yields than stress during heading. At
higher water levels, irrigation vegetative development became more important
to obtaining high yields and efficient water use. Reducing size of seasonal
irrigations from 4- to 2-in. reduced yields but increased irrigation water
use efficiency. The average increase for 9 treatment year comparisons was
from 335 to 511 Ib. per acre-in.
70-71:03F-069
RETURNED PROFITS,
Irrigation Age, Vol. 4, No. 9, p 20-21, April 1970. 8 fig.
138
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Descriptors: *Water re-use, *Irrigation practices, Irrigation efficiency,
Water conservation, Waste water, Water control, Water loss, Water pollution
control, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: *Pump back systems, Irrigation automation.
The question of why return water is dealt with, by listing examples. Cost
figure of $3,333.60 was given for a return system with a storage capacity of
1 acre-foot and 1,296 feet of pipeline for the Texas high plains area. An
explanation of what a return system is, was given.
70-71:03F-070
SALT RIVER PROJECT'S COMPUTERIZED IRRIGATION,
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 6, p 17, December 1970.
1 fig.
Descriptors: * Irrigation practices, * Irrigation programs, Irrigation ef-
ficiency, Water conservation, Crop production.
Identifiers: *Irrigation scheduling, Irrigation research, Irrigation
engineering.
Irrigation scheduling research is being conducted on the Salt River Project.
Sample soil cores are collected in the field and brought to the laboratory for
analysis. The information is then fed into the computer. The result is a
print out that tells the farmer when and how much water to apply. Cotton
yields have been increased by 250 pounds per acre. Water savings are reported
in excess of 10 percent. Personal contact with the farmer has proven much more
effective than mailing out the information.
70-71:03F-071
NEED FOR CONTROLLING SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER,
Colorado River Board of California.
Colorado River Board of California, Los Angeles, California, State of
California.
Report, August 1970. 89 p. 10 fig, 12 tab, 32 ref, 1 append.
(See 70-71:05G-020)
70-71:03F-072
THE MINERAL QUALITY PROBLEM IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN,
Regions VIII and IX, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Regions VIII and IX,
Report, Regions VIII and IX, 1971. 9 fig, 9 tab, 4 append.
(See 70-71:05C-015)
139
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SECTION XVI
WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
CONTROL OF WATER ON THE SURFACE (Group 04A)
70-71:04A-001
BENTONITE SEALING METHODS COMPARED IN THE FIELD,
Rollins, Myron B., and Dylla, Anthony S.
Bureau of Land Management, Prineville, Oregon; and Agricultural Research
Service, Reno, Nevada.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the
Irrigation Drainage Division, Vol. 96, No. IR2, p 193-203, June 1970. 11 p,
8 tab, 8 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Bentonite, *Reservoirs, *Reservoir leakage, *Sealants, *Soil
sealants, Methodology, Field tests, Blankets, Seepage, Sands, Protective
coatings, Linings, Construction costs, Irrigation canals, Costs, Buried
membranes, Clays.
Identifiers: *Small reservoirs, *Small impoundments, *Seepage control.
Twelve small reservoirs were constructed at each of 2 sites in western Nevada
to test methods of sealing with bentonite. Utah bentonite was installed as
the following types of seals: (1) waterborne-harrowed, (2) waterborne-
over-a-gravel surface, (3) surface blanket, (4) buried blanket, and (5)
buried membrane. The waterborne-harrowed seals were short lived. The water-
borne seals on reservoirs with graveled surfaces were effective only slightly
longer, becoming ineffective after the third season. The 4-in. surface
blanket seals were more durable, their effectiveness lasting about 5 seasons.
The buried blanket and buried membrane seals proved to be the best, retaining
60% effectiveness 6 yr after installation. Costs of bentonite sealing
varied from $0.20 to $1.30/sq yd of soil surface, and are comparable with other
methods of sealing, such as plastics.
70-71:04A-002
HODOGRAPH SOLUTION OF THE DRAINAGE PROBLEM WITH VERY SMALL DRAIN DIAMETER,
Youngs, E. G.
Agricultural Research Council, Cambridge (England). Unit of Soil Physics.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, p 594-600, April 1970. 7 p, 3 fig,
2 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Soil water movement, *Groundwater movement, * Sub-
surf ace drainage, Drawdown, Capillary water, Drainage systems, Mathematical
studies.
Identifiers: Hodographs.
The hodograph treatment of the drainage problem of uniform vertical fluxes
draining to a system of parallel equally spaced cylindrical drains laid in an
infinitely deep soil is applied to the case of very small drains. A simple
approximate expression allowing the inclusion of the effect of the capillary
fringe thickness is derived for the drain radius. Computed results are pre-
sented, and these are used in the discussion of experimental results for
systems of gappy drains laid in a hydraulic model sand tank.
70-71:04A-003
ESTIMATION OF UNCONFINED GROUND WATER FLOW TO DITCHES,
Venetis, C.
Dievd. Technikon Ypiresion, loannina (Greece).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 13, No. 4, p 338-342, September 1971. 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Ditches, *Drainage systems, Water levels,
Drawdown, Equations, Mathematical studies, Discharge (Water), Water yield,
Infiltration, Water table.
Identifiers: *Drainage ditches.
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Prediction of groundwater flow to drainage ditches is of some practical im-
portance in drainage studies. Simple formulae are based on the well known
linear differential equation of groundwater flow. They enable a quick step
by step computation of groundwater flow corresponding to any assumed infiltra-
tion sequence uniformly distributed over the basin under study. The single
parameter in the formulae, which lumps the physical and geometric properties
of the aquifer, can be easily determined from an observed recession of
groundwater levels or groundwater discharge. Thus estimates of the physical
parameters of the aquifer are not necessary for the application of the
approach.
70-71:04A-004
TRANSIENT FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL DRAINS,
Yen, William Wen-Gong, and Singh, Rameshwar.
California University, Los Angeles; and San Jose State College, California.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 301-312, September 1970. 12 p,
12 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Subsurface drainage, *Unsteady flow, *Groundwater movement,
*Mathematical studies, *Computer programs, Linear programming, Soil water
movement, Drainage systems, Hydraulic conductivity. Specific yield, Dupuit-
Forchheimer theory, Permeability, Drawdown.
Identifiers: Transient groundwater flow.
The problem of transient-flow subsurface drainage between parallel drains has
been solved by the method of weighted-residuals. The assumption of an
initial profile is removed in this method. The governing nonlinear partial
differential equation is reduced to ordinary differential equations which
are easily solvable on the computer. The solution is presented in two
nondimensional graphical forms for easy field application.
70-71:04A-005
REGION 7 LAUNCHES PROGRAM TO REDUCE SUBSURFACE DRAIN COSTS,
Lidster, W. A.
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 57, No. 4, p 14-20, November 1971. 7 fig.
Descriptors: *Subsurface drains, *Polyethylene, Drains, Construction methods,
Drain spacing, Average costs, Construction equipment, Field investigations,
Construction, Construction practices, Field tests, Drain tiles, Plastic
pipes, Cost comparisons, Depth.
Identifiers: *Drainage costs, *Plastic tubing, *Excavators, Trench width,
Cost curves, Bureau of Reclamation (Region 7).
To reduce the cost of subsurface drainage work, the Bureau of Reclamation
has undertaken a program to investigate new pipe materials and equipment.
The average cost of recent subsurface drains in Region 7 is $32,000 per mi.
Phase 1 consisted of installing and evaluating corrugated, perforated, poly-
ethylene drainage tubing. Some advantages of this tubing over concrete or
clay draintile are: (1) is easy to handle; (2) can be manufactured in
long lengths; and (3) requires less manpower for installation. Two test
reaches of polyethylene tubing were installed in Nebraska by a trencher
and pipe laying machine. The installation rate for these reaches was about
4 ft/min, 2 to 3 times faster than for equivalent lengths of concrete or
clay pipe. Phase 2 was to locate a machine capable of laying tubing at a
faster rate. One machine having this potential is a German-made, Hoes Gigant
trencher, used in a field demonstration near Courtland, Kansas, to install
2,000 ft of polyethylene tubing. The drains were installed 7.5 ft deep,
with gravel envelope, at an average rate of 15 ft/min. This demonstration
indicated that by using new pipe materials and high speed trenching machines,
drainage costs may be reduced.
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70-71:04A-006
IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE: SECTION II. ORGANIZATION,
Willson, R. J.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Committee on Operation and Maintenance of
Irrigation and Drainage Systems of the Irrigation and Drainage Division.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR4, Proc. Paper 8613, p 601-633, 1971. 2 fig, 2 ref,
1 append.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Maintenance, *0rganizations, *Water management,
Construction, * Irrigation, Operations, Personnel, Water resources.
Identifiers: Public land policy, Organization charts, Public opinion.
As an irrigation or drainage system is constructed, the transition toward its
intended function begins. The organization to perform this function centers
around operation and maintenance personnel; however, additional construction
functions may be included until project completion. This section of the manual
reviews the organizational systems having this responsibility. The function
of the policy-setting bodies and operating personnel, together with methods
for accomplishing their responsibilities, are also reviewed.
70-71:04A-007
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE FOR IRRIGATION,
Smith, R. A.
United Water Conservation District of Ventura City, Ventura City, California.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR4, Proc. Paper 7722, p 475-488, 1970. 2 fig, 18 ref,
1 append.
Descriptors: *Engineers, *Management operation, *Personnel, *Planning, Com-
munication, Ethics, Irrigation, Maintenance, Organizations, Policy.
After engineers build irrigation systems many continue as operators and chang-
ing to managers by acquiring the concepts and skills of management. This in-
volves shifting from doing work to responsibly supervising others. The physical
irrigation system hosts an intricate social structure which utilizes the demo-
cratic process to establish policy and to govern operations within a framework
of law. Human functions supercede equipment and both require ever-improving
techniques of operation. Vitalized operations result from the constant quest
for improvement. Continual attention must be given to better management
methods in order for an irrigation system to effectively perform its intended
function. Methods include good communication, careful planning and effective
control. Engineers with good personal qualifications can become increasingly
effective in motivating subordinates toward better performance by sharpening
skills in a self-development campaign. Engineers as managers can thus improve
in ability to sponsor proper relationships with board members and others.
This leads to an improved acceptance of irrigation system objectives by the
public.
70-71:04A-008
OPTIMAL DESIGN OP FURROW LENGTH OF SURFACE IRRIGATION,
Wu, I-pai, and Liang, Tung.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Agricultural Engineering Department.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 7543, p 319-332, 1970. 1 tab, 5 fig,
12 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Furrow drainage, *Furrow irrigation, Optimization, *Surface
irrigation, *Systems analysis, Irrigation, Irrigation efficiency.
Identifiers: Furrow length.
The furrow length design of an irrigation system can be optimized by analyzing
overall irrigation system cost when the infiltration intensity function soils,
advance function of inflow stream inside the furrow, and other pertinent
143
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information are known. Computer programs were coded for obtaining optimal
solution. The curves of cost functions usually have gentle slope close to
optimum furrow length when stream size is fixed (advance function known)-
Therefore, the designer does have limited freedom of choosing a suitable furrow
length without incurring extremely high cost. The length of furrow which falls
in the interval where cost vary less or equal to 5 percent of the optimal or
the minimum cost is defined arbitrarily as adequate length. Results showed
that the irrigation application efficiency is a function of furrow length.
Comparison of ordinary system and a cutback system was also conducted. The
developed optimization technique can also be used to determine the length of
the border.
70-71:04A-009
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATION ON SALT RIVER,
Shipley, H.
Salt River Project, Phoenix, Arizona.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR2, Proc. Paper 7373, p 151-163, 1970. 13 fig.
Descriptors: *Automatic control, *Irrigation practices, Remote control,
Analog computers, Canal design, Digital computers, Gates, Irrigation,
Irrigation engineering, Irrigation operation, Irrigation systems, Pumps.
Identifiers: Salt River Project.
Workload studies and efficiency evaluation of water deliveries plus savings of
pump costs justify the installation of automatic supervisory control for irri-
gation facilities and deepwell pumps. Due to the fact that the Salt River
Project irrigation system is the oldest multipurpose irrigation project in the
United States and is now in the transition of converting many of the farm
lands into urban development, new problems have been created, making this type
of installation feasible. The hydraulic design of the gates and changes in
operation of the delivery system have been thoroughly studied and integrated
into the application of the remote supervisory control.
70-71:04A-010
AUTOMATION FOR SMALL IRRIGATION PROJECTS,
Mann, T. E.
Bureau of Reclamation, Bismarck, North Dakota.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 8344, p 501-513, 1971. 3 fig, 3 ref,
1 append.
Descriptors: *Automation, *Telemetry, Conservation, Costs, Gates, Irrigation,
Maintenance, Radio, Reclamation, Reservoir, Water supply.
Identifiers: Southwestern Montana.
A remote control and data telemetering system has been installed on a 21,800-
acre irrigation project in southwestern Montana. After 3 years of operation
of the initial installation very little maintenance has been required for the
audio-frequency-tone-control type radio equipment. This system allows for
opening and closing outlet gates and receiving gate position and water level
readings by remote operation from headquarters. Elimination of requirement for
dam tender and residence with resultant savings made installation of equipment
economically feasible. Quick appraisal of water levels and flow provides
smoother operation of irrigation releases, conserves water, and requires less
travel and overtime for the water master. Performance of the system will be
used in later designs of automation equipment and for operation of this equip-
ment on large irrigation projects.
70-71:04A-011
FURROW IRRIGATION WITH DECREASING INFLOW RATE,
Lai, R., and Pandya, A. C.
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Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, Dept of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 96, No. IR4, Proc. Paper 7748, p 451-460, 1970. 1 tab, 3 fig,
3 append, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Furrows, *Inflow, *Reduction, Agricultural engineering, Design,
Irrigation.
Identifiers: Time dependence.
A mathematical model has been developed to provide the manner in which the in-
flow stream size at the upstream end of a furrow must be reduced stepwise
according to the infiltration characteristics of the soil so as to eliminate
runoff losses from the downstream end and keep the deep percolation losses to
the minimum. Owing to the high infiltration rate in the beginning the initial
stream size may be large and kept constant till water reaches the end of fur-
row length. The total period of irrigation is divided into equal intervals of
advance time. Equation for calculating the factors by which the initial stream
size should be multiplied to get inflow rates during subsequent time intervals
has been developed. Graphs have been presented for simplifying the calcula-
tions. The method of practical application of the analysis is illustrated by
an example.
70-71:04A-012
AUTOMATIC CUTBACK FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN,
Nicolaescu, I., and Kruse, E. G.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 8358, p 343-353, 1971. 2 tab, 6 fig,
2 append, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Furrow irrigation *Furrow systems, *Surface irrigation, Irriga-
tion, Runoff, Streams.
Identifiers: Water application rate.
A field method for determining the size of a constantly decreasing furrow
irrigation stream just adequate to prevent runoff after an initial stream has
advanced the length of the furrow is described. This reduced stream can be ap-
proximated by several streams of constant flow, each applied for equal times.
Use of the constant streams makes the irrigation system amenable to automatic
methods of water application. Assuming that stream size is to be varied by
regulating head-on spiles set in the walls of the irrigation lateral, procedures
for determining spile size, variation in elevation of adjacent banks of spiles,
and heads on the spiles for each discharge are presented. Equations are given
for the number of furrows to be irrigated from each bay of the lateral with a
given water supply. Methods for determining times of application and volumes
of water supplied by the initial stream and each of the reduced streams are
given. An example illustrates the application of all procedures and equations.
70-71:04A-013
MODEL FOR FARM IRRIGATION IN HUMID AREAS,
Windsor, J. S., and Chow, Ven Te.
Illinois University, Urbana, Illinois.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Proc. Paper 8355, p 369-385, 1971. 2 tab, 4 fig,
2 append, 14 ref.
Descriptors: ^Mathematical model, *Systems engineering, Agricultural engineer-
ing, Computers, Dynamic programming, Irrigation, Linear programming, Optimiza-
tion, Operations research, Water resources.
A multicrop, multisoil, farm irrigation system is broken-down into a number of
discrete units, and then analyzed by means of a two-level optimization approach.
At the first level of optimization dynamic programming is used to determine,
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on a per acre basis, the optimal irrigation policy, the maximum expected pro-
fit, and the expected monthly irrigation and labor and water requirements for
each crop-soil combination and each level of irrigation development. At the
next level of optimization linear programming is used to determine the irriga-
tion system, the level of irrigation development, and the crop mix, which maxi-
mize the expected farm profit without violating any of the farm resource
limitations. The model assumes that water supply is the important variable
which controls plant growth, and uses a production function which is based on
the concept of stress days. To show how the procedure may be set up on a
computer, a hypothetical two-crop, two-soil, farm irrigation system is analyzed
considering several resource combinations.
70-71:04A-014
SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN,
Fok, Yu-Si, and Willardson, L. S.
Hawaii University, Honolulu, Department of Civil Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, Vol. 97, No. IRS, p 449-454, 1971. 1 fig, 2 append, 5 ref.
(See 70-71:020-058).
70-71:04A-015
IOWA PASSES EROSION-CONTROL LAW,
Moon, W. T.
Soil Conservation Service, Des Moines, Iowa.
Soil Conservation, Vol. 36, No. 12, p 272-273, 1971.
(See 70-71:02J-003)
70-71 .-04A-016
IRRIGATORS SHAPE THEIR LAND FOR WATER CONTROL,
Garner, B. J.
Soil Conservation Service, Harlingen, Texas.
Soil Conservation, Vol. 36, No. 7, p 149-150, 1971.
(See 70-71:03F-042)
70-71:04A-017
CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATION,
Heermann, D.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
World Irrigation; Vol. 20, No. 4, p 8-11, June 1970. 6 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Sprinkler irrigation, Uniformity coefficient, Irrigation systems,
Arable land, Irrigation efficiency, Irrigation engineering, Crop production,
Application methods.
Identifiers: *Center pivot, Sprinklers, Sprinkler design, Runoff, Irrigation
research.
Self-propelled center pivot sprinkler irrigation systems have been and are
currently being installed in the United States. All systems are similar in
that a line of sprinklers rotate about a pivot point. Typically one line is
designed to irrigate approximately 135 acres of a 160 acre field. There is
considerable variation in design and drive mechanisms of the systems. Since
they are continually moving, center pivot systems perform especially well in
the wind. Many misconceptions about the design and operation of center pivot
systems have developed and an attempt to correct these is made in this article.
When properly designed, a center pivot system provides an efficient, automated
irrigation system.
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70-71:04A-018
LOSS OF STANDING WATER BY SEEPAGE HALTED WITH FLEXIBLE LINERS,
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4, p 14-15, July-August 1971. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Canal lining, *Seepage losses, Plastics, Montana, Soil water,
Irrigation canals, Waste water, Water control, Water loss.
Identifiers: *United States Bureau of Reclamation, Helena, Dillon.
The loss of water along two stretches of irrigation canal in the Helena and
Dillon areas of Montana was tremendous. Freeze-thaw cycles during the cold
season caused the concrete in the bottom of the canals to craze, crack, and
pop up. Water losses in the area were calculated to be as high as 48 acre-feet
per day over a 2 1/2 mile stretch of the canal. To rectify this condition,
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation called for bids to install flexible PVC
vinyl membranes in the canals. The membranes were placed on the floor of the
canal and up the 2:1 slopes and were covered with 16 inches of soil. The
lining resulted in the canals being nearly water tight and will withstand the
cold Montana winters.
70-71:04A-019
MOISTURE SENSOR PLACEMENT FOR REGULATION OF FURROW-IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.
Myers, R. G., and Edwards, D. M.
Valmont Industries, Valley, Nebraska.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 303-306, March 1970. 5 fig, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Automatic control, *Irrigation systems,
Surface irrigation, Furrow irrigation.
Identifiers: *Soil moisture sensors, Intake rate, Water holding capacity.
A procedure has been developed for placing moisture-sensing devices in the soil
profile to deactivate an automated furrow-irrigation system. Results of the
study indicate that lateral sensor placement should be limited to the furrow
centerline. A limitation of this nature makes it possible to determine sensor
placement by having only to compute vertical sensor depth. Characteristics of
surface flow along with the basic intake rate equation and the water holding
capacity of the soil, provide a theoretical means for predicting vertical
sensor depth.
70-71:04A-020
AUTOMATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH FLUIDIC DIVERTERS,
Kruse, E. G., Freeman, P. A., and Haise, H. R.
United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Agricultural
Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 357-361, March 1970. 11 fig, 6 ref.
(See 70-71:08A-002)
70-71:04A-021
FROST AND COLD PROTECTION BY SPRINKLERS: A NEW ASSESSMENT,
Gray, A. S.
Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing Company, Glenora, California.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 2, p 12-13, March 1970. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Sprinkler irrigation, *Frost protection,
Temperature control, Ice, Frost action, Orchards, Irrigation,. Engineering.
Identifiers: Frost types, Frost damage.
Protecting crops with sprinkler irrigation is becoming more popular with grow-
ers who are learning the value of this type of protection. But if real results
are to be obtained, a properly designed system, operated according to plan, will
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be the deciding factors. Design and operation guide lines were presented for
the two types of frost common to cropping areas. Myths that sprinkler irriga-
tion is an infallible crop protector are challenged.
70-71:04A-022
PRACTICALITY ESTABLISHED FOR TRAVELING SPRINKLER SYSTEMS,
Sisson, D. R.
L. R. Nelson Manufacturing Company, Incorporated, Illinois.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 2, p 15-16, March 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: *Sprinkler irrigation, Irrigation practices, *Automation,
Distribution systems, Crop production.
Identifiers: *Automatic irrigation, Traveling sprinkler systems.
The types of traveling sprinkler systems are listed and their advantages dis-
cussed. Test data is quoted and the practicality developed. An equation for
application and uniformity is presented and discussed.
70-71:04A-023
PESTICIDES,
Metcalf, R. L.
Illinois University, Urbana, Illinois.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 57-60, March-April
1971. 1 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-030)
70-71:04A-024
ANIMAL WASTES,
Webber, L. R.
Guelph University, Guelph, Ontario.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 47-50, March-April
1971. 2 fig, 21 ref.
(See 70-71:053-034)
70-71:04A-025
CONSERVATION OF SANDY SOILS WITH A SURFACE MULCH,
Fryrear, D. W., and Koshi, P. T.
United States Department of Agricu'^ure, Big Springs, Texas, Agricultural Re-
search Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 492-495, March 1971. 10 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil conservation, *Water conservation, *Erosion control,
*Mulching, Cultivation, Soil erosion, Sediment control, Runoff, Dust storms,
Evaporation, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: *Pollution control.
A mulch surface cover on sandy soils will reduce wind erosion, increase soil
moisture storage, improve dry aggregate stability, and increase crop yields.
The percent soil surface covered with varying amounts of cotton gin trash,
wheat, and sorghum stubble was determined. The percent soil cover was used to
develop a mulch coefficient (100 percent soil cover equals a mulch coefficient
of 1.0). The mulch coefficient was related to soil moisture storage, crop
yield, evaporation, wind erosion loss, and runoff using the results of this
study and previous research by other scientists. A mulch coefficient of 0.6
to 0.8 was sufficient to control wind erosion and runoff. Good soil moisture
storage, evaporation reduction, and crop yields have been obtained with a mulch
coefficient of 1.0.
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70-71:04A-026
AUTOMATIC FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS,
Humpherys, A. S.
United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, Idaho, Agricultural Re-
search Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 466-470, January 1971. 7 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Automation, Furrow irrigation, Irriga-
tion engineering, Surface irrigation, Distribution systems, Irrigation design,
Ditches.
One method for automating furrow irrigation systems is to place furrow tubes
on grade in the ditch and then control the head, using time controlled check
structures. An evaluation of two such systems showed that cutback stream flow
was sensitive to head variations caused by varying supply flow and furrow inlet
elevation errors. To minimize these variations, furrow tubes or inlet openings
should be installed as close to design elevation as possible and the system
operated at the design flow rate. Labor requirements can be reduced as much
as 90 percent using semiautomated systems.
70-71:04A-027
WATER LOSSES DURING SPRINKLING,
Seginer, I.
Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 656-664, April 1971. 7 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Sprinkler irrigation, *Evaporation,
Distribution systems, Irrigation systems, Water loss, Meteorology.
An experiment was carried out in which water losses during sprinkling were
determined for various meteorological and operation conditions. The regres-
sion lines of total loss or solar radiation, for the various operation con-
ditions were practically parallel to each other, with slope of about 0.5.
The minimum loss was for a treatment where the surface was wet but no drops
were in the air. As the number of drops in the air increased and their size
decreased, the total loss increased. From a theoretical analysis based on a
simple resistance model it seems that spray evaporation was negligible relative
to drift loss in this case.
70-71:04A-028
GRADED ROWS FOR THE CONTROL OF RILL EROSION,
Harris, W. S., and Watson, W. S., Jr.
Arkansas University, Fayetteville.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 577-581, March 1971. 11 fig, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil conservation, *Rill erosion, *Contour farming, *Erosion
control, Soil erosion, Cultivation, Sediment control, Runoff, Flood control,
Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: *Pollution control, *Graded rows.
This paper is a report on graded rows that were designed, constructed, and
farmed with the control of rill erosion as a primary objective. The research
was on two separate and distinct land-grading problems. The first on a hill
and the second on relatively steep bottom land. Graded rows are defined as
bedded crop rows that channel the flow of surface water. The purpose of
graded rows is to prevent surface water from concentrating on fields and
causing erosion. Graded rows have eliminated rill erosion on hill land and
permitted "controlled" rill erosion and sedimentation on bottom land.
149
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70-71:04A-029
PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS,
Williams, J. R., Hiler, E. A., and Baird, R. W.
United States Department of Agriculture, Riesel, Texas.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1157-1162, June 1971. 5 fig, 5 tab, 19 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-009)
70-71:04A-030
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A CENTER-PIVOT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM,
Kincaid, D. C., and Heermann, D. F.
United States Department of Agriculture, Mitchell, Nebraska.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 556-558, May 1970. 3 fig, 5 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: * Irrigation practices, Sprinkler irrigation, Pipe flow, Fluid
friction, Irrigation design, Head loss, Infiltration.
Identifiers: *Center pivot, *Pipe sizing.
Many center-pivot irrigation systems use 6-in. pipe. With the common 1,300-ft.
system a pressure drop of 15-20 psi is found. This relatively high pressure
loss causes higher than necessary pumping cost and improper pressure distribu-
tion on the sprinklers, thus causing the large sprinklers to operate at less
.than recommended pressures. Low pressures result in large drop sizes and
reduction in soil intake rate. This analysis indicates that pipe sizes should
be increased and pressure losses decreased to reduce pumping costs and provide
a more uniform pressure distribution.
70-71:04A-031
CROP RESPONSE TO MIST IRRIGATION,
Howell, T. A., Hiler, E. A., and van Bavel, C. H. M.
Texas A & M University, College Station.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 906-910, May 1971. 8 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Mist irrigation, *Lysimeters, Irrigation
engineering, Plant growth, Application equipment, Irrigation systems, Sprink-
ler irrigation, Sprays.
An investigation of the response of southern peas to mist irrigation was con-
ducted in a sheltered lysimeter installation in which complete control of
the soil water balance could be maintained. Numerous crop, soil and meterolo-
gical parameters were measured and evaluated to determine the growth response
of the crop. Leaf water potential, measured by the pressure bomb method,
increased in one trial by 3.4 bars after five minutes of misting. The leaf
water potential was found to increase 3.8 bars on the average as a result of
the mist application. Leaf temperature was reduced approximately 4.0 C
on the average. Crop height and leaf area index exhibited a significant
response to mist irrigation.
70-71:04A-032
THE INFERENCE OF INTAKE AND HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS FROM PLOT RUNOFF
USING KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY,
Burman, R. D., and Black, R. D.
Wyoming University, Laramie.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 479-481, April 1970. 5 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-012)
150
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70-71:04A-033
LAND GRADING FOR IMPROVED SURFACE DRAINAGE,
Sewell, J. I.
Tennessee University, Knoxville.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 817-819, June 1970. 2 fig, 4 tab, 4 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-013)
70-71:04A-034
SIMULATION VERSUS EXTREME VALUE ANALYSIS IN SPRINKLER SYSTEM DESIGN,
Stegman, E. C., and Shah, A. M.
North Dakota State University, Fargo.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 486-491, March 1971. 5 fig, 7 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Sprinkler irrigation, Design,
Irrigation engineering, Climatic data, Computer models.
Identifiers: *Extreme value theory, *Peak use rate.
Climatic data of 37 years for Oakes, North Dakota, were analyzed according to
Gumbel extreme value theory. The extreme value distributions of these para-
meters were then used to estimate probabilities of inadequacy to be expected
for design-peak use rates of varying magnitudes. A water-balance model was
designed to simulate the operation of specific sprinkler-system types. The
model was applied to the selected 37-year period, thus, identical sets of ET
data were utilized in both analyses. The simulated rates were then compared
with the peak use pumping rates. It appears that extreme-value distributions
of either ET or net evaporation rates will provide conservative estimates of
design peak use rates in subhumid and humid areas.
70-71-.04A-035
SEASONAL VARIATION OF HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON SURFACE
IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY,
Linderman, C. L., and Stegman, E. C.
United States Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska, Agricultural
Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 914-923, May 1971. 10 fig, 4 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Fluid mechanics, *Open channels, Open
channel flow, Roughness (hydraulic).
Identifiers: *Furrow design, Furrow flow.
This study was conducted in two parts: (a) A field investigation was made to
observe and characterize the seasonal hydraulic behavior of a farm-size ir-
rigated unit, and (b) an analysis was made of the relative influence of
several parameters on water application efficiency. Physical factors observed
in the field included infiltration rate and retardance coefficient variations
with irrigations and season. Small grains and alfalfa were irrigated by grad-
ed borders and potatoes by graded furrows. The hydraulic behavior of the sys-
tem was mainly influenced by a decreasing infiltration rate with successive
irrigations. Large increases in required infiltration opportunity time occur-
red from the first to second irrigation in each crop. These increases diminish-
ed with successive irrigations and approached near constant values at about the
fourth irrigation.
70-71:04A-036
SILT TRANSPORT BY THIN FILM FLOW,
Podmore, T. H., and Merva, G. E.
Queensland Institute of Technology, Toowoomba, Australia.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
151
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p 1065-1072, June 1971. 6 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-014)
70-71-.04A-037
THE EFFECT OF INTAKE EQUATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER ADVANCE
EQUATIONS FOR SURFACE IRRIGATION,
Fok, Y. S., Bishop, A. A., and Shih, C. C.
Hawaii University, Honolulu.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 5,
p 801-805, May 1971. 2 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: * Irrigation practices, *Surface irrigation, * Infiltration, Bor-
der irrigation.
Identifiers: *Advance rate.
The functional effects of the intake equations on the water advance equations
for surface irrigation have been examined by a comparison of the computed
results of experimental data from five border irrigation trials conducted at
Logan, Utah. Although the variation of intake rate at different locations
in the trial borders are within a fairly narrow range, it may offset the small
functional difference between the two intake rate equations which were used
to develop the water advance equations for surface irrigation. Additional
experiments should be conducted on soils having definite functional intake
rate characteristics. The ability of both water advance equations to yield
good computational results are presented.
70-71:04A-038
ELECTRIC CONTROLS FOR AUTOMATIC SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WITH REUSE SYSTEM,
Fischbach, P. E., Thompson, T. L., and Stetson, L. E.
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 286-288, March 1970. 10 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Irrigation systems, *Automation,
Electrical equipment, Water conservation.
Identifiers: Electric controls, Reuse system.
The equipment and controls needed for an automatic surface irrigation system,
including reuse of the runoff water is described. The system described was
installed in 1966 and had been operating for three years. In designing the
system the following points should be kept in mind. The electric controls
should be simple, reliable, and provide protection for the electric motors and
irrigation equipment. They should include controls to start the system, time
the irrigation, change the water from one set to another, recycle the runoff
water, and shut the system off. Schematic drawings of each part of the system
are presented and discussed. The use and care of the system is also considered.
70-71:04A-039
THE HYDRAULICS OF AN AUTOMATED FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH RECTANGULAR SIDE
WEIR OUTLETS,
Sweeten, J. M., and Carton, J. E.
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 746-751, June 1970. 12 fig, 1 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Application methods, *Automation,
Furrow irrigation, Border irrigation, Irrigation systems, Application equip-
ment, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: Side weirs.
A side weir irrigation system consists of weirs installed in the side of an
irrigation channel to measure and control the discharge to each individual
152
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area. The advantages of this type of system over most existing systems in-
clude: self priming discharge, simplicity of construction, precise metering
of discharge, adaptability into automated systems, lower operating heads.
Hydraulic experiments were designed and conducted to obtain information which
could be used in the design of automatic surface irrigation systems using side
weirs. The findings are reported. The side weirs proved to be satisfactory
and provided accurate measurements of water applied.
70-71:04A-040
SALINITY AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE,
Holmes, J. W.
Flinders University, South Australia. School of Physical Sciences.
Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971. Canberra, Australia, p 25-40. 6 fig, 8 tab, 21 ref.
(See 70-71-.02A-004)
70-71:04A-041
SCHEDULING FURROW IRRIGATION FOR PRACTICAL FARM OPERATIONS,
Woodward, G.
United States Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 731-733, April 1971. 2 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: Irrigation practices, *Furrow irrigation, Farm management, In-
filtration, Irrigation design, Irrigation systems, Irrigation engineering.
Identifiers: Cuttback methods.
The large labor requirements necessary to operate a cutback furrow irrigation
system is shown. It was found that the complexity and continual change in the
schedule caused irrigators to abandon the method completely and adopt a
schedule that fit in with their other farm work. Thus, the benefits of the
cutback system were completely lost. Several modifications to the system are
suggested and the equations necessary to calculate stream size and length of
run were presented. With this method, it is possible to set up the system to
be changed on even hours and the schedule repeats each day. The method is
greatly simplified and more acceptable to irrigators.
70-71:04A-042
SIMULATION OF EXPECTED CROP RETURNS,
Sowell, R. S., Liang, T., and Link, D. A.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 2,
p 383-386, February 1971. 9 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Crop growth, *Farm management.
Identifiers: Farm operation, Machinery use.
Models of plant growth and the effects of farming operations are presented.
These can be used to maximize the efforts of farm work. The use of farm
machinery and farm operations on production are considered. Two models were
developed; namely, a probabalistic and a simulation model. These are believed
to be valuable tools in making farm management decisions. The models could
be of great value in helping a farmer plan his year's operation. Theoretical-
ly, the two models are usually applicable to all situations, however, it was
found that each model was more applicable to various situations.
70-71:04A-043
A PROCESS MODEL FOR COMPUTER CONTROL OF CROP GROWTH,
Smith, M. R.
153
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Hawaii University, Honolulu.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 475-479, March 1971. 6 fig, 2 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Crop growth, Farm management.
A study into computer simulation of crop growth was conducted. A model of
crop growth was developed and tested. By using the computer to schedule
farming operations it is felt that efforts could be maximized and production
increased. Tests were conducted of plant growth control using growth chambers.
Test data was collected over a large range of the pertinent variables which
included: air temperature, leaf temperature, humidity, C02 concentration,
and radiation. Good results were obtained for predicting crop growth.
70-71:04A-044
THE APPROPRIATE GRADE OF A GATED PIPE,
Chu, S. T., and Moe, D. L.
South Dakota State University, Brookings.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 727-733, April 1971. 1 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydraulics, *Hydraulic gradient, *Irrigation systems, *Pipe
flow, Irrigation engineering, Head loss.
Identifiers: *Gated pipe.
The general solution of the hydraulic grade line of a lateral with uniform
outflow from equally spaced outlets is obtained. A numerical table of approxi-
mate formula are presented to facilitate the determination of the hydraulic
gradient of a gated pipe system. Several qualifications and findings are
listed.
70-71:04A-045
EFFICIENCIES OF AN AUTOMATED SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT A
RUNOFF RE-USE SYSTEM,
Fischbach, P. E., and Somerhalder, B. R.
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 717-719, April 1971. 4 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Irrigation systems, *Furrow irrigation,
*Automation, Irrigation design, Irrigation engineering, Irrigation efficiency.
Identifiers: Re-use system.
A furrow irrigation system with a pump back re-use system was tested. The
coefficient of uniformity was found to be 91.8. The water application effi-
ciency varied from 56.5 to 73 percent without the re-use system; while the
efficiency with the re-use system varied from 84.4 to 96.8. The row spacings
were 30 in. with a run length of 1100 ft. The irrigation time was controlled
automatically at 2 hrs. and 15 rain. It was concluded that: (1) An automatic
surface irrigation system with a re-use system is very efficient. The re-use
system eliminated the labor needed to use a cut-back furrow stream. (2)
Uniform water application can be accomplished using a furrow stream of three
times the basic intake rate.
70-71:04A-046
EFFECT OF VEGETAL LENGTH AND SPATIALLY VARIED FLOW ON VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS,
McCool, D. K.
United States Department of Agriculture, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 603-607, May 1970. 9 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
(See 70-71:08A-003)
154
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70-71:04A-047
SQUARE-MATIC LATERALLY . . . NEW CONCEPT IN SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ACHIEVES
GOALS LONG SOUGHT BY FARMERS,
R. M. Wade and Company, Portland, Oregon.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 10-11, March-April 1971. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Sprinkler irrigation, *Irrigation practices, *Automation,
Distribution systems, Crop production.
Identifiers: *Automatic irrigation, Continuous-move systems.
An entirely new concept in sprinkler irrigation has be^n announced by R. M.
Wade & Company, manufacturer of Wade Rain. The n ;w system, called "Square-
Mat ic" , is a continuously moving lateral irrigation line which automatically
irrigates square or rectangular fields. The system consists of 660 ft. of
5 inch rubber hose, 1/4 mile of aluminum line supported by 16 individually
controlled drive towers and a winch cart. Travelling 1320 feet in 12 to 48
hours, depending on crop needs, the system can apply 1/2 to 2 inches of
water uniformly to a 40 acre tract. Advantages of the system include; no
wasted land in the corners, uniform, low application rates, and no increase in
application rate from one end of the line to the other.
70-71:04A-048
GRAIN SORGHUM RESPONSE TO NUMBER, TIMING, AND SIZE OF IRRIGATIONS IN THE
SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS,
Musick, J. T., and Dusek, D. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Bushland, Texas.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 401-404, March 1971. 2 fig, 2 tab, 11 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-068)
70-71:04A-049
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO DESIGN OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION,
Liang, T., and Wu, I. P.
Hawaii University, Honolulu.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 618-621, May 1970. 11 fig, 19 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-067)
155
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SECTION XVII
WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT (Group 04B)
70-71:04B-001
A MEAN VALUE THEOREM IN PORE PRESSURE EVALUATION BY THE METHOD OF IMAGES,
Ransford, G. D.
McGill University, Montreal (Quebec).
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, p 645-648, April 1970. 4 p, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Pore pressure, Equations, Drainage,
Permeability, Laplaces equation, Porous media.
Identifiers: Method of images.
It is shown that mean pore pressure measured transversally through a rec-
tangular domain in which groundwater flow is taking place from front to
rear varies linearly from one sink (or source) to another provided such
sinks or sources are located on the centerline of the domain, midway between
the side faces. Methods of computation of the mean pore pressure at any
section are given. The specific application is to uplift evaluation in
concrete dams, but the theorem applies to any problem governed by the Laplace
theorem.
70-71:04B-002
TESTS IN UNCONFINED ANISOTROPIC AQUIFERS,
Boulton, N. S., and Pontin, J. M. A.
Sheffield University, (England). Dept of Civil Engineering.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 14, No. 1, p 53-65, October 1971. 2 fig, 6 ref.
3 append.
Descriptors: *Drawdown, *Water yield, *Unsteady flow, *Theis equation, Aquifer
characteristics, Water levels, Aquifers, Withdrawal, Permeability, Storage
coefficient, Specific yield, Transmissivity.
Identifiers: *Pumping tests, *Aquifer tests.
An equation derived for the drawdown of the water-table under non-equilibrium
conditions allows for uniform anistropy and delayed yield from storage. The
allowance for delayed yield involves four parameters. The pumped well
and observation wells may penetrate the aquifer to any depth. The theory
assumes that the aquifer and water are incompressible and that the drawdown
of the water-table is small. Using time-drawdown recordings from a pumping
test at a constant rate of discharge, a theoretical curve is closely matched
to the field curve by determining suitable values of the parameters.
70-71:046-003
MODERN TECHNIQUES IN GROUND-WATER STUDIES,
Williams, Dennis E.
Dept of Water and Power, Los Angeles, California
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 63, No. 7. p 433-438, July 1971.
6 p, 9 fig, 1 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater, *Management, *Transmissivity, *Storage, *Aquifers,
Reservoirs, Wells, Casings, Pumping, Mathematical models, Simulation analysis,
Digital computers, Optimization, Planning.
