United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
April-June
1987
Research and Development
&EPA Research Report
Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Athens, GA 30613
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THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON
FY87 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
This report summarizes Athens Environmental Research Laboratory research
activities for the period April 1, 1987 to June 30, 1987.
The status of work in progress toward meeting major planned outputs is
presented under descriptive project titles. The report is an interim summary
of ongoing research with tentative conclusions based on careful analysis of
the research findings to date. Project managers identified with each activity
would be pleased to provide additional information.
Highlights
Data Generated for Risk Assessment Models—Athens Laboratory chemists recently
have developed hydrolysis rate constants for 54 organic chemicals and octanoi-
water partition coefficients for an additional 22 chemicals. The work is part
of a continuing project to develop input data for models for assessing risk to
human health posed by land disposal of hazardous waste. In the project for the
Office of Solid Waste, 85 hydrolysis rate constants and 40 partition coefficients
have now been measured or obtained from the literature. Dr. Jackson Ellington,
Mr. Frank Stancil, Mr. Bill Payne, and Ms. Cheryl Trusty are now working on the
"third-third" of the list of 362 compounds provided by OSW.
Updated QUAL2E Published—Printed copies of The Enhanced Stream Quality Models
QUAL2E and QUAL2E-UNCAS (EPA/600/3-87/007) are now available. The documentation,
prepared by Dr. Lin Brown of Tufts University and Mr. Tom Barnwell of the Athens
Lab, presents the revised QUAL2E model, which is widely used for discharge permit
determinations, waste load allocations, and other conventional pollutant evalua-
tions. The model is enhanced by an uncertainty analysis component. This en-
hancement allows the user to conduct sensitivity analysis, first order error
analysis, and monte carlo simulation.
Athens Lab-Duluth Lab Paper Published—"Toward Modeling the Effects of Chemicals
Acting Jointly," a paper coauthored by Dr. Ray Lassiter of ERL-Athens and by
Dr. Steven Broderius of ERL-Duluth has been published in Methods for Assessing
the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals. The paper describes a model developed to
account for exchange of chemicals between the external aqueous medium and an
organism's body. Based on the model, the relative times required for different
chemicals to reach a steady state in the body relative to external concentra-
tions is found to be in direct proportion to the ratio of their octanol-water
partition coefficients.
This document has not been peer and administratively reviewed within EPA
and is for internal Agency use/distribution only.
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PAGE:
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
BUDGET
SUB-ACT:
PPA
VITY
SSUE
U)
PPA (S)
RC
PROJECT
PROJECT OFFICER
CODE
: B101
: A
: 10
TITLE
WATER
WQBA/PERMITTING
WASTELOAD ALLOCAT
ION
: 10 WASTELOAO ALLOCATION
: K ERL ATHNS
: 06 Environmental Process
: Richard G. Zepp
PLANNED
START; 10/01/80
MODELING
AND SUPPORT
Character 'zat ion
PHONE: FTS-250
PLANNED
END:
09/30/90
-3428
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Characterize key environmental processes (direct-indirect photolysis,
redox, sorpt1on/desorpt1on, metal binding) 1n water and sediment systems to
improve exposure and risk assessment models.
RATIONALE: The roles of Inorganics 1n pollutant transformation by photolysis
and the kinetics of redox reactions are inadequately understood for reliable
use In exposure assessment models. These processes are known to be
environmentally Important 1n many cases. Toxic metal spedatlon and transport
needs further Investigation since metal toxicity depends upon the species
involved.
APPROACH: Laboratory studies using natural waters sediments and reference
materials w1l" be conducted to test proposed eqi,atlons for the kinetics of
transformation processes. The studies will p-ovide rate/equilibrium constants
required 1n the models. Compounds and reaction conditions will be selected to
permit generalizations about changes in molecu'ar structure and environmental
occurring Inorganic species; redox reactions of abiotic systerrs will be studied
relative to b'otlc Influences. The binding characteristics of metals with
humic materials will be studied and distributer coefficients determined.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
The Interactions of photochemically produced jron(II) with hydrogen
peroxide and resulting organic oxidations were studied during the quarter.
Using anlsole and nitrobenzene as chemical probes and octanol or formate ion as
scavengers, we found that the yield of hydroxyl radicals from Fe(II )/hydrogen
peroxide was 40% at pH 6.2. A promising techn'que was deve'oped for the direct
simultaneous analysis of Fe(III) and Fe(ll) 1n natu-al waters. Dr. Richard Zep
is stationed for the summer at the EAWAG Laboratory in Switzerland, studying
photochemical processes with Swiss scientists.
Nitrobenzene reduction studies were extended to soil-water samples obtaine
from two aquifers. The disappearance rate constants were approximately five
continued...
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON.FY'S7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
,»«»««»«««««»« "k iT!!Nl;«A«RiL,"«JilNE i987,
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
times slower 1n the aqjifer samples than in sediment samples collected in the
Athens area. Detailed concentration studies cf substituted nitrobenzenes
indicated that the disappearance rate constants were dependent on the initial
concentration of the nitrobenzene derivative. Additional studies e.re in prog-
ress to determine the rate limiting step of tre reduction process.
Redox studies were performed on two carbama'.e pesticides, Propham end
Carbaryl, 1n an anaerooic sediment/water system containing 10% solids. Kinetic
results are being Interpreted; decay products of these two pesticides will be
analyzed. In addition to these redox studies, the hydrolysis of chlorinated
organic compounds is currently being investigated.
Studies of the degradation of synthetic dyestuffs 1n anaerobic sediments
continue. The effects of pH on the distribution anc kinetics of reduction were
studied for a nonionizable dye, azobenzene, and an 1on1zable dye. Congo Red.
Results Indicate that pH will have little effect on the distribution and reduc-
tion of azo dyes containing non-ionizable functional groups. For those dyes
that do contain ionlzable groups pH will play an important role 1r- their
distribution and, thus, transport 1n natural systems. Changes in pH, however,
may have little effect on the rate of reduction of these dyes at tre sediment-
water surface.
Studies on sorption of ionlzable organic compounds to soils, sediments and
aquifer material continue. Experimental work confirms that partitioning of
the anlon of pentachlorophenol (pentachlorophenolate) between octarol and water
is highly dependent on ionic strength of the water phase and that partitioning
1f both the Ion-paired phenolate and free phenolate species 1n-.o octanol is
important.
A workshop enti-.led "Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Sediment/Water/
Aquifer Systems" was sponsored by ERL-Athens at Estes Park. CO. April 28-30,
1987. A workshop on the Environmental Chem'stry of Dyes, organized by the
Athens Laboratory, has been tentatively scheduled for November 12-13 1987, in
Pensacola, FL. A symposium entitled "Environmental Chemistry of Ionic
Xenobiotics " also organized by the Athens Laboratory, will be held at the SETA
Conference In November.
A reverse osmosis sampling system was developed, tested, and used on-site
by Georgia Institute of Technology personnel to collect and concentrate by
twenty-fold 200g of dissolved organlcs 1n Suwannee River (Okefenokee Swamp)
water. Ninety-tive percent recovery of total dissolved organlcs was obtained.
This organic material will be fractionated to provide the necessary quantity of
fulvlc and humic acids for use by Georgia Tech. University of Georgia, and
inhouse researchers studying metal-organic interactions.
cont inued . . .
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PAGE: 3 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL -JUNE 1987^
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Work continues at the University of Georgia on use of laser-excited
lanthanide ion fluorescence for characterization of metal binding sites 1n
humlc materials. Several experiments were completed to establish the precision
and accuracy of the recently installed spectrometer system. These included
experimental measurement of the emission spectra and lifetimes of Eu(III), Mos
Importantly confirmation of earlier experimental results 01 the binding of
Eu(III) by humlc acid was attained.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
I 7153 JOURNAL ARTICLE ON INDIRECT PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENTS
DUE: 12/31/86 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 12/31/86
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
EH ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
BUDGET
CODE
SUB-ACTIVITY: B101
ISSUE: A
PPA (L): 10
PPA (S): 10
RC: K
PROJECT: 11
PROJECT OFFICER: David
PLANNED
TITLE
WATER
WQBA/PERMITTING
WASTELOAD ALLOCATION MODELING AND SUPPORT
WASTELOAD ALLOCATION
ERL ATHNS
Biodegradation 8 Bioac cumulat ion Processes and
L. Lewis PHONE: FTS-250-3358
START: 10/01/85 PLANNED END: 09/30/c.'5
Systems Res.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: To test the predictive accuracy and deteriiint the applicability of
mlcrobial transformation rate coefficients for water quality models and to
evaluate bloaccumulation of toxicants 1n aquatic organisms in -elation to
thermodynamlc equilibrium processes.
RATIONALE: This resea-ch is required to produce a reliable approach to
predicting biologically mediated accumulation and degradation of pollutants for
water quality and risk assessment models.
APPROACH: Rate coefficients 'or mlcrobial transformation of xenobiotic
chemicals will be determined using microbla" populations collected from fresh
water field sites. Bioaccumulation in organisms of varying size, llpid content
and species will be de-.ermined using toxic chemicals with varying partition
coefficients. Coefficients determined in the laooratory will be compared with
field data. Predictions based on thermodynamlc calculations will be compared
with experimental results.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A paper, "Predicting Substrate Removal Rates of Attached Microorganisms an
the Relative Contributions of Attached and Suspended Communities in the Field"
(Lewis and Gattfe) was submitted to Appl1ed_and_Environmental_Microbiology. An
abstract, "Predicting Substrate Removal Rates and the Relative Contributions of
Attached and Suspended Mlcrobial Communities 1n the Field" (Lewis and Gattie),
has been cleared for a poster presentation at the 1987 SETAC meeting in Pensa-
cola, FL. Also, one paper, "Microbial Biogeochemical Processes in a Naturally
Acidic Wetland, the Okefenotcee Swamp" (Hodson Moran, Lewis, Murray, Teska and
Benner), 1s being cleared for publication 1n the CRC series, "Microbial Interac
tions in Acid Stressed Aquatic Ecosystems" (S.S. Rao, ed.).
Field studies using two esters of 2,4-dichlcropTenoxyacet 1c acid and
diethyl phthalate are being conducted to evaluate the usefulness of a second-
order model fo' predicting degradation rates of organic substrates by attached
continued. . .
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PAGE: 5 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITP10NS
OFF'CE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
mlcrobiota. The mode" is applicable to shallow aquatic ecosystems such as
streams and wetlands.
A complete se~. of lip'd fractions standards has been run on the latroscan
thin-layer chromatography Instrument, and the curves analyzed by Labtech Chrom.
Characterization and quantification of fish I1p1ds can now oe carried out for
use 1n the development of mocels for exchange of neutral organlcs.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERA8LES:
# 6881 Report on the Relationship Between L1pid Content, Body Burden, and
Thermodynamic Calculation of Bioaccumjlat1on
DUE: 07/31/86 REVISED: 07/31/87 COMPLETED: 07/31/87
# 7671 JOURN. ART ON PREDICTING SUBSTRATE REMOVAL RATES OF ATTACHED MICROORGANISMS
& THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ATTACH. & SUSPENDED COMMUNITIES IN THE FIELD
DUE: 08/30/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
SGE: 6 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCK'ITP IONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY
ISSUE
PPA (L)
PROJECT
PPA (S)
RC
PROJECT
OFFICER
CODE
: B101
: A
: 10
: ID
: K
: 19
: Robert
PLANNED
TITLE
WATER
WQBA/PERMITTING
WASTELOAD ALLOCATION
WASTELOAD
ERL ATHNS
Uasteload
B. Ambrose
ALLOCATION
Al location
MODELING
Model 1n
PHON
g.
START: 10/01/80 PLANNED END:
AND
and
: FTS
SUPPORT
Supp
-250
ort
-3546
12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Assemble, modify or develop, and test arrays of wasteload allocation
(WLA) models for conventional and toxic pollutants for streams, rivers, lakes,
and estuaries aid provide OW with guidance and user assistance through the
Center for Water Quality Modeling (CUQM).
