SOLID WASTE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.G. 20402 - Price 60 cents
CONTENTS
Volume 2. Number 7/8
July/August 1971
Agricultural wastes (includes crop residues and animal'manufes)......, 151
Analysis of solid waste — 152
Automobile (abandoned autos, processing, separating, salvaging, reduction, collection of autos. Recycling „ .
of automobile parts will be found under Automobile, not under Recycling) 154
Bulky wastes (includes building-demolition and highway-construction debris)
Collection (includes transfer stations). See a/so Transport 156
Compost/Composting (includes equipment, processes, and marketing) 158
Disposal (multisystems only). See a/so Specific methods 160
Economics (includes costs, fees, taxes, and financing) 162
Hazardous wastes (includes pesticides) 163
Health/Safety 165
Incineration (includes all burning processes and pyrolysis) 166
Industrial wastes (excludes sewage sludge and slurry) 171
Institutional wastes (includes hospitals, schools, universities, research facilities) 173
Law/Regulations (includes ordinances and bills) 174
Litter 175
Management (includes the facility as well as overall concept of the system) 175
Ocean disposal (includes all waterways) 177
Packaging wastes (includes plastic, glass, and metals) 179
Processing/Reduction (excludes composting and incineration) 181
Recycling (includes reclamation, utilization, salvage, recovery and reuse). See a/so Automobile 184
Research 190
Sanitary landfill (includes all land disposal) " 191
Separation 194
Sludge (includes sewage sludge and slurry) 197
Storage (includes receptacles, containers, and sacks) 200
Street cleaning (includes snow removal and sweeping equipment) 202
Training, Education, and Public Relations 202
Transport (includes pipelines, pneumatic systems, rail, truck or barge haul). See a/so Collection 203
The purpose of this bulletin is to keep readers abreast of the solid waste management information being published currently.
The bulletin reports only a portion of the mass of literature rapidly being generated. All-inclusive solid waste management
bibliographies (Public Health Service Publication No. 91 and Supplements A through F) covering the years from 1941 through
1963 are available throughout the Nation in the Public Health Service depository libraries. Publication of the series is being
continued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is planned that in 1972 the series will become current.
The Solid Waste Information Retrieval System holdings cover the period from 1964; it includes both periodical and non-
periodical literature of the world. The brief description given of each accession is not a full abstract, but indicates the contents
of the document being added to SWIRS and gives a complete bibliographic citation. In the case of foreign-language articles,
the original language is indicated.
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AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Barrett, F. Farm effluent-electrical disposal methods. Effluent and
Water Treatment Journal, 11(4):207-209, Apr. 1971. Electro-
lytic flotation can be used in removing the suspended solids
from pig wastes, and after the oxygen demand of the effluent
has been lowered, the waste can be used as a replacement for
horse manure in the mushroom industry.
[13728]
Berry, J. G. Indiana poultrymen are composting poultry manure. Compost
Science, 12(1):4-5, Jan.-Feb. 1971. If laying hens are housed
above dry storage pits so that their droppings fall into and
collect in the pits, the manure can be inexpensively composted
with no odor or flies.
[13847]
Bishop, E. J. B., P. I. Wilke, W. J. Nash, J. A. G. Nell, D. A. MacDonald,
J. P. .Compaan, J. Grobler, and E. R. Kingman. Poultry manure
as a livestock feed. Part I. Farming in South Africa, 46(11):
34-36, Feb. 1971. Both laying-hen manure and chicken litter
can be used as livestock feed, and, although the clean-smelling
litter is more readily accepted by livestock, both wastes con-
tain about 50 percent digestible nutrients and 13 percent crude
protein.
[13773]
Burt, R. J. Sugar beet pulp for the dairy cow. British Sugar Beet Re-
view, 40(2):94-95, Dec. 1971. Since dried molasses beet pulp
has a high digestible fiber content and is palatable due to
its 18 to 22 percent sugar content, it can replace hay, roots,
silage, or cereal as a feed for dairy cattle.
[15913]
Day, D. L., D. D. Jones, J. C. Converse, A. H. Jensen, and E. L. Hansen.
Oxidation ditch treatment of swine wastes. Agricultural Engi-
neering, 52(2):71-73, Feb. 1971. In field tests aimed at de-
veloping design criteria for the ditch treatment of swine
wastes, a Pasveer ditch with an aerating rotor was used to de-
termine the desirable volume of such ditches; the results of
tests are enumerated.
[13730]
Marty, F. Production of methane from animal manure. French Patent 95,316;
filed Oct. 30, 1968; issued Aug. 21, 1970. The manure is in-
troduced into containers covered with removable hydraulic and
hermetic seals, then, as it liquifies it produces the methane
gas, which is collected in gas holders. (Text in French)
[13532]
151
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Rohrer, E. Animal waste processing. French Patent 2,.020,516; filed Aug.
21, 1969; issued July 17, 1970. The solid and liquid compo-
nents of stable wastes are separated via sedimentation, filtra-
tion, flotation, and/or centrifuging effected by precipitating
and/or flocculating agents. (Text in French)
[13424]
Small, W. E. Agriculture: the seeds of a problem. Technology Review,
73(6):48-53, Apr. 1971. Approximately 1.7 billion tons of
poultry and livestock wastes are generated each year, and
these wastes are accumulating to present greater disposal
problems instead of being recycled as in the past.
[13748]
Turner, D. 0. Disposing of animal wastes. Compost Science, 12(2):12-13,
Mar.-Apr. 1971. The production of silage corn fertilized with
cow manure was one-third greater than that of corn fertilized
with a similar amount of commerical nitrogen; the manure-
fertilized corn also matured 2 weeks earlier than did the
. chemically-fertilized corn.
[13729]
Van't Wout, P. J.j and R. Kent. Cattle fattened on poultry litter.
Agriculture, 122(1):33, Jan. 1971. At a feed cost of $10 per
head, beef cattle were fattened for the market on a daily ra-
tion of 14 Ib of chicken litter, along with some additional
hay and vitamins.
[13686]
ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Braun, D. Thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride. Pure and Applied
Chemistry, 26(2):173-192, 1971. The following aspects of the
thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are discussed:
the sites for the initiation of degradation; the mechanism of
dehydrochlorination, the discoloration of PVC by heat, and the
influence of plasticizers on the rate of degradation.
[13798]
Franklin, W. E., and A. Darnay. The role of nonpackaging paper in solid
waste management, 1966 to 1976. Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 2040. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971. 76 p. This study attempted to determine what portion
of the nonpackaging grades of paper and paperboard appeared
in the solid waste stream in 1966, and what portion will ap-
pear in 1976.
[15595]
152
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Franklin, W. E., and A. Dcamay. Part 3. The impact of nonpaakaging paper
in solid waste. _In The role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste
management. Public Health Service Publication No. 2040. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.51-65. In 1966,
87.8 percent of the nonpackaging paper products and 16.3 percent
of the paperboard products produced in the United States during
that year were discarded as solid waste; it is estimated that,
in 1976, 89.6 percent of the paper products and 17.4 percent of
the paperboard products produced in that year will enter the
solid waste stream.
[15597]
Friedman, R. Aerothermodynamics and modeling techniques for prediction of
plastic burning rates. Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:240-
256, July 1971. The burning intensities of plastics in air de-
pend on: the intrinsic properties of the plastic, such as density,
thermal conductivity, and mass-transfer driving force; the intrin-
sic properties of the air; and certain geometric factors.
[13883]
Jaeger, B. A method for rough determination of domestic refuse quantities.
Muell und Abfall, 3(1):19-20, Jan. 1971. A rough determination
of the refuse quantity accumulating in a community or region can
be obtained by using the general relationship 'G equals m times
V,1 where 'G1 is the refuse quantity in tons per year, 'V' is
the sum total of available container volume in cu m per year,
and 'm1 is the tonnage of domestic refuse collected per cu m of
available container volume.
[13726]
Molina, J. F., Jr., and M. L. Smith. How much refuse in your city? Amer-
ican City, 86(3):64-66, Mar. 1971. The types of refuse col-
lected in a particular city depend upon certain characteristics
of the city itself, such as population and-degree of industrial-
ization.
. [13902]
Myers, G. C. What's in the wastepaper fiber collected from municipal
trash. Paper Trade Journal, 155(35):32-35, Aug. 30, 1971.
The quantity of paper in Madison, Wisconsin's refuse averaged
47 percent, with 41 percent of that paper being ground wood
and 59 percent being chemical pulp.
[13863]
San Francisco trash analysis indicates, that most items are not recyclable.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(4);16, 24,
Apr. 1971. Of 3 tons of refuse collected from three different
locations in San Francisco, between 29.15 and 32.2 percent was
recyclable.
[15831]
153
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Sake?, J. A. Solid wastes characterization techniques. Chemical Engineer-
ing Progress, 67(3):81-84, Mar. 1971. To facilitate the treat-
ment and recycling or disposal of solid wastes, a classification
system using 14 designations, such as waste type, waste form,
density, moisture content, viscosity, potential hazard to .health,
and chemical content, was developed.
[13865]
Wooley, W. D. Decomposition products of PVC for studies of fires.
British Polymer Journal, 3(4);186-193, July 1971. Approximately
75 organic materials, consisting primarily of aromatic and ali-
phatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen chloride are
formed during the thermal decomposition of polyvinyl chloride.
[13849]
AUTOMOBILE
Abandoned automobiles the problem. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Re-
moval Journal, 14(4):18, 40, 50,,Apr. 1971. Although up to
2,500 Ib of steel, 500 Ib of cast iron, 32 Ib of copper, 54
Ib of zinc, 51 Ib of aluminum, and 20 Ib of lead can be re-
covered from an automobile hulk, scrap processors are hindered
in processing these vehicles by local zoning restrictions, bans
on open burning, and high collection and transportation costs.
[13740]
Dean, K. C. Bumines report on two research projects for recycling junked
autos more effectively. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2):110-111,
113-115, Feb. 1971. Using an air classifier, it is possible
to recover up to 96 percent, or $55 worth, of the nonmagmetic
non-ferrous metallic components of shredded automobile scrap.
[10592]
Hurst, S. S. Derelict care—recent trends. Public Cleansing, 61(5):215-
216, May 1971. Old cars are generally either shredded or pro-
cessed with hydraulic shears; both processes require the use
of efficient dust extractor plants to recover the approximately
7 percent of the metal weight which is lost in processing.
[13774]
Jagt, G.'V. A serious environmental problem—the abandoned vehicle.
Traffic Digest and Review, 19(2):2-4, Feb. 1971. New laws
which are being considered to help alleviate the financial
difficulties associated with junked car wrecking and process-
ing include: the easing of title restrictions to facilitate
the sale of a car by the owner to the wrecker; the establish-
ment of a system of bounties and fines for car abandonment;
and the establishment of tax incentives for processors.
[13970]
154
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'Mobile Auto Crushers' squeeze big profits out of scrap autos. Secondary
Raw Materials, 9(2):192, Feb. 1971. Mobile Auto Crushers, de-
signed by the Auto Scrap Processing Equipment Company of Dallas,
Texas, is used to efficiently and economically process and pack
discarded automobiles.
[12709]
Pettibone's role in environmental control. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(1):
54, Jan. 1971. The Carey-Lift Loader, designed by the Pettibone
Corporation of Chicago, is equipped to stack and carry several
automobiles at one time, and to completely dismantle up to 20
cars in 90 minutes.
[13254]
Profit from derelict car reclamation—U.S. report. Part 1. Materials
Reclamation Weekly, 118(7);25-29, Feb. 13, 1971. Hand dis-
mantling of derelict cars yields potential cast iron scrap,
No. 2 heavy melting steel scrap, and No. 2 scrap bundles;
shredding of car bodies yields metals with a high copper con-
tent, which is suitable only for production of angle-iron.
[13669]
Schott, C. C. Method and apparatus for continuously melting scrap vehicles.
Canadian Patent 856,701; filed Sept. 23, 1967; issued Nov. 24,
1970. The vehicle bodies are compressed and vertically stacked
in the furnace, after which they are continuously melted, with
the melted metal being drawn off for further treatment or re-
molding.
[13530]
Sweden's first car shredder inaugurated. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(7):
108, 110, July 1971. Sweden's new Lindemann-Newell automobile
shredder will, with the use of a rotor equipped with 12 hammers,
shred and process all of Sweden's junked cars.
[13866]
United Auto Disposal Co. dedicates new plant. Secondary Raw Materials,
9(2):224-225, Feb. 1971. The United Auto Disposal Company's
new plant in Kernersville, North Carolina, is equipped with a
3,000-hp hammermill device, suction equipment, magnetic sepa-
rator drums, and a 70-ft-long scale; it will be able to shred
every car disposed of in the area.
[13781]
155
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COLLECTION
Appel, G. J. Plastic trash carts to the rescue. American City, 86(7):
77-78, July 1971. After a 6.0-day trial period, the use of
plastic trash collection carts, which are designed to be hy-
draulically, rather than manually, dumped into trucks, received
a 90 percent vote of approval from the residents of Bella Villa,
Missouri.
[13786]
Beaumont, P. Cringle Dock—a new refuse transfer station for the GLC.
Surveyor, 137(4,105) -.27-28, Feb. 12, 1971. Great Britain's
new Cringle Dock transfer station and barge dock will pulver-
ize 800 tons of untreated refuse per day and load it onto
four barges which will haul it away.
[13717]
Illinois refuse group proves that competition need not be either chaotic
or disorderly. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal,
14(2):22-23, 26, 32, Feb. 1971. In 1962, Springfield, Illinois,
turned its refuse collection problem over to the Springfield
Trash and Rubbish Association, a voluntary, self-policing or-
ganization of refuse haulers who have divided the city into 12
residential collection districts, each served by two contractors
operating two trucks apiece; the city licenses haulers and fixes
pickup rates.