A testing procedure for ascertaining the transmissivity and storage character-
istics of ground-water reservoirs and a mathematical model for predicting
future developments were outlined. The step-draw-down test provided a
convenient guide for well-redevelopment work by estimating the present con-
ditions of the well casing. Regional aquifer response due to the interface
of well fields was analyzed by the principal of superposition. Data from
157
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pumping tests provided insight into formation characteristics and controlled
the design of wells and pumps, the spacing between wells, and the amount of
water that safely could be withdrawn from, or added to, aquifer storage during
any given time period. One useful tool in acquiring knowledge of reservoir
behavior under various pumping and recharge regimens was a digital simu-
lation model. This model mathematically blended the geologic and hydrologic
properties of the reservoir and solved specific recharge-discharge require-
ments imposed on the area by use of a digital computer. These predictive
models were used to manage ground-water resources by quantity and quality
simulation in such a manner as to optimize the water needs, both for export
and local use.
70-71:048-004
NOTES: HALF-MINUTE COUNTS FOR NEUTRON PROBES,
Rogerson, T. L.
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Harrison, Arkansas.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 359-360, November 1970. 2 tab, 4 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-005)
70-71:048-005
AIR PUMP FOR SMALL-DIAMETER PIEZOMETERS,
Trescott, P. C., and Finder, G. F.
Nova Scotia Department of Mines, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Groundwater Hydrology, Vol. 8, No. 3, p 10-15, May-June 1970.
(See 70-71:02F-035)
8 fig, 5 ref.
70-71:048-006
LOSS OF STANDING WATER BY SEEPAGE HALTED WITH FLEXIBLE LINERS,
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4, p 14-15, July-August 1971.
(See 70-71:04A-018)
3 fig.
70-71:048-007
SUMMARY OF PANEL ON CARBON ISOTOPES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY AND THE ROLE OF
PALEOCLIMATES IN THEIR INTERPRETATION,
Bradley, E., Scientific Secretary
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, No. 4, p 439-441, April 1970.
(See 70-71:02F-036)
70-71:046-008
STARTING WITH TRICKLE IRRIGATION,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 4, p 15-17, November 1970.
(See 70-71:03C-009)
70-71:048-009
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE STUDIES OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN SOILS,
Lopez, P. L., and Graham, E. R.
Missouri University, Columbia.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 24-30, July, 1970. 4 tab, 16 ref,
(See 70-71:02K-025)
158
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70-71:04B-010
THE CHEMICAL HISTORY OF SOME SPRING WATERS IN CARBONATE ROCKS,
Jacobson, R. L. , and Langmuir, D.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Dept of Geochemistry and
Mineralogy.
Groundwater Hydrology, Vol. 8, No. 3, p 5-9, May-June 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab,
9 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-039)
70-71:046-011
CALCULATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY FROM SOLUTION COMPOSITION DATA AS AN
AID TO IN-SITU ESTIMATION OF SOIL SALINITY,
McNeal, B. L., Oster, J. D., and Hatcher, J. T.
United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California, Agricultural
Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, United States
Salinity Laboratory.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 6, p 405-414, December 1970. 2 fig, 6 tab, 12 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-026)
70-71:046-012
DETERMINATION OF A WATER TABLE IN A SOIL PROFILE USING THE PLATINUM OXYGEN
CATHODE,
West, D. W., and Black, J. D. F.
Horticulture Department of Agriculture, Ferntree Gully, Victoria, Australia.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 119-123, August 1970. 3 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-040)
70-71:046-013
SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND BULK VOLUME CHANGES DURING CYCLIC CALCIUM-
SODIUM EXCHANGE,
Waldron, L. J., and Constantin, G. K.
California University, Berkeley.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 81-85, August 1970. 3 fig, 3 tab, 7 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-027)
70-71:046-014
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION ON HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF CERTAIN
TEXAS SOILS,
Naghshineh-Pour, 8., Kunze, G. W., and Carson, C. D.
Ahwaz Agricultural College, Ahwaz, Iran.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 2, p 124-127, August 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 13 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-028)
70-71:046-015
THE EFFECT OF THE ENTRAPPED AIR ON THE HYSTERESIS CURVES OF A POROUS BODY AND
ON ITS HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY,
Poulovassilis, A.
Agricultural Research Council, Cambridge, England, Soil Physics.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 154-162, March 1970. 8 fig, 3 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-064)
70-71:048-016
THE CONCENTRATION OF K, Ca, AND Mg IN THE SATURATION EXTRACT IN RELATION TO
EXCHANGEA6LE K, Ca, AND Mg,
Nemeth, K., Mengel, K., and Grimme, H.
159
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Landwirtschaftliche Forschungsanstalt, Buntehof, Hannover.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 179-185, March 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-029)
70-71:04B-017
ANION EXCLUSION EFFECTS ON CHLORIDE MOVEMENT IN SOILS,
Thomas, G. W., and Swoboda, A. B.
Kentucky University, Lexington; and Texas A & M University, College Station.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 3, p 163-166, September 1970. 5 fig, 1 tab, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-030)
70-71:04B-018
DISSOLUTION OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN RELATION TO IRON OXIDE CONTENT OF ACID
SOILS,
Sree Ramulu, U. S., and Pratt, P. F.
Agricultural College, Coimbatore, Madras, India.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 1, p 35-39, January 1970. 2 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-031)
70-71:043-019
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON THE DISSOLUTION OF DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN
SOILS,
Sree Ramulu, U. S., and Pratt, P. F.
California University, Riverside, Dept of Soils and Plant Nutrition.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 186-189, March 1970. 2 tab, 16 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-032)
70-71:04B-020
TRICKLE IRRIGATION. . . A MORE EFFICIENT MEANS OF WATER MANAGEMENT,
Lyons, C. G., Jr.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Welasco, Texas.
Texas Agricultural Progress, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 3-4, Winter, 1972. 5 fig.
(See 70-71:030-010)
70-71:046-021
CALIFORNIA DRIP-IRRIGATION TESTS MAY PROVE METHOD SIGNIFICANT,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 12-13, March-April 1971.
(See 70-71:03C-011)
70-71:046-022
NEW FINDINGS ON THE USE OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES,
AUSTRALIA & ISRAEL,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 6, p 14-16, December 1970. 4 fig, 1 tab.
(See 70-71-.03C-012)
70-71:04B-023
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF TILE SYSTEMS,
Bird, N. A., and McCorquodale, J. A. , - -
Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food, Stratford, Canada, and Windsor
160
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University, Windsor, Canada, Dept of Civil Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 175-178, January 1971. 7 fig, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-074)
70-71:048-024
CONTROL OF SOIL MOISTURE DURING SPRINKLER IRRIGATION,
Keller, J.
Utah State University, Logan, Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 885-890, June 1970. 6 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-075)
70-71:048-025
UNLINED MOLE LINES FOR IRRIGATION,
Norum, D. I., and Gray, D. M.
Saskatchewan University, Saskatoon, Canada.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 661-668, May 1970. 3 fig, 1 tab, 11 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-079)
70-71:048-026
DITCH DRAINAGE OF ANISOTROPIC NONHOMOGENEOUS POROUS MEDIA: A MODEL STUDY,
Rochester, E. W., Jr., and Kriz, G. J.
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 626-628, May 1970. 8 fig, 2 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-053)
70-71:048-027
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY SAMPLING FOR CONFIDENCE,
Dylla, A. S., and Guitjens, J. C.
United States Department of Agriculture, Reno, Nevada, Agricultural Research
Service, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 485-488, April 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-054)
70-71:048-028
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND DRAINAGE FROM THE ROOT ZONE OF IRRIGATED COASTAL
BERMUDAGRASS ON COASTAL PLAINS SOILS,
Doss, B. D., and Taylor, H. M.
United States Department of Agriculture, Thorsby, Alabama.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 426-429, April 1970. 5 fig, 4 tab, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:03F-057)
70-71:04B-029
A DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMIC SOIL MOISTURE STATUS,
Jones, J. W., and Verma, 8. P.
Mississippi State University, State College, United States Department of Agri-
culture, Agricultural Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 660-664, April 1971. 6 fig, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-081)
161
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70-71:04B-030
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS,
Williams, J. D. H., Syers, J. K., Walker, T. W., and Rex, R. W.
Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand, Dept of Soil Science; and California
University, Riverside, Dept of Geological Sciences.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 13-17, July 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-034)
70-71:048-031
MOVEMENT OF SALT AND WATER NEAR CRYSTALLINE SALT IN RELATIVELY DRY SOIL,
Scotter, D. R. , Raats, P. A. C.
Wisconsin University, Madison.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 170-178, March 1970.- 9 fig, 17 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-035)
70-71:048-032
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY ABOVE A WATER TABLE WITH AIR-ENTRY
PERMEAMETER,
Aldabagh, A. S. Y., and Beer, C. E.
Iowa State University, Ames, Agricultural Engineering Department.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 29-31, January 1971. 3 tab, 12 ref,
(See 70-71:02F-058)
70-71:046-033
THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF UNDERGROUND WATER,
Swaine, D. J., and Schneider, J. L.
Division of Mineralogy, Sydney, Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971. Canberra, Australia, p 3-23. 7 fig, 2 tab, 45 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-060)
70-71:048-034
TRANSPORT OF SALTS IN UNSATURATED AND SATURATED SOILS,
Peck, A. J.
Division of Soils, Wembley, Western Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 109-123. 1 fig, 67 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-061)
70-71:048-035
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS OF THE INTERACTION OF SALINE AND FRESH WATER,
Wooding, R. A.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Austra-
lia, Division of Environmental Mechanics.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 125-139. 55 ref.
(See 70-71:01B-004)
70-71:048-036
PREDICTING IRRIGATIONS FROM CLIMATIC DATA AND SOIL PARAMETERS,
Franzoy, C. E., and Tankersley, E. L.
Salt River Project, Phoenix, Arizona.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 6,
162
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p 814-816, June 1970. 4 fig, 4 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-090)
163
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SECTION XVIII
WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
EFFECTS ON WATER OF MAN'S NON-WATER ACTIVITIES (Group 04C)
70-71:040-001
INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS,
Ricca, V. T., Simmons, P. W., McGuinness, J. L., and Taiganides, Paul E.
Ohio State University, Columbus.
American Society Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 2, p 187-
190, March-April 1970. 4 p, 3 fig, 5 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Watershed management, *Land use, *Runoff, *Agriculture, Stream-
flow, Rainfall, Reforestation, Groundwater, Water table, Percolation, Hydro-
logy, Hydrologic data.
Identifiers: North Appalachian Experimental Watershed (Ohio).
Thirty years of runoff data from agricultural watersheds at the North Ap-
palachian Experimental Watershed were analyzed to determine the effects of
land use on streamflow. Reforestation and improved cropping reduced annual
and seasonal streamflow. High flows were reduced in both seasons, but the
treatment effects on low flows were not consistent. A decrease in percolation
potential was indicated by the declining trend of the November 1 groundwater
level. The time trend of flow changed from strongly negative in the first
10 years to insignificant in the last 10 years of record, indicition that the
major effects of land use and treatment on streamflow have been reached.
Hydrologically, the treated watersheds have stabilized in their new flow
regimes.
70-71:04C-002
VARIOUS ESTIMATES OF THE EFFECT OF AGRICULTURE ON RUNOFF,
Koronkevich, N. I.
Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow. Institute Geografii.
Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, No. 1, p 21-29, 1970. 5 fig, 5 tab, 15 ref,
Translated from Izvestiya Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser Geog, No. 1, p 49-58, 1970.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Land use, *Water balance,
Water utilization, Consumptive use, Evapotranspiration, Soil-water-plant
relationships.
Identifiers: USSR.
Experimental data are used to estimate the effect of autumn plowing on
slope runoff for individual natural zones of the USSR. Two versions of the
water-balance method of computing the transformations of slope and river
runoff were compared. One method uses average data for the entire observa-
tion record of runoff stations, and the other takes into account the wetness
of individual years and periods. The present reduction in the long-period
average Don River runoff at the Georgiu-Dezh gaging station, as compared
with the period prior to 1950, is estimated at 9% by the first method and
8% by the second. The decrease is 5% in wet years and 10-11% in medium wet
and dry years.
70-71:04C-003
MODELING THE EFFECT OF LAND USE MODIFICATIONS ON RUNOFF,
Onstad, C. A., and Jamieson, D. G.
Agricultural Research Service, Brookings, South Dakota; and Water Resources
Board, Reading (England).
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, p 1287-1295, October 1970. 9 p, 9
fig, 8 tab, 6 ref.
165
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Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Mathematical models, *Precipi-
tation excess, *Parametric hydrology, Simulation analysis, Routing, Synthetic
hydrology, Runoff forecasting, Land use, Land management, Hydrograph analysis,
Optimization, Flood control, Soil conservation.
Identifiers: *Runoff management.
The natural apportionment of rainfall excess to surface and subsurface flow
can mean the difference between large flow rates for a short time or more
manageable flow rates over a longer time. By using available soil storage,
peak flood flows can be reduced without necessarily reducing the total volume
of runoff. A model was made to simulate this phenomenon. The land phase of
the hydrologic system was simulated by a series of interconnected, nonlinear
reservoirs and the channel phase by a single linear reservoir. By manipula-
tion of parameters, which mathematically represent physical measurements, the
watershed response to the addition of conservation practices, such as terrac-
ing, may be predicted.
70-71:040004
LOSS OF STANDING WATER BY SEEPAGE HALTED WITH FLEXIBLE LINERS,
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4, p 14-15, July-August 1971. 3 fig.
(See 70-71:04A-018)
166
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SECTION XIX
WATER QUANTITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
WATERSHED PROTECTION (Group 04D)
70-71:040-001
SEDIMENT YIELD REDUCTIONS ON WATERSHEDS TREATED WITH FLOOD-RETARDING
STRUCTURES,
Allen, P. B., and Welch, N. W.
Agricultural Research Service, Chickasha, Oklahoma, Soil and Water Conserva-
tion Research Division
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No.
5, p 814-817, 1971. 12 fig, 2 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Sediment yield, *Detention reservoirs, Sediment transport,
Sediments, Sedimentation, Sedimentation rates, Sediment discharge, Sediment
load, Sedimentology, Agricultural watersheds, *Deposition (Sediments), Erosion,
Alluvial channels, Channel erosion, Soil erosion, Soil conservation, Project
benefits, Turbidity, Mass curves, *Erosion control.
Identifiers: *Sediment reduction, Sediment transport curves, *Watershed
treatment.
Sediment yields dropped sharply on four watersheds after flood-retarding
reservoirs were installed. Drainage areas for the watersheds range from
0.88 to 206 square miles. The largest change was on a 33-square-mile
watershed where sediment yield decreased 60 percent. Much of this reduction
was attributed to decreased channel erosion resulting from regulated flows
through the reservoir network. Although reservoirs substantially decreased
sediment yields at the Sugar Creek gaging station, no change in yield could
be detected on the Washita River. The small-capacity, sand-filled Sugar
Creek channel caused deposition of the sediment before it could reach the
river. Later dredging of the channel greatly increased the sediment deliver-
ed to the Washita River.
70-71:040-002
CONTROL OF SEDIMENT FLOW INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINS,
Gulati, Om P., Schwab, Glenn 0., and Reeve, Ronald C.
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus; and Agricultural
Research Service, Columbus, Ohio. Soil and Water Conservation Research
Division.
ASCE Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Vol. 96,
No. IR 4, p 437-449, December 1970. 13 p, 10 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Subsurface drains, *Tile drains, *Sediment control, Velocity,
Sediment transport, Sedimentation, Silting, Filters, Sands, Analog models,
Hydraulic models.
Identifiers: Drain sedimentation.
Sediment inflow into subsurface drains in noncohesive soils may be alleviated
by using an impervious cover over a drain having inflow openings only at the
top. Water flows between the cover and the outer drain surface in an upward
direction before entering the openings at the top of the drain. Sediment
inflow is prevented if the flow velocity is less than the critical boiling
velocity. In this paper the shape of the upflow channel openings and the
velocity distribution across the openings are evaluated. Terzaghi's concept
of effective stress is the basis for the theoretical velocity distribution.
An electric analog model was employed to verify this theory. A laboratory
model was used to determine critical velocities. Critical boiling velocities
for fine sand and glass beads are about 1% of Stoke's settling velocity.
Within reasonable limits the upflow channel width and shape can be designed
to prevent movement of sediment. High water tables have the greatest
influence on velocity.
167
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70-71:040-003
IOWA PASSES EROSION-CONTROL LAW,
Moon, W. T.
Soil Conservation Service, Des Moines, Iowa.
Soil Conservation, Vol. 36, No. 12, p 272-273, 1971.
(See 70-71:02J-003)
70-71:040-004
SEDIMENT,
Robinson, A. R.
United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, Mississippi, Sedimentation
Laboratory.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 61-62, March-April
1971. 8 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-031)
70-71:040-005
A PRIMER ON AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION,
Wadleigh, C. H.
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, Agricultural
Research Service, Office of the Administrator.
In: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, A Primer on Agricultural Pollu-
tion, Individual Papers, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 44-65, March-April 1971.
(See 70-71:05B-033)
70-71:040-006
CONSERVATION OF SANDY SOILS WITH A SURFACE MULCH,
Fryrear, D. W., and Koshi, P. T.
United States Department of Agriculture, Big Springs, Texas, Agricultural Re-
search Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 492-495, March 1971. 10 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-025)
70-71:040-007
GRADED ROWS FOR THE CONTROL OF RILL EROSION,
Harris, W. S., and Watson, W. S., Jr.
Arkansas University, Fayetteville.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 577-581, March 1971. 11 fig, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-028)
168
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SECTION XX
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS (Group 05A)
70-71:05A-001
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL POLLUTANTS ON WATER USES,
Law, James P., Jr., and Bernard, Harold.
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma.
Transactions at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 4,
p 474-478, July-August 1970. 3 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: *Farm wastes, Irrigation, *Salinity, *Pollutants, *Fertilizers,
*Water pollution sources, Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand,
Disposal, Livestock, Agricultural chemicals, Aquatic life, Water quality, Fish,
Dissolved oxygen, Aesthetics, Recreation, Pollutant identification.
Identifiers: *Agricultural pollutants, *Aesthetic value, Total salt, Primary
contact recreation, Secondary contact recreation.
This paper discussed the water pollution potential of agricultural sources.
Animal wastes, irrigation return flows, fertilizer application, and pesticides
are the primary sources of agricultural pollutants. The water-quality criteria
for water supplies are discussed as related to agricultural contaminants.
Data is presented for the desirable and permissible limits of concentration for
the various contaminants. Agriculture is responsible for a major portion of
the total salt in many rivers and streams. Data is given for the proposed
safe limits of water salinity for livestock. The impact that agricultural
pollutants has on fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife is discussed.
Examples are cited where pollutants have adversely affected fish and wildlife.
Now is the time to build the cost of clean water into all of our operations.
70-71:05A-002
LEACHING OF POLLUTANTS FROM REFUSE BEDS,
Qasim, Syed R., and Burchinal, Jerry C.
Battelle Memorial Institution, Columbus, Ohio; and West Virginia University,
Morgantown, Dept of Civil Engineering.
ASCE Proceedings, Journal Sanitary Engineering Division, Vol. 96, No. SA1,
Paper 7078, p 49-58, February 1970. 10 p, 5 fig, 6 tab, 7 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Landfills, *Leaching, *Watsr pollution sources, *Path of pol-
lutants, Percolation, Garbage dumps, Seepage, Public health, Water analysis,
Evaporation, Evapotranspiration.
Identifiers: Sanitary landfill leaching.
A procedure is presented for estimating theoretically the chemical quality
of leachates from sanitary landfills. A theory of column chromatography was
employed to determine the leaching of chloride during the movement of water
through refuse beds. Generalized breakthrough curves were used to obtain the
theoretical chloride concentrations. Families of curves were then derived
from experimental results, representing the ratios of various leaching materials
to the theoretical chloride concentrations. A comparison of experimental and
theoretical results shows good agreement. The method can be applied to the
field study of existing landfills to determine the chemical composition of
polluting liquid during the leaching process, if the cumulative precipitation,
evaporation, evapotranspiration, runoff coefficients, and the depth of refuse
beds are known.
70-71:05A-003
EXISTING LEVELS OF NITRATES IN WATERS - THE ILLINOIS SITUATION,
Harmeson, Robert H., and Larson, T. E.
Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Chemistry Section.
169
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Proceedings 12th Sanitary Engineering Conference on Nitrate and Water Supply:
Source and Control, February 11-12, 1970. University of Illinois, Urbana:
Illinois University, College of Engineering Publication, p 27-39, 1970. 13 p,
5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Nitrates, *Water pollution sources, *Illinois, *Surveys, *Mon-
itoring, Surface waters, Groundwater, Farm wastes, Organic matter, Soil water,
Path of pollutants, Public health, Sampling.
The Illinois State Water Survey has sampling programs for determining the
mineral quality of ground- and surface waters in Illinois. The nitrate concen-
trations of streams are increasing. Since 1956, concentrations of nitrates
exceeding 45 ing/liter have been found on occasion in several streams. Seasonal
variation in nitrate concentrations was found in surface waters; the highest
levels were found in spring and early summer. High nitrate levels are most
consistently found in areas of intensive agricultural production where the soil
is rich in organic nitrogen. Both soil type and extent of fertilization are
important in influencing the concentration of nitrates in surface waters.
Groundwater contamination by nitrogen from fertilizers is not a problem at
the present time.
70-71:05A-004
AN IMPROVED DIANTHRIMIDE TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BORON IN RIVER
WATERS,
Levinson, A. A.
Calgary University (Alberta), Dept of Geology.
Water Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 41-42, January 1971. 2 p, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Pollutant identification, *Boron, *Surface waters, *Analytical
techniques, *Colorimetry, Water analysis, Salinity, Water chemistry.
Identifiers: *Boron determination.
A modified dianthrimide method is described which is capable of detecting
as little as 0.01 mg per liter boron in river water. The procedure is based
upon the use of calcium hydroxide to fix the boron; this also permits rapid
evaporation of the water sample without the loss of volatile borates.
70-71:05A-005
CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS FROM WATER,
Goldberg, Marvin C., DeLong, Lewis, and Kahn, Lloyd.
Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado; and Federal Water Quality Administration,
Edison, New Jersey.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, p 161-162, February
1971. 2 p, 1 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Solvent extractions, *Analytical techniques, *Water analysis,
*0rganic matter, *Monitoring, Solutes, Colloids, Separation techniques, Im-
miscibility, On-site tests, Data collections, Water quality, Organic compounds,
Solvents.
Identifiers: *Dissolved organic matter sampling.
A continuous liquid solvent extractor, designed to utilize organic solvents
that are heavier than water, is described. The extractor is capable of handl-
ing input rates up to 2 liters per hour and has a 500-ml. extractant capacity.
Extraction efficiency is dependent upon the p-value, the two solvent ratios,
rate of flow of the aqueous phase, and rate of reflux of the organic phase.
Extractors can be serially coupled to increase extraction efficiency and, when
coupled with a lighter-than-water extractor, the system will allow the use of
any immiscible solvent.
170
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70-71:05A-006
SPECIFIC-ION' ELECTRODE DETERMINATION OF NITRATE IN SOME FRESHWATERS AND
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS,
Langmuir, Donald, and Jacobson, Roger L.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Dept of Geochemistry and
Mineralogy.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 10, p 834-838, October 1970.
2 fig, 3 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrates, *Sewage effluents, *Pollutant identification, Analyti-
cal techniques, Electrochemistry, Electrodes, Membrane processes, Electrical
conductance, Carbonates, Chlorides, Ions.
Identifiers: *Brucine method, Chemical interference.
Thirty-seven waters with 1.5 to 122 ppm NO sub 3- were anlayzed for NO sub
3- with a nitrate ion selective electrode and by the brucine method. Two
electrode methods were evaluated. The K-gamma method involves making correc-
tions for HCO sub 3- and Cl- and for the effect of ionic strength on Gamma
NO sub 3. Cl- has a selectivity ratio of about 3 X 10-2, thus five times more
serious an interference than previously reported. Gamma NO sub 3 is evaluated
graphically from the specific conductance and the sample's prevalent chemical
character. Agreement between the K- gamma and brucine methods was generally
within 1 ppm at all NO sub 3- concentrations. An 'approximate' electrode
method, gave results similar to brucine values for samples above 50 ppm of
NO sub -3, but was not reliable below that value. Advantages of the electrode
over the brucine method are: measurements are generally unaffected by sample
color or turbidity; NO sub 3 concentrations of 1 to about 6000 ppm may be
determined without sample dilution or concentration; the method is rapid
and portable; procedures are simple but yield accuracy comparable to that of
the brucine method; and reproducibility of measurements with the nitrate elec-
trode is often better than plus or minus 1 percent.
70-71:05A-007
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS MONITOR WASTE STREAMS,
Corrigan, P. A., Lyons, V. E., Barnes, G. D., and Hall, F. G.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle shoals, Alabama.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 116-121, February 1970.
4 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Electrical conductance, *Stream gages,
Water quality, Pollution abatement, Pollutant identification, Indicators, Water
pollution sources.
Identifiers: Chemical spills, Pollution detection.
Electrical conductivity measurement is a simple and fast method for determining
the relative amount of ions in water. This method is now being used to detect
the presence of pollutants in industrial effluents. Using recorders, it is
possible to determine concentrations and duration of waste dumpings. Investi-
gation into the proper choice and location of the devices was carried out.
Guidelines for proper installation and maintenance are presented. The cells
and recorders should be checked and cleaned daily if possible. The systems
proved to be very effective in detecting and reporting levels of pollution.
The savings in lost chemicals soon paid for the equipment.
70-71:05A-008
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE SOIL NITROGEN BY CHEMICAL
METHODS: I. COMPARISON OF EXTRACTABLE WITH MINERALIZED NITROGEN,
Verstraeten, L. M. J., Vlassak, K., and Livens, J.
Louvain University, Belgium.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 5, p 299-305, November 1970. 4 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-071)
171
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70-71:05A-009
ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY,
Gratto, C. P.
Iowa State University, Ames.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 45-46, March-
April 1971.
Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, Pollutants, Environmental effects.
Identifiers: Environmental quality.
Recent interest in environmental quality has produced a large number of related
and relative terms to describe the situation. An attempt is made in the
article to tie these terms together. Also, a number of environmental issues
are presented. An analogy between our environment and a simplified system is
presented in an effort to develop the points in a more simple manner.
70-71:05A-010
GEOCHEM1CAL EFFECTS OF MINING POLLUTION ON THE STREAMS OF SOUTHEAST MISSOURI,
Bolter, Ernst, and Tibbs, Nicholas H.
Missouri University, Rolla; and Missouri Water Resources Research Center, Rolla.
Available from NTIS as PB-197 531, $3.00 in paper copy, $0.95 in microfiche.
Completion Report, Missouri Water Resources Research Center.
Descriptors: *Heavy metals, *Mine wastes, *Pollutant identification, Water
pollution, Mining, Geochemistry, Streams, Analytical techniques, Missouri,
Copper.
Identifiers: Lead, Zinc, New Lead Belt (Missouri).
Streams in the 'New Lead Belt' of SE Missouri were analyzed for copper, lead
and zinc. This area, which a few years ago was sparsely settled and not in-
dustrialized, is rapidly developing into the largest lead-zinc mining district
of the United States. The data of this study were compared to the results of
a pre-mining investigation to determine if the mining activity contributed
to the pollution of the streams by heavy metals. Data from an individual
mine indicate that the milling waste waters can increase the heavy metal
content of the receiving stream up to seven times. However, the heavy metal
content of the stream decreases to background concentrations within a distance
of three miles. The summarized data of the total area do not indicate a
noticeable increase of the heavy metal content in the streams. The average
concentrations in the streams at the time of the present investigation were
5.3 ppb for copper, 8.9 ppb for lead and 9.5 ppb for zinc; the calcium con-
tent in the range of 2.45 ppm; the magnesium content in the range of 1.30 ppm;
the pH of the streams ranges from 7.0-8.8. It is concluded that the mining
activity presently does not significantly polute the streams with heavy metals.
70-71:05A-011
SALINITY AND WATER USE,
Talsma, T., and Philip, J. R.
The MacMillan Press, London, England. 1971. 296 p, 2 append.
(See 70-71:01B-002)
70-71:05A-012
THE TRANSPORT OF SALT IN RIVERS AND ESTUARIES,
Wood, I. R.
New South Wales University, Manly Vale, Australia, Water Research Laboratory.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 141-157. 8 fig, 30 ref.
(See 70-71:01B-005)
172
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70-71:05A-013
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF SALINE WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT,
Callinan, B. J. , and Webster, R. G.
Gutteridge, Haskins, and Davey; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 227-242. 4 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
(See 70-71:03C-017)
70-71-.05A-014
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF SALINE WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT,
Clark, S. D., and Meacham, I.
Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 243-254.
(See 70-71:03C-018)
70-71:05A-015
IMPLICATIONS OF THE PRESENT STATE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE FOR TECHNICAL
MANAGEMENT,
England, H. N.
Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 257-273, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-044)
70-71:05A-016
SALINITY AND WATER USE: FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS,
Martin, A. E.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Saint Lucia,
Queensland, Australia, Soils Division, Cunningham Laboratory.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 275-284. 2 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-045)
173
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SECTION XXI
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
SOURCES OF POLLUTION (Group 05B)
70-71:058-001
MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES BY RUNOFF AND EROSION,
Haan, C. T.
Kentucky University, Lexington, Dept of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3, p 445-
447, 449, May-June 1971. 3 fig, 6 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Path of pollutants, *Pesticides, *Erosion, *0verland Flow,
Pesticide residues, Aldrin, Dieldrin, DDT, Laboratory tests, Adsorption, Soils,
Soil erosion.
The movement of aldrin, dieldrin and DDT by runoff and erosion was studied on
ten small, fallow, field plots under controlled conditions. The concentrations
of the pesticides in the eroded soil was on the order of 10 to 30 ppm while
that in the runoff water was only 1 to 70 ppb. The sediment carried more
than twice as much pesticide from the plot as did the water. These concentra-
tions were present immediately below a fallow area sprayed with the pesticide.
Applying aldrin, dieldrin or DDT to the soil surface shortly before a rainfall
produces no more potential for pesticides in the runoff water and eroded soil
than applying the pesticide several days before a rainfall.
70-71:05B-002
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF,
Wells, Dan M., Huddleston, Ellis W., and Rekers, Robert G.
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Dept of Civil Engineering; and Texas Tech Uni-
versity, Lubbock, Dept of Chemistry.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 124-132, February 1971. 9 p,
3 tab.
Descriptors: *Lakes, *Water quality, *Texas, *Farm wastes, *Water pollution
sources, Runoff, Nutrients, Solutes, Nitrates, Phosphates, Herbicides, Pest-
icides, Playas, Overland flow.
Identifiers: Agricultural runoff.
Eighteen rural lakes in Lubbock County, Texas, were sampled on a routine basis
following runoff-producing rainfall for a period of approximately eighteen
months to determine whether or not runoff from intensively farmed agricultural
areas contained significant concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, herbicides,
or insecticides. An additional fifteen lakes lying within a triangle bounded
by the cities of Plainview, Canyon, and Hereford, Texas, were sampled one
time during the summer of 1969 to provide additional data regarding the nature
and extent of the potential problem in an area with a different soil type and
a slightly different cropping pattern. Based on results of detailed analyses
of approximately two hundred samples of water collected from the lakes and an
equal number of sediment samples collected from the same lakes at the same
time, it appears that the concentrations of all chemical pollutants in runoff
from agricultural lands in the High Plains are well below the allowable con-
centrations for drinking water.
70-71:05B-003
SEDIMENT IN RELATION TO WATER QUALITY,
Grissinger, E. H., and McDowell, L. L.
Agricultural Research Service, Oxford, Mississippi, Sedimentation Laboratory.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 1, p 7-14, January-February 1970. 8 p,
45 ref.
175
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Descriptors: *Water quality, *Sediments, *Water chemistry, *Path of pollutants,
Ion exchange, Clay minerals, Particle size, Suspended load, Turbidity, Sediment
yield, Sediment load, Erosion, Colloids, Sorption, Sediment transport, Diffu-
sion, Mass transfer.
Identifiers: *Sediment-water quality relations.
The relation between sediment and water quality involves the individual rela-
tions between sediment and the physical, chemical, and biological characteris-
tics of water as these characteristics determine the suitability of water for
an intended use. Both the physical and chemical properties of fine-grained
sediments must be considered in evaluating these relations, whereas only the
physical properties of coarse-grained sediments are significant. Most of the
literature concerning this subject has considered sediment only as a physical
entity. In amount, it is the prime pollutant and is one of the major consider-
ations in evaluating the suitability of water for an intended use. Losses in
the United States from sediment and associated flood water damages are measured
in billions of dollars annually. Sediments also indirectly affect water suita-
bility through their physical influences on biological activity. Fine-
grained sediments, that is, clay minerals and amorphous and organic materials,
have chemically active surfaces. These sediments may either sorb ions from
solution or release ions to solution depending upon the chemical environment.
The ternary system—sediment-water-dissolved chemical load—was studied to
define its influence on the biological characteristics of water and the suita-
bility of water for various long-term uses.
70-71:05B-004
GROUND-WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF A LANDFILL ABOVE THE WATER TABLE,
Apgar, M. A., and Langmuir, D.
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Dept of Geosciences.
Proceedings of the National Ground Water Quality Symposium, Denver, Colorado,
August 25-27, 1971: Ground Water, Vol. 9, No. 6, p 76-94, November-December
1971, 24 fig, 4 tab, 39 ref.
Descriptors: *Landfills, *Water pollution sources, *Karst, *Pennsylvania,
Garbage dumps, Waste disposal, Oxygen demand, Solutes, Path of pollutants,
Biodegradation, Leaching, Percolation, Groundwater movement.
Identifiers: *State College (Pennsylvania).
A study of the character and movement of landfill leachate through unsaturated
soil was begun in 1967 at the State College (Pennsylvania) Regional Sanitary
Landfill, which has operated since 1962. The landfill occupies a gently slop-
ing valley with a water table more than 200 feet below land surface. Precipi-
tation averages about 37 inches as rain per year. Residual sandy-clay to
sandy-loam soils range from a few feet to greater than 70 feet in thickness
on a sandy dolomite bedrock. The quality and quantity of leachate beneath the
landfill varies considerably with the topographic setting of landfill trenches
or cells. Leachates 2 feet under an upslope cell which received only direct
precipitation, had the following maximum values 3-12 months after refuse
burial: specific conductance 8445 micromhos, Cl 1890 mg/liter, BOD 3300
mg/liter. NH3 -N 540 mg/liter, and total Fe 225 mg/liter. Water infiltrated
a downslope cell, saturating the refuse. Even after moving downward in the
soil to a depth of 36 feet in 7 years, the leachate beneath this cell had a
conductance of 6600 micromhos, 600 mg/liter Cl, over 9000 mg/liter BOD,
40 mg/liter NH3-N, and 100 mg/liter total Fe. Leachate beneath instrumented
cells is moving downward in the subsoil at the rate of 6-11 ft/yr. Highly
contaminated leachate moves to depths of 50 feet or more in soils beneath
downslope cells. Improper design of landfills emplaced above the water table
can result in serious groundwater pollution.
70-71-.05B-005
PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION OF A SHALLOW BORED WELL IN THE SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL
PLAINS,
Lewallen, M. J.
South Piedmont Conservation Research Center, Watkinsville, Georgia.
176
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Proceedings of the National Ground Water Quality Symposium, Denver, Colorado,
August 25-27, 1971: Ground Water, Vol. 9, No. 6, p 45-48, November-December
1971. 4 fig, 4 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Pesticides, *Water wells, *Path of
pollutants, Pesticide residues, Soil contamination, Leaching Translocation,
Atlantic Coastal Plain.
A shallow farm well was contaminated with persistent pesticides when contami-
nated soil was used as backfill material around the well casing. The well
location was less than 25 feet from a site previously used for flushing an
insecticide sprayer. Pesticide level in the water was monitored for more than
4 years, during which a gradual decline in concentration has occurred. Soil
core samples taken in the area surrounding the well indicate relatively high
surface contamination but very little downward movement. Sediment samples from
the bottom of the well exhibited highest concentration of all samples.
70-71:05B-006
WHERE DOES WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BEGIN,
Jones, Elmer E., Jr.
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland. Livestock Engineering and
Farm Structures Research Branch.
Ground Water, Vol. 9, No. 3, p 24-28, May-June 1971. 5 p, 5 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater movement, *Path of pollutants, *Water pollution
sources, *Water wells, Malenclaves, Water sources, Domestic water, Well
regulations.
Identifiers: Domestic well protection.
Most groundwater aquifers have a multibarrier natural defense system. With all
these natural defenses, in most cases of contamination, the well itself is the
path of entrance for the contamination. Only in very rare circumstances is it
economically justified to substitute disinfection for adequate protection of a
groundwater source. Rapid changes in well water quality with pumping time in-
dicate less than optimum construction. Poorly constructed and abandoned wells
serve as unauthorized and uncontrolled groundwater recharge points and have a
degrading effect on groundwater quality. Water quality improvement should
begin with excluding water of undesirable quality from the source of supply.
For the home owner and farmer to profit from this ideal it must be accepted
by well drillers, water conditioning dealers, and county and State health
departments.
70-71:056-007
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF SALINITY AND NITRATE CONTENT AND TRENDS BENEATH URBAN
AND AGRICULTURAL AREA - FRESNO, CALIFORNIA,
Nightingale, Harry I.
Agricultural Research Service, Fresno, California, Groundwater Recharge Field
Station.
Groundwater, Vol. 8, No. 1, p 22-28, January-February 1970. 7 p, 6 fig, 5 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Groundwater, *California, *Nitrates,
*Salinity, Water wells, Aquifers, Irrigation water, Fertilizers, Urbanization,
Statistical methods, Surveys, Conductivity, Farm wastes, Regression analysis.
Identifiers: Fresno (California).
The salinity and nitrate content of well water for an urban zone (Fresno-Clovis,
California) and the immediate surrounding irrigated agricultural zone were com-
pared using data for 1950 through 1967. Time trends in these water chemical
properties were evaluated statistically by dividing the 18-year period into
three 6-year periods. Salinity of the urban zone groundwater has increased
with time, whereas that of the agricultural zone has fluctuated considerably.
Possible reasons for changes are discussed. The nitrate content of well water
177
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from both zones has increased with time, with water from the agricultural zone
showing the greatest increase.
70-71:05B-008
THE MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES THROUGH POROUS MEDIA,
Romero, John C.
Colorado Division of Water Resources, Denver, Ground Water Section.
Ground Water, Vol. 8, No. 2, p 37-38, March-April 1970. 12 p, 3 fig, 4 tab,
26 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Path of pollutants, *Bacteria, *Viruses, *Porous media, *Ground-
water movement, Seepage, Water pollution sources, Filtration, Reviews, Surveys,
Sanitary engineering, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Well sanitation.
This report is the result of a request by the State Board of Examiners of
Water Well and Pump Installation Contractors. The Board is in the process of
formulating a more reasonable set of guidelines which control the location
of wells designed to produce water for human consumption and/or food processing
with respect to potential or existing sources of ground-water pollution. The
pollution of groundwater supplies appears belatedly and often is not recognized
until a relatively large area has been contaminated. Soils and aquifer
materials have capacity to remove or 'filter' some types of contaminants. The
results of several pertinent groundwater pollution investigations are briefly
described and current and potential standards for governing 'safe distances'
between domestic food processing wells and sources of potential or existing
pollution are given. The recommendations are meant to emphasize the fact that
no one set of distances are adequate and reasonable for all conditions.
Whenever possible the safe-distance between a subject well and a source of
potential or existing pollution should be based on local conditions. It is
important that we develop knowledge that will permit continued use of the soil
mantle as a waste-water treatment system and at the same time permit continued
use of ground water for human consumption and/or food processing. Functional,
legal, administrative and engineering mechanisms must be developed to maintain
this combined usage.
70-71:05B-009
DISSOLVED SOLIDS - DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS, 2. APPLICATIONS TO FIELD DATA,
Hall, Francis R.
New Hampshire University, Durham, Institute of Natural and Environmental
Resources.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 591-601, June 1971. Up, 5 fig,
4 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Mixing, *Dissolved solids, *Discharge (Water), *Path of pol-
lutants, Aqueous solutions, Dispersion, Diffusion, Mathematical models, Data
processing, Streamflow, Turbulent flow, Open channel flow, Waste dilution.
Identifiers: *Dissolved solids-discharge relations.
Six mixing models and a number of equations derived from them have been pro-
posed for some possible dissolved solids-discharge relationships in streams.