RATIONALE: Water quality-based NPDES revisions, WLAs, AWT assessments.
Center for Water Quality Modeling (CUQM).
RATIONALE: Water qua 11ly-based NPDES rev . ...
use-attainability activities and BMP selection by CW, Regions, States, and
local governments require scientifically defensible modeling packaces including
documentation, data bases, training and user assistance.
APPROACH: Gaps in existing WQ modeling packages will be identified through
applied studies conducted in cooperation with OW and with ORD Laboratories.
Developments or modifications will fill scientific gaps (e.g., metals
speciatlon and sed1men--water pollutant exchange routines) and improve
ease-of-use (e.g., interactive model setups and microcomputer packages). Uier
assistance will include developing guidance documents operating the CWQM to
training seminars and workshops as required, and providing hands-on useres on re
assistance as resources permit.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Test versions of the WASP4.1 program generalized from WASP3 WASTOX, and
EXAMSI1, are ready for distribution to peer reviewers. An HSPF PC-compatible
release was completed. The PC version 1s a full implementation of the HSPF
program. Comparisons between IBM PC/AT and DEC VAX Indicate PC performance 1s
only 6 to 8 times slower than the VAX's optimum performance.
Tom Barnwell, Scarlett Vandergrift, and John Connolly presented a workshop
on the Water Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) in Madrid, Spain, May 15-22
1987.
A paper "Wate- Quality Software Available from U.S. EPA" (7152C) by Tom
Barnwell, Bob Anbrose, and Scarlett Vandergrift was published in the Interna-
continued...
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PAGE: 7 ' DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL -JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
tional Association on Water Pollution Research and Control (IAWPRC) newsletter.
Or Steve McCutcheon attendee a meeting of the Green Bay Modeling Committe
to assist Great Lakes National Program Office and ERL-Duluti 'n design of
studies of Green Bay, May 27-28, 1987.
The Center for Water Quality Modeling distributed 602 PC versions of
supported models during the second quarter of FY87.
SARAH was refined for implementation on microcomputer. All current
scenarios have been completed and tested. Scenarios for oily wastes will be
added later.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
* 7158 REPOR' ON UPDATED DOCUMENTATION FOR QUAL II INCLUDING UNCERTAINTY
ANALYSIS.
DUE: 09/30/86 REVISED: 02/28/87 COMPLETED: 02/28/87
t 7551 ONE EXISTING TRAINING COURSE THROUGH CWOM
DUE: 08/30/87 REVISED: 09/30/88 COMPLETED: 01/01/CO
* 7552 TWO NEW TRAINING COURSES THROUGH CWQM, POSSIBLY INCLUDING MINTEQ,
EXAMS II AND DYNTOX. (K)
DUE: 08/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/CO
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: B101 WATER
ISSUE: A WQBA/PERMITTING
PPA (L): 13 ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
PPA (S>: 13 CHINA AGREEMENT - WQ
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 20 Ecological Research w'th the Peoples Republic of China (PRC)
PROJECT OFFICER: Rosemarie^C. Russo PHONE: FTS-250-5134
PLANNED START: 10/01/84 PLANNED END: 09/30/89
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Participate jointly with PRC scientists and engineers ii the- refinement,
application and field testing of environmental fate and exposu-e models for
pollution control strategy development and assessmert and 1n the study of
environmental transformation processes.
RATIONALE: To support U.S. policy to provide scientific and technclogical
cooperation witn the PRC, specifically Annex 3 of Ue 1980 US-PRC Environmental
Protection Protocol.
APPROACH: Via a combination of tailored model refinement projects and
technology transfer workshops, the PRC will be helped to acquire and apply an
array of approp*iate environmental assessment methodologies for their use.
Athens ERL will design and monitor PRC field evaluations of selected models.
The technology developed and transferred w1"l also te high priority for
region/state use in the U.S. Metals process characterization studies will also
be conducted to elucidate the transformation and transport of metals 1n surface
and subsurface environments.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Mr. Jin of Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) is
working at ERL-Athens on metal interactions with hutric substances. The absorp-
tion spectra of well-characterized humlc substances were recorded with the
scattered transmission accessory at different pH levels and saturated with dif-
ferent metal cations. This approach resulted in the resolution of bands not
reported previously: the location and Intensity of the absorption bands varied
with pH and character of the metal cation. Analysis of these bands is expected
to provide clues to the nature of the metal binding chromaphores. Sorption
studies of 14 metals with hum'.c substances at pH 4 were completed and the re-
sulting 1sothe-ns calculated. Competitive sorptlon (14 metals of equal concen-
tration) studies with different humlc substances were completed.
Mr. Lin of Beijing University 1s working at ERL-Athens on meta" inter-
continued . . .
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PAGE: 9 DATE; 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 01 FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
actions with sulfides. Four sulflde minerals--pyr He, galena, chalcoclte and
sphaler 1te--uere selected anc size fractions obtained. Removsl of sulfur oxi-
dation products on the pyrite surface was necessary prior to tny sorptlon
studies. Sorptlon studies of 10 metals singularly with the four sulfide
minerals and competitive sorption with 10 metals were completed; suspension
pH was that of the mineral suspension. Adsorption Isotherms, partition coef-
ficients and -.hermodynamic parameters are being calculated.
Robert Ambrose, Steven McCutcheon, and Mac Long conducted a WASP4 workshop
in Beijing for Chinese scientists from collaborating Institutes. This model
will be used 1n collaborative US-PRC studies. Detailed research plans are be-
ing developed for the Lake Boston study (Xinjiang Institute) and Harbor Study
(Nanjing University).
The joint US-PRC-Canada Symposium on F1sh Physiology Toxicology, and
Management 1s now scheduled for September 14-16, 1988, 1n Guargzhou.
Source Code anc Example Applications for QUAL2E Version 3.0 were prepared
for release in July.
PRC visiting research associate, Mr. Qian Song, has produced Interesting
results exploring the Impact of covariance among model Inputs on uncertainty
analysis. Usirg O'Connor's analytical solution to the Streeter-Phelps
equation, he fcund that consideration of cova-iance results in a 20-30%
increase in uncertainty estimates. These results, 1f confirmed, are signifi-
cant as they irdicate that we cannot make the assumption of independence ir
model Inputs.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DEL IVERABLES :
* 7174 MAGNETIC TAPE OF SWMM III.4 INCLUDING CORRECTIONS AND
ENHANCEMENTS.
DUE: 12/31/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/Oi/OO
# 7556 INTERNAL REPORT ON APPLICATION OF MODELS FOR CONVENTIONAL AND TOXIC
POLLUTION ASSESSMENT IN THE PRC. (K)
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
# 7557 INTERNAL REPORT ON JOINT US-PRC STUDIES ON POLLUTANT TRANSFORMATION
PROCESSES. (K)
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
# 7673 REPORT ON MODIFICATION/APPLICATION OF QUALII E-UNCAS FOR
WASTELOAD ALLOCATION. (K)
DUE: 11/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
10 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITP10NS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: B101 WATER
ISSUE: A WQBA/PERMITTING
PPA (L): 15 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS
PPA (S): 15 EXPERT SYSTEMS
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 08 Expert System for Prediction of 3hysical/Chemical Parameters
PROJECT OFFICER: Samuel W. Karickhoff PHONE: FTS-2&0-3H9
PLANNED^START: 06/01/85^ ^PLANNED^END: 09/30/68^
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: To develop computational methods for estimation of fundamental
reactivity parameters (rate constants, equilibrium constants, etc.) for
various compounds based on their molecular structures alone.
RATIONALE: A major portion of the pollutant fate program at Athens ERL 1s the
development of mathematical relationships describinc the rate/extent of
individual transformation/transport pathways for pollutants 1n aquatic or
terrestrial ecosystems. Current models require as Inputs certain fundamental
reactivity parameters. Algorithms providing for a priori estimation of these
chemical parameters are needed to enable use of process models 1n situations
where measured parameters are not available. Recent advances in computer
technology enable the use of computers to integrate theoretical (qualitative
and quantitative) and heuristic reasoning with aoproprlate data to produce
predictive algo-1 thins of the type needed.
APPROACH: An expert systems shell will be constructed to: (1) discriminate
noncontribut 1ng units, (2) develop rules for classifying and character iz Ingersus
calibrate' with regard to reactivity.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Approximately 15,000 1on1zation constants for pKa and pKb have been
collected from the literature and cataloged. A pK database has been designed
for Input of tie constants. This will be used to test the reliability of the
computational algorithm for predicting values of pka and pKb. The algorithm
for computing oK has been written in Prolog.
An additional 580 UV absorption spectra have been digitized and added to
the spectral database. This database will be used for calibration of computa-
tional algorithms and validation of the expert system's predictive capability
for photochemical rate constants. The scheme for computing stertc effects of
substHuent groups at two levels distant from tie center or mass of the molecul
was implemented.
cent 1nued . . .
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PAGE: 11 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL -JUNE 1987^
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Work continues to: 1! develop a second molecular orbital computational
scheme suited for non-alternate organic compounds, 2) extend structural query
and spectural computational schemes to compounds having three or four condensed
rings, and 3) evaluate software and modify the code for graph'c input of
molecular structure into SPARC.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF OELIVERABLES:
# 6927 Journal Article Describing Algorithms for Estimating
Photochemical Rate Constants from Chemical Properties
DUE: 01/31/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/31/87
AGE: 12 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
E3L ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: B101 WATER
ISSUE: A WQBA/PERMITTING
PPA (L): 15 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS
PPA (S): 15 EXPERT SYSTEMS
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 18 Al/ES for EnvircnmenUl Management
PROJECT OFFICER: Thomas Barnwell PHONE: FTS-250-3175
PLANNED START: 10/01/85 PLANNED END: 12/31/90
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: To develop, modify and apply experimental knowledge-based e>pert systems
for environmental assessment needs,
RATIONALE: Use of expert systems (ES) 1n model calibration, applica- tion and
verification will provide uniformity of model application for NPOES permitting
under the Clean Water Act. Expert systems can identify chemicals that have
potential adverse ecological and health effects and can help Identify
substances encountered in the analysis of pollutants and predict ttelr fate 1n
water.
APPROACH: AI/ES programs will be Integrated witn some of the most widely used
water quality nodels to facilitate data handling and the Interpretation of
model output fo- assessing the impacts of wastewater discharges. ES concepts
will Initially be applied to QUAL-II. A seminar-workshop will be conducted to
help develop ORO and Program Office Al/ES capability and to demonstrate the
utility of ES technology. An expert system will be developed -.0 estimate
transformation of pollutants and later for hydrolysis and other processe.
concepts will also be applied to screen chemical structures for potential
transformation of pollutants and later for hydrolysis and other processe. ES ph
concepts will al< ' - ... - J• • - ....
care Inogenidty.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Cooperative work by Mr. Thomas Barnwell and Dr. Linfield Brown continues
1n the development of an expert system application package for the QUAL2E model
An ORD/Program Office workshop on AI languages was held in Athens on
June 7-10. Dr. Don Nute of the University of Georgia's Advanced Computational
Methods Center led the workshop, which Included A 2-day PROLOG tutorial.
The Implementation of all the program elemerts o* an expert system for
analyzing the zone of initial dilution in waters receiving pol"utants has been
completed. A paper describing the work, "Expert System for Mixing Zone Analysl
of Toxic and Conventional Discharge," has been Drepared for the National Con-
cont 1 nued . . .
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PAGE:
13
14
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
ference on Hydraulic Engineering 1n August.
A paper entitled "Uncertainty Analysis in Wate- Quality Model'ng Using
QUAL2E" (7157B) was prepared for publication in the proceedings of the 1st
Symposium on System Analysis 1n Water Quality Management, June 30, 1987, London
England.