[13723]
Industrial vacuum cleaner. Wasser, Luft und Betrieb, 15(2):77, Jan. 1971.
The new vacuum cleaner operates with high and low pressure air
currents, which cause the heavy wastes to settle on the bottom
of the container while the dust is absorbed by a filter system.
(Text in German)
[13757]
Lawson, M., and J. Seibold. Changeover to curbside plastic bag system
speeds up collections. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, 14(7):20, 52, 54, July 1971. The Arlington and Grand
Prairie Disposal Companies' (Texas) recent adoption of the
curbside plastic bag collection system has permitted: a reduc-
tion in the labor force from 95 to 52 routemen, a reduction in
the fleet size from 26 to 16 trucks, and an increase in the
number of dwellings served per day from between 450 and 475 to
between 1,100 and 1,200.
[•15768.1
156
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Marks, D. H.} and J. C. Liebman. Location models: solid waste collection
example. Journal of the Urban Planning and Development Division,
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 74(1):15-
30, Apr. 1971. Using a mathematical optimization model and a
computer, the following questions were studied in relation to
solid waste management in Baltimore: the cost of increasing trash
collection from two to three times per week; the feasibility, lo-
cations, and capacities of possible transfer stations; and the
conditions under which and price at which rail haul would become
feasible.
[15852]
New York City finds contractor collection cheaper than its own. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):8, 89, May
1971. Following a recent study, the deputy mayor's office has
suggested that a shift to private refuse collection would re-
sult in greater efficiency and monetary savings for the city,
since private contractors can haul refuse away at one-third of
what it costs the city and still show a profit.
[13720]
Saito, T. (Fuji Heavy Industries). Loading device for garbage truck..
Japanese Patent 45-31,013; filed Oct. 8, 1966; issued Oct. 7,
1970. The two panels of the completely automatized conveyor/
ram panel loader are alternately energized by a hydraulic con-
trol system. (Text in Japanese)
[13480]
Stragier, M. G. Bridging the gap; mechanized residential refuse collec-
tion. Waste Age, 2(5):28-37, Sept.-Oct. 1971. A study con-
ducted by the city of Scottsdale, Arizona showed that, of sev-
eral different mechanized trash collection systems tested, costs
were lowest for a system involving twice-weekly collection by
the Barrel Snatcher and using one 300-gal container for every
four families.
[15851]
Sunamoto, T., and K. Hasshiki. (Shinmeiwa Kogyo K.K.). Garbage truck
with continuous loading device. Japanese Patent 45-7,802;
filed Mar. 19, 1965; issued Mar. 19, 1970. A loading device
which is designed to operate continuously and automatically
can be used with an ordinary hydraulically-operated hoist
cylinder dump mechanism. (Text in Japanese)
[13427]
157
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Warner, A. J., C. E. Parker, and B. Baum. Collection and sorting. _In
Solid waste management of plastics. Washington, Manufacturing
Chemist's Association, Inc., 1971. p.A58-A69. The following
variables are discussed; collection truck costs, collection
costs, transportation costs, equipment maintenance costs, pneu-
matic tube collection, comminution, personnel training, sepa-
ration, recycling, and markets for reclaimed materials.
[15737]
Warren, W. P. Contractor takes over collections in Barberton. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2):10-11, 28,
42, 52, 54, Feb. 1971. Barberton, Ohio turned its refuse
collection responsibilities over to a private collector after
an intensive study indicated that the change would: eliminate
Sanitation Department labor wages; eliminate costly maintenance,
repairs, and replacement of trucks; and eliminate the city in-
cinerator and the need to modernize it to meet State standards.
[13716]
COMPOST/COMPOSTING
Adams, R. Composting tree bark with sewage. Compost Science, 12(3):
30-32, May-June 1971. Gregory MacDonald of New Hampshire is
producing a fine, dark, rich pathogen-free compost called Bambe
from sewage and ground birch, ash, maple, beech, and elm bark.
[13871]
Bruch, H.-E. Preparation of fertilizer from excrement and manure suitable
for bagging. French Patent 1,592,755; filed Nov. 21, 1968; is-
sued June 26, 1970. Mixtures of defatted excrement and manure
are granulated, sifted, fermented, pulped, water-washed, dried,
and pulverized to produce a dispersable fertilizer. (Text in
French)
[13416]
(Deutsche Gold-und-Silver Scheideanstalt). Composts prepared from in-
dustrial wastes. French Patent 2,023,318; filed Oct. 15,
1969; issued Aug. 21, 1970. Coffee bean residues from the
production of soluble coffee powder are mixed with various
minerals, oils, polymer wastes, and soot and/or charcoal, and
are then subjected to aerobic and anaerobic fermentation.
(Text in French)
[13425]
158
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Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Recovery and utilization.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.56-58. The Metropolitan Waste
Conversion Corporation (METRO) has developed a composting pro-
cess which involves sorting and salvaging, two stages of size
reduction, the addition of sewage sludge, digestion, and'final
product preparation.
[13986]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Recovery and utilization.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste, public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.58-59. The International Dis-
posal Corporation's Naturizer system features a unique diges-
tion process which involves the addition of water to pretreated
refuse, followed by stacking and storage of the refuse on one
of five continuous conveyors in the digestor; about once a
day, the conveyors carry the material past a fan to aerate it.
[13987]
Drobny, N. L. , E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Recovery and utilization.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p. 58, 60-71. With the Fairfield-
Hardy compost system, refuse is hand-sorted, separated by a
magnetic separator, passed through a wet-pulping apparatus,
dewatered, digested, and agitated by augers, dried, and stored,
bagged, or pelletized.
[13988]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Recovery and utilization.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.61-62. With the John R. Snell
Process, refuse is sorted by various methods and ground, after
which it is fortified with sewage sludge and passed into a
large, rectangular digestor where it is aerated by means of
augers.
[13989]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Recovery and utilization.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.62-63. The U.S;P.H.S. and the
T.V.A. jointly operate a composting plant in which refuse is
sorted, ground in a Dorr-Oliver rasp, and piled in windrows
where it is mechanically turned by augers once or twice a week.
[13990]
159
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Hirano, K. 3 G. Aramaki, and T. Sejima. (Kyowa.Hakko Co.). Method of
manufacturing organic chemical fertilizer. Japanese Patent
44-16,332; filed Jan. 11, 1965; issued July 19, 1969. The
waste fermentation fluid is condensed •.to a solids content of
40 or 50 percent, one or more mineral acids are added, an
alkali fertilizer and phosphoric acid fertilizer or phosphor-
ous ore are added, and the mixture is neutralized with am-
monia, condensed, and dried to form an organic chemical fer-
tilizer. (Text in Japanese)
[13634]
Nordgard, S. Apparatus for composting waste, kitchen waste in par-
ticular. Swiss Patent 498,787; filed Apr. 21, 1969; is-
sued Dec. 31, 1970. The apparatus consists of an insulated
container with cylindrical walls, a removable floor, a
number of horizontally inclined tiers, a water pump, an
air inlet, and a mechanism for handling waste water.
(Text in German)
[13509]
DISPOSAL
Ells, P. H. Massive waste load eliminated by drug house. Water and
Wastes Engineering, 8(1):A26-A28, Jan. 1971. At the Clinton
Laboratories of Eli Lilly and Co., 98 percent of all wastes
generated are disposed of in-house via oil dehydration (if
volatile chemicals are not present), incineration (for or-
ganic wastes), and reprocessing for reuse.
[13689]
Hobler, J. Solid waste management - industry's gob? Safety Management,
142(2):29-31, 35, Aug. 1971. Pyrolysis and the recycling of
non-ferrous metals and cullet were among those methods of man-
aging solid wastes which were discussed at the American Medical
Association's Congress on Environmental Health.
[13897]
Mr. Barton's report on pollution in Sydney. Public Cleansing, 61(2):
89-93, Feb. 1971. More stringent pollution control regula-
tions have been proposed to control the disposal of the 470,000
tons of wastes which Sydney, Australia generates each year;
these wastes are currently being discharged into public sewers,
pretreated and discharged into navigable waters, reclaimed,
incinerated, or dumped on open lots.
[13745]
160
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Shin, K. C. 19th Refuse Technological Colloquium at the University
Stuttgart. Muell und Abfall, 3(l);27-28. Jan. 1971. The
use of incineration and sanitary landfill as means of refuse
disposal for medium and small towns was discussed, as was
the process whereby domestic refuse and sewage sludge are
composed together to produce a fertilizer for rapeseed, corn,
and sunflowers. (Text in German)
[13747]
Warner, A. J., C. H. Parker, and B. Baum. Other methods. _In Solid
waste management of plastics. Washington, Manufacturing
•"" Chemists' Association, Inc., 1971. p.A207-A216. The fol-
lowing solid waste disposal methods, which have not yet
reached the status of commerical operations suitable for
municipal use, are discussed: the hydropulping separation
process of the Black-Clawson Company; the IITRI incineration
process; the Etzel process, which combines sewage treatment
with solid waste disposal; the pipeline transport of wastes
to a disposal area beyond the continental shelf; the combined
pyrolysis, separation, and digestion process developed by Her-
cules, Inc.; the Fusion Torch method; and Union Carbide's
proposed recovery system for processing liquid and gaseous
halogenated wastes.
[15746]
West Berlin sees incineration as its best way out. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):66, May 1971. West Berlin
has built a new incinerator which will handle half of the refuse
generated by its 2 million inhabitants; however, since sanitary
landfills will always be needed, city officials are keeping
abreast of the latest landfill practices.
[13772]
Whiston, D. Answers to refuse handling. Buildings, 65(3):56-59, Mar. 1971.
As part of a waste disposal system, the following types of com-
pactor equipment are evaluated in detail: incinerators, which
require costly secondary fuel and precise controls; compactors;
and pulverizers, which are expensive, but possibly more efficient
than compactors.
[15922]
loshida, Y. Garbage disposal method. Japanese Patent 44-23,303; filed
July 9, 1966; issued Oct. 3, 1969. When the refuse is placed
in water, the inflammables float, after which they are pressed,
dehydrated, shaped into blocks, and subjected to vacuum filtra-
tion; the nonflammables, which are removed from the water tank
by belt conveyor, are processed for reutilization. (Text in
Japanese)
[13625]
161
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ECONOMICS
Ashcroft, J. Control of 'goods-inward' material. Materials Reclamation
Weekly, 118(11):34-35, Mar. 13, 1971. A salvaging company can
keep better control over the material which has been received
but not yet processed if a daily record is kept to compare the
leftover stock at the start of the day, the materials received,
the total goods, the total materials processed, and the stock
remaining at the end of the day.
[15931]
Ashcroft, J. Using a marginal costing graph. Materials Reclamation
Weekly, 118(22):22-23, May 29, 1971. Marginal costing graphs
have some practical applications as means of comparing buying
prices to selling prices while leaving a fair net profit and
distributing overhead costs between the different products.
[15770]
Ashcroft, J. Weight in—and weight out. Materials Reclamation Weekly,
118(6):24-25, Feb. 6, 1971. The use of the 'costing' process
in reclamation processing will strengthen management controls
over production volume in that it will show what amount of
completed material and sales should result from specific pur-
chases of raw material. [13659]
Clark, T. D. Economic realities of reclaiming natural resources in solid
waste. Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971.
12 p. An examination of what is currently being done to recycle
significant items of municipal solid waste is followed by a dis-
cussion of the economic barriers operating against successful
recycling.
[15599]
Clark, T. D. Economic barriers to recycling and suggestions for federal
action. In Economic realities of reclaiming natural resources
in solid waste. Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1971. p.8-12. The economic barriers to recycling in-
clude high collection costs, lack of markets for the reclaimed
materials, and high costs and difficulty encountered in sepa-
rating reclaimable materials from domestic refuse; corrective
Federal action can be taken to lower the first two of these
barriers.
[15602]
162
-------
Greenspan, S. G. Accelerated depreciation offers greater savings. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2):20, 28, Feb.
1971. Equipment purchase and the use of pollution control de-
vices are two areas involving capital expenditure in which one
can recover one's investment through the depreciation allowance
provided each year by the Treasury Department.
[13780]
Haviland, J. M. Cutting cost of compliance. Products Finishing, 35(5):
46-54, Feb. 1971. The costs of electroplating waste treatment
can be cut by: improving housekeeping efficiency to conserve
chemicals; lowering water consumption rates; and reclaiming
wastes, in some cases at a profit.
[13692]
Srinivasan, D. Problems in the ferrous scrap trade in India. Secondary
Raw Materials, 9(2):82-85, 87-88, Feb. 1971. In an attempt to
prevent an imminent shortage of all grades of melting scrap,
the Indian Steel Ministry has taken measures to eliminate
hoarding and counter the tendency to export scrap to countries
paying higher-than-domestic prices; price control is also imme-
diately warranted.
[13834]
Zausner, E. R. An accounting system for transfer station operations.
Public Health Service Publication No. 2034. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. 20 p. The proposed system,
which provides a guide for the collection of cost accounting
information for transfer station operations, covers the type
and quantity of information to be gathered, its classification,
and the method for collecting it.
[15603]
HAZARDOUS WASTES
Allan, G. G., C. S. Chopra, A. Neogi, and P. M. Wilkins. Concept of
chemical combination of pesticides with solid waste macro-
molecules. International Pest Control, 13(1):10-14, Jan.-
Feb. 1971. Since most solid wastes are polymeric, biode-
gradable, and reactive, they could be bound to waste pesti-
cides in such a way that the pesticides would be released
slowly, and thereby rendered less toxic and «ore easily handled.