The equations can be put in a form suitable for statistical analysis by digital
computer. In actual application, however, a major problem arises in determin-
ing which equation or model is most applicable because the data tend to fit two
or more equations equally well. A particular difficulty is encountered in
deciding whether a constant component of dissolved solids is present. This
decision is most critical when only total dissolved solids or electrical con-
ductivity is used for concentration. An examination of other chemical data,
if available, along with knowledge of the stream help decide which model is
most suitable. Other problems may arise from factors such as nonrandom trends
and variations in the storage volume-discharge relationship. Under these cir-
cumstances, an extension of the equations beyond the range of actual data or
inferences about physical or chemical significance of the equations or constant
terms should be made with caution.
178
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70-71:056-010
MIGRATION OF POLLUTANTS IN A GLACIAL OUTWASH ENVIRONMENT,
Crosby, James W., III, Johnstone, Donald L., and Fenton, Robert L.
Washington State University, Pullman.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 204-208, February 1971. 5 p, 5 fig,
11 ref.
Descriptors: *Path of pollutants, *Glacial drift, *Farm wastes, Confinement
pens, Coliforms, Nitrates, Nutrients, Solutes, Soil water movement, Ground-
water, Washington, Water pollution sources, Chlorides, Soil moisture.
Identifiers: Feedlots (Cattle), Outwash (Glacial).
A test drilling program was conducted at a dairy in the Spokane Valley, Wash-
ington, to determine the effects of feedlot operation on groundwater quality.
Coliform bacteria, enterococci, and fecal coliforms were found to disappear
within a relatively few feet of the ground surface. Chlorides and nitrates,
however, were persistent in depth and may actually reach the groundwater body.
The low natural moisture content of the soil, coupled with the apparent high
moisture tensions, suggests that soil moisture is not presently moving downward
in the system. It is concluded that the downward migration of inorganic
chemicals from the feedlot environment must represent an early phase of the
operation, which is arrested as organic matters are formed in near-surface
layers.
70-71:056-011
NUTRIENTS IN STREAMS DRAINING WOODLAND AND FARMLAND NEAR COSHOCTON, OHIO,
Taylor, A. W., Edwards, W. M., and Simpson, E. C.
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, Soils Laboratory.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7. No. 1, p 81-89, February 1971. 9 p, 3 fig,
6 tab.
Descriptors: *Nutrients, *Runoff, *Forests, *Farms, *0hio, Nitrogen, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Potassium, Data collections, Water quality, Path of pollutants,
Eutrophication, Appalachian Mountain Region, Farm wastes, Statistical methods,
Fertilizers, Leaching, Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: Woodlands, Farm lands, Coshocton (Ohio).
Nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium concentrations were measured in streams
draining woodland and farmland watersheds at Coshocton, Ohio 1966 through 1969.
Temporal variations in the nutrient concentrations were much smaller than the
changes in the rate of streamflow. No relationship was found between any
nutrient concentration and streamflow, and no seasonal changes in concentration
were detected. Nutrient losses from farmland were significantly greater than
those from woodland. The nitrate-N concentration in the farm runoff was below
2 ppm except for one short period when it rose to 10 ppm. The input of nitro-
gen in the rain was greater than the loss in runoff from both watersheds.
The average concentration of phosphate in runoff was 22 ppb (of P) from the
farm and 15 ppb from the woodland. The analysis of the data shows that the
total nutrient losses cannot be calculated meaningfully unless both hydrologic
and chemical data are available. The volume of water flow is the most impor-
tant variable in this calculation.
70-71:056-012
NUMERICAL SOLUTION TO THE CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION EQUATION,
Oster, C. A., Sonnichsen, J. C., and Jaske, R. T.
Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 6, p 1746-1752, December 1970. 7 p,
3 fig, 1 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Mixing, *Numerical analysis, *Diffusion, *Dispersion, *Path of
pollutants, Water pollution effects, Convection, Translocation, Mathematical
studies, Streamflow, Turbulent flow, Computer programs..
Identifiers: *Pollutant transport.
179
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A numerical solution to the convection diffusion equation is discussed. The
case examined treats a conservative waste or pollutant, although the system
is flexible enough to accommodate nonconservative substances. The numerical
approximation appears stable and can be extended to include analysis of an
n-dimensional array.
70-71:05B-013
A GENERAL NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION-CONVECTION EQUA-
TION BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD,
Guymon, G. L., Scott, V. H., and Herrmann, L. R.
California University, Davis.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 6, p 1611-1617, December 1970. 7 p, 3
fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Diffusion, *Convection, *Linear programming, Mathematical
studies, Equations, Computer programs, Numerical analysis, Dispersion, Porous
media, Flow, Open channel flow.
Identifiers: *Finite element analysis.
The two-dimensional diffusion-convection equation, together with the appropriate
auxiliary conditions, is used to describe approximately the motion of dissolved
constituents in porous media flow, dispersion of pollutants in streams and
estuaries, energy transfer in reservoirs, and other natural transport processes.
The two-dimensional diffusion-convection equation, with an assumed set of
auxiliary conditions, is converted to a variational principle for systems
that do not involve mixed partials. The variational principle is in turn
solved by the Ritz procedure by dividing the domain of interest into an
arbitrary number of finite triangular elements. Within each element the un-
known function states are represented by a first order space polynomial. The
resulting system of first order linear equations is then solved by numerical
differentiation using the Adams-Moulton multistep predictor-corrector method.
70-71:058-014
LEACHING OF CROP RESIDUES AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS IN SURFACE RUNOFF WATER,
Timmons, D. R., Holt, R. F., and Latterell, J. J.
Agricultural Research Service, Morris, Minnesota; and Minnesota University,
Morris.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, p 1367-1375, October 1970. 9 p, 8 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: *Leaching, *Nutrients, Runoff, *Water pollution sources, Path of
pollutants, Plants, Nitrogen, Phosph* ^us, Soil-water-plant relationships, Water
quality, Eutrophication, Cycling nutrients.
Identifiers: Crop residues, Stubble.
Nitrogen and phosphorus losses were determined in plant leachates from alfalfa,
Kentucky bluegrass, barley straw stubble, and oats straw stubble. Plant
samples harvested from the field were either leached immediately or were desic-
cated by drying or freezing before leaching. The extraction of soluble nitrogen
and soluble phosphorus in leachates from alfalfa and bluegrass was greatly
increased by drying or freezing. These same treatments, however, released
only small amounts of soluble phosphorus from barley and oats straw. Estimated
soluble nutrient losses indicate that leaching of alfalfa and bluegrass by
surface runoff water could contribute substantial amounts of nitrogen and
phosphorus to lakes and streams.
70-71:05B-015
STEADY DISPERSION ACROSS AN INTERFACE IN A POROUS MEDIUM,
Verruijt, A.
Technische Hogeschool, Delft (Netherlands).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, p 337-347, December 1971. 4 fig, 8 ref,
180
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Descriptors: *Dispersion, *Mixing, *Path of pollutants, Interfaces, *Porous
media, Groundwater movement, Saline water-freshwater interfaces, Flow, Density,
Viscosity, Tracers, Saline water intrusion, Numerical analysis.
In two problems of steady dispersion across an interface, originally non-
polluted fluid flowed parallel to the interface. This fluid is polluted by
dispersion across the interface. A flushing effect exists when the polluted
fluid on the other side of the interface is stationary. The flushing effect
may lead to a reduction of the width of the dispersion zone. The analysis is
approximate in the sense that it is assumed that the tracer distribution is
discontinuous across the interface. As such a discontinuity is consistent
with a discontinuous flow field the results may well be sufficiently accurate.
70-71:05B-016
WATER QUALITY EFFECTS OF LEACHING FROM SUBMERGED SOILS,
Keup, Lowell E., McKee, Gerald D., Raabe, Edward W., and Warner, Richard W.
National Field Investigations Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 62, No. 6, p 391-396, June
1970. 6 p, 6 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: *Leaching, *Organic soils, *Water quality control, *Reservoirs,
*Reservoir design, Humus, Organic matter, Iron, Manganese, Water quality,
Water chemistry.
Identifiers: Cape Fear River (North Carolina).
Impounding water may result in the leaching of undesirable materials from
the inundated soils. The Northeast Cape Fear River to be impounded in Kornegay
Reservoir contained high color values (100 + units), high concentrations of
lignin (13.6 mg/1), and concentrations of nitrogen and manganese that might
interfere with water uses. This water could leach additional quantities of
lignin, iron, manganese, and total phosphorus from the leaf litter covering the
reservoir site. Experiments indicated that iron and manganese were leached at
a greater rate under anaerobic conditions. With clear waters, (color, 18
units), substantial increases in materials leached were observed in either aero-
bic or anaerobic waters. The one exception was manganese which decreased sub-
stantially in the aerobic waters. It is recommended that organic-rich
materials, especially leaf litter, be removed or plowed into the soil to
prevent leaching of excessive iron, manganese, and lignin to the water. If
practical, organic rich soils such as muck should be removed or buried. In
addition, provisions should be made for multi-level water supply intakes.
70-71:05B-017
DISTRIBUTION OF DDT AND TOXAPHENE IN HOUSTON BLACK CLAY ON THREE WATERSHEDS,
Swoboda, Allen R., Thomas, Grant W., Cady, Foster B., Baird, Ralph W., and
Knisel, Walter G.
Texas A and M University, College Station, Dept of Soil and Crop Science.
Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, p 141-145, 1971. 4 fig, 4 tab,
9 ref.
Descriptors: *Insecticide, *Distribution pattern, DDT, Leaching, Clays.
Identifiers: Black, Clay, Distribution, Houston, Movement, Texas, Toxaphene,
Watersheds.
The movement and distribution of DDT and Toxaphene in a heavy clay soil was
studied on three Blackland Prairie watersheds in Texas. Less than 16% of
the DDT (total of^p, p-DDT, DDE, and ODD) and less than 22% of the Toxaphene
applied over a 10-yr period was recovered in the top 5 ft of the soil. Between
60 and 75% of the recovered DDT was found in the top 12 in. of soil, but 90
to 95% of the Toxaphene was found in the upper 12 in. Movement of DDT into
the lower soil depths was attributed to top soil being washed into the large
vertical cracks of the vertisol by rainfall. Leaching was also considered a
factor in the downward movement of DDT, since a seep was found to contain from
0.2 to 1.2 ppb of DDT.
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70-71:056-018
TRANSPORT OF MINERAL OIL COMPONENTS TO GROUNDWATER—I. MODEL EXPERIMENTS ON
THE TRANSFER OF HYDROCARBONS FROM A RESIDUAL OIL ZONE TO TRICKLING WATER,
Van der Waarden, M., Bridie, A. L. A. M., and Groenewoud, W. M.
Koninkliyke/Shell-Laboratorium, Amsterdam (Netherlands).
Water Research, Vol. 5, No. 5, p 213-226, May 1971. 14 p, 7 fig, 3 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Path of pollutants, *Leaching, *Soil water movement, *0ily water,
*Groundwater recharge, Model studies, Hydraulic models, Oil wastes, Water pol-
lution sources.
Identifiers: *Oil spills.
Oil spills in soils become immobile after some time. Subsequent rainfall may
then leach out water-soluable components, which are carried downward. In
laboratory experiments a pack of non-adsorbing glass particles was used as a
soil model to study the transfer of oil components to groundwater. Oil was
injected into a zone with residual water saturation of this model and allowed
to disperse freely. Subsequently water was allowed to trickle through the
pack and the drain water, which did not contain any free oil, was analyzed
for contaminants. Experiments were carried out with a gas oil raffinate con-
taining very small amounts of 2-isopropylphenol as a model for transferable
components and with actual mineral oil products: gasoline, kerosene and gas
oil. In all the experiments water-extractable components were leached out
from an oil zone by trickling water at a rate determined by the partition co-
efficient of the components and by the water/oil ratio. When the glass partic-
les were replaced by natural dune sand the transfer of oil components was delay-
ed by adsorption and their concentration in the drain water decreased corres-
pondingly. Under field conditions these effects of adsorption might be much
stronger; in addition, chemical or biological oxidation and evaporation may also
to some extent determine the fate of oil in soil.
70-71:058-019
WATER-SOLUBLE NO 3-NITROGEN, PO 4-PHOSPHORUS, AND TOTAL SALT BALANCES ON A LARGE
IRRIGATION TRACT,
Carter, D. L., Bondurant, J. A., and Robbins, C. W.
Agricultural Research Service, Kimberly, Idaho, Snake River Conservation Re-
search Center.
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, Vol. 35, No. 2, p 331-335, March-
April 1971. 5 p, 1 fig, 4 tab, 25 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Fertilizers, *Return flow, *Phosphates,
*Nitrates, Salinity, Nutrients, Idaho, Leaching, Irrigation water, Path of
pollutants.
Identifiers: *Snake River (Idaho).
Return flow from a 82,030-ha tract of calcareous silt loam soils irrigated
with water diverted from the Snake River in southern Idaho increased the
downstream total soluble salt and NO 3 loads, but decreased the downstream
PO 4 load. Under the existing water management practice, 50% of the total in-
put water returned to the Snake River as subsurface drainage. Net total
soluble salt output was 2.4 metric tons/ha and, on the average, was considerably
greater than necessary to maintain a salt balance. Net NO 3 output was
33 kg/ha. Only about 30% as much PO 4 left the tract via drainage water as
entered the tract in irrigation water. As water passed through the soil,
PO 4 was removed by chemical reactions in the soil, thus decreasing the con-
centration in the subsurface drainage water and decreasing the downstream
PO 4 load. Applied P fertilizer was not leached into the drainage water.
70-71:056-020
PHOSPHATE MOVEMENT IN SURFACE RUN-OFF WATER,
Gilchrist, A. N., and Gillingham, A. G.
Ministry of Works, Nelson (New Zealand). Moutere Soil Conservation Station.
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 13, p 225-231, 1970. 2 fig,
3 tab, 8 ref.
182
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Descriptors: *Phosphate, *Surface run-off, *Rainfall, *Fertilizers, Path of
pollutants, Nutrients.
Identifiers: New Zealand.
Intense simulated rainfall was applied to small plots topdressed in strips
with aerial superphosphate at 4 cwt per acre to determine how much and, within
the limits of the apparatus, how far the water-soluble fraction could be
moved down slope in surface run-off water. It was found that 3 in. of rainfall
(2 in. of run-off) in 1 hr could remove 28% of the fertilizer placed in a 3 in.
wide band at a distance of 2 1/4 - 2 1/2 ft up slope from a collecting tray.
70-71:05B-021
MANAGEMENT OF NUTRIENTS ON AGRICULTURAL LAND FOR IMPROVED WATER QUALITY,
Zwerman, P. J., Bouldin, D. R., Greweling, T. E., Klausner, S. D., Lathwell,
D. J., and Wilson, D. 0.
Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, New York,
Dept of Agronomy.
Descriptors: *Surface runoff, *Crop rotation, *Nutrient losses, Manure and
fertilizer application, Rainfall simulator.
Identifiers: *Nutrient losses, *Surface runoff, *Crop management.
A rain fall simulator was utilized to determine the effects of 2, 10, and 20
year storm frequencies on losses of water, soil and nutrients from plots sub-
jected to different crop rotations, fertilizer schemes and manure applications.
Crop rotations, rates of fertilizer and manure were compared. Simulations were
made on freshly tilled soil. Comparative erosion losses were as follows:
continuous sod < corn alfalfa rotations < continous corn. Fertilizer alone
tended to increase runoff, but this effect was overcome when fertilizer was
used with manure. Continuous recording of surface and subsurface flow and sub-
sequent losses of nutrients to the environment was conducted on larger plots.
Rate and time of fertilization determined the plant nutrients lost. Returning
crop residues to the soil improved water infiltration, increasing deep seepage
losses. Proper timing of fertilizer applications could control adverse environ-
mental effects. Phosphorous inputs into cultural media as it related to
algal growth was studied. Sustained concentration determined the biomass of
phosphorous.
70-71:058-022
NUTRIENTS FROM TILE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS,
Glandon, Lawrence R.
Department of Water Resources, Fresno, California, San Joaquin District.
Bio-Engineering Aspects of Agricultural Drainage, 90 p. 18 fig, 29 tab, 30 ref.
Descriptors: *Agricultural waste, *Tile drainage, Nutrients, Nitrates, Phos-
phates, Denitrification, Fertilization, Irrigation Practices.
Identifiers: *San Joaquin Valley, California, *Composited drainage, *Nutrient
variability, Indigenous nutrients, Residual nitrogen.
Tile drainage systems of the San Joaquin Valley were monitored for nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorus) to determine the algal growth potential (AGP) of the
waste, and the degree of treatment required for removal of AGP. The objec-
tives were to determine: (1) the average nutrient concentrations in tile
drainage, (2) the magnitudes of annual, areal and seasonal variability of
nutrients and discharges, (3) if a possible correlation exists between
nutrients and agricultural practices, and (4) if existing soil conditions in-
fluence nutrient concentrations and flows. Average discharges and nutrient
concentrations were calculated for different years, months and areas of interest
(valleywide, major tiled areas, physiographic positions and soils). Average
nutrient concentrations in the composited drainage from the Valley were found
to be 19.3 mg/1 for nitrogen (NO3-N) and 0.09 mg/1 for phosphorus (PO^-P);
average discharge was 1.4 ac-ft/ac/yr. Nutrient levels in the composited
drainage did not change appreciably with time. Variability of nutrients was
183
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observed for different seasons; a twofold decrease in nutrients was at-
tributed to dilution by irrigation and denitrification. N was three times
more concentrated in drainage from one cut of four major tiled areas investi-
gated. The high N levels were attributed more to indigenous concentrations
in certain alluvial fan soils and their parent materials than fertilization.
Low N levels found in drainage from basin soils were believed caused by
denitrification. P was seven times higher in the drainage from the souther-
most area than the other areas investigated. These extraordinarily high
levels (0.69 mg/1) were attributed to indigenous concentrations in certain
soils made available by anaerobic soil conditions. High discharge in the
northermost area (2.3 ac-ft/ac) was believed to be caused by rapid lateral
hydraulic conductivity and surrounding irrigation influence.
70-71:058-023
STREAM ENRICHMENT FROM FORM OPERATIONS,
Minshall, N. E., Witzel, S. A., and Nichols, M. S.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Department of Agricultural Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, Vol. 96, No. SA2, Proc. Paper 7238, p 513-524, 1970. 5 tab, 2 fig,
4 ref.
Descriptors: *Runoff, *Nutrients, Corn, Fertilizers, Soil erosion, Water
pollution, Sanitary engineering.
Identifiers: Winter manure applications, Nutrient wastes.
Data for a 3-year period, 1967 to 1969, show the effect of applying manure at
various times of the year on the plant nutrients lost in surface runoff.
Two of these years, 1967 and 1968, probably represent the extremes with regard
to nutrient losses from winter manure applications. The December to March
runoff from rain and melting snow was about 3 in. in 1967 and 1969, but only
0.08 in. in 1968. A rain of 0.75 in. on bare frozen ground within 2 hours
after the 1967 winter manure application produced a 100 percent runoff and high
nutrient losses. Plots receiving no manure lost more plant nutrients, N, P,
than those receiving manure which was incorporated into the soil immediately
after application. Plots receiving winter manure lost nearly 3 times as much
N and P and about 5 times as much K as the summer manured plots.
70-71:053-024
SURFACE WATER QUALITY IS INFLUENCED BY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Holt, R. F.
Agricultural Research Service, Morris, Minnesota.
Paper No. 71-740, presented at the 1971 Winter Meeting of the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, December 7-10, 1971. 3 tab,
34 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Pollutants, *Water pollution, *Water pollution
sources, Farm wastes, Watershed management, Land management, Watersheds, Soil
amendments, Fertilization.
Fertilization, animal waste handling, soil amendments and cropping practices
can all influence the quality of water that runs off an agricultural watershed.
Maintenance of high quality surface water demands the development of practices
which can minimize the nutrient, pesticide, manure and sediment loading of
water impoundments. The physical trapping or tying down of solid particles can
control sediment delivery but not dissolved substances. Utilization of the
sorptive capacity of the soil offers a mechanism for controlling the movement
of soluable contaminants into water supplies.
70-71:05B-025
ADSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS IN WATERSHEDS,
Agricultural Research Service, Durant, Oklahoma, United States Department of
184
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Agriculture-SWC.
Oral Paper, presented at the 1971 Winter Meeting American Society of Agricul-
tural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, December 7-10, 1971. 1 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Path of pollutants, Leaching, Adsorption, Watershed, Soil-water-
plant system, Pollutants, Chemicals.
A descriptive model of the pathways of chemicals in the soil-water-plant
system is used to catalogue the properties of agricultural chemicals that are
important to their movement in watersheds. The chemical interactions dictate
the pathways to be followed while the behavior of water controls the time and
amount of movement.
70-71:05B-026
AGRICULTURALLY-POLLUTED IRRIGATION WATER AS A SOURCE OF PLANT PARASITIC
NEMATODE INFESTATION,
Faulkner, L. R., and Bolander, W. J.
Washington State University, Prosser, Washington, Irrigated Agriculture Re-
search and Extension Center.
Journal of Nematology, Vol. 2, No. 4, p 368-374, October 1970. 2 fig, 3 tab,
5 ref.
Descriptors: *Nematodes, * Irrigation water, *Water pollution sources, Ir-
rigation wells, Aquatic animals, Entomology, Microbiology, Alfalfa, Beans,
Sugarbeets, Wheat.
Water from a major irrigation canal and water from a deep well was used to
irrigate plants growing in methyl bromide fumigated screenhouse ground beds.
Nematode populations in these beds were compared during three seasons of
continuous cropping to alfalfa, bean, eggplant, mint, sugarbeet, or wheat.
Beds irrigated with canal water became heavily infested with a variety of
plant parasitic nematodes while those receiving well water did not.
70-71:058-027
A COMPUTER ANALYSIS ON THE LEACHING OF BORON FROM STRATIFIED SOIL COLUMNS,
Tanji, K. K.
California University, Davis.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 44-51, July 1970. 3 fig, 3 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-063)
70-71:058-028
MODEL THEORY FOR PREDICTING PROCESS OF LEACHING,
Alfaro, J. F., and Keller, J.
Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 263-268, March 1970. 7 fig, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-069)
70-71:058-029
FARM NITRATES ... NO MENACE TO THE RIO GRANDE,
Agricultural Research, United States Department of Agriculture, p 3-4, April
1970.
Descriptors: *Nitrates, *Water quality, Water pollution sources.
As part of a 30-year study of salt-balance conditions in three irrigated areas
along the river, scientists obtained information about N03-N content over a
period of increasing use. Data indicates no significant stream pollution by
N03-N from nitrogen fertilizer. The greatly increased use of nitrogen fertili-
zer in the Rincon and Mesilla valleys has not increased the N03-N load for the
185
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Upper Rio-Grande. The rise in N03-N at the El Paso-Hudspeth County line may be
due in part to fertilizer, with most of the rise resulting from decreasing
irrigation return flow and possibly treated sewage from the city of El Paso.
70-71:058-030
PESTICIDES,
Metealf, R. L.
Illinois University, Urbana, Illinois.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 57-60, March-April
1971. 1 fig, 2 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Pesticides, *Agricultural chemicals,
Water pollution, Pest control, Chemical wastes.
Identifiers: *Agricultural wastes.
The present use of pesticides is reviewed, with statistics given showing the
important role pesticides play in agriculture. The agri-ecosystem, however,
does not exist in vacuum; the effects on the quality of the total environment
must be weighed. Presently, there is only superficial knowledge of effects of
long term use of pesticides on the environment, and while they are microchemi-
cal pollutants, such micropollution is biologically significant as in the case
of DDT in Lake Michigan and mercury levels in Lake Erie. Pesticides will re-
main indispensable in the foreseeable future, but should be controlled by pre-
scription sale, supervision of use by trained plant pesticide control special-
ists or phytopharmacists, and by developing selective bio-degradable pesticides.
70-71:056-031
SEDIMENT,
Robinson, A. R.
United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, Mississippi, Sedimentation
Laboratory.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 61-62, March-April
1971. 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Sediment control, *Erosion, Sediment
transport, Sediment yield, Sediments, Sediment load, Sedimentation.
Identifiers: *Agricultural wastes.
Sediment depletes the land resources from which it is derived and impairs
the quality of the water in which it is entrained and deposited. It is the
nation's largest single water pollutant. Five aspects of sediment pollution
are discussed: sediment properties; sediment yield; sediment transport; sedi-
ment deposition; and stream channel systems. The challenge is to reduce
erosion; control the energy of stream flow; and create, where possible, non-
erodiable stream boundaries.
70-71:058-032
FERTILIZERS,
Viets, F. G., Jr.
United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Agricultural
Research Service, Northern Plains Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research
Division.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 51-53, March-April
1971. 1 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Agricultural chemicals, Fertilization,
Drainage effects, Environmental effects, Soil chemical properties, Leaching.
Identifiers: *Application rates, Fertilizer movement.
Fertilizers substantially reduce our land needs for crop production. To
arbitrarily restrict fertilizer use therefore, would be a national disaster.
Instead of exposing more land to erosion and the accompanying loss of nutrients,
186
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we should increase fertilizer rates on our better land and retire our poorer
land to permanent grass or tree cover. What the fertilizer rates should be,
depends on the crop, site conditions, and magnitude of nitrate leaching. These
judgments can only be based on experience and research not on arbitrary rules
and regulations.
70-71:05B-033
A PRIMER ON AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION,
Wadleigh, C. H.
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, r'-.ryland, Agricultural
Research Service, Office of the Administrator.
In: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, A Primer on Agricultural Pollution,
Individual Papers, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 44-65, March-April 1971.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, Animal wastes, Pesticides, Fertilizers,
Irrigation, Sediments.
Identifiers: *Agricultural wastes.
Agriculture is asking itself some penetrating questions about its contribution
to pollution: how much, in what manner, and what can be done to reduce the
contribution." In an attempt to answer these and other questions, several
prominent scientists review the current knowledge about the five major groups
of pollutants generated by agriculture: animal wastes, fertilizers, irrigation
residues, pesticides, and sediment. These assessments are introduced by an
essay on the fundamental environmental quality issues of today, and summarized
by one of the world's acknowledged experts on agricultural pollution.
70-71:056-034
ANIMAL WASTES,
Webber, L. R.
Guelph University, Guelph, Onterio, Canada.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 47-50, March-April
1971. 2 fig, 21 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality control, *Animal wastes, *Farm lagoons, Feed
lots, Farm wastes, Oxidation lagoons, Waste disposal, Water pollution.
The demand for meat is continually increasing in North America. Thus the
number of meat animals required is constantly increasing. This can and does
cause problems related to waste disposal. Daily manure production amounts to
12 tons from 100,000 broilers, or 260 tons of solids plus 100 tons of liquid
from 10,000 feeder cattle. This article discusses the various methods of
waste disposal and the possible pollution problems associated with each. Re-
search needs in this field are also discussed.
70-71:05B-035
ALLOCATION OF CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY TO SOIL FRACTIONS IN SEVEN SURFACE
SOILS FROM PANAMA,
Martini, J. A.
Institute Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la OEA, Turrialba, Cost
Rica.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 5, p 324-331, May 1970. 1 fig, 6 tab, 19 ref.
(See 70-71:026-072
70-71:056-036
CONSERVATION OF SANDY SOILS WITH A SURFACE MULCH,
Fryrear, D. W., and Koshi, P. T.
United States Department of Agriculture, Big Springs, Texas, Agricultural Re-
search Service.
187
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American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 492-495, March 1971. 10 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-025)
70-71:05B-037
CROP RESIDUE DTSPOSAL-TILAGE-PLANTING RELATIONSHIPS,
Colwick, R. F., Jones, J. w., and Fulgham, F. E.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, State
College, Mississippi.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 1,
p 114-120, January 1971. 15 fig, 7 tab, 6 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-076)
70-71:05B-038
GRADED ROWS FOR THE CONTROL OF RILL EROSION,
Harris, W. S., and Watson, W. S., Jr.
Arkansas University, Fayetteville.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 3,
p 577-581, March 1971. 11 fig, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-028)
70-71:05B-039
PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS,
Williams, J. R., Hiler, E. A., and Baird, R. W.
United States Department of Agriculture, Riesel, Texas.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1157-1162, June 1971. 5 fig, 5 tab, 19 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-009)
70-71:05B-040
QUALITY OF SURFACE IRRIGATION RUNOFF WATER,
Bondurant, J. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, Idaho, Agricultural Re-
search Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1001-1003, June 1971. 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Agricultural runoff, *Water pollution
sources, Erosion, Soil conservation, Leaching, Water pollution.
Identifiers: *Fertilizer loss.
Chemical constituent concentrations increase in runoff waters during surface
irrigation because of incorporation of undissolved fertilizer particles in
the irrigation stream or by erosion of soil particles having attached fertili-
zer ions. Analysis of water applied to and runoff from a surface irrigation
area near Paul, Idaho, shows only small changes in ion concentrations in runoff
water as compared to applied water. More nutrient elements were applied to
the field in the irrigation water than left in the runoff water. Losses of
nitrate, phosphate, and sodium as a percent of the applied were approximately
the same magnitude as the loss of water as runoff.
70-71:05B-041
SILT TRANSPORT BY THIN FILM FLOW,
Podmore, T. H., and Merva, G. E,
Queensland Institute of Technology, Toowoomba, Australia.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1065-1072, June 1971. 6 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02E-014)
188
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70-71:05B-042
AIR AS A SOURCE OF LEAD IN EDIBLE CROPS,
Ter Haar, G.
Ethyl Corporation Research Laboratory, Ferndale, Michigan.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, p 226-230, March 1970.
1 fig, 5 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:021-015)
70-71:056-043
RELATIONSHIP OF AUTOMOTIVE LEAD PARTICLES TO CERTAIN CONSUMER CROPS,
Schuck, E. A., and Locke, J. K.
California University, Riverside.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, p 324-330, April 1970.
4 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:021-016)
70-71:058-044
NITROGEN FIXATION BY NONSYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS IN SOME CALIFORNIA SOILS,
Steyn, P. L., and Delwiche, C. C.
California University, Davis.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 12, p 1122-1128, December
1970. 2 fig, 5 tab, 32 ref.
(See 70-71:026-083)
70-71:056-045
CONTAMINATION OF ROADSIDE SOIL AND VEGETATION WITH CADMIUM, NICKEL, LEAD, AND
ZINC,
Lagerwerff, J. V., and Specht, A. W.
United States Soils Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 7, p 583-586, July 1970.
2 tab, 36 ref.
(See 70-71:021-017)
70-71:056-046
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF SOME AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN WESTERN CANADA,
John, M. K.
Canada Department of Agriculture, Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 12, p 1199-1203, December
1971. 1 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:021-018)
70-71:058-047
GROUND WATER POLLUTION IN ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, NEVADA, AND UTAH,
Fuhriman, Dean K., and Barton, James R.
Fuhriman, Barton & Associates, Provo, Utah.
Water Pollution Control Research Series 16060 ERU 12/71. 10 fig, 27 tab,
241 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater, *Water pollution, Groundwater basins, Water resourc-
es, Salinity.
Identifiers: *Southwest United States, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
An investigation to determine the ground water pollution problems which exist
in the states of Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah was conducted. Data
were obtained through an extensive review of the literature and through inter-
views with engineers, scientists, and governmental officials concerned with
water pollution in the four states of the project area. Mineralization of
groundwater is the most prevalent factor in the degradation of ground water
189
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quality in the project area. Large quantities of ground water in each of the
four states are undesirable for many uses because of excessive mineralization.
Much of the mineralization of ground water is a result of natural processes.
Some is caused by man's activities—irrigation, oil field brine disposal, and
over-pumping of aquifers are common causes of mineralization. Usually the
degradation is caused by an excess of total dissolved solids, but at some loca-
tions, specific toxic substances are also found in the ground water. Of the
various forms of pollution of ground water caused by man's activities, nitrate
is probably most prevalent in the project area. A listing of conditions
causing ground water pollution in the project area is included in the report.
70-71:05B-048
IRRIGATION RESIDUES,
Law, James P., Jr. and Witherow, Jack L.
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma, Environmental Protection
Agency.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 54-56, March-April
1971. 13 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation effects, *Pollutants, Water quality control, Waste
water, Pollution abatement.
Identifiers: *Agricultural pollution, Salinity control, Research needs.
The water quality problems associated with irrigation return flow are difficult
to control. The major problems are the increased dissolved salt and nutrient
content of waters draining from irrigated land. The difficulty in control is
due to the diffuse nature of irrigation return flows coming from large irrigat-
ed areas and from both surface and subsurface drainage. Insufficient research
has been devoted directly to the solution of return flow quality problems.
Studies are needed to answer specific questions regarding both quantity and
quality of irrigation residues. Possible control measures are discussed,
but specific data concerning their effectiveness in abating water quality de-
gradation are lacking. These must be evaluated and suitable management
practices implemented to control water quality problems rising from irrigation.
70-71:05B-049
MOVEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS AND ORGANIC INSECTICIDES IN SURFACE
RUNOFF,
Sievers, D. M., Lentz, G. L., and Beasley, R. P.
Missouri University, Columbia.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 323-325, March 1970. 6 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Agricultural chemicals, *Nitrogen
compounds, *Phosphorus compounds, *Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Trans-
location, Leaching, Fertilizers, Insecticides, Water pollution, Fishkill.
Three central Missouri soils were chosen with a wide range of physical pro-
perties. Six experimental plots, 45 3/4 in. square were established on each
soil in fallow ground. To each plot was applied one of the following organic
insecticides: heptachlor, aldrin, phorate, diazinon, carbaryl, and Bux Ten.
All were applied in granular form by broadcasting at the rate of 17.1 Ib.
per acre. Ammonium nitrogen and superphosphate were applied in liquid form
at the rate of 200 Ib. N and 100 Ib. P205 per acre. A sprinkling infiltrometer
was used to apply simulated rainfall to the area and samples of the runoff were
collected and analyzed. As was expected, the movement of fertilizers and in-
secticides is greatly influenced by the soil type.
70-71:056-050
THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF UNDERGROUND WATER,
Swaine, D. J., and Schneider, J. L.
190
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Division of Mineralogy, Sydney, Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November
2-4, 1971. Canberra, Australia, p 3-23. 7 fig, 2 tab, 45 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-060)
70-71:053-051
SALINITY AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE,
Holmes, J. W.
Flinders University, South Australia. School of Physical Sciences.
Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4
1971. Canberra, Australia, p 25-40. 6 fig, 8 tab, 21 ref.
(See 70-71:02A-004)
70-71:05B-052
TRANSPORT OF SALTS IN UNSATURATED AND SATURATED SOILS,
Peck, A. J.
Division of Soils, Wembley, Western Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 109-123. 1 fig, 67 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-061)
70-71:05B-053
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS OF THE INTERACTION OF SALINE AND FRESH WATER,
Wooding, R. A.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra,
Australia, Division of Environmental Mechanics.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 125-139. 55 ref.
(See 70-71:018-004)
70-71:05B-054
VARIABLES AFFECTING A-VALUES AS A MEASURE OF SOIL NITROGEN AVAILABILITY,
Broadbent, F. E.
California University, Davis.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 19-23, July 1970. 3 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-052)
70-71:056-055
CANALS OFFER VAST COOLING POTENTIAL,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4, p 287, April 1970.
Descriptors: *Electric power production, *Electric powerplants, *Thermal
pollution, Nuclear powerplants, Thermal powerplants, Water cooling.
As the need for more electrical power arises, the nation looks more to stream
generation methods. The main drawback is how to handle the waste heat pro-
duced. One relatively new idea looks to canals as an answer. By using trans-
portation, irrigation and water supply canals, a great heat sink is discovered.
Strict controls would have to be followed, but the potential is enormous.
The idea is still in the planning stages, but nonetheless is being considered.
70-71:05B-056
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS MONITOR WASTE STREAMS,
Corrigan, P. A., Lyons, V. E., Barnes, G. D., and Hall, F. G,
191
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I'ennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 116-121, February 1970,
4 fig, 1 tab.
(See 70-71:05A-007)
70-71:058-057
AGRICULTURE POSES WASTE PROBLEMS,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 12, p 1098-1100, December
1970. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, Water pollution, Air pollution, Agricultural
chemicals.
Identifiers: *Pollution sources, Agricultural pollution.
With the present massive agricultural production, the farmer is hard pressed
to find adequate means for waste disposal. Commercial poultry, beef, and pork
operations are all faced with the problem of wastes that contaminate air, water,
and land. Increasing concentration and intensity of agricultural activities,
necessary to the development and prosperity of the economy, are responsible for
many new environmental issues. Some of the problem areas are: animal wastes,
agricultural processing, domestic wastes, sediment from land, fertilizers,
irrigation return flow, pesticides, aeroallergens, infectious agents, waste
combustion, and natural plant emissions. Solutions include: drying, burying,
waste treatment plants, erosion control, and controlled use of chemicals. The
government is working towards programs that would reduce agricultural
pollution.
70-71:05B-058
UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL: CONCEPTS AND MISCONCEPTIONS,
Caswell, C. A.
Gurnham and Associates, Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 8, p 642-647, August 1970.
5 fig.
Descriptors: *Waste disposal wells, *Pollution abatement, Water pollution
sources.
Underground disposal of wastes is booming into great popularity. However, it
is not without its problems. This article points out many of the pros and
cons of this popular practice. The approach of giving a general overview of
the situation rather than the detailed mathematical study is taken. The pro-
cess seems to work quite well for substances that are difficult to treat on
the surface if the well is properly designed and operated. It should be kept
in mind however that this method is not a cureall for pollution problems.
70-71:05B-059
NEED FOR CONTROLLING SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER,
Colorado River Board of California.
Colorado River Board of California, Los Angeles, California, State of
California.
Report, August 1970. 89 p. 10 fig, 12 tab, 32 ref, 1 append.
(See 70-71:05G-020)
70-71:05B-060
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION OF THE GREAT LAKES BASIN,
United States and Canada.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office.
Combined Report by Canada and the United States, 174 p. 15 fig, 42 tab,
22 ref, 4 append.
(See 70-71:05C-014)
192
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70-71:05B-061
PERSISTENCE OF PESTICIDES IN RIVER WATER,
Eichelberger, James W. , and Lichtenberg, James J.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. Water Quality Office.
Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 5, No. 6, p 541-544, 1971. 2 tab,
11 ref.
Descriptors: *Pesticides, *River, *Self-purification, Pesticide removal.
Identifiers: Azodrin, Baygon, BHC, Carbamate, Chlor, Chlorine, ODD, DDE, DDT,
Dieldrin, Endrin, Epoxide, Hepta, Organo, Phosphorus.
The persistence of 28 common pesticides in raw river water was studied over an
8-wk-period. Twelve organochlorine, 9 organophosphorus, and 7 carbamate
pesticides were studied at a concentration of 10 microgram/1. No measurable
degradation or chemical change was observed for the following organochlorine
compounds: BHC, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDE, DDT, ODD, and endrin.
Azodrin was the only organophosphorus compound that was stable throughout the
study. All carbamate compounds were significantly changed after 1 wk, and all
but Baygon were completely lost after 8 wk. Where possible, the degradation
or chemical conversion products of the pesticides were identified.
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SECTION XXII
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION (Group 05C)
70-71:050-001
ALTERNATIVES FOR SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN,
Vincent, J. R., and Russell, J. D.
Federal Water Quality Administration, Denver, Colorado; and Federal Water
Quality Administration, Alameda, California.
Paper 71076, Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 856-866, August 1971.
11 p, 10 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Water quality, *Economic impact, Water management
(Applied), Cost comparisons, Costs, Dissolved solids, Damages, Water resources
development.
Identifiers: Salt water disposal, *Colorado River Basin, Cost Curves, *Alter-
natives, Salt removal.
The Colorado River Basin faces the dilemna of an increasing demand for water
while presently struggling with salinity concentrations approaching critical
levels for some water uses. Based upon projected development, salinity con-
centrations are predicted to exceed 1200 mg/1 at Imperial Dam by the yr 2010.
Annual losses to the basin economy resulting from increased salinity will ex-
ceed $50 million by the yr 2010. Although methods of controlling salt dis-
charged are relatively unrefined, certain conclusions, based upon Bayesian
statistical methods, can be reached. Five basic alternatives for coping with
the problem are evaluated. Total costs associated with any alternative, or
the resulting salinity, are the sum of salinity detriments (cost to users for
water of increased salinity plus economic multiplier effects) and the cost of
constructing salt discharge control works. These impacts upon basin economy
and Colorado River water quality for each alternative are presented.
70-71:05C-002
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON SEDIMENT-WATER NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE,
Porcella, Donald B., Kumagai, James S., and Middlebrooks, E. Joe.