Dr Llnfield Brown presented a paper, "An Expert Advisor fo- the QUAL2E
Model," at the spring AGU meeting in Baltirrore.
Drs. Anil Nerode and Wiktor Marek experts on knowledge engineering and
expert systems, are working with Ron Mosely of ERL/RTP on an expert system for
radon contamination through the cooperative agreement with University of
Pittsburgh.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DEL IVERABLES:
# 7161 EXPER7 SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE ZONE OF INITIAL
DILUTION (ZID) AND THE MIXING ZONE IN RIVERS.
DUE: 03/31/87 REVISED: 03/31/88 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
EU ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: BlOl
ISSUE: A
PPA (L): 16
TITLE
WATER
WQBA/PERMITTING
WETLANDS RES. ON WQ, MITIGATION 4 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF LOSS
PPA (S): 16 WETLANDS
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT- 01 Predictive Models for Evaluating WQ Benefits
PROJECT OFFICER: Harvey W. Holm PHONE: FTS-250-3103
PLANNED START: 06/01/86 PLANNED END: 09/30/90
of Wetlands
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: To develop a modeling technique for evaluating the water quality
benefits provided by wetland ecosystems.
RATIONALE: Wetlands primarily through actions of mlcrobial communities,
provide environmental benefits by capturing organic toxicants ana heavy metals.
This pollution control function must be evaluated ard documented sc that the
beneficial effects of wetlands in water quality mairtenance can be evaluated
against the economic value of land development.
APPROACH: The microbiological community ecodynamics that crea'.e toxicant
dissimilation capacities and the environmental ciemodynamics of heavy metals
will be characterized. This will include investigation of the effects of
geographic and seasonal variables on process dynamics, the Interactions of
nutrient and toxicant loadings and the load-bearing capacities of wetlands.
This Information along with other AERL work 1n ecological risk analysis will be
used to develop a nutrient-organic toxicant-heavy metal computer model that can
objective tool for rational risk/benefit evaluations 1n specific wetlandlsion ma
basins, an
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A draft design report on the decision support systetr for regulation based
on water quality functions of freshwater wetlands (7487A) was completed by MUe
Timpe. The primary objective was to develop an integrated system that is flex-
ible enough to accommodate continuing expansion and future development, while
delivering state-of-the-art analytical simulation capabilities. Other activ-
ities were:
1. Analysis of Functional Objectives. (Objective: Determination of suitable
Input data and definition of the informatlor to be generated bv the software.)
Distribution of the draft des'gn report should generate useful"comments. Timpe
presented an Information seminar to the Risk Assessment group describing the
overall softwa-e systems development from the perspectives of the wetlands pro-
continued . . .
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PAGE: 15
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0V FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
8/13/87
AGE: 16
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
ject and its defined objectives, as well as the larger view of EPA's simulation
modeling development strategies In general. Burns and T1mpe participated ir, an
EPA/NASA meeting to explore potential for joint user applications for routine
usage of remoie sensing data.
2. Database Management and CIS Interface. (Objective: Construction of soft-
ware for management of natural resource datasets with Interface software for
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), simulation models and graphical outputs.)
T1mpe performed some initial cleanup and test compilations of the ANNIE and WDM
(Watershed Database Management System) routines. A summary overview of the
current system was included in the design report. T1mpe participated 1n a work
session to focus on the detailed Incorporation of graphics standards and the
mechanics of the WDMS/GIS Interface, and is currently reviewing a large commer-
cial graphics library (RPA CAPLIB) for potentia" conversion to the WDMS system.
The software would support the GIS graphics standard, and would become public
domain. Timpe participated in the EROAS User's Group Meeting April 9-10 to
learn more about the range of applications to which image processing technology
is being applied. A number of users have suc:essfully applied the technology t
the solution of problems similar to those we face in our research program, and
we should benefit significantly from their exoerlence.
3. Simulation Models. (Objective: To assemble and code ecological models to
describe the water quality benefits of wetland ecosystems and place them ir a
landscape context for the evaluation of their public value and replacement
costs.) Timpe performed a maintainability analysis on the EXAMS program at
EPA's Nationa" Computer Center with the Maintainability Analysis Tool (MAT).
The output from this analysis Indicated some -eal or potential problems in the
code, which were investigated and corrected as reeded, for production of an
upgrade version of EXAMS Work 1s proceeding to produce a minimal superset fro
the existing COMMON blocks 1n HSPF prior to applying the MA" static analysis.
Completion of this large task will maximize the userul Information from the MAT
analysis and will lay the groundwork for future pro-gram modification. The com-
plete library of available microcomputer software w.ns obtained from the Army
Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center. A number of these packages
are candidates for adaptation. In particular, HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package,
HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles, and HYOPAR Hydrologic Parameters can provide
useful services for a wetlands modeling system.
4. Field Investigations. (Objective: Collaborative research with ongoing wet
lands research projects designed to test databc.se management systems and simu-
lation models, and provide data to assist 1n model development.) Arrangements
for the "northern wetlands mesocosms" mandated by the ERL-Corva11 is "Wetlands
Research Plan" were begun this quarter; an IAG with USGS for work at a
St. Joseph, MN, wetland was submitted in June. A cooperative agreement to
contribute agreed upon funds to the Des Plains River Study will be submitted in
continued. . .
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
EU ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
July.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
t 7487 Report on design of a decision support system for regulation
based on Water Quality functions of freshwater wetlands.
DUE: 12/31/86 REVISED: 06/30/87 COMPLETED: 06/30/87
# 7489 Process-based ecosystem model of water quality functions of
freshwater wetlands.
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/31/89 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
-------
PAGE: 17 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITP10NS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987^
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: 8101 WATER
ISSUE: C WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
PPA (L): 46 INDENT. OF TCXIC CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
PPA (S): 46 TOXICS IDENT.
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 02 Identify and Compile Data on Occurrence of Organics
PROJECT OFFICER: John M. McGuIre PHONE: FTS-250-3185
PLANNED START: 10/01/82 PLANNED END: 09/30/90
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: This research will identify and determine distribution of unlisted
chemicals In industrial wastewaters. Compounds that can be identified by
empirical mass spectra matching as well as those that elude identification by
this technique will be included.
RATIONALE: The current list of pollutants that are regulated in industrial
wastewaters was established without accurate
-------
PAGE: 19 DATE: 6/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: D109 HAZARDOUS WASTE-NONENERGY
ISSUE- C WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
PPA (L): 28 LAND DISPOSAL BANNING ASSESSMENT AND EVAL OF OTHER MGMT SYST
PPA (S): 28 LAND DISP BANNING
RC: ' "'
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 03 Measure Rate Constants and Partition Coefficients
PROJECT OFFICER: Jackson^Elllngton^ ^ PHONE:^FTS-250-3197
PLANNED START: 10/01/85 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide accurate rate constants of known precision for Implementing the
Hazardous Waste Management Amendments Including evaluating waste management
and treatment needs based on potential human letlth and environmental impacts.
RATIONALE: Current regulatory activities including RCRA Reauthorizat 1on
requirements relative to Land Disposal Evaluation are demonstrating the lack of
consistent methods and data for determining tie health and environmental impact
of various regulatory options. Accurate pollutant degradatlor rate constants
of known precision are needed for more sclent1J'cally sound ard consistent
decision-making on waste management options.
APPROACH: Experimental techniques will be adapted or developed, standardized,
and applied to measure degradation rate constants and partition coefficients
for selected organic chemicals. Measured and literature Information will be
Incorporated ir.to computerized data bases for use with multimed1a models fcr
evaluating waste management and treatment needs relative to the Land Disposal
Evaluat ion.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
During the quarter, measurements were completed for the remainder of the
hyd'olysls rate constants and octanol/water partition coefficients for which
data were missing in the "second third" of the Appendix VIII compounds being
evaluated under the land decision rule. Identities of the compounds measured
were confirmee by mass spectrometry and infrared spectrometry. Data are pub-
lished in two reports: "Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluatio
of Hazardous Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal:
Volume II. Data on 54 Chemicals," (7686A) by J. Jackson El~1nqton; Frank E.
Stancil Jr; William D. Payne: and Cheryl Trusty, and "Octanol/Water Partition
Coefficients for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Part 2. 'Second
Third1 Chemicals," (7687A) by Ellington and Stancil.
A poster session, "Use of Standard Reference Compounds to Assure Compara-
cont inued...
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
EH ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
bllity of Hydrolysis Rate Constant Measurements," by Ellington Sttncil and
Payne, was presented at the 17th Annual Symposium on the Analytical Chemistry
of Pollutants, "lay 18-20, 1987.
A literature survey for hydrolysis rates and cctanol/water partition coef-
ficients is underway for compounds without measured values 1n the Apendix VIII
"third third" and for compounds under consideration 1n the concentration based
listing project.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
» 7686 SECOND REPORT ON HYDROLYSIS RATE CONSTANTS FOR LAND BANNING
DECISION RULE.
DUE: 05/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 05/30/87
* 7687 SECOND REPORT ON PARTITION COEFFICIENTS COR LAND BANNING
DECISION RULE.
DUE: 05/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 05/30/87
-------
PAGE:
21
DATE: 8/13/87*
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FV'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: D109
ISSUE: C
PPA (L): 28
TITLE
HAZARDOUS WASTE-NONENERGY
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
LAND DISPOSAL BANNING ASSESSMENT AND EVAL OF OTHER MGMT SYST
28 LAND DISP BANNING
'Rt: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 07 Environmental Process Character'zat 1on - Metals
PROJECT OFFICER: Arthur W. Garrison PHONE: FTS-250-3U5
PPA (S):
RC:
PLANNED START: 10/01/84
PLANNED END: 12/31/99
22
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide data on fate and transport of toxic metals for development of
exposure assessment models for Implementing tie Hazardous Waste Management
Amendments, Including evaluating waste management and treatmert needs basec on
potential human health and environmental Impacts..
RATIONALE: Current activities Including RCRA Reauthor 1zatIon requirements
relative to Land Disposal Evaluation demonstrate the lack of consistent
exposure assessment methods and data for determining the health and
environmental impact of various regulatory options. Data on fate and transport
of toxic meta's are needed for Inclusion in models for exposure assessment.
APPROACH: Thermodynamics and kinetics of sorption of metal cations,
metal-ligand complexes and other metal species on soils sediments and aquifer
substrates wi'l be studied. Specific sorbates will include minerals,
organic-coated minerals and dissolved humic materials. Distribution
coefficients will be determined using plasma enlsslon spectroscopy;
Kinetic equat'ons and equilibrium constants w1"l be-determined and categorlzedse
for use 1n exposure and risk models.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Work on the "accelerated metals plan" for OSW this quarter included:
1) meeting with OSW and its contractor to plan collection of aquifer samples
necessary for rruch of this accelerated work, 2) continued inhouse development
of concepts, models, and databases for improved sorption terms for the MINTED,
model for fate of metals in groundwater, 3) performance of initial experiments
for estimation of distribution coefficients between metals and aquifer solids
and 4) assembly of funding packages for the various extramural efforts supporte
by OSW through ERL-Athens. Funds were added to a cooperative agreement between
ERL-Ada and Colorado School of Mines (CSM) for work on redox measurements in
aquifer systems; work has already begun. CSM also has begun work to identify
organic complexatlon agents 1n leachates and determine their stability constant
with metals of Interest to OSW. A 11 terature-cerived data base of this informa
continued. . .
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'B7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
E?L ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
tlon 1s being incorporated into MINTEQ by ERL-Athens. A database of stability
constants for metal-hydrous oxide Interactions was obtained from Carnegie
Mellon University; this has also been adapted for use in MINTE3 modeling.
Aquifer samples collected by the OSW contractor will begin arriving at ERL-
Athens about mid-August.
In in-house research, competitive adsorption of 14 metals on 4 clay
minerals--montmor11lonite, kaolinite, Illite, and vtrmicul1te--was completed.