[13937]
Caron, C., and C. Gailledreau. (Commissariat a I'Enevgie Atcmiau&).
Technique for. dispersal of liquid or slurry radioactive waste
in the ground. German Patent 1,539,749; filed Mar. 14, 1966;
issued Oct. 1, 1970. The waste products are mixed with an
aluminous cement mixture, which has a low free lime content
and to which has been added an aldehyde and a phenol, and the
mixture is injected into the ground. (Text in German)
[13524]
163
-------
Dealing with potentially lethal discards. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal. 14(5):68, 104, 124, ;126, May 1971. In a report
entitled 'Disposal of Toxic Solid Wastes,' which was recently
released by the British government, the generation, treatment,
and disposal of 50 toxic wastes, such as chemical slurries, cyanide,
fluorides, and leaded gasoline sludges, is discussed; incineration,
burial in mine shafts, and dumping at sea are considered the best
methods of disposal for such wastes.
[13764]
Lefillatre, G., J. Rodier, and J. Scheidhauer (Commissariat a I'Energie
Atomique). Innocuous radioactive waste blocks. German Patent
1,464,476; filed Nov. 28, 1962; issued Oct. 29, 1970. The waste is
combined with water in a slurry, the slurry is mixed with liquid
bitumen at 95 C in the presence of a surfactant, the water is
largely removed, and the resulting paste is kneaded and cast into
blocks. (Text in German)
[13528]
Seppovaara, 0., and P. Eynninen. On the toxicity of sulphate condensates.
Chemical 26, 7(4);41-44, Apr. 1971. Untreated sulfate pulp mill
effluents are fatal to both trout and perch; when the effluent
is treated via steaming or aeration, however, fish fatalities are
eliminated, and other symptoms of poisoning are reduced.
[15837]
Stall, W. (Alkem, Alpha-Chemie ttnd Metallurgie G.m.b.H.). Reduction of
volume of radioactive waste by burning. German Patent 1,539,663;
filed Oct. 26, 1966; issued Oct. 1, 1970. The waste is mixed
into a heated fused-salt bath containing alkali metal carbonates
and/or nitrates, and air or oxygen is bubbled through the bath.
(Text in German)
[13522]
Stone, E. H. F. Disposal of solid intractable waste. Chemistry and In-
dustry, 16:421-424, Apr. 17, 1971. Toxic wastes must usually
be pretreated to reduce their volume and/or toxicity, after
which they are incinerated, landfilled, or dumped in mine shafts,
boreholes, or at sea; dumping in mine shafts or at sea is the
most preferable method of final disposal.
[15839]
Tinker, J. The PCB story: seagulls aren't funny anymore. New Scientist,
50(745):16-18, Apr. 1971. Monsanto Chemicals, Ltd. has volun-•
tarily curtailed the sale of its toxic polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's), which have been shown to cause changes in the hormonal
and calcium balances of living, and primarily aquatic and marine,
organisms.
[15838]
164
-------
HEALTH/SAFETY
Calkinsj M. D. A municipal safety program that works. American City,
86(8):67-68, Aug. 1971. The Refuse Division of Kansas City,
Missouri instituted an incentive safety program which resulted
in: a 48.7-percent reduction in vehicular accidents, a 66-per-
cent reduction in lost man-hr costs, a 23.5-percent reduction
in vehicle accident repair costs, and a 41-percent reduction
in bodily injuries.
[16001]
Mafrici, D. The role of the local Health Department in solid waste man-
agement. American Journal of Public Health, 61(10):2,010-
2,014, Oct. 1971. Although it is not directly involved in the
operational phase of solid waste disposal, the Nassau County
Health Department works with various municipalities as a con-
sultant, public educator, professional trainer, and source of
new information regarding solid waste management practices.
[15813]
A medical guide to driver selection. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Re-
moval Journal, 14(10):52, 60, Oct. 1971. The Industrial Medi-
cal Association has issued guidelines for selecting those truck
drivers who are least likely to become involved in accidents;
those physical and emotional conditions and personal habits
which might cause accidents are described.
[15699]
M. P.3 and D. W. Grant. Bioconcentration and biotransfer of
aflatoxin. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 6(6):552-558, Nov.-Dec. 1971. It was concluded
that serious environmental health problems 'could develop
from the biotransfer and bioconcentration, via ovipositing
flies, of aflatoxins originating in stockpiled livestock
manure.
[15700]
Peterson, M. L. Pathogens associated with solid waste processing.
Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971.
24 p. Batch-fed and continuously-fed rotary kiln incin-
erators in eight major U.S. cities were found to contain
several strains of pathogenic microorganisms in their
residues, quench water, stack effluents, and dust from
their waste storage areas, charging floors, and residue
areas.
[15701]
165
-------
M. A. Farm labor sanitation in Connecticut. Connecticut Health
Bulletin. 85(7);211-216, July 1971. The State Department of
Health cooperates with local health directors in conducting in-
spections of boarding houses and field operations for migrant
farm labor, and state public health code regulations 19-12-B53
through 19-13-B63 provide minimum standards for operating such
facilities.
[13875]
Schepilov, N. S.f V. N. Kislenko, and G. F. Lvova. On the survival of
Myco. tuberculosis in a thick permanent litter of tuberculosis
affected birds.Problemy Tuberkuleza, 49(8);78-81, 1971. The
morphological, cultural, and pathogenic properties of Mycobac-
teriwn tuberculosis were observed for 6 years, and it was noted
that they remained viable and pathogenic within the poultry lit-
ter for at least that length of time. (Text in Russian)
[15822]
C.-C., W. D. Kundin, and J. W. Fresh. The zoonotic importance of
urban rats as a potential reservoir for human leptospirosis.
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 79(1):1-4, Jan.
28, 1971. It was concluded that poor solid waste disposal
practices contribute to the high incidence (26.7 percent) of
leptospirae infection in rats found in the urban areas of
Taipei City; the human environment can be contaminated with
pathogenic leptospirae through the urine of the carrier hosts.
[15656]
INCINERATION
Backus, E. S. Incinerator designed to anticipate problems. Public Works,
102(4):79-81, Apr. 1971. New Canaan, Connecticut's new $1.6
million incineration plant is located near a sanitary landfill
in which its residue is discharged, has a waste water treatment
plant which provides chlorinated process water, and will handle
125 tons of refuse per 24-hr day without contributing to environ-
mental pollution.
[13752]
Blankenship, E. B.s and H. A. Bowers (Research Products Manufacturing
Company). Incinerator toilet. U.S. Patent 3,020,559; filed
Jan. 5, 1959; issued Feb. 13, 1962. An electrically actuated
incinerator is positioned at the base of a vertical hollow body,
where it is insulated and spaced from the inner wall of the
casement of the waterless toilet.
[14013]
166
-------
Cardinal, P. J., Jr. Advances in multi-hearth incineration. Process
Biochemistry, 6(1):27-31, Jan. 1971. The multiple-hearth
furnace, which is the preferred unit for the final destruc-
tion of sewage sludge, is a'cylindrical, refractory-lined,
steel shell containing arvertically-arranged series of hori-
zontal refractory hearths.^
[13792]
(Combustion Powder Company, Inc.). Pressure combustion of solid rubbish.
French Patent 2,016,684; filed Aug. 29, 1969; issued May 8,
1970. Refuse is shredded, dried, and burned at a high tem-
perature and pressure, and particles which could damage the
turbine or pollute the air are removed. (Text in French)
[13422]
Custom-designed furnace for burning precious metal scrap scrubs smoke
clean. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2);196, Feb. 1971. Anew
nonpolluting furnace designed by the Precious Metal Recovery
Division of the Sel-Rex Corporation can handle 600 Ib of ma-
terial per hr, and operates at temperatures which make feasi-
ble the recovery of precious metals such as gold from low-
yield scrap.
[13794]
Eayashi, T. (Hokkai Tekkosho). Globe-shaped incinerator. Japanese
Patent 44-9,156; filed Dec. 29, 1965; issued Apr. 26, 1969.
A compact, globe-shaped incinerator can be used for functions
such as efficiently burning classified documents in offices,
and its shape minimizes heat loss while rendering the appa-
ratus easily portable. (Text in Japanese)
[13618]
Inauguration of the refuse incinerator for the region, Baden-Brugg.
Wasser und Energiewirtschaft, 63(1):40-41, Jan. 1971. The
SGM plant, which operates according to the multibactor 'pro-
cedure, requires an operating crew of only five persons, con-
trols smoke and odor emissions, and each day reduces 133 tons
of refuse to 13.3 tons of sterile residue. (Text in German)
[13789]
Incinerator made of stainless steel. Sanitaer und Heizungstechnik, No. 1:
32, Jan. 1971. The problem of corrosion is avoided in a new
type of incinerator which is constructed of stainless steel.
(Text in German)
[13788]
167
-------
Ishigaki, E. (Ishigaki Kiko K.K.). Method of incinerating particulates
containing water utilizing fluid layer and its device. Japan-
ese Patent 44-9,155; filed Dec. 27, 1965; issued Apr. 26, 1969.
Material such as dehydrated sludge, which still contains some
water, can be dried and burned in a fluid layer of nonflanH
mable particulate matter. (Text in Japanese)
[13603]
Kazama, H. (Tamagawa Kikai Kinzoku Co.). Device to take out ash from
garbage incinerator. Japanese Patent 44-9,158; filed Jan. 25,
1966; issued Apr. 26, 1969. Incinerator ash can be cleanly
and completely removed via a device consisting of an opening
at the bottom of the incinerator, a dump bucket, a control
rod, and a pipe through which water is sprayed to extinguish
any burning ashes. (Text in Japanese)
[13601]
Kojima, M. Incinerator for chaffs. Japanese Patent 45-6,116; filed
July 5, 1967; issued Mar. 2, 1970. An incinerator which is
designed to burn large quantities of rice chaff includes a
bladed stirrer and a main unit shaped like a slightly tapered
and upwardly-inclined tubular column. (Text in Japanese)
[13478]
Let residue disposal pay for itself. Power, 115(2):60-61, Feb. 1971.
Cellulosic wastes, such as coffee grounds, can be converted
into a useful fuel if they are properly pretreated and in-
cinerated in the right type of furnace under the appropriate
Conditions.
[13793]
Mizobuchi, I., and T. Icmaga: (Hirakawa Iron Works). Furnace suitable
for the rejuvenation of waste charcoal and sludge combustion.
Japanese Patent 44-18,154; filed May 27, 1966; issued Aug. 8,
1969. A special type of incinerator can be used for the ef-
fective dewatering of sludges, the heating and roasting of
used activated charcoal, and the treatment of industrial waste
water. (Text in Japanese)
[13609]
New refuse incinerator at Eeide. Energie und Technik, 23(1):19-21, Jan.
1971. In the new Heide incinerator, waste water sludges which
are contaminated with petrol residues are dewatered, dried, and
incinerated at a temperature of 800 C. (Text in German)
[13790]
168
-------
Ogawa, M.3 and T. Hosokawa (Matsushita Deriki Sangyo K.K.). Incinerator.
Japanese Patent 45-3,755; filed Dec. 10, 1965; issued Feb. 7,
1970. The smoke collects in a smoke-retainer room, which is
located between the inner and outer lids of the refuse-charging
port, and is drawn from there, without leakage, into a secondary
combustion chamber. (Text in Japanese)
[13484]
Pyrolysis—a new method of refuse reclamation.
Weekly, 118(3):20-21, Jan. 16, 1971.
Materials Reclamation
Refuse pyrolysis takes
place in an electric furnace heated by nickel-chromium resis-
tors, and yields a flaky char, water, benzene and toluene oils,
and gases such as carbon monoxide, ethylene, and methane.
[13674]
Paschj P. VGB (Association of Large Boiler Owners) Meeting on 'Inciner-
ation. ' Muell und Abfall, 3(1);28-29. Jan. 1971. Grate-equipped
refuse incinerators have proved fully capable of handling nearly
all types of modern municipal refuse, although temperatures of
800 C must be maintained to avoid the development of strong odors.
(Text in German)
[13787]o
Sasaki, Yoichiro, Nakaminato, and Ibaragi. Grooved incinerator with ro-
tatable members and radiant heat provision in combustion cham-
ber. German Patent 1,526,101; filed May 15, 1965; issued June
11, 1970. The incinerator features rotatable members which
shift the refuse into the combustion chamber and allow it to
be mixed; provision is also made for the drying of moist refuse
and the elimination of smoke from the flue gases. (Text in
German)
[13408]
Shigaki, M. (Taguma Kikan Seizo K.K.). Sludge incinerator. Japanese
Patent 45-7,154; filed Jan. 9, 1967; issued Mar. 11, 1970.
A new device, comprising a pair of fluidized layer system
furnaces, allows large quantities of caked wet sludge to be
dried, crushed, and incinerated continuously, without the
release of bad odors. (Text in Japanese)
[13476]
Sirmnic, B. (Mella and Menzi). Procedure and installation of an incin-
erator for burning an admixture of waste dust and fuel-oil
or -gas. Swiss Patent 494,368; filed Jan. 13, 1970; issued
Sept. 15, 1970. This incinerator comprises a heat-refractory
lined, double-walled, sheet-metal cylindrical combustion cham-
ber, a dust-supply jet and flow-regulator device, secondary
air inlets, and an oil- or gas-burner nozzle. (Text in German)
[13502]
169
-------
Sugimoto, N. (Locomotive Manufacturing Co.). Vibratory incinerator.
Japanese Patent 44-23,304; filed July 12, 1966;. issued Oct.