California University, Berkeley. Sanitary Engineering Research Lab; and Sunn,
Low, Tom, and Kara, Inc., Honolulu, Hawaii.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Sanitary Engi-
neering Division, Vol. 96, No. SA4, Paper 7460, p 911-926, August 1970. 5 fig,
8 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Nutrients, *Bottom sediments, *Limnology, *Algae, *Eutrophica-
tion, Lakes, Water quality, Phosphorus, Phosphates, Productivity, Leaching.
Identifiers: Sediment-water nutrient-exchange.
Different types of sediments vary in their ability to support algal growth.
This is related to the amount of available phosphorus measured in the sediments.
Although the amount of phosphorus released from the sediments varied with the
type of sediment, all of the available phosphorus eventually should be extracted
in the 15-cm layer of sediment studied. The development of a thick mat of
Oscillatoria caused an increase in productivity due to the increased transfer
of phosphorus from the sediment; and, in general, the more productive systems
had sediments containing greater amounts of phosphorus. Also, the equilibra-
tion of P-32 with stable phosphate occurred more rapidly in the more productive
systems, and this rate of equilibration appeared to be associated with the
sediments themselves. Hence P-32 exchange with stable P was related to the
concentration of available phosphorus in the system.
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70-71:050003
STUDIES RELATING TO WATER MINERALIZATION AND HEALTH,
Winton, Elliott F., and McCabe, Leland J.
Bureau of Water Hygiene, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 26-30, January
1970. 5 p, 2 fig, 4 tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Public health, *Human diseases, *Human pathology,
*Hardness (Water), Mortality, Trace elements, Calcium, Magnesium, Chemical
properties, Water softening.
Identifiers: Heat disease-water quality relations.
Recent studies on the relation of heart disease to water quality are reviewed.
Correlation is sufficient to suggest more definitive studies to resolve the
question. Calcium, magnesium, and total hardness contents of drinking water
seem to be inversely correlated with coronary heart disease death rates in
England, the United States, and Asian countries. Several specific questions
are listed for experimental and statistical investigation.
70-71:050004
CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN WATER,
McCarty, P. L.
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 62, No. 2, p 127-140, February
1970. 14 p, 6 fig, 8 tab, 64 ref.
Descriptors: *Nutrients, *Eutrophication, *Water quality control, *Nitrogen
compounds, *Phorphorus compounds, Algae, Nutrient requirements, Productivity,
Essential nutrients, Water quality, Water chemistry, Cycling nutrients.
Identifiers: Nitrogen requirements (Algae), Phosphorus requirements (Algae),
Nutrient chemistry (Aquatic).
Of the major elements essential to algal growth, nitrogen and phosphorus are
the ones most likely to be of critically limiting availability in natural
waters. Because they therefore represent promising weak links in algal life
cycles, their chemical states and behavior in water are examined to see how
water treatment might benefit. Large supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus are
present in many bodies of water either in the sediments, the atmosphere above,
or in the form of dissolved gas. These forms may be available for the growth
of algae and other aquatic plants, but the rates at which they may become
available is slow. These rates are important, however, as they tend to control
the amount of vegetative growth which can be supported. Soluble nitrogen
and phosphorus contained in the effluents from waste treatment plants, on the
other hand, are in a readily available form. If discharged to natural bodies
of water, they can stimulate growth far in excess of that which would occur
naturally.
70-71:050005
EFFECT OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY,
Coe, Jack J.
California State Department of Water Resources, Los Angeles, Southern District.
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 62, No. 12, p 776-783,
December 1970. 8 p, 9 fig, 5 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Landfills, California, *Water pollution sources, Path of pol-
lutants, Water pollution control, Carbon dioxide, Organic matter, Water quality,
Groundwater movement, Waste disposal, Biodegradation.
Identifiers: Sanitary landfills.
Municipal solid wastes are produced in California at a rate of about 7 Ib/per
capita per day. Most of this waste is disposed of in sanitary landfills. Gas
movement rates were found to be 0.22 to 0.8 ft per day vertically and 0.24 to
1.4 ft per day horizontally in undisturbed alluvial soils. Groundwater is
often impaired by refuse decomposition products whenever water is allowed to
pass through the decomposed material in such quantities as to eventually reach
196
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the groundwaters of the area. Leachate impairment of groundwater causes
temporary increases in organic material and permanent increases in mineral
constituents. Impairment is typified by increases in total dissolved solids,
total hardness, chloride, and sulfate. Such increases may last several years.
Carbon dioxide effects on groundwater are increases in hardness and bicarbonate,
Depending on the pH after carbon dioxide adsorption, water may become corrosive,
By modifying a site—usually by the construction of a physical barrier—the
groundwater can be protected.
70-71:050-006
A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON INORGANIC NITROGEN METABOLISM IN MICROORGANISMS,
Painter, H. A.
Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Stevenage (England).
Water Research, Vol. 4, P 393-450, 1970. 276 ref.
Descriptors: *Microorganisms, *Metabolism, *Nitrogen compounds, *Reviews,
*Bibliographies, Nitrogen cycle, Inhibition, Growth rates, Nitrogen, Micro-
biology, Water pollution effects.
Identifiers: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs.
All biological growth processes require nitrogen in some form or other for the
synthesis of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. Microorganisms can utilize
a range of nitrogen compounds for these syntheses. A review of the literature
on microbiological changes involving inorganic nitrogen was undertaken and the
known essential characteristics of the identifiable processes have been listed.
The nutritional requirements, especially for oxygen, of the organisms involved
have been described in detail, as have methods for inhibition. Quantitative
kinetic and energy data have been included. Suggested pathways and mechanisms
are described only where they indicate possible intermediates that can be found
in natural habitats. Events involving inorganic nitrogen in purification pro-
cesses have been described and discussed in light of what is known about
various nitrogen transformations considered in isolation. The review revealed
a complex situation which can be used only as a guide as to which changes in-
volving nitrogen will occur in a given situation. There are still gaps in the
knowledge of the processes. Suggestions are put forward for further
investigations.
70-71:05C-007
INFLUENCE OF SOIL SALINITY ON PRODUCTION OF DRY MATTER AND UPTAKE AND DISTRIBU-
TION OF NUTRIENTS IN BARLEY AND CORN: I. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
Hassan, N. A. K., Drew, J. V., Knudsen, D., and Olson, R. A.
Agricultural Experiment Station, Abu-Ghraib, Iraq, Soils Department.
Agronomy Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1, p 43-45, 1970. 2 tab, 1 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil salinity, Barley, Corn, Saline soils.
Identifiers: Nutrient distribution, dry matter production, barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.)
The production of dry matter and the uptake and concentration of nutrients by
barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from soil adjusted to different levels of salinity
with a mixture of salts were evaluated in a greenhouse study. Following
germination of the plants, soil salinity levels ranging from EC values of 0 to
30 mmhos/cm of the soil solution at field capacity were induced by additions of
a salt solution containing one part Na2SO1(, one part MgSO^, and one part CaCi2 .
During the growth period of 98 days, increasing soil salinity increased sul-
fate-S and chloride in the saturation extract and lowered soil pH. Exchange-
able Na, Mg, and Ca increased markedly while exchangeable K and available P
increased only slightly. Acid-extractable Mn increased, but there was little
or no effect on acid-extractable Zn, Fe, and Cu. Production of dry matter by
the vegetative parts and grain heads of barley increased up to an EC of 12,
then decreased at salinity levels above this value. Coefficients of correlation
indicate significant negative relationships between soil salinity and uptake of
P, K, Ca, Fe, and Cu by the vegetative parts and grain heads of barley.
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Conversely, significant positive correlations occur between soil salinity and
uptake of Mn and Na by barley.
70-71:050-008
A SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF METALLIC CORROSION AND ITS CONTROL IN SALINE
WATERS,
Denholm, W. T., and Potter, E. C.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Grand City,
Victoria, Australia, Division of Mineral Chemistry.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 61-78. 4 fig, 19 ref.
(See 70-71:05G-022)
70-71:05C-009
CHEMISTRY OF SALINE SOILS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,
Quirk, J. P.
University of Western Australia, Institute of Agriculture, Dept of Soil Science
and Plant Nutrition.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 79-91. 2 fig, 1 tab, 32 ref.
(See 70-71:020-086)
70-71:050010
HYDROLOGY OF SWELLING SOILS,
Philip, J. R.
Division of Environmental Mechanics, Canberra, Australia, Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 95-107. 7 fig, 23 ref.
(See 70-71:020-087)
70-71:050-011
SALINITY AND ANIMAL CELLS,
Gage, P. W.
South Wales University, Kensington, Australia, School of Physiology and
Pharmacology.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 179-191. 4 fig, 10 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-041)
70-71:050012
SALINITY AND THE WHOLE PLANT,
Robinson, J. B.
University of Adelaide, South Australia, Dept of Agriculture.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 193-206. 1 fig, 3 tab, 42 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-042)
70-71:050013
SALINITY AND PLANT CELLS,
Campbell, L. C., and Pitman, M. G.
Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia, School of Biological Sciences.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 207-224. 6 fig, 3 tab, 45 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-043)
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70-71:050-014
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION OF THE GREAT LAKES BASIN,
United States and Canada.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Qualtiy Office.
Combined Report by Canada and the United States. 174 p. 15 fig, 42 tab, 22 ref,
4 append.
Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, *Water pollution, *Water pollution effects,
*Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: Great Lakes Basin, Agricultural pollution.
This report is a state-of-the Art document concerning abatement of pollution
of the Great Lakes Basin, as specifically influenced by agricultural and relat-
ed sources. It primarily relates to the identification of the impact of
agricultural and related activities on the pollution of the Great Lakes Basin.
The major constituents of these non-point sources of pollution which were
studied include: 1) runoff and release of nutrients, pesticides, and
herbicides and degradation by-products as a consequence of the application of
agricultural chemicals; 2) runoff of pollutants from animal waste management
structures and land used for ultimate disposal; 3) sedimentation resulting
from current land use practices, including land influenced by agricultural
activities and by local, state and federal activities on public lands, highways,
and parks. Also under study was the scope of current planning, advisory and
regulatory functions of the United States and Canadian Governments.
70-71:050-015
THE MINERAL QUALITY PROBLEM IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN,
Regions VIII and IX, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Report, Regions VIII and IX, 1971. 9 fig, 9 tab, 4 append.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Water quality, *Irrigation effects, Irrigation,
Irrigation water, Water pollution control, Return flow.
Identifiers: Mineral quality, Colorado River Basin, Salinity studies,
Salinity control.
The Colorado River Basin Water Quality Control Project was established as a
result of recommendations made at the first session of a joint Federal-State
"Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate Waters of the Colorado
River and Its Tributaries" held in 1960. This project serves as the technical
arm of the conference and provides the conferees with detailed information on
water uses, the nature and extent of pollution problems and their effects on
water users, and recommended measures for control of pollution in the Colorado
River Basin. In 1963, the Colorado River Basin Water Quality Control Project
began detailed studies of the mineral quality problem in the Colorado River
Basin in 1963. The more significant findings and data from the project's
salinity studies are summarized in the report entitled "The Mineral Quality
Problem in the Colorado River Basin." Detailed information pertaining to the
methodology and findings of the project's salinity studies are presented in
three appendices to that report—Appendix A, "Natural and Man-made Conditions
Affecting Mineral Quality;" Appendix B, "Physical and Economic Impacts;" and
Appendix C, "Salinity Control and Management Aspects."
70-71:05C-016
FISH AND POWER PLANTS,
Jensen, Albert 0.
New York State Department of Conservation, Albany. Division of Marine and
Coastal Resources.
The Conservationist, New York State Conservation Department, Vol. 24, No. 3,
p 2-5, December 1969-January 1970. 4 p, 2 fig, 2 photo.
Descriptors: *Hudson River, *Estuarine environment, *Pumped storage, Hydro-
electric plants, Water temperature, Fish, Ecology, Aquatic habitats,
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Environmental effects, Fisheries, New York.
Identifiers: Hudson River Estuary, Storm King Mountain, Cornwall (New York).
A biological survey was made to predict the effects of the proposed Storm King
Mountain pumped storage hydroelectric plant on the ecology of the Hudson River
Estuary. Large numbers of eggs, larvae, and young striped bass would be with-
drawn by the proposed hydroelectric plant. However, the eggs and young fish
that would be withdrawn would be but a small percentage of the total number of
each of the life stages of striped bass present in the estuary. Approximately
2.8% would be subject to withdrawal. Substantial numbers of blueback herring,
alewife, tomcod and white perch, small enough to pass through the screens,
also would be withdrawn seasonally but that because of the varying distribution
of the species in the estuary, the effect of losses by the operation of the
plant probably would be minimal. Operation of additional plants—power,
manufacturing or other—that require large volumes of water could, in combina-
tion with the proposed Cornwall plant, destroy sufficient numbers of eggs and
larvae of fishes to adversely affect subsequent populations. These effects
could be particularly severe if the plants were built in areas of heavy fish
concentrations. The proposed pump-storage hydroelectric plant at Cornwall
would not have a significant adverse effect on the populations of striped bass
and shad in the Hudson River.
70-71:05C-017
SALINITY AND THE WHOLE ANIMAL,
Macfarlane, W. V.
University of Adelaide, South Australia, Waite Agricultural Research Institute.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 161-178. 2 fig, 4 tab, 62 ref.
(See 70-71:02K-040)
200
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SECTION XXIII
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES (Group 05D)
70-71:050-001
EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC DENITRIFICATION,
Seidel, D. F., and Crites, R. W.
Metcalf and Eddy, Incorporated, Palo Alto, California.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceeding of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 96, No. SA 2, p 267-277, April 1970. 7 fig,
1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Anaerobic digestion, *Denitrification, *Filters, Pilot plants,
Laboratory test, Anaerobic bacteria, Nitrates, Waste water treatment, Sewage
treatment, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Upflow, Horizontal flow, Media.
Several methods of removing nitrogen from sewage effluents by anaerobic denitri-
fication were evaluated. An upflow anaerobic filter containing gravel media
(1 in. to 1.5 in.) was used to denitrify a municipal wastewater which contained
an average of 14 mg/1 nitrate nitrogen. Results obtained from pilot plant
studies using methanol as a supplementary carbon source for the denitrifying
bacteria showed 90% nitrogen removal with a detention time as short as 1.5
hours. Laboratory studies were also conducted utilizing upflow and horizontal
flow filters containing a fiber media composed of a Dynel fiber coated with
neoprene resin and bonded to a fiberglass mesh. This highly porous fiber media
performed comparably to the gravel media in the upflow filter as 88% nitrate
nitrogen removal was obtained with a detention time of 2 hours. However, media
configuration and poor flow distribution limited the success of the horizontal
flow filters. Several advantages of the anaerobic filter process for denitri-
fication such as, low initial and operating cost, simplicity of operation, long
solids retention times, and absence of any sludge recycle or disposal equipment
were presented. The cost of methanol was the major operating expense for the
process. The quantity of methanol required increases with increasing dissolved
oxygen and nitrate nitrogen and decreasing effluent BOD. The total cost not
including the cost of nitrifying the secondary effluent was estimated as low as
$12.00 per million gallons.
70-71:050-002
HYDROLOGY OF SPRAY-RUNOFF WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
Thomas, Richard E., Law, James P., Jr., and Harlin, Curtis C., Jr.
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and
Drainage Division, Vol. 96, No. IRS, Paper 7538, p 289-298, September 1970.
10 p, 4 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
Descriptors: *Waste water disposal, *Soil disposal fields, *0verland flow,
*Runoff, *Sprinkler irrigation, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Water balance,
Hydrologic budget, Sewage treatment, Soil water movement, Waste treatment.
Identifiers: Spray-runoff waste water treatment.
Liquid measuring procedures used in a 12-month study of the hydrology of the '
soil treatment system at Campbell Soup Company's Paris, Texas plant accounted
for 93% of the total liquid applied to the soil. The rainfall and waste water
applied to the soil system are accounted for as follows: 18% is lost to the
atmosphere through evaporative processes; 61% is recovered as runoff; and 21%
percolates through the soil. The fraction of the treated waste water recovered
as runoff ranges from a low of 30% to a high of 85%. This range in the percent
runoff is influenced by climate, soil textural class, and waste water spray
schedules. Waste water spray schedules are controlled to partially offset
variations in the percent runoff which would normally occur as the result of
climatic influences.
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70-71:050-003
RECLAIMED WASTE WATER FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE,
Baier, D. C., and Wesner, G. M.
California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 5, p 991-1001, October 1971. 2 fiq,
6 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Water reuse, *Groundwater recharge, *Tertiary treatment, *Re-
claimed water, California, Water quality, Odor, Taste, Artificial recharge,
Injection wells.
Identifiers: Trickling filters.
Reclaimed trickling filter effluent is injectable and does not cause excessive
well clogging. Multi-casing injection wells performed very satisfactorily. The
reclaimed water would be acceptable for domestic use after travel through 500
feet of a confined aquifer in that bacteria, virus and toxic material were con-
sistently absent, but the odor, taste, and high concentrations of dissolved
inorganics are undesirable characteristics. Methods to eliminate the odor are
being tested.
70-71:050-004
A STUDY OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION THROUGH COMPUTER SIMULATION,
Cypra, Kenneth J., Cowlishaw, Wayne, and Bauer, William J.
Bauer Engineering, Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 6, p 935-943, November-December 1970.
9 p, 4 fig, 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Simulation analysis, *Water reuse, *Waste water disposal, *Irri-
gation water, Sewage effluents, Michigan, Mathematical models, Systems analysis,
Computer programs, Water storage, Waste treatment, Lagoons.
Identifiers: *Wastewater irrigation, *Muskegon (Michigan).
Muskegon, Michigan, typical of a medium-sized Northern urban area, is currently
adopting wastewater irrigation to meet its present and future wastewater treat-
ment needs. Design of a system for Muskegon, Michigan must consider, among
other things, the quantity of storage needed prior to irrigation and the quality
of water in the storage lagoons. A computer-simulated operation of the storage
and irrigation aspects of the proposed wastewater irrigation system resulted in
a better understanding of storage requirements and critical quality parameters
(particularly anaerobic conditions during spring break-up). Results are depict-
ed in terms of maximum storage requirements and in terms of average monthly
outflow. Maximum storage requirements occur in April and May before the start-
up of spring irrigation. Maximum wastewater irrigation occurs April to July
with the peak varying according to the irrigation rate. Quality values are
generally independent of the rates of irrigation. The BOD level within the
storage logoons is estimated to range from about 12 to 43 mg/liter, with DO
levels ranging from 0 to about 8 mg/liter. The simulation program is written
in FORTRAN IV for acceptance by the GE Mark I series computer.
70-71:05D-005
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE DESIGN FOR RENOVATING WASTE WATER,
Bouwer, Herman.
Agricultural Research Service, Phoenix, Arizona. Water Conservation Laboratory.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal Sanitary Engineering
Division, Vol. 95, No. SA1, Paper 7096, p 59-74, February 1970. 16 p, 10 fig,
1 tab, 20 ref.
Descriptors: *Artificial recharge, *Water spreading, *Water reuse, *Tertiary
treatment, Infiltration, Filtration, Sewage treatment, Sewage disposal, Hydro-
geology, Groundwater movement, Water resources development, Reclaimed water.
Identifiers: Phoenix (Arizona), Salt River (Arizona). .
Soil and hydrogeologic conditions permitting, groundwater recharge by surface
spreading is an economic and esthetic way for further treatment or renovation of
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secondary sewage effluent, cannery wastes, or similar low-quality water. The
design of a system of spreading areas with wells or drains for collecting the
reclaimed water should generally be based on: (1) A maximum limit for the ele-
vation of the water table mound beneath the spreading areas; (2) a minimum
limit for the underground detention time and travel distance as the water moves
to the wells or drains; and (3) minimum contamination of the groundwater in the
aquifer outside the recharge system. Hydraulic properties of aquifers, includ-
ing anisotropy, can be determined by analog and by field measurements. These
data are used to evaluate the effective transmissibility for recharge, and to
calculate water-table positions and underground detention times for a system of
long, parallel spreading strips with wells midway between the strips.
70-71:050-006
DENITRIFICATION BY ANAEROBIC FILTERS AND PONDS - PHASE II
Jones, James R.
Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
Bio-Engineering Aspect of Agricultural Drainage, Report No. 13030 ELY 06/71-14,
June 1971. 34 p, 12 fig, 4 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Agricultural wastes, *Denitrification, Irrigation water, Return
flows, Nitrate, Anaerobic treatment.
Identifiers: *San Joaquin Valley, California, Bacterial denitrification,
Anaerobic filters, Anaerobic ponds.
Operational criteria, design and operations costs for a treatment facility to
remove nitrogen from agricultural tile drainage in the San Joaquin Valley were
further investigated during 1970 at the Interagency Agricultural Wastewater
Treatment Center near Firebaugh, California. The year-long study period is
identified as Phase II. Based on projected nitrate-nitrogen concentrations for
valley tile drainage water, the research in this phase extended earlier Phase I
studies on the feasibility of bacterial denitrification by filters and covered
ponds. The anaerobic filter with 1-inch rounded aggregate was capable of re-
ducing influent nitrate-nitrogen from 30 mg/1 to 2 mg/1 at water temperatures
from 12° to 16°C at a 6-hour detention time, and from 15 mg/1 to 2 mg/1 at
water temperatures of 20° to 24°C at 1-hour detention time. Long-term operation
of filters resulted in accumulation of bacterial mass which caused the deterio-
ration of the hydraulic regime and nitrogen removal efficiencies. Air scour
accompanied or followed by flushing with water was capable of controlling the
bacterial mass. The consumptive ratio, a method to quantify the organic carbon
source needed for anaerobic bacterial process, was affected by temperature and
influent nitrogen concentration and was found to vary between approximately 1.2
and 2.4. The anaerobic covered pond reduced influent nitrate-nitrogen from
30 mg/1 to 2 mg/1 at water temperatures of 12° to 16°C with a 60-day detention
time and from 15 mg/1 to 2 mg/1 at 20° to 2-°C with a 10-day detention time.
70-71:050-007
DENITRIFICATION BY ANAEROBIC FILTERS AND PONDS,
Sword, Bryan R.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Monitoring, Robert S.
Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma.
Bio-Engineering Aspects of Agricultural Drainage, Report No. 13030 ELY 04/71-8,
April 1971. 68 p, 20 fig, 18 tab, 36 ref.
Descriptors: *Agricultural wastes, *Denitrification, *Irrigation water, *Return
flows, *Nitrate, *Anaerobic treatment.
Identifiers: *San Joaquin Valley, California, Bacterial denitrification,
Anaerobic filters, Anaerobic ponds.
The removal of nitrogen from tile drainage by means of bacterial reduction was
investigated at the Interagency Wastewater Treatment Center near Firebaugh,
California. The major nitrogen form in tile drainage is nitrate (approx. 98%).
The process required that an organic carbon source be added to the waste to
accomplish reduction of the nitrogen. The bacterial process was used in two
configurations; anaerobic filters and anaerobic deep ponds. It was found that
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with the addition of 65 mg/1 of methanol, 20 mg/1 nitrate-nitrogen could be
reduced to 2 mg/1 or less of total nitrogen within one hour of treatment by
filter denitrification at water temperatures as low as 14°C. The same removal
was achieved at 12°C in a filter operating at a detention time of two hours.
A covered deep pond required an actual detention time of eight days at water
temperatures of approximately 22°C and a theoretical detention time of 15 days
at temperatures of approximately 16°C to accomplish the same removal. An
uncovered pond was not able to achieve the same results at theoretical deten-
tion times as long as 20 days. The projected costs for both processes are
approximately $90 per million gallons.
70-71:050-008
DESALINATION OF AGRICULTURAL TILE DRAINAGE
Sword, Bryan R.
Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Agricultural Wastewater Studies, 13030 ELY 05/71-12, May 1971. 32 p, 13 fig,
6 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Desalination, *Irrigation waters, *Return flow, Reverse osmosis,
Electrodialysis, Salinity, Nitrate, Boron, Tile drains.
Identifiers: *San Joaquin Valley (California).
Investigations were made to determine the technical feasibility of desalination
of tile drainage. The source of the tile drainage was a 400-acre field near
Firebaugh, California. Reserse Osmosis (RO) and Electrodialysis (ED) processes
were studied. Two RO membrane stacks were investigated. The first, a high
salt rejection, low product yield, was operated on variable quality (3000-7000
mg/1 TDS) irrigation return water. In the 7-month investigation period TDS
removal efficiencies decreased from 93 percent to 80 percent salt rejection and
the product flux decreased from 12 gal/ft2/day to less than 9 gal/ft/day.
The 20 mg/1 of nitrate-nitrogen and 8 mg/1 of boron contained in the influent
were not effectively rejected. The second RO stack and also the ED unit were
operated on return waters that were controlled to have a 3000 gm/1 TDS. The
second RO stack was designed for a high product rate and low salt rejection.
The TDS removal remained at 85 percent for a 3-month run. Product flux decreas-
ed from over 19 gal/ft2/day to less than 12 gal/ft2/day. Nitrate and boron
rejection was low. The ED data are based on a single pass through the membrane
stack. The TDS removal varied from 35 percent to 15 percent. The nitrate re-
moval rate was greater than the TDS removal. Boron removal was negligible.
It is estimated that the costs for the two processes are approximately equal—
$320 per million gallons of product.
70-71:050-009
NITRATE REMOVAL FROM WASTE WATERS BY ION EXCHANGE,
Grinstead, Robert R., and Jones, Kenneth C.
Dow Chemical U.S.A., Walnut Creek, California, Western Division Research
Laboratories.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, 17010 FSJ 01/71, January 1971. 99 p,
13 fig, 15 tab, 50 ref.
Descriptors: *Nitrates, *Denitrification, *Anion exchange, Waste water treat-
ment, Municipal wastes, Water pollution treatment, Resins, Tertiary treatment,
Solvent extractions.
Identifiers: Amidines.
This report described an exploratory experimental study of the use of porous
polymer beads containing a water-immiscible extractant system for the removal
of nitrate from waste waters. Alkylated amidines proved to be a suitable class
of compounds for the extractant system. They are relatively strong bases, and
exist in the salt form in contact with waste waters in the pH range of 7-8.
They can, however, be readily regenerated with alkalis, such as ammonia or
sodium hydroxide. The amidinium ion in the organic phase selectively extracts
nitrate ion over chloride ion by a factor of about 20 (i.e., the nitrate/
chloride ratio in the organic phase is about 20 times the ratio in the
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equilibrium aqueous phase), and nitrate over sulfate and bicarbonate by much
higher ratios. From typical municipal waste waters amidine systems will
therefore pick up mainly the nitrate ion. Amidines dissolved in an aromatic
hydrocarbon were absorbed in macroporous polystyrene beads and used to treat a
synthetic municipal waste water containing 62 ppm nitrate ion and 350 ppm
chloride ion. Beds of this material treated up to 70 bed volumes of water
prior to breakthrough of the nitrate in the effluent. The absorbed nitrate ion
was removed with either ammonia or sodium hydroxide.
70-71:050-010
REMOVAL OF NITRATE BY AN ALGAL SYSTEM,
Brown, Randall L.
Department of Water Resources, Fresno, California, San Joaquin District.
Agricultural Wastewater Studies, 13030 ELY 4/71-7, April 1971. 132 p, 58 fig,
27 tab, 59 ref.
Descriptors: *Agricultural wastes, *Water pollution control, Biological treat-
ment, Nitrates, Treatment facilities.
Identifiers: *Algae stripping, Scenedesmus, Algal growth and harvesting.
An algal system consisting of algae growth, harvesting and disposal was evaluat-
ed as a possible means of removing nitrate-nitrogen from subsurface agricultural
drainage in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The study of this assimila-
tory nitrogen removal process was initiated to determine optimum conditions for
growth of the algal biomass, seasonal variations in assimilation rates, and
methods of harvesting and disposal of the algal product. A secondary objective
of the study was to obtain preliminary cost estimates and process design. The
growth studies showed that about 75 to 90 percent of the 20 mg/1 influent
nitrogen was assimilated by shallow (12-inch culture depth) algal cultures
receiving 2 to 3 mg/1 additional iron and phosphorus and a mixture of 5 percent
COa• Theoretical hydraulic detention times required for these assimilation
rates varied from 5 to 16 days, depending on the time of the year. The total
nitrogen removal by the algal system, assuming 95 percent removal of the algal
cells, ranged from 70 to 85 percent of the influent nitrogen. The most econom-
ical and effective algal harvesting system tested was flocculation and sedimen-
tation followed by filtration of the sediment. The algal cake from the vacuum
filter, containing about 20 percent solids, was then air- or flash-dried to
about 90 percent solids. The market value for this product as a protein sup-
plement was estimated to be about $80 to $100 per ton.
70-71:050-011
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN FROM TILE DRAINAGE - A SUMMARY REPORT,
Brown, Randall L.
Department of Water Resources, Fresno, California, San Joaquin District; and
Water Quality Office, San Francisco, California, Environmental Protection
Agency, Pacific Southwest Region.
Agricultural Wastewater Studies, 13030 ELY 7/71, DWR Bulletin 174-9, July 1971.
28 p, 6 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Agricultural wastes, *Water pollution control, Biological treat-
ment, Nitrates, Treatment facilities.
Identifiers: *Algal growth and harvesting, *Bacterial denitrification, De-
salination, Nitrogen removal.
Studies by an interagency group have shown that it is technically feasible to
reduce 20 mg/1 nitrate-nitrogen in agricultural tile drainage to 2-5 mg/1 by
either algae stripping or bacterial denitrification. Conditions necessary for
maximum algal growth included 8- to 12-inch pond depth, addition of small
amounts of nutrients (CO2, Fe, and P), up to four hours of daily mixing and de-
tention times of from 5 to 16 days, depending on the season. The algae were
harvested by coagulation-sedimentation followed by vacuum filtration. Bacterial
denitrification was tested in anaerobic deep ponds and filters using methanol
as a carbon source. Required detention times were on the order of 8 to 50 days
for covered ponds (uncovered ponds were not suitable) and 1 to 2 hours for
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filters. During long-term operation of the filters periodic flushing was re-
quired to remove accumulated bacterial biomass. Preliminary cost estimates
were $90 and $135 per million gallons for bacterial denitrification (either
pond or filter) and algae stripping respectively. Laboratory studies indicated
that nitrogen removal effectively lowered the biostrimulatory nature of the
waste with respect to algal growth in potential receiving waters. Two desalina-
tion processes were also studied—electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. Both
processes effectively reduced total dissolved solids but neither removed boron,
or reduced nitrate to the desired level.
70-71:050-012
TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE NITROGEN IN DRAINAGE EFFLUENT DURING TRANSPORT,
Williford, John W., and Cardon, Doyle R.
Department of Interior, Fresno, California, Bureau of. Reclamation, Fresno
Field Division,
Agricultural Wastewater Studies, 13030 ELY 6/71-10, June 1971. 48 p, 7 fig,
11 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, *Nitrates, *Denitrification, *Agricultur-
al waste, Algae, Anaerobic bacteria, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved solids, Cost
analyses.
Identifiers: *San Luis drain (California), *Kesterson reservoir, *Nitrogen re-
duction, Detention times.
Three methods to remove nitrates from the agricultural drainage water from the
San Luis Service Area were investigated. One method was a theoretical evalua-
tion of nitrate removal by algae during the transport of the drainage water
in the San Luis Canal or during storage in the Kesterson Reservoir. The other
methods were designed to promote anaerobic bacterial denitrification in a con-
tinuous flow of drainage water. One method used barley straw and the other
water grass grown in shallow ponds as the carbon energy source. The barley
straw was placed in a trench about 10 feet deep and the nitrate removal rate
determined under various flow and detention rates. The water grass was grown
in ponds under a continuous flow of water of about 4 to 6 inches depth. Under
optimum conditions both methods reduced the nitrate -N concentration of the
drainage water from a maximum of about 30 mg/1 to less than 2 mg/1. The cost
of nitrogen removal by the shallow grass plot systems, the most economical and
feasible method investigated, was estimated to be $6.50 per acre foot or $20.00
per million gallons.
70-71:050-013
THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT ON ALGAL BIOASSAY RESPONSE,
Tunzi, Milton G.
Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, California, Region IX, Water
Quality Office.
Agricultural Waste Water Studies, 13030 ELY 8/71-0, August 1971. 59 p, 8 fig,
14 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Eutrophication, *Bioassay, *Denitrification, *Fluorometry, *Tile
drains, Nitrates, Nitrogen.
Identifiers: *Algal blooms - control, Bioassay - algal, Chlorophyll, Denitri-
fication, Fluorometry, Tile drainage.
Laboratory bioassay experiments were performed to test the effect on algal
growth of agricultural waste water before and after the waste water had been
subjected to two different nitrogen removal processes. The waste waters were
added in various percentages to San Joaquin River Delta water for bioassay.
The algal growth throughout time was monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence
techniques. The fluorescence measurements showed logarithmic growth similar
to the type usually observed in the Delta Water over the vernal growth period.
The laboratory experiments gave positive statistical evidence that the un-
treated agricultural waste water would promote substantial algal growth above
that of the San Joaquin River controls. Both nitrogen removal processes were
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equally effective in lowering the algal growth to that of the Delta water con-
trols as long as the nitrate-nitrogen level in each removal system had been
lowered to approximately 2 mg N/l, or less.
70-71:050-014
AGRICULTURE POSES WASTE PROBLEMS,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 12, p 1098-1100, December
1970. 2 fig.
(See 70-71:058-057)
70-71:050-015
UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL: CONCEPTS AND MISCONCEPTIONS,
Caswell, C. A.
Gurnham and Associates, Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 8, p 642-647, August 1970.
5 fig.
(See 70-71:05B-058)
70-71:050-016
THE SOIL AS A RESOURCE RENOVATOR,
Evans, J. 0.
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 9, p 732-735, September 1970,
3 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Waste disposal, *Waste treatment, Sewage disposal, Sanitary
engineering, Municipal wastes, Organic wastes, Sewage, Water pollution.
The use of surface soil as a source of disposing organic waste materials is
explored. Not only cultivated land but also range and forested areas should
be considered. A challenge for qualified personnel to reach the possibilities
and develop further criteria is sounded.
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SECTION XXIV
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES (Group 05E)
70-71:05E-001
EFFECT OF METHOD OF MANURE HANDLING ON CROP YIELDS, NUTRIENT RECOVERY AND RUN-
OFF LOSSES,
Hensler, R. R., Olsen, R. J., Witzel, S. A., Attoe, 0. J., and Paulson, W. H.
Wisconsin University, Madison, Dept of Agricultural Engineering; and Wisconsin
University, Madison, Dept of Soils.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 13, No. 6,
p 726-731, November-December 1970. 10 tab, 26 ref.
Descriptors: *Farm wastes, *Crop production, *Application methods, Runoff,
Nutrients, Greenhouses, Waste disposal, Chemical analysis, Fertility, Soil
chemical properties.
Identifiers: *Nutrient recovery, Anaerobic liquid manure, Aerobic liquid
manure.
A study was made of the effect of type of manure, method of handling, amount
of bedding, drying treatment, and rate of application on the fertilizing value
of cattle manure for corn and hay and on runoff losses. Dairy and beef cattle
manure was applied as fresh, fermented, aerobic liquid and anaerobic liquid,
both in greenhouse conditions and in actual field tests. Tests were run to
determine nutrient loss before application and nutrient recovery by plants and
runoff losses after application. Results showed increased corn dry matter in
all cases of manure application with poorer results shown by the aerobic liquid
than the other three. Allowing manure to dry for one week before incorporation
usually gave lower yields and lower recovery values for N, P, and K. Total
dry-matter yields of corn were not greatly affected by increasing amounts of
bedding up to 8 percent, but at the 16 percent rate, yields were usually much
lower.
70-71:05E-002
UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL: CONCEPTS AND MISCONCEPTIONS,
Caswell, C. A.
Gurnham and Associates, Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, Np. 8, p 642-647, August 1970.
5 fig.
(See 70-71:058-058)
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SECTION XXV
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
WATER TREATMENT AND QUALITY ALTERATION (Group 05F)
70-71:05F-001
FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING NITRATES FROM DRAINAGE WATER,
Williford, John W., McKeag, John A., and Johnston, William R.
Bureau of Reclamation, Fresno, California. Westlands Water District.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, p 167-171, 1971.
5 fig, 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation water, *Drainage water, *Nitrates, Agriculture, Deni-
trification, Costs, Water purification, Separation techniques, California.
Identifiers: San Luis Drain (California), San Luis Wasteway (California), Deep
trench technique, Barley straw cover, Water grass plots.
A 3.3 day detention of drainage water in a deep trench filled with barley straw
reduced nitrate concentration of agricultural drainage water from 35 to less
than 2 ppm. A 2 day detention of drainage water in a shallow grass plot re-
duced nitrate content from 70 to less than 10 ppm. The cost of treatments per
acre-foot of drainage water containing 70 ppm of nitrate was estimated between
$1.50 and $1.90.
70-71:05F-002
SENSORY EXAMINATION OF MINERALIZED, CHLORINATED WATERS,
Pangborn, R. M., Baldwin, R. E., and Trabue, I. M.
California University, Davis. Dept of Food Science and Technology.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 62, No. 8, p 572-576,
September 1970. 6 fig, 1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Water purification, *Chlorine, *Mineral waters, *Taste, Odor,
Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Chloride, Carbonate, Sulfate, Laboratory tests,
Temperature.
Identifiers: Sensory tests.
Water taste is affected by its mineralization and the form that mineralization
takes, such as chloride, sulfate, and carbonate. An extensive research program
has been undertaken to measure consumer acceptance of high mineral waters with
the introduction of chlorine as an added stimuli. The data collected indicate
that the characteristic taste of chlorine in solution can be modified consider-
ably by the specific dissolved minerals in the water. Although results from
relatively simple, model systems used herein would be somewhat different in a
natural drinking water containing a wider variety of dissolved minerals, as well
as organic matter, the data provide an insight on the interactive effects of
solution temperature and chlorine concentration.
70-71:05F-003
NITRATE IN DRINKING WATER,
Winton, E. F., Tardiff, R. G., and McCabe, L. J.
Bureau of Water Hygiene, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 63, No. 2, p 95-98, February
1971. 2 fig, 5 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Water treatment, *Water quality, *Public health, *Nitrate,
*Diseases, *Water quality standards, Standards.
The adequacy of the present public health specification for the nitrate content
of drinking water was reviewed. Results are not definitive, but it appears that
the present recommended nitrate limit provides a valid margin of safety when
the water is used for infants and may offer the respectable safety-factor needed
to cover all reasonable situations. A final decision awaits the results of
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further research. Warnings on the water bill or the supply of an alternate
source of water for infant feeding can only be viewed as undesirable, although
necessary, temporary measures, where supplies contain more nitrate than the
standard. Energies should be directed to developing economic nitrate-removal
processes and to preventing further nitrate pollution.
70-71:05F-004
MINERAL TASTE AND THE POTABILITY OF DOMESTIC WATER,
Bruvold, W. H.
California University, Berkeley.
Water Research, Vol. 4, p 331-340, November 1969. 2 fig, 10 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Domestic water, *Potable water, *Taste, Water quality, Water
quality control. Standards, California.
Identifiers: *Mineral taste, Taste quality, Mineral content.
The relation between mineral content and the general taste quality of water is
described. Consumers from 11 selected California communities evaluated the
taste of the local water by completing specially constructed attitude scales.
Taste panel members evaluated the taste of the same 11 waters using specially
constructed rating scales. Total mineral content in the water ranged from 50
to 2250 mg/1. Results from both consumer and panel work showed an inverse
linear relation between taste quality and total mineral content. The impli-
cations of these results for establishing standards limiting mineral content in
domestic water were discussed.
70-71:05F-005
THE SOIL AS A RESOURCE RENOVATOR,
Evans, J. O.
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 9, p 732-735, September 1970,
3 fig, 6 ref,
(See 70-71:050-016)
70-71:05F-006
THE MINERAL QUALITY PROBLEM IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN,
Regions VIII and IX, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Report, Regions VIII and IX, 1971. 9 fig, 9 tab, 4 append.
(See 70-71:05C-015)
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SECTION XXVI
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
WATER QUALITY CONTROL (Group 05G)
70-71:05G-001
DRAIN INSTALLATION FOR NITRATE REDUCTION,
Willards >n, L. S., Meek, B. D., Grass, L. B., Dickey, G. L., and Bailey, J. W.
Agricultural Research Service, Brawley, California, Southwestern Irrigation
Field Station; Soil Conservation Service, Fresno, California; and Bureau of
Reclamation, Sacramento, California, Land Resources Branch.
Groundwater, Vol. 8, No. 4, p 11-13, July-August 1970. 3 p, 2 fig, 2 tab,
2 ref.
Descriptors: *Denitrification, *Biodegradation, *Nitrates, *Groundwater,
*Drainage systems, Subsurface drainage, Drawdown, Water level fluctuations,
Saturated flow, Unsaturated flow, Aeration.
Identifiers: Groundwater denitrification.