Kaol1n1te showed negative adsorption at pH 4 for all metals except Cr. Mont-
morlllonlte and Illite exhibited no preferential sorption of aiy divalent
transition metal cation, but vermlculite exhibited some preferential sorption.
For these clays, the order of sorption onto a sodium-saturated clay was M+3 >
M+2 > M+l. Studies using the same above systems anc calcium (40 ppm), cysteine
and a combination of both as desorbing agents also were completed.
Two scientists from the People's Republic of China are working inhcuse
under a PRC-US agreement—one on metal-humic Interactions and one on metal-
sulflde mineral interactions. They are beginning tc produce results that
contribute to tie goals of this project.
A reverse osmosis sampling system was developed, tested, and used on-site
by Georgia Institute of Technology personne" to collect and concentrate by
twenty-fold 200q of dissolved organics in Suwannee River (Olcefenokte Swamp)
water. Ninety-five percent recovery of total dissolved organics was obtained.
This organic material will be fractionated to provide the necessary quantity
of fulvic and humic adds for use by Georgia Teci, University of Georgia, and
Inhouse researchers studying metal-organic interactions.
Work continues at the University of Georgia on use of laser-excited
lanthanlde ion fluorescence for characterization of metal binding sites in
humic materials. Several experiments were completed to establish the precision
and accuracy of the recently Installed spectrometer system. These Included
experimental measurement of the emission spectra and lifetimes of Eu(III).
Most Importantly, confirmation of earlier experimental results on the binding
of Eu(III) by lumic acid was attained.
Inhouse work Involving multie'ement analysis of groundwater/aquifer sample
for determination of distribution coefficients of metallic elenents between
ground- water and aquifer solids was completed. This work has established a
unique background of experience that will be extremely useful in the next few
months when aquifer samples from sites throughout the United States will be
shipped to ERL-Athens for determination of metal-aquifer solid distribution
coeffi- dents and testing of the MINTEQ predictive model.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
-------
PAGE: 23 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0^ FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987^
SCHEDULE AND S'ATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
RSGE
I 7350 ARTICLE ON THE KINETICS OF SORPTION AND DESORPTION OF
METALS IN SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS
DUE: 07/31/89 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
« 7351 ARTICLE DESCRIBING KINETICS OF COMPLEXA'tON PHENOMENON
FOR METALS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEMS
DUE: 07/31/89 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
I 7691 REPORT ON DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS OF METALS SORBED TO
AQUIFER SUBSTRATES. (K)
DUE: 01/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/30/87
* 7692 REPORT ON METAL BINDING TO HUMIC/FULVIC MATERIALS.
DUE: 08/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
* 7693 REPOR" ON LASER SPECTROMETRY APPLIED TO METAL-ORGANIC
SPECIATION IN WATER. (K)
DUE- 12/30/86 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 12/31/86
GE: 24 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FV87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ESL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: D109 HAZARDOUS WASTE-NONENE.RGY
ISSUE: C WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
PPA (L): 28 LAND DISPOSAL BANNING ASSESSMENT AND EVAL OF OTHER MGMT SYST
PPA (S): 28 LAND DISP BANNING
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 17 Environmental Process Characterization (Biological)
PROJECT OFFICER: John E. Rogers PHONE: FTS-250-3592
^^ 03/01/85^ __ ^PLANNED^END:. 12/31/J9
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide Integrated (multimedia) methods and cata for imolemtnting the
Hazardous Waste Management Amendments Including evaluating waste management
and treatment needs based on potential hunan health and environmental impacts.
RATIONALE: Current regulatory activities including RCRA Reauthor1zstion
requirements relative to Land Disposal Evaluation are demonstrating the lac-: of
consistent methods and data for determining the health and environmental imoact
of various regulatory options. Integrated (multimedia) methods that
accommodate knowledge of uncertainty are needed for more accurate and
consistent decision-making on waste management ootlons.
APPROACH: Mechanisms of anaerobic blotransformations of xenoblotU chemicals
will be characterized using kinetic equations. .aboratory studies will be
conducted to test these models and to Identify eivironmental parameters that
Impact the rates and extent of the blotransformation processes.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A manuscript, "Microbial Transformation Rates of High Concentrations of
Toxic Organic Chemicals in Natural Streams" (Hwang, Hodson and Lewis)(7347B) wa
submitted to Appl1ed_and Environmental Microbiology. Research on the toxiclty
of high concentrations oT organic subsTrates to microbial processs is being
carried out through the UGA Cooperative Agreement, Subproject 4. This research
is designed to evaluate the validity of assuming no microbial degradation in
toxic waste sites where one or more chemicals exist at concentrations toxic to
general microbial metabolic processes.
Dr. Rogers was asked to chair a session entitled "Anaerobic Biodegradation
of XenoblotU Compounds" at the SETAC 8th Arnual Meeting November 9-12. 1987,
Pensacola, FL. He also was asked to chair a session on the biological treatmen
of hazardous waste as part of the Symposium on Chemical and Biological Detoxi-
fication of Hazardous Waste at the American Chemical Society Meetings, New
Orleans, LA, August 30-September 4, 1987.
continued. . .
-------
PAGE: 25 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
The organic chemicals reported in Table C-5 on page 21675 of the Federal
Register Vol 51, No. 114, were evaluated for their relative b'odegradabl 1 ity in
subsurface environments. The compounds were subsequently divded into three
groups as a result of the evaluation. The three groups were: (1) compounds for
which laboratory data should be Immediately developed because their rates of
degradation may be fast enough to significantly Impact the output of mathemati-
cal models used in regulatory processes; (2) compounds for which there 1s t mar
ginal chance that laboratory data would impact regulatory processes, and (3)
compounds for which anaerobic degradation that should not be considered because
their degradat'on will be toe slow to have an effect.
Following up on our previous studies of the degradation of dichlorophenols
1n anaerobic sediments, we have taken a closer 'ook at the assay procedures tha
we have been using. The extrapolation of laboratory data to the field is nighl
dependent on knowing the relationship between the true envirormental rate and
the rate of degradation determined 1n the laboratory. In this regard we are
currently Investigating the effect of dilution of the sediment samples and the
effect of varying the sediment sample size while maintaining a constant secl-
ment-to-water ratio. As the ratio of sediment to water was increased from 1:5
to 1:100 a large increase was observed in the lag period before degradation
could be detected. Apparently the less dilute the sample, the more likely that
1t represents the environmental rate of degradation. From a practical sense,
however, 1f corservatlve rates are needed as input for current regjlatory
models, the more dilute assays would be prefe-red.
We nave also initiated studies in the following three areas:
(1) We are currently examining the degradation cf a series of dlchlorinate
anilines 1n anaerobic sediments as a parallel study to the one currently being
conducted with dlchlorophenols. We hope to determine whether we are dealing
with only a few organisms with broad substrate specifications for degrading
dlchlorophenols or a wide variety of organisms with very specific substrate
specificities. We will also be looking at the difference between static and
shaken assays.
(2) We are extending the studies initiated by e. visiting Soviet scientist,
Dr. N. D. Ananyeva, who was investigating the tdaptatlon period that generally
occurs 1n nattral waters and sediments before degradation can be detected by
Investigating the degradation of phenol, p-cresol, a-naphthol and quinollne 1n
natural waters. Results from these studies will be reported at the SETAC treat-
ing this fall and at the American/Soviet Symposium -.0 be held 1n Iowa City this
October.
(3) As part of a cooperative agreement with the University of Georgia,
cont1nued . . .
PAGE: 26 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCMTPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
the temperature dependence of the degradation of xenobiotics in anaerobic
environments 1s being Investigated. The dechlorlnat 1on of 2,4-dichlorophenol
1n sediments amended with 2000 ppm sulfate was recently observed. Sulfate has
been reported to Inhibit this reaction In some sediments.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 7690 INTERNAL REPORT ON EQUATION FOR PREDICTING ANAEROBIC TRANSFORMATIONS WITHIN
THE SATURATED ZONE
DUE: 07/31/89 REVISED: 11/30/89 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
-------
PAGE: 27 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT O'J FY'87 PROJECT DESCR1TPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: D109
ISSUE: C
PPA (L): 28
PROJECT
PPA (S): 28
RC • K
PROJECT! 21
OFFICER: Lee A.
PLANNED
TITLE
HAZARDOUS WASTE-NONENERGY
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
LAND DISPOSAL BANNING ASSESSMENT AND EVAL OF OTHER
LAND DISP BANNING
ERL ATHNS
Multimedia Modeling with Uncerttlnty Analysis
Mulkey PHONE: FTS-250-3160
START: 09/01/85 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
MGMT SYST
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide multimedia methods complete with uncertainty analysis
capabilities for implementing the Hazardous Waste Management Amendments
including evaluating waiver petitions, listing procedures, and dellsting
petitions basec on human health and environmeitcl inpacts.
RATIONALE: Current regulatory activities Including RCRA Reauthorization
requirements relative to Land Disposal Evaluation are demonstrating the lack of
consistent methods and data for determining tie health and environmental impact
of various regulatory options. Integrated (multimedia) methods that
accommodate knowledge of uncertainty are needed for more accurate and
consistent decision-making on waste management options.
APPROACH: The decision rule model will be subjected to a series of tests with
various measurement errors assumed for the Inputs. OSW staff will be consulted
on outcomes to evaluate impact of Input accuracies on resulting rule decisions
to define acceptable experimental accuracy. The range of environmental
appropriate. Multimedia models capable of simu'atlng both the engineerings and u
controls and post-closure performance will be developed for use in evaluating
banning waiver requests.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
The report describing the multimedia modeling for hazardous wastes,
"Multimedia Exposure Assessment Model for Evaluating Land Disposal of Hazardous
Wastes: A Progress Report," (6015A) was completed. The computer code was de-
livered and it is currently undergoing testing and evaluation, OSW was provide
a copy and their staff is conducting sensitivity analysis. A major question
under investigation is the role of the ursaturtted zone on downgradient ex-
posures. In its current form, the model includes vapor and leachate fluxes to
the atmosphere and soil, fate in the unsaturated zone, fate 1n the saturated
zone, and plume Interception by surface water and subsequent water quality fate
The diffuse layer metal sorptlon model algorithm developed by David
continued...
28 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'67 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Dzombok at MIT was Incorporated into the MINTEQA1 model code. This sorptlon
model 1s expected to improve our ability to mcdel metal-bearing le&chates from
lane disposal systems.
Two new projects were Initiated this quarter. The first, Development of a
Site Specific Version of the Multimedia Exposure Model, will consist of two
primary efforts: integration of a numerical unsaturated/saturated code as an
option to the current analytical scheme, and development/implementation of an
alternative scheme for the monte carlo approach to incertainty analyses. With
these enhancements, the model will be capable of incorporating site-specific
spatial variability and be able to efficiently perform uncertainty analysis.
The second Development of a Coupled Metal Special ion-Transport Moael, will pro
duce a prototype model for simulating metals movement 1n porous media. A key
element of the approach is the use of MINTEQA1 to specify the minimum number of
reactions and t-\ermodynam1c constants required in ary given analyses so that
computational burdens can be alleviated.
ERL-Athens and OSW are performing a comprehensive set of sensitivity
analyses with tie suite of exposure models used for land disposal regulation.
Impacts of anaerobic degradation, alternative formulations for dispersivity, th
unsaturated zone depths, and hydrolysis rate constants are being evaluated for
44 chemicals.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 6015 Report on Organics Multi Media Human Exposure Model
DUE: 09/30/86 REVISED: 05/31/87 COMPLETED: 05/31/87
t 7352 PROJECT REPORT ON PERFORMANCE TESTS OF OSW I'ODELING
APPROACH USING FIELD DATA
DUE: 11/30/87 REVISED: 02/29/88 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
» 7353 REPORT ON EVALUATION OF LAND DISPOSAL SYSTECS, PROJECT
DESIGNS. AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR FAILURE PROBABILITIES
DUE: 04/30/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMHETEO: 01/01/00
* 7684 PROJECT RPT. ON UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF MULTIMEDIA (AIR UNSATURATEO ZONE
GROUND WATER), TRANSIENT-FINITE SOURCE, LAND DISPOSAL M6DEL.