3, 1969. Refuse is burned on a horizontal vibrating bed,
whose motion helps to expose combustibles directly to the
air while separating the ashes and allowing them to fall
through a screen into a vertical duct. (Text in Japanese)
[13599]
Swaty, F. Waste heats Vienna. District Heating 56(4);12-16, Spring
1971. Vienna's Spittelau incineration plant can burn up to
720 metric tons of waste per day to supply the city's homes,
hospitals, schools, kindergartens, and government buildings
with heat and electricity.
[13796]
Takaura, K. (Kansai Denki Co.). Incinerator. Japanese Patent 44-16,431;
filed May 6, 1966; issued July 21, 1969. An incinerator for
the combustion of livestock manure converts the water content
of the waste to steam, and reduces the combustible matter to
a small amount of ash. (Text in Japanese) .
[13623]
Two-stage incineration system for waste disposal. Industrial Heating,
38(2):232, 234, Feb. 1971. The unit reduces solid waste to
chip size, after which the chips undergo primary burning in
a ventilated rotary kiln, and final burning in a secondary
combustion chamber.
[13882]
YamamotOy T.3 and N. Suzuki (Kawasaki Heavy Industries). Garbage incin-
erator with jet device. Japanese Patent 44-29,792; filed Apr.
14, 1966; issued Dec. 3, 1969. When the temperature reading
picked up by a sensor is below 700 C, a carefully controlled
quantity of liquid fuel is injected to effect auxiliary burn-
ing, and when the temperature is above 1,100 C, water is in-
jected into the chamber to lower its temperature. (Text in
Japanese)
[13598]
170
-------
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Berg, G.- A. s E. A. Danilova, and G. G. Dubinina. Molybdenum and vanadium
recovery from spent catalyst. Russian Patent 263,569; filed
Jan. 6, 1969; issued June 4, 1970. The spent catalyst is treated
with hydrogen sulfide for 2 to 4 hr at a temperature of 300 to
500 C and a pressure of up to 50 atm, after which it is treated
with chlorine under the same conditions; cobalt and nickel can
also be recoverd with this process. (Text in Russian)
[13631]
Bolker, H. I. Out Of the woods. Technology Review, 73(6):22-29, Apr.
1971. The pulp and paper industry will spend $436 million
in the period between 1970 and 1973 to abate the water pollu-
tion caused by the waste liquor and fines generated during
the pulping, bleaching, and processing of the raw wood.
[13807]
Clean up or close down. Industrial Gas, 51(3):11-14, Mar. 1971. Dana
Corporation's Power Take-off Division of Chelsea, Michigan,
has just installed a gas-fired, thermal decomposition system
which incinerates fluidized wastes from-.. metalworking processes
without contributing to air or water pollution.
[13754]
DorofeeVf Yu. G., Yu. S. Shatov, and N. A. Peresypkin (Novocherkassk S.
Ordzhonikidze Polytechnic). Reclamation of metallic grinding
wastes. Russian Patent 261,419; filed March 14, 1968; issued
May 27, 1970. The process involves magnetic separation of
the wastes, followed by calcination, grinding, briquetting,
drying, and remelting. (Text in Russian)
[13491]
Floating aerators solve food processing problem. Water and Sewage Works,
118(1):27, Jan. 1971. The Borden Company, a manufacturer of
food products, has incorporated floating platform aerators
into its waste treatment systems to reduce the BOD in the
wastes created during the preparation of pie fillings.
[13805]
Fridlyander, I. N., P. V. Kishnev, and M. G. Stepanova. Recovery of
aluminum. Russian Patent 256,285; filed Sept. 1, 1967; issued
Mar. 26, 1970. High-quality aluminum can be recovered from
wash materials, particularly those from sintered aluminum
powders, via a process in which the wastes are melted at
1,000 C for 2 to 5 hr, magnetically separated, and allowed to
settle. (Text in Russian)
[13495]
171
-------
nine, W. R.j Jr. Disposal of waste solvents. Journal of Paint Technology,
43(558):75-78, July 1971. Waste solvents from the paint industry
can be reused as raw materials, subjected to custom redistilla-
tion, or subjected to high-temperature incineration.
[13809]
Meat packing wastes respond to many treatment methods. Environmental Sci-
ence and Technology, 5(7):590-592, July 1971. 'Catch basins,'
lagoon systems, air flotation, activated sludge processes,
trickling filters, rotating contactors, oxidation ditches, and
anaerobic contact can be used by meatpacking plants to clean
scrap and grease from waste water and remove its BOD.
[13900]
Membrane processing upgrades food wastes. Environmental Science and Tech-
nology. 5(5):396-397, May 1971. The Crowley Milk Co. has set
up a pilot plant which has successfully utilized membrane fil-
tering in reducing the BOD of cheese whey from 35,000 mg per
liter to 1,000 mg per liter.
[15912]
National Industrial Pollution Control Council. Pollution problems in
selected food industries; excludes meat,'poultry, and grain-
based foods; Sub-council report. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, May 1971. 30 p. Recommendations for handling
food containers, processing wastes, the unusable parts of raw
materials, and the foreign materials associated with raw agri-
cultural products are given.
[13891]
Ovchinkin, N. N., I. M. Kislitsin, V. I. Kozlov, T. F. Likhacheva, and
T. A. Kaygorodova (Chelyabinsk State Institute of Planning of
Metallurgical Plants). Method of reprocessing of steel-smelting
slags. Russian Patent 237,668; filed Oct. 2, 1967; issued Feb.
12, 1969. Steel-smelting slag is dumped into a pit, coarsely
crusted, and its large metallic inclusions recovered, after
which it is crushed, separated, and screened to produce a
stable slag gravel which can be used in the production of
building materials. (Text in Russian)
[13629]
Spillane3 L. J. Liner halts dye pollution. Water and Wastes Engineering,
8(1):A-17, Jan. 1971. A New Mexico hosiery plant disposes of
millions of gallons of dye waste in evaporation ponds lined
with prefabricated asphalt pond liner; the solid evaporation
residues are disposed of in a State disposal area in the moun-
tains.
[13690]
172
-------
Treating chemical wastes: a growing -industry. Chemical Week, 108(11):
37-39, Mar. 17, 1971. Three Rollins-Purle waste treatment
plants are now operating to remove industrial wastes from
waterways, and thereby prevent water pollution; although waste
salvage is seldom practiced, when product reclamation tech-
niques have been developed, they will be implemented.
[13806]
U.S. canners seek consistency in government pollution control programs.
Food in Canada, 31(5):26, May 1971. The canners industry be-
lieves that the following should be the objectives of pollution
control: flexible waste treatment standards; uniform State
and Federal regulations; uniform enforcement for all industries;
cooperative industry-government pollution abatement efforts;
objective information programs; recognition by the public of
its environmental responsibilities; recognition of economic
and social hardships resulting from nonproductive waste manage-
ment programs; and reasonable effluent standards for food-pro-
cessing plants.
[13778]
Use cannery residue to fortify farm land. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse
Removal Journal, 14(5):136, 146, May 1971. In Santa Clara
County, California, 70,000 tons of cannery residue, including
peach and tomato peelings and cull fruit, were plowed into 500
acres of farmland; the land was not adversely affected, and
there were neither flies nor unpleasant odors.
[13731]
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
Bourland, C. T.3 C. S. Huber, and N. D. Eeidelbaugh, The relative effec-.
tiveness of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate and alkyl dimethyl "benzyl
ammonium chloride in. the stabilization of aerospace food waste.
Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 34(10):478-481, Oct. 1971.
Although both microstatic agents were effective in preventing
the growth of coliforms, molds, yeasts, and other aerobic micro-
organisms , data indicate that the long-term use of either as
the sole method of food stabilization would be risky.
[15615]
Iglar, A. F. Hospital solid waste management. CRC Critical Reviews in
Environmental Control, 1(4):507-550, Jan. 1971. The following
precautions should be taken in disposing of hospital wastes:
minimize incinerator emissions, particularly pathogenic emis-
sions; disinfect ground or shredded wastes; periodically check
landfill sites for dangerous or infectious agents; eliminate
hazardous wastes with extreme caution to avoid contamination;
and train personnel dealing with the disposal of solid wastes
to use proper precautionary measures.
[15840]
173
-------
Kinney, E. T.t and A. Constant. Control of shipboard wastes. Naval En-
gineers Journal, 83(3):118-129, June 1971. Aerobic treatment
plants, Fairbanker-Morse electromechanical incineration sys-
tems, proprietary macerator-chlorinator units, and simple
holding tank systems with special recirculating flush system
variations are among the shipboard waste systems which are
discussed.
[13906]
Weintraub, B. S., and H. D. Kern. Wet grinding units tested for disposal
of hospital solid wastes. Journal of.Environmental Health, 33
(4):338-345, 1971. Based on a study carried out in Los Angeles,
it was concluded that a system involving the wet grinding of hos-
pital wastes followed by the discharge of these wastes into the
municipal sewage system presents an excellent solution to the
problem of hospital waste disposal.
[13761]
LAW/REGULATIONS
Davis talks about Montreal, Clean Air Act and solid wastes. Water and
Pollution Control. 109(12);23. 26, Dec. 1971. Federal efforts
in Canadian solid waste management will be directed largely at
research and at the establishment of codes to encourage the
upgrading of local standards; however, pollutants such as
sludge that impinge on such federal concerns as navigation and
fisheries, will come under federal Law.
[15960]
GershowitSj H. Resource law stimulates public-private cooperation.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(3):6, 68,
Mar. 1971. Under the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, both
cities and private businesses wishing to demonstrate resource
recovery systems or new or advanced technology will be eligi-
ble for Federal grants.
[15961]
National industrial wastes inventory. Environmental Control and Safety
Management, 141(3):1, 32, Mar. 1971. A new National Environ-
mental Data System bill, which will provide for a national in-
dustrial wastes inventory to be reported to the Congress and
President, will be introduced into Congress this year. -
[13901]
Ordinance provides stringent enforcement of rubbish handling. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(7) :32, July 1971.
The Josephine County (Oregon) Solid Wastes Ordinance delineates
certain aspects of refuse storage, collection, maintenance, and
display as nuisances, and provides for the punishment of offenders
with fines of up to $500 and/or jail terms of up to 6 months.
[13848]
174
-------
Study county ordinance for rubbish handling. Solid Wastes Management/
Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):128, 134, May 1971. The Board
of Commissioners of Benton County, Oregon is currently con-
sidering an ordinance that would, among other things, estab-
lish a Solid Waste Advisory Committee to develop a long-range
management plan and set up minimum standards for disposal and
sites.
[13702]
forty's proposal on rubbish fees still in balance.. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(9):32, 52, Sept. 1971. Three
ordinances were recently introduced into the Los Angeles City
Council: one proposed a $2-per-household refuse collection
tax; another dealt with the cessation of commerical garbage
collection by the city, and the third proposed the cessation
of collections from apartment buildings with five or more
units.
[15959]
LITTER
Baldine, J. J. Trash exhausting incinerator for vehicles. Canadian
Patent 879,447; filed Dec. 15, 1969; issued Aug. 31, 1971.
A single blower draws refuse from receptacles in the front
and rear seats of the automobile, and conveys the wastes
to a small, electrically-fired incineration unit which is
placed beneath the front seat.
[17179]
Hoyden, F. C. Litter removal apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,562,845; filed
Sept. 16, 1968; issued Feb. 16, 1971. 'This apparatus, which
comprises a wheel-equipped frame, two forwardly-diverging
collector devices, and a blower, is primarily designed to
remove litter from relatively compact surfaces, such as
parking lots and streets.
[17178]
Hill, M. Glass reclamation in the UK. Glass. 48(3);57-58, Mar. 1971.
For the past 10 years, the Keep Britain Tidy Group has used
public education as the main weapon against littering; it is
felt that littering will eventually become socially taboo.
[13810]
MANAGEMENT
Barry, A. L. Planning a central depot. Public Cleansing, 61(l):31-42,
Jan. 1971. A new depot in Great Britain will include a paper
baling and handling plant, a salt storage area, stores, work-
shops for vehicle maintenance, an administration and welfare
unit, and a garage.
[13725]
175
-------
Clark, R. M., R. 0. Toftner, and T.. V. Bendixen. Manage solid wastes as
a utility. American City. 86(2):45-47, Feb. 1971. Local
solid waste management should be operated as a utility, and,
as such, should be self-supporting, and either administered
by the department of public works or operated as a separate
entity.
[13701]
DeGeare, T. V., Jr. Solid waste management at Indian communities; a
Division of Technical Operations open-file report (TO 1.1.
395/0. Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1971. [39 p.] (Restricted distribution.) Solid waste
management practices at five Indian communities were studied,
and the implementation of a management system at the Colville
community was proposed as a demonstration project.
[15542]
Ecker, J. G., and J. R. McNamara. Geometric programming and the pre-
liminary design of industrial waste treatment plants. Water
Resources Research, 7(l):18-22, Feb. 1971. The preliminary
design of an industrial waste treatment plant was considered,
using certain aspects of the relatively new theory of geo-
metric programming.
[13756]
Houston, J. Selecting loaders and dump trucks. World Construction, 24
(1):25-26, Jan. 1971. The following techniques can be used
in selecting equipment: computer programming, queueing theory,
and a Monte Carlo form of simulation.
[13713]
Hugheon, R. V., and H. Popper. Environmental-ethics panel offers views
and guidelines. Chemical Engineering, 78(6):109-116, Mar. 8,
1971. Five experts with varied environmental and managerial
responsibilities discuss four dilemmas involving industry and
environmental ethics.
[13947]
Nickel, R. Thoughts and experience regarding employee practices. Waste
Age, 2(5):20-21, Sept.-Oct. 1971. Sanitary Disposal Service,
Inc. offers the following to attract and maintain a skilled
labor force: good pay and imaginative benefits, free fresh-
cooked food from 5 am to 12 noon, Christmas bonuses, insurance
and health benefits, and a policy whereby employees take re-
sponsibility and make suggestions.