A field experiment was installed near Firebaugh in the San Joaquin Valley of
California to test submerged drains as a means of denitrification of ground-
water. Laboratory and field experiments show that denitrification occurs in
saturated soil where there is ample organic carbon available for bacterial
metabolism. Denitrification and dilution of high nitrate groundwater were
accomplished in the field study.
70-71:05G-002
SURFACE WATER QUALITY IS INFLUENCED BY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES,
Holt, R. F.
Agricultural Research Service, Morris, Minnesota.
Paper No. 71-740, Presented at the 1971 Winter Meeting of the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, December 7-10, 1971. 3 tab,
34 ref.
(See 70-71:058-024)
70-71:05G-003
ADSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS IN WATERSHEDS,
Frere, M. H.
Agricultural Research Service, Durant, Oklahoma, United States Department of
Agriculture-SWC.
Oral Paper, presented at the 1971 Winter Meeting American Society of Agricul-
tural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, December 7-10, 1971. 1 fig, 12 ref.
(See 70-71:056-025)
70-71:05G-004
SOIL - WATER RELATIONSHIP,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5, p 6-9, September-October, 1971. 2 fig,
3 tab.
(See 70-71:03F-044)
70-71:050-005
BOLD NEW DEVELOPMENT FOR IRRIGATION,
Bureau of Reclamation.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 1, p 15-18, February 1970.. 3 fig.
(See 70-71:03F-045)
213
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70-71:050-006
STARTING WITH TRICKLE IRRIGATION,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 4, p 15-17, November 1970.
(See 70-71:030-009)
70-71:-5G-007
IRRIGATION GUESSWORK - GOODBYE,
Cassai, N.
United States Bureau of Reclamation, Region 7, Denver, Colorado, Information
Officer.
Reclamation Era, Vol. 56, No. 2, p 16-18, May 1970. 2 fig.
(See 70-71:03F-047)
70-71:050-008
TRICKLE IRRIGATION. . . A MORE EFFICIENT MEANS OF WATER MANAGEMENT,
Lyons, C. G., Jr.
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Welasco, Texas.
Texas Agricultural Progres, Vol. 18, No. 1, p 3-4, Winter 1972. 5 fig.
(See 70-71:030010)
70-71:05G-009
MODEL THEORY FOR PREDICTING PROCESS OF LEACHING,
Alfaro, J. F., Keller, J.
Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 263-268, March 1970. 7 fig, 8 ref.
(See 70-71:026-069)
70-71:050-010
CALIFORNIA DRIP-IRRIGATION TESTS MAY PROVE METHOD SIGNIFICANT,
Irrigation Journal.
Irrigation Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, p 12-13, March-April 1971.
(See 70-71:030-011)
70-71:050-011
NEW FINDINGS ON THE USE OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES,
AUSTRALIA & ISRAEL,
DeRemer, E. D.
Business Dynamics Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona.
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 6, p 14-16, December 1970. 4 fig, 1 tab.
(See 70-71:030-012)
70-71:050-012
HOW TO RECYCLE RUNOFF,
Coleman, C.
World Irrigation, Vol. 10, No. 3, p 20-24, April 1970. 2 fig.
(See 70-71:03P-054)
214
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70-71:050-013
THEORY OF CHEMICAL TRANSPORT WITH SIMULTANEOUS SORPTION IN A WATER SATURATED
POROUS MEDIUM,
Lindstrom, F. T., and Boersma, L.
Orgeon State University, Corvallis, Dept of Agricultural Chemistry and Soils.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 1-7, July 1970. 7 tab, 16 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-055)
70-71:05G-014
NATIONAL IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM,
Law, James P., Jr.
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma, Environmental Protection
Agency, Treatment and Control Research, Agricultural Wastes.
Report 13030WRV12/71, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 1971.
23 p, 2 fig, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality control, * Irrigation effects, Pollution abatement,
Waste water.
Identifiers: *National research program, *Irrigation return flow, Control
measures, Agricultural waste water.
The status of the National Irrigation Return Flow Research and Development
Program is presented. Current research projects and future program development
are discussed. The report represents the position of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency (EPA) with regard to the development of effective controls on
the quality of irrigation return flows. Program goals and milestones are out-
lined. A number of potential control measures are discussed. Improvements in
the water delivery system, on-the-farm water management, and the water removal
system are considered with respect to improving the quality of irrigation re-
turn flows and decreasing the degradation of receiving waters. Research and
investigations are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of potential control
measures. Demonstrations and educational activities will be required to over-
come institutional, political, and legal constraints to water management reform.
70-71:05G-015
RESEARCH NEEDS FOR IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY CONTROL,
Skogerboe, G. V., and Law, J, P., Jr.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Agricultural Engineering Department.
Report 13030 11/71, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 1971.
98 p, 9 fig, 9 tab, 31 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution effects, *Water pollution sources, *Water quality
control, Fertilizers, Irrigation water, Nematodes, Nitrates, Phosphates,
Salinity.
Identifiers: *Return flow, Irrigated land, Irrigated systems.
There are a multitude of research needs regarding irrigation return flow
quality, but only the specific research needs required to undertake an effec-
tive control program are described. These research needs include irrigation
practices, soil-plant-salinity relationships, leaching requirements, prediction
of subsurface return flow, cultural practices, irrigation scheduling, treatment
of return flows, economic evaluations, and institutional control methods.
70-71:05G-016
GET DOUBLE USE OUT OF IRRIGATION WATER,
Bondurant, J. A.
United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, Idaho.
Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center.
Idaho Farmer, Vol. 88, No. 6, p 24-27, March 1970.
(See 70-71:03F-065)
Agricultural Research
215
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70-71:05G-017
RETURNED PROFITS,
Irrigation Age, Vol. 4, No. 9, p 20-21, April 1970. 8 fig.
(See 70-71:03F-069)
70-71:050-018
SALT RIVER PROJECT'S COMPUTERIZED IRRIGATION,
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 6, p 17, December 1970. 1 fig.
(See 70-71:03F-070)
70-71:05G-019
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS MONITOR WASTE STREAMS,
Corrigan, P. A., Lyons, V. E., Barnes, G. D., and Hall, F. G.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Alabama.
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, p 116-121, February 1970.
4 fig, 1 tab.
(See 70-71:05A-007)
70-71:05G-020
NEED FOR CONTROLLING SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER,
Colorado River Board of California.
Colorado River Board of California, Los Angeles, California.
Report, August 1970. 89 p, 10 fig, 12 tab, 32 ref, 1 append.
Descriptors: *Salinity, *Irrigation water, *Water quality, Saline water,
Irrigation effects, Return flow, Irrigation, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Colorado River, California.
This report presents the results of an appraisal of sources of salinity of the
Colorado River, probable increases in the river's salinity that will occur in
the future, deterious impact that such increases will have on California's
users of Colorado River water, possible measures for controlling the river's
salinity, and recommendations for actions that, if effected, would tend to
keep the river's salinity from increasing above its present high levels.
70-71:05G-021
IRRIGATION RESIDUES,
Law, James P., Jr., and Witherow, Jack L.
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma, Environmental Protection
Agency.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 54-56, March-April
1971. 13 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-048)
70-71:05G-022
A SURVEY OF THE PRINCIPLES OF METALLIC CORROSION AND ITS CONTROL IN SALINE
WATERS,
Denholm, W. T., and Potter, E. C.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Grand City,
Victoria, Australia, Division of Mineral Chemistry.
In: Salinity and Water Use, 2nd National Symposium on Hydrology, November 2-4,
1971, Canberra, Australia, p 61-78. 4 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Salinity, *Corrosion, Chemical reactions,
Electrolysis, Metallurgy, Oxidation, Saline water, Water pollution effects,
Well casings.
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An outline of the theory of corrosion processes is presented, using pH-potential
diagrams to summarize theoretical and experimental data relating to corrosion;
the pitting corrosion of iron in chloride-containing waters is treated in
some detail. The complicating effects of the many factors which influence
corrosion behaviour in practical cases are discussed and the more common
methods of corrosion control explained. It is emphasized that catalogued in-
formation relating to corrosion behaviour must be interpreted with caution;
and if possible, should be supplemented with the accumulated experience and
judgment of specialists in the field.
217
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SECTION XXVII
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
TECHNIQUES OF PLANNING (Group 06A)
70-71:06A-001
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF DESALTING,
Rothermel, T. W., Sachs, M. S., and 0'Shaughnessy, F.
Little (Arthur D.), Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Office of
Saline Water, Washington, D.C.
Water Resources Bulletin, Journal of the American Water Resources Association,
Vol. 7, No. 4, p 867-877, August 1971. 4 fig.
Descriptors: *Desalination, *Computer models, *Forecasting, *Water supply,
*Comparative costs, Water demand, Brackish water, Flash distillation, Reverse
osmosis, Long-tube vertical distillation, Electrodialysis.
The Office of Saline Water has recognized the need for a mathematical model to
forecast the future potential of desalting. Future applications of desalting
will evolve from the needs of (1) augmentation of conventional sources in
critical water years, (2) arid parts of the Southwest, (3) water quality
improvements, (4) isolated communities, and (5) highly water-efficient agri-
culture. Desalting will increasingly be called upon to maintain the water
supply-demand balance. Modeling is the best way to analyze desalting potential
in view of the uncertainties involved in water supply due to political, legal
and economic considerations. A dynamic simulation model has been developed by
Arthur D. Little, Inc. to translate the determinants of water demand and supply
into a forecast of desalting potential. The model projects needs for desalting
in 20 hydrologic regions of the U.S. Current results indicate potential de-
salting capacities of 225 MGD in 1980, 2,250 MGD in 2000, and 7,000 MGD in 2020.
Improvements in desalting economics will increase these potentials four to five
times by the 2000-2020 period. Model inputs and results are continuing to be
refined. Preliminary results indicate the models' ability to produce instinc-
tive forecasts and to evaluate the role of desalting under various future
conditions.
70-71:06A-002
IRRIGATION PLANNING 2: CHOOSING OPTIMAL AVERAGES WITHIN A SEASON,
Dudley, N. J. Howell, D. T., and Musgrave, W. F.
Montana State University, Bozeman, Dept of Economics and Agricultural Economics.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 5, p 1051-1063, October 1971. 6 fig,
1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *0ptimization, *Simulation analysis, *Dynamic programming, *Linear
programming, *Least squares method, *Irrigation, *Soil-water-plant relation-
ships, Estimating, Economic efficiency.
A simulation-dynamic programming model designed to give optimal solutions to the
intermediate-run irrigation problem of selecting the best combination of ir-
rigation and dryland acreages to plant in any season in which the beginning-
season reservoir contents are at a particular level was presented. A simple
crop growth simulation model was used over a number of years on a large acreage
subject to stochastic reservoir inflows and stochastic crop water demand. The
model was applied to a hypothetical problem and actual stream-flow data and
reservoir characteristics were used. An optimality-approximating technique was
developed. Irrigation decision rules at each of a number of decision points
were taken from the output of the dynamic programming model used to solve the
short-run problem. The results showed that the best acreage to plant is an
approximately linear function of the beginning-season reservoir level. This
function is highly sensitive to changes in profitability of the alternative
dryland crop. Further, using the least squares method it was found that the
cost of planting suboptimal acreages was high. A major limitation of the
approach used was its failure to allow a portior of the crop to go temporarily
unirrigated. Also, it did not allow for reinstatement duri .g the season.
219
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70-71:06A-003
OPTIMAL INTRASEASONAL IRRIGATION WATER ALLOCATION,
Dudley, N. J-, Howell, D. T., and Musgrave, W. F.
Montana State University, Bozeman, Dept of Economics and Agricultural Economics.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 770-789, August 1971. 7 fig, 3 tab,
14 ref.
Descriptors: *Optimum development plans, *Irrigation programs, *Water alloca-
tion (Policy), *Computer models, *Risks, *Dynamic programming, *Soil-water-plant
relationships, Simulation analysis, Climatic data.
Identifiers: *Bellman.
A plant growth-soil moisture simulation model was incorporated into a two state
variable stochastic dynamic programming model to determine the optimal intra-
seasonal allocation pattern for irrigation water in an uncertain environment.
The decision variable used in the dynamic programming model was the level of
available soil water content before irrigation. The two state variables were
soil water content and irrigation reservoir level per acre of irrigated crop.
Historical traces of climatic data were used. Several earlier models were dis-
cussed. This study's unique feature was its incorporation of environment un-
certainty in its approach to the problem of optimal allocation of a fixed water
supply over the irrigation season. Given the initial assumed relationships
within the model, the study results suggest that an irrigator should maintain
available soil moisture in the root zone at a high level, even if it means early
exhaustion of the water supply. The limitations and assumptions of the soil
moisture-plant growth model and the dynamic programming model were explicitly
recognized.
70-71:06A-004
LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE AGRICULTURAL DEMAND FUNCTION FOR
IMPORTED WATER IN THE PECOS RIVER BASIN,
Gisser, Micha.
New Mexico University, Albuquerque.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 1025-1032, August 1970. 1 fig,
4 tab, 13 ref.
Descriptors: *Water allocation (Policy), *Water demand, *Crop production,
*Linear programming.
Identifiers: *Pecos River Basin, Miller's theorem.
This paper provides the results of applying parametric linear programming
methods to estimate the agricultural demand function for imported water in the
Pecos Basin. A parametric linear programming model suitable for the Pecos
Basin is developed. Agricultural activities in which land is irrigated either
by local or imported water and either ditch or sprinkler irrigation are develop-
ed and adjusted for forecasted 1980 prices. These agricultural activities are
used by the parametric linear programming model, and various agricultural de-
mand functions are obtained for the Pecos Basin. These functions show the ex-
pected quantities of imported irrigation water thc-»t would be demanded at
different prices and under a variety of constraints.
70-71:06A-005
QUASILINEARIZATION AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF AQUIFER PARAMETERS,
Yeh, William W-G., and Tauxe, George W.
California University, Los Angeles, Dept of Engineering Systems.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, p 375-381, April 1971. 7 p, 2 fig,
3 tab, 10 ref. California University Water Resources Center Project W290.
Descriptors: *Parametric hydrology, *Linear programming, *Mathematical models,
*Aquifer characteristics, Simulation analysis, Computer programs, Storage
coefficient, Transmissivity, Confined water, Systems analysis, Data processing.
Identifiers: Quasilinearization.
220
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A new computational procedure based on observations at observation wells is
presented to solve the problem of identifying aquifer parameters. This new
procedure (quasilinearization), is an effective way to convert the observations
directly to aquifer parameters. The procedure is advantageous because it in-
volves neither curve plotting nor graphical matching. It makes full use of the
ability of the modern high speed digital computer to integrate a system of
ordinary differential equations with given initial conditions. The parameters
to be identified are the storage coefficient and transmissivity in a confined
aquifer system.
70-71:06A-006
SOME EXPERIENCE ON THE USE OF THE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS WHEN CONDUCTING RECLAMA-
TION STUDIES,
Sharapahov, N. N., Chernyak, G. Y., and Makagonova, S. K.
The Ail-Union Research Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, USSR.
International Commission of Irrigation and Drainage Bulletin, July 1971.
1 tab, 4 fig.
Descriptors: Geological surveys, Investigations.
Identifiers: Soviet Union, Reclamation studies, Geophysical methods.
The geophysical methods can help in providing quantitative evaluation of a
series of figures necessary when preparing special engineering and geological
maps aimed at reclamation development of arid lands. The experience of the
workers of the Institute obtained in the Chu River Valley and other regions
(particularly in the Dnepropetrovsk District of the Ukrainian SSR) has shown
that the maximum positive effect is achieved when different geophysical investi-
gation methods are combined, i.e., VES and VES EP and seismic prospecting by
refracted waves with impact excitation of elastic vibrations. This complex
should be closely connected with the landscape studies over the entire area
under survey and should be accompanied by the common engineering-geological
and hydrogeological studies that envisage carrying out the mining and drilling
works at a thinner scheme.
221
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SECTION XXVIII
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
EVALUATION PROCESS (Group 06B)
70-71:066-001
A METHOD FOR INCORPORATING AGRICULTURAL RISK INTO A WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM
PLANNING MODEL,
Conner, J. R., Freund, R. J., and Godwin, M. R.
Florida University, Gainsville; and Texas A and M University, College Station.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 3, p 506-516, June 1971. 4 fig, 3 tab,
22 ref.
Descriptors: *Water resources development, *Planning, *Risks, *Model studies,
Mathematical models, Analytic techniques, Methodology, Simulation analysis,
Irrigation.
Identifiers: *Water resources systems, *Agricultural risk, Risk programming.
Prior studies of water resource systems have considered risk from the point of
view that only the system planners could react to the effects of the risk
elements. However, users of water from a system also react to risk. When the
quantity of water that a system can supply is subject to considerable variation,
the reactions of the users of the water will often effect the benefits generated
by the system and thus its optimal design characteristics. A simulation model
of a reservoir-irrigation system is developed which incorporates the water
users' reactions to risk in such a manner as to reflect their influence on the
optimal design characteristics. A risk (convex) programming algorithm is
incorporated into the model to reflect the water users' reactions to various
levels of aversion to risk and degree of uncertainty in water deliveries.
Response surfaces are generated as a result of performing the simulation at
different levels of the design variables. An examination of these surfaces
reveals the importance of including water users' reactions to risk in water
resource planning. The effects of different levels of risk aversion on the
irrigation farmers' choice of crop enterprises are also examined.
70-71:06B-002
LAND USE FUNCTION IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT,
Howells, David H.
North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute, Raleigh.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 162-170, February 1971. 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Land use, *Water quality, *Water quality control, Water policy,
Land management, Water pollution control, Standards, Regulation, Runoff.
Identifiers: *Water quality management, *Land use policy, Land use control.
The Nation has entered a new era of water quality management in which land use
policy and regulation must assume an increasingly important role. The benefits
of tertiary and advanced waste treatment may be offset by contradictory land use
and pollution from land runoff. Unless land use planning and controls are in-
cluded in water quality management, land-imposed constraints on water quality
can be anticipated. Pollution from major types of land runoff are reviewed
with respect to sources, effects, and control procedures. Emphasis is given to
land use practices and controls. The crucial issue with regard to the latter
is lack of land use policies at federal, state, and local levels. State legis-
lation establishing guidelines and minimum standards for land use regulation by
local government is required. The dependency of water quality on land use
points to the fallacy of attempting to provide for comprehensive water pollution
control outside the context of comprehensive land-water resources planning
and management.
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SECTION XXIX
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
COST ALLOCATION, COST SHARING, PRICING/REPAYMENT (Group 06C)
70-71:06C-001
A NEW FOCUS IN WATER SUPPLY ECONOMICS - URBAN WATER PRICING,
Mann, Patrick C.
West Virginia University, Morgantown, College of Commerce.
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 62, No. 9, p 534-537, September
1970. 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Water rates, *Water costs, *Pricing, Use rates, Rates, Public
utilities, Cost analysis, Marketing, Economics, Utilities.
Identifiers: *Rate structures, *Water rate analysis, Principal component
analysis.
The rapid growth of urban areas and the increasing scarcity of water supplies
have created a need for an economic analysis of urban water pricing. This
paper discusses existing water rate structures, the methods by which they are
determined, and problems which are encountered in their use. A statistical
analysis of urban water prices is also presented. The technique of principal
component analysis was used to analyze six measures of urban water price.
These included the monthly metered rates for 500 cu ft, 1000 cu ft, 10,000 cu
ft, 100,000 cu ft of water, the water revenue per million gallons produced,
and the water revenue produced per million gallons sold. Principal component
analysis is a statistical factor analysis which determines general patterns of
association among variables on the basis of their intercorrelations. For
the 113 water utilities examined by this method it was shown that the above six
measures were "relatively highly interrelated,1 and were a general price index
for these utilities. The results also indicated a strong association between
the monthly metered rate for 100,000 cubic feet, and the water revenues per
million gallons sold. A further investigation showed that the 25 utilities
having the lowest water prices were located near large bodies of water, and the
25 utilities having the highest prices were privately owned.
70-71:06C-002
UTILITY WATER RATE STRUCTURING,
Banker, R. F., and Benson, R. B.
Black and Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 63, No. 4, p 203-205,
April 1971. 1 fig, 1 ref.
Descriptors: *Utilities, *Water rates, *Structures, Economics, Costs, Cost
sharing, Pricing, Financing, Scheduling, Planning.
Identifiers: Implementation, Customer, Equity, Service costs, Block rates,
Demand commodity rates, Billing.
From a review of recent rate studies, there appears to be no end in sight to
the overall upward spiral of water-utility costs and the consequent periodic
need of an upward adjustment of rates. The vast majority of water utilities
will have to face the problem of convincing an increasingly sensitive public
of the necessity for larger and more frequent increases in the price of water.
The customer must be convinced that he is being treated in a reasonable and
fair manner, and that he is only paying his fair share of the water costs.
From the perspective, cost of service, form of rate structure, number of
schedules, design of block rates, service charges, demand-commodity rates,
outside-city rates, and billing frequency are discussed. Water rates should be
adequate in order to return necessary revenue that will allow the utility to
meet all of its financial obligations. The rate schedule should be designed
to recover, to the extent practicable, the costs of providing service to each
of the customer classes and to be acceptable to the individual customer as well.
As long as these two key factors are properly recognized, the utility can work
225
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toward the implementation of new rates with the assurance that it is acting
with equity and fairness and in the best interests of its customers.
70-71:060-003
RATE PHILOSOPHY,
Hyle, R. C.
Portland Water Bureau, Oregon.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 63, No. 11, Part 1,
p 682-687, 1971. 0 fig, 0 tab, 0 ref.
Descriptors: *Water demand, *Water supply, *Costs, *Eguitable apportionment,
Use rates, Forecasting, Management.
Water rates tend to change slowly in response to changes in other parts of the
economy; this lag may be due to political constraints a.s well as to the factors
affecting demand and supply. In the long run, the industry may be under little
economic pressure to increase rates. The high rate of investment per dollar
of revenue means that fixed costs underlie a large part of the price charges.
If the utility is growing, the decline in average fixed costs tends to offset
increases in operating costs; if debt is retired, the relief from debt service
may more than compensate for other cost increases. In practice, water rates
tend to be such that the water users provide the revenue needed to keep the
utility solvent. While revenue bonds now constitute virtually all major
financing, it is still the water customer who pays. In theory, water users
should pay for only a portion of the capital construction. Some construction
and replacement costs should be met from general tax funds, for instance.
Furthermore, main extensions and other improvements supplied to a limited area
should be financed chiefly by those directly benefited.
226
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SECTION XXX
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
WATER DEMAND (Group 06D)
70-71:060-001
HIGH PLAINS IRRIGATION AND TEXAS WATER PLAN,
Wells, D. M.
Texas Technological College, Lubbock.
Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil
Engineers, Vol. 97, No. IR1, p 123-130, March 1971. 4 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation, *Benefits, Value, Costs, Projections, Economics,
Pumping.
Identifiers: *High Plains, *Secondary benefits, *Tertiary benefits, Farm in-
come, Agriculture, Farmers.
The economy of the High Plains of West Texas is strongly dependent upon irrigat-
ed agriculture. Without the Texas Water Plan, or some similar plan for the
importation of water to the High Plains, irrigated agriculture in the High
Plains will shortly start a decline that will end in oblivion in less than a
century. Of far greater significance will be the decline of secondary and
tertiary benefits to other sectors of the economy. Secondary and tertiary
benefits associated with irrigation had been estimated to range from about four
times the primary benefits in a dry year to about seven times the primary bene-
fits in a reasonably wet year. Current status of irrigation in High Plains,
value of irrigation to the High Plains economy, and present cost of irrigation
water in High Plains were discussed. It concluded that water should be import-
ed to the High Plains to sustain and enhance the present level of irrigated
agriculture in the area.
70-71:060-002
LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE AGRICULTURAL DEMAND FUNCTION FOR
IMPORTED WATER IN THE PECOS RIVER BASIN,
Gisser, Micha.
New Mexico University, Albuquerque, Dept of Economics.
Available from National Technical Information Service as PB-194 785, $3.00 in
paper copy, $0.95 in microfiche. Project Completion Report, July 1970. 13 p,
1 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Water demand, *Systems analysis, *Economic prediction, *Planning,
*Semiarid climates, Irrigation, Crops, Water allocation (Policy), Water costs,
Water utilization, Water values, Semiarid climates, Model studies, Estimating
equations, Linear programming, Constraints, Irrigation water, Agriculture.
Identifiers: *Pecos River Basin, Water importation.
A linear programming model of agricultural demand for imported water was
developed for the Pecos Basin. The model utilizes agricultural activities and
obtains agricultural demand functions for differing imported water prices and
for local water use constraints. A constraint (L) indicates the highest per
acre quantity of irrigation water farmers are allowed to use. The types of
constraint incorporated into the model were salinity, legal, vegetables (great-
er than 20 percent production leads to oversupply), acreage and cotton (al-
lotments) . The basic assumptions of the model were: (1) Agricultural pro-
duction can be divided into separate independent activities, (2) Each activity
is governed by constant return to scale and fixed proportions, (3) Activities
are divisible. The demand results are shown for L-3 at various local and im-
ported water prices.
70-71:060-003
DEMAND MANAGEMENT THROUGH RESPONSIVE PRICING,
Hanke, S. H., and Davis, R. K.
227
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John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and George Washington University,
Washington, D.C.
Journal of the American Water Wor*s Associations, Vol. 63, No. 9, p 555-560,
September 1971. 1 fig, 5 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Water supply, *Economic efficiency, *Planning, *Pricing, *Water
demand, Time, Average costs, Marginal costs, Investment.
Identifiers: *Economic equity, *Responsive pricing, *Washington, D.C.
A responsive pricing policy plus effective management of supply will assure
more efficient use of the resources employed to produce and distribute water
and more equitable distribution of water service costs. The technical solu-
tions of conventional supply management disregard rising water supply costs and
diminishing marginal values. A policy of demand management through responsive
pricing will balance the marginal value against the marginal cost of water
utility investments. In the temporal aspect of water supply and demand, a
'peak-load problem1 exists where peak demands guide water utility investments
unrestrained by prices which reflect the peak-load marginal cost. By sizably
reducing long-run water supply requirements, the responsive pricing rule solves
the peak-load problem more efficiently than uniform average cost pricing.
These results are cited in a case study of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan
area. The implications for this area, where the growth of summertime demand is
leading to capacity expansion pressures, are that growth in storage facilities
and system capacity can be postponed possibly beyond 10 years. This will re-
sult in a substantial reduction in the discounted costs of an investment.
228
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SECTION XXXI
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
WATER LAW AND INSTITUTIONS (Group 06E)
70-71:06E-001
TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT-IRRIGATION WATER EX-
CHANGE, TUCSON REGION,
Cluff, C. B., DeCook, K. J., and Matlock, W. G.
Arizona University, Tucson.
Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 4, p 726-739, August 1971. 2 fig, 1 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water transfer, *Sewage effluents, Irrigation, *Water reuse,
Economic efficiency, Legal aspects, Water quality, Agriculture.
Identifiers: *Arizona, *Technical and institutional aspects, Municipal use.
Many growing municipalities near irrigated agriculture are advocating a trans-
fer of water now utilized for irrigation to municipal use. Alternatives are
presented whereby this water can be transferred to municipal use in exchange
for treated sewage effluent. The irrigation water would in effect be cycled
through the municipal system prior to use on the farms. A case study of the
Tucson region illustrates the relevant legal, economic and technical aspects.
Effluent could be delivered to irrigators in Avra Valley at a cost less than
that now paid for water pumped from declining water tables. In return the
city of Tucson could import ground water now being used for irrigation through
an existing pipeline which presently cannot be used because of a court injunc-
tion obtained by the irrigators. It appears that such an exchange agreement
could be made without modification of existing statutory law. Similar exchange
arrangements may prove to be feasible in other regions containing irrigated
agriculture. Increased efficiency of water use can be achieved avoiding ex-
ternal effects which commonly arise in a direct transfer and are difficult to
evaluate. High quality water is allocated to municipal use whereas nutrient-
rich sewage effluent is transferred to irrigation.
70-71:06E-002
CAN ENGINEERING FORECASTERS EFFECT WATER LAW?,
Reid, G. W., Pritchett, E. E., and Pritchett, S.
Oklahoma University, Norman, Bureau of Water Resources Research.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, Vol. 97, No. SA4, Proc. Paper 8329, p 479-484, 1971. 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Forecasting, legislation, *Water law, *Water resources,
Sanitary engineering, Water rights, Ecology.
Identifiers: Riparion, Res Communes, Appropriation, Gross National Product.
The writers have pointed out the emerging water resources problems associated
with the escalation of the nation's life style and population growth made
possible by unprecendented technological capability. The importance of shear
magnitude and short response time as well as an evident shift of emphasis
from an open loop to a closed loop system was also stressed. Engineering has
accepted the necessity of advance planning and exploration of alternates using
the systems approach looking at possible and probable worlds. Comprehensive
systems with roots firmly grounded in the future are required to meet the needs
before they present themselves, freeing the engineer from historic and rigid
laws. The Riparian, and appropriation doctrines are all found wanting, and
based on a Res Communes doctrine legislative law is suggested that will provide
for operation and management of water resources system in an optimal fashion,
permitting engineers, economists, and lawyers to work together placing techno-
logical and ecological priorities in their proper perspective. Such a system
would protect long-term investment, enable long-range planning and establish
alternative goals.
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SECTION XXXII
RESOURCES DATA
DATA ACQUISITION (Group 07B)
70-71:07B-001
DEPTH TO GROUND-WATER TABLE BY REMOTE SENSING,
Abdel-Hady, M., and Karbs, H. H.
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Dept of Civil Engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings, Journal of the Irrigation and
Drainage Division, Vol. 97, No. IR3, Paper 8360, p 355-367, September 1971.
7 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil moisture, *Water table, *Remote sensing, Infrared radiation,
Solar radiation, Surveys, Mapping, Photogrammetry, Temperature.
Identifiers: *Infrared imaging.
Infrared imagery was tested as a technique for remote sensing and surveying
depth to the groundwater table. The variation of soil radiant energy in the
8-14 micron infrared spectral band is affected by depth to groundwater table.
Differences in depth to groundwater table, within the 0 ft to 4 ft level, in
2 types of soils tested, were detectable by ground surface radiance measure-
ments. During the period of investigation (summer), radiant intensity was
maximum from 2 p.m. - 4 p.m. Maximum radiant intensity differences resulting
from variations to depth of water table also occurred during this period. The
differences in radiance during the peak period were significant, suggesting
excellent potential applications of most good imaging systems in detecting and
surveying depth to groundwater table and soil moisture variations.
70-71:078-002
SOIL MOISTURE DETECTION WITH IMAGING RADARS,
MacDonald, Harold C., and Waite, William P.
Kansas University, Lawrence, Remote Sensing Laboratory.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 100-110, February 1971. 11 p,
7 fig, 22 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil moisture, *Remote sensing, *Radar, *Mapping, Surveys, Soil
water, Soil classifications, Soil investigations, Soil physical properties,
Soil types, Vegetation effects, Arctic, Permafrost.
Identifiers: *Radar (Imaging), *Radar (Side-looking).
The effects of soil moisture are extremely difficult to separate from other
terrain parameters influencing the radar return signal. Presently available
dual polarized, K-band, side-looking imaging radars provide a capability for
revealing a qualitative estimate of soil moisture content. When used as a
supplement to aerial photography in temperate climates, radar imagery analysis
can provide data for mapping regions of permafrost, and this process could be
accomplished regardless of weather or time of day.
70-71:07B-003
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE VAN BAVEL-MYERS AUTOMATIC WEIGHING LYSIMETER,
Rosenberg, Norman J., and Brown, K. W.
Nebraska University, Lincoln.
Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, p 1227-1229, August 1970. 3 p, 1 fig,
9 ref.
Descriptors: *Lysimeters, *Automation, *Instrumentation, *Evapotranspiration,
Design, Equipment, Nebraska.
Identifiers: Automatic weighing lysimeters.
The performance of the Van Bavel-Myers lysimeter was improved in two units in-
stalled at Mead, Nebraska. The units function according to design
231
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specifications (0.01 mm precision; 0.05 mm accuracy) after the following modifi-
cations were made: (1) provide drainage to maintain underground portions of
the lysimeter in a water free condition, (2) relocate the electrical junctions
to assure high electrical resistance between ground and the strain gage load
cell, and (3) make mechanical damping devices accessible for cleaning and
adjustment.
70-71:07B-004
A NEW CONDUCTIVITY METHOD FOR DETERMINING CONCENTRATIONS IN PARALLEL PLATE
MODELS,
Bachmat, Y., and Lawson, D. W.
Guelph University, (Ontario).
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, No. 2, p 145-158, August 1970. 14 p, 9 fig,
2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic models, *Groundwater movement, *Instrumentation,
*Electrical conductance, Water levels, Solutes, Tracers, Ion transport, Salin-
ity, Flow, Percolation, Velocity, Mixing.
Identifiers: Parallel-plate models.
A new electrical-conductivity method was developed to determine solute con-
centrations in parallel plate sand models of flow in porous media. The method
consists of using two circular electrodes mounted flush in the opposing walls
of the model and facing each other on a common normal to the walls. Such an
arrangement provides measurements which are averaged across the thickness of
the medium and does not modify the local flow pattern or cause local variations
in the packing of the porous medium. A method is developed which can be
used to determine the volume of the porous medium that is being sampled. The
measurements are stable and reproducible for platinum and platinized titanium
electrodes and a glass bead medium at concentrations greater than 0.01 N
CaC12. Each electrode pair must be calibrated in the model in the presence
of the porous medium.
70-71:07B-005
EVALUATION OF SELECTED COBALT-60 COMPLEXES AS TRACERS OF GROUNDWATER,
Bruscato, Frank N., and McHenry, J. Roger.
Northeast Louisiana State College, Monroe, Dept of Chemistry; and Agricultural
Research Service, Oxford, Mississippi.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 10, No. 4, p 406-417, June 1970. 12 p, 3 fig,
6 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Tracers, *Cobalt radioisotopes, *Groundwater movement, Ion ex-
change, Clay minerals, Laboratory tests, Radioisotopes, Radioactivity tech-
niques, Translocation.
Identifiers: Complexes.
A series of Co-60 compounds, considered as potentially useful tracers of ground-
water movement, were prepared and evaluated in soil column and batch studies.
The compounds were: potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), potassium ethylenediam-
minetetraacetato-cobaltate (III), ammonium 12-tungstodi-cobaltoate (III),
chloraquotetrammine cobalt (III) chloride, and sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III).
The performance of the complexes of CN and EDTA were dependent on their environ-
ment and more especially on the type and amount of clay present. The EDTA
cobalt complex cannot be used in soils that bare basic or where a large frac-
tion of the clay is saturated with Na or Ca. Of the other radioactive tracers
tested, none were suited for groundwater tracing because of instability in
aqueous solution, variable anionic structure under acid conditions, or preferen-
tial uptake by the clay fraction.
232
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70-71:07B-006
AIR PERMEABILITY AS RELATED TO PARTICLE SIZE AND BULK DENSITY IN SAND SYSTEM,
Elgabaly, M. M., and Elghamry, W. M.
Alexandria University, United Arab Republic.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 1, p 10-13, July 1970. 1 fig, 2 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: *Porous media, *Permeability, Porosity, Particle size, Bulk
density, Mathematical models, Permeameters.
Identifiers: *Air permeability, Sand systems, Pore size.
A system was devised to measure the air permeability of several samples of
sand. From these data, two mathematical models were developed to predict the
air permeability of samples based on the particle size distribution. Equa-
tions were then written and their solutions obtained.
70-71:078-007
MEASUREMENT OF UNSATURATED CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY BY INFILTRATION
THROUGH AN IMPEDING LAYER,
Hillel, D., and Gardner, W. R.
Wisconsin University, Madison.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 3, p 149-153, March 1970. 2 fig, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil science, *Soil moisture, *Unsaturated flow, Conductivity,
Diffusivity, Infiltration.
Identifiers: *Impeding layer, Soil crust, Field method.
A method is described for measuring the hydraulic transmission properties of
a soil column as a function of water content. It involves a series of infiltra-
tion trials through capping plated (or crusts) of different hydraulic resistance
to induce the development of a suction at the surface. An actual measurement
of the capillary conductivity is obtained by allowing the process to proceed
to the steady stage, and the use of progressively impeding plates give
progressively smaller conductivity values corresponding to lower water contents.
70-71:07B-008
VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED REMOTE-SENSING OF SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS,
Sewell, J. I., Allen, W. H., and Pile, R. S.
Tennessee University, Knoxville.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 6,
p 1163-1166, June 1971. 5 fig, 4 tab, 9 ref.
(See 70-71:02G-080)
233
-------
SECTION XXXIII
ENGINEERING WORKS
STRUCTURES (Group 08A)
70-71:08A-001
INTERCEPTOR DRAIN RECOVERY OF CANAL SEEPAGE,
Willardson, L. S., Boles, A. J., and Bouwer, H.
Agricultural Research Service, Brawley, California; and Imperial Irrigation
District, California; and Agricultural Research Service, Phoenix, Arizona,
Water Conservation Laboratory.
Transactions, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 738-741, July-August 1971. 2 fig, 5 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Subsurface drains, *Canal seepage, *Analog models, Drains,
Subsurface drainage, Water loss, On-site investigations, Laboratory tests, Base
flow, Flow measurement, Groundwater, Canal design, Canals.
Identifiers: *Water recovery, Imperial Irrigation Distirct (California), Open
drains, Seepage losses, Drain spacing.
Canal seepage is a problem throughout the world. Because canal lining is not
economically feasible for all canals, alternatives must be sought to avoid some
seepage problems. One alternative is the installation of interceptor drains
near the canal to recover and pump seepage water back into the canal. Water
recovery would alleviate water loss and high water tables. Field and labora-
tory investigations were conducted on the East Highline Canal, Imperial Irriga-
tion District, California, to develop design criteria for interceptor drains
adjacent to canals. A 14-in.-dia concrete pilot seepage interceptor drain,
2550 ft long, was installed 9 ft deep and 104 ft from the canal centerline.
The drain discharge is approximately 3 cfs but varies with the canal water
level. Readings of drain discharge vs. canal water surface elevation, water
table levels, and piezometer water levels, were taken over a period of time.
These data were used to model the ground-water system on an electric analog.
Data from the analog indicate that drains should be as deep and as far from the
canal as practicable. Reducing drain inflow resistance improves the efficiency
of water recovery, indicating the need for well-designed drain envelopes.
70-71:08A-002
AUTOMATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH FLUIDIC DIVERTERS,
Kruse, E. G., Freeman, P. A., and Raise, H. R.
United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Agricultural
Research Service.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 3,
p 357-361, March 1970. 11 fig, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Irrigation practices, *Surface irrigation, *Automation, Ir-
rigation structures.
Identifiers: *Flow dividers, Fluidic dividers.
Fluidic diverters can be designed to divert a stream of water from one to the
other of two outlets, using no moving parts and no external source of energy.
Diverters can be sized to carry discharges from a fraction of a gallon per
minute up to several cubic feet per second. Irrigation diverters with approxi-
mate capacities of 2 and 5 cfs were operated in laboratory flumes. Operating
heads, head losses, and discharges through the range of effective diverter
performance were recorded. Control systems suitable for use in automating
surface irrigation systems were developed. The diverters were further tested
in the field with very satisfactory results.
235
-------
70-71:08A-003
EFFECT OF VEGETAL LENGTH AND SPATIALLY VARIED FLOW ON VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
COEFFICIENTS,
McCool, D. K.
United States Department of Agriculture, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 5,
p 603-607, May 1970. 9 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref.
Descriptors: *0pen channel flow, *Grassed water ways, Canal design, Roughness
(hydraulic)•
Identifiers: Spatially varied flow.
Experiments were conducted to test the soundness and applicability to the
runoff generation process of the spatially varied flow on the Coriolis or
velocity head coefficient and on the Boussinesq or momentum coefficient in
equation for open channel flow are illustrated. This information reduces the
undefined variables in testing the hypothesis of the spatially-varied flow
equations and aids in the design of grass channels. Conclusions drawn were:
1. Coriolis and Boussinesq coefficients are a linear function of grass length
to hydraulic radius. 2. Spatially varied flow had no effect on the Coriolis
and Boussinesq coefficients. 3. Coriolis and Boussinesq coefficients were
much larger than expected. 4. Coriolis coefficient has a significant effect
on energy slope and hence on Manning's coefficient where curvilinear flow in
a small grassed channel is involved.
236
-------
SECTION XXXIV
ENGINEERING WORKS
HYDRAULICS (Group 08B)
70-71:08B-001
THE APPROPRIATE GRADE OF A GATED PIPE,
Chu, S. T., and Moe, D. L.