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
» 7685 USERS MANUAL FOR MULTIMEDIA, TRANSIENT LAND DISPOSAL MODEL
DUE: 02/28/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
« 7694 USER'S MANUAL FOR METAL SPECIATION MODE.ING - MINTEQ
DUE: 03/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 03/30/87
-------
PAGE: 29 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTiVITY: D109
ISSUE: C
PPA (L): 28
PROJECT
PPA (S): 28
RC: K
PROJECT: 38
OFFICER: N. Lee
PLANNED
HAZARDOUS WASTE-NONENERGY
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
LAND DISPOSAL BANNING ASSESSMENT AND EVAL OF OTHER MGMT SYST
LAND DISP BANNING
ERL ATHNS
Environmental Process Characterization
Wolfe PHONE: FTS-250
START: 10/01/84
PLANNED END:
12/31/90
- Orgarics
-3429
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide data on fate and transport of anthropogenic organic compounds
for development of exposure assessment models for Implementinc the Hazardous
Waste Management Amendments Including evaluating waste management and
treatment needs based on potential human health and envlronmertal Impacts.
RATIONALE: Current activities Including RCRA Reauthorization requirements
relative to Land Disposal Evaluation demonstrate the lack of consistent
exposure assessment methods and data for determining the health and
environmental Impacts of various regulatory oot'ons. Data on fate and
transport of arthropogenic organic compounds are needed for Inclusion in models
for exposure assessment.
APPROACH: Detailed laboratory kinetic studies will be conducted to describe
soil mediated hydrolysis and abiotic redox transformation reactions of
organics as a function of pH and redox potential in the sorbed and bulk
aqueous phase cf soil-water systems. Molecular and system variables that
govern redox and other processes will be related and quantif
ed.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Nit'obenzene reduction studies were extended ~.o soil-water sairples obtaine
from two aquifers. The disappearance rate constant; are approximately five
times slower in the aquifer samples than in sediment samples collected in the
Athens area. Detailed concentration studies of substituted nitrobenzenes
Indicated that the disappearance rate constants were dependent on the Initial
concentration of the nitrobenzene derivative. Additional studies are in prog-
ress to determine the rate limiting step of the reduction process.
Redox studies were performed on two carbamate pesticides, Propham and
Carbaryl, 1n an anaerobic sediment/water system containing 10% solids. Kinetic
results are being Interpreted; decay products of these two pesticides will be
analyzed. In addition to these redox studies, the hydrolysis of chlorinated
continued,..
30 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
organic compounds 1s currently being Investigated.
Studies of the degradation of synthetic dyestuffs in anaerobic sediments
continue. The effects of pH on the distribution and kinetics of reduction were
studied for a nonlonlzable dye, azobenzene, ard an 'onizable dye. Congo Red.
Results Indicate that pH will have little effect on the distribution and reduc-
tion of azo dyes containing non-ionizable functional groups. ror those dyes
that do contain ionizable groups pH will play an important role in their
distribution and, thus, transport 1n natural system:. Changes in pH, however,
may have little effect on the rate of reduction of these dyes at the sediment-
water surface.
Studies on sorption of fonizable organic compounds to soils, sediments and
aquifer material continue. Experimental work confirms that partitioning of
the anlon of peitachlo'ophenol (pentachlorophenolate) between octar.ol and water
is highly dependent on ionic strength of the i»ater phase and that partitioning
of both the ion-paired phenolate and free phenolate species into octanol is
important.
A workshop on tie Environmental Chemistry of Dyes, crganized by the Athens
Laboratory, has been tentatively scheduled for November 12-13, 1987, in
Pensacola, FL. A symposium entitled "Environmental Chemistry of Ionic
XenoblotUs," also organized by the Athens Laboratory, will be held at the SETA
conference.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 7349 ARTICLE ON THE ROLE OF SOIL IN MEDIATING THE HYDROLYSIS
OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
DUE: 09/30/88 REVISED: 01/31/89 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
* 7688 JOURNAL ARTICLE ON ABIOTIC REDOX REACTIONS IN SEDIMENT-SOIL
SYSTEMS. (K)
DUE: 10/30/86 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 10/30/86
# 7689 REPORT DESCRIBING THE KINETICS OF REDOX REACTIONS IN SOIL-WATER
ENVIRONMENTS.
DUE: 12/30/88 REVISED: 04/30/89 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
-------
PAGE: 31 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0*J FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: D109 HAZARDOUS WASTE-NONENERGY
ISSUE: D DIOXIN
PPA (L): 54 MOVEMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF DIOXINS IN SOILS AND GROUNDWATER
PPA (S): 54 DIOXIN TRANSPORT
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 35 Photodegradation of D1ox1n 1n Soils
PROJECT OFFICER: Richard G. Zepp PH2N^: FT$-250-3428
PLANNED START: 10/01/85 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide OSWER with techniques and necessary data to predict the rate and
extent of movement and transformations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod 1benzo-p-dioxln
in soils and 1n ground waters.
RATIONALE: These data are necessary to assess the potential for human exposure
to dioxin and to make rational decisions regarding the removal and disposal of
dioxln-contaminated soils. These data will also aid in the development of
technologies to desorb dioxin from soils and to detoxify dloxins in
contaminated soils.
APPROACH: Studies will be conducted to determine equations and rate constants
that describe the photolysis of dioxins on soils. The studies will examine
direct photolysis as well as indirect photoprocesses involving light-generated
oxidizing species on soil surfaces.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Research cont'nues at the University of Nevada-Reno on photolysis and
other environmental reactions of various dioxins on soil and other surfaces.
Efforts 1n the past 3 months have centered on validation of previous findings o
2,3 7,8-TCDD formation from contaminated octachlorod ibenzod 1oxin (OCDD) soils i
sunlight. So'ls from contaminated sites 1n Oregon .ire presently being irradi-
ated both 1n the laboratory and under environmental conditions. These irradi-
ated samples will be sent to Cal-Enseco Labs -"or complete isomer analysis at th
end of the exposure periods. A study also 1s being conducted in the laboratory
on two OCDD-fortified, air-dried agricultural soils to determine the depth
dependence of photolysis.
Recent results from irradiating 2.3,7,8-TCDD -ortified soils witn hydrogen
donating solvents support previous studies that oil additives increase the rate
of photolysis. Future studies will determine whether this is a result of
transport or photochemistry.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
32 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 7355 REPORT ON PHOTODEGRADATION EVALUATION OF DIOXIN (2,3 7 8-TCDD) IN
SOILS
DUE: 06/30/88 REVISED: 09/30/88 COMPLETED: 01/01/03
-------
PAGE:
33
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0V FV87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC~S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: E104
ISSUE: D
PPA (L): 07
PPA (S):
RC:
PROJECT:
07
K
24
PROJECT OFFICER: Robert F. Carsel
PLANNED START: 04/01/81
TITLE
PESTICIDES NCNENERGY
ECOLOGY: TRAKSPORT/FATE/FIELD VALIDATION
GROUNDWATER: PEST. CONTAMINATION AND PROCESS STUDIES
PEST. GROUNOWTR RES.
ERL ATHNS
Validation of Predictive Techniques for Environ. Exposure
PHONE: FTS-250-3138
PLANNED END: 03/31/89
34
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Refine, parameterize and evaluate via field and other studies the
capability of single and multimedia pesticide exposure models that predict the
multimedia and intermedia transport and fate o~ pesticides, especially through
soils (including an evaluation of their leaching potential), sediments, anc
other porous neqia to ground and surface waters.
RATIONALE: Optimum pesticide regulation requires field-evaluated assessment
techniques to assure that scientifically defensible decisions are made using
cost-effective data specifications and assessment methods.
APPROACH: As single and multimedia pesticide exposjre assessment packages are
developed or assembled from SOA components on application/drift, ranoff
leaching surface stream river and lake models, etc., and become operational,
they will be systematically evaluated via application to "real world" OPP and
state problems and/or by retrospective comparison studies. Limited special
field studies will also be initiated in concept with OPP, states, Regions,
packages or specific components. Current emphasis is on the Dougherty Plaineith
leaching study. Quality assurance activities will oe conducted by Athens ERL.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Two pesticides, aldicarb and metolachlor, were successfully applied at the
Dougherty Plain field site at time of planting for 1987 crop season. Applica-
tion rates were monitored by both soil and filter disks. Samples were collecte
to evaluate composite sampling designs versus random sampling. In addition
post-application soil samples were collected to assess field degradation rates.
Three prototype multi-level monitoring wells were designed and fabricated.
The Interagency agreement with the U.S. Geological Survey was approved and
executed. This agreement provides for the concuct of experiments on the
Dougherty Plain field site for the 1987 growing season and for the installation
of additional monitoring well networks for nonUortng bromide tracer movement.
continued,..
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'»7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
On-the-job-training of newly hired personnel, cross-training of senior
Bersonnel, and general preparations for the up-coming sampling season at the
ougherty Plain field site is in progress. Reorganization of existing space
and equipment, required as a result of the shift 1n methylene chloride opera-
tions, 1s near completion.
Soil profile characterization for the site down to ?0 feet is TOW complete
Measured data of soil properties for 10 of the 20 primary sites 'nclude hy-
draulic conductivity, water retention curves, particle size distribution, and
bulk density.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DEL1VERABLES:
* 6909
# 6912
f 7593
» 7660
* 7661
* 7662
* 7664
Report on spatial variability of soil release characte-istics (Dougierty
Plain Site) for use in PR2M (f" '
DUE: 12/31/86 REVISED: " "
(testing)
31/87 CO
JOURNAL ARTICLE ON RESULTS
COASTAL PLAIN SOILS
DUE: 03/31/87 REVISED: 12/31/87
03/31/87 COMPLETED: 03/31/87
OF FIELD TESTING OF PRZM LEACHIKG MODEL
COMP.ETED: 01/01/00
FOR
DOUGHERTY PLAIN ANNUAL REPORT. (K)
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00
DOUGHERTY PLAIN ANNUAL REPORT. (K)
DUE: 09/30/88 REVISED: 01/01/00
COMP.ETED: 01/01/00
COMPLETED: 01/01/00
GROUND WATER THREAT
FINAL DOUGHERTY PLAIN REPORT INCLUDING PESTICIDE
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY TEST RESULTS. (K)
DUE: 09/30/89 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
Internal Report Deep Soil Profile and Unconfined Aquifer Characteristics
for Major Eastern Agricultural Regions-Crops
DUE: 09/30/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
GROUNDWATER PESTICIDES ASSESSMENT MANUAL FOR OPP. STATES, COUNTY
EXTENSION PROFESSIONALS. (K)
DUE: 06/30/89 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
-------
PAGE: 35 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: E104 PESTICIDES NCNENERGY
ISSUE: D ECOLOGY: TRAI\SPORT/FATE/F IELD VALIDATION
PPA (L): 08 PREDICTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
PPA (S): 08 DEVELOP PRED. TECH.
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 25 Predictive Techniques for Environmental Exposure
PROJECT OFFICER: Lee A. Mulkey PHONE: FTS-250-3160
PLANNED START: 10/01/81 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide long term, short turnaround or direct single or multimedia
exposure assessment technology assistance to OPP.