[15885]
176
-------
Reizen, M. S. New section of solid waste management in operation in
state health department. Michigan Medicine, 70(4):139, Feb.
1971. The Michigan Department of Health's new Section of
Solid Waste Management will provide: regional consultants
and inspection personnel to license solid waste disposal fa-
cilities, consultation in the field of solid waste management,
and an insect and rodent consultation service.
[13903]
OCEAN DISPOSAL
CE Staff. Ocean pollution and marine waste disposal. Chemical Engi-
neering, 78(3):60-67, Feb. 8, 1971. The ocean can, in all
likelihood, handle all of our industrial society's wastes,
if the amounts, types, and dumping locations are carefully
controlled, and if sufficient consideration is given to the
direct and indirect effects of waste discharge.
[13667]
Gross3 M. G. The pollution of the coastal ocean and the Great Lakes.
U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Naval Review Issue, 97(819):
228-243, May 1971. The disposal of domestic sewage, indus-
trial wastes, and dredge spoils into coastal ocean waters has
led to profound changes in these waters, largely due to the
action of coastal ocean currents, which tend to isolate coastal
waters and lead to the retention of the damaging wastes; all
of the changes which have been observed in ocean waters have
also been noted in the Great Lakes, especially Lake Erie.
[15621]
Halmos, E. E.f Jr. Permits for industrial discharges. Water and Sewage
Works, 118(2):62, 61A Feb. 1971. Following the recent up-
dating of a 71-year-old law relating to the ocean dumping of
refuse, all U.S. industrial operations wishing to discharge
anything into a waterway will be required to obtain a permit
from the Army Corps of Engineers, at which time they will be
required to submit specific information regarding the wastes
to be discharged.
[13708]
Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R. C. Rossello. The marine disposal of
sewage sludge and dredge spoil in the waters of the flew York
Bight. Technical Memorandum 1-71. Woods Hole, Mass., Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Jan. 29, 1971. 37 p. A de-
tailed description of the topography, currents, physical-
chemical properties, and resource value of the Bight is pre-
sented, along with an analysis of the dumping activities in
the Bight, and their physical, chemical, and biological ef-
fects on the marine environment and human life surrounding
the area.
[15714]
177
-------
Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R. C. Rossello. Sewage sludge and dredge
spoil. JLn The marine disposal of sewage sludge and dredge spoil
in the waters of the New York Bight. Technical Memorandum 1-71.
Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Jan.
29, 1971. p.11-18. Tons of organic matter, toxic heavy metals,
radioisotopes, pesticides, and petrochemicals are dumped into
the Bight waters each year in the form of dredge spoil, and raw
and partially-treated sewage; extensive chemical and spectro-
chemical analyses of these wastes are presented.
[15716]
Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R. C. Rossello. The effects of waste
disposal (1). _In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and
dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight. Technical
Memorandum 1-71. Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Jan. 29, 1971. p.19-27. The dumped material has
had the following chemical effects on the environment of the
Bight: the oxygen content of the benthic waters has been
greatly reduced, and; in the summer months, the oxygen level
falls below that needed to sustain many marine organisms; due
to the anoxic condition, hydrocarbon pollution persists fol-
lowing oil spills and dredge spoil dumping; and the concentra-
tions of toxic heavy metals such as chromium, lead, and copper,
are up to 2,000 times greater than normal.
[15717]
Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R. C. Rossello. The effects of waste
disposal (2). In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and
dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight. Technical
Memorandum 1-71. Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Jan. 29, 1971. p.27-31. Benthic populations
at the dumping sites have been substantially reduced and other-
wise adversely altered due to the following effects of the pol-
lution: disease; toxicity; oxygen depletion; biostimulation
of algae, whose debris changes the nature of the bottom sedi-
ments; and habitat changes associated with repeated physical
burial of benthic species, as well as several indirect ecologi-
cal effects of turbidity and siltation.
[15718]
Home, R. A., A. J. Mahler, and R. C. Rossello. The effects of waste
disposal (3). In The marine disposal of sewage sludge and
dredge spoil in the waters of the New York Bight. Technical
Memorandum 1-71. Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Jan 29, 1971. p.31-37. The following situations
are probably at least partially caused by the dumping activi-
ties: a high incidence among finfish of fin rot, originating
in or near the Bight; a gradual decline in fish landing over
the last 6 years; and the excessively high coliform levels
found in shellfish taken from even the marginally polluted
areas.
[15719]
178
-------
Koh, R. C. Y. Ocean sludge disposal by barges. Water Resources Research,
7(6):1,647-1,651, Dec. 1971. Methods for discharging waste car-
goes from barges include the following, which must be evaluated
according to their effects on the marine environment: dumping
the entire load at once while the barge is anchored, discharging
the load over a period of time while the barge is moving, and
discharging the load through a small diffuser towed befiind the
moving barge.
[15854]
J. C. Disposal at sea. Public Works, 102(2);114, 116, Feb. 1971.
A summary of a report by the Council on Environmental Quality
regarding ocean dumping into U.S. coastal waters, its effects
on the marine environment, and recommendations for regulatory
actions is presented.
[13695]
Smith, E. E. Deep sea refuse disposal. U.S. Patent 3,395,663; filed
Feb. 20, 1967; issued Aug. 6, 1968. The apparatus consists
of a nonbouyant refuse container which is mounted in an open
well of a barge, and which is submerged to a sufficient depth
to render the refuse nonbouyant; the refuse is then released,
and it sinks to the bottom without leaving a trace on the
surface.
[6079]
PACKAGING WASTES
Danziger, S. Recycling the aluminum can. Secondary Raw Materials,
9(2):145, 147, Feb. 1971. If aluminum cans are to be ef-
fectively recycled, collection and transportation programs
run by full-time commerical dealers who can afford the
large capital outlay must be organized.
[13784]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Salvage of municipal
solid waste: tin cans, ^n Recovery and utilization of mu-
nicipal solid waste. Public Health Service Publication No.
1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
p.86-87. Tin cans can be magnetically separated from refuse
and used by: the copper industry, for the beneficiation of
copper ore; the steel industry, as a source of steel scrap;
and the tin industry.
[15561]
Eannigan, K. J. Pioneers in ecology. Food Engineering, 43(7):58-59,
July 1971. The Coca-Cola Company's new Lopac plastic bottle
is reportedly burnable and grindable, and can be disposed of
using conventional waste disposal systems without producing
hazardous by-ppoducts.
[13818]
179
-------
Katzenstein3 P. Will it be possible to replace the glass bottle by the
plastic bottle in the beverage industry? Staedtehygiene, 22(2):
36-37, Feb. 1971. Although the unbreakability and lightness
of plastic bottles make them attractive to the beer industry,
several of their other properties, including their adverse ef-
fects on the functioning of refuse incineration plants, make
them unlikely candidates as replacements for glass bottles.
(Text in German)
[13746]
Lewin, R. Who pays for plastic litter? New Scientist and Science Jour-
nal. 49(740);440-441. Feb. 25, 1971. Scientific research should
be directed toward the development of a degradable plastic
packaging material which will still be safe, economical, and
easy to use.
[13908]
National Industrial Pollution Control Council. Glass containers; Sub-
council report. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Feb. 1971. 21 p. Salvaged container glass, which can be re-
cycled back into the bottlemaking process, made into glas-
phalt, or converted into bricks or glass wool insulation, has
more potential markets than can be covered by the items avail-
able from solid waste or litter.
[13889]
National Industrial Pollution Control Council. Plastics in solid waste.
Sub-council report. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Mar. 1971. 20 p. Plastics, which constitute about 3
percent by weight of collected refuse, are suitable as land-
fill material, and can be incinerated with few complications
if managed properly.
[13907]
Plastics industry ponders its recycling problems. Chemical Engineering,
78(13):56, June 14, 1971. The Werner and Pfleiderer Corpora-
tion is perfecting a low-pressure injection molding machine
which will process polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene scrap
without prior grinding or other intermediate processing.
[13817]
Rodriguez3 F. Prospects of biodegradable plastics. Modern Plastics,
48(19):92, 94, Sept. 1971. The most likely prospect for the
production of biodegradable plastic systems may involve the
synthesis of a new polymer structure and/or the isolation of
a specific microorganism with which to inoculate disposal
sites.
[15730]
180
-------
J. J. Industry -involvement speeds glass recycling. Ceramic In-
dustry, 96(2):22-24, Feb. 1971. The glass container industry
is recovering and recycling used bottles and jars at 92 glass
container plants in 25 States, and it is also working to
develop new glass separation and classification systems.
[13766]
Thomka, L. M. Plastic packages and the environment. Journal of Milk
and Food Technology, 34(10);485-491, Oct. 1971. About 85
percent of plastic packaging is made from polyolefins or
polystyrenes, both of which are purely organic and undergo
slow photodegradation when exposed to sunlight.
[15622]
PROCESSING/REDUCTION
Akioka, S. (Takasago Netsugaku Kogyo K.K.). Continuous garbage press.
Japanese Patent 45-14,348; filed Apr. 5, 1968; issued May 21,
1970. Kitchen garbage and similar wet wastes can be dewatered
and pressed into flat cakes by this continuous compressor,
which consists of a hopper, a screw feeder, and a compression
duct. (Text in Japanese)
[13486]
'Arboga Crushers' by Prab Conveyorsj Inc. Secondary Raw Materials, 9
(2):214, Feb. 1971. One of the outstanding operational fea-
tures of the Arboga Shredder/Crusher, which is a vertical
axis, slow turning unit designed for the reduction of metal
scrap, is its ability to digest large masses of tangled
turnings and scrap.
[13822]
Conveyorization increases paper stock shipments 1200 percent. Secondary
Raw Materials, 9(3):76, Mar. 1971. Using four conveyor sys-
tems and one high-speed baler, All-Scrap Salvage Incorporated
of Cleveland, Ohio, is producing over 200 bales of paper, cor-
rugated board, aluminum, and rags per day.
[13814]
Drobny, N. L., E. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Size reduction (3). In
Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.12-21. Data concerning capital
investment, maintenance costs, horsepower, material handled,
average capacity, weight, inlet opening, and special features
were collected on 27 types of size-reduction machines manufac-
tured by 21 companies.
[15552]
181
-------
Garbage: golden packaging market. Modern Packaging. 44(3);42-43, Mar.
1971. Virtually automatic refuse compaction/packaging units
for homes and factories are described and illustrated.
[13785]
•Gibbon, B. Pulverizer solves problems at St. Catherines refuse site.
Water and Pollution Control, 109(2);30-33. Feb. 1971. In
St. Catherines, Ontario, refuse is ground into a mulch by a
hammermill consisting of 70 individual hammers, after which
it is taken to a nohodorous, vector-free landfill.
[13741]
Eefkel, A. T. Garbage crushing device. Japanese Patent 44-17,835;
filed Aug. 17, 1965; issued Aug. 5, 1969. A device, which is
designed to crush garbage finely enough so that it can be used
as compost, consists of two bands wound around the outer sur-
face of a revolving cylinder whose axis is approximately hori-
zontal. (Text in Japanese)
[13622]
Rrivonosov, V. I.} V. S. Yemelyanov, and G. P. Shelestin. Device for
granulation of slags of the steel-smelting industry. Russian
Patent 255,303; filed Sept. 9, 1968; issued Oct. 28, 1969.
A device for the waterless, uniform granulation of steel-
smelting slag consists of a cooled, horizontal, hollow drum
and two water-cooled plates located on both sides of the
drum. (Text in Russian)
[13627]
McGee, S. W. (Burgess-Norton Manufacturing Company). Method of treating
scrap metal. U.S. Patent 3,549,350; filed Apr. 4, 1967; issued
Dec. 22, 1970. Metal'scrap is oxidized, crushed, screened, re-
duced to metallic form, and fragmented to produce a metal powder.
[13406]
Montreal hospital saves 50 percent on container storage by use of com-
pactor. Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14
(5):32, 126, May 1971. The 108-bed Grace Dart Hospital in
Montreal has installed a 42-in.-high, 2-cu-yd Rabco Mark 1
compactor, which has provided needed storage space in which
to place accumulated refuse prior to collection.
[13722]
The Powell 'Mark VII' baler for waste paper. Materials Reclamation
Weekly. 118(6):29-30, Feb. 6, 1971. Powell and Company has
developed a device which will compress, bale, and wire 3
to 5 tons of properly sorted and finished paper per hr.
[13813]
182
-------
Schott, C. M. (Gloucester Engineering Company, Inc.). Assembly for ex-
truding material difficult to extrude, such as plastic waste.
Swiss Patent 496,537; filed Mar. 12, 1970; issued Nov. 13, 1970.
Flocculated plastic material is forced through a vertical heli-
cal press as it is being melted by external circumferential
heaters; it is then either granulated or processed into sheets
or films. (Text in German)
[13503]
Serizawa, H., and S. Yamamoto (Chomei Shoji K.K.). Dehydrator of vege-
table chips. Japanese Patent 44-17,834; filed May 23, 1966;
issued Aug. 5, 1969. The dehydrator can be used to compress,
heat, and dry garbage, such as vegetable chips, which contains
a great deal of water, thereby facilitating its final treatment
and/or disposal. (Text in Japanese)
[13594]
Stationary packers handle huge volume of wastes. Solid Wastes Management/
Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):26, 27, 118, May 1971. Chicago's
McCormick Place exhibition hall has recently installed a system
of chutes which leads refuse to two compactors; from the com-
pactors, which are constantly available, the refuse is hauled
away for disposal.