South Dakota State University, Brookings.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 14, No. 4,
p 727-733, April 1971. 1 fig, 2 tab, 5 ref.
(See 70-71:04A-044)
237
-------
SECTION XXXV
ENGINEERING WORKS
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY (Group 08C)
70-71:080-001
CENTER PIV6T IRRIGATION,
Heermann, D.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Department of Agricultural Engineering,
World Irrigation, Vol. 20, No. 4, p 8-11, June 1970. 6 fig, 1 tab.
(See 70-71:04A-017)
70-71:08C-002
AN AUTOMATED SURFACE IRRIGATION VALVE,
Fischbach, P. E., and Goodding, R., II.
Nebraska University, Lincoln, Dept of Agricultural Engineering; and Murphy
(Frank W.) Manufacturers, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 11, p 584-585, November 1971. 5 fig.
Descriptors: *Irrigation systems, *Irrigation engineering, *Automatic control.
Identifiers: *Surface irrigation valves.
If any part of an individual surface irrigation system fails, it appears best
that all valves automatically open to let the water flow down all furrows
of the fields involved until repairs can be made. Electric controls for auto-
mated surface irrigation systems with a reuse system have been developed. In
the irrigation controller a time clock, relays, time-delay relays and stepping
relays control small 3-way solenoid valves that control the air to the auto-
matic valves. The automated valve connects to a riser on a buried pipeline
or a tee in a supply line. Gated pipe is connected to the valve to distribute
water down the furrows. The dimensions and placement of the valve assembly are
described and diagrammed. Field tests in which 15 valves were satisfactorily
used are described.
239
-------
SECTION XXXVI
ENGINEERING WORKS
SOIL MECHANICS (Group 08D)
70-71:080-001
NON-LINEAR THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL-WATER-HEAT SYSTEMS,
Pal, R., and Gupta, M. P.
Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (Haryana) India.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 11, No. 3, p 313-315, March 1970. 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-037)
70-71:080-002
RELATION BETWEEN ENERGY AND ERROR DUE TO NUCLEAR STATISTICS FOR DENSITY
MEASUREMENT BY GAMMA RAY TRANSMISSION,
Preiss, K.
Negev Institute for Arid Zone Research, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Soil Science, Vol. 110, No. 3, p 151-156, September 1970. 2 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Gamma ray, *Soil density probes, *Density, Radiation, Nuclear
meters, Mass.
Identifiers: Density measurement.
When measuring density by gamma ray transmission through a thickness of
material, the time of counting for a given standard error of density due to
nuclear statistics depends on the energy of the radiation. This paper analyzes
the relationship between this time interval and the radiation energy.
70-71:080-003
THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL-WATER SYSTEM,
Pal, R., and Gupta, M. P.
Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, Haryana, India.
Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 13, No. 3, p 278-280, September 1971. 8 ref.
(See 70-71:02F-044)
70-71:080-004
HYDROSTATICS IN SWELLING SOILS AND SOIL SUSPENSIONS: UNIFICATION OF CONCEPTS
Philip, J. R.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra City,
Australia, Division of Plant Industry.
Soil Science, Vol. 109, No. 5, p 294-298, May 1970. 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil mechanics, *Soil physical properties, Hydrostatic pressure,
Overburden.
Identifiers: *Swelling, *Soil suspensions, Brownian motion, Double layer,
Moisture potential, Gravitational potential, Overburden potential.
The paper examines the question whether the concepts for water soil relation-
ships hold true to dilute soil suspension subject to gravity and Brownian
motion (double layer effects being negligible). It is shown that they do and
that in such systems, the moisture potential is minus the "colloid osmotic
pressure." Moisture potential is a unique function of the moisture ratio for
(i) any suspension under equilibrium conditions and (ii) a suspension of uni-
form particles under either non-equilibrium or equilibrium conditions.
70-71:080-005
RELATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT TO FAILURE STRENGTHS OF SEVEN AGRICULTURAL SOILS,
Chancellor, W. J., and Vomocil, J. A.
241
-------
California University, Davis.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 13, No. 1,
p 9-17, January 1970. 9 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Soil physics, *Soil strength, *Soil moisture, Soil mechanics,
Soil stability, Moisture content.
Identifiers: Agricultural soil.
Failure strengths of agricultural soils at moisture content normal for crop
production tend to increase as moisture content decreases. This paper presents
a hypothesis for relating these two characteristics. The hypothesis is one
which would allow the prediction of the internal intergranular bonding stress
for any moisture content in excess of 15 bars soil moisture suction, provided
the moisture content-soil moisture suction relationship is known. The hypo-
thesis is based on a mechanistic model of how moisture is held in the soil,
and how it bonds soil particles together.
242
-------
SECTION XXXVII
ENGINEERING WORKS
FISHERIES ENGINEERING (Group 081)
70-71:081-001
FERTILIZERS,
Viets, F. G. , Jr.
United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Agricultural
Research Service, Northern Plains Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research
Division.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 51-53, March-April
1971. 1 tab, 18 ref.
(See 70-71:05B-032)
243
-------
SECTION XXXVIII
AUTHOR INDEX
Abdel-Hady, M.
70-71:07B-001
Abou-Khaled, Antoine
70-71:020-004
Adams, J. E.
70-71:021-003
Adrian, D. D.
70-71:02G-068
Aldabagh, A. S. Y.
70-71:02F-058
Alessi, J.
70-71:03F-037
Alexander, M. W.
70-71:03F-025
Alfaro, J. F.
70-71:020-069
Alizai, H. U.
70-71:020-021
Allen, L. H.
70-71:020-001
Allen, P. B.
70-71:040-001
Allen, S. E.
70-71:02K-016
Allen, W. H.
70-71:02G-080
70-71:03F-016
70-7' /3F-017
Amir, J.
70-71:02K-017
Anderson, 0. E.
70-71:02K-009
70-71:02K-014
Anderson, W. D.
70-71:02K-005
Apgar, M. A.
70-71:05B-004
Aron, Gert
70-71:02F-002
Ashburn, C. L.
70-71-.03F-036
Attoe, 0. J.
70-71:05E-001
Axthelm, L. S.
70-71:03F-036
Bachmat, Y.
70-71:02F-016
70-71:078-004
Back, W.
70-71:02K-001
Baier, D. C.
70-71:050-003
Baier, W.
70-71:03F-012
Bailey, J. W.
70-71:05G-001
Baird, Ralph W.
70-71:02E-009
70-71:05B-017
Bakker, J. W.
70-71:02G-053
Baldwin, R. E.
70-71:05F-002
Banker, R. F.
70-71:060-002
Banner, James
70-71:02F-015
Barfield, B. J.
70-71:021-021
Barnes, G. D.
70-71:05A-007
Barton, James R.
70-71:05B-047
Bassett, D. M.
70-71:02K-005
Bauer, William J.
70-71:050-004
Beasley, R. P.
70-71:056-049
Beer, C. E.
70-71:02A-001
70-71:02F-058
Bennett, 0. L.
70-71:03F-020
Benson, R. B.
70-71:060-002
Benyamini, Y.
70-71:02G-031
70-71:02G-032
Berg, C. C.
70-71:03F-032
Bernard, Harold
70-71:05A-001
Bhuiyan, S. I.
70-71:02G-019
Bianchi, W. C.
70-71:02F-042
Bibby, R.
70-71:02F-028
Biggar, J. W.
70-71:02G-022
Bird, N. A.
70-71:02G-074
Bishop, A. A.
70-71:03F-034
70-71:04A-037
Black, J. D. F.
70-71:02F-040
Black, R. D.
70-71:02E-012
Black, Richard D.
70-71:02G-027
Black, T. A.
70-71:020-014
70-71:02F-030
Blackmore, A. V.
70-71:02F-025
Blevins, R. L.
70-71:02G-003
Blum, A.
70-71:03F-002
Boawn, L. C.
70-71:03F-026
Aston, A. R.
70-71:02G-019
Ben-Asher, I.
70-71:030-003
Boersma, L.
70-71:02F-055
245
-------
Bolander, W. J.
70-71:056-026
Boles, A. J.
70-71:08A-001
Bolter, Ernst
70-71:05A-010
Bond, J. J.
70-71:03F-022
70-71:03F-031
Bondurant, J. A.
70-71:03F-065
70-71:05B-019
70-71:056-040
Boswell, F. C.
70-71:02K-008
70-71:02K-009
^70-71:02K-014
Bouldin, D. R.
70-71:05B-021
Boulogne, A. R.
70-71:02G-033
Boulton, Norman S.
70-71:02F-027
70-71:04B-002
Bouwer, Herman
70-71:020-037
70-71:050-005
70-71:08A-001
Boyd, L. L.
70-71:021-011
Boyer, J. S.
70-71:03F-023
Bradley, E.
70-71:02F-036
Branson, F. A.
70-71:02J-002
Bridie, A. L. A. M.
70-71:056-018
Broadbent, F. E.
70-71:020-052
Brooks, R. H.
70-71:020-048
Brown, K. W.
70-71:07B-003
Brown, P. L.
70-71:02D-018
Brown, Randall L.
70-71:050-010
70-71:050-011
Bruch, John C., Jr.
70-71:02F-017
Bruscato, Frank N.
70-71:076-005
Brustkern, Richard L.
70-71:020-013
Brutsaert, Wilfried
70-71:020-026
Brutsaert, W. F.
70-71:020-018
Bruvold, W. H.
70-71:05F-004
Bucks, D. A.
70-71:02F-052
Burchinal, Jerry C.
70-71:05A-002
Bureau of Reclamation
70-71:03F-045
Burman, R. D.
70-71:02E-012
Cady, Foster B.
70-71:05B-017
Callinan, B. J.
70-71:030017
Campbell, L. C.
70-71:02K-043
Cardon, Doyle R.
70-71:050-012
Carreker, John R.
70-71:020-002
Carson, C. D.
70-71:02K-028
Carter, D. L.
70-71:05B-019
Gary, J. W.
70-71:03F-015
Cassai, N.
70-71:03F-047
Caswell, C. A.
70-71:056-058
Chancellor, W. J.
70-71:080-005
Chen, L. H.
70-71:021-013
Chernyak, G. Y.
70-71:06A-006
Chidley, Thomas R. E.
70-71:020-006
Childs, E. C.
70-71:02F-004
Chow, Ven Te
70-71:04A-013
Chu, S. T.
70-71:04A-044
Claassen, M. M.
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
Clark, R. N.
70-71:020-082
70-71:03F-013
Clark, S. D.
70-71:03C-018
Cluff, C. B.
70-71:06E-001
Cochran, V. L.
70-71:03F-006
Coe, Jack J.
70-71:05C-005
Coleman, C.
70-71:03F-054
Colorado River Board
of California
70-71:050-020
Colwick, R. F.
70-71:020-076
Conner, J. R.
70-71:066-001
Constantin, G. K.
70-71:02K-027
Cook, Doyle
70-71:020-003
Cooper, L. R.
70-71:02K-003
Corey, A. T.
70-71:020-048
70-71:020-049
Corey, G. L.
70-71:020-048
Corey, J. C.
70-71:02G-033
Corrigan, P. A.
70-71:05A-007
246
-------
Cossens, G. G.
70-71:02F-033
70-71:020-050
Cowlishaw, Wayne
70-71:050-004
Crites, R. W.
70-71:050-001
Crosby, James W., III
70-71:058-010
Cullen, E. M.
70-71:03C-001
Curry, R. B.
70-71:021-013
70-71:021-022
Cypra, Kenneth J.
70-71:050-004
Dabiri, Hassan
70-71:02F-026
Dagan, Gedeon
70-71:02F-012
Daigger, L, A.
70-71:03F-036
Dasberg, S.
70-71-.02G-053
Davenport, David C.
70-71:020-004
David, W. P.
70-71:03F-038
Davis, R. G.
70-71:03F-004
Davis, R. K.
70-71:060-003
Davis, Sterling
70-71:03F-011
Day, A. D.
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-033
Decker, W. L.
70-71:020-012
DeCook, K. J.
70-71:06E-001
DeLong, Lewis
70-71:05A-005
Delwiche, C. C.
70-71:02G-083
Denholm, W. T.
70-71:05G-022
Denmead, O. T.
70-71:020-019
DeReraer, E. D.
70-71:030-009
70-71:030012
Dickey, G. L.
70-71:050-001
Doss, B. D.
70-71:03F-027
70-71:03F-057
Downey, Lloyd A.
70-71-.03F-003
Drake, Ronald L.
70-71-.02F-005
70-71:02G-089
Drew, J. V.
70-71:050-007
Dudley, N. J.
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-003
Duke, H. R.
70-71:02G-049
Duncan, W. G.
70-71:021-021
Dunne, Thomas
70-71:02G-027
Dusek, D. A.
70-71:03F-068
Dylla, Anthony S.
70-71:020-007
70-71-.02F-054
70-71:02G-006
70-71:04A-001
Eagleman, J. R.
70-71:020-010
Eck, H. V.
70-71:03F-004
Edwards, D. M.
70-71:04A-019
Edwards, W. M.
70-71:056-011
Eichelberger, James W.
70-71:05B-061
Elgabaly, M. M.
70-71:07B-006
Elghamry, W. M.
70-71:07B-006
Ellingson, Michael B.
70-71:02G-089
Ellis, J. H.
70-71:016-001
Ellis, W. R.
70-71:02F-019
Elrick, D. E.
70-71:02F-016
Enfield, C. G.
70-71:02G-020
England, H. N.
70-71:02K-044
Environmental Science
and Technology
70-71:058-055
70-71:058-057
Ephrat, J.
70-71:02K-017
Epstein, E.
70-71:02J-001
Ernst, L. F.
70-71:02F-021
Evans, J. 0.
70-71:050-016
Fairbourn, M. L.
70-71:020-013
Farr, E.
70-71:02G-061
70-71:02K-020
Faulkner, L. R.
70-71:058-026
Fenton, Robert L.
70-71:058-010
Fischbach, P. E.
70-71:04A-038
70-71:04A-045
70-71:080-002
Fok, Yu-Si
70-71:02F-051
70-71:020-057
70-71:020-058
70-71:04A-037
France, P. W.
70-71:02F-029
Franzoy, Carl Eugene
70-71:020-090
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-029
247
-------
Freeman, P. A.
70-71:08A-002
Freeze, R. Allan
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-015
Frere, M. H.
70-71:056-025
Freund, R. J.
70-71:068-001
Frink, C. R.
70-71:02K-036
Fryrear, D. W.
70-71:03F-005
70-71:04A-025
Fuhriman, Dean K.
70-71:05B-047
Fulgham, F. E.
70-71:02G-076
Furusaka, C.
70-71:02K-018
Gage, P. W.
70-71:02K-041
Garber, M. J.
70-71:030-001
Gardner, H. R.
70-71:02D-001
70-71:020-013
Gardner, W. R.
70-71:02D-014
70-71:02F-030
70-71:02G-031
70-71:02G-032
70-71:02G-062
70-71:021-006
70-71:078-007
Garner, B. J.
70-71:03F-042
Carton, J. E.
70-71:04A-039
Gat, J. R.
70-71:02F-006
Geist, J. M.
70-71:02K 006
70-71:02K-007
Ghorashy, S. R.
70-71:03F-023
Gilchrist, A. N.
70-71:055-020
Gillingham, A. G.
70-71:05B-020
Giordana, P. M.
70-71:020-047
Gisser, Micha
70-71:06A-004
70-71:060-002
Glandon, Lawrence R.
70-71:056-022
Glass, L. J.
70-71:03F-013
Godwin, M. R.
70-71:06B-001
Goldberg, Marvin C.
70-71:05A-005
Goldberg, D.
70-71:030-002
70-71:030003
Goltz, S. M.
70-71:020-008
Goodding, R., II.
70-71:080-002
Gornat, B.
70-71:030-003
Gradner, W. R.
70-71:02G-044
Graham, E. R.
70-71:02K-025
Grant, W. J.
70-71:02J-001
Grass, L. B.
70-71:05G-001
Gratto, C. P.
70-71:05A-009
Grauze, G.
70-71:020-015
Gray, A. S.
70-71:04A-021
Gray, Don M.
70-71:02G-012
70-71:02G-021
70-71:02G-079
Green, Don W.
70-71:02F-026
Gregory, E. J.
70-71:02G-001
Greweling, T. E.
70-71:056-021
Grimme, H.
70-71-.02K-029
Grinstead, Robert R.
70-71:050-009
Grissinger, E. H.
70-71:058-003
Groenewoud, W. M.
70-71:05B-018
Quitjens, J. C.
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-054
Gulati, Om P.
70-71:040-002
Gupta, M. P.
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-044
Gupta, U. C.
70-71:02G-073
Guymon, G. L.
70-71:056-013
Haan, C. T.
70-71:058-001
Hagan, Robert M.
70-71:020-004
70-71:02G-001
70-71:02G-017
Haise, H. R.
70-71:08A-002
Hall, F. G.
70-71:05A-007
Hall, Francis R.
70-71:02K-004
70-71:056-009
Hallock, D. L.
70-71:03F-025
Hanke, S. H.
70-71:060-003
Hanks, R. J.
70-71:020-001
Hanshaw, B. B.
70-71:02K-001
Harlin, Curtis C.,
Jr.
70-71:050-002
Harmeson, Robert H,
70-71:05A-003
248
-------
Harris, W. S.
70-71:04A-028
Hassan, N. A. K.
70-71:050007
Hatcher, J. T.
70-71:02K-026
Heermann, D. F.
70-71:03F-007
70-71:04A-017
70-71:04A-030
Henderson, D. W.
70-71:03F-024
Hendrick, J. G.
70-71:02G-034
Hensler, R. R.
70-71:05E-001
Hermanson, R. E.
70-71:02G-034
Herrmann, L. R.
70-71:05B-013
Hicks, B. B.
70-71:020-015
Hiler, E. A.
70-71:02E-009
70-71:02G-019
70-71:02G-082
70-71 03F-013
70-71:03F-038
70-71:04A-031
Hill, D. E.
70-71:02K-036
Hillel, D.
70-71:02G-031
70-71:020-032
70-71:02G-062
70-71:078-007
Hipp, B. W.
TO-71:03F-030
Kittle, C. N.
70-71 :'03F-021
Hodge, Carl 0.
70-71:020-020
Hoffman, G. J.
70-71:020-056
70-71:021-012
70-71:030001
Holmes, J. W.
70-71:02A-004
Holt, R. F.
70-71:05B-014
70-71:05B-024
Horn, M. E.
70-71:02G-008
Hornberger, George M.
70-71:02G-028
70-71:02G-029
Horner, G. M.
70-71:02G-054
Horowitz, A.
70-71:02H-001
Horton, J. H.
70-71:02G-033
Howe, 0. W.
70-71:03F-007
Howell, D. T.
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-003
Howell, T. A.
70-71:04A-031
Howells, David H.
70-71:066-002
Hsieh, J. J. C.
70-71:020-020
Huddleston, Ellis W.
70-71:056-002
Huggins, L. F.
70-71:020-007
Hulbert, L. C.
70-71:020-021
Hull, J. L.
70-71:03F-024
Humpherys, A. S.
70-71:04A-026
Hunt, C. M.
70-71:02K-016
Hyle, R. C.
70-71:060-003
Intalap, Suhbawatr
70-71:03F-001
Irrigation Age
70-71:03F-069
Irrigation Journal
70-71:030011
70-71:03F-043
70-71:03F-044
70-71:04A-018
70-71:04B-006
Jackson, Donald R.
70-71:02F-002
Jackson, G. D.
70-71:020-011
Jacobson, R. L.
70-71:02F-039
70-71:05A-006
Jamieson, D. G.
70-71:040-003
Jaske, R. T.
70-71:056-012
Jensen, Albert C.
70-71:050-016
Jensen, M. E.
70-71:020-043
70-71:03F-010
John, M. K.
70-71:021-018
Johnson, D. D.
70-71:02K-007
Johnson, H. P.
70-71:02A-001
Johnston, T. H.
70-71:02K-023
Johnston, William R.
70-71:05F-001
Johnstone, Donald L.
70-71:05B-010
Jones, Elmer E., Jr,
70-71:058-006
Jones, J. W.
70-71:020-076
70-71:020-081
Jones, James R.
70-71:050-006
Jones, Kenneth C.
70-71:050-009
Jones, L. S.
70-71:02K-014
Jordan, K, A.
70-71:021-011
Jung, G. A.
70-71:03F-020
Kahn, Lloyd
70-71:05A-005
Karbs, H. H.
70-71:078-001
249
-------
Kaspar, I.
70-71:02G-015
Kassander, A. Richard, Jr.
70-71:020-020
Kastanek, F.
70-71:02G-035
Keller, Jack
70-71:020-005
70-71:02G-069
70-71:02G-075
Kemper, W. D.
70-71:020-013
Keup, Lowell E.
70-71:05B-016
Kevi, L.
70-71:02F-019
Khan, Muhammed Yunus
70-71:02F-013
Kincaid, D. C.
70-71:04A-030
King, D. C.
70-71:03F-027
Kirkham, Don
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02G-009
70-71:02G-010
Kirkpatrick, R. M.
70-71:03F-033
Klausner, S. D.
70-71:05B-021
Kleinecke, David
70-71:02F-020
Knisel, Walter G.
70-71:05B-017
Knudsen, D.
70-71:050-007
Koon, J. L.
70-71:02G-034
Koronkevich, N. I.
70-71:040-002
Koshi, P. T.
70-71:03F-005
70-71:04A-025
Kritz, George J.
70-71:03F-008
Kriz, G. J.
70-71:02F-053
Krous, E. S.
70-71:03C-004
Kruse, E. G.
70-71:04A-012
70-71:08A-002
Kumagai, James S.
70-71:050-002
Kunze, G. W.
70-71:02K-028
Kuraz, V.
70-71-.02G-015
Kutilek, M.
70-71:02G-015
Laflen, J. M.
70-71:02E-001
Lagerwerff, J. V.
70-71:021-017
Lai, R.
70-71:04A-011
Lambert, J. R.
70-71:02G-084
70-71:03F-016
70-71:03F-017
Lancaster, J. D.
70-71:02K-015
Lane, Burke E.
70-71:02G-041
Lane, J. E.
70-71:016-003
Lang, A. R. G.
70-71:020-008
70-71:021-006
Langdale, G. W.
70-71:02G-004
Langmuir, Donald
70-71-.02F-039
70-71:05A-006
70-71:05B-004
Larson, T. E.
70-71:05A-003
Lathwell, D. J.
70-71:05B-021
Latterell, J. J.
70-71:05B-014
Law, James P., Jr.
70-71:05A-001
70-71:056-048
70-71:050-002
70-71:05G-014
70-71:05G-015
Lawson, D. W.
70-71:076-004
Lembke, W. D.
70-71:02F-052
Lentz, G. L.
70-71:058-049
Letey, J.
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-011
70-71:02K-012
70-71:02K-022
Levinson, A. A.
70-71:05A-004
Lewallen, M. J.
70-71:056-005
Liang, Tung
70-71:03F-067
70-71:04A-008
70-71:04A-042
Lichtenberg, James J.
70-71:056-061
Lidster, W. A.
70-71:04A-005
Lin, W.
70-71:02G-021
Linacre, E. T.
70-71:020-015
Linderman, C. L.
70-71:04A-035
Lindstrom, F. T.
70-71:02F-055
Link, D. A.
70-71:04A-042
Livens, J.
70-71:02G-071
v
Locke, J. K.
70-71:021-016
Longenecker, D. E.
70-71:021-008
Lopez, P. L.
70-71:02K-025
Lundberg, P. E.
70-71:03F-020
Luthin, James N.
70-71-.02F-011
70-71:02G-011
250
-------
Luxmoore, R. J.
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-011
70-71:02K-012
70-71:02K-022
Lyerly, P. J.
70-71:021-008
Lyons, C. G., Jr.
70-71:030-010
Lyons, V. E.
70-71:05A-007
MacDonald, Harold C.
70-71:078-002
Macfarlane, W. V.
70-71:02K-040
Makagonova, S. K.
70-71:06A-006
Mann, Patrick C.
70-71:06C-001
Mann, T. E.
70-71:04A-010
Mansfield, W. W.
70-71:01B-003
Martens, D. C.
70-71:03F-025
Martin, A. E.
70-71:02K-045
Martini, J. A.
70-71:020-072
Martsolf, J. D.
70-71:02D-012
Massee, T. W.
70-71:03F-028
Mathias, E. L.
70-71:03F-020
Matlock, W. G.
70-71:02F-001
70-71:06E-001
Mayber, A. P.
70-71:021-019
McCabe, L. J.
70-71:05C-003
70-71:05F-003
McCarty, P. L.
,70-71:050-004
McCool, D. K.
70-71:08A-003
McCorquodale, J. A.
70-71:02G-074
McDowell, L. L.
70-71:05B-003
McGuinness, J. L.
70-71:040-001
McHenry, J. Roger
70-71:076-005
Mcllroy, I. C.
70-71:020-019
McKeag, John A.
70-71:05F-001
McKee, Gerald D.
70-71:056-016
McNeal, B. L.
70-71:02K-026
Meacham, I.
70-71:030-018
Meek, B. D.
70-71:05G-001
Meiri, A.
70-71:021-019
Melvin, S. W.
70-71:02A-001
Mengel, K.
70-71:02K-029
Merva, G. E.
70-71:02E-014
Metcalf, R. L.
70-71:05B-030
Metson, A. J.
70-71:02K-019
Meyer, Frederick W.
70-71:030-006
Meyers, R. P.
70-71:021-014
Michener, D. W.
70-71:02G-006
Middlebrooks, E. Joe
70-71:050-002
Millar, A. A.
70-71:020-008
Miller, S. A.
70-71:03F-021
Minshall, N. E.
70-71:056-023
Mittra, B. N.
70-71:021-007
Moe, D. L.
70-71:04A-044
Mojtehedi, M.
70-71:02G-054
Molz, F. J.
70-71:02G-002
70-71:021-002
Monke, E. J.
70-71:02G-007
Moon, W. T.
70-71:02J-003
Morel-Seytoux, Hubert J.
70-71:02G-013
Morin, Joseph
70-71:02G-025
Mortvedt, J. J.
70-71:02G-047
Mueller, John A.
70-71:02K-002
Murphy, B. C.
70-71:02K-015
Musgrave, W. F.
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-003
Musick, J. T.
70-71:03F-068
Muspratt, M. A.
70-71:03F-014
Myers, R. G.
70-71:04A-019
Naghshineh-Pour, B.
70-71:02K-028
Nakamura, R.
70-71:02E-003
Nance, L. A., Jr.
70-71:02G-084
Nelson, Sheldon D.
70-71:03F-011
Nemeth, K.
70-71:02K-029
Neuman, Shlomo P.
70-71:02G-030
Ng, Benedict
70-71:02G-048
251
-------
Nichols, M. S.
70-71:058-023
Nicolaescu, I.
70-71.-04A-012
Nielsen, D. R.
70-71:02G-017
70-71:020-022
Nightingale, Harry I.
70-71:02F-042
70-71:056-007
Nishio, M.
70-71:02K-018
Norum, Donald I.
70-71:020-012
70-71:020-079
Nott, J. H.
70-71:02K-019
Nye, P. H.
70-71:020-061
70-71:02K-020
O'Connor, Donald J.
70-71:02K-002
Olson, R. A.
70-71:050-007
Olson, R. J.
70-71:05E-001
Olson, Tamlin C.
70-71:021-001
Onstad, C. A.
70-71:040-003
Ortiz, Jaime
70-71:020-011
0'Shaughnessy, F.
70-71:06A-001
Oster, C. A.
70-71:058-012
Oster, J. D.
70-71:020-042
70-71:02K-026
Owen, J. B.
70-71:02J-002
Painter, H. A.
70-71:050-006
Pal, R.
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-044
Paltridge, G. W.
70-71:02K-021
Pande, H, K.
70-71:021-007
Pandya, A. C.
70-71:04A-011
Pangbbrn, R. M.
70-71:05F-002
Papendick, R. I.
70-71-.03F-006
Parekh, C. J.
70-71:02F-029
Parizek, Richard R.
70-71:020-041
Parks, C. L.
70-71:02K-008
Patterson, R. M.
70-71:03F-027
Paulson, W. H.
70-71:05E-001
Peck, A. J.
70-71:02F-061
Peterson, C. P.
70-71:02F-005
Phelps, H. O.
70-71:02E-002
Phene, C. J.
70-71:021-012
Philip, J. R.
70-71:018-002
70-71:020-087
70-71:080-004
Phillips, R. E.
70-71:018-001
70-71:020-003
Phillips, S. H.
70-71:020-003
Pike, John 0.
70-71:020-006
Pile, R. S.
70-71:020-080
Pinder, G. F.
70-71:02F-035
Pitman, M. G.
70-71:02K-043
Podmore, T. H.
70-71:02E-014
Pontin, J. M. A.
70-71:048-002
Porcella, Donald B.
70-71:050-002
Potter, E. C.
70-71:050-022
Poulovassilis, A.
70-71:020-016
70-71:020-064
Power, J. F.
70-71:03F-022
70-71:03F-031
70-71:03F-037
Pratt, B. J.
70-71:020-043
Pratt, P. F.
70-71:02K-031
70-71:02K-032
Preiss, K.
70-71:080-002
Prill, Robert
70-71:02F-026
Pritchett, E. E.
70-71:06E-002
Pritchett, S.
70-71:06E-002
Qasim, Syed R.
70-71:05A-002
Quirk, J. P.
70-71:020-086
Raabe, Edward W.
70-71:058-016
Raats, P. A. C.
70-71:020-036
70-71:02G-044
70-71:02K-035
Raguse, C. A.
70-71-.03F-024
Rai, S. D.
70-71:03F-021
Ransford, G. D.
70-71:048-001
Rasmussen, P. E.
70-71:03F-026
Rawlins, S. L.
70-71:020-056
70-71:030-001
Reeve, Ronald C.
70-71:040-002
252
-------
Reid, G. W.
70-71:06E-002
Rekers, Robert G.
70-71:058-002
Remson, Irwin
70-71:02G-002
70-71:02G-028
70-71:02G-029
70-71:021-002
Reuss, J. 0.
70-71:02K-006
70-71:02K-007
Rex, R. W.
70-71:02K-034
Reynolds, S. G.
70-71:02G-038
70-71:02G-039
70-71:020-040
Rhoads, F. M.
70-71:03F-019
Ricca, V. T.
70-71:040-001
Rickard, D. S.
70-71:02F-033
70-71:02G-050
Rinot, M.
70-71:030-003
Robb, David 0. N.
70-71:03F-010
Robbins, 0. W.
70-71:05B-019
Robertson, George W.
70-71:03F-012
Robinson, A. R.
70-71:05B-031
Robinson, J. B.
70-71:02K-042
Rochester, E. W., Jr.
70-71:02F-053
Rogerson, T. L.
70-71:02E-005
Rogowski, A. S.
70-71:02G-045
Rollins, Myron B.
70-71:04A-001
Romero, John 0.
70-71:05B-008
Rosenberg, Norman J.
70-71:076-003
Rothermel, T. W.
70-71:06A-001
Russell, J. D^
70-71:050-001
Sachs, M. S.
70-71:06A-001
Sainty, G. R.
70-71:02D-015
Saulmon, R. W.
70-71:02F-032
Saunders, W. M. H.
70-71:02K-019
Saveson, I. L.
70-71:02E-001
Sawhney, B. L.
70-71:02K-036
Schneider, J. L.
70-71:02F-060
Schoeberl, La Vern S.
70-71:021-001
Schuck, E. A.
70-71:021-016
Scott, V. H.
70-71:056-013
Scotter, D. R.
70-71:02K-035
Seginer, Ido
70-71:02D-009
70-71:02G-025
70-71:04A-027
Seidel, D. F.
70-71:050-001
Sevenhuysen, R. J.
70-71:02F-024
Sewell, J. I.
70-71:02E-013
70-71:02G-080
Shah, A. M.
70-71:04A-034
Sharapahov, N. N.
70-71:06A-006
Shaw, R. H.
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
Shaykewich, 0. F.
70-71:026-046
Shih, 0. 0.
70-71:04A-037
Shipley, H.
70-71:04A-009
Shmueli, M.
70-71:030-002
70-71:030-003
Siddoway, F. H.
70-71:03F-028
Sievers, D. M.
70-71:056-049
Simmons, P. W.
70-71:040-001
Simpson, E. 0.
70-71:056-011
Sims, James R.
70-71:020-011
Singh, Rameshwar
70-71:04A-004
Sisson, D. R.
70-71:04A-022
Skaggs, R. W.
70-71:020-007
Skogerboe, Gaylord V.
70-71:050-015
Smith, M. R.
70-71:04A-043
Smith, R. A.
70-71:04A-007
Smith, R. E.
70-71:020-014
Somerhalder, B. R.
70-71:04A-045
Sonnichsen, J. 0.
70-71:056-012
Sorey, M. L.
70-71:02F-007
Sowell, R. S.
70-71:04A-042
Specht, A. W.
70-71:021-017
Splinter, W. E.
70-71:020-022
253
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Sree Ramulu, U. S.
70-71:02K-031
70-71:02K-032
Stapleton, H. N.
70-71:021-014
70-71:021-020
Stegman, E. C.
70-71:04A-034
70-71:04A-035
Sternberg, Yaron M.
70-71:02F-003
Stetson, L. E.
70-71:04A-038
Tankersley, E. L.
70-71:02G-090
70-71:03F-029
70-71:04B-036
Tanner,.C. B.
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-014
70-71:02F-030
Tardiff, R. G.
70-71:05F-003
Tauxe, G. W.
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-023
70-71:06A-005
Toth, J.
70-71:02A-003
Trabue, I. M.
70-71:05F-002
Trescott, P. C.
70-71:02F-035
Tunzi, Milton G.
70-71:050-013
Turk, L. J.
70-71:020-005
Turner, F., Jr.
70-71:03F-033
Steyn, P. L.
70-71:02G-083
Stolzy, L. H.
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-011
70-71:02K-012
70-71:02K-022
Stuart, D. M.
70-71:020-007
Sunada, D. K.
70-71:02F-028
70-71:02G-049
Swaine, D. J.
70-71:02F-060
Sweeten, J. M.
70-71:04A-039
Swoboda, A. R.
70-71:02K-030
70-71:058-017
Sword, Bryan R.
70-71:050-007
70-71:050-008
Syers, J. K.
70-71:02K-034
Taiganides, Paul E.
70-71:04C-001
Tajchman, S. J.
70-71:020-003
Takakura, T.
70-71:021-011
Talsma, T.
70-71:01B-002
Tanji, K. K.
70-71:02G-063
Taylor, A. W.
70-71:05B-011
Taylor, C.
70-71:02F-029
Taylor, H. M.
70-71:03F-057
Ter Haar, G.
70-71:021-015
Terkeltoub, Richard W.
70-71:030-005
Terman, G. L.
70-71:02K-016
Thomas, Grant W.
70-71:02K-030
70-71:058-017
Thomas, J. R.
70-71:02G-004
Thomas, Richard E.
70-71:050-002
Thompson, T. L.
70-71:04A-038
Thony, Jean-Louis
70-71:02G-024
Tibbs, Nicholas H.
70-71:05A-010
Timmons, D. R.
70-71:056-014
Todorovic, P.
70-71:02A-002
Toksoz, Sadik
70-71:02G-009
70-71:02G-010
Topp, G. C.
70-71:02G-023
United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture
70-71:05B-029
United States Environ-
mental Protection
Agency
70-71:050014
70-71:050-015
Vachaud, Georges
70-71:02G-024
Vaidyanathan, L. V.
70-71:02G-061
70-71:02K-020
van Bavel, C. H. M.
70-71:020-019
70-71:04A-031
Van der Waarden, M.
70-71:058-018
Venetis, C.
70-71:02F-022
70-71:04A-003
Verma, A. P.
70-71:02F-018
Verma, B. P.
70-71:02G-081
Verruijt, A.
70-71:058-015
Verstraeten, L. M. J.
70-71:02G-071
Viets, F. G., Jr.
70-71:058-032
Vincent, J. R.
70-71:050-001
Vlassak, K.
70-71:02G-071
254
-------
Vomocil, J. A.
70-71:080-005
Voropayev, G. V.
70-71:03F-060
Wade, R. M., & Company
70-71:03F-061
70-71:04A-047
Wadleigh, C. H.
70-71:05B-033
Waits, William P.
70-71:076-002
Waldron, L. J.
70-71:02K-027
Walker, J. N.
70-71:020-022
Walker, T. W.
70-71:02K-034
Wallace, D. E.
70-71:02K-003
Warner, Richard W.
70-71:05B-016
Warrick, A. W.
70-71:02G-022
Watson, W. S. , Jr.
70-71:04A-028
Webber, L. R.
70-71:058-034
Webster, R. G.
70-71:030-017
Weinaug, Charles F.
70-71:02F-026
Weisman, Richard N.
70-71:02G-026
Welch, N. W.
70-71:040-001
Wells, B. R.
70-71:02K-023
Wells, Dan M.
70-71:05B-002
70-71:060-001
Werkhoven, C. H. E.
70-71:02K-005
Wesner, G. M.
70-71:050-003
West, 0. W.
70-71:02F-040
Whisler, Frank D.
70-71:02G-037
White, A. W.
70-71:02K-008
White, N. F.
70-71:02G-049
Wiebenga, William A.
70-71:02F-019
Wierenga, P. J.
70-71:02G-001
70-71:02G-017
Willardson, L. S.
70-71:02G-042
70-71:02G-058
70-71:05G-001
70-71:08A-001
Willatt, S. T.
70-71:03F-018
Willey, C. R.
70-71:02K-013
Williams, Dennis E.
70-71:04B-003
Williams, J. D. H.
70-71:02K-034
Williams, John
70-71:02G-046
Williams, J. R.
70-71:02E-009
Williamson, R. E.
70-71:020-002
70-71:03F-008
Williford, John W.
70-71:050-012
70-71:05F-001
Willis, W. 0.
70-71:03F-022
70-71:03F-031
Willson, R. J.
70-71:04A-006
Wilson, D. 0.
70-71:05B-021
Windsor, J. S.
70-71:04A-013
Winkworth, R. E.
70-71:02G-051
Winton, Elliott F.
70-71:05C-003
70-71:05F-003
Witherow, Jack L.
70-71:056-048
Witherspoon, Paul A.
70-71:02G-030
Witzel, S. A.
70-71:058-023
70-71:05E-001
Wolff, Roger G.
70-71:02F-014
Wood, I. R.
70-71:018-005
Wooding, R. A.
70-71:016-004
Woodward, G.
70-71:04A-041
Woody, W. M.
70-71:03F-006
Woolhiser, D. A.
70-71:02G-014
World Irrigation
70-71:03F-070
Wright, J. L.
70-71:020-043
70-71:03F-015
Wu, I-pai
70-71:02G-088
70-71:03F-034
70-71:03F-067
70-71:04A-008
Yaron, Dan
70-71:03F-009
Yeh, William Wen-Gong
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-023
70-71:04A-004
70-71:06A-005
Young, K. G.
70-71:03A-001
Youngs, E. G.
70-71:02F-009
70-71:04A-002
Zwerman, P. J.
70-71:056-021
255
-------
SECTION XXXIX
Absorption
70-71:020-004
70-71:020-022
70-71:020-046
70-71:02K-013
70-71:02K-017
70-71:03F-022
Acid mine water
70-71:030-005
Adsorption
70-71:056-001
70-71:056-025
Advection
70-71:020-001
70-71:020-003
Aeration
70-71:020-051
70-71:02K-012
70-71:02K-013
70-71:02K-022
70-71:020-053
70-71:03F-008
70-71:03F-013
70-71:050-001
Aggregates
70-71:020-005
Agricultural Chemicals
70-71:05A-001
70-71:056-030
70-71:056-032
70-71:056-049
70-71:056-057
Agricultural Engineering
70-71:020-009
70-71:020-010
70-71:04A-011
70-71:04A-013
Agricultural runoff
70-71:058-040
Agricultural waste
70-71:056-022
70-71:050-006
70-71:050-007
70-71:050-010
70-71:050-011
70-71:050-012
Agricultural watersheds
70-71:02A-001
70-71:040-001
Agriculture
70-71:030-004
70-71:03F-008
70-71:04C-001
SU6JECT INDEX
Agriculture (Cont.)
70-71:05F-001
70-71:060-002
70-71:06E-001
Agronomic crops
70-71:03F-004
Agronomy
70-71:03F-009
Air pollution
70-71:021-015
70-71:021-016
70-71:021-017
70-71:056-057
Aldrin
70-71:058-001
Alfalfa
70-71:020-073
70-71:03F-021
70-71:03F-036
70-71:058-026
Algae
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-012
Alluvial channels
70-71:040-001
Alluvium
70-71:02K-003
Anerobic bacteria
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-012
Anerobic conditions
70-71:02K-032
Anerobic digestion
70-71:050-001
Anerobic treatment
70-71:050-006
70-71:050-007
Analog computers
70-71:04A-009
Analog models
70-71:02P-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:040-002
70-71:08A-001
Analytic techniques
70-71:020-038
70-71:020-039
70-71:05A-004
Analytic techniques
(Cent.)