RATIONAL: OPP occasionally needs quick turnaround, customized model
development anc application assistance for high priority regulatory actions
mandated under FIFRA, This effort provides a -"ocused. coordirated body of
expertise comprised of ORD and OPP agency personnel augmented by e
-------
PAGE: 37
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITP10NS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY:
ISSUE:
PPA (L):
PPA
PROJECT:
(S):
RC:
CODE TITLE
E104 PESTICIDES NCNENERGY
I ECOLOGY: ECOTOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
13 DEVELOPMENT CF INTEGRATED RIS.< ASSESSMENT MODELS
13 INTEGRATED RISK ASS.
K ERL ATHNS
26 Risk Assessment Methods for FIFRA
PROJECT OFFICER: Lee A. Mulkey PHONE: FTS-250-3160
PLANNED START: 10/01/85 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop, refine and extend existing terrestrial and aquatic fate,
transport and effects models to include hazard 'mpact, subroutines and data for
environmental risk assessments (RA) for the labeled use of pesticides. Results
must be expressed in terms of probability of impact and frequency of occurrence
and duration.
RATIONALE: Proven, operational environmental RA models are needed to evaluate
registration requests for new pesticides and for re-registration and label
changes (e.g, new uses) of existing compounds under FIFRA.
APPROACH: Existing unsaturated/saturated zone soil transport models, proven
runoff-surface water pesticide codes, appropriate ground water codes and
related air transport models will be combined to produce SOA exposure
assessment model framework. These will then be linked with available effects
models to produce defensible RA methodologies for 03P. As completed, the risk
assessment packages will be tested and evaluated, especially 1n terms of
coordination will be required with CERL, RSKERL, ASRL-RTP and the aquatic fate p
research at AERL .
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A new project was initiated to provide a "leve" 1" screening rrodel for
terrestrial exposure using analytical solutions to A set of coupled differentia
equations for pesticide fate and terrestrial -ood chain dynamics. This product
to be includec as an option in the prototype terrestrial exposure model, will b
completed in April 1988. It will be demonstrated 1n a planned December worksho
for OPP.
The decision was made to develop a "place-holder" model for plant uptake i
the Terrestrial Environmental Exposure Assessnent Model (TEEAM) until ERL-
Corvallis can complete the comprehensive model. A set of program specification
and coding corventlons was forwarded to the Corvallis Lab for consideration.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
38
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ESL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES :
f 7501 Initial Design and Specifications of Computerized Terrestrial
Exposure Model
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 CCMPLETE.D: 01/01/00
# 7502 SOILS AND METEOROLOGICAL DATABASES FOR TERRESTRIAL EXPOSURE MODELS
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 04/30/88 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
-------
PAGE: 39 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987^
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104 TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERGV
ISSUE- D ECOLOGY: TRAKSPORT/FATE/FIELD VALIDATION
PPA (I): 09 DEVELOPMENT CF VALIDATED EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES
PPA (S): 09 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Rt: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 27 Development of Validated Exposure Assessment Methodologies
PROJECT OFFICER: Robert B. Ambrose PHONE: FTS-250-3546
PLANNED START:. 10/01/79 PLANNED^END • 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop, parameterize and evaluate a first-generation metals modeling
system and continue development and modification of multimedia models for
non-human exposures.
RATIONALE: OS wants to upgrade Us metals aid organics multimedia modeling
capability for PMN activities and comprehensive risk/benefit analyses on the
Impacts of regulating existing chemicals/species and to accourt for potential
toxic effects at the organism and systems levels giver various toxics loading
combinations into surface waters and other environmental compartments.
APPROACH: Thermodynamic metals species and chemical reaction models will be
combined with partitioning and bloaccumulat1on (Including plants) models to
reduce a process-based aquatic distribution package for metal species. This,
in turn, will be Interfaced with user-friendly software and steady-state
transport codes to produce MEXAMS, a first generation metals exposure
assessment model. Also, additional refinements in transport codes
Incorporated 'nto multimedia models to produce more reliable exposuretlcs of pol
assessment packages for organics of interest under TSCA and RCRA.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A competitive cooperative agreement procurement process was initiated for
the development of a general fine sediment transport model. Four preproposals
were selected for solicitation as full proposals.
A new project with the University of Georgia Computer Science Department
was initiated to Implement changes in the numerical solution procedures within
MINTEQA1 and prepare detailed documentation for selected subroutines.
A manuscript entitled "Simulation Models for Waste Load Allocation of
Toxic Chemicals - A State of the Art Review," was submitted to the Water
Pollution Control Federation for review and publ ica-.ion. The paper Includes
procedures for both organic and metal pollutants.
continued...
40 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
,»m ATHNS: APRH- JUNE 1987^
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A paper entitled "Environmental Photoprocesses Involving Natural Organic
Matter" (7672A) was submitted as a chapter in Humic_Substances_and_Jheir_Role
1n_the_Environment.
A handbook entitled "Processes, Coefficients, and Models for Simulating
Toxic Organics and Heavy Metals in Surface Waters" (6949A) was completed for
publication (EPA/600/3-87/015).
The manuscript entitled "Effects of Structurally Related Compounds on the
Transformation of Xenobiotic Compounds 1n Natural Waters " (7670A) has been
submitted for publication in Appl 1ed_and_Enviromiental Microbiology. This
paper covers the Investigation of the trans-'ormat ion oT Individual xenoblotic
compounds added singly or as components of mixtures composed of stiucturally
related compounds in natural waters. The rate of transformation of some com-
pounds was altered in the presence of Increasing corcentrations of structurally
related compounds.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 6949 Project report on rates, constants, and
-------
PAGE: 41
PAGE: 42
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT O'J FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
BUDGET SUB-
PROJECT
CODE
ACTIVITY: L104
ISSUE: D
PPA (L): 10
TITLE
TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERG"
ECOLOGY: TRANSPORT/FATE/FIELD VALIDATION
TRANSPORT ANC FATE PROCESS DETERMINATION
PPA (S); 10 TRANSPORT AND FATE
Rt: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 09 Process Characte'izat ion for Toxics (Chemica")
OFFICER: Richard G. Zepp PHONE: FTS-250-3428
PLANNED
START: 10/01/79 PLANNED END: 09/30/88
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Characterize key chemical processes:d1rect-indirect photolysis
hydrolysis, recox reactions, and sorption/desorption and provide additional
scientific understanding of sediment-water exchange to Improve exposure anc
risk assessment models.
RATIONALE: The roles of inorganics in pollutant transformation by photolysis
and the kinetics of redox reactions are inadequately understood for reliable
use in exposure assessment models at the present tine. These processes are
known to be environmentally important in many cases.
APPROACH: Laboratory studies with natural waters, with sediments and with
reference materials will be used as the basis for acceptance or rejection cf
proposed equations for the kinetics of transformation and equilibria of
transformation processes. The laboratory studies will provide rates of
equilibrium constants based on the models. Confounds and reaction conditions
will be selected to permit generalizations about changes in molecular structure
naturally occurring inorganic species: redox reactions of abiotic systems,ill e
relative to biotlc systems, will be studied.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
The interactions of photochemically produced Ircn(II) with hydrogen
peroxide and resulting organic Oxidations were studied during the quarter.
Using anlsole and nitrobenzene as chemical probes and octanol or formate ion as
scavengers, we found that the yield of hydroxyl radicals from Fe(II)/hydrogen
peroxide was found to be 40% at pH 6.2. A promising technique was developed
for the direct simultaneous analysis of Fe(IIlJ and Fe(II) in natural waters.
Dr. Richard Zepp 1s stationed for the summer at the EAWAG Laboratory 1n
Switzerland, studying photochemical processes with Swiss scientists.
Nitrobenzene reduction studies were extended to soil-water samples obtalne
from two aquifers. The disappearance rate constants were approximately five
five times slower 1n the aquifer samples than 1n seitiment samples collected 1n
continued...
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCKITP10NS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
the Athens area. Detailed concentration studies of substituted nitrobenzene^
Indicated that the disappearance rate constants were dependent on the initial
concentration of the nitrobenzene derivative. Additional studies are 1n prog-
ress to determine the rate limiting step of tre reduction process.
Redox studies were performed on two carbama'.e pesticides, Propham and
Carbaryl, in an anaerobic sediment/water system containing 10% sol'.ds. Kinetic
results are being interpreted; decay products of these two pesticides will be
analyzed. In addition to these redox studies, the hydrolysis of chlorinated
organic compounds 1s currently being investigated.
Studies of the degradation of synthetic dyestuffs in anaerobic sediments
continue. The effects of pH on the distribution anc kinetics of reduction were
studied for a nonionizable dye, azobenzene, and an ionizable dye Congo Red
Results Indicate that pH will have little effect on the distribution and reduc-
tion of azo dyes containing non-1on1zable functional groups. For those dyes
that do contain ionizable groups pH will play, an important role 1r. their
distribution and, thus, transport 1n natural systems. Changes in pH, however,
may have little effect on the rate of reduction of these dyes at the sediment-
water surface.
Studies on sorption of ionizable organic compounds to soils sediments and
aquifer material continue. Experimental work confirms that partitioning of the
anion of pentachlorophenol (pentachlorophenolate) between octanol and water is
highly dependent on ionic strength of the water ohase and that partitioning
of both the Ion-paired phenolate and free phenolate species in-.o octanol is
Important.
A workshop entitled "Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Sediment/Water/
Aquifer Systems" was sponsored by ERL-Athens at Estes Park CO April 28-30
1987. A workshop on the Environmental Chem'stry of Dyes, organized by the
Athens Laboratory, has been tentatively scheduled for November 12-13 1987,
in Pensacola, rL. A symposium entitled "Environmental Chemistry of Ionic
Xenobiot1cs," also organized by the Athens Laboratory, will be held at the
SETAC conference in November.
A Journal article entitled "Effects of Humlc Substances on Analylsis for
Hydrogen Peroxide using Peroxidase-Catalyzec Oxidations of Triarylmethanes or
p-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid" (7683A) was delivered to OTS and submitted to
Environ. Technol. Letters.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
* 7683
JOURNAL ARTICLE ON OXIDATION PROCESSES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. (K)
DUE: 06/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 06/30/87
-------
PAGE: 43
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0^ FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104
ISSUE: D
PPA (L): 10
PPA (S): 10
RC: K
PROJECT: 37
PROJECT OFFICER: William C Steen
PLANNED START: 10/01/85
TITLE
TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERG"
ECOLOGY- TRANSPORT/FATE/FIELD VALIDATION
TRANSPORT ANC FATE PROCESS DETERMINATION
TRANSPORT AND FATE
ERL ATHNS
M1crob1al Transformation Rate Constants
PHONE: FTS-250-3776
PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PAGE: 44
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop and apply decision-tree protocols for measuring microbial
transformation rate constants for use in exposure and risk assessment models.
RATIONALE: Scientifically valid and accurate transformation rate constant: are
required as Inputs to mathematical models and other decision tools to assess
risk assodateicals. Risk asnts are necessary 'n PIN
and retrospective evaluations of toxic chemicals in the environment.
APPROACH: Laboratory studies will be conducted to define the critical
variables and adapt or devise effective techniques for measuring microbial
transformation rate constants. Decision-tree protocols will be developed and
tested to delineate the steps and options to be exercised in such measurements.
Protocols wil" be applied to selected toxic chemicals of critical interest.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Following investigations with the seven chemicals reported during the last
quarter several areas surfaced warranting further study. The first activity
was to invest'gate differences observed in secord-order rate constants
with microorganisms from the oxidation pond and from Hickory Hill aquatic
systems. As a result of the approximate 3 orders of magnltuoe difference 1n
calculated constants for the 4-dimethyl amino prenethyl alcohol in the oxidatio
pond versus Hickory Hill pond, i.e. (2.14 + or - 1.73)E-11 and (1.96 + or -
1.67JE-8 L per org. per hour respectively, all seven chemicals ars being reln-
vestigated in the Hickory Hill pond water. To obtain measurable rates of trans
formation, 1t has been necessary to concentrate organisms from tne Hickory Hill
pond followed by resuspension to increase the 'nltlal population densities such
that slowly degraded chemicals such as Alachlor, Propachlor, and Pronamide coul
be measured in the Hickory H111 site. Samples of Hickory Hill pond (approx.