[13721]
A successful compact operation. Waste Trade Journal, 67(8):5, Feb. 27,
1971. Two 2,200-ton hydraulic presses in Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, can reduce a 10-cu-yd pile of refuse to a wedge
measuring 4 ft by 4 ft by 16 in.; the wedges are then auto-
matically strapped together to form 4-cu-ft bales weighing 2
to 3 tons each.
[13821]
Tezuka, K. (Tezuka Kosan K.K.). Device to press scrap for electric
furnace. Japanese Patent 45-19,469; filed Apr. 1, 1966; is-
sued July 3, 1970. A cold press designed to compress scrap
into a shape similar to the interior of the furnace in which
it will be melted consists of a presser cylinder assembly
and a scrap container pot assembly. (Text in Japanese)
[13477]
(Tezuka Kosan K.K.). Packing of garbage compressed by garbage press.
Japanese Patent 45-6,115; filed Mar. 10, 1966; issued Mar. 2,
1970. A three-stage hydraulic garbage press is equipped with
a packer which packs the pressed and dewatered garbage into
square blocks enclosed in plastic-film-lined, wire-net con-
tainers. (Text in Japanese)
[13483]
183
-------
Trauffer, W. E. Wasted gravel dredged and processed for highway sub-
base. Pit and Quarry. 63(8):84-86, 88, Feb. 1971. The
Davidson Sand and Gravel Company has installed a plant which
sorts, fractions, crushes, sifts, or dries material dredged
from the Allegheny River, and thereby readies it for use as
highway sub-base material.
[13919]
Vending firm solves refuse problem through compaction. Waste Trade
Journal, 67(4):9, Jan. 30, 1971. As part of its recent ex-
pansion and remodeling program, the Canteen Company of Min-
nesota installed a Heil Huge-Pac stationary compactor with
a 40-yd container; the compactor provides easier handling
of bulk materials through high compaction ratios.
[13823]
RECYCLING
Berndt, W.t and G. Schuster (Deutsch Gold-und-Silber Scheideanstalt).
Decolorizing and regenerating waste paper. German Patent
1,517,172; filed July 30, 1964; issued Nov. 5, 1970. The
paper is oxygenated in an alkaline aqueous stabilizer and
emulsifier, after which it is subjected to flotation and
its impurities separated out. (Text in German)
[13521]
(Chemetron Corporation). Poultry waste hydrolysis apparatus. French Pa-
tent 1,594,142; filed Dec. 5, 1968; issued July 10, 1970. In
a device which provides continuous pressurized hydrolysis,
poultry feathers, blood, etc. are converted into proteins
suitable for chicken feed. (Text in French)
[13418]
Culp Smelting and Refining Company reclaims aluminum scrap at Attalla,
Alabama. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2):116, Feb. 1971. The
Culp Smelting and Refining Company, which has been processing
secondary aluminum for 22 years, is planning to build a new
spectrometer and a reverberatory furnace for die-casting and
foundry use of special alloys.
[13833]
Dougherty, C. C. (If. S. Griffin, W. Muirhead, and M. H. Daugherty). Re-
covering metals such as cobalt and nickel from scrap alloys.
German Patent 1,483,142; filed Aug. 14, 1965; issued Nov. 5,
1970. The process involves dissolving the alloys in a dilute,
aqueous solution of an inorganic acid and an inorganic nitrate,
and then, with the use of gaseous chlorine, fractionally pre-
cipitating out the metals in the form of oxides. (Text in
German)
[13523]
184
-------
Daussan, H. J. Rice-bran ash as a base for ingot-mould protective coating.
French Patent 1,590,586; filed May 15, 1968; issued May 29, 1970',
Rice-bran ash can improve the production of cast products when
used in conjunction with refractory and combustible materials;
animal, vegetable, and mineral fibers; oxidants; exothermic com-
pounds; and natural or synthetic flexible materials. (Text in
French)
[13413]
Don't throw away your scrap—make something out of it. Plastics World,
29(3):63, Mar. 1971. With the use of a new low-pressure in-
jection-molding machine distributed by the Werner and Pfleiderer
Corporation, scraps of film and sheet trimmings can be converted
into shoe soles, bicycle saddles and handlebars, toys, hardware
trimmings, and small containers.
[13830]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Recovery and utilization of
municipal solid waste. Public Health Service Publication No.
1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 118 p.
This study of solid waste management techniques has resulted in
a source book of all available cost and performance data per-
taining to processes that are, or might be, employed in solid
waste recovery and utilization.
[15557]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Chemical conversion: hy-
drolysis. _In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. p.80,-81. Via hydrolysis,
cellulosic wastes can be converted into glucose, which is trans-
formed into alcohol or converted into a feed for yeasts, which
are, in turn, used in obtaining protein for animal feed.
[15558]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Chemical conversion: pro-
tein production. ^En Recovery and utilization of municipal
solid waste. Public Health Service Publication No. 1908.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.82-83.
Paper and other cellulosics are pulped, subjected to fast-
growing, hydrocarbon-cellulose-digesting organisms, hydrolyzed,
flash vaporized, neutralized, and centrifuged to produce a
proteinaceous livestock feed.
[15559]
185
-------
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Salvage of municipal solid
waste: glass. Jn Recovery and utilization of municipal solid
waste. Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.90-91. Reclaimed
sheet and plate glass is usually powdered and used in abrasives,
reflective highway paints, match heads and stickers, ammunition,
and refractory materials; although bottle glass is of little
use to salvagers, it is technically usable in the manufacture
of powdered glass and foam glass.
[15563]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Salvage of municipal solid
waste: rubber, plastics, etc. _In Recovery and utilization of
municipal solid waste. Public Health Service Publication No.
1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
p.91-92. Although rubber can be easily and economically re-
claimed, because they are usually contaminated and difficult
to separate from each other and from municipal refuse, little
promise exists in salvaging plastics.
[15564]
Economic reclamation of metals from plating liquors. Materials Reclama-
tion Weekly, 118(6) ;20->21, Feb. 6, 1971. The waste-plus-waste
treatment method which is.described can be used to successfully
recover nickel, copper, silver, chromium, and iron from a variety
of acid and alkaline electroplating wastes.
[13688]
Goes, R. B. (Riverside Paper Corporation). Method of reclaiming paper.
Canadian Patent 858,429; filed Mar. 21, 1969; issued Dec. 15,
1970. Paper stock is reclaimed from wastepaper which contains
plastic by a process involving the solvent-extraction of the
plastic.
[13529]
Gutt, W. Manufacture of cement from industrial byproducts. Chemistry
and Industry. No. 7:189-197, Feb. 13, 1971. The use of pul-
verized fuel ash combined with portland cement shows promise
for use in underdeveloped countries and in situations in which
the heat developed during the setting of portland cement could
have deleterious effects; the production of potassium and ce-
ment from Andularia shale is also technically feasible, al-
though not yet economically advantageous.
[13829]
186
-------
(Maerz-Ofenbau G.m.b.H.). Procedure and crucible for the production of
steel from scrap iron by an electric furnace or blower con-
verter furnace. French Patent 1,592,850; filed Nov. 22,
1968; issued June 26, 1970. Steel is produced from scrap
iron which is heated by a burner as the combustion gases
are drawn through it. (Text in French)
[13417]
Marhsall, V. C. Pollution and profit are closely linked. Engineering,
210(5,466):867-870, Mar. 1971. Two potential sources of pol-
lution are among those waste products which are now being
recycled into useful products: fly ash is combined with ce-
ment to form building blocks, or used as a filter aid or pre-
coat; and oxide fumes are resintered to form tiny droplets
of molten iron.
[13826]
Molyneux, F. Varnish oil, insecticide, and vitamin B from tobacco
waste. Australian Chemical Processing and Engineering,
24(2):26-30, Feb. 1971. Waste material, such as nicotine,
which results from the processing of tobacco, often com-
prises 25 percent of the weight of the raw material, and
can be reprocessed to form important secondary products.
[13828]
Newspaper's attempt to recycle newsprint results in failure. Solid
Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):50, 106, May
1971. The San Francisco Examiner's recent attempt to recycle
all of its old newsprint failed due to the inability of its
processing plant to handle the overwhelming influx of used
newspapers, and the lack of a market for the secondary fiber.
[13768]
New waste paper recovery system. World's Paper Trade Review, 175(17):
611, 613, Apr. 29, 1971. A new Italian wastepaper recovery
system makes use of gentle mechanical means and steam in
economically treating high-consistency waste fiber with low
fiber losses.
[13816]
Old rubber tires make better streets. Public Works, 102(3):62-63, Mar.
1971. Dr. Douglas Bynum has discovered a stress-relieving
interface called Rusament, which is composed of ground vul-
canized rubber, mineral fillers, and asphalt.
[13916]
187
-------
Haver, F. P., and M. M. Wong. Recovery of copper, iron, and sulfur
chalcopyrite concentrate using a ferric chloride leach.
Journal of Metals, 23(2):25-29, Feb. 1971. The Bureau of
Mines has developed a hydrometallurgical procedure to obtain
elemental sulfur from chalcopyrite, and simultaneously re-
duce the air pollution caused by the smelting of copper con-
centrates.
[13920]
Jackson, N. Composition of feather and offal meal and its value as a
protein supplement in the diet of caged laying hens. Journal
of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 22(l);44-46, Jan. 1971.
When feather and offal meal was used as a replacement for Peru-
vian fishmeal in the diet of caged, laying hens, it was found
that amounts of up to 12.5 percent had no adverse effects on
palatability, egg production, efficiency of feed conversion,
or energy utilization.
[13915]
Jackson, N., and R. B. Fulton. Composition of feather and offal meal
and its value as a protein supplement in the diet of broilers.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 22(l):38-42,
Jan. 1971. As a protein source for broilers, feather and offal
meal is poorer in lysine and methionine and richer in cystine
than Peruvian fishmeal, and it can be used at an optimum effi-
ciency level of 10 percent in broiler diets.
[13911]
Javed, N. A. Uranium recovery from dilute sulfate solution by using a
continuous ion-exchange technique. Journal of Metals, 23(8):
33-47, Aug. 1971. Cloete and Streat's solid-fluid contact
technique for uranium recovery uses Amberlite IRA 400 anion
exchange resin with 8 percent cross linkage and a -14 plus
52 mesh as an absorbent.
[13926]
Kunzig, R. L. What General Services Administration is doing about waste
paper. Paper Trade Journal, 155(28);50, July 12, 1971. The
U.S. General Services Administration has: raised the minimum
percent of recycled fiber required in the paper it purchases;
organized a group to create a demand for recycled materials;
and organized a second group to study the use of secondary ma-
terials in construction.
[13850]
188
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Process converts animal wastes to oil. Chemical and Engineering News,
49(33):43, Aug. 16, 1971. The U.S. Bureau of Mines' Pitts-
burgh Energy Research Center has developed an effective pro-
cess which uses carbon monoxide and steam to convert manure
or any cellulosic waste to paraffinic oil with a low sulfur
content.
[13922]
r
E.3 and A. W. Stannett. Lightweight electrical insulation using
ash cenospheres. Electrical Times, 159(10):39-40, Mar. 12,
1971. Cenospheres, which are produced by the combustion and
rapid cooling of carbonaceous gases, can be separated from fly
ash in disposal lagoons and used as fillers for electrical res-
ins.
[13825]
(Societe Civile de Recherches Regima). Procedure for the treatment of fly
ash. French Patent 2,029,311; filed Jan. 24, 1969; issued
Oct. 5, 1970. Fly ash particles of less than 80 microns are
mixed with terpine carbides, which are derived from the dis-
tillation of conifer resins, and the resultant product is used
in the manufacture of asphalt, cement, and mixtures for road
surfacing. (Text in French)
[13426]
(Societe Progil). Recovery of copper and tin from bronze scrap. French
Patent 1,589,427; filed Apr. 29, 1968; issued May 8, 1970.
A process for the recovery of pure copper and tin from bronze
scrap involves treating the alloy with an azeotropic solution
of hydrochloric acid, followed by distillation, chlorination,
and further distillation. (Text in French)
[13411]
Spalding, E. G. Protein from oil offers hope in solving world food crisis.
Engineering, 210(5456):834-837, Feb. 26, 1971. Reclamation of
waste products in the petrochemicals industry has led to the
development of products such as vinyl chloride, methanol,
polyester fiber, and protein from a microorganism that lives
on wax.
[13673]
Tauben, S. F. Scrap metal recycling. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2):
157-158, Feb. 1971. Diversified Metals Co. has developed a
'cold process' for removing insulation from insulated wire;
it involves mechanical wire chopping and separation, and en-
ables the recovery of a high percentage of copper.
[13837]
189
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Variety is the key to profit. Materials Reclamation Weekly, 118(8):20-
22, Feb. 20, 1971. The Norfolk Salvage Company in Great Bri-
tain is involved in: cullet manufacturing; fertilizer produc-
tion from the muck resulting from materials-fragmenting oper-
ations; cleaning inlets, reservoirs and other bodies of water;
and using underwater explosives to stun fish for removal to
other localities.
[13827]
Vaughan, H. D. Reusing waste materials: an approach to solid waste
management. Secondary Raw Materials, 9(2):139-143, Feb. 1971.
Cooperation between government and industry, especially with
regard to recycling, is the key to providing a liveable en-
vironment for the future.
[13835]
Waters, R. F., H. E. Powell, and A. A. Cochran. Recovery of metals and
phosphates from waste phosphate sludge. Metal Finishing, 69
(8):39-42, Aug. 1971. Via either a hydrogen reduction-sinter
process or a coke reduction-sinter process, waste phosphate
sludge can be successfully treated to produce high-purity tri-
sodium phosphate, a zinc fume, and a low-phosphorous ferro-
nickel powder suitable for pelletizing and reuse in a steel
mill.