70-71:05A-005
70-71:05A-006
70-71:05A-010
70-71:068-001
Animal growth
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
Animal metabolism
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
Animal pathology
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
Animal wastes
70-71:058-033
70-71:056-034
Anion exchange
70-71:02K-030
70-71:050-009
Anisotropy
70-71:02F-053
70-71:020-030
Antecedent precipitation
70-71:020-027
Appalachian Mountain
Region
70-71:058-011
Application equipment
70-71:04A-031
70-71:05A-039
Application methods
70-71:02K-015
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-010
70-71:030-011
70-71:030-012
70-71:03F-033
70-71:04A-017
70-71:04A-039
70-71:05E-001
Application rate
70-71:02K-023
70-71:03F-033
Approximation method
70-71:02F-005
Aquatic animals
70-71:058-026
256
-------
Aquatic habitats
70-71:050-016
Aquatic life
70-71:05A-001
Aqueous solutions
70-71:013-001
70-71:018-003
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02G-022
70-71:02K-004
70-71:056-009
Aquicludes
70-71:02F-004
70-71:02F-009
Aquifer characteristics
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-020
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02K-001
70-71:03C-C06
70-71:04B-002
70-71:06A-005
Aquifer testing
70-71:02F-035
70-71:02G-006
Artesian wells
70-71:030-006
Artificial recharge
70-71:050-003
70-71:050-005
Atlantic coastal plain
70-71:050-005
Atmometer
70-71:020-012
Automatic control
70-71:03F-011
70-71:04A-C09
70-71:04A-019
70-71:08C-002
Aquifers
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02A-003
02F-010
02F-013
02F-019
02F-022
02F-023
02F-027
02F-028
02F-029
02G-030
04B-002
04B-003
05B-007
Aquitards
70-71:02F-014
Arable land
70-71:04A-017
Arctic
70-71:07B-002
Arid lands
70-71:030-002
70-71:030-003
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-002
Arizona
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02K-003
70-71:03F-001
Automation
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
021-001
-3F-011
04A-C10
04A-022
04A-026
04A-038
04A-C39
04A-045
04A-047
07B-003
08A-C02
Available water
70-71:020-021
70-71:03F-044
Average costs
70-71:04A-005
70-71:060-003
Bacteria
70-71:02K-018
70-71:056-008
Barley
70-71:02K-007
70-71:03F-033
70-71:050-007
Barrier
70-71:02K-008
Base flow
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02F-010
70-71:08A-001
Beans
70-71:02G-053
70-71:021-019
70-71:056-026
Bedload
70-71:016-005
Benefit-cost ratios
70-71:030-004
Benefits
70-71:060-001
Bentonite
70-71:02F-025
70-71:04A-001
Bermudagrass
70-71:03F-057
Bibliographies
70-71:02G-037
70-71:030-004
70-71:050-006
Bioassay
70-71:050-013
Biochemical oxygen
demand
70-71:05A-001
Biochemistry
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
70-71:02K-042
70-71:02K-043
Biodegradation
70-71:05E-004
70-71:050-005
70-71:05G-001
Eiological treatment
70-71:050-010
70-71:050-011
Biological uptake
70-71:02G-047
70-71:021-006
Biological uptake roots
70-71:02K-013
Biology
70-71:013-002
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
7C-71:02K-042
70-71:02K-043
Blankets
70-71:04A-001
Border irrigation
70-71-.02G-012
70-71:03F-007
70-71:04A-037
70-71:04A-039
Borehole geophysics
70-71:02F-007
Boreholes
70-71:02G-006
257
-------
Boron
70-71:02G-063
70-71:02K-015
70-71:05A-004
70-71:050-008
Bottom sediments
70-71:050-002
Boundary layers
70-71:02F-012
Boundary processes
70-71:02F-009
Brackis water
70-71:06A-001
Brine disposal
70-71:030-004
Brines
70-71:020-005
70-71:02H-001
Bulk density
70-71:02G-OC5
70-71:020-033
70-71:07E-006
Burried membranes
70-71:04A-001
Cadmium
70-71:021-017
Calcium
70-71:02K-020
70-71:02K-029
70-71:05C-C03
70-71:05P-002
Calibrations
70-71:020-006
California
70-71:05B-007
70-71:050005
70-71:050-003
70-71:05F-001
70-71:05F-004
Canal design
70-71:04A-009
70-71:08A-C01
70-71:08A-003
Canal lining
70-71:04A-018
Canals
70-71:02F-009
70-71:08A-OC1
Canal seepage
70-71:02F-009
70-71:020-012
70-71:08A-001
Capillary action
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-021
Capillary conductivity
70-71:020-035
70-71:020-037
Capillary pressure
70-71:020-048
Capillary tubes
70-71:020-037
Capillary water
70-71:04A-002
Carbonate rocks
70-71:02K-001
Carbonates
70-71:02F-039
70-71:03F-004
70-71:05A-002
70-71:05F-002
Carbon dioxide
70-71:050005
Carbon radioisctcpes
70-71:02F-036
Caticn exchanae
7G-71:02K-030
70-71:02K-036
Cation exchange
capacity
70-71:02K-020
70-71:020-072
Casings
70-71:04E-003
Cereal crops
7C-71:03F-001
Channel erosion
70-71:040-001
Chemical analysis
70-71:02F-033
70-71:02K-005.
70-71:02K-019
70-71:05E-001
Chemical compounds
70-71:03F-020
Chemical oxygen demand
70-71:05A-C01
Chemical properties
70-71:021-007
70-71:03F-025
70-71:050003
Chemical reactions
70-71:050-022
Chemicals
70-71:02F-058
70-71:05B-025
Chemical wastes
70-71:058-030
Chloride
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-022
70-71:02K-002
70-71:02K-030
70-71:05A-006
70-71:05B-010
70-71:05F-002
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides
70-71:058-049
Chlorine
70-71:05F-002
Clay minerals
70-71:056-003
70-71:078-005
Clays
70-71:02F-025
70-71:020-008
70-71:04A-001
70-71:05B-C17
Climates
70-71:02A-003
70-71:020-040
70-71:020-050
Climatic data
70-71:03F-029
70-71:04A-034
70-71:06A-003
Climatology
70-71:03F-012
Clovers
70-71:020-073
Cobalt radioisotopes
70-71:075-005
Coefficients
70-71:020-012
Coliforms
70-71:05B-010
Colloids
70-71:05A-005
70-71:058-003
Colorado
70-71:02F-007
70-71:02J-002
258
-------
Colorimetry
70-71:05A-004
Communication
70-71:04A-007
Comparative costs
70-71:06A-001
Competition
70-71:03F-002
Computer
70-71:02F-029
70-71:04A-013
Computer analysis
70-71:02K-012
Computer models
70-71:020-022
70-71:02E-C12
70-71:02F-02C
70-71:02F-026
70-71:020-019
70-71:026-063
70-71:020-074
70-71:02G-081
70-71:02G-090
70-71:021-011
70-71:021-013
70-71:021-014
70-71:021-020
70-71:-2I-021
70-71:021-022
70-71:04A-034
70-71:06A-OC1
70-71:06A-003
Computer programming
70-71:02D-006
Computer programs
70-71:02A-001
70-71:020-006
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-013
70-71:026-011
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-035
70-71:020-043
70-71:03F-023
70-71:03F-067
70-71:04A-004
70-71:05B-012
7C-71:05B-013
70-71:050-004
70-71:06A-OC5
Conduction
70-71:020-001
70-71:020-017
Conductivity
70-71:05B-007
70-71:07B-007
Confined water
70-71:03C-006
70-71:06A-005
Confinement pens
70-71:056-010
Conservation
70-71:04A-010
Constraints
70-71:060-002
Construction
70-71:04A-005
70-71:04A-006
Construction costs
70-71:04A-001
Construction equipment
70-71:04A-C05
Construction methods
70-71:04A-005
Construction practices
70-71:04A-005
Consumptive use
70-71:020-004
70-71:020-006
70-71:020-014
70-71:03F-029
70-71:03F-036
70-71:03F-057
70-71:04C-002
Consumptive use (water)
70-71:03C-004
70-71:03F-003
70-71:03F-018
70-71:03F-022
Continuity equation
70-71:02F-005
Continuous grazing
70-71:03F-024
Contour farming
70-71:04A-028
Convection
70-71:020-003
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-061
70-71:020-017
70-71:058-012
70-71:058-013
Copper
70-71:05A-010
Cores
70-71:020-038
70-71:020-039
Corn
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-003
70-71:021-001
70-71:021-003
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
70-71:03F-003
70-71:03F-027
70-71:058-023
70-71:05C-007
Corn belt
70-71:021-001
Correlation analysis
70-71:02J-002
Corrosion
70-71:050-022
Cost analysis
70-71:050-012
70-71:06C-001
Cost comparison
70-71:04A-005
70-71:05C-007
Costs
70-71:03C-004
70-71:04A-001
70-71:04A-010
70-71:05C-001
70-71:05F-001
70-71:06C-002
70-71:06C-003
70-71:060-001
Cost sharing
70-71:06C-002
Cotton
70-71:021-006
70-71:021-008
70-71:021-014
70-71:021-020
70-71:02K-005
70-71:02K-015
70-71:03C-001
70-71:03F-005
70-71:03F-038
Crop growth
70-71:020-090
70-71:021-021
70-71:04A-042
70-71:04A-043
Crop production
70-71:020-076
70-71:021-001
70-71:021-015
70-71:021-016
70-71:021-017
70-71:021-020
70-71:02K-005
70-71:03C-002
259
-------
Crop production (Cont,
70-71:030004
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-010
70-71:030-011
70-71:030-012
70-71:03F-001
70-71-.03F-002
70-71:03F-044
70-71:03F-045
70-71:03F-047
70-71:04A-017
70-71:04A-022
70-71:04A-047
70-71:05E-001
70-71:06A-004
Crop response
70-71:02D-008
70-71:020-003
70-71:021-012
70-71:02K-015
70-71:02K-023
70-71:030003
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-004
70-71:03F-009
70-71:03F-013
70-71:03F-020
70-71:03F-024
70-71:03F-026
Crop rotation
70-71:05B-021
Crops
70-71:020-002
70-71:020-003
70-71:03F-008
70-71:03F-015
70-71:060-002
Cycling nutrients
70-71:058-014
70-71:050-004
Damages
70-71:050-001
Data processing
70-71:02F-027
70-71:05B-009
70-71:06A-005
Dieldrin
70-71:05B-001
Dams
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02G-030
Darcy's law
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-025
70-71:02F-030
70-71:02F-054
70-71:02F-058
70-71:020-019
70-71:02G-036
70-71:020-044
Data collection
70-71 .-02E-001
70-71:02F-020
70-71:05A-005
70-71:05B-011
DDT
70-71:056-001
70-71:058-017
Decision making
70-71:03F-017
Demineralization
70-71:030-004
Denitrification
70-71:058-022
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-006
70-71:050-009
70-71:050-012
70-71:050-013
70-71:05F-001
70-71:050-001
Density
70-71:02F-017
70-71:03F-002
70-71:058-015
70-71:080-002
Deposition (sediments)
70-71:040-007
Depth
70-71:04A-005
Desalination
70-71:03A-001
70-71:030-004
70-71:050-008
70-71:06A-001
Desalination process
70-71:03A-001
70-71:030-004
Desalinization apparatus
70-71:020-020
Deserts
70-71:030-002
Design
70-71:04A-011
70-71:04A-034
70-71:078-003
Design criteria
70-71:03F-007
70-71:03F-067
Detention reservoirs
70-71:040-001
Deuterium
70-71:02F-006
Diffusion
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
018-001
02A-002
02F-016
02F-061
020-026
020-061
02G-081
02K-004
02K-011
02K-012
02K-020
02K-022
058-003
05B-009
05B-012
05B-013
Diffusivity
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-014
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-089
70-71:078-007
Digital computers
70-71:020-029
70-71:020-030
70-71.-03F-010
70-71:04A-009
70-71:048-003
Diseases
70-71:05F-003
Discharge
70-71:02A-003
70-71:02E-002
70-71:02F-015
70-71:020-048
70-71:02H-001
70-71:02K-003
70-71.-02K-004
70-71:058-009
Discharge measurement
70-71:02E-003
Dispersion
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02A-002
02F-012
02F-016
02F-017
02G-086
02G-087
02K-003
02K-004
058-009
058-013
05B-015
Disposal
70-71:05A-001
260
-------
Dissolved oxygen
70-71:02K-004
70-71:056-009
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-012
Distillation
70-71:030-004
Distribution
70-71:02K-005
70-71:02K-018
Distribution patterns
70-71:058-017
Distribution systems
70-71:03F-011
70-71:03P-014
70-71:03F-043
70-71:03F-060
70-71:04A-022
70-71:04A-026
70-71:04A-027
70-71:04A-047
Ditches
70-71:04A-003
70-71:04A-026
Diurnal distribution
70-71:021-008
Domestic water
70-71:05B-006
70-71:05F-004
Drainage
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02F-004
02F-028
02F-029
02F-030
02F-032
02F-052
02F-053
02F-054
02F-058
02G-005
02G-028
02G-037
02G-048
02G-049
02G-063
02G-074
02G-075
02K-013
03F-013
03F-057
04A-002
04A-006
04B-001
Drainage engineering
70-71:02F-052
70-71:020-011
70-71:02G-037
Drainage patterns
(geologic)
70-71:02J-002
Drainage systems
70-71:02F-013
70-71-.02F-052
70-71:04A-002
70-71:04A-003
70-71:04A-004
70-71:05G-001
Drainage water
70-71:05F-001
Drainage wells
70-71:02F-013
Drains
70-71:04A-005
70-71:08A-001
Drain spacing
70-71:04A-005
Drain tiles
70-71:04A-005
Drawdown
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02F-002
02F-003
02F-011
02F-013
02F-021
02F-027
02G-006
04A-002
04A-003
04A-004
04B-002
05G-001
Drainage density
70-71:02J-002
Drainage effects
70-71:03F-013
70-71:05B-032
Drops (fluids)
70-71:02G-005
Drought
70-71:03F-003
Dry farming
70-71:03F-005
Drying
70-71:02F-026
70-71:02G-016
Dupuit-Forchheimer
theory
70-71:02F-004
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02F-019
70-71:04A-004
Dust storms
70-71:04A-025
Dye releases
70-71:02F-016
Dynamic programming
70-71:021-013
70-71:04A-013
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-003
Ecology
70-71:050-016
70-71:06E-002
Economic efficiency
70-71:06A-002
70-71:060-003
70-71:06E-001
Economic feasibility
70-71:03A-001
Economic impact
70-71:030-017
70-71:050-001
Economic prediction
70-71:060-002
Economics
70-71:018-002
70-71:030-017
70-71:060-001
70-71:060-002
70-71:060-001
Electrical conductance
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02K-026
70-71:05A-006
70-71:05A-007
70-71:078-004
Electrical equipment
70-71:04A-038
Electric powerplants
70-71:058-055
Electric power production
70-71-.05B-055
Electrochemistry
70-71:05A-006
Electrodes
70-71:05A-006
Electrodialysis
70-71:02A-001
70-71:050-008
70-71:06A-001
Electrolysis
70-71:05G-022
261
-------
Energy balance
70-71:020-009
Energy budget
70-71:020-003
Energy conversion
70-71:021-021
Energy losses
70-71:02E-002
Energy transfer
70-71:018-003
Engineering
70-71:04A-007
70-71:04A-021
Entomology
70-71:056-026
Environment
70-71:026-056
Environmental
70-71:020
70-71:020
70-71:021
70-71:02K
70-71:02K
70-71:02K
70-71:02K
70-71:03F
70-71:03F
70-71:02P
70-71:03F
70-71:05A
70-71:05B
70-71:050
effects
-008
-010
-012
-040
-041
-042
-043
-001
-002
-015
-017
-009
-032
-016
Ephemeral streams
70-71:02F-001
Equations
70-71:
70-71
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71;
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
02A-003
02F-005
02F-009
02F-012
02F-013
02F-023
02G-005
02G-007
02G-009
02G-012
02G-026
02G-031
02G-037
04A-003
04B-001
05B-013
Erosion
70-71:02A-004
70-71:02E-009
70-71:02E-014
70-71:021-001
70-71:040-001
70-71:05B-001
70-71:056-003
70-71:056-031
70-71:056-040
Erosion control
70-71:02J-003
70-71:04A-025
70-71:04A-028
70-71:040-001
Essential nutrients
70-71:050-004
Estimating
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-005
70-71:02G-008
70-71:02G-045
70-71:06A-002
Estimating equations
70-71:02E-001
70-71:060-002
Estuaries
70-71:016-005
Estuarine environment
70-71:050-016
Ethics
70-71:04A-007
Eutrophication
70-71:058-011
70-71:058-014
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-013
Evaluation
70-71:020-008
Equipment
70-71:030-002
70-71:078-003
Equitable apportionment
70-71:060-003
Evaporation
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
020-005
020-008
020-012
020-014
020-015
020-019
020-021
-20-015
-2F-030
-2G-001
02G-017
02G-024
02G-032
03F-018
03F-057
04A-025
Evaporation (Cont.)
70-71:04A-027
70-71:05A-002
70-71:050-002
Evaporation control
70-71:020-012
70-71:02G-032
70-71:021-003
Evaporation pans
70-71:020-005
Evapor ime ter
70-71:020-011
Evapotranspiration
70-71:020-001
70-71:020-002
70-71:020-003
70-71:020-006
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-012
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-014
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-030
70-71:02G-020
70-71:02G-032
70-71:02G-040
70-71:02G-043
70-71:02G-051
70-71:021-022
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-036
70-71:03F-057
70-71:040-002
70-71:05A-002
70-71:050-002
70-71:078-003
Evapotranspiration
control
70-71:020-004
Excess water
70-71:03F-044
Excess water (soils)
70-71:02A-001
Experimental forms
70-71:020-008
Experimental farm
70-71:020-020
Extraction
70-71:02G-002
Fallowing
70-71:02K-009
Farm lagoons
70-71:058-034
262
-------
Farm management
70-71:04A-001
70-71:04A-042
70-71:04A-043
Farms
70-71:056-011
Farm wastes
70-71:05A-001
70-71:05A-003
70-71:056-002
70-71:058-007
70-71:058-010
70-71:058-011
70-71:058-024
70-71:058-034
70-71:05E-001
Feed lots
70-71:058-034
Fertility
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
70-71:05E-001
Fertilization
70-71:020-018
70-71:021-007
70-71:03F-031
70-71:058-022
70-71:058-024
70-71:058-032
Fertilizers
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02G-004
02G-054
02K-006
02K-007
02K-008
02K-017
-3C-002
03F-027
05A-001
058-007
058-011
058-019
058-020
058-023
058-033
058-049
05G-015
Fiber crops
70-71:021-014
Filters
70-71:02F-032
70-71-.02F-052
70-71:040-002
70-71:050-001
Filtration
70-71-.02F-032
70-71:058-008
70-71:050-005
Financing
70-71:060002
Fish
70-71:05A-001
70-71:050-016
Fisheries
70-71:050-016
Fish kill
70-71:058-049
Flash distillation
70-71:03A-001
70-71:06A-001
Flood control
70-71:04A-028
70-71:040-003
Flooding
70-71:030-005
Florida
70-71:030-006
Flow
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02F-055
70-71:02F-061
70-71:02G-028
70-71:021-002
70-71:058-013
70-71:058-015
70-71:078-004
Flowering
70-71:03F-001
Flow measurement
70-71:08A-001
Flow resistance
70-71:02E-002
Flow system
70-71:02F-055
70-71:05G-002
Fluid mechanics
70-71:02G-021
70-71:04A-035
Flumes
70-71:02E-002
Fluorometry
70-71:050-013
Foliar application
70-71:02K-015
Forecasting
70-71:05G-016
70-71:06A-001
70-71:060-003
70-71:06E-002
Forests
70-71:020-003
70-71:058-011
Fractures (geology)
70-71:02F-018
Free surfaces
70-71:02G-030
Frost action
70-71:04A-021
Frost protection
70-71:04A-021
Furrow drainage
70-71:02E-013
70-71:04A-008
Furrow irrigation
70-71:02G-084
70-71:030-002
70-71:04A-001
70-71:04A-008
70-71:04A-012
70-71-.04A-019
70-71:04A-026
70-71:04A-039
70-71:04A-045
Field capacity
70-71:02G-048
Field investigations
70-71:04A-005
Field tests
70-71:04A-001
70-71:04A-005
Flows nets
70-71:02F-012
70-71:020-009
70-71:02G-010
70-71:02K-003
Flow rates
70-71:02G-007
Furrows
70-71:03F-005
70-71:04A-011
Furrow systems
70-71:04A-012
G'amma rays
70-71:02G-024
70-71:02G-033
70-71:080-002
263
-------
Garbage dumps
70-71:05A-002
70-71:056-004
Gates
70-71:05A-009
70-71:04A-010
Geochemistry
70-71:02F-060
70-71:02K-001
70-71:05A-010
Geological surveys
70-71:06A-006
Geology
70-71:02A-003
70-71:02G-050
Geomorphology
70-71:02J-002
Geophysics
70-71:02F-066
Geothermal studies
70-71:02F-007
Germination
70-71:02G-046
70-71:03F-028
Glacial drift
70-71:05B-010
Grains (crops)
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-002
Grain sorghum
70-71:020-001
70-71:021-003
70-71:03F-038
Granular materials
70-71:02G-016
Graphical methods
70-71:03F-034
Grassed water ways
70-71:08A-003
Grasses
70-71:03F-020
Grasslands
70-71:02F-015
Gravimetric analysis
70-71:02G-038
70-71.-02G-039
Gravimetry
70-71:02G-038
70-71:02G-039
Grazing
70-71:03F-024
Great Lakes
70-71:02K-002
Great Plains
70-71:03F-005
Greenhouses
70-71:020-020
70-71:021-011
70-71:05E-001
Groundwater
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02E-005
02F-033
02F-035
02F-036
02F-040
02F-054
02F-060
02F-061
02G-009
02G-010
02K-025
02K-027
02K-028
02K-030
03C-009
03C-010
03C-011
03C-012
03F-045
03F-047
04A-004
04B-003
04C-001
05A-003
05B-007
05B-010
05B-047
05G-001
08A-001
Groundwater basins
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-020
70-71:056-047
Groundwater irrigation
70-71:02F-028
Groundwater movements
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02A-003
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-004
70-71:02F-005
70-71:02F-006 •
70-71:02F-007
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-011
Groundwater movements
(Cont.)
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-020
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-023
70-71:02F-024
70-71:02F-025
70-71:02F-026
70-71:02F-027
70-71:02F-028
70-71:02F-036
70-71:02F-039
70-71:02F-059
70-71:02G-011
70-71:02G-012
70-71:02G-018
70-71:02G-027
70-71:02G-029
70-71:02G-030
70-71:02G-064
70-71:02H-001
70-71:02K-001
70-71:02K-003
70-71:02K-037
70-71:030-001
70-71:04A-002
70-71:04A-003
70-71:04B-001
70-71:05B-004
70-71:05B-006
70-71:05B-008
70-71:05B-015
70-71:050-005
70-71:050-005
70-71:07B-004
70-71:07B-005
Groundwater recharge
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02G-020
70-71:05B-018
70-71:050-003
Groundwater resources
70-71:02F-096
Growth
70-71:02G-056
70-71:02K-021
Growth chambers
70-71:020-020
70-71:021-012
Growth rates
70-71:021-012
70-71:021-013
70-71:03F-002
70-71:03F-020
264
-------
Growth rates (Cont.)
70-71:03F-033
70-71:050006
Growth stages
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-002
70-71:03F-021
Gypsum
70-71:03F-003
Hardness (water)
70-71:050-033
Headloss
70-71:04A-030
70-71:04A-044
Heat
70-71:01B-003
Heat balance
70-71:020-040
Heat budget
70-71:02G-040
Heat flow
70-71:020-003
70-71:02F-007
Heat transfer
70-71:020-003
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-044
70-71:02G-017
Heavy metals
70-71:05A-010
Herbicides
70-71:056-002
Histograms
70-71:03F-014
Horticultural crops
70-71:020-008
Hudson River
70-71:05C-016
Human diseases
70-71:050-003
Human pathology
70-71:050-003
Humidity
70-71:030-001
Humus
70-71:05B-016
Hydraulic conductivity
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02F-014
Hydraulic conductivity
(Cont.)
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-042
70-71:02F-054
70-71:02F-058
70-71:02G-006
70-71:02G-007
70-71:02G-008
70-71:020-016
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-020
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-035
70-71:02G-036
70-71:020-037
70-71:020-044
70-71:020-045
70-71:02G-046
70-71:02G-064
70-71:020-084
70-71:020-088
70-71:021-002
70-71:02K-027
70-71:02K-028
70-71:04A-004
Hydraulic gradients
70-71:02F-004
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-025
70-71:020-020
70-71:04A-044
Hydraulic models
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02E-002
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-024
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-034
70-71:020-036
70-71:02J-007
70-71:040-002
70-71:05B-018
70-71:078-004
Hydraulics
70-71:02E-002
70-71:04A-044
Hydrodynamic s
70-71:02F-016
Hydroelectric plants
70-71:050-016
Hydrogen
70-71:02K-020
Hydrogen ion
concentrations
70-71:030-005
Hydrogeology
70-71:02A-003
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-020
70-71:02K-001
70-71:030-006
70-71:050-005
Hydrographs
70-71:02F-008
Hydrograph analysis
70-71:020-014
70-71:02J-002
70-71:040-003
Hydrologic budget
70-71:02A-003
70-71:020-005
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02K-002
70-71:03F-012
70-71:050-002
Hydrologic cycle
70-71:02A-004
70-71:020-019
Hydrologic data
70-71:02F-027
70-71:040-001
Hydrologic systems
70-71:02A-004
Hydrology
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
02A-004
020-006
02E-012
02F-001
02F-029
02F-037
02F-036
02F-044
020-057
02G-087
02K-044
040-001
Hydrostatic pressure
70-71:02F-025
70-71:080-004
Hysteresis
70-71:02F-011
70-71:020-016
70-71:020-023
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-031
70-71:020-064
265
-------
Idaho
Ice
70-71:05B-019
70-71:04A-021
Illinois
70-71:05A-003
Immiscibility
70-71:02F-018
Impact (rainfall)
70-71:020-025
70-71:020-034
70-71:02J-001
Impaired water quality
70-71:03C-005
Incubation
70-71:02K-ol4
70-71:02K-016
Indicators
70-71:05A-007
Infiltration
70-71:02A-001
70-71:02F-005
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-024
70-71:02F-051
70-71:02F-058
70-71:020-004
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-012
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-017
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-020
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-022
70-71:020-023
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-025
70-71:020-026
70-71:020-027
70-71:020-029
70-71:020-034
70-71:020-035
70-71:020-037
70-71:020-041
70-71:020-045
70-71:020-057
70-71:020-058
70-71:020-088
70-71:03F-009
70-71:03F-034
70-71:03F-044
70-71:04A-003
70-71:04A-030
70-71:04A-037
Infiltration (Cont.)
70-71:04A-041
70-71:050-005
Infiltration rates
70-71:020-062
70-71:020-068
70-71:020-075
Infiltrometers
70-71:020-012
Inflow
70-71:04A-011
Infrared radiation
70-71:020-080
70-71:07B-001
Inhibition
70-71:050-006
Injection wells
70-71:02F-018
70-71:050-003
Inorganic
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
compounds
:02G-052
:020-071
:02G-083
:02I-009
:02I-018
:02K-025
:02K-027
:02K-028
:02K-029
:02K-030
:02K-031
:02K-032
:02K-035
:02K-036
:02K-039
Input-Output analysis
70-71:020-019
Insecticides
70-71:05B-017
70-71:053-049
Instrumentation
70-71:020-011
70-71:02F-007
70-71:020-020
70-71:020-031
70-71:020-033
70-71:020-041
70-71:020-042
, 70-71:020-080
70-71:07B-003
70-71:076-004
Interfaces
70-71:056-015
Investigations
70-71:02F-015
70-71:06A-006
Investment
70-71:030-004
70-71:060-003
Ion exchange
70-71:02F-025
70-71:056-003
70-71:056-005
Ions
70-71:02K-003
70-71:02K-020
70-71-.05A-006
Ion transport
70-71:016-001
70-71:02F-025
70-71:020-011
70-71:020-022
70-71:020-063
70-71:02K-003
70-71:078-004
Ion uptake
70-71:020-061
Iron
70-71:030-005
70-71:03F-019
70-71:056-016
Iron oxides
70-71:02K-031
Irrigation
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
020-009
02F-033
020-001
02G-012
02G-049
020-057
02G-068
020-079
021-008
02K-005
03F-001
03F-009
03F-015
03F-016
03F-017
03F-024
03F-029
03F-034
03F-037
03F-038
03F-042
04A-006
04A-007
04A-008
04A-009
04A-010
04A-011
04A-012
04A-021
05A-001
056-033
05C-015
05G-020
266
-------
Irrigation (Cont.)
70-71:06A-002
70-71:063-001
70-71:060-001
70-71:060-002
70-71:06E-001
Irrigation canals
70-71:03F-014
70-71:04A-001
70-71:04A-018
Irrigation design
70-71:026-058
70-71:036-002
70-71:03F-007*
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-011
70-71:04A-026
70-71:04A-030
70-71:04A-041
70-71:04A-045
Irrigation
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
Irrigation
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
Irrigation
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71
Irrigation
(Cont.)
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71:
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71
engineering
03F-011
03F-054
03F-065
03F-069
04A-009
04A-017
04A-025
04A-026
04A-028
04A-031
04A-034
04A-039
04A-041
04A-044
04A-045
08C-002
efficiency
:02G-043
:02G-090
:03C-002
:03C-003
:03F-007
:03F-009
-.03F-010
:03F-014
:03F-029
:03F-034
:03F-044
:03F-045
:03F-047
:03F-054
:03F-068
:03F-069
:03F-070
-.04A-008
:04A-017
:04A-045
effects
02G-053
021-013
03C-002
03F-019
03F-068
05B-048
05C-015
05G-014
05G-020
engineering
02G-074
02G-075
02G-082
02G-090
03C-002
03C-009
03C-010
03C-011
03C-012
;03F-007
;03F-010
Irrigation operation
70-71:04A-009
Irrigation practices
(Cont.)
70-71:056-022
70-71:05B-040
70-71:08A-002
Irrigation programs
70-71:02G-043
70-71:02G-090
70-71:03F-045
70-71:03F-047
70-71:03F-070
70-71:06A-003
Irrigation soil
moisture
70-71:02G-054
Irrigation structures
70-71-.08A-002
Irrigation operation &
maintenance
70-71:03F-007
Irrigation operation &
management
70-71:03F-060
Irrigation practices
70-71:020-069
70-71: 02G-075
70-71:026-079
70-71:026-084
70-71:026-088
70-71:026-090
70-71:03F-010
70-71: 03F-014
70-71:03F-034
70-71:03F-038
70-71:03F-043
70-71:03F-044
70-71:03F-045
70-71:03F-047
70-71:03F-054
70-71:03F-060
70-71:03F-065
70-71: 03F-067
70-71-.03F-068
70-71:03F-069
70-71:03F-070
70-71:04A-009
70-71: 04A-019
70-71:04A-021
70-71: 04A-020
70-71: 04A-026
70-71: 04A-027
70-71:04A-030
70-71: 04A-031
70-71:04A-034
70-71:04A-035
70-71:04A-037
70-71:04A-038
70-71: 04A-039
70-71: 04A-041
70-71: 04A-045
70-71:04A-047
Irrigation systems
70-71:026-058
70-71:026-079
70-71:03C-002
70-71:03C-003
70-71:03C-009
70-71:03C-010
70-71:03C-011
70-71:03C-012
70-71-.03F-007
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-014
70-71:03F-043
70-71:03F-060
70-71:04A-009
70-71: 04A-013
70-71:04A-017
70-71: 04A-019
70-71:04A-027
70-71: 04A-031
70-71:04A-038
70-71:04A-039
70-71:04A-041
70-71: 04A-044
70-71:04A-045
70-71:08C-002
Irrigation water
70-71:026-012
70-71:026-017
70-71:026-031
70-71:026-032
70-71:026-041
70-71:03C-002
70-71: 03C-004
70-71:03C-005
70-71:03F-012
70-71:058-007
70-71:056-019
70-71-.05B-026
70-71:05C-015
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-006
70-71:050-007
70-71:050-008
70-71:056-015
70-71:056-020
267
-------
Irrigation water (Cont.
70-71:060-002
Irrigation wells
70-71:056-026
Isotopy
70-71:02F-013
Karst
70-71:056-004
Koalinite
70-71:020-004
Land use (Cont.)
70-71:040-003
70-71:066-002
Laplaces equation
70-71:048-001
Laboratory
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
tests
02F-014
02F-015
02F-017
02G-016
02G-031
02G-032
02G-034
02G-038
02G-039
02G-049
03C-001
05B-001
050-001
05F-002
07B-005
08A-001
Lagoons
70-71:050-004
Lakes
70-71:02H-001
70-71:053-002
70-71:050-002
Laminar flow
70-71:02E-002
70-71:020-021
Land
70-71:03F-042
Landfills
70-71:02G-041
70-71:05A-002
70-71:056-004
70-71:050-005
Land forming
70-71:02E-013
Land management
70-71:02E-013
70-71:02J-003
70-71:03F-031
70-71:040-003
70-71:056-024
70-71:066-002
Land use
70-71:040-001
70-71:040-002
Leaching
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
,0-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
020-007
02F-024
02G-011
02G-041
02G-063
02G-069
02K-003
02K-004
02K-009
02K-030
03F-044
05A-002
056-004
056-011
056-014
056-016
056-017
056-018
056-019
056-025
056-032
056-040
056-049
050-002
Leaching translocation
70-71:056-005
Lead
70-71:021-015
70-71:021-016
70-71:021-017
70-71:021-018
Leakage
70-71:02F-028
70-71:02G-030
Least squares method
70-71:02F-023
70-71:06A-002
Leaves
70-71:030-001
70-71:03F-019
70-71:03F-023
Legal aspects
70-71:030-018
70-71:06E-001
Legislation
70-71:030-018
70-71:06E-002
Legumes
70-71:026-054
Lemons
70-71:030-009
Lemons (Cont.)
70-71:03C-012
Limiting factors
70-71:03F-002
Limnology
70-71:050-002
Light
70-71:021-021
Light intensity
70-71:020-004
Linear programming
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-020
70-71:02F-023
70-71:04A-004
70-71:04A-013
70-71:056-013
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-004
70-71:06A-005
70-71:060-002
Linings
70-71:04A-001
Livestock
70-71:05A-001
Loam
70-71:03F-007
Long-tube vertical
distillation
70-71:06A-001
Louisiana
70-71:02E-001
Lysimeters
70-71:020-019
70-71:02G-041
70-71:03F-013
70-71:04A-031
70-71:076-003
Magnesium
70-71:02K-029
70-71:050-003
70-71:05F-002
Maintenance
70-71:04A-006
70-71:04A-007
70-71:04A-010
Malenclaves
70-71:056-006
Management
70-71:02K-044
70-71:02K-045
70-71:030-017
70-71:030-018
70-71:046-003
268
-------
Management (Cont.)
70-71:060-003
Management operation
70-71-.04A-007
Manganese
70-71:03F-019
70-71:056-009
70-71:056-016
Manure & fertilizer
applications
70-71:058-021
Mapping
70-71:02G-080
70-71:078-001
70-71:078-002
Marginal costs
70-71:060-003
Marketing
70-71:06C-001
Mass
70-71:080-002
Mass transfer
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-011
70-71:020-017
70-71:020-022
70-71:058-003
Mathematical models
70-71:016-004
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02A-003
70-71:020-009
70-71:020-022
70-71:02E-002
70-71:02E-009
70-71:02E-012
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-005
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02F-020
70-71:02F-023
70-71:02F-026
70-71:02F-028
70-71:02F-055
70-71:02F-061
70-71:020-006
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-021
70-71:02G-022
70-71:020-025
Mathematical models
(Cont.)
70-71:020-028
70-71:020-029
70-71:020-035
70-71:020-074
70-71:020-081
70-71:020-088
70-71:021-002
70-71:021-013
70-71:021-014
70-71:021-020
70-71:021-022
70-71:02K-002
70-71:02K-004
70-71:04A-013
70-71:04A-042
70-71:04A-043
70-71:048-003
70-71:040-003
70-71:050-004
70-71:06A-005
70-71:068-001
70-71:078-006
Mathematical studies
70-71:02A-003
70-71:02E-001
70-71:02F-004
70-71-.02F-005
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-012
70-71-.02F-013
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-023
70-71:020-006
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-009
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-036
70-71:020-044
70-71:020-089
70-71:03F-014
70-71:04A-002
70-71-.04A-003
70-71:04A-004
70-71:058-012
70-71:058-013
Mature growth stage
70-71:03F-002
Measurement
70-71:020-015
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-015
70-71:020-080
70-71:03F-023
Mechanical control
70-71:03F-011
Melons
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-012
Membrane processes
70-71:02F-025
Membrane processes
(Cont.)
70-71:03C-004
70-71:05A-006
Metabolism
70-71:021-012
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
70-71:05C-006
Metallurgy
70-71:050-022
Meteorological data
70-71-.02D-006
Meteorology
70-71:04A-027
Meter
70-71:020-015
Methodology
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-037
70-71:04A-001
70-71:068-001
Mexico
70-71:020-020
Michigan
70-71:050-004
Microbiology
70-71:020-083
70-71:058-026
70-71:05C-006
Microclimatelogy
70-71:020-003
Micrometeorology
70-71:020-003
Microorganisms
70-71:020-083
70-71:05C-006
Mine wastes
70-71-.05A-010
Mineral waters
70-71:02F-039
70-71:05F-002
Mining
70-71:05A-010
Missouri
70-71:05A-010
Mist irrigation
70-71:04A-031
Mixing
70-71:018-004
269
-------
Mixing (Cont.)
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02H-001
70-71:02K-003
70-71:02K-004
70-71:058-009
70-71:056-012
70-71:05B-015
70-71:076-004
Model
70-71:026-051
70-71:02K-006
70-71:02K-007
70-71:02K-012
70-71:02K-021
70-71:03F-016
70-71:03F-017
70-71:03F-018
70-71:03F-038
Model studies
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02A-003
70-71:020-002
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-020
70-71:02F-024
70-71:020-027
70-71:020-034
70-71:02G-069
70-71:026-081
70-71:05B-018
70-71:06B-001
70-71:060-002
Model study
70-71:026-002
70-71:026-005
Mohr envelope
70-71:026-005
Moisture availability
70-71:026-081
70-71:021-002
70-71:03F-006
Moisture content
70-71:026-003
70-71:026-015
70-71:026-016
70-71:026-024
70-71:026-033
70-71:026-038
70-71:026-039
70-71:026-040
70-71:021-002
70-71:021-008
70-71:03F-021
70-71:080-005
Moisture deficit
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
70-71:03F-018
Moisture stress
70-71:026-054
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
70-71:021-008
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-041
70-71:02K-042
70-71:02K-043
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-002
70-71:03F-003
Moisture tension
70-71:03F-006
70-71:03F-015
70-71-.03F-023
70-71:03F-044
Moisture uptake
70-71:026-037
70-71:021-002
70-71:021-006
70-71:03F-036
Molybdenum
70-71:026-073
Monitoring
70-71:026-041
70-71:05A-003
70-71:05A-005
Montana
70-71:04A-018
Monte Corlo method
70-71:03F-014
Mortality
70-71:050-003
Municipal wastes
70-71:050-009
70-71:050-016
Mulch
70-71:021-003
70-71:03F-027
Mulching
70-71:03F-005
70-71:04A-025
Multislage flash
distillation
70-71:030-004
National parks
70-71:030-006
Natural recharge
70-71:02F-001
Nebraska
70-71:03F-047
70-71:076-003
Nematodes
70-71:056-026
70-71:056-015
Nevada
70-71:026-006
New Mexico
70-71:02F-007
New York
70-71:050-016
Nickel
70-71:021-017
Nitrates
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
7--71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
05A-003
05A-006
056-002
056-007
056-010
056-011
056-019
056-022
056-029
050-006
050-007
050-008
050-009
05D-010
050-011
050-012
050-013
05F-001
056-001
056-015
Nitrification
70-71:026-052
70-71:026-083
70-71:02K-014
Nitrogen
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
020-018
026-004
026-047
026-052
026-054
02K-006
02K-007
02K-008
02K-009
02K-016
02K-017
02K-023
03F-022
03F-027
058-011
056-014
050-006
050-013
270
-------
Nitrogen compounds
70-71:020-071
70-71:020-083
70-71:05B-049
70-71:050-006
Nitrogen cycle
70-71:020-083
70-71:050-006
Nitrogen fixation
70-71:020-083
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
70-71:020-083
Nonlinear systems
70-71:03F-014
Nozzles
70-71:030-002
Nuclear meters
70-71:080-002
Nuclear moisture meters
70-71:02E-005
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-031
70-71:020-032
70-71:020-033
Nuclear power plants
70-71:05B-055
Numerical analysis
70-71:02F-005
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-023
70-71:02F-026
70-71:02F-028
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-022
70-71:020-026
70-71:020-035
70-71:020-037
70-71:020-089
70-71:056-012
70-71:056-013
70-71:056-015
Numerical method
70-71:020-037
Nutrients
70-71:02K-019
70-71:03F-025
70-71:056-002
70-71:056-010
70-71:056-011
70-71:056-014
70-71:056-019
70-71:056-020
Nutrients (Cont.)