20 L) were transported to the laboratory for filtra-.ion (milHpore) in order to
concentrate bacterial populations (10:1). Resulting filters were resuspended
in appropriate volumes of pond water and shaken on -he gyratory sh.iker for 4
hours. Following division of the bulk sample to reaction flasks, Alachlor w
48
as
continued. . .
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
EU ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
spiked to desired concentrations. Initial plate counts of bacteric.1 denslsties
Indicated the concentration steps had been successful. Bacteria" densities
were proportionately one order of magnitude higher, as was expected.
Although first attempts to concentrate were successful, Alachlor trans-
formation appeared substantially slower than anticipated. The experimental
investigation was reestablished for both Alacrlor and Monalide. Alachlor
results are being analyzed and appear to exhibit a preliminary rate constant
of approximately E-13 L. per org. per hour. Monalide experiments have just been
initiated at time of reporting. Two more experiments measuring temporal varia-
tion of the methyl esters of 2 4-d1chloropnenoxyacet1c acid rate constant were
completed. Results are consistent with the other 2,4-DME studies.
Good correlation was found to support the theory that the same
structural features are responsible for infrared spectra and rates of compound
degradation. Results correlating spectral data with both hydrolysis and
biolysis rate constants for phthaltate esters are being prepared as a journal
article. A related study on biolysis of secondary amides has begur.
Dr. Tim Collette presented a poster session entitled "Correlation cf
Infrared Spectroscopic Data with Degradation Rate Constants" a-, the 17th Annual
Symposium on the Analytical Chemistry of ?o'lutaits," May 18-20 at Jekyll
Island, GA.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 6930 Interim Protocol for Measuring Microbial Transformation Rate Constants
for Suspended Populations
DUE: 11/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
» 7282 REPORT ON MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION RATE CONSTANTS
FOR SUSPENDED POPULATIONS
DUE: 03/30/87 REVISED: 12/31/87 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
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PAGE: 45 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87.PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104 TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERG"
ISSUE: 0 ECOLOGY: TRANSPORT/FATE/FIELD VALIDATION
PPA (L): 11 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODS
PPA (S): 11 MICROCOSM/FIELD
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 05 Protocols -for Chenical Transformation Rate Constants
PROJECT OFFICER: Jackson Ellington PHONE: FTS-250-3197
nreE:
PLANNED START: 10/01/83 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop and apply decision-tree protocols for measuring chemical
transformation rate constants and partition coefficients for use in exposure
and risk assessment models.
RATIONALE: Scientifically valid and accurate transformation rate constants and
partition coefficients are required as inputs to mathematleal models and other
decision tools to assess risk associated witi toxic chemicals. Risk
assessments are necessary in PMN and retrospect've evaluations of toxic
chemicals in the environment.
APPROACH: Laboratory studies will be conducted to define the critical
variables and adapt or devise effective techniques for measuring chemical
transformation rate constants and partition cooeff 1cients. Decisian-tree
protocols w1l" be developed and tested to delineate the steps and options to be
exercised in such measurements. Protocols will be applied to standard
reference compounds for evaluation of accuracy and precision and to selected
toxic chemicals critical interest.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
The Coordinated List of Chemicals, which Identifies chemicals being reg-
ulated or studied by EPA, has been stored in a computerized database. The EPA/
ATSDR Rank Superfund Hazardous Substances List has been added to the database
collection of lists. This list 1s a joint act "'on by EPA and the Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) ind Identifies the 100 most com-
monly found hazardous substances at Superfund sites. The substances are ranked
within the 11st, according to the degree to wh'ch e.ich poses a potential human
health risk. Participation in the Coordinated List of Chemicals p.-oject has
been solidtec from all ORD laboratories (with five positive resoonses received
to date). The information retrievable from the database will reveal who is
studying what in ORD and stimulate communication among researchers facilitate
selection of chemicals for study (since practically all chemicals listed are of
interest to the Agency), and permit Program Offices to obtain information on
continued. . .
46 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
chemicals right when they become available and not months or years later when
data are published.
William Donaldson presented a paper entitled "ConsUnts for Predicting the
Fate of Chemicals 1n the Ambient Environment" at the 17th Annual Symposium on
the Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, May 18-20, c,t Jekyll Island, Georgia.
The evaluation criteria for the database of physical, chemical anc. micro-
blal rate and equilibrium constants have been reviewed by ERL-Athens scientists
The criteria, which will be used to evaluate the reliability (quality) of liter
ature data, have been compiled into a document that will be suom'.tted for
publication. Evaluation criteria were developed for 12 parameters.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 7710 Interim Protocol for Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constarts
DUE: 03/31/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
-------
PAGE: 47 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OS FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL^- JUNE 1987^
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY; U04 TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERG"
ISSUE- D ECOLOGY: TRAKSPORT/FATE/FIELD VALIDATION
PPA (L): 11 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT METHODS
PPA (S): 11 MICROCOSM/FIELD
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT; 16 Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Methods
PROJECT OFFICER: Harvey W. Holm PHONE: FTS-250-3103
^PLANNED^START:; 10/01/79 ^PLANNED^END: 09/30/88^
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop and apply laboratory and field systems for testing transport and
transformation subroutines, exposure modeling systetis, and risk analysis
systems.
RATIONALE: Methodolocies for predicting and/or assessing ecological hazarc
have not been adequately tested In complex microcosn and field studies.
APPROACH: The use of controlled laboratory ecosystems to evaluate exposure
modeling systems and risk analysis systems increases the probability of
attributing a testing mismatch to the appropriate subroutine. To evaluate
general applicability microcosm results are compared with field data. Field
and laboratory ecosystems having different physical, chemical, and biological
makeup are developed and used for testing mathematical methods for determining
eco-structure. evaluating ecological hypotheses and modeling assumptions used
for developing generalized predictive models, and testing exposure assessment
and risk assessment models.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A manuscript (7618A), "Biogeochemlcal Cycling of Organic Matter in Acidic
Environments: Are Microbial Degradative Processes Adapted to Low pH?" (Benner,
Lewis, Hodson; has been cleared for publication in a CRC series, "Microbial
Interactions in Acid Stressed Aquatic Ecosystems" (S.S. Rao, ed.).
A computer mocel for EXAMS has been written thtt incorporates research
concerning predicting attached microblal transformation rates and their relativ
contributions to suspended organisms. Or. Holm is field testing the model whil
on a sabbatical at Montana State University during the summer of 1987.
The journal article "Effects of hardness, alkalini-.v, and pH on the toxic
ity of pentacHorophenol to Selenastrum_capriccrnutum, Printz," has been modi-
fied in resporse to reviewer comments and accepted for publication by
Env1ronmental_Tox1cology_and_Chem1stry (Smith. Brockway, Standl) (7284C).
continued...
PAGE: 48 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Work has begun on systems 1n which to expose fish to continuously flowing,
constant concentrations of toxicants to study chemical activity In the blood of
fish at time of death.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF OELIVERABLES:
* 7618 JOUR. ART. ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIA. TRANSFORMATION
RATES Or POLLUTANTS. (K)
DUE: 08/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 04/30/87
-------
PAGE: 49
PAGE:
50
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 01 FY'87 PROJECT OESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL- JUNE 1987
BUDGET
CODE
SUB-ACTIVITY: L104
ISSUE: G
PPA (L): 20
PPA (S): 20
RC: K
PROJECT: 10
PROJECT OFFICER: Samuel
PLANNED
TITLE
TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERGV
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
STRUCTURE ACTIVTr RELATIONSHIPS AND ESTIMATION
SAR/EST TECHNIQUES
ERL ATHNS
Predictive Methods for Environmental Exposure Assessments
W. Karickhoff PHONE: FTS-250-3149
START: 10/01/80 PLANNED END: 09/30/88
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop and test concepts for predicting key environmental transport,
transformation and distribution processes for exposure and risk assessments of
toxics.
RATIONALE: Computational procedures are needed for estimation of
photochemical, nydrolytic and other transformat'on rates used in exposure
assessments. Such computational approaches miir'mize the amount of measurement
required and provide the only Independent assessment of measured values.
APPROACH: Conceptual relationships and equations relating licht absorption and
rate constants to molecular structure will be developed for direct photolytic
and hydrolytlc transformation. Process rate constants and equilibrium
constants wil" then be measured 1n the laboratory using natural components.
Resulting data will be used to evaluate and/o- modify the concepts and
resulting equations.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO OATE:
Approximately 15,000 lonization constants for pKa aTd pKb have been
collected from the literature and cataloged. A pK database has been designed
for input of the constants. This will be used to test the reliability of the
computational algorithm for predicting values of pka and pKb. The algorithm
for computing pK has been written in Prolog.
An additional 680 UV absorption spectra have been digitized and added to
the spectral catabase. This database will be used for calibration of computa-
tional algorithms and validation of the expert system's predictive capability
for photochemical rate constants. The scheme for computing steric effects of
substituent groups at two levels distant from the center or mass of the molecul
was Implemented.
Work continues to: 1) develop a second molecular orbital computational
scheme suited for non-alternate organic compounds, 2) extend structural query
cont inued . . .
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCK'ITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
and spectural computational schemes to compounds having three or four condensed
rings, and 3) evaluate software and mooify "he code for graphic input of
molecular structure into SPARC.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 6929 JOURNAL ARTICLE ON ESTIMATING pKa's OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES
DUE: 03/31/87 REVISED: 04/30/88 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
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PAGE:
51
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104
ISSUE: G
PPA (L): 20
TITLE
TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERG"
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
STRUCTURE ACTIVTr RELATIONSHIPS AND ESTIMATION
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
PPA (S): 20 SAR/EST TECHNIQUES
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 15 PRC Relationships and Other Estimation Technicues
PROJECT OFFICER: Harvey W. Holm PHONE: FTS-250-3103 '
PLANNED START: 05/01/83
PLANNED END: 09/30/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Expand data bases for establishing Property Reactivity Correlations
(PRC) and develop quantitative relationships oetween microblal rate constants
and molecular cescr 1ptIons.
RATIONALE: There Is a need for developing prsd'ctlve models for fate and
effects based on SAR/PRC, because resource limitations preclude laboratory
characterization of all chemicals of interest.
APPROACH: Lab studies with natural water samoles will be used as a basis for
assessing fornulations for the kinetics of processes describirg microbial
transformation of pesticides and other toxic chemicals. Emphasis will be
placed on measurements of biomass associated with transformations. A
homologous series of compounds will be used to examine how systematic chances
in compound structure influence the microblal rate constants. Product analyses
will be used tc verify common transformation mechanisms.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Dr. Benner made two oral presentations: (1) "Mlcrosial transformations an
fate of partlculate organic matter in estuarlne waters and sediments" at the
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, and (2) "Depletion of
13C 1n llgnin: Implications for stable carbon isotope studies " at the Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. He also participated in an EPA-sponsore
workshop "Ox1cation-reduction processes 1n sedJment/water/aquifer systems" Este
Park, CO, and an NSF-sponsored workshop "Stable Isotopes as natural tracers in
ecosystems. Woods Hole, MA. Laboratory experiments were begun to compare
several estimates of bacterial biomass (microscopic direct counts, MPN determin
atlons, agar plate counts) for use in second-order "ate equations to predict th
transformation rates of xenobiotics (phenol and p-c-esol) in natural waters.
John Barnett. technical assistant, has been trained to carry out these studies,
which should be concluded 1n September 1987.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
NO REFERENCES IN DELIVERA3LES FILE FOR THIS PROJECT
DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCKITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104
ISSUE: I
PPA (L): 26
TITLE
TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERGY
ECOLOGY: ECTOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
DEVELOP METHODOLOGIES FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT DEV.
ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 13 Predictive Techniques for Ecological Risk
PROJECT OFFICER: Ray R. Lassiter PHONE: FTS-2&0-3501
PPA (S): 26
RC: K
PLANNED START: 10/01/84
PLANNED END: 09/30/
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PAGE: 53
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0V FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
1n August.
A fully automated resplrometer for swimming fishes 1n which definitive
studies of oxygen and toxicant uptake will be performed has been completed unde
the Montana S'.ate University cooperative agreement with subcontract to the
University of British Columbia, and preliminary tests have been conducted.
Plant Uptake Studies
Studies were completes for two species of aqua-.ic plants to determine their
uptake characteristics for di- and tetrachlorobenzene. Equilibrium with the
water 1s reached for cichlorcbenzene within 3 days, but tetrachlorobenzene does
not saturate w'thin 20 days. A model for chemical exchange between plant tnd
water was developed and is being tested agalns-. the experimental data.
Derivation of the plant toxicokinet 1c model aid Its implementation in
MathCAD code was followed by exploratory use o~ the model and comparison of
model output to experimental data.
Population Effects Model
First draft manuscripts describing the Individual growth model component o
the population effects model and the static population effects analysis were
completed. A population model using a "family tree" algorithm has been com-
- - - - sting and further development. Ear' ' ' '
pleted for test
, . . ,. . ly results show promise of real
benefits for use in risk assessment. Model results permit prediction of effect
on population density followed by recovery of the population after cessation of
exposure. Multiple exposures as well as time varyiig exposures are possible.
A partial differential equation representation cf population response was form-
ulated, and work begun at the University of Tenressee to Implement this in a
working computer program. Description of the population model and its comconen
individual-level models were Included in the workshop given in Wasnington lo up
date the program office personnel on the capabilities for risk assessment being
developed In our research program. The population model coding was completed.
Development of Biota Database for Risk Assessment
An ecorlsk assessment database users and developers group was formed.
During the last EcoRisk all-investigators' meeting (March 1987), the need for
better communications was recognized and each membe" supplied a short descrip-
tion of tne database(s) under his/her control. Thi> information was compiled
and distributed among the members. The list will be updated appro
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PAGE: 55
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
6/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0^ FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
* 7514 REPORT ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TESTS OF ECOSYSTEM MODEL
DUE: 08/31/91 REVISED: 08/31/93 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
^TCE:
56
DATE:
CLIENT OFFICE:
8/13/87
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104
ISSUE: I
PPA (L): 26
TITLE
TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT NONENERGY
ECOLOGY: ECTOXICITY AMD RISK ASSESSMENT
DEVELOP METHODOLOGIES FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
PPA (S): 26 RISK ASSESSMENT DEV.
Rt: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 28 Risk Assessment Methodologies for Toxic Substances
PROJECT OFFICER: Robert B. Ambrose PRONE: FTS-250-3160
PLANNED START: 10/01/85
PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Develop computerized risk assessment system that helps OPTS analysts
conduct various tiers of risk assessments efficiently, Including methods for
quantifying uncertainty 1n risk analyses and procedures for optimal use of
laboratory data, field studies, and modeling technicues.
RATIONALE: Ris< assessment requires a wide variety of data and analysis
techniques to Implement the multi-tiered approaches used by OPTS. Efficient
software can help OPTS analysts bring together apprcpriate data and analysis
techniques In an appropriate structure for each specific risk assessment.
Present exposure and effects models rarely qlve the estimates of uncertainty
that are required to reduce total uncertainty while minimizing implementation
cost.
APPROACH: A team will be assembled to review various types of risk assessment
conducted by OPTS. Functional objectives will tnen be developed. Existing
software be reviewed including GEMS and ANNIE. Relational data bases will be
Incorporating all submodels, databases and uncertainty analysis techniques.s wil
Protocols will be evaluated by laboratory and field studies to optimize risk
assessment procedures.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
A 3-day workshop entitled "Prototype Decision Support Software for Ecologl
cal Risk Assessment" was presented to OPTS staff. As part of the workshop,
experts demonstrated the IRIMS Decision Support Software 1n EPA headquarters.
The workshop was attended by many program office staff.
Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are being jsed to compare error pro-
pagatatlon 1n two different mathematical models of bioaccumulation of toxic
substances. One approach uses thermodvnamic concepts to describe chemical
exchange; the other invokes a food chain approach.
An interagency agreement with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for develop-
continued . . .
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PAGE: 57 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT Ot FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL^- JUNE 1987^
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
ment of a decision support system was Initiated. This agreement enables a
"translation" of the IRIMS system developed by ;IASA to the program goals of
the EcoRlsk research program.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
* 7493 Computer Program for Prototype Ecological Risk Assessment System
DUE: 08/31/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
# 7496 Update WASP 4.1 Aquatic Exposure I'odel for Risk Assessment
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
# 7497 Update Stratified Lake Transport fodel for Risk Assessment
DUE: 09/30/88 REVISED: 09/30/89 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
# 7498 Sedinent Transport Model for Risk Assessment
DUE: 09/30/88 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
# 7499 General Bed-Water Exchange Model for R-sk Assessment
DUE: 09/30/88 REVISED: 09/30/89 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
58 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: L104 TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING & ASSESSMENT MONENERGY
ISSUE: J SUPPORT
PPA (L): 30 TECHNICAL EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT
PPA (S): 3D TECHNICAL EVALUATION
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 31 Technical Evaluation j.nd Assistance
PROJECT OFFICER^Lee^Mulkey^ „„„„„„,.„ JH2N^ : »FIS;2^°;3i6°
PLANNED START: 10/01/79 PLANNED END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide technical assistance to OTS and other program off'ce-s on complex
problems relating to environmental exposures, system effects, hazards/risks,
and benefit-r1s< assessments for toxic chemicals reculation and control.
RATIONALE: OTS and other offices (e.g., OW, OPP, OSW and OPPE. Recjons)
engaged in toxic chemical regulations and assessments require technical
assistance from ORD. This project will maintain the required inhouse and
extramural expertise.
APPROACH: Athens ERL staff will organize and participate 1n appropriate
consultations, workshops, reviews, special projects, etc., in support of OTS
and other Agency activities, Including the review of TSCA documents, position
papers, strategies, etc., as expertise and resources permit. Access to "on
demand" exhouse expertise and assistance for OTS, Regions, Stages and other
related office activities will also be provided via maintenance cf appropriate
contracts and liaison with CERI and other Agency support groups. Support,
provided under :his project.tion, and assistance to "integrated toxics" projects
will also be
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Technical Information on exposure modeling activities was provided to Mr.
Jack Gakstatter and Ms. Jean Parker, QRD Liaisons with Regions 3 and 10. Model
and technical assistance provided to the two regions was reviewed. Exposure
modeling courses and other training was described.
Paul M1tn1k State of Maine, was given technical information on stratified
estuary application of WASP and MERGE, an ocean discharge model.
Wayne Davis, Water Monitoring Team, Region 5, was provided with technical
Information on exposure modeling. Mr. Davis recently joined Region 5 and will
review exposure modeling efforts 1n the Region.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
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PAGE: 59 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT OM FY'87 PROJECT DESCRITP10NS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
SCHEDULE AND S'ATUS OF DEL IVERABLES:
I 7433 INTERNAL REPORT ON STATUS OF EXPOSURE & RISK MODELING
SUPPORT PROVIDED BY CWQM TEAM.
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
I 7649 INTERNAL REPORT ON STATUS OF CHEMICAL REVIEWS, ASSESSMENTS AND MODELING
SUPPORT/TRAINING PROVIDED. (K)
DUE: 09/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMPLETED: 01/01/00
PAGE: 60 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'87 PROJECT OESCf;ITP IONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: R551 SUPPORT SERVICES-R&D
ISSUE: A SUPPORT SERVICES, ORD
PPA (L): 01 PROGRAM SUPPORT
PPA (S): 01 PROGRAM
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 32 Support Services
PROJECT OFFICER: PHONE: FTS-250-3127
PLANNED^START: 12/01/70^ ^PLANNED^END: 12/31/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: Provide the non-personnel support services needed to operate OEPER/O^O's
Athens Environmental Research Laboratory, "he services Include, but are not
limited to, utilities, janitorial, guard services, facilities operation, and
maintenance contracts.
RATIONALE: The services are required to keep Athens Environmental Research
Laboratory operating.
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
NO PROJECT STATUS TEXT AVAILABLE
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
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PAGE: 61 ' DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT 0» FY'87 PROJECT OESCRITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFEC'S RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
CODE TITLE
BUDGET SUB-ACTIVITY: Y105 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES NON-ENERGY
ISSUE: F PROVIDE TECHMCA. SUPPORT TO ENFORCEMENT. PROGRAM f REGIONS
PPA (L): 22 Enforcement and Other Technical Support/EPE
PPA (S): 22 Technical Support
RC: K ERL ATHNS
PROJECT: 04 Enforcement and Other Technical Support/EPE
PROJECT OFFICER: Harvey W. Holm ^ ^ PHONE: 8-250-3134
PLANNED START: 03/30/87 PLANNED END: 12/30/99
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
GOAL: To provide Reg. technical support expert advice, and new methods to
conduct exposure/risk assessments for CERCLA sites. Emphasis 1s on the hazard
ranking process and subsequent RIFS analysis. RATIONALE: Exposure assessment
and fate/transport models, automated databases for soil, chemical biological
and meterological properties, and process transformation descriptions are inder
development or completed. Application and transfer of such technology to
CERCLA ranking/assessment procedures/protocols have been limited. Working with
Region 4/ATSDR will permit immediate application of improved methods, identify
knowledge gaps, allow a focused study of exposure, health and environmental
assessments. APPROACH: AERL, the Regions, via Region 4, and ATS03 will
Identify opportunities for joint technical activities, and demonstrate Improved
exposure and risk assessments. Case studies will be conducted including
application of existing rank methods (MRS), mathematical models (nultimedla
analyses) and ecological risk procedures. ResLlts will be compared to
for additional research in fate/transport and exposure/risk assessment.sfer, and
provide a basis
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
An exposure assessment workshop was developed for presentation to Regional
and Headquarters staff and management engaged 'n exposure and risk assessment.
Emphasis 1n the first of a series of four planned workshops will be water-
related exposure. Dates are August 11-13, 1987, in Athens, GA. Attendees will
receive operational versions of computer models and handbooks for conducting
exposure assessments.
A technical review and modeling assessment was completed April 27 1987,
for a Region IV investigation of remedial actions aj: a disposal sue in Florida
The rates of movement 1n soils for ethyl-4,4'-cichlorobenz 1 late, 4,4-dichloro-
alpha-trichloromethylene hydrol, DDT DDE, and chromium were modeled as part of
the basis for recommending appropriate remedial actions.
continued . . .
62 DATE: 8/13/87
CLIENT OFFICE:
THIRD QUARTER STATUS REPORT ON FY'«7 PROJECT DESCK'ITPIONS
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND EFFECTS RESEARCH
ERL ATHNS: APRIL - JUNE 1987
PROJECT STATUS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE:
Reviews and discussions on the role of ecological assessments in initial
hazard ranking for potential National Priority List sites were held with Re-
gional and Headquarters staff. A work plan has been developed to "nvestigate
approaches for more comprehensive ecological risk assessments consistent with
NPL ranking.
An Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for the devel
opment of decision support systems for ecological risk assessment was initiated
This agreement will produce a computer-based system to combine loacing. ex-
posure, and effects data/models for efficient, multimedia analys's of pollutant
release, fate, and effects.
A cooperative agreement to characterize and define interactions within a
mlcrobial community that affect anaerobic degradaticn processes is being nego-
tiated with Dr. L1ly Y. Young, New York University Medical Center.
SCHEDULE AND STATUS OF DELIVERABLES:
# 7772 Report on technical support to Regions for multimedia exposure assessments
related to remedial actions.
DUE: 11/30/87 REVISED: 01/01/00 COMP.ETED: 01/01/00
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