[13923]
RESEARCH
Bacteria decompose plastic. Umschau in Wissenschaft und Technik, No. 7:
252, 1971. Observations show that, during special periods of
hunger, bacteria can decompose the surface of a polyethylene
container. (Text in German)
[15976]
Gouinlock, E. V., J. F. Porter, and ft. R. Eindersinn. The mechanism of
the fire-retardance of dripping thermoplastic compositions.
Journal of Fire and Flammability, 2:206-218, July 1971. The
fire-retarding mechanism of three self-extinguishing thermo-
plastic compositions from which flaming droplets are emitted
during incineration was examined by subjecting samples to two
different flammability tests.
[13884]
Hankin, L., and M. Zucker. Rapid enzymatic liquification of garbage.
Compost Science, 12(3):9-11, May-June 1971. Degradable gar-
bage can be liquified and reduced in bulk via an enzymatic
method -using the pectate lyase enzyme produced by phytopath-
ogenic bacteria.
[13928]
190
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Howard, J. New proteins: animal, vegetable, mineral. New Scientist,
49(740):438-439, Feb. 25, 1971. High-quality synthetic food
proteins, which will eventually be suitable for human consump-
tion, are formed when bacteria or yeasts act on substances
such as natural gas, paraffin, or gas oil.
[13676]
Keppeler, J. Effects of PVC Ash on Aquatic Systems. Preprint, Jan. 1,
1971. 12 p. When virgin polyvinyl chloride ash was added to fresh
water ecosystems containing water fleas, snails, algae, spiro-
gyra, red tubifex worms, and a member of the Rotifer family,
all but the first two died within 9 days; when the ash was
added to salt water ecosystems containing adult brine shrimp
and a type of chlorella, the organisms were unaffected.
[15842]
Kieszkowski, M. Investigations on the thermal decomposition of cyanide
solid wastes. Electroplating Metal Finishing, 24(5);5-10,
May 1971. Three series of laboratory experiments of the ther-
mal decomposition of cyanides in sludge containing 4.1 percent
by weight of cyanide and 4.8 percent by weight of zinc were
carried out in a silite pipe oven.
[15630]
Schroeder, E. D. The effect of cell recycle on activated sludge pro-
cess operation. Water Research, 5(l):29-39, Jan. 1971.
An investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of
recycle rate on process variables for plug flow and continu-
ous flow stirred tank reactors operating at a steady rate,
and theoretical results were developed using equations for
both kinds of reactors.
[13844]
SANITARY LANDFILL
Carlson, C. W., and J. D. Menzies. Utilization of urban wastes in crop
production. BioScience, 21(12):561-564, June 15, 1971. The
soil has a much greater potential for waste disposal than is
generally thought, and municipal garbage, sewage effluents,
and wastes from food-processing plants can all be used on
cropland beneficially, or at least without harm.
[15845]
Davidson, G. R., Jr., T. V. Degeare, Jr., T. J. Sorg, and R. M. Clark.
Land Disposal Sites Near Airports Reporting Bird/aircraft
Hazards; a Division of Technical Operations open-file report
(TSR 1.6.004/0). Cincinnati, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1971. 33 p. (Restricted distribution.) Following
an evaluation of bird/aircraft collisions, it was concluded
that the only way to eliminate these collisions is to close
the existing dumps around the airports which attract the birds.
[13935]
191
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Gershouitz} H. First national landfill group to be formed. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(5):63, 154, May 1971.
The president of the National Solid Waste Management Associa-
tion has proposed that a National Sanitary Landfill Committee
be formed to bring uniformity and standardization to sanitary
landfill practices and to serve as a clearinghouse for sani-
tary landfill information.
[13706]
Goolsby, D. A. Hydrogeoohemieal effects of injecting wastes into a lime-
stone aquifer near Pensacola, Florida. Ground Water, 9(1):13-
19, Jan.-Feb. 1971. Acidic industrial wastes are being injected
at a rate of 2,000 gal per minute into two deep wells in a
limestone aquifier near Pensacola, Florida; the waste is thought
to extend about 1 mile from the wells, with the pressure ef-
fects extending outward more than 25 miles.
[13758]
Haakbarth, D. A. Field study of subsurface spent sulfite liquor movement
using earth resistivity measurements. Ground Water, 9(3):11-
16, May-June 1971. By examining a time sequence of earth re-
sistivity measurements taken before and after dumping in the
vicinity of a seepage pit which is designed to discharge spent
sulfite liquor into the subsurface, the movement of the liquor
can be traced.
[15846]
Ham, R. K. The cost of large elevation land-filling. Public Works, 102
(5):77-80, May 1971. The site preparation cost for an eleva-
ted landfill in Madison, Wisconsin was $1,500,000, including
costs for grading, plastic liner, gravel, sewer pipe, venting
pipe, drainage, access road, and fencing, but not including
such variable costs as land purchase, tree removal, and pump-
ing costs.
[13705]
Ham, P. K. No problems from milled municipal refuse. Compost Science,
12(l):6-ll, Jan.-Feb. 1971. Evidence from experiments con-
ducted at a landfill in Madison, Wisconsin indicates that
there are far fewer problems with flies and rodents if refuse
is milled, but not covered.
[13937]
192
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National Industrial Pollution Control Council. Waste disposal in deep
wells. Sub-council report. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Feb. 1971. 20 p. There is an immediate
need in the petroleum industry for: the establishment of the
geological factors involved in deep well disposal, and the
identification of all areas in the country amenable to this
form of disposal; the establishment of a system to categorize
all wastes, and the identification of those categories with
respect to their relative suitability for deep well disposal;
the establishment of the legal status of deep well disposal
via suitable legislation for its safe, successful, and effi-
cient use; and the establishment of suitable procedures for
monitoring deep wells and deep well disposal areas.
[13930]
Neumann^ U. Possibilities of recultivation of refuse dumps. Hue11 und
Abfall, 3(1):15-18, Jan. 1971. Recultivation of dump sites,
particularly with poplars, bush-type willows, maples, and
elms, becomes feasible after: the site has been filled to
capacity; the refuse has been covered, usually by 2 m of fer-
tile soil; and the surface temperature has dropped to about
20 C.
[13771]
Research seeks new ways to seal landfill against leaching. Solid Wastes
Management/Refuse Removal Journal. 14(3);18. 40, 72-73, Mar.
1971. The base of a landfill near Tullytown, Pennsylvania,
was sprayed with an asphalt membrane barrier which catches po-
tential leachate, thereby allowing for the removal of metals
and organic materials, so that the water can be discharged
into streams or returned to the landfill to stabilize the
wastes.
[13742]
Spoil heaps. Colliery Guardian, 219(7):326-329, July 1971. The modern
tipping methods being used by the National Coal Board (Great
Britain), including tipping plans, use of contouring, and la-
gooning, are described and illustrated.
[13842]
Warners A. J.f C. H. Parker, and B. Baum. Sanitary landfill. _In Solid
waste management of plastics. Washington, Manufacturing Chem-
ists' Association, Inc., 1971. p.A70-A93. The criteria which
establish a landfill as sanitary are listed, and types of land-
fills, recommended cover materials, required equipment, potential
hazards and their elimination, and operating costs are presented.
[15738]
193
-------
When it comes to choosing new landfill equipment. Solid Wastes Manage-
ment/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2);18, 40, 46, Feb. 1971.
• Track-type tractors, track-type loaders, wheel-type loaders,
tractor-drawn scrapers, self-loading scrapers, and steel-
wheeled compactors are discussed, and general guidelines for
choosing the best equipment for a given landfill site are
given.
[13735]
Woerner, J. W. City puts farm to multiple use. Public Works, 102(3):
57, Mar. 1971. Twenty acres of a city-owned farm in Kerr-
ville, Texas have been given over to a sanitary landfill,
with one area of the site being used for general refuse,
another being used for bulky objects, and a third being re-
served for dead animals.
[15549]
SEPARATION
(Bird Machine Company). Continuous centrifuge for sludges or suspensions.
French Patent 2,030,057; filed Oct. 15, 1969; issued Oct. 30,
1970. The centrifuge is equipped with sensors which continu-
ously measure the solids contents of the various fractions,
and thereby provide for automatic control over the solids
content of the product. (Text in French)
[13427]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Separation: magnetic.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Pub-
lic Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. p.25-28. There are two
major types of equipment for separating ferrous material
from refuse: the suspended-type separator, which can be
used with comminuted or noncomminuted material; and the pul-
ley-type separator which separates hammermilled iron from
steel.
[15576]
Drobny, N. L. 3 H. E. Hull, and E. F. Testin. Separation: eddy-current.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.28-30. The eddy-current sepa-
ration method uses a fluctuating magnetic flux, which passes
through a coil wrapped around a conductive core, to separate
nonmagnetic conductive materials, such as copper, zinc, and
aluminum, from other refuse particles.
[15577]
194
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Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Separation: size classi-
fication. In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid
waste. Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.31-36. Spiral
classification and wet and dry vibratory screening are two
methods which can be used to separate waste materials according
to particle size.
[15578]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin, Gravity separation: flo-
tation. _In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. p.36-40. The flotation
method, whereby dissimilar solids are separated according to
the selective affinities of the solids' surfaces, is described.
[15579]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Gravity separation: dense
media. In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. p.40. Materials having
higher and/or lower specific gravities than the medium employed
can be separated via the dense media or sink-float process.
[15580]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Gravity separation: stoners.
In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.40-44. The stoner consists of
a dry vibrating table covered by an inclined oscillating screen
of selected variable mesh size, and it separates materials ac-
cording to the specific gravities of the particles.
[15581]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Gravity separation: Wil-
fley tables. In Recovery and utilization of municipal solid
waste. Public~~Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washing-
ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. p.43, 45-46.
The Wilfley table, which separates material according to spe-
cific gravity and, to a lesser extent, according to shape and
size, is probably best suited to the processing of municipal
incinerator residue.
[15582]
195
-------
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Gravity separation: mine-
ral jigs. Jin Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1971. p.46-47. The mineral jig
consists of a rectangular tank fitted with a vibrating or fixed
screen which lies slightly below the overflow level, and it is
used to separate presized materials, according to their dif-
fering specific gravities.
[15583]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Gravity separation: Os-
borne dry separator and fluidized bed. In_ Recovery and utili-
zation of municipal solid waste. Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971. p.47. The following devices can be used to separate
dry materials by gravity: the Osborne dry separator, which
separates glass, gold, and tungsten from compost; and the
fluidized bed separator, which separates copper from its in-
sulation.
[15584]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Optical sorting. _In_ Re-
covery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971. p.47-49. The optical sorting technique,
which operates according to the color of the material to be
separated, makes use of an optical box equipped with four pho-
tomultipliers and strong illumination sources.
[15585]
Drobny, N. L., H. E. Hull, and R. F. Testin. Inertial separation. In
Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. p.49-51. There are three con-
ceptual types of inertial separators: the ballistic separa-
tor, which effects separation based on the sizes and densities
of the particles; the secator, which operates according to
the elastic properties of the material to be separated; and
the inclined conveyor, which is sensitive to both the elastic
properties and the densities of the materials to be separated.
[15586]
Du Rusqueo, G. Dust removal from and grading of plastic waste. French
Patent 1,590,114; filed Apr. 12, 1968; issued May 22, 1970.
A perforated cylinder progressively eliminates all dust and
impurities from a mixture of granulated plastics
placed in a rotating mixer drum. (Text in French)
[13412]
196
-------
(Eisen und Metall Aktiengesellschaft). Separation of lead from metallic
wastes containing lead particles from old cables, transform-
ers, etc. French Patent 1,591,638; filed Oct. 3, 1968; issued
June 12, 1970. Lead particles can be separated from metallic
wastes by placing the wastes in a liquid medium which is heated
to a temperature exceeding that of the melting point of lead,
and then removing the unmelted residues from the molten lead.
(Text in French)
[13415]
Hefkel, A. T. Device to crush rubbish and separate organics from inor-
ganics. Japanese Patent 44-2,147; filed Sept. 24, 1965; is-
sued Jan. 29, 1969. Soft organic materials and hard inorganics
are revolved and crushed in a rotary drum, from which the or-
ganics are automatically screened and discharged and the inor-
ganics are manually removed. (Text in Japanese)
[13642]
Miller, D. G. Filtration: experimental developments. Journal of the
Institution of Water Engineering, 25(1):21-30, Feb. 1971.
Turbidity monitoring, backwashing, and dual media filters
such as anthracite sand filters, multilayer systems, up-flow
filters, and radial-flow filters are discussed.
[13843]
SLUDGE
Bradley, R. A., and R. B. Krone. Shearing effects on settling of acti-
vated sludge. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 97
(SA1):59-79, Feb. 1971. Sludge sheared at a low rate tends
to aggregate more and to yield better clarification follow-
ing settling than does sludge sheared at a high rate, which
aggregates in a more random pattern.
[13727]
Bugg, H. M., P. H. King, and C
ing of alum sludges.
Association, 62(12):
samples were treated
polyelectrolytes, it
mers in particular,
sludge were improved
adjustment; a mixing
be optimum.
W. Randall. Poly electrolyte -condition-
Journal of the American Water Works
792-795, Dec. 1970. When alum sludge
with cationic, nonionic, and anionic
was found that, with the anionic poly-
the dewatering characteristics of the
, and there was no necessity for pH
time of 1 to 2 minutes was found to
[13691]
197
-------
Chicago ships its sludge to the farmland. Engineering News-Record, 186
(5):22-23, Feb. 4, 1971. Chicago's Metropolitan Sanitary Dis-
trict pays $43 per ton to have its digested sludge rail-hailed
160 miles and sprayed on farmland as a fertilizer.