70-71:056-022
70-71:056-023
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-004
70-71:05E-001
Nutrient removal
70-71:02K-005
Nutrient requirements
70-71:050-004
Observation wells
70-71-.02F-007
70-71:02F-014
70-71-.02F-015
Odor
Ohio
70-71:050-003
70-71:05F-002
70-71:056-011
Oil water
70-71:056-018
Oily water
70-71:055-018
Onions
70-71:020-008
On-site investigations
70-71:03F-005
70-71:08A-001
On-site tests
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-026
70-71:020-027
70-71:020-038
70-71:020-040
70-71:05A-005
Open channels
70-71:04A-035
Open channel flow
70-71:04A-035
70-71:056-009
70-71:056-013
70-71:08A-003
Operating costs
70-71:030-004
Operations
70-71:04A-006
Operations research
70-71:04A-013
Optimization
70-71:02F-008
70-71-.03F-014
Optimization (Cont.)
70-71:03F-016
70-71:03F-067
70-71:04A-008
70-71:04A-013
70-71:046-003
70-71:040-003
70-71:06A-002
Optimum development
plans
70-71:06A-003
Optimum use
70-71:03F-014
Orchards
70-71:04A-021
Organic compounds
70-71:02K-034
70-71:05A-005
Organic matter
70-71:02K-032
70-71:05A-003
70-71:056-016
70-71:050-005
Organic soils
70-71:056-016
Organic wastes
70-71:050-016
Organizations
70-71:04A-006
70-71-.04A-007
Osmosis
70-71:02F-025
70-71:03A-001
Osmotic pressure
70-71:030-001
Overburden
70-71:080-004
Overland flow
70-71:02E-002
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-027
70-71:056-001
70-71:056-002
70-71:050-002
Oxidation
70-71:050-022
Oxidation lagoons
70-71:056-034
Oxygen
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-011
70-71:02K-012
271
-------
Oxygen (Cont.)
70-71:02K-022
Oxygen demand
70-71:058-004
Paleocliniatology
70-71:02F-036
Palynology
70-71:02H-001
Pan evaporation
70-71:020-011
Parametric hydrology
70-71:02F-008
70-71:02F-023
70-71:020-014
70-71:04C-003
70-71:06A-005
Particle size
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02G-008
70-71:03F-001
70-71:056-003
70-71:07B-006
Pasture
70-71:02K-021
70-71:03F-024
Path of
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
70-
pollutants
•71:02G-022
•71:020-041
•71:02K-001
•71:05A-002
•71:05A-003
71:05B-001
•71:058-003
•71:053-004
•71:058-005
•71:05B-006
•71:05B-008
•71:05B-009
•71:058-010
•71:058-011
•71:058-012
•71:058-014
•71:058-015
•71:058-018
•71:058-019
•71:058-020
71:058-025
•71:050005
Peanuts
70-71:03F-025
Pennsylvania
70-71:020-041
70-71:030005
70-71:058-004
Percolating water
70-71:02F-054
Percolation
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02F-012
02F-026
020-017
020-021
020-022
020-023
020-024
020-026
020-030
020-031
020-032
020-035
020-036
020-041
020-063
020-084
020-088
020-089
02K-018
04C-001
05A-002
058-004
078-004
Performance
70-71:020-042
Perma frost
70-71:078-002
Permeability
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-027
70-71:02F-042
70-71:02F-051
70-71:02F-054
70-71:02F-058
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-012
70-71:020-025
70-71:020-034
70-71:020-057
70-71:020-068
70-71:020-084
70-71:020-088
70-71:02K-011
70-71:04A-004
70-71:048-001
70-71:048-002
70-71:078-006
Permeame ter s
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-031
70-71:078-006
Personnel
70-71:04A-006
70-71:04A-007
Pest control
70-71:058-030
Pesticides
70-71:058-001
70-71:058-002
70-71:058-005
70-71:058-030
70-71:058-033
70-71:058-061
Pesticide removal
70-71:056-061
Pesticide residues
70-71:058-001
70-71:058-005
Phosphate
70-71:020-061
70-71:058-020
Phosphates
70-71:056-002
70-71:058-011
70-71:058-019
70-71:058-022
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-015
Phosphorus
70-71:020-004
70-71:020-054
70-71:02K-034
70-71:03F-030
70-71:058-014
70-71:050002
Phosphorus compounds
70-71:058-049
70-71:050-004
Photogrammetry
70-71:078-001
Photosynthesis
70-71:021-021
Piezometers
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-035
Pilot plants
70-71:050-001
Pipes
70-71:03F-011
Pipe Flow
70-71:04A-030
70-71:04A-044
Pit recharge
70-71:02F-026
Planning
70-71:03F-009
70-71 -.04A-007
70-71:048-003
70-71:066-001
70-71:060-002
272
-------
Planning (Cont.)
70-71:060-002
70-71:060-003
Plant growth
70-71:020-002
70-71:020-082
70-71:021-001
70-71:021-003
70-71:021-011
70-71:021-012
70-71:021-013
70-71:021-014
70-71:021-019
70-71:021-022
70-71:02K-042
70-71:02K-043
70-71:030-001
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-002
70-71:040-031
Planting management
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-076
70-71:021-001
70-71:03F-031
Plant pathology
70-71:02K-042
70-71:02K-043
Plant physiology
70-71:021-021
70-71:02K-042
70-71:02K-043
Plant population
70-71:03F-002
70-71:03F-027
Plants
70-71:03F-008
70-71:03F-009
70-71:056-014
Plastics
70-71:04A-018
Plastic pipes
70-71:04A-005
Playas
70-71:058-002
Policy
70-71:04A-007
Pollutants
70-71:02E-009
70-71:021-018
70-71:05A-001
70-71:05A-009
70-71:05B-024
70-71:056-025
70-71:056-048
Pollutant identifi-
cation
70-71:05A-001
70-71:05A-004
70-71:05A-006
70-71:05A-007
70-71:05A-010
Pollution (soil)
70-71:021-018
Pollution abatement
70-71:020-014
70-71:05A-007
70-71:05A-009
70-71:056-048
70-71:056-057
70-71:056-058
70-71:050-014
Pollution effects
70-71:021-015
70-71:021-016
70-71:021-017
Pollution sources
70-71:021-015
70-71:021-016
70-71:021-017
Polyethelene
70-71:04A-005
Ponds
70-71:02F-026
Ponding
70-71:020-034
Pore pressure
70-71:020-049
70-71:020-068
70-71:046-001
Porosity
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-025
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-057
70-71:02K-011
70-71:076-006
Porous materials
70-71:020-016
Porous media
70-71:016-004
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02E-002
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02F-026
70-71:02F-042
70-71:02F-051
Porous media (Cont.)
70-71:02F-053
70-71:02F-054
70-71:02F-055
70-71:02F-058
70-71:02F-061
70-71:020-013
70-71:020-016
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-023
70-71:020-028
70-71:020-029
70-71:020-030
70-71:020-037
70-71:020-049
70-71:046-001
70-71:056-008
70-71:056-013
70-71:056-015
70-71:076-007
Potable water
70-71:05F-004
Potassium
70-71:02K-029
70-71:056-001
Potential evapotrans-
piration
70-71:020-010
Precipitation (atmos-
pheric)
70-71:02F-015
Precipitation excess
70-71:02A-001
70-71:040-003
Pressure head
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-036
70-71:020-044
Pricing
70-71:060-001
70-71:060-002
70-71:060-013
Productivity
70-71:03F-004
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-004
Projects
70-71:020-008
Project benefits
70-71:040-001
Projections
70-71:060-001
Protective coatings
70-71:04A-001
273
-------
Provenance
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02H-001
Public health
70-71:05A-002
70-71:05A-003
70-71:050-003
70-71.-05F-003
Public utilities
70-71:060-001
Puddling
70-71:02G-034
Pumped storage
70-71:050-016
Pumping
70-71:02F-013
70-71:020-006
70-71:04B-003
70-71:060-001
Radar
70-71:07B-002
Radiation
70-71:020-012
70-71:080-002
Radio
70-71:04A-010
Radioactivity techniques
70-71:07B-005
Radioisotopes
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02G-052
70-71:078-005
Rainfall
70-71:020-002
70-71:020-040
70-71:021-001
70-71:03F-006
70-71:03F-012
70-71:03F-038
70-71:040-001
70-71:05B-020
Rainfall disposition
70-71:020-034
Rainfall-runoff relation-
ships
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02F-010
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-027
70-71:02J-002
70-71:03F-005
70-71:040-002
70-71:040-003
Rainfall simulator
70-71:056-021
Rates
70-71:060-001
Rates of application
70-71:020-005
Recession curves
70-71:02H-014
Recharge
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-026
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-029
70-71:02K-003
Reclaimed water
70-71:020-020
70-71:050-003
Reclamation
70-71:04A-010
Recreation
70-71:05A-001
Reduction
70-71:04A-011
Reforestation
70-71:040-001
Regime
70-71:02A-003
Regression analysis
70-71:056-007
Regulation
70-71:066-002
Relative humidity
70-71:020-056
Reliability
70-71:020-042
Remote control
70-71:04A-009
Remote sensing
70-71:020-080
70-71:076-002
70-71:096-001
Research priorities
r, 70-71:02K-045
,\
Reservoir design
70-71:056-016
Reservoir leakage
70-71:04A-001
Reservoirs
70-71:04A-001
70-71:04A-010
70-71:046-003
70-71:056-016
Resins
70-71:050-009
Respiration
70-71:021-002
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-011
70-71:02K-012
70-71:02K-022
Retardants
70-71:03F-020
Retention
70-71:020-040
Return flow
70-71:056-019
70-71:050-015
70-71:050-006
70-71:050-007
70-71:050-008
70-71:050-020
Reverses osmosis
70-71:03A-001
70-71:050-008
70-71:06A-001
Reviews
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02K-001
70-71:058-008
70-71:050-006
Reynolds Number
70-71:02E-002
Rice
70-71:020-047
70-71:021-007
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-023
Rill erosion
70-71:04A-028
Risks
70-71:03F-016
70-71:03F-017
70-71:06A-003
70-71:068-001
River
70-71:058-061
Root development
70-71:020-053
70-71:03F-004
70-71:03F-008
274
-------
Root distribution
70-71:03F-004
Root system
70-71:020-002
70-71:021-002
70-71:02K-010
70-71:02K-011
70-71:02K-022
Root zone
70-71:020-007
70-71:02F-030
70-71:02G-040
70-71:021-002
70-71:03F-028
Rotation
70-71:02K-014
Rotation grazing
70-71:03F-024
Roughness (hydraulic)
70-71:02E-002
70-71:04A-035
70-71:08A-003
Routing
70-71:02A-001
70-71:040-003
Runoff
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02A-004
02G-014
021-001
03F-007
04A-012
04A-025
04A-028
04C-001
05B-002
05B-011
05B-014
05B-023
05D-002
05E-001
06B-002
Runoff forecasting
70-71:02A-001
70-71:02G-014
70-71:02J-002
70-71:040-003
Safe yield
70-71:02F-010
Saline soils
70-71:02G-011
70-71:02G-084
70-71:021-019
70-71:02K-026
70-71:02K-035
70-71:030-002
70-71:03F-026
70-71:03F-033
70-71:050-007
Saline water
70-71:018-005
70-71:026-033
70-71:030-002
70-71:030-003
70-71:030-004
70-71:030-006
70-71:056-020
Saline water barriers
70-71:016-004
Saline water - fresh-
water interfaces
70-71:018-004
70-71:026-011
70-71:056-015
Saline water intrusion
70-71:018-004
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02K-001
70-71:058-015
Saline water systems
70-71:018-003
70-71:018-004
70-71:020-007
70-71:02H-001
Salinity
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71
018-002
018-005
02A-004
020-005
02F-019
02F-039
02F-061
02G-004
026-020
026-042
026-056
026-069
026-086
021-012
02K-019
02K-026
02K-041
02K-042
02K-043
02K-044
02K-045
02K-046
030-002
030-004
030-006
030-017
030-018
03F-033
036-015
05A-001
05A-004
058-007
058-019
058-047
050-001
Salinity (Cont.)
70-71:050-015
70-71:050-008
70-71:056-022
Salinity meters
70-71:020-042
Salts
70-71:016-005
70-71:026-022
Saltation
70-71:018-005
Salt balance
70-71:026-063
70-71:02K-002
Salt tolerance
70-71:02F-012
70-71:030-011
Sampling
70-71:026-008
70-71:026-038
70-71:026-039
70-71:026-040
70-71:026-041
70-71:030-005
70-71:05A-003
Sands
70-71:02F-015
70-71:026-008
70-71:04A-001
70-71:040-002
Sanitary engineering
70-71:058-008
70-71:058-023
70-71:050-016
70-71:06E-002
Saturated flow
70-71:02F-009
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-025
70-71:02F-042
70-71:02F-053
70-71:02F-054
70-71:02F-061
70-71:026-024
70-71:026-028
70-71:026-029
70-71:026-035
70-71:026-037
70-71:026-044
70-71:056-001
Saturated soils
70-71:021-012
70-71:03F-008
70-71:040-002
275
-------
Saturation
70-71:02F-055
70-71:02G-049
Scaling
70-71-.03A-001
Scheduling
70-71:03F-016
70-71:03F-017
70-71:03F-029
70-71:060-002
Sealants
70-71:04A-001
Seasonal
70-71:020-040
Sediments
70-71:02E-009
70-71:02F-019
70-71:04D-001
70-71:056-003
70-71:05B-031
70-71:056-033
Sediment control
70-71:04A-025
70-71:04A-028
70-71:040-002
70-71:056-031
Sediment transport
70-71:040-001
70-71:040-002
70-71:058-003
70-71:056-031
Sediment yield
70-71:02J-002
70-71:040-001
70-71:058-003
70-71:058-031
Sedimentation
70-71:02A-004
70-71:040-001
70-71:040-002
70-71:058-031
Seeds
70-71:020-008
70-71:02G-046
70-71:03F-001
Seepage
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02F-009
02F-011
02F-029
02G-008
02G-009
02G-010
02G-012
03F-005
04A-001
05A-002
058-008
Seepage losses
70-71:04A-018
Self-purification
70-71:058-061
Semiarid climates
70-71:021-001
70-71:03F-002
70-71:03F-005
70-71:060-002
Semipermeable membranes
70-71:03A-001
Sensors
70-71:02G-042
Separation techniques
70-71:05A-005
70-71:05G-001
Settlement (structural)
70-71:02G-005
Sewage
70-71:05A-006
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-016
70-71:06E-001
Sewage disposal
70-71:050-005
70-71:050-016
Sewage treatment
70-71:050-001
' 70-71:050-002
70-71:050-005
Sheet erosion
70-71:020-014
Silts
70-71:02E-014
70-71:026-008
Silting
70-71:040-002
Similitude
70-71:02G-048
Simulated rainfall
70-71:02G-027
70-71:02H-034
70-71:02J-001
Simulation techniques
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-020
70-71:026-018
70-71:026-021
70-71:02G-035
70-71:048-003
70-71:040-003
70-71:050-004
Simulation techniques
(Cont.)
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-003
70-71:06A-005
70-71:068-001
Slopes
70-71:02F-004
70-71:02G-040
70-71:03F-007
Small watersheds
70-71:02A-001
Snowmelt
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02F-015
Social aspects
70-71:016-002
70-71:030-017
Social impact
70-71:030-017
Social participation
70-71:030-017
Sodium
70-71:02K-041
70-71:03F-004
70-71:05F-002
Soils
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
; 020-002
:02F-033
:02G-003
;02G-004
:02G-009
:02G-010
:02G-015
:02G-037
:02G-061
:02G-072
;03F-029
;05B-001
Soil aggregates
70-71:02G-005
70-71:02K-018
Soil amendments
70-71:058-024
Soil analysis
70-71:02F-060
70-71:02G-038
70-71:026-039
70-71:021-018
70-71:02K-019
Soil chemistry
70-71:018-002
70-71:020-007
70-71:02F-060
70-71:02F-061
70-71:026-052
276
-------
Soil chemistry (Cont.)
70-71:020-073
70-71:02H-072
70-71:02H-086
70-71:02H-087
70-71:021-018
70-71:021-019
70-71:02K-025
70-71:02K-027
70-71:02K-028
70-71:02K-029
70-71:02K-030
70-71:02K-031
70-71:02K-032
70-71:02K-034
70-71:02K-035
70-71:02K-036
70-71:02K-044
70-71:05B-032
70-71:05E-001
Soil classifications
70-71:020-072
70-71:07B-002
Soil compaction
70-71:020-025
70-71:02J-001
Soil conservation
70-71:020014
70-71:02E-009
70-71:04A-025
70-71:04A-028
70-71:04C-003
70-71:040-001
70-71:05B-040
Soil contamination
70-71:05B-005
Soil density
70-71:020-086
70-71:020-087
70-71:080-002
Soil dispersants
70-71:020-086
70-71:020-087
Soil engineering
70-71:020-016
70-71:020-072
Soil environment
70-71:02F-019
Soil erosion
70-71:02F-001
70-71:02J-001
70-71:02J-003
70-71:04A-025
70-71:04A-028
70-71:040-001
70-71:05B-001
70-71:05B-023
Soil gases
70-71:020-071
70-71.-03F-008
70-71:040-002
Soil investigations
70-71:020-072
70-71:076-002
Soil management
70-71:020-072
70-71:020-087
70-71:02H-042
70-71:02H-062
70-71:02H-063
70-71:02H-072
70-71:02H-086
70-71:02J-003
70-71:02K-008
70-71:02K-009
70-71:02K-025
70-71:02K-027
70-71:02K-028
70-71:02K-029
70-71:02K-031
70-71:02K-032
70-71:02K-035
70-71:03F-031
Soil mechanics
70-71:02F-029
70-71:020-005
70-71:020-008
70-71:080-004
70-71:080-005
Soil moisture
70-71:01B-001
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-010
70-71:020-021
70-71:02E-005
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-040
70-71:02F-060
70-71:020-005
70-71:020-009
70-71:020-015
70-71:020-038
70-71:020-039
70-71:020-040
70-71:020-041
70-71:020-043
70-71:020-045
70-71:020-047
70-71:020-050
70-71:020-051
70-71:020-053
70-71:020-064
70-71:020-068
70-71:020-070
70-71:020-074
70-71:020-080
70-71:020-081
70-71:020-082
70-71:020-085
70-71:020-087
Soil moisture (Cont.)
70-71:021-001
70-71:021-002
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
70-71:021-006
70-71:02K-030
70-71:02K-035
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-002
70-71:03F-004
70-71:03F-005
70-71:03F-006
70-71:03F-036
70-71:03F-038
70-71:04A-018
70-71:05A-003
70-71:076-001
70-71:076-002
70-71:078-007
70-71:080-005
Soil moisture meters
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
020-
02G-
020-
020-
020-
020-
020-
03F-
015
020
•024
•032
•033
•038
•039
•044
Soil physics
70-71:018-002
70-71:02E-005
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-044
70-71:02F-051
70-71:02F-058
70-71:020-045
70-71:020-057
70-71:020-069
70-71:020-071
70-71:020-074
70-71:020-075
70-71:020-081
70-71:020-082
70-71:020-083
70-71:020-086
70-71:020-087
70-71:03F-057
70-71:080-005
Soil profile
70-71:020-051
Soil properties
70-71:02F-051
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-019
70-71:020-024
70-71:020-040
70-71:020-044
70-71:020-048
70-71:020-062
70-71:02K-009
70-71:02K-026
277
-------
Soil properties (Cont.
70-71.-02K-029
70-71:078-002
70-71:080-004
Soil salinity
70-71:050-007
Soil science
70-71:020-001
70-71:020-016
70-71:020-069
70-71:020-072
70-71:02K-031
70-71:02K-032
70-71:078-007
Soil sealants
70-71:04A-001
Soil stability
70-71:080-005
Soil strength
70-71:080-005
Soil surfaces
70-71:020-025
70-71:020-062
70-71:02J-001
Soil temperature
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-044
70-71:020-001
70-71:020-017
70-71:021-001
70-71:021-003
70-71:02K-014
Soil testing
70-71:02K-006
70-71:02K-007
Soil texture
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-005
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-025
70-71:020-086
70-71:020-087
70-71:02K-025
70-71:02K-027
70-71:02K-028
70-71:030-002
70-71:03F-007
Soil water
70-71
70-71
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
movement
: 020-007
:02F-009
:02F-011
:02F-025
:02F-026
:02F-051
:02G-005
:02G-006
02G-007
020-008
Soil water
(Cont.)
70-71:
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71;
70-71
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
movement
020-009
020-010
020-011
020-013
020-018
020-019
020-020
020-021
020-022
020-023
020-024
020-027
020-029
020-031
020-032
02G-035
020-036
020-037
020-041
020-044
020-045
020-058
020-060
020-089
021-002
04A-002
04A-004
05B-018
050-002
Soil-water-plant
relationships
70-71:020-004
70-71:020-007
70-71:020-008
70-71:020-021
70-71:020-002
70-71:020-017
70-71:020-043
70-71:020-082
70-71:021-002
70-71:021-012
70-71:021-018
70-71:02J-002
70-71:030-001
70-71:030-003
70-71:030-005
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-010
70-71.-03F-013
70-71:03F-044
70-71:03F-057
70-71:040-002
70-71:058-014
70-71:06A-002
70-71:06A-003
Soil-water-plant system
70-71:058-025
Solar radiation
70-71:020-005
70-71:020-040
70-71:078-001
Solutes
70-71:020-006
70-71:020-007
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02K-003
70-71:02K-004
70-71:05A-005
70-71:058-002
70-71:058-004
70-71:058-010
70-71:078-004
Sorghum
70-71:03F-002
Sorption
70-71:020-022
70-71:058-003
South Dakota
70-71:021-001
Soybean
70-71:020-012
70-71:03F-023
Specific capacity
70-71:02F-011
Specific yield
70-71:02F-019
70-71:04A-004
70-71:048-002
Sprays
70-71:04A-031
Springs
70-71:02F-039
70-71:02H-001
Sprinkler
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
irrigation
:02A-027
: 020-005
:020-074
:02G-075
:03C-009
: 030-011
:03C-012
:03F-067
:04A-007
:04A-017
:04A-021
:04A-022
:04A-030
:04A-031
:04A-034
:050-002
Stable isotopes
70-71:02F-006
Stage-discharge
relations
70-71:02F-008
Standards
70-71:05F-003
278
-------
Standards (Cont.)
70-71:05F-004
70-71:066-002
Statistical methods
70-71:02A-002
70-71:056-007
70-71:05B-011
Statistical model
70-71:02A-002
70-71:020-010
Statistics
70-71:02F-006
Steady flow
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-013
70-71:02F-027
70-71:020-009
70-71:02G-010
70-71:020-044
Stochastic processes
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02F-014
Stomata
70-71:020-008
Storage
70-71:046-003
Storage coefficient
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-014
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-027
70-71:046-002
70-71:06A-005
Storms
70-71:02E-001
Stratified flow
70-71:02F-009
Streams
70-71:04A-012
70-71:05A-010
Stream flow
70-71:02A-004
70-71:02K-002
70-71:-2K-004
70-71:04C-001
70-71:056-009
70-71:058-012
Streamflow forecasting
70-71:02J-002
Stream gages
•" 70-71:02E-003
70-71:05A-007
Strontium radio iso-
topes
70-71:03F-004
Structures
70-71:060-002
Submergence
70-71:021-007
Subsurface
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71
70-71:
70-71
70-71;
70-71
70-71
70-71
70-71
drainage
02F-013
02F-052
020-010
020-011
020-019
020-027
020-089
04A-002
04A-004
04A-005
040-002
050-001
08A-001
Subsurface irrigation
70-71:020-058
70-71-.03F-011
70-71:03F-034
70-71:04A-008
70-71:04A-012
70-71:04A-026
Subsurface water
70-71:02F-030
Sugar beets
70-71:056-026
Sulfate
70-71:05F-002
Supplemental irrigation
70-71:03F-037
70-71:03F-068
Surface drainage
70-71:02E-013
Surface-groundwater
relationships
70-71-.02F-008
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-026
70-71:020-034
Surface iffigation
70-71:020-009
70-71:020-079
70-71:03F-060
70-71:04A-019
70-71:04A-037
70-71:08A-002
Surface runoff
70-71:02A-001
70-71:02E-001
Surface runoff (Cont.)
70-71:02E-12
70-71:02J-001
70-71:056-020
70-71:056-021
Surface sealing
70-71:020-025
70-71:02J-001
Surface waters
70-71:02A-004
70-71:02E-009
70-71:05A-003
70-71:05A-004
Surveys
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02F-015
70-71:05A-003
70-71:056-007
70-71:056-008
70-71:076-001
70-71:076-002
Suspended load
70-71:056-003
Swamp
70-71:020-015
Sweet corn
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-012
Switch grass
70-71:03F-032
Synthetic hydrology
70-71:040-003
Systems analysis
70-71:02F-023
70-71:020-019
70-71:03F-014
70-71:04A-008
70-71:04A-013
70-71:050-004
70-71:06A-005
70-71:060-002
Tagging
70-71:050-003
70-71:05F-002
70-71:05F-004
Taste
70-71:02A-002
Technology
70-71:02K-044
70-71:02K-045
Telemetry
70-71:04A-010
Temperature
70-71:016-003
279
-------
Temperature (Cont.)
70-71:020-001
70-71:020-008
70-71:02F-007
70-71:02K-016
70-71:030-001
70-71:05F-002
70-71:076-001
Temperature control
70-71:04A-021
Tensiometers
70-71:020-024
70-71:03F-044
Tertiary treatment
70-71:050-003
70-71:050-005
70-71:050-009
Test procedures
70-71:02G-038
70-71:02G-039
Texas
70-71:03F-005
70-71:058-002
Theis equation
70-71:048-002
Theoretical analysis
70-71:020-037
Thermal solution
70-71:058-055
Thermal powerplants
70-71:056-055
Thermodynamics
70-71:018-003
70-71:02F-037
70-71:02F-044
70-71:02K-001
Tile drainage
70-71:02F-052
70-71:020-011
70-71:020-074
70-71:058-022
Tile drains
70-71:020-011
70-71:040-002
70-71:050-008
70-71:050-013
Tillage
70-71:020-003
70-71:03F-028
70-71:03F-031
Time
70-71:02F-032
70-71:020-005
70-71:03F-002
Time (Cont.)
70-71:060-003
Time lag
70-71:02F-011
70-71:020-064
Timing
70-71:-3F-010
Tobacco
70-71:02K-013
70-71:03F-017
70-71:03F-019
Tomatoes
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-012
70-71:03F-030
Topography
70-71:020-050
70-71:02J-002
Toxicity
70-71:021-018
Tracers
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-016
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02H-001
70-71:02K-003
70-71:058-015
70-71:078-004
70-71:078-005
Trace elements
70-71:050-003
Tracking techniques
70-71:02A-002
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02H-001
Translocation
70-71:021-002
70-71:058-012
70-71:058-049
70-71:078-005
Transmissivity
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-019
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-027
70-71:020-006
70-71:048-002
70-71:048-003
70-71:06A-005
Transpirator
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-002
Transpirator (Cont.)
70-71:021-002
70-71:021-019
70-71:021-021
70-71:03C-001
70-71:03F-057
Transpiration control
70-71:020-004
Treatment
70-71:050-010
70-71:050-011
Turbidity
70-71:040-001
70-71:058-003
Turbulent flow
70-71:02E-002
70-71:058-009
70-71:058-012
Turf
70-71:02E-002
Turnouts
70-71:03F-007
Underseepage
70-71:02F-009
Uniform flow
70-71:02F-013
Uniformity coefficient
70-71:03F-007
70-71:04A-017
Unsaturated
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
flow
02F-009
02F-015
02F-026
02F-061
020-013
020-018
020-019
020-022
020-024
020-028
020-029
020-031
020-035
020-036
020-037
020-044
020-089
021-002
050-001
078-007
Unsteady flow
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-023
70-71:02F-027
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-029
70-71:020-035
280
-------
Unsteady flow (Cont.)
70-71:02G-089
70-71:04A-004
70-71:043-002
70-71:046-012
Urbanization
70-71:05B-007
Use rates
70-71:06C-001
70-71:06C-003
Utilities
70-71:06C-001
Utah
70-71:020-005
Value
70-71:060-001
Vapor compression
distillation
70-71:03A-001
Vapor pressure
70-71:020-005
Variability
70-71:020-040
Varieties
70-71:03F-032
Vegetation
70-71:02K-021
Vegetation effects
70-71:020-034
70-71:020-040
70-71:03F-002
70-71:078-002
Velocity
70-71:02F-007
70-71:02F-012
70-71:02F-019
70-71:021-002
70-71:040-002
70-71:076-004
Viruses
70-71:05B-008
Viscosity
70-71:02F-017
70-71:02F-018
70-71:02F-025
70-71:02G-064
70-71:056-015
Waste dillution
70-71:056-009
Waste disposal
70-71:056-008
70-71:056-034
Waste disposal (Cont.)
70-71:050-005
70-71:050-016
Waste disposal wells
70-71:058-058
Waste treatment
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-016
Waste water
70-71:03F-054
70-71.-03F-065
70-71:03F-069
70-71:04A-018
70-71:058-048
70-71:050-014
Waste water disposal
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-004
Waste water treatment
70-71:03A-001
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-012
Water
70-71:020-014
70-71:020-028
70-71:020-041
70-71:020-057
70-71:03F-036
Water allocation
(policy)
70-71:030-001
70-71:03F-012
70-71:06A-003
70-71:06A-004
70-71:060-002
Water analysis
70-71:05A-002
70-71:05A-004
70-71:05A-005
Water balance
70-71:020-002
70-71:020-005
70-71:020-008
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-015
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02K-002
70-71:03F-012
70-71:040-002
Water chemistry
70-71:018-001
70-71:016-002
70-71:018-005
70-71:02A-003
70-71:02A-004
70-71:020-007
Water chemistry (Cont.)
70-71:020-009
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02F-006
70-71:02F-060
70-71:020-022
70-71:02H-001
70-71:02K-003
70-71:02K-040
70-71:02K-042
70-71:02K0043
70-71:02K-045
70-71:030-005
70-71:030-006
70-71:058-006
70-71:058-008
70-71:058-016
70-71:050-004
Water conservation
70-71:020-004
70-71:020-032
70-71:021-001
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-010
70-71:030-011
70-71:030-012
70-71:03F-005
70-71:03F-045
70-71:03F-047
70-71:03F-054
70-71:03F-057
70-71:03F-065
70-71:03F-069
70-71:03F-070
70-71:04A-025
70-71:04A-038
Water consumption
70-71:03F-009
Water control
70-71:03F-042
70-71:03F-054
70-71:03F-065
70-71:03F-069
70-71:04A-018
Water cooling
70-71:020-001
70-71:058-055
Water costs
70-71:030-004
70-71:06A-001
70-71:06A-004
70-71:060-001
70-71:060-003
70-71:060-002
70-71:060-003
Water demand
70-71:03F-012
70-71:060-002
Water desalting
70-71:020-020
281
-------
Water disposal
70-71:055-034
70-71:050-005
Water distribution
(applied)
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-012
70-71:03F-014
Water flow
70-71:020-057
70-71:020-058
Water law
70-71:030-018
Water level fluctuations
70-71:03F-001
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-027
70-71:020-029
70-71:050-001
Water levels
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-003
70-71:02F-004
70-71:02F-010
70-71:02F-022
70-71:02F-027
70-71:02K-001
70-71:03F-021
70-71:04A-003
70-71:04B-003
70-71:07B-004
Water loss
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71;
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
02D-009
03D-010
02D-014
021-001
03F-028
03F-054
03F-065
03F-069
04A-018
04A-027
08A-001
Water management
70-71:03F-060
70-71:04A-006
Water management (applied)
70-71:020-043
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-012
70-71:050-001
Water pollution
70-71:030-009
70-71:030-010
70-71:030-011
70-71:030-012
70-71:05B-023
Water pollution (Cont.)
70-71:056-024
70-71:05B-030
70-71:05B-034
70-71:056-040
70-71:05B-047
70-71:056-049
70-71:056-057
70-71:050-014
70-71:050-016
70-71:050-020
Water pollution,
affects
70-71:030-017
Water pollution
control
70-71:030-005
70-71:03F-054
70-71:03F-065
70-71:03F-069
70-71:05A-007
70-71:05B-031
70-71:056-033
70-71:050-005
70-71:050-010
70-71:050-011
70-71:066-002
Water pollution
effects
70-71:056-012
70-71:050-006
70-71:050-014
70-71:050-015
70-71:050-022
Water pollution
sources
70-71:02E-014
70-71:02F-039
70-71:020-083
70-71:021-018
70-71:05A-001
70-71:05A-002
70-71:05A-003
70-71:05A-007
70-71:056-002
70-71:056-004
70-71:056-005
70-71:056-006
70-71:056-007
; 70-71:058-008
70-71:056-010
70-71:056-011
70-71:055-014
''70-71:056-018
70-71:05B-019
70-71:055-024
70-71:056-026
70-71:056-029
70-71:055-030
70-71:058-032
70-71:056-040
. " 70-71:058-049
70-71:058-058
70-71:050-005
Water pollution sources
(Cont.)
70-71:050-014
70-71:050-015
Water pollution treat-
ment
70-71:050-009
Water properties
70-71:02F-018
Water purification
70-71:02F-002
70-71:05F-001
> 70-71:05F-002
Water quality -
70-71:018-002
70-71:016-003
70-71:018-005
70-71:02A-004
70-71:020-009
70-71:02E-003
70-71:02F-060
70-71:020-011
70-71:02H-001
70-71:02K-001
70-71:02K-002
70-71:02K-004
70-71:02K-045
70-71:030-003
70-71:030-005
70-71:030-006
70-71:05A-001
70-71:05A-005
70-71:05A-007
70-71:058-002
70-71:058-003
70-71:056-011
70-71:058-014
70-71:055-016
70-71:056-024
70-71:055-029
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-002
70-71:050-003
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-005
70-71:050-015
70-71:050-003
70-71:05F-003
70-71:05F-004
70-71:050-020
70-71:050-022
70-71:065-002
70-71:06E-001
Water quality control
70-71:055-016
70-71:056-034
70-71:055-048
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-015
70-71:05F-004
70-71:050-014
282
-------
Water quality control
(Cont.)
70-71:05G-015
70-71:06B-002
Water quality standards
70-71:05F-003
Water rates
70-71:060001
Water requirement
70-71:020-043
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-012
70-71:03F-036
Water resources
70-71:02A-004
70-71:02K-041
70-71:04A-006
70-71:04A-013
70-71:05B-047
70-71:06E-002
Water resource development
70-71:030-006
70-71:050-001
70-71:050-005
70-71:066-001
Water rights
70-71:06E-002
Water reuse
70-71:03F-054
70-71:03F-065
70-71:03F-069
70-71:050-003
70-71:050-004
70-71:050-005
70-71:06E-001
Water sampling
70-71:02F-035
Watershed
70-71:02E-012
70-71:05B-024
70-71:05B-075
Watershed management
70-71:040-001
70-71:058-024
Water softening
70-71:050-003
Water sources
70-71:02H-001
70-71:030-004
70-71:030-006
70-71:05B-006
Water spreading
70-71:020-079
70-71:050-005
Water storage
70-71:02F-027
70-71:03F-005
70-71:050-004
Water supply
70-71:03F-002
70-71:04A-010
70-71:06A-001
70-71:060-003
70-71:060-003
Water table
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
70-71:
020-002
02F-009
02F-011
02F-013
02F-021
02F-022
02F-027
02F-040
02G-006
02G-009
03F-008
04A-003
040-001
04B-00]
Water temperature
70-71:020-020
70-71:050-016
Water transfer
70-71:06E-001
Water treatment
70-71-.05F-003
Water uptake
70-71:020-018
Water use
70-71:020-018
Water utilization
70-71:020-009
70-71:021-001
70-71:021-002
70-71:02K-045
70-71:030-005
70-71:03F-001
70-71:03F-010
70-71:03F-014
70-71:040-002
70-71:060-002
Water values
70-71:060-002
Water vapor
70-71:020-005
Water wells
70-71:02F-021
70-71:05B-005
70-71:058-006
70-71:058-007
Water yields
70-71:02A-001
70-71:02F-002
70-71:02F-021
70-71:02F-027
70-71:02K-001
70-71:04A-003
70-71:048-002
Weather
70-71:020-040
70-71:03F-016
Weed control
70-71:03F-037
Weeds
70-71:03F-033
Well casings
70-71:050-022
Well regulations
70-71:058-006
Wells
70-71:02F-029
70-71:048-003
Wettability
70-71:02F-018
Wetting
70-71:02F-018
70-71.-02F-026
70-71:02G-005
70-71:020-023
70-71:020-031
Wheat
70-71:020-018
70-71:020-019
70-71:02K-017
70-71:03F-006
70-71:03F-031
70-71:058-026
Wilting
70-71:021-004
Withdrawal
70-71:02F-011
70-71:02F-021
70-71:04B-002
Wyoming
70-71:03F-047
Yield
70-71 -.02E-013
70-71:020-053
70-71:020-054
70-71:021-004
70-71:021-005
70-71:03F-020
70-71:03F-027
70-71:03F-032
70-71:03F-037
283
-------
Zinc
70-71:021-017
70-71:03F-026
284
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The excellent cooperation of the reading room staff at the Engineering Research
Center and the library staff at Colorado State University has been very
important in accomplishing the work reported herein.
The efforts of Mrs. Barbara Mancuso and Mrs. Reva Bennett in preparing the
necessary forms which are forwarded to the Water Resources Scientific Informa-
tion Exchange are sincerely appreciated.
The typing of this final report has been the result of painstaking efforts by
Mrs. Donna Sherbenou. For her extra efforts and attention to details, the
authors are indebted.
The scope of this literature abstracting effort has been delineated jointly by
the senior author and the Project Officer, Dr. James P. Law, Jr., Program
Element Director, Irrigation Return Flow Research Program, Agricultural Wastes
Section, Treatment and Control Research, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma. The efforts of
the Project Officer in meeting with project personnel numerous times to review
the abstracting process have been very helpful and much appreciated.
*US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1973 514-156/361 i-i 285
-------
SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Vo. 2:
w
SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW
QUALITY ABSTRACTS 1970-1971,
atioi:
Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Wynn R. Walker,
Daniel J. Meyer, and Ray S. Bennett.
Agricultural Engineering Department
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
72. Sr nsorir. ">rgar ition
Environmental Protection Agency report number,
EPA-R2-73-271, June 1973.
1. Typf : Repc and
Period C'*' tied
Research related to the quality of irrigation return flow is
being conducted at numerous institutions throughout the western United
States. Related work is also underway at other institutions in the
United States, as well as other portions of the world. Approximately
100 sources of material have been searched for articles pertinent to
the National Irrigation Return Flow Research and Development Program.
These articles describe water quality problems resulting from irrigated
agriculture, potential technological solutions for controlling return
flows, recent research pertinent to return flow investigations, and
literature associated with institutional constraints in irrigation re-
turn flow quality control.
This second annual issue of SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY AB-
STRACTS covers publications printed in 1970 and 1971. This report was
submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number R-800426 under the sponsorship
of the Office of Research and Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency.
j?a D^nptoi-f, Fertilizers, Irrigated land, Irrigated systems, Irrigation
water, Nitrates, Phosphates, Return flow, Salinity, Water pollution ef-
fects, Water pollution sources, Water quality control.
'7b. I.li-ntifiers
KK F:i>!-I £ '>.
05G
- - • :, .- IS. Securitv Class.
'Repo;.)
'0. Se rityC s.
(P^e)
21. No. of
Pages
2. Pi *
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C. 2O24O
Gaylord V. Skogerboe | Colorado State University
------- |