[13693]
Hitomi, 0., and M. Jornada (Hitachi Co., Inc.). Sludge incinerating de-
vice. Japanese Patent 44-19,597; filed May 17, 1965; issued
Aug. 25, 1969. The device, which can burn large quantities
of sludge regardless of site size or weather conditions, is
equipped with a photocell which controls the burners and,
gas supply valve to allow complete combustion with minimal
air pollution.
[13639]
Lehman, G. S., and L. G. Wilson. Trace element removal from sewage ef-
fluent by soil filtration. Water Resources Research, 7(1):
90-99, Feb. 1971. The concentrations of iron, manganese,
nickel, copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium in domestic sewage
effluent were effectively reduced during percolation in a
lysimeter through about 8 ft of calcareous soil material;
strontium concentrations were not reduced by similar filtra-
tion.
[13734]
Ott, C. R., and R. E. Bogan. Theoretical analysis of activated sludge
dynamics. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Pro-
ceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 97(SA1):
1-17, Feb. 1971. A mathematical model of the completely mixed
activated sludge process was subjected to analog computer sim-
ulation in an attempt to characterize the response to varia-
tions in input flow rate, input BOD concentration, and sludge
recycle ratio.
[13732]
Ramanathan, M., and A. F. Gaudy, Jr. Steady-state model for activated
sludge with constant recycle sludge concentration. Biotech-
nology and Bioengineering, 13(1):125-145, 1971. It was con-
cluded that the steady-state operation of completely mixed
reactors for the growth of heterogeneous microbial populations
was extremely difficult to attain if maintenance of a constant
sludge recycle ratio was required.
[13737]
198
-------
Rural district to have first wet air oxidation plant in the United King-
dom. Environmental Health, 79(5):2-4, May 1971. At a cost of
£100,000, Satec Limited is constructing a Zimmerman Process
Wet Air Oxidation plant, in Guildford Rural District; the plant
will eventually process 108,000 gal of sewage sludge per week.
[13847]
Styers, F. It's not sludge—it's fertilizer. American City, 86(2):
48-50, Feb. 1971. The city of Winston-Salem, North Carolina,
has installed a new $250,000 Heil Drying System, which is cur-
rently converting 18 million gal of sewage sludge each day
into a fertilizer which is being sold for $19 to $20 per ton.
[13696]
Tanaka, M. (Nagata Seisakusho). Disposal method of fine sludge. Japan-
ese Patent 44-652; filed Dec. 8, 1964; issued Jan. 13, 1969.
Sludges in which more than 50 percent of the particles measure
less than 100 microns can be filtered to a consistency of 300
to 600 g per liter, added to gravel with particulate sizes of
less than 25 mm, and disposed of on waste coal or gravel piles.
(Text in Japanese)
[13608]
Tanaka, Y., and H. Hirahara (Sumitomo Metals Industries, Ltd.). A new
use of fine powder sludge containing iron. Japanese Patent
45-4,170; filed Dec. 1, 1965; issued Feb. 12, 1970. The
title sludge produced during steelmaking can be economically
used as a raw material after its water content has been ad-
justed to 80 or 90 percent, and it has been combined with
powdered raw material and sintered. (Text in Japanese)
[13489]
Thabaraj, G. J., and A. F. Gaudy, Jr. Effect of initial biological
solids concentration and nitrogen supply on metabolic patterns
during substrate removal and endogenous metabolism. Journal
of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(2):318-334, Feb.
1971. If a nitrogen-deficient industrial waste were treated
using a continuous oxidation assimilation process and the
waste sludge were treated by aerobic digestion, adding a
small amount of nitrogen source to the aerobic digestor could
accelerate the digestion process.
[13845]
199
-------
W. N.j and M. T. Garrett, Jr. Getting the most from an activated
sludge plant. Public Works, 102(5):63-68, May 1971. The set-
tling rate of the solids in the sludge depends upon the poro-
sity of the suspension, which is determined by the volume of
the floe, which is measured by the sludge volume after 30
minutes of settling.
[13738]
Williams, A. E.3 C. F. Forster, and D. E. Hughes. Using an ultrasonic
technique in the enumeration of activated sludge bacteria.
Effluent Water Treatment Journal, ll(2);83-86, Feb. 1971.
A resonant length of steel wire and a stainless steel velocity
• transformer are the basic components of an ultrasonic system
which has been developed to disperse aggregated suspended ma-
terial and thereby aid in the counting of viable organisms in
activated sludge.
[13678]
STORAGE
.Asaoka,. I. .Garbage box with, chimes. . Japanese. Patent 41-2,148; filed
Mar. 15, 1965; issued Jan. 29, 1969. Opening the lid of the
container causes hammers and metal tubes within to hit against
each other, thereby resulting in a pleasant chime. (Text in
Japanese)
[13632]
Dillard, J. D. Switch to containerization reduces deficit in Odessa.
Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal Journal, 14(2):14,
36, 55-56, 61, Feb. 1971. Odessa, Texas is making a small
profit on its new side-loading container system, with which
routes comprised of 225 containers, serving between 750 and
800 houses, are serviced by one man in one vehicle.
/ [13718]
Kaiki, I. (Takuna Boiler Manufacturing Co.). Storage pit of refuse in-
cinerating pit. Japanese Patent 44-31,271; filed Dec. 9,
1966; issued Dec. 15, 1969. Refuse is cheaply homogenized,
ventilated, and dried via the forced injection of heated air
into the storage pit. (Text in Japanese)
[13614]
200
-------
Parrakova, E., K. Entnerova, and R. Lamprecht. The location of refuse
bins in block buildings from the hygienic aspect. Ceskoslo-
venska Hygiena,. 7(9):568-572, 1962. A study in Bratislava
indicated that maximum efficiency and hygiene are achieved
with the use of 110-liter garbage cans which are stored in
specially constructed garbage sheds and which are collected
twice weekly. (Text in Czechoslovakian)
[15267]
Peter, A. (J. Ochsner and Cie. Aktiengesellschaft). Stationary charg-
ing device for refuse conveyors. Swiss Patent 496,597; filed
July 22, 1968; issued Nov. 13, 1970. A four-sided, vertically
inclined bin, which is made contiguous with a refuse depositing
shaft such as those used in multistory dwellings, is equipped
with a sloping pivotal plate with hydraulic jacks which force
the refuse deposited on it into a conveyor for subsequent dis-
posal. (Text in German)
[13505]
Sauer, W. Feces removal in mobile toilet devices. Rohr-Armatur-Sani-
taer-Heizung, 26(6);354-356, June 1971. In order to improve
the hygienic removal of feces from toilets in railways and
airplanes, a new type of bag has been developed which covers
the seat of the toilet and, after use, is automatically drawn
into a small combustion chamber and replaced with another bag.
(Text in German)
[15863]
Shuster3 K. A. Solid waste storage. In Solid waste management study
of the U.S. Virgin Islands; a Division of Technical Opera-
tions open-file report (TO 1.3.182/0). Cincinnati, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, 1971. p.46-59. (Restricted
distribution.) Storage facilities on the Islands consist
predominantly of 55-gal drums, bulk-type steel bins, and con-
crete bins with or without containers; all are unsightly, in-
adequate, and hazards to public health.
[15695]
Tsukiji, K. (K. Tsukiji, and J. Urakawa). Kitchen garbage container
device. Japanese Patent 45-7,151; filed Aug. 9, 1967; issued
Mar. 11, 1970. The container unit, which has an easily in-
serted vinyl sack, is combined with a freely mobile cart equip-
ped with the rollers of a ball-bearing mechanism. (Text in
Japanese).
[13481]
201
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STREET CLEANING
Alston, E. A systems approach to street cleaning. American City, 84(11);
91-92, 95, Nov. 1971. Under Louisville, Kentucky's new street
cleaning system, 25 curb miles per day are swept, which repre-
sents an increase of 100 percent over the city's old sweeping
program.
[15815]
Daneman, B., and H. E. Paulson (Central Engineering Company, Inc.).
Street cleaning apparatus. U.S. Patent 3,193,867; filed Aug.
12, 1963; issued July 13, 1965. A combined vacuum pickup and
water-flushed street cleaning apparatus comprises a self-pro-
pelled vehicle which has an auxiliary power unit mounted upon
it, and a tank with a closeable rear dumping door.
[14140]
Laird, C. W., and J. Scott. How street sweepers perform today. Ameri-
can City, 86(3):58-62, Mar. 1971. A street-sweeping survey
provides data on 152 U.S. cities and towns; this data include
population, number and types of vehicles in use, number of
workers employed, street milage, and average mileage for vari-
ous types of broom fibers.
[13942]
Ober, H. C. Power driven rotary snow remover. U.S. Patent 3,363,345;
filed Sept. 28, 1964; issued Jan. 16, 1968. With this rota-
ry snow remover, snow is picked up by a power-driven auger,
compacted and moved to a discharge position, and laterally
discharged.
[14056]
TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
Briggs, M. Rural surveyors and health exhibitions. Surveyor-Local
Government Technology, 127(4114):38-41; Apr. 16, 1971.
Various types of equipment, including different collection
vehicles, pulverizers, pipeline systems, disposers, and
pumping tanks, are previewed.
[13779]
Improve your environment; fight pollution with pictures. Rochester,
N.Y., Eastman Kodak Company, 1971. 56 p. Photography can
be used as a powerful tool to encourage environmental action
projects, and the types of photographs that can be used to
contribute to the improvement of the environment are presented.
[13943]
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Kaplan, J. Silver reclamation: an overview. Secondary Raw Materials,
9(2):146-147, Feb. 1971. Education and public relations cam-
paigns aimed at small consumers of silver-containing products
must be instituted if secondary refiners rather than natural
resources are to meet the demands of the silver-using indus-
tries.
[,13836]
Keeping it as quiet as possible. Public Cleansing, 61(3):123-137, Mar.
1971. Since waste disposal plants are often excessively
noisy, they should either be located in remote areas or de^-
signed to reduce noise levels.
[13760]-
Spitzer, E. F. Solid waste demonstration programs. American City, 86
(7):58-60, 62, July 1971. Federally supported solid waste
demonstration projects in Chilton County, Alabama, Allegany
County, Maryland, Scottsdale, Arizona, Franklin, Ohio, and
Madison, Wisconsin, are described.
[13904]
What consumers think about packaging waste. Modern Packaging, 44(3):
38-41, Mar. 1971. Two surveys of consumers from various
socioeconomic backgrounds indicated that, although people
are aware of the fact that packaging wastes pose a disposal
problem and they are willing to take steps to alleviate this
problem, they are unaware of many aspects of the situation,
including existing recycling programs.
[13733]
Williams, L. E. Managing the solid waste function. American Paper In-
dustry, 53(2):40-42, 45, Feb. 1971. If high waste disposal
expenditures are to be avoided, both management and the gene-
ral public must be made aware of the validity of recycling so
that they can take steps to promote its use.
[13698]
TRANSPORT
Baum, E. (Alfa-Laval A.B.). Helical screw dung conveyor. Swiss Patent
498,759; filed Dec. 18, 1969; issued Dec. 31, 1970. The lower
end of the screw shaft is attached to a bearing which is ar-
ranged to allow the conveyor's screen assembly to swing in a
horizontal arc and thereby evenly distribute the manure.
(Text in German)
[13512]
203
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Browning, J. E. Garbage-pipelines' progress. Chemical Engineering, 78
(17):60-62, July 26, 1971. The water slug, water slurry, and
pneumatic suspension pipeline systems were economically evalu-
ated as potential municipal waste transport systems for the
Los Angeles area.
[13852]
Fowkes, R. S.3 and G. A. Wanchek. Materials handling research: hydrau-
' lie transportation of coarse solids. U.S. Bureau cf Mines
Report of Investigations 7283. Washington, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Aug. 1969. 36 p. Following a pilot study by the
Bureau of Mines, it was concluded that, for certain types of
materials and certain particle sizes, the lock hopper feeder
system is a practical method for continous hydraulic transpor-
tation.
[15272]
Kitaoka, E. (Dainichi Dottesu Co.). Cut iron transporting device in the
iron cutting equipment. Japanese Patent 44-7,604; filed July
8, 1965; issued Apr. 10, 1969. The iron-cutting device con-
sists of a cutting block and blade, and a supplying board and
ejecting board, both of which are within the rotating range
of the endless chain passing the cutting block. (Text in
Japanese)
[13653]
McCue, R. Move fluids via jet ejector. Water and Wastes Engineering,
8(1):39-40, Jan. 1971. A jet ejector uses steam, water, or
compressed air to move, blend, separate, heat, or cool fumes,
semisolid wastes, slurries, sediments, corrosive liquids,
vapors, air, and water.
[13719]
Pearson, R. F., E. V. Finn, and D. R. Miller. Study for diposal of di-
gested sewage sludge from the Greater London sewerage area
into the North Sea by pipeline. Institution of Civil Engi-
neers Proceedings, 48:375-398, Mar. 1971. Ocean disposal
via pipeline requires a high initial capital expenditure with
relatively low operating and maintenance costs, and, since it
is predictable and controllable within limits, it is probably
the safest and most reliable of any of the alternative dispo-
sal methods.
[15636]
204
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Woodruff, P. H. j and J. W. Polioh. Transportation systems for industrial
solid wastes. Water and Sewage Works, 118(4) .-121-124, Apr. 1971.
Barge haul, rail haul, and highway vehicles were studied as po-
tential means for conveying industrial wastes to an incinera-
tion facility; highway transport offered the greatest flexibility
and reliability in addition to the lowest costs.
[15810]
Wuest, K. L.3 and N. B. Hansen. World's largest solid waste transfer
station. Public Works, 102(2):61-64, Feb. 1971. San Francis-
co's new transfer station can handle 5,000 tons of refuse per
day with an operational crew of five men.
[13697]
ya707
ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 — 514-146 (28)